Sustainable agriculture in Egypt 9781555873707, 1555873707

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Tiglneca Cistgsar simula r ce

E

CARLETON UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

wii LA

SITY

LIBRARY

78760

DATE DUE _

GAYLORD

#3523PI

Printed in USA

SUSTAINABLE N I E R U T L U C AGRI EGYPT

SUSTAINABLE N I E R U T L AGRICU EGYPT

Published in the United S tates of America in 1993 by Lynne Rienner Publishers , Inc. 1800 30th Street, Boulder , Colorado 80301

Acknowledgments

and in the United Kingdom by

Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.

Introduction Mohamed A.

3 Henrietta Street, Cove nt Garden, London WO E 8LU © 1993 by Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. All Tights reserved Library of Congress Catalo ging-in-Publication Data Sustainable agricultuin re Epypt / edited by Moh

Mahmood Hasan Khan, > Includes bi ISBN

i:

blio

1-55587.

bn Il. Khan, Mahmood Hasan.

S473.E38S88 1993 389.1 ‘0962 —dc20

PART 1

ates

Be Agriculture—Epypt. Sypt. I. Faris, Mohamed A.

‘ ; 3

Sust

e T H C 0 y t ainabili Beaye

93-19486 CIP

British Cataloguing-in-Publication Data 4 Cataloguing-in-Publication record for this book

is available from the British Library.

En

of the American National Standard for Permanence of

Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48-1984,

iculture in Egypt An EgyP

.

Be

tian

y z w a F r a h z a M d n a . r J b eae

l

nta e m n o I I V

ilit b a n i a t ! Ss us

Agroecosystems

and

es ign the Red

Stuart B. HillSus ta: pitityuy of EgyPti tal

Printed and bound in the United States of Amer ica (=)

AGRICULTURE

e r u : t l u c i r g A e l b a a n i a t s u S 2 d and Main al ining hieving n a i t p y g E n o N A : t p y g E n ! i e r u t l u c i r g e A a f o : y t i l i e b a in' :e SustaB . Perspective

d A. Fari

The paper used in this publication meets the requirements

MAJOR IS

;ronmen

slo

v l t c e p s r e and P

Asit K. Biswas

0.

an Agriculture:

Contents

17 Mahmoud Abu-Zeid Research Process, Huma n

7

18

for Sustainability

19

Howard A. Steppler

8

Towarda Sustainable Rij ce Production System f o r Egypt Mohame

d Sayed Balal Transfer and Adoption of Horticultural Technology: A Global Overview

9

a

y t i l i b a n i a t s u S r fo n o i t i d n Women’s Rights as a Co of Agriculture Hoda Badran n o i t u l o v e R al ci So a s e t a t i s s e c e N t n e m p o l e Sustainable Dev Greg Spendjian l a r u t l u c i r g A e l b a n i a st Su d n a s c i m a n y Population D t p y g E in t n e m p Develo Bre n i d l e g a r i S l i a m s I i a t s u S d n a l a t n e m n o r j 1 and Lee€

eee

et

eRe

Policy Analysis Fahmy K. Bishay

: r e t a W d n a , s b Jo

*

ae

g n i n n a l P l a r u t l u c in Agri

Participation and b

p y g E n i e r u t l u c i r g A e l b a n i a a Sust

Alan Richards

BE

es:ng Committ i z i n a g r O e c Conferen s t n a p i c i t r a P e Conferenc Index

About the Book

Ahmed A. Gouelj

11

Structural Adjustment and Egyptian Agricultur e: Some Preliminary I ndi cations of the I Economic Reforms aie Ngozi : Okonjo-Iweala and You. ssef Fulei7han The Agricultural Sector in the Context of Egypt’ s Structural Ad

12 13 14

justment Program Salah El-Serafy Strategy of the Commons: O Pportunities and Chall enges for Egyptian Agriculture Joseph R. Potvin The Uruguay Round of Multil ateral Negotiations and Egyptian Agriculture Mohamed Maamoun Abdel Fattah

PART6

CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL ASPECTS

15

The Social Sustainability of Induced Development:

16

Small Farmer Households and Agricultural Sustainab in Egypt Nicholas S. Hopkins

Culture and Organization Michael M. Cernea

ility

Governance

d n a s l a u d i v i d n i l a r e v e s o t t b ft us in de r e f n o c l a n o i t a n r e t n i e h t o t s y a w s u o i r d a l v e h n i ” , d d e n t u o y e B d ontrib n a s 0 9 9 1 e in the

ian Agricultur

: s n o i s s e s e c onferen

e h t n i t r a p k o o t o h w e s o h t d n a s r e p

© e h t g n i s i v re

a i r o t i d e l smal e h t n o s t commen

0 2 e c n e i t with pa

r e n n e i R Lynne

e'

saat n a h K n a s a H d o o m h Ma

a n o i t c u Introd n a h K n a s a H d o o m h a M d n a s i r a F . A d Mohame

d n a d e t n e s e r one papers p g A n a i t p y g E f o y t i l i b a n i a t ; “Sus y a M n i t p y g E , a i r d n a x e l A n i Id environthe e context, h t n i e r u t l u Egyptian c i r in the mainly sustainable of address, aspects political 1992. The papers and social, a central cultural, implies sustainability of mental, economic, notion through the cases, all i In n a w o n , e development. l p o e p f o e r a f l e w e h t ?

conditions.

i r g a e l b a n i susta

i

1

i u l a v d n a s e d attitu ssi i “Sustainable : W e h t n e h w , 7 8 9 1 e c n : si d n a l t d n u r B ment (the m e c n o c g n i w o r g e h T . Future d n a e l p o e p f o s d e e n i n e changing ources and

icies.

i

;

>

i

tch phrase

evelop-

i

he

Our Common d I n a t n e d n e iinntts erdep

h t i w y n o m r a h g n i n i a nt e t e r c n o c d l e to yi ed

hat

s e r l a r u t a their n

. s l e v e l | l a n o i t a n r e t n i d n a l a n o i t a n r i v n e d n actions at a lopment

e v e d t n f e o m p s o e l u s e s v i e D the d n a t n e m n o r i e v h t n E f o n o 2 1 99 t r Summit o p e R t n e m p n a o l o e t v e D y t i v i t i s n e World s d e s a e r c n i : a e n h o t i g f e o r , e l c a b o l g t eviden a t n e m p o l e v e d sustainable i oy,

na olicies for p i ke a t d l u o h s welfare the

g n i n i a t n i a m -

o c e ) 2 ( ; s ation f o n o i t u b i r t e dis

Introduction

y et ri va a in d e d n o p s e r s ha cy li po ic bl pu t, yp Eg in e ur lt cu ri sustainable ag ve ha ts ec oj pr t n e m t s e v n i w e N . s 0 8 9 1 d i m e th e nc si s of important way r e d n u e ar s r e h t o ; t n e m p o l e v e d e c r u o s e r r e t a w d n a d n a l in d e t e l p m o c n e e b n o i t a g i r r i of n o i t a z i n r e d o m , n o i t a t i l i b a h e r d n a n o i t a m a l c e r d n a l in d n a way g n i g g o l r e t a w f o l o r t n o c , e g a n i a r d d n a l in t n e m e v o r p m i , s e n r o u i t a r o struct l p x e e h t d n a , m r a f e h t n o e s u r e t a w f o y c n e i c i f f e d e s a to d e t c e r i d salinity, incre y l g n i s a e r c n i is t n e m t s e v n i c i l b u P . s e c r u o s e r e r , n o i t a c u d e of new water l a r u t l u c i r g A . n o i t c u d o r p m r a f f o y g o l o n , h l e c v e e t l e r h e t d i w e v a o r t p A m i . p u d e p p e t s g n i e b e r a s e c i v r e s n l o a i n s o n i e t t u x t e i t s d n n i a s ’ , t p y g E search e v o r p m i o t y l t n e c e r e d a m n e e n b o i t e a v z a i h l a r s e e b i g l n a h l c a u d a r g a policy e v l o v n i e s e h T . t n e m n o r i f v o n e l a v c o i m m e o r n o , c n e o i t c u d o r p f and macro o n o i t a l u g e r e d , e d a r t s y s n g n i o e i r t o f u b i r d t n s a i d d n a n o i t of domestic c u d o r p e h t f o n o i t a z i t a v i r p d n a , s l price contro tems.

s e u s s I r o j Ma t f o t n e m p o l e v e d e l b a n : A sustai e d u l c n i y e h T . s r o t c a f l a r e v e strained by s

, s t n e m h c a o r c n e

=

, t u o n e v a i s n o tnej e n a S s a ao e . s d l o h e s u o h n and urba

L e s a e c r u o s s n e r e m r e n at anpdrswo z

i r g a e v i s n e t n I : n o i e t e d a dat e l b a r e Co) consid

8 n o i t a l u p o p Rapid n a t n e c r e rate of 2.7 p Its effects on t terious. d 4 , n o i mentat 7 0 s t c e f f e e advers

iti

t s a f is d n a m er and the de y r t s u d n i n i y particularl

:

ha

° e s U t n e i c i f f e d n a , y nolog

ar z i l i t r e f f o s e s o d h g i h f and l a i r t s u d n i d e as

Introduction

gh hi a s ce fa ; bt de n ig re fo of en rd bu ge r; la a s ie rr ca s, ie tr un co developing r fo rs ie rr ba de ra nt no d an e ad tr rs te n u o c n e s; rt po im al level of agricultur , nt me st ju ad al ur ct ru st of od ri pe l fu in pa a h g u o r h t exports; and is going y o l p m e n u d an , ts en tm us j ad e ic pr d r a w p u , ng di including reduced spen l na io at rn te In e th of rt po p su e th s ha t n e m t s u j d a of s es oc pr e h T . t n me . k n a B d l r o W e h t d n a ) F M I ( d n u F y l l r i w a t e t n e m Mon t s u j d a l a r u t c u r st s i h t r e h t e h w s m r e c n o c s u o i r e s e h T . e r u There are t l u c i r g a f o y t i l i b a n i a t s u s m r e t g n o l e h t n o t c a p m i d e t c e f f a e b o t d have a positive e t c e p x e e r a h t w o r g l a r u t l u c i r g a e l b a n g i n a i t t s l u u s s e r f o e d s a t r c t e p s l o a r u pr t l u c i r g a l a n o i t a n r e t n i n i s e g n a h n c o e h t t n e y b m e e y r l g t A n a c l a r e n e signifi G e h t n i s n o i t a i t o g e n f o d n d u n o a R t y n a e u m g n u o r r U i v n E n o from the t i m m u S d l r o W e h t t A . ) T i T r t A s G u d ( n i e e d h t a r T m o d r f e s o h t Tariffs an y l r a l u c i t r a p , s r e d a e l n o , 2 9 9 1 y l e e t n e u r J c n o n i c g n i t c a in s s e r Development g o r p t n a c i f i n g i s e k a p m o l e t v o e n d d e i h d t d n a t n e m n o r i v alized countries, n e d l r o w e h t t c e f f a y l t n e g r u t s issues that mo . s e i r t n u o c g n i p o l e v e d f o s t c e ment prosp s e v i t c e p s r e P t n e r e f f i D : s r e t p a h C e n O Twenty-

nee user organiOF cost Water as een s of water ment for increa z ie

€ efficiency of water-use-

S through diffusion of im-

x e l p m o c n o s u c o f o t d e l l a c s a : W e c n e r e n f i n o s r C o t c e l s a n e o t i a t v i a r n p r e d t n n a I c a i i l r b u d P e h t n i The Alexan' s s t e r v o i f t f c ¢ e j b o g n i e o h g T n o . e s h 0 t 9 9 1 o t e h d t e t n i a e r u t l u c i issues rel r p g o a l e n 1 v e d y t i d l e i t b a a r n g i e a t t n s i u s n a e v r e o f i h c a s e o l t p i c n t i r p p y l g i E d b n a 4 n i a t s s u t s p e f c n o c e t a l l u l a m r o e f z y l o t ) 1 ( e h t were n i — l a ; c e i e agricultur l b a n i a t s u s ment of

a t n e m n o r i v n e ity—

? 4 ; t p y g E f o context n i t o m o r p r o f actions i h t n i s r e p a p d e t i d e e h T o r p d n a s e g challen

ersp'

sustainable de Beene

& r iculture in E would depend not only on the domestic ges and Opporin i t ien Me also on the i nter intena rnatti i onal cono econom m ic environmment. E ByPUs dependence on éex sip factors has inc i reased in recent years for i

ge of global interdependence between

>

Several

countr

1es,

Egy

pt,

reasons.

like

many

In

this

other

y l d i p a r h t i w s e tri

;

cours i

F o l a n o s r e p the e u s s i e h t , d o h t ) l a r e n e g ( l ternationa s m e l b o r p e ess th

f o e c n a v e l e r e h t e z i s a h p m e n , 3 u o o c t g 1 n i s p r e o t l e v e d f o s d o o f ural system f o s l a o heir g e s e h t e v e i h key to ac l a r u t a n e h t f o y t i l i b a d n -term sustain a h t w o r g ) l a n o i t a intergener

Introduction

ll wi s ce ur so d un ro rg de un om fr r te wa on e c n e d n e p e d at th ; le ro t n a t r o imp ga ri ir of ce ur so t an rt po im an be d ul co er at ew st wa d te ea tr at th increase, e e s ou ri se e it qu e m o c e b s ha y it al qu r te wa of e su is tion; that the ull po t ns ai ag k or ew am fr l ga le ng ti is ex e th at th d increasing pollution; an at ed ll ro nt co be st mu n io ut ll po y: tl an ic if gn si d e d n e m a be ld ou sh tion in n o i t source. n e t t a l a i c e p s es receive c r u o s e r n a m u h d n a l r o j a m e h The roles of natura t is , d n a l t o n , r e t a w t a h t is w e i v s ’ d i e Z u b A 8. d n t a s o c h g i h e h T . t chapters 6, 7, p y g E in e r u t l u c i r g a f o n o i s n a p x e l a t n o z n i a r t o s h r r o e f h g i h t n i d a n r a , const n o i t a l u p o p f o e r u s s e r p g n i s a e r c n i e v a h , n s o e i c t r a u m o a s l c e e r r r e t a w d of land n a — r e t a w r o f d n a m e d e h t o t e s u d d t a n l e l i i c i w f f g e n i v n i o e b o t e v dards of l a h l l i w s i s a h p m e r o j a M d . l n o o e i h s t n a n p i x e e r o d f a m m e b n a c little roo y c n e i c i f f e n i s n i a g r . o n j o a i m t a g i d r n r a i e , c s a e f c r r u u o s s e r n o r y e l t e a r w i t n of e t s o m l a d n e e p v e a d h l h l i c w i h w l a v , o s m d n e a r l r i l e a h t r u t : l d u r c a g e r agri s i h t n i s t n i e a h r t t s n e o t c i p l s a e r D e v e . s s r e s s u e t o r n e t a d w i e m Z o r f Abu y r e v o c e r d t n s a o c d r o e t a e s r e t g r a e h h t c r g e n t i a s u w e r e d u h l t i w d to inc e t a i c o s s d a e r e s d t i s o s c n o c d n e a b d s l m u o e h l s b o r s p e c i t c l a potentia g n i r r o e t t i a n w o m e s e s h u t o u n i , r t e n t o a c w e r ; e g draina , e s r u o c f O . d e t p o d a d n a y l serious : ossible imp

upon the ca

0 4 y g o l o n h c e t e t a i r p o r adopt app e m o s s e b i r c s de

r e l p p e t S d r 7, Howa ¢ S a g n i s U . s i h t h t i w d e associat

© . s t r o i t a c u d e d n a , an’ s t n e , s e g o t c i l i c e p s m o r f g n i g n a r ess, ‘ated with the

: a e s e r l a r u t l u c i n r g a a f o o roles i roles may diffe

h g i h t e l p p e t holistic. S m u m i t p o n a pment of

s e i g o l o n h c e t w e n g n i r n transfer o i t c e s s 9. Thi

develo

ers 8 and m e t s y s e l b oavia ct on both

n o t o n s u c o f e is th

e e n e h t s e z emphasi

e h t y f s i t a s o t not d n a ‘ g a n ° a m sustainability. h c n a s t s i t n e i c s f o m e r p l a e r e th dios

, g n i n i a r t , h c r a e s e r of

d n a y t i v i t c u prod

e v l o s d o e t t n e ori

NC *

Res

i l a n o i t u t i t } l s c i n t r i a p _ r o l e e ’ persona n u o f for d e e n 4 c i ers. Hence; , ! v r e s n o i s n e t x e e l b a i v , g s n r e t stro p a h c e s e h T s r e m r a f d n a s er relyin,

m

the

com. m. ng

decades: 9 that

conser

vation

of water

will P. 1

ay an increasingly %

:

, s t u p n i r o f system, . r o t c e s ic l b u p e h t n r u from t e r e l b a t i f o r p a ensure

Introduction

iti to on ti si an tr e i th r u g d — e b y ma ey 'y th as l u f n i a p — s m r o f e r l iona tute nstie ie t p y g E to al rn te ex s or ct fa of 13 r e t p a h C in is ys Joseph Potvin’s anal . rs te wa le Ni of ow fl e th to t ec sp re th wi e c n e d n e p e d s ’ y r t n u o c e h t s y e e v c n a sur n i f l a n r e t x e e h t d n a ; g n i m r a w l a b o l g o t y t i l i b a r e n l u v s e s s u c e m o c e b He also dis y a m It ” . r o i v a h e b | a t n e m n o r i v n e d o o g “ f o t n e m e r i u q o t , y r t n u o c and trade re g n i w o r r o b d n a g n i d a r t a , t p y g E r o f t l u c i f f i r d e h t o y l g e n k i i l s a e , r n c i n v t i o P . s d r a d n a t s l a t n e m n o r i v n e ” e l b a t p m e a c x c e a “ e H e h t . m e e l v b r o e r p obs n o i t a l u p o p s ’ t p y g E o t n o i t n e t t a c u s d w o a r r p d o t , e s v r i o t a l e r s l contribut a i r e t a m w a r d n a y g r e n e f o e h t t u p h g e u v o r r e h s t e r p h g i o t h : n o i t s ines the e g g u s a controversial ey

.

4°

c i n a s g e r k o a m e h t d n f a o e s u d a e r p s e l tion levels d i w e g a r u o c n e d l u s o t p y g E , m e t agroecosys t c a p m i e h t : 4 . 1 g n r i m e r t a p f a f h o C s n i d o s h u t c o me f w o r r a n a s a i h n i — h a t t u t o a F s t n l i e o d p e h — t p y g E Maamoun Ab . s n nego tiatio e

h t T f T o A G e f s o u a c d e n b u o R d o o f y a u r o g f u r l l U i b e h t r o of t p m i d e s a h e t r i c W n i . n a a c i r e c e a m f A o t h t r e o v N a h d n a y a e m p o r u E tially n i s r e o i f d i g s n b i u k s s a l a s i r u t t l p u y c g i E r g a , t f o n e m n a o c i d e r p r a eliminati l i m i r s a m a n i d e v s o e r i r p t m n i u o d c n a g n , i n p o o i t l c e u d o r p e c n other dev a d h e n s e a e o r t c n i e c n e a h t t s i r s o f s a l n a o c i i t n a h s c n e e p m o c r i a f s food aid, t a untries al exports o r c u t l u c d i e r p g o a l e v s e ' t d p y n g i E t s a s h e t c c a d e t o n ket e b d l u o h s t I . d o o f d e t r o p m i f o ies. t i t n s u t co r o p o j n e e m i t e m a s e h t t a l l i w Sustainable n o i t c a r e t n i g evolvin n i s r e p a p n e v and se erment b ’ e z y l a n a e r a

e m r e C l e a h c and 17. Mi i z i s a h p m e ty,”

sustainabili

of,

2 2 y r a s s e c e n is it environmentally

i H . h t w o r rie g . n o not tak

warns

i gZove m ment that the structura] si

a

aol

and

: a r g o r p t n e m sustai m a along us e He incons i path.” ee a possible Heh e en the pr the betwe en of ae ico , agricu the ee lture asec ie the government i implications are Bee “per

se

may

the resour ces optimi ze scarce farmer s of elp es withi a macroeconomic si (especiallyandwater) foreign sa

domestic

libera lized of etiph aseen ihe also e. El-Serafy Or deep

A sound

du

§ , s n o i t i d a r t d o o g f o e g a t i her . l e v e l y t i n u m m o c

a t a h t s e u g r a s n i k p o H s a l o h c i N re

n o i t a m r o f s n tra s a ll tion to, as We ea maintains that e n r e C e r u t o l t u c of e v i c u d n o c r : o i v a h e b l a i c e so the Ee

n o p u t l i u p ces if they are l a c o l t a n o i izat Z

ssroot organ:

r

e

l i b a n i a t s u s agric ultural ll

the role of sma

e c n a t r o p m i e h t e n i l r unde n agricul-

s r e e m i r t a s f s u t m i n u t r p y o g l E a i n a o m i s t f a ity in z o i n e , a l n g o o r r i t a e z h i t n a s g s r e o r t s l a i o c o T s . ral u e r : h o t h farmers e y s o u t o r h t s e e h d t t d a n h a t s e y e l i a c i O l t o e r u l of the fami i fa . e f i l al r , u ? r l o h e d s n u a o p m r ture a f l l a sm e h t n o based

Introduction

11

ys sa He . me ti ng lo a r fo s an me its nd that Egypt has been living beyo d an , ty ri cu se od fo , on ti ea cr b jo r fo pe ho ly on e th rs fe of rm fo re ic om on ec ssu r fo y ar ss ce ne so s, es oc pr g in ur ct ru st re e Th n. io at vi le al poverty at th t Bu . or ct se e at iv pr e th to on ti uc od pr e th of st mo t if tainability, must sh e t a r t n e c n o c d l u o h s it : t n e m n r e v o g e th r fo le ro d e c u does not imply a red h c i h w in y a w t n a t r o p m i n A l. il lf fu n a c e n o l a it h d on those functions whic n a e r o m e z i l a r t n e c e d to it r fo is r e t t e b b o j s it o d n a c r o t c e s c i e c n a l a b the publ e h t , s d r a h c i R Egypt, says In . encourage citizens’ s r o t c e s c i l b u p d n a e t between priva : o i t a n e h t f o y t i l i b long-term sustaina

e t a t i l i c a f to d e r e t l a be radically

1

e a a g n i n i a t n i a M d n a g n i v e i h c A e r u t l u c i r g A e l b a Sustain . r J , k r o Y . E.T y n a m r o f s e n i l p i c s i d e m o s n i d e i l p p a n r e e v e o y e b l n o e s u l a b o l g o t n i inabili the past

1980s there

l a r u t a n s ’ h t r a e the

4 , e c r e m m o c , s n o , y i r t t s u i d n d i n o , e c g medicin n i v i l m i r , e s t e t t e a b r n y i c a r d e t i ' l e t l u s e r r e h g i h d i l a u q vances have i t i e h t n i t n e m ? e p v p o o better educational , n o i t i r t u n r e supplies, bett the world.

many peop

le around

a u q n i t n e m e v o this impr © e g n e l l a h c a ced with fa

This challenge

s s e r g o r p n a m d by hu () Tr

d l r o W e h t , 3 8 19

ission m m o C d n a l t d n n i u r , h s i l b a t s e o t s n o i t a N e d h e T t i n U . t e n h lopme e v e ‘on for t D d ent an' m n o r i v n E on

15

Achieving and Maintaining Sustainability

Minister Gro H. . long . Nor of nd la dt un Br m le ar ting -ter Mm strategiei s to achie ve sustain. f

uture generati9 ons to meet t

Applyin g thisS noti ion of

i

:

a e P y to agri cult : u re, one e of the e h G d e t a t s s Sslon’s panel nduring food security will depend on

commission’

of them

is th , r e v o e r o M . ar ye r pe t n e c r e p 5 2. of te ra a at n w o r g tural output has in g in lt su re , on ti la pu po in h t w o r g e th d e d e e c x e y l l a r growth rate has gene 6 0. y l e t a m i x o r p p a of n o i t c u d o r p d o o f a t i p a c r e p an overall increase in d e t u b i r t t a e b n a c h t w o r g s i h T . 6 8 9 1 d n a 0 5 9 1 n e e w t e b y l l a u n n a y t i v i t percent c u d o r p r e t a e r g to r e h t a r t u b n o i s n a p x e l a t n o z i r o h o t of n o i t a c i l not so much p p a d n a t n e m p o l e v e d e h t m o r f g n i t l u s e r , ) n o i s (vertical expan . s r o t c a f d e t a l e r d n a y g o l o n h c e t d improve

t o n : e v i t p e c e d e r a t u p t u o d o o f d l r o w f o h t w o r d g o o f e h t e t t a u u o q b e a d a s c f i o t s i t e a c t n s e i r e e p s x e e Th e h t d e r a h s e e r v e a h s y d t l n r e o w w t e t h s t a p f e o h t 1 s n o i g e all r n a r a h a S ly b u e s t a m y i l x l o a r i c e p s e , a c i r f A n I e d supply. s a h n o i t c u d o r p p d e c o x o e f n e o a h t c t i c p a a n c g e a e b ct r e e ! p y t i v i t u d o or so, v e a v h : t p y g E P e y k g i l s i s ie tr s e i r t n u o d C n a . y s e l t l a a t u S n n a d e t t i n U e c 1 per e e e , y l e v i t a l e r | a d e y o j n e e v a n they h o i t a c i u s d A o r f o p h s t a i e w r a y l e b v a i r s o n v e a t f x E e r . ) 2 8 9 1 , l a t e ields compa k r o Y ( s e n i i r t n n e u v o E c . s t n e 7 t e a r a c v one m et basic food ii

man-m.

t o n e v a h o s a I a c i r e m A n and Lati d o o g e v a h o d y l l a m r o n regions that esult fro r n a c e n i m a f and even . s r e t s a s i d e v i t p u r s i d r e oth , e l p o e p n o i l l i m d e r d n u u o seven h n e e v i e c e r t o n o d oping countries

, n r r e u e b t n i , s i Th y n a m : r e w o p the food that

;ieve

h c a o t S icatj

account long -term impl

rt

cae

sus

-term

ee andinceds,

H orizontal

and

s may often not

e h c a o r p p a j l i b taina

V er tical

o t n i e k a t t s u m bility goals

o d y e h t e s u a c e b y nou l is ; largel a m d 0 2 y r g n u h of the world’s is available.

. p m i t n e c e r e h t If ’ e m f o t r o h s n e l l fa

. y l t n a c i f i n g i s slowing four of the six

Expans 10n

: (horizontal expansion). As mo

rought into cultivation. The pe ‘ tural production 5 an unpPreced ented growth in agricul

2

seen s er reimt aehaem ‘

ally

.°emeul-

e€

,

foo! 0 1 s d n e r t t n e r r u C ? e r u t fu g a n i h t w o r g Indeed,

s a w n o i t c u d o r p

pare: Pi Se

17

Achieving and Maintaining Sustainability

. es ti ul ic ff di l ta en nm ro vi en al ob gl e es th a victim of, many of

ty li bi na ai st Su l a r u t l u c i r g A of The Issue s m e t s y s l a r u t l u c i r g a e v i t a n r e t l a of t p e c n o c a , s m e l b o r p In response to these at th s m e t s y s l a r u t l u c i r g a to rs fe re It . es at St d e t i n U e h t in d e p o l e v e d s ha h c r a e s e R l a n o i t a N ( s m e t s y s l a n o i t n e v n o c d e l l a c o s e h t to e v i t a n r e t l a n r e t are a l a d e n i f e d s a h e r u t l u c i r g A f o t n e m t r a p e D . S . U e h T . ) 9 8 s e d u l c x e y Council 19 l e g r a l r o s d i o v a h c i h w m e t s y s n o i t c u d o r p a “ as e a r l u u t g e r h t w o r g tive agricul , s e d i c i t s e p , s r e z i l i t r e f d e d n u o p m o c y l l a c i t d e r h e t k n I y ( s f ” o e l b e i s s u a e e f h t nt e t x e m u m i x a m e h t o t s e v i t i d d a d e e e f d u l k c c n o i t s o e t v i d l e s u d n g a n i e b tors is e r u t l u c i r g a ernative

Thes e trends a re not encour: a

d ul co m e l b o r p he o pp su ts on fr

rts

thhiis contentiould n:

n o z i r o h e h t n o s d u o l c &ing, and dark

become

much worse. Evidence on three

t l a m r e t e h t , e , r y l u g t l u n c i i s r a g e a r c n e I v i t . a ) r 9 e n e 198 g e r , g n i m r a f c i n a g r o s a o t d e r r r e e t l f a e r e s e y h l t n o s m e m i t e m o S . what is com e r u t l u c i r g a t u p n i w o l d n a , e r u t l u c i r g a l . e r u t l u c i ecologica r g a e l b a n i a t s u s h t i w d e e h t t a u y q b e d e e r n a i f e s d m e s a , y t i l i b a n n i i native syst a t s u s f o t p e c n o c r c e n n a m he basi e h t y b d e t r o t s i d y l t n a c i f i n g i s g n h i t e i b w d e t on, is a u q e g n i e b e r a e r u t l u c i r g a e v i t a o n t r s e i t l s a m e f t o s y s s e t v p i e t c a n n r o e c t l a e h e t h t f © h c whi imary focus

r p t i w e h T m e h . t e r u g t n l u i c c i a r l g p a e r e y l b b a n s i t u a p t n i sus l a c i m e h c a f o e e e s H u o e h y t n a eliminate ea M reduce or

c d e t a l e r d n a , s n o i t a t o r p o r C , s e r n u a n a m , t i i r e m animal -recognizi ed

l l e w e v a h s i i m4 ey th h c i h w n i i e c a e a pe i n e s s c e a the estion qun J r o f s e c i t c a r p e s the

sp be y a m there I , r e v e w o H . d e y o l p m e sfully ere of t s o m g nerally substitutin l a r u t l u c i r g a e v i t c u d o r p d n a y j t i v i t c u d of pro ee

:

s y a w 0 1 s n o i t a r e op profitability.

p a e r a s e t a t S e United and substantive

euiis

also the

proaching su:

t n i e k a t y e h T basis.

e that over the lo: ng

: s m e t s y s h c u s f y o t i economic viabil sustainable

e o m n o e s a b i g a e c r u o s e r e h t d n ines a a , s d e e n y t r i e l b a i u f q d n a ood l f a t n n e a m m n u o h r i v . e a n e s r e s x m e r c a n f c a r h o n f o e e f ) i l 1 ( f o y term , s d n e p e d e r u t l agricu

s ’ b a i v y l l a c i m o n o c e s (3) i | K e 4 as

r o f y c n e g A of the US ssue

2

i e h t h t g n at some le t a h t n o i t n he conte

and society ’ O s i v h c r a e s e R ) e The w t n e m p o l e v e nal D

Internatio

—th’s surfacel ear e; ds major pro 1 blems of soil erosion; on of i t a n i m a supplies; acid rain; and ielisitcasionian nd iiwa c, terlogging of irriga gated ted areas. Agricu i lture isis vie Vi wed as a contribut fe) T to, as well as

d n a t u p n i of low F O n r e d the mo

” g a e l b a n sustai a l a n o i convent

agric

, e l b a n i a t s su

t

d te ea cr ra de mo e Da y an “M d, 4, te ta Cs RA have, a al y e h t , e l b a n i susta

° e m o S . m e sustains th

the

ae

i

soils were once

Achieving and Maintaining Sustainability

‘ at put and are often ch a r a c t e o Advisory C mMmittee 1986). Tkerd (1989) provi ides f u rther pe

ce en id ev ch mu is e er Th s. on gi re al ur lt cu ri ag ny ma in g in rr cu oc is r wate riga-

rspective on this subject, , su Suggesting

that:

21

ir s, ea ar ny ma In y. tl en ci fi ef in ry ve ed us n te of 1s r te wa on ti ga ri ir at th li re y, bl ta ui eq r te wa te bu ri st di to le ab un e ar es ci en ag tion management y el iv ct fe ef ea ar e th of n io ct du re a in ed lt su re s ha is Th y. ably, and efficientl te in ma of st co gh hi , ed li pp su ly or po s ea ar in ty vi ti irrigated, lost produc n io at or ri te de l ra ne ge a d an s, em st sy on ti ga ri ir of of nance and rehabilitation ms le ob pr re ve se in lt su re n ca s ce ti ac pr on ti ga ri ir or Po s. em st is sy m le of the ob pr e Th . on ti za ni li sa d an ng gi og rl te wa h ug ro th n 12 io at th land degradat d te ma ti es is it e er wh , an st ki Pa d an a di In in e ut m le ob pr s particularly ac ou ri se a so al is It . ed ad gr de y sl ou ri se en be ve ha es ar million hect t u o b a , s e i r t . n t u p o c l a in Egy i r t s u d n i in y l r a l u c i t r a p , n r e c n o c d g n n a i w e o t r s g a w a is n a b r e u r e h m T o r f y l l a i e — n o i t u l l o p d n a y t i r o l f a u q s d r n e t a a m w e d f o e r s m proble . s e c i t c a r p l a r u t l u r c e i r t g a a w e d h n t a n i l a e i n r i t l s ec d a o t d a from indu e l d l u o c tors c e s l a i r t y s b u d n i d e t d a n b a r e n c a a b x r e u e b l l i w m e water from l b o r p e h T . e r u t l u c i r g for a .

s e m l e b t a s l y i s a v n a o i t s a e g c i r r r i w resou e n n i t n e m t s e v n i f o e t a r d e c u d e r y l t n e r r u c the

n o i t u l l o P c i r e h p Atmos

n I . r i a e h t o t n i s t n e m e l e harmful gaseous . e c n a m r o f r e p p o r c l a m i t p o r id fo oe a

Many

in ees in a ©: n o i t s s. The combu e t u e a ae

4 y a m s l i o s s some area e r c n i y a m n o i t a c i f i d i c a s i h T

t l c i x o t e m o c e b y e h t e t i a h a t L t n l e a t i r t s u d n i f e o to the ex m o s s t s c e u d d u o t r i t p l a s er gh u hi o e s a g t 4 e h t s , a r e v o e r o M g n . i d s fuels as well n a u e o r r c g n i e h , t r e y a r ; l a e n e n o s z l e o v e l n e o v L i e t c e t o 1 d r r p a g s e ’ r h t r h a t e i w e h t t u o l l e i g t s a m s a 1 d y r u j y e n h t t a h t e e n v i e m g i tolongen l n e i b m I r a . w n l a b g gl o ae io t a i d a r t e e l o i s v a hofatrhmefsuel ultr : i g n i m r a w l to globa

rring, i Z e b l l i w e ’ r e e h t ,i urn occe g

that t s e g g u s d diiccaattiions h n n s i t i t i f I . s i h t i n o e c n e d i e i v e i e v i d s n u a l c n y o t c i v i i o t n c u d o r p l there 1S a r u t l u c i r g a r o f s n o i t a c i l p m i s ser! jou

. y t i l i b a n i a t s su

e r u t l u c i r , A n i s l a c i m e h C

:its products, ™

ecnvinonT

ay

e b o t s l a c i m e h c s u o d ar z a h l a y r u t n l u a c i m r g a f o e s h t u w o a c -.¢ both the gr

is grow

in s l a c i m e h c r e v concern o

. y t e f a s d n a n o i t u l l o p l a t . n e e r m u t n l o u r c i i v r g n a e n i f o s l s a e c u i s m s e j h ‘ c f o e s u e h t

pe

é

ing the food security of many areas of

& le most im; iP ortant fac o tor th reatthe world. Nonsustainable use of

23

Achieving and Maintaining Sustainability

). 86 19 r e w t i h W ( s ie tr un co ng pi lo ve de in g in rr cu oc es ss lo st te ea crops, the gr ng ni ai st su in t an rt po im so al is s te si ra pa d an es as se di of The control be to id sa e ar s e t i s a r a p d n a s e s a e s i d , y l l a b o l G . livestock production 0 10 d n a o l a f f u b r e t a w d n a le tt ca n o i l l i m 50 of h t a e responsible for the d o d s e r u g i f e s e h t d n A . ) 6 8 9 1 r e w t i h W ( r a e y h c a e s t a o g d n a p e e h s y a m s million e t i s a r a p d n a s e s a e s i d : m e l b o r p e h t f o t n e t x e l l u f e h t e t a c . h t a e not indi d g n i s u a c t u o h t i w s l a m i n a f o y t i v i t c u d o r p e h t e c u d e r seriously s t n i a r t s n o C l a i c o S d n a , c i m o n o c E , l a c Politi

n i s n i g i r o r i e h t e v a h y t i l i b a n i a t s u s l a r u t l u c i r g a n o s t b n o i r a p r t s r n o o j c a m e h o t s l f a o e r a e Many r e h t t u b , t n e m n o r i v n e l a c . i t g n o l e o m i n b o r d i n v a n e l a l c a i c o s d n a the physi , c i m o n al, eco c i t i l o p a e h n t e e b o t s a e h t a l s e e r i r t n u o c g n i p o lems which l e v e d e m o s n i , e l p o m t a x e 5 6 9 r o 1 f m , y o t r i f l d o i r e p e h t n I Political instabi . t n e m p o l e v e d l d a e u n n i n a a t s n u a s o e t v e i t h n c e a r r o e t t e d d e l i a r f o j h ma c i h w s e i r t n u r o o c e n n o a c i r d f a h A m n e e e h t t x i f s o e n h e t e t f r o i h t , e 1980, r o m r o t n e c 1 per ion, OF f s o a v n e i t a r , r a h w t w o r l i v i e — d o i r e p agricultural g t a h t g n i r u d s e s i r c l a c i t i l o p more major i e a e o p l a r u t l . u p c u i o r c g a d e n i major a t s u s a c o l , s e i d r n t a n u o c a n o g i t n a i n p o l y b e v e e d r u t l u c i r a, In oe d e d r o vestment in ority aff

‘

n i f o l e v e l w lo

4 d n a , n o i t a x a t , e d a a r t m in d o J e y b n a r l p r e o w o t l p i c e e m h s T a e . H h l t s a t n r at e u m r t n e r l m e u u v s c o n g s o c n a b a e r u e h t h t r f o o v t n a w e f m p o a l o e t d n the dev e t ees h ofte n

c i h w s e i c i l o pricing p . r e m r a f e h oft

;

—

expense

p

ition (F

u t l u c i r g A d n a d o o F The

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e v e d d e s a i b urban r U . s e i r t n u o c oping

Js establi

n i s t s i x e t a h t f o e l p m a ex Crop and Lives to ck Pests Intensification of

Production brj

r t n o c t e f se h o t j n , i d f e I a l l t o s . u s s d t n s faee opret run a t n I : s eeds, 2 didi seases, insects, mite 2

ost)y in the abili el

l i b a n i a t s u s g n

: :

‘ rj p u d l i u b e h t f o k s i r Leet Stabili iteyr of Production in the gre ater

ity

y

wi

i

imi

;

;

;

som!

ents,

us

rcha

P c me d and €4 Tae

ints on achievi d, fertilizers, ehyas) See y of these

t i l i b a l i a v a f o k c a J edit r . The c e t a u q k of access to ade: in

25

Achieving and Maintaining Sustainability

s al go e th nd mi in ep ke ly nt ta ns co ld ou sh e W e. iv ct pe rs pe ty li bi na ai st su a rt pa al gr te in an ns er nc co ty li bi na ai st su ke ma to y tr d an ty li of sustainabi of all research efforts. t an ic if gn si a d pe lo ve de s ha e er th es at St ed it Un e th in Unfortunately, lcu ri ag e iv at rn te al e th of ch mu s ze ri te ac ar ch as bi is Th antiscience bias. t. yp Eg in ue tr t no is is th pe ho I . t n e m e v o m of ture e ng le al ch e th e us ca be e at un rt fo un y ul tr is as bi e nc ie sc ti an An th wi e ur as me e rg la rests in s em st sy al ur lt cu ri ag in s cu fo achieving sustainable st mu ns io ut it st in e es Th . ns io ut it st in l na io at uc ed to ed ed ne research and gy lo no ch te e th ng yi pl ap d an ng pi lo ve de on n io al nt ic te og at ol ec d an creased ic om on ec e th et me d an ty vi ti uc od pr e l b a n i d a se t ea s cr u in s a e e v e i achiev h c a t o n n a c t e n a l p e h T . y t i l i b a n i f o a t ) s e u s s u f e o h t s t n u o o h t i t i w e l dimensi p o e p f o s d e e n g n i w o r g r e v e e h t 1 m t e e h e c m d n l a a r u t e l r u u c t i l r u g a f o agric e s u e t a i r p o r p p a e h t g n i d u l c n i , y g o l o n h c e t n r e mod cals.

have

disrupte dl

Pumped

int

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; z

, e r u t l u c i r g A e l b a n i a t t of sus , y r u t n e C t s r i F y t n e w T e h n t o i r t o f a n r e t s n I lippines:

, Phi

AuAGri

evelopmen

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. y — — — — ——

— — —

e r u t l u c i r g A f o y t i l i b a n i Susta in Egypt: e v i t c e p s r e P n a i t p y g E A Non y e l t n e B d e r C. F

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au re bu a by t o n no , s, ie it un mm co l ca lo by be st mu e us rte wa d r fo operations : t Bu s. al av he up me so e us ca ll wi s ge an ch ch Su ). 92 19 y ha is (B cracy in Cairo . al iv rv su n a i t p y g E r fo l a i t n e s s e be to r a e p p a s n o i t c a such nd la at th d e d u l c n o c e c n e r e f n o c e th at s n o i s s u c s i d d n a Presentations t s u m I t, is nt ie sc il so a s A . t n i a r t s n o c t n a t r o p m i t s o m d n o c e s s ’ e r u t l u c i r g k is a n i h t I t a h t ” s d n a l w e n “ e h t of s t s o c l a e r e h t to d e t a l e r t c a f a e z i s s d a n a l emph w e n f o y t i c r a c s a is e r e h t , y l l a b o l G . r a e l c e d ' a m n e l e al t s o m l a n has not b I . n o ducti

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i u q e e r o m to t n i a r t s n o c e r e v e s t os m e h t y l b a b o r p e r a s n o i t i d a r t l a r u t l u C h t i w e p o c to t l u c i f f i d y r

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A Non-Egyptian Perspective

e os th of n o i t a r t s i n i m d a e th d l u o h s : m e l b o r p a is e er th t u improvement. B le ro e th y l t n e r r u C ? up m o t t o b e th m o r f or n w o d p o t e h t m o r f e b s e i t i v i t c a n i a t s u s d e s a e r c n i t a h t l u f t b u o d is It . l l a m s y r e v is s n o i t a z i n a g r o e g a l l i d of v n a s r e w o p d e s a e r c n i t u o h t i w d e n i a t t a e b l l i w n o i t c u d o r p l a r u t l u c i r g able a . l e v e l e g a l l i v e h . t n o i t s e u q t roles at a h t g n i r e d i s n o c n 1 l u f p l e h e b y a m e c n e i r e p x e n f o r e b m Sri Lanka e m a d e y o l p m e a k n a L i r S in y t i n u m m o c l a c o l h c a e r o f , m s e e t i s r y u s t n e n c o i t u r b o F i r t s i d r e t a w e h t e g a n a m d n a n i a t n i a m o d t o o g y t in i n t p u e k m m e o r e c W e th s m e t s y s e h t : y r o t c a f s i t a s y r e v e r e t w u B s . t s l r u e s s u e R o t . e g e a l l b a l i a v a the vil y l b a i l e r d n a y l r i a f s a w y l p p l u a s r t n r e e c t a o w t e h t t n e m t i m m o c a repair, and h t i w t n e m n r e v o g @ o g a u b s i r r a t e s y i d e v r e i t f a w r o f y t i l i about twenty b i s n o p s e r r e v o k o o t e n r o e i w t a r s t m s e i t n s i y m s d a e h t , e d a c e d a planning and n i h t i W . s m e t s y s n e h r t e v f o o g e h t e c n h a t n i w e n o i t c a f s i t a s s i tion and maint d p e e d s a w e r e h t d n a d e t a i r y o i i r e t e d y l s u o i ser , t n e m e g a n a m , n o i t a z i n a g r o . t n o i men t a g i r r i t l s a e c t o l d l e o i t f ) y o t t i l i y r b t i s n d o l p u s o e h r s l l u t f p F o ( Egy e l o r r , o s j n a o m i t a a c o l g n d i v e i t g a r a p , e e s c n a y n l e e d t i n w i w e f a and ma t a d e i r t e b t h g i m g n i t s e t h c u S . l u f people. s s e c c u s s i ollow if it f o t n o i s n a p with ex

s a t o u Q d n a , s l o r t n , o e C l p o e e c p i r P l a , r s e u r p l e h Input Subsidi s y a w l a t o n s i e r o g a d e on d j s a e r c n i s a h , e r l u p t l m u a c x i r e g a r o d f e s a n e e , r e d c r n G In a e l h i T a h . T s e d . a s c n o e i d t a l e u e p o r p t h ast ban

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A Non-Egyptian Perspective

d an s ug dr of le sa d an e Us s. al ic em ch al ur lt cu ri ag d e v o r p p a of priate use l ct ri st ry ve e ar s, ve li of ng vi sa e th or , on ti ec ot pr chemicals for health t a y h W d. se su mi if s u o r e g n a d ly gh hi e ar m e h t of y n a m : d e l l o r t n co r? go ri d an re ca e l b a r a p m o c th wi s l a c i m e h c regulate agricultural

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c e h n t a h t n a e d e , n y i t f e i c de o s e h t f o s d e e n t u o b l a a r u t s l u u c s i n r g e a s n o e h c t A . y s l e l c a r c u i o m s e r econo l a r u t l u c i r g a n a d o n t a d a , e t l n e m , n r o e r v e i w v o n h e , , e t f o i n l s e o d e human r u t l u c i r g able a

n i a t s u s f o y t i l i b a r i s e d e th

¢ : t p y g E n i e tur p n i l a r u t l u c growth, agri s n o i t i d n o c l a i c o s d n a c economi

a

— s e u s s i e s e h t y e v r u s t s r i f l l i w s e g g u s r e f f o n e h t i d n a — i s m e l b o r p s a reas. a e d p e t a J e S i a e i o D O e v i t c e e p r s r r e e t p n i ” n a a l i a t r p e p v y e g s a E 0 y c i l o ith our “ p wS c i l b u p f tation o .

m4

.

t

n e i r o e r a r o f s n tio

p s A l a t n e m n o Envir

’ e e r g a c i s a b is e r e Th y e k e h t e r a y t ductivi 9

: incr?!

! v e g n o r t s 1S e r e Likewise th o d n e p e d o l have t

l i w h t w o r g r e t a w y l r a l particu n o i t a g i r r i r o water f

) m e e h t ° S , supply

r e t a w f o ge a t s a W t n a e g o of eee l r e t a w y b d n a l f o l t g a f o y t spoilage i l i b a n i a t s u s e h t o t s t e b t o strain n l l i w s e s o p r u p e v e agricultural ! e and r

existing

l f o e c n s u experie c o f o t s 1 t n i o p t n a t r o p m i

. t p y g E in y t i l i b a n i a t economic sus l a r u t l u c i r g a e r u he fut t

al

e h T . d n a l and t c e p x e t o n e ar

o r p d n a n ductio

tural resources,

41

An Egyptian Perspective

ng si es dr ad y tl ec rr co is , 86 19 in or ct se al ur lt cu ri ag e th in d te ar st which culture

ri ag e bl na ai st su e ot om pr to es ci li po l ro nt co d an g in ic pr e th of some in Egypt. Political Aspects

st la e h t n i , a t l e D e h t d n a y e l l a c V i m o e n o i l c N a e d t n n a e m n o Y r i L serious env : e t . New s e c e n t o n e v a h s t c u d o r p d n a e a c e a e h T t. ps have been

h

concern

onment.

ural reso urce b

rated

ase of

o r c r o j a m s f o l e v e l ab yield- i : out the

s e c r u o s e r f o s m r e t eir costs in

e h t o t d e t a l e r s e u s s i c i m o n o c e o i c o s e h t f o l al e d u l c n i s t c e s e m e h t o w t Political asp , e c n e r e f n o c e h t t A . e r u t l u c i r g a n a i t p y g E m r f o a f y y b t i l n i o b i a t n a i p a i t c s i u t s r a p d e s a e r c n i d n a ; y c i l o p c i l b u p f o g e l n o i r k a e m h n t o i s : i d c e e t d a f o s s domin e c o r p e h t n i ) r a l u c i t r a p n i s r e m r a f l l a m s ( s d l o h ; house . t s s l a e e v l e l t a l a n , o t i p t y a g n E n d I n s t n e m at local a n r e v o g e h t f o roles c i m o n o c e d n a l a The politic 1 f o n o i t u l o v e R since the

ive

i f e n e b s y a w l a t o n but

ership and contro w e n e h t n o s t c e j pro in y e k o t y t i l i b i access to e c u d o r p m r a f delivery of r u t l u c i r g a e h t o t tly related ities direc

maintained

i r g a f o m e t s y a support s

e t o m o r p o t s e c i extension serv s, e r e h p s l a i c o s d economic an

s a w e r e h t t u b , d e t a b e d y l t o h . s r d e i n i e l a h i t | fam o t a i s d r r e a v g o r e t r n o h c t i w e es r ‘li e w s e i ; c i l ; o d p l o h : e s e u o s h e | h T the farm families g n i : t c e f f a s e g n a little focus on ch

; t n e m y o l p m e d incomes an a r u r f o s u t a t s the role and a h t e c n e d i v e considerable n i s r o t c a e v i s s a p e g lar j o r p d n a s e i c i l o p the

;

n i d e v o r p s a h n o i t a p i c i t r a p 4 without e l b a n i a t s u s 4 g n i v e i h c a strategy for m those

o r f e t a n a . s d e e n do not em c i s a b r i e h t t e e n m e t d n a s t s s e m le nter i prob r i e h t d .< happene an le op pe the ity to

ine aliz r np s seeking behavior ©and tathi e rt , 6 8 9 1 n i , d e decid

liberalizing

its contro

e t a e r g w o n There is ! e e n e r u t l u agric

e l b a n i a t s u s a

n a c i m o n o c e (1)a macro k s i r e k a t o t for people

x e ) e v i t a g e n d n a e v i t i s o p (

r

=atiso

An Egyptian Perspective

43

nt me rn ve go by ed us n te of , ch oa pr ap nt ri -p ue scale first. The bl r ro er dan lia tr a by ed ac pl re be ld ou sh , es departments and agenci or d/ an s rt pe ex en wh , elf its ng ti ec rr co method that is capable of

farmers so advise.

. d e t p o d a e se to ke li d l u o w e w s e r u s a e m r e h t r u f Below we list

l a V e m o S . e r u t l u c i r g a e l Waris b k r o w e m a r f l a g e l e h t e r ‘that the e l b a e c r o f n e e L e B O E E s ‘Cost ae y r a p e t u l l o p “ d Sustai

i

ty”

an

x e d n a h c r a e s e r e h t In n a s r e k r o w to e g a s e g a mes s s e m e h t of s s e n e v i t c e f f e e h T . fe li y l i a d of t r a p l a i t n e s s e i n d a e r c be e h t d n a s r e m r a f of n o i t a c u d e of l e v e l e h t n o d n e p e would d . e g n a h c f o s t n e g a d n a s e i t i v i t c a bility of the d e t a l e r y l l a r u t l u c i r g a l al n i n o i t a p i Farmers’ partic . y c i l o p c i l b u p e v i t c e f f e o t y e k e h t e h t is s n o i t a l s i g c le e t — s r e m r a f o t s e i g o l o n h c e t w e n g n i t a c i n u m m Tr o c n I s s e c c u s “ h t i w e b d l u o h s t s e t t s r i f . s e i t i n fer—the u m m o c r i e h t in e g n a h c f o s t n e g a s a t c a l l turn, wi : e d u l c n i d l u o h s n i s s e c . o h r c p r a e s e r r e f l a r u t l u c i r nology trans g a l a c o J r o f t r o p p u s e z i s a d h n p a m e d l u n o h s s e t u t i t s n 1. Coordinatio i h c r a e s e r d f n o a s n e o i i t i t s a r z e i v m i i n n u i m , s i d h n t a g n i o s d e c r u o s e r l a r u t a n f o e s u e the sustainabl e e c e b d l u o h s s e r u s i i n t a c u d a o r p a e 2. ane e e e a a y b m e e h t a e t c a i v e l l a to e t x d e l e i d y n a h g h i c h r the resea p between the i 3. Ce p o d a d n a d e e br

g i h h t i ) w s d i r b hy

e t n i d n a s n o i t a rot

essential for reduction of Government

pr environ agents $

i r t s i d n i e l o r e v e n o y effecti r e v f e

f

y t i l a u q e h t o t h lies bot

stocks.

and th ow gr Population is that the P™ eSS trends

ae

4

mm

d n a y t i l i b a n i a t s u S l a t n e Environm s m e t s y s o c e o r g A f o n the Redesig l l i H . B t r a Stu

y a d t n e s e r p w o h r e d n o w l l i w s t s i m o n o r g a ) , e f o r u t u n f o i s e n h t a p x n i e e t h n t e t a c o d y a y l g At some poi n i w o n k o t d e u n i i m t e n h c o c s a e v h a c h u s d s e c i t c a r p e z i scientists coul s a h p m e t a h t d n s a m e t i s n o y i s s o r e n o l i i t o s c u n d i o r It l p l u s e d r e z i h l c a i h w speci , s e r o u t t l u y c l o g n n o i m w o n p k o r F O c w ; o n T o i t a d n e i m a t n o c d n a cally manag n f o o i t s s s u o y l L a h x , e n o i r t e a t c a i f w i t r d e n s a e d , n d n o a i degradat estation and r o f e d f o e c a f e h t n i y b y l d d i n a d n s a r t e s m r a f f o t n e m e c a l p s i d , y t i s able biodiver

P O e c n e d n e increased dep

, s e i d i s b u s , s c and antibioti e e n c i s a b l a c o l versus s i h t y h w f o n o i t a n a l p x e y M

.

d e n i m a x e y l e rar

tare

i

i

, s e i t i l i b i s n o p res

P y l i r a m i r p s i n o the situati

exactly what ma

g n i f g n i t n i o p e r o f : e b f l e s y m u o r h t change e hat, b caus t s i s i s e h t My e d n u o y w l l a c i cholog

> a , s l a o g e t inappropria s g n i h t ) e l b a n i a t

a e l p o e p h t o b to

i

’ p s e d i w e h t example, o m m o c e h t d societies, an

:

e z i s e d y r u x u l meet distant P r o f : e p a s may be a Ce

W S a s r e d the rea

e W y r o t s i h t Throughou , s n o i t a n r e h t the gods, o , s l a n o i t a n i t l u m and power,

, s e i t i n u m m o c l a r u r f o s s o l s l a c i m e h c c i : t e h t n y s ; s resource : s

v a h y a m s t s e p t including insec r i e h t d n a n e r d l i h c f o tion

n a a e n a a

o e c i u é c e f Be

The Redesign of Agrosystems

49

It ). 87 19 ef ho Sc ; 80 19 r te la (S em th on and of our addictive dependence up

ar ss ce ne st mu ty li bi na ai st su of on ti ni fi de e in nu ge a at th is th om fr s follow r fo es in el id gu e id ov pr d an or vi ha be r ou on ns io ct ri st re t ou ily spell appropriate goals. g: in ow ll fo e th s ie pl im ty Environmental sustainabili

J will

meanin

:

a

is Inth es. liv r ou in th t wi en lm il lf fu R rG av e r fo e : 1 thi t wha s us sc di , ty li bi na ai st su al Sign of nati Onal an t a t h w s e g g u s d , n s a m e t s y s e a e i t s a c h c t u n s to e m e n e o d l p e b im must

Paper

ar

€ systems.

r e v o y t i r o i r p is th g n i v i g d n a , s e l p o e p l al of s d e e n c i s a b e h t g n i t e e M 1, w e f a f o s d e e r g e c a meeting th p a c g n i y r r a c e h t w o l e b , e l b i s s o p if , s e i t i s n e d n o i t a l u p o p 2. Keeping t n e m e g a n ity of the region a m d n a n g i s e d e h t d n a s n r e t t a p n o i t p m u s n o c s e c r u o 3. Adjusting s e r e l b a w e n e r of l a w e n e r e h t t i m of r e p e o s t u e h t s m e t r s y fo s of s e i t i r o i r p g n i h s i l b a t s e d n a , g n i l c y c e r , g n i v ! r e s n o 4. C s e w c o r l u l o a s e o r t e d l e b r a i u w q e r l e v e l nonrene e h t w o l e b t c a p m i l a t n e m n o r i v n e e v l o g v e n i o p t e e e K u n 5. i t n o c d n a r e v o rec o t d e t c e f f a s m the syste

h t i w e l b i t a p m o c s i t a h t e n o s i e r u t l u c i r g a e l b a n i a t s u s y l l a t n e m n o r i v n e An . a i r e t i r c e v o b he a t f o e v i t r o p p u s and

e c n a n e t n i a M e c r u o s e R d n a y t i l i b a n i a t s u S v i t c Deep e r i d e s e h t y h w o t s e t a l e r n o i i t s e u p q l e h t n O a T t . r s e o i p t e j ! c p o e s e d d n d A more ii m a n a s l ) a c u i d l i o v p i d n i t s a o m y b y l s e u s o i r y e t i s l i b a n i a taken t s u s . w l e e w t e b h s i u g tin s i d I s e u s s i l a e r n i a t s u s ) l a t n e m a d n u f , m r (long-te

POnentj

a? th er th ra , h t w o r g e q in d, rl wo f the la. havior g n i s u o r e th Tt that y, d ur e t nt a m ce i t s e en y be g r e S € en USed ij nt

tic ani

mals:

he

o w O N > s u d n i , t fac a Over.d,

S: willin

wo

tld came

from

the

trialized ih Percent comes from 8 to do alm teties have functioned z OS

ding

e r u s n e o t g n i h ae nyt

y c n e i c i f f e focuses on e r p e h t s t p e c c a y l l a u s u t I e m y b s m resources. e l b o r p e v l o s o t s m i s a l a o g d n a s e t a u l , a n questio lity, in contrast, re-ev sustainabi e v l o v n i s m e t s y s e h t s n g i and redes s t i m i l l a c i g o l o c e n i h t i b be done w , n o i t n e v e r p y b s m e l b o r p g n i v sol c i t r a p s i n o i t This distinc p s e r h t i w r a e l especially c ’ n o i t n e v n o c , o s r u e h m T u n . ) s b a 0 h 9 19 t a h t h c a o r p p a e v i t a r plites cu . t n e m n o r i v n e e h t d n a t n e o c peopl l a c i g o l o i b f o n o i t u t i t s o b r u f s n o c the s e h c a o r p p a w o l l a h s e s S e y s h O t e e of r g a e h t f o t n e m e g a n a m be= o d t n a n g desi are s n o i t u l o s p e e d t n e n s a e b o r p if perm m o r f ) s n o i t a n d e e d n i (and ade to

t s u m s t r o f f e systems,

P° m

Environmental As pects Table 41;

The Redesign of Agrosystems

Comparison of Three Approaches to Susta inable Agriculture

U n s u stainable ea ree san ete

;

Efficiency

Substitution

SS

i

--

and Resource Efficient Agriculture

Eco-Agriculture

Physico-chemicial c

(soluble fertilizer, Pesticides, biotechnology)

Imported

input-intensive

Narrow focus, farm as factory (linear

design and

Physical/chemical/

Biologicals and

biological (slow Telease, band)

natural materials

Efficient use

Alternative inputs

ee = a e a time fess ae pest control agents, we can a

Softer factory

Management) Problems TS as enemies

to eliminate and control directly with products and devices

Natural and Ecological Farming

Maximize produc tion

(neglects

maintenance) Create demand, manipulate wants

i Beno

Low power

Bio-ecological

while improving maintenance

Improved

maintenance

ion; that ig Aires i nore lon:lor n,intain the Da on pttioma © illusi nsdumtha co- an souble and untru

be

e s : u a c e b e a J : u m r o f h c u s , o t d e t c a r t t a e r a d i and v o r . P y e h e. T

h c y s p r u o f o s t r a d p e d n u o w

5

be

‘

sty) that we

hon h est y), to cei ve wit (an d re ty Per t We lems that

ive

BON ch bule a let s olutions. fright enin ing to to consider in ic-

=. Really attracted to ee

Optimize production

associated impact oan e o a s su th wi e l b i t a p m inco

controls (pests as indicators)

Meet real needs

eRe ime

deeper into P Ce

omission. Such ia ae nereasingly difficu out of which it

aia

f course, blatantly ur Spore and institution pit

and ecological

(emphasizes maintenance)

arm

compiain

This is reflected in the common

the corner. This 1s, : acd

Bigs d focu n iS Ri s frm as kam

Prevention, select

o i : a“. : a ee US cs mi o on only by ec

rmined ‘ tenance isi * de te e ne ee ah in ma of a p ct Sa assume that our n eg2 le

of current policies;

Knowled ge/skill

:

y t i l i b a n i a t s u S w o l l a h S f o s t o o R l a c i g o l o h c Pssy

ise more for less; tii on, export, and

Goals

Maintain Product ion

degr

, e v e i l e b I T » ” . w o h w o n k I y a w e h t n i i m r a f o t d r o f f a d l u e v o i c t c I e l l h ly, s o i C w s i i w I . “I s t o o r that a l a c i c i g o l o h c y s p r e p e e d s a h t c m e o l g r e p n t a s h i t h t s e i tha , t i a r h g o l o n h c howweevve e t d n a s t n e m n r e v o g , , e e t uc od a pr r e ing e J l o ; t r o r, s ea cr : aes ms by in most of us we eee aim to solve social term and distant effects

and management

Efficient contro l (monitor Pest, Integrated Pest Management)

Renee

and t lec neg h oug thr ces our res a these wl other of ah

intensive actory SEES

ee

agroecosystems to conserve ee

Approaches Conservation

esfor riesI, , |farmers are rewar ded tural capitaj l. In mos t countries

, ay a a m and on ati lit abi reh of d kin this for ae! a a not a wa ps Ha for lly ica nom eco Danae are often penalized farm t por sup to nd fou are s y a w ie il : capa tter. Until way

Shallow Sustainability

Conventional

i

51

; ce our goa Is determ1 Sin

ctions and our

e e e i ed in am ex be e a our goals e

e s n hi be e li ms ai positive a a a be , e a OF ue as our tr

. le ab en to y t i v i t c u d o pr

air returns

ee

20 ) US TH , us ho e lv ce re to s r e c u d o r p for dgpini ng li il lf e fu o d an l u f g i n i mean

, n o i t o m e , al nt me BS teal a e e f a e i iv t s u m productivity, quantitative implica

xi

ea

a in s al go y e c e o r g a agement of tional supports. Othe < snclude examined in the sae

li1 vestock, and envi 10)

eons - ons determine the

ala

.

‘ak

use goals

dmill of

S2.

Environmental Aspects

The Redesign of Agrosystems

Table 4.2 Implications for the Food System of Having, Sustai nable Versus Unsustain-

Agroecosystem Design and Management

able Goals

Lower Goals

Higher Goals

Productivity Profit Power Competitiveness Growth

Exploitation Market Forces

Nourishment

Human Development Justice Humaneness

Sustainability

Resources

Nonrenewables Imported

Specialized

Diversified

Separated Larger Dependent Disseminator One-Way Products Isolated Res. Stn. Plots Short-Term

Integrated

Smaller Self-Reliant

Extension

Research

Single Discipline Technologies Reactive

Status Quo Defensive

Competitiveness Subsidies

Conservation Priorities Solar/Renewables Local

Programs & Policies

Facilitator Two-Way Service, Skills Participatory On-Farm Long-Term Holistic Knowledge, Skills Proactive Evolutionary Visionary Efficiency/Substitution/ Redesign Supports/Rewards/ Penalties

, up d il bu , le mb se as or , fy ti en id to ed ne To achieve the above goals, we first l ra tu ul oc ci so d an l, ca gi lo co oe bi l, ca mi he oc ic ys ph y ar ss ce ne e th and maintain d an s er nt Ce v lo vi Va of on ti ec ot pr e th om fr e ng ra ms is an ch Me resources. a on ti ec ll co to , es gi te ra st on ti va er ns co r te wa d an il so gene pools, to i e e, pl am ex r Fo . lls ski d an om sd wi us no ge di in of preservation e f aa d an , nd la e th ss ro ac nt me ve mo its g in ow capturing water, sl we ne e e d an n io nt te re , ms da of e us e th points of need, through n ig a a e e Wi ance. rt po im t un mo ra pa of e ar swales, and channels © e dg le ow kn nd ou of pr a e ir qu re es ur ct ru rte siting of these st e e i e e d n a l a n o s a e s of e g d e l w o n k l a c o l d e l i a t e cesses, a d ! n i a r t s n o c l a r u t l u c o i c o s e h t f o g n i d n a t s r e d n u n a istics, and . ) 1 9 anic 9 1 y a “ge l S d n i a n o s i org the of (Mollison 1988; Moll n io it os mp co de h ic wh in um di me a il y ; tl an in SO om ed pr r, matte nic orga Soil is of ived : cae nic orga nhen ssuufpp: Jied with n o matter is the primary activity going OD. gy C , ) 9 6 9 ly, L w degrades

ae

e s r e v n o c , ; n n o o i i s o r e o t and isj lost

l l i H y ( t i v i t c u d o r p d n a y t i l i t r e f h t o n b bo n i s e s a : e r c , on n rb i ca l fix i o to s d an s h soil,

sequently, ways must be found to properly mana

io

ervation of energy,

e th is l soi e th in er tt ma .. on to ti di ad In ve it. er ns co d , an il so e th 6 it rn tu re

ni ga or as up dil bu its d an on rb ca the fixation of t :

Nir: [© us to ble availa gy strate primary dioxide in the atmosphere and associa

oO

including more productive and demas ral 1986; (Mollison polycultures in multistory

d

prese our to respect With

$Y agroecosystems, tally impacting ny meee efficiency the through evolution W agement Mac 1985; (Hill Sustainable systems

M3M fertilizer and pesticide integrated

maint fertility i alternativ® and dence on biological 10% required ne Hi and control pest of methods cultural al Meret: methods Special 1986). and Smillie scofield ; as those such areas, of agricologenic

alophytic (Hodge chemicals toxic ination with micro es harvesting and ‘NVolve the planting decom specialist with ‘on of the soil there livestock, to With respect ees vauetee domestic Mi th compatible and a

om \gher ecological efficiency, 4 of sign (Rane former the *Ssociated with de the and capacity carrying to ‘ize

The Redesign of Agrosystems Table 4.3

s gm di ra Pa g n i v l o S m e l b o r P Alternative

c i r t n e c o n h c e T , t s i n o i t c u d Re

) s e i m e n e e t a n i m i l e ( s m o t p m Cure sy

Regulation, Monitoring, and Control

system e oeae destroyed throughout the world partly beEcological AE E Bi cause the long-term resource maintenance

t no d y n t a i v i t c u d o m r r p e t t r o h s

AL

re ar ul ic rt pa a e v a h s t n e m n r e v o g y, tl a t a s n e p m o c to y t i l sponsibi of st si re t s u m d n a , y c n e i c i f e d t e k r a m is th r fo € l l a n r e t x e redesign such ere Ag l a r e n e G e th as h c u s , s l o r t n o c e r e S a l i a d n a s f f ment on Tari of y c a m i r p e th g n i c r o f n i e r y b h c i h w , ) T T A G ( l a n e r of d n a t the marke t0 on ti na a of y it il ab e th s n e k a e w , e d a r t l a n o i t a r e l b a n i a t s u s practice otect its environment r p to d n a t n e m e g a n a m e c r u o Speecsific j

(Shrybman 1992).

penalties (Hill oo ak In the longe

d n , a s d r a w e , r s t r o p p u s e d u l c s n instrument i %? —0 ed ir qu re is ch oa pr ap r a broade

T term

that aims to ee

the pee

e bl na ai st su a of t en em ev hi ac e th O TSit e t a e e S ll wi is Th agriculture. n, io at rm fo in e at ri op pr ap to ss ce ac rs lo ve ae A ME ua e P : resources, and @ of n io is ev ov pr , ls il sk w ne of oe : 5 , a su l na io ut it st in broad range of

t en pm lo ve de , b) 90 19 al. et e Ra ac (M s rt of sustainable visions, higher e po t en rm we po em e th d an s, es en ar aw of s el ev n ns Tequired to take ‘i e iv at rn te Al ). 91 19 a, 90 19 l il (H n io ct e a e a e e L visions for problem

and ara

are ree = Tllog 220

? a t a M we at th e ir qu n re vi ie ly ch al tu en ev r, ve we ho , ll wi & oe ee the of d an , or vi ha be t en rr cu r ou of s ot ro al ic og ol f ¢ widespread ek ys wa nd fi to d an t, rmen zuiiaa yee

we po em d an e ea e Ri 5 to remedy the ez ta 2 o si vi ll sti ve ti ma er ms are de ee

terse pee We hae

at ve cPipent of Geeeetne (1987

Molli

€ 0 een have nd

A ie e a n c n E M OA IF an of s ng di ee oc pr e th . y o S oe n: io nt te at l ia ec sp e rv se de A, EI JL l na ur jo e th d an ), 90 19 al. et a gm 5 ithin Egypt, the work of Ibraheim Abouleish is exem i — ’ on si vi 1 h eH ni t er aw ip d se an s, e es nc en ie ar sc aw of e th e be us ll ya 1 e at s) ri op le pr Ba ap at c te ties atlu of people, and their hnology; ?

y or at ul eg -r lf se pt ru is (d ts Inpu s) on ti lu so y r a r o p m e t , s m s i n a mech

ns

IK

O

tieri

and va

ec W: s. em st sy od fo e bl na ai st su e ev hi ac re re e S e e S that will enable us to r ou ul rf we po r ve howe at th s ve el rs ou edly to remind i be ; ty li bi na ai st su e ev hi ac to le ab be t no ll wi ey th e on al , be ogy might

a, 90 19 l il (H n io ut ol ev al ci so ho yc ps n be realized only through our ow to al du vi di in d re we po em d an e, ar aw , 1991). Indeed, the ability of a single me su As . ed at im st re de un be t no ld ou bring about meaningful change sh ! l a u d i v i d n i t a h t e r a u yo

ow rr na t, an st in , ct re di , le mp si , le ng Si

) ne li ip sc di le ng si t, le ul -b ic ag focus (m

High-power, physicochemical (synthetic), imported product, expert (high-risk, expensive, dependent), centralized control

Technology intensive

Inflexible, ignores freedom of choice, disempowering

Temporary solutions , nt me on ir nv (e s it ef en sb di ed ct pe Unex health, etc.)

Incompatible with higher values

Holistic, Ecocentric

Prevent, respond to multiple causes, stresses (problems regarded as indicators)

Design and management, benign inputs (self-maintaining/regulating systems supported by cultural practices, permanent solutions)

g n o l , t c e r i d n i , x e l p m o c , Multifaceted

s n a r t / i t l u m ( s u c o f d a o term, br d e z i l a r t n e c e d , ) y r a n i l p i c s di

/ rm fa no , l a c i g o l o c e o i Low-power, b n e p e d n i , e v i s n e p local (low-risk, inex dent), decentralized

d e t c e l e s , e v i s n e t n i l l i k s / e g d e l w Kno

technologies

, e c i o h c f o m o d e e r f s t c e p s e r , Flexible empowering

s n o i t u l o s t Permanen

s t i f e n e b d e t Unexpec s e u l a v r e h g i h h t i w e l Compatib

The Redesign of Agrosystems

ae Bare soil

Table 4.5

le nab tai Sus to n tio nsi Tra er Aft and ore Bef s mer Far of ics ist ter rac Some Cha

Agriculture

After

Before

Cover crops, intercrops, nonrow crops,

M onoculture or TOWcrop rotations Unmanaged field borders Exported : nutrie mt s rep synthetic soluble T etine ae Manure — Waste disposal Pesticides and antiibi bioti solutions)

Grain/concentrate

; Hes (curative

feeds

Large , expen ifi machi nery siv ©, unmodified Fossil-fuel based

Specialized Product ion and Marketing

mulches

Rotations including soil-improving

crops

Windbreaks and insectary plants Recycling, soil formation, and N2 fixation

Optimal management, composting

Cultural and biological controls (preventative) Forage included

Smaller, modified, appropriate

Exchangers, generators Developers Stewards (maintenance) Nourishment of people

n o i t a m r o f n i of s t n e i p i c e R Technology users

Exploitersofresources Economic viability emphasis

Experimenting

s e s u a c g n i d n a t s r e d Un ; g n i t a r o b Colla g n i g a n a m d n a g n i n g i Des Diversification

) Waiting for help s on ti lu so e) iv at ur (c x fi kic qu g Seekin Competing Controlling inputs and processes Specialization

Self-reliance

(responsibilities)

Dependence (rights)

Empowerment icators nd i , n o i t a r o p i Ga e, t a t i l i c a f , y f i t n (ide

Helplessness

Solar and renewable

Enemy-oriented (identify, attack, eliminate)

Diversified

Problem control

respond)

Health promotion

Altieri, M.A. Agroecology: The:

Boulder, Colorado: Westview

Brown, L.R. et al. State of the Worl

Toward a Sustainable Society. N ee

Demause, L. Foundations of Psy: chohis D. Lairon, a, E. Nikiema, DjigmA., : andy a Sustai and Nutritional Self-sufficlenD oe Pr

Brora His and Man Respects sacar Confer

International

Germany: IFOAM, 1990:

Gershuny Goad J. Smillie.

’

The Sou! of So!

ment. 2nd Ed. Weedon, Quebec:

Qua

il:A

Hill, theound SB. “A Global Food and Agric’ “4990, Health, Nutritional Gens

ae y l l a c i g o l o c E s t s e P g n ~——.. “Controlli —

1984,“R13-15. edesig

ning

12(3/4): 32-36.

the

-

Food

Sys

_a

5 1 : ) 4 8 , 2 9 9 1 : ; e th of e y : e s a e s Sricologenic .DiAgri c. Hort. 1983, 1; 26% »” Biol i

andG.R.

d an e nc ie Sc l ra tu ul ic gr “A . s a y u S h e M h t f o w evie ' s r e i r r a B c i f i t n e i c S e e n e n i t n e and P ot t r o H . c i r g A , l o i B Solutions,”

nd TSB

= Steatiton 10a

ion to Sustainabl

155-198.

d n a s m a r g o r P , s e i c Poli

19900, Oe

ae

in Canads,

5

f o y t i l i b a n i a t s u S l a t n e m Environ s m e l b o r P : e r u t l u c i r g A n Egyptia s e v i t c e p s r e P d an :

f o t f i g e h t is , s u t o d o r e H d i a s , t p e Egy t i p s n i d n a , t i s i v s ’ n a i r o t s i h k e e r G e h t r e t f a an t o n s i l l i t s s i h t , s t developmen w e h t t u o h t i w ic

© n o i t a v r e s b o e h t d firme

: e c h t n e e t h g i e Egypt in the late e t a w f o p o r d e l g n a sin

e v e t o n , t p Egy

n o e l o p a N e l i h W ” . a n e a S e n a r r e t i d e M e l i N e h t f o e g r a h c s i d e m o s g of allowin n e g e h t : s n o s a e r l a t n e m n o r i v n e and other . t c e r r y o l c d e t b u undo to 4

t n i a r t s n o c r o j a m e h t , t p y g E t f o In n o i t c u r t s n o c e h t r e t f a n e v E . d n a l t o P4 n and e s u r e t a w e h t d e r e t l a y l l a c i d a r h c i wh n a h t s s e l s 1 h c i h w , s n a d d e f n o i mill ) a 1 9 9 1 s a w s i B ( t n e s e r p t a d e s l a r cultivat u t l u c i r g a e h t l l a s s u c s i d y l l u f g n i n mea i , r e v e w o H . one chapter o r l p a r u t l u c i r g a e from th irrigation. r o f r e t a w f o on the role

: t n e m p o l e v e d e bl na ai st su The concept of mt e iz gn co re en be s ha it d nd hi phy be e bl na ai st su of on ti ni fi no agreed de ge ey th d an t, is ex . e e hundred definitions ¢ st li mp si at wh me so e ar definitions tion, 4 we

a l u m r o f y c i l actual use in po

59

Problems and Perspectives

61

e iv ss ce ex of e us e ud cl in s e l p m a x e e ac : ! p n o m m o C . d o o g n o m m o c e h e th s n a e m serve t h c i h w , ls na ca of s e h c a e r d a e h e h t n i s r e m r a f y b r e t a w , rn tu in , is Th irrigation . ly pp su r te wa le ab li e r n u r o / d n a t n e i c i f f u s n i nta bs su rs de en il tailenders have ta of s e m o c n i e h t s u h t d n a s d l e i y p o r c e h t to e s a e ed r rg c ha e sc d di d l e ar u o c ry st du n i g n i s s e c o r p o r g a m o r f s e t s a w , . y m l a r a e l r i t m s i n S w o d . y s e tiall s isting water-u , s e x a t , s h r g e u v o i r r h t d , y l l a u t canals an p e c n o c t s a e l t a , d e z i it i , s e i r t n u o c d e +n develop t n a t n o r i o t p a m l i u g e r r u o d f n ities for subsidies, a n i o t y s a e n has not bee f o n o i t a l u c l a c reasons. (1) The p y l l a c i t i l o p , y l t n e u q e r F ) 2 ( cult. s o c l a n o i t i d d a g n i perienc n a c e r e h t s u h t d n a time,

9

e l b a n i a t s u s f o t p e c n o c e h T : s n o i t a , T C B at the ble over the term

co

nsid

9

a i v e b d l u o w soledicd

Issue of what constitutes long-term has neither red much i : ! t c a f in e m i t e h T . s n current discussio

l le y l l a c i s a b n e e b has

o i t a l u g e R ) 4 ( . s real cost e v a h s e i r t n u o c g developin m A : s e i t n i a t r e c 3. Risks and un o d o t s a h t n e m p o l tural deve

, e l p m a x e r o F . s m e t s y s x e compl r e t a w d n a d n a J t a h t n o i is no quest production. The fu

y g E n a c l e v e l t a h w to is, Up a n i a t s s br u s g n i c i f i r sified without sac transition

g n i n n i g e b e h t e t ca

of a

t a p t a h W unsustainable?

amet

ers need to

t u o b a is n o i t i s n a r t a such ' g d e l w o n k t n e s e r p Our ansition.

r t e h t e t a c i d n i that could

4 e ¢ l b a n i a t s s u s n o m o i r f t a n o i t e i s u n a l r t f : e h t r i , © t c e i d h e r T p pensive

w5, on Over th

very ex uch¥ ria! i thers

elon

=t

1s to achievea eesee objective

of

2

to obtain

€rm implic

or signs changes

a c i r o g e t a c € e t a t s o t in order ddition t i l i b a n i a t s u s of un increase th

e h t is e n O . ) 2 9 9 1 s a w s Bi

the problem, is do

c i t of n o i t c e r i d e h t y f i t n e even to id ° P y t is th of s e u s s i Fundamental

omed to fail.

a o F a8 e l b a n i a t s u s of s the concept conceived

ae

x peo oft en

take

actions

which

could

be

beneficial

a

to

th

If they perceive

ronse benefits, they ut are unlikely to

and implemente

MAS

Berit 18

be mos’

s n o i t a q j * e s e r p at t n e m agricultural develop n o c oF l a r e n e g r e h t i e e r a this subject the Jatest tren have

only been

given

y

Jabel,

Problems and Perspectives

63

of ” e t a m i t s e u g “ t s e b y M . ) 6 8 9 1 k h s i K ; 0 9 9 1 s a a H ; 0 9 9 1 k n a B d l r o W data ( e b d l u o w n o i t a z i n a b r u to e u d d n a l l a r u t l u c i r g a f o s s o l l a u n n a t n e r r u , e l b the c a n o s a e r e b to e t a m i t s e is th g n i m u s s A . s n a d d e f 0 0 0 , 0 3 f o l r a e r u t l u c i r g a of the ord e h t d forts have increase

f e n o i t a m a l c e r d n a l t a g h n t i c u s d n e r a e o t m n o i this t n e t t a t n e g r u e v i g t s u m Egypt destly. y l l a u n i t n o c h t i w n—first because

a e Y t d t n o i c e s ; t s o l e e b e p should not d n a l | i t s i x e e s o l n o o t i t a t o l n u p o e p l b a increasing acess, it is desir i y b n o i t e a t m a a s l n c e e p r m o d c n o t y r t n because la e h t d m a e v i t c u d o r p y d e a r e o r m l a n e e t r f a o is t a h t n o i t a z i n a b r u land areas o t e u d t s o l d n a l e s u a c e b d r i h t d n a reclamation; . d n a l d e m i a l c e r e h t n a h t e v i t c u prod s e c r u o s e R r e t a W

m i l a c i t i r c e h t In spite of

: e t a m i t s e l a n o i t a n reliable t n e r r u c f o s e t a m i t reliable es

a p i c i n u m , y r t s u d agriculture, in a n o i t a r , s e t a m i t s e Without such e h t r o f e s u t n e i c ity and its effi r a f y b s r o t c e s l a r u t l u c i r g a e h T f o y t i t n a u q e h t f o have a clear idea and t. , e r u t u f e h t n i r o this sect ) (0 y r t s i n i M e h t estimates from

wa a3

n u o c r o c a e r u t l u c i r g a t a h t e t a c i d n i -use ) (MPWWR ™ billion 2 of water total which is 84 percent of the i loss 5

on ti ra po ya d te ma ti es al nu an an e 9 to © not includ lateral, and sublateral, mainly due are estimate use: 1 watertranspiration losses 10 Egypt: accounts for the bulk of ag" ie

” en er ff di e th is it y l l a e R . g n i d mislea

ale The net area of cultiy ated land can o agricultural census wa Sin 1961. 2. Land reclamatio n stat are not available on unproductive and/or aba ndoned. 3. Information

is not bs availabl. € on |

betwee

outflows and usages, S°

but also “unaccounted for

Ee

: hes for very specific ye ars. eo gsesidlie to.urban a e - Current estimates of landloss due to waterlog ging and salinity are SO vague as to be meanin

gless.

The environmental literature on E £ypt is fu ll of anecdotal cial estimates on Jand-loss and these h ave been m asqueradin

or superfi-

g as realistic

Water Availability for Agriculture © nt ou am e th in d en tr rd wa wn do e Th likely to accelerate in increasing demand fro industrial water-use in 19: ”

™ n io ll bi 7 4. s wa , 80 19 in ey surv m® by the year 2000. In water-use in Egypt, 2"

i

65

Problems and Perspectives

ns io at ic pl im c mi no co oe ci so l ia potent e h t e l i h W . y l l a c i m o n o c e n w a r d e b r e g n o l o n n a c r e t a w n e h w a e y l r a e l c o for the ar n is e r e h t , t p y g E in d e t r a t s y d a e r l a s a h r e t a w d n u o r g y c i l o p t n e use of fossil m n r e v o g r a e l c a t a h t l a i t n e s s e s i t I . t n e s e r p at y c enunciated poli . d e p o l e v e d e b r e t a w e t s a W d e t a e r T

toe

e h t f o s e t a m i t Reliable es

€ would declin

8y lor Egypt must be based mana

0 0 0 2 r a e y e h t y available b n a c s e t a m i t s e preliminary r o f t n e m t a e wastewater tr

e b o t y l e k i l r e t a w e t s a w d e t a amount of t re t u b , e l b a l i a v a t o n e r a s r a e y g n i d e e c c u s n i d an r o f n a l p t n e r r u c e h t f 0 s i s a b e h t n o e d a m e g a be r e v a n a g n i m u s s A . a e r a o r i a C r e t a e r t n u o the G m a l a t o t e h t , y a d r e p ita

p a c r e p s r e t i l 0 4 3 f o n o i t c u d o © e b d wastewater pr l u o c a e r a o r i a C r e t a e r G e h t m o r f r e t a w e t a e r T of waste . 0 1 0 ar 2 billion m*

must be a : priority y ite j m in

se La:

.

an

olicy po

:

li stry:ategy. Major eaeff eicienc wate fn

ae i

e€ and rehabiliijlitati

alc

options

oe!

n o i t c u d e r , s m e t s y s n o i t a g i r r i f o n o i t SS of s e i t e i r a v f o t n crops Substi2tution of e m g p n o i v l r e e v s e n d o , c s € r e t a w 3 PS; . Th: water-i Intens of t i n u r e p s s e l g n Output ° i s u e s o h t y e b s p o r c e v i b p e d b l u o h s l l a y j v d e s u a , s r r o : t r u c o e g l s i a v r u j t a l m u c i r g the a s t n e v e e s u e i ajor of water, naturally T ! e t a w r o f . l a Saavviing i t n e t o p t s ighe Groundwater

:

t a p m o c s e i r a ty il ab ll va wa e a eeraegeneral rule, information 0? Egypt D that o dies of

TO

ble than

s te ma ti es t n e r r u C . r e t a w e v e l e th a d an r ey e ll t Va a w e Ny | ground e GL NN ne it eet eae

e c s e m Th a e . b tegion fo rdaay aeae industrial, rel pcea 2.6 billion can

is th in n o i t c a r t x e ck rau:te of : 5

ura

: a m i F o e t0 a e s si d ie ba e s a e r c n le i ab be y in l b a b o r p ; 5 9 . 4 t u o ab : . 3 : o i l l i i b h -9 l a u n n mm’, w a e h t o t t n e l a v i u q e rech: e b o t d e t a m i t s e s t i x e s a w s b i B ( ate se rpolic aiD rhe 1s

\*

s l a o i F y e s o e c40,000 ebislliosn m?, with ates eee y

issues

i, Weste: tm Desert New Valley, and Sina , e n e r inal, a not ¢ reso tha’

‘wable

are

mo Te

si

Cc 0} mpl €. x

Co} for

ti r £ TOU. ndw ate.

si s o f s i s i h t since

use

G in

annually

by the ye

1

0 y n a n i d e r e d i s n o c d properly n a t n e m n viro

s r o t c a f s i h t d n a , y ce of water g e t a r t s t men

| develop

esource in i

n e e h t r Fo ’ O C s a l l e w s a s t i f e n e b e m o s s a h r e t a w e t s a nitrogen w

potassium (K)—and s of agricultural productivity, tt¢ cial than irrigation

s n o i t r o p o r p l a m i t p o nutrients in

, on ti di ad In ). 88 19 r a r A d an s a w s i (B

it appears that waste developed countries.

tains less

given at present, the P

t. yp Eg in s t n e g r e t e d of synthetic Wa d te ea tr of e us As to constraints, i it d an s m e l b o r p th al he and P ap at th d an , ly er op pr function

a w e t s a w d te ea tr of e us Experience in the e e t t i m m o c l a t partmen

ago, an interde

m e d a c A e h t f o p i h s r e d a e l e h t under

t he

of thee, oirnddericeof

i y r a v s l ppm. e v betwde a Per e e l a g n y i t y i r n i l a 5 water would depen of 3 this or Parnny) age of t s o c , y t i x i f a r e v o i n s r pumping, and n u o t C e r . d o c i i r e m sidp o n d o e c : e

Water Quality Issues e su is ly on r de si n o c i o t h g u o n e t o It is n a u q r e t a W . y t i l a qu s it to e nc re any refe

base, Ue , e d i s t i f e n e p

Problems and Perspectives

n o i t u l l o P r e t a W of s e c r Control of Sou

l a i r t s u d n i , c i t s e m o d : t p y g E in n o i t u l l o p f o s e c r u o s r o j a m e e r h t ) d l o h e s There are u o h ( c i t s e m o D . l a r u t l u c i r g a d n a , ) g n i s s e c o r p o r , y r a s s e c e n e (including ag r e h w d n a , t n e m t a e r t y r a m i r p t s a e l at s e r i , s e i t i l i c a f t n e m t a e r wastewater requ t l a n o i t c n u f t u o h t i W . s t n e m t a e r t y r a i t r e t d n a y r . a d d e n l o l c o e r s t n o c e b t o n n a c s e c r u o s c i t s e m o d is m o s r t f n e u n l f o f i e t u l l a l i o r p t s u d n i water m o r f s n i a r d d n a , s l a n a c , e l i N l e a h r t u t f l o u c i r g n a o i r t o u l l c o i t s e m o d The p r e h t i e n a h t ex l l i c a f l a p i m r o t s c u d n i 7 6 3 s e t a r e p o probably more d n a s n w o y l t n e r r u c h g u t o n h e t m n , r r o e t v c e o s g l a e r u h t T l u c . i n r o g i a t u e l h l t o p o t d e t a l e r e r a se e h t f o t s o M ities in Egypt.

d e n w o e b y a m s e i t i l i c a f l a u d i v i ind e w o l l o f , ) t n e c r e p 2 7 ( r e n w o r o j a m

n e c r e p 8 ( s e i l p and sup , y t i c i r t c e l e , e s n e f ministries of de

& e g r a h c s i d t n e c r e p 5 3 e m o s , s e i r t indus e g r a h c s i d t n e c r e p 5 1 ; s n i a r d l agricultura ' n a ; g n i k n i r d d n for irrigation a n a l h g u o r h t , T O nean Sea,

e l t t i l y r e v , r o t c e private s

l a i t n e t o p n o i t u l l quantity. The po d at present.

e t a m i t s e r e d n u sector—is

—

, n o i t a r o f n i e l b a i l e r f o e c n e e n a S In the abs t p y g E 0 1 n o i t u l l o p r te

: o c s m e t s y e s e t n e m e e e g a e s e c en used by Se Wate and s ee en )ater pollutio 4 a be : w s ’ y r t n u o c e h t e n e t u , n e r S o l b a l i e a b v a e r e w a t a en if the d With out si: gnifi s m e n t o s i y t s c o e i l t l i o d a c d t a a d e t h . n T k a r c i o t w l i a u n i. n in e e e b e ha ve : c e r y l n o d e t a s m e t initi s y s e h t f o sho y t i l i b i t a p m o c e e e

i t n e g r u s t e e sevai i m o c t r o h s s u o i T

Z mingsin the

sam:

:

e e e n a c d tinited, suerlectteed canal a A f wales

n o m a Ee prep along the

Or two

:

pres

Nile and e Even the l n a a n i l p m a s r u o f o t d it n e t x e o t s e i n y r e v f o would be a e p s n u t s t i l a u q r e t a w r e p o r p r o f e s u d e t Any usable wat er qiuality monitoring program Hee Wee to) flexible—wi i i ‘with regard t o frequency of noe taken, and parameters lee ial pempling, sites where sail Much

pro; ZIesSs

i is needed

q ualit y assuran SU: ice.

Proper

i in

the

area

training

of

of an

wate. r qua. ual. it y adequate

control

an d

numb. er of Ww. ater t

; P l a n a y i l y t n e t s i quali it s n e o c c u ysts is d o s r e p i o r t o t a r o b a l l r a o i f t n e s . s s e e reliable analys

a w l a i r t s u d n i . m e l about b o r p e n i w o r g y l d i p a r 2 s i n o i t u l l o p r e t a w l a tri é n i m a t n o c y l s u o i r e s y d a e r l a r o s of water are e n i l e d i u g ) O H W ( n o i t a z i n a g r O h Healt a 1 n o i t u l o s l a m i t p o e h 2 T eratio: d i s n o c r o t c e s l agricultura

e n a M t s e p d e t a r g e t n i g n i d u l c n i ( s a pesticides r e t a w g n of controlli s i s a b l a g e l The d n a e l i N r e v i R e h t f o n o i t c e t 1982, “Pro

Wate

f C t n e g n i r t s d e h s i l b a t s e w a l Act).” The llutants. It also provide stric o p c i n a g r o n i

the law was poorly

and rigid, with no Pp l a i t n e t o p e h t to determine

’ , c c e t i m o n o s c ’ e y r t the coun

e n i a r t , s d n u e f t a u ability of adeq r o f s e i t i l i c a f n o i t a t r o p s and tran , y l g n i s i r p r u s t o a enforcements. N c e s c i l b pu the f o e m o s Tronically,

; ? t a g l u m o r p s a w w a l e h t r e t f a y l Short

ze

ee Part 3 d n a l a r u t a N f o t n e m p o l e Dev

s e c r u o s e R n a m u H

till do not know e n o u g h on how all Peet fa ™ should be handl e ed and coordinated sol

Abu-Zeid, M. , and As

Water Internati. f L - Climatic Fluct uations : Heinemann, 1992. and Biswas, Asit K. “Land and Water : Devel

it a Impacts of Agriculture on Water Quality. - 3: 160-167. Water Management. Oxford: thButterwor

Man agem j oppmieent in Egyp a l e n f o t r S u s t: Opportunit t a i n a A b g l r e i c u l t Analysis Divisio ur i e s a n d C o n straints,” Repor n, FAO, Rome, t to Polly 1991a. - “A Holistic Ap Pro ach to Environ ment Projects,” In ternational at G

lobal and Regi

Biswas, Asit K. an d A. Butterworth, 1988.

” Ambio, 1986. 15, no. 4:

Bef -B., Naon.d 16J.9,R. ECcoyle. “Urbani i i onomic Resezaartcihon SearnvdiceAgrici ultural Poli . . U.S. Dept. of cyAgrinicuElgtypt, ” ure, Wald

hington, D.C., 1981.

al

ee

Environmental

Bank, Washington, D.C., 1990.

Issues,

4

Draft Discussion Pap er, World

6

e o e c r u o s e R r e t a W s Egypt' s e i c i l o P d n a t n e m e g a Man ee

e h t , r e v e w o H . y t i v ducti

ue

: s t n e s e r p e t — y annuall e H e t a c : p i c n i r p e e h a t 5 is 9 e l i n a N h t r e v e r o m h The Ri t i w t p y g E g n i y l p p u s n a , e m o e c r a h s o t s ' s t p y g E f o for year n o i t a t limi e h t h t i W . s t n e m e r i u q e r water , w o l f n i r e t a w d n u o b h t r o n s t i g developin t importance, s o m t u s e r i u q c a r e t uses of wa

R w W w P M ( s e c r u o s e R r e t a W d n a s k Wor

m a D n a w s A h g The Hi ; re d n a t n a t s n o c a e r u s n e o t d r e i l o i a v e r reserv p t a h t d o i r e p t h g u o r d e h t , r e v e How e e f f a y l s u o i r e s d ears has

y e t p u r r e t n i n u o c e h t for nine un d e t a v i t o m t a h t t c a f of suc servoir—a Lake Re

e c n e r r u c e r a f o y t i l i b a b o r p e h t e c a f to

t g n i r u d y t i c i r t c e l e generate

, r e t a w h s e r f g n i r o ing ways of st

a in it g n i s u e r and

‘culture. Li

m ™ e v o g at th s n o i t a l u g e r d n a s w a l e th and water 4

:

uP

, s n er o ist i min t a z i n a g r o , s e i r minist er nc co e bi bY ed ad he ed, tut sti con en be water has esentatives p : re

a e g n i d u l c n i d n a sources

d r e t p a h c s i h T . s e i c i water pol

: y t n u o c d i r a y r Egypt is a ve n r e h t r o n e h t g n mm alo

with thosePO

Water Resource Management and Policies

mal nor a in m’ n lio bil 0 14. ut abo is u) tea pla l ria ato equ the sub-basin of year, of which only 0.6 billion m’ reaches the White Nile at Lake Noo and er wat the g vin ser con for s eme sch ed os op Pr . ps am sw the in t the rest is los

ly ual ann m’ n lio bil 12 of ing sav a ld yie to ed ct pe ex of Bahr El-Ghazal are

the in lost er wat The an. Asw at r yea m’/ n lio bil at Malakal or roughly 10

no are re The r. yea h eac m’ n lio bil 5 s che rea Sobat and tributaries basin . zal Gha Elr Bah of se tho to r ila sim er wat s definite plans for conserving thi

Groundwater Supply e e t rs fi e Th . es ri go te ca o tw to in d de vi di be n ca t p y g E in Groundwater i d e ty ci pa ca e ag or st l ta to e h T . em st sy a t l e D e th the Nile Valley and pp average salinity 0 an th wi , m’ n io ll bi 0 20 Valley aquifer is about

e a e e e a lt De e th in ty ci pa ca e ag or st e th is m’ n io ll bi Another 300 r e t a ie ee Ar a a a e dwates i .

n u o r g of on ti ac tr ex of te ra annual

ual ann fe sa a to d se ea cr in be m’. This can orp

Sy

.

3

. m’ n io ll bi 9 4. at d e t a m i t s e y system, currentl Groundwater also exists in

¢

d e t a c i d n i e v a h s ie ud st t n e c e r depths. Most

l ve de l ra ve se ed in tl ou s ha e te it mm Co se ne Suda le ng Jo e th of on ti uc tr ns co e th is h ic wh of first

resource. Preliminary estimates 1m , % ol r e d r o e th of is a e r a age in this is th of e s U . m p p 0 0 7 d n a 0 0 2 between e, ag or st of n o i t e l p e d , pumping period. Investigations in the N' a d e s u be n a c r e t a w d n of grou w. of s, re ac 0 0 0 , 0 5 1 of irrigation

re ac 0 0 0 , 0 9 1 l a n o i t i d d a n A vated. e W e th of rt pa n r e h t u o s ( area e r o M r. fe ui aq e n o t s d n a S Nubian

me re is th n i h t i w l a i t n e t o p groundwater

n a d u S th wi n o i t a r e p o o c in t carried ou Groundwater is availa

Swamps by evapotr ion vat ser Con m?. n lio bil 10 ut abo is on ati pir ans schemes in this sub 44 of in ga e ag er av an d el yi to ed ct pe ex e ar n si ba billion m* at the or about 4.0 billion m? at Aswan. The above e Nil White er sa ti d conservation pro U , ivings from the proposed projejects in the aon nee adds to a minimum of 18 billion m’. However, Fite n of these schemes depends on agreements between the Nile ntries and the investment requirements. A

total of 7 billion m

ees expected after the completion of phase two of the Jonglei Canal. Joint z si are Tequired to resume the work on the first phase of construction

of the canal, in which over 70 percent of the work was completed.

The water discharge in the streams from Bahr El-Ghazal (another

=

;

Capacities and qualities, but 1 i ca rt no e th in s r e f i u q a e quantities. Shal

by the seasonal rainfall. The thickness ».000

e e m o f s se ea cr in ty ni li sa s it d n a m 0 15 and

aquifer varie ppm to

:

wb , i a r g ap in ll fa e g a r l a p ra nt ce d n h a t r o n n: e Si Co med In duthe to recharge by the rain a water exis foasrt. BG Valleys, Deep aquifers with nonrenew™ ply water

n e e M a ¥ l l a s a h i a r e T m 0 e t 00 1, of h t p e tl d ma a te ua to Gq d le ? il n o dr n e ttEL-Arish-Rafaa coastal area in t a n 1S ea ar e a e W ae Present extraction is em y a d / m 0 0 0 , 2 5 at Imated st sy e h T . me ti d an e c a p s in n o i t *teriora

a

it

Water Resource Management and Policies

75

to gh ou en t no e ar r, ve we ho y, ar nu Ja to r be to Oc om fr s d n a m e d on ti ga Irri t is ur to ak pe e th is od ri pe is Th r. ve ri e th in l ve le al on ti ga vi na a in ta main d an n wa As n ee tw be gs in il sa r la gu re ke ma s at bo t is ur to n e h w season, od ri pe is th ng ri du ed as le re be to s ha r te wa of m’ n io ll bi 8 1. Luxor. Some rrage is being rebuilt, Ba na Es e Th l. ve le al on ti ga vi na e th in ta in ma to , 00 20 ar ye e th By l. ve le r te wa le Ni e th of l ro nt co which will provide better 3 0. y l n o to d e c u d e r e b d l u o c s t n e m e r i u q e r r e t a w l a n o i t a g i v a n l a u of n an t n e m h s i l b a t s e e th d n a l e v e l r e t a w of l o r t n o c r e t t e b h g u o r h t billion m’ . s e k a l n r e h t r o n e h t storage in t p y g E n i y l t c e r i d n i d e s u e r n e e b s a h r e t a w e t s a W : r e t 5 a 1 9 w 1 d n i e t a d e e r t t a i t f i o n i e s a w r Re-us e t a w e t s a w f o rmal use o f t s r i f e h t t for centuries, bu

r e t f A . o r i a C a f o t s a e h t r o n , r a f s A l E l a b a J f o a e r a t r e s e d g n n i r g e n t i r s b a e , e e h r t u t n l i u c i r g a used for desert

very substantially. by 50

s a w r e t a w e s t t n s a a l p w , t n t e n m e t m a t e a r t e r t r e t a w e t s a primary w w e n s A . s e r c a 0 0 5 , 2 f o a an are

d e t a e r t f o s t n u o m a e h t , s a e r a n a b r r u u d r e h t y o l i d d n a a e o t r s i a C se ea n cr i in e r e n c i n l i n o l l i e l i w w m s co e i t i v e i ie ct t c a l a r u r t e l t u a c e i r G a e 1 r h o t f e m l o b r a f l i e a l v b a a l r i avai r e t a w e t wastewate e th in m’ n io ll bi 7 1. to 90 19 « t a iing the next thr; ee decades. 7 Total wastew sei 3

into cultivation

10 m n o i l l i b 9 . 0 m o r f e s a e r c n i l l i w a e r a Cairo

° 1 g n i d r o c c a , 0 1 0 2 r a e y e h t Y P y l l a u n n a ? m n o i l l i b 3 9 . 1 d n a 0 0 0 2 r yea e s u e r r e t a w e ce with was t son

estimates.

n ea Cr s pt' Egy t tha ed ess str It should be s sh

ep st , t n i o p w e i v cy li po a m o is limited, Fr e. ur lt cu ri ag in e us s it r fo major pilot projects to convince the general populatio

be taken to establish

jects would help

carried out, impose no tisk to he

” a d a in , t n e m t a e r t Proper sewage on ti toeee bu ri nt r co o j a m e t e e k a t m r a c ter, r. ne io it nd co il so 4 as used can be effectively

dried sludge was produced and sold to fee

Jabal Al-Asfar and Abu-Rawas r e t a w e t s a w o r i a C r e t a e r the G

r

es

3,410 tons per day of dry solids.

:

use: Annual

d te ma ti es s a w 0 9 9 1 r fo e s u Iti S also estidmomestic water1S es ss lo on ti bu ri st di of l ve le e th at th e h p at th assumed omestic water-use could be held at 3-1 A ao © year 2000 b Y reduci percent. 20 to es ss lo on ti bu ri st di ng ci Industrial water. i It was est : use 4 StL 1990. This estim. i if m’ n lio bil 4.6 d use ry ust ind t tha d te ma on d se ba is ate = n of the 1980 survey carried out for the Wa er Master Plan th € extrapolatio t Navigational Watey

F, m o r F : e s u irrigation a re suffici ruary to September, water releases for b e €nt to Mmaintai Ww: 1

n

Viels water lev

i in

the

Nil e

for

nav: igation

market demand of sludge is 719, Oo r e t a w e g a n i a . " s a m a r i d Re-us e of agricultural

” n i k c a b d e g r a h c s i d is Upper Egypt ¢ n y t i n i l a s s it : r e t a w lity of the Nile qua

the

! s n e t x e =e ? e l a w e g a n i a r d 350 ppm in Cairo. Theollected throus is c

and accordingly

disposal into the M

discharged to the sea deP released at Aswan, Cropping at s rs cha dis e? Wat ge ina dra amount of

ic tha

Water Resource Management and Policies Table 6.2

Nile Water

Downstream of HAD (billion m?)

Vise 1984-85

56.40

19 85 -8 6 198687

19.

Drainage Water

de Quantity (billion

55.52

87-88

m? ae

14.12

a7

Total (million feddans)

11.2

14.2 15.9

55 5358

26.1 33.2

5.9 6.0

3.68

53.24

11.82 11.12

6.15 4.63

3,64

Per Capita Land (in feddans) 0.51

5.4

12.8

371

Arableland aaa

49

9.7

ae

13.86 13.03

wh

Population (million)

Salinity

55.19

52.86

19 88-89

Changing Patterns of Population and Arable Land in Egypt 1897-1990

0.48

53

19.0

421

0.41

Uy ues 0.31

0.23

ae

6.1

013

12

55.0

Y

:

pre-and post-High Aswan Dam periods. Fora

increased and more

of this dam, and

reliable water that was made possible by eee fat been possible both to

ricultural activities

assisted by technological developmen’; ‘

intensify cultivation in the ol

;

in the new lands. Construction of H

the fact that

s s e c e n not }s the supply of arable land in Egypt f l a t o t a f o t u o s ' W assumed in the past. Nearly 650,000 acre o t e u d y directl e l b i s s land reclaimed in the 1960s was made po HAD. The changes in Egypt’s arable

Shown in Table 6.2. It should be noted th

The

amount

e Delta. of dra inage

wat er gatonion 1SiS ’ 4.7 ae presently re-- used in irrigati : billion m’ annually, of which 2.6 bil lion m’ is in the Nile Delta, 0.95 billion 3. m

in Fayoum,

and ale

arable area increased by only about

Population increased nearly fourfold,

700,

fom? d by

of arable land available per perso deat

Seventy-three-year period. _

The most detailed analysis of Jan

in 1986 under the Land Master Plan (L

Million acres of land could be reclaimed be ie acres 570,000 another Addition,

De

PY

Water in Sinai and the New Valley. .

of drainage water is likely to be in Egypt’s long-term interest

For an arid country like Egypt, the prime factor which makes land productive is water. Thus

an analysis of arable land can be best divided as

est

reclaimed, subject to water available irrigate ere Tee, The LMP study considered Jand 0} ‘idlife hab av a

Ses of land like fisheries, forestty»® the Porat

Cred. The LMP

Land Resources

usin

study divided

“ategories depending on one OF Ole ae

ea

:

RES Options considered cropP nee of the Jand prop =

ig? 2nd farm types. More than

jy sands:

“Onsidered to be coarse to grave y darea in EgyP

The present estimate of cultivate

tis 7.49

Water Resource Management and Policies

on their investments. The potential impact of this policy on market prices . ated stig inve be to s need s fruit of In Egypt, land can be productive only if water is available for irrigaand g livin of dard stan r bette a eves achi and s grow on tion. As populati trial indus and l cipa muni the for nds dema r wate n, more industrializatio

r highe have to y likel most are rs secto two e thes e Sinc sectors will increase. for y suppl water ble relia of e futur the r, secto priority than the agricultural share the so, Even tion. atten us serio the reclaimed areas should receive

effigly, rdin Acco ily. stead ne decli will of water available to agriculture that all the

e ensur to d ease incr be to has t Egyp ciency of water-use in . share their ive rece to inue cont reclaimed lands will

cme

e es a new lands in a ao

inability to { ado pt new farmini g prac :

lack of development of new farming systems more conditions. A policy decision was taken to allocat? § ratio of 60:40—three-fifths to investors with adequx ate capital t disadvantag o develop theiri own farms; two-fift hs to economically ed grou groups, unemployed graduates, and retired government Personnel], The total inv j estment cost for land reclamation has been significant. For example > Sinae a , over £E (Egyptian pound) : Ge: Dates Revol ution billion has b en e and recla mation. The Land Master Plan study estimated t 3,000 to £F 7 roe nves tment cost for land reclamation varied from £E fixe incren , per acre. In the remote areas, the high cost of infrastruc di : ents cropse pidngthe isis to £E 8,000. The government has pledged not tO

Wighivale aoe patterns in these areas, and many farmers are planting » probably perennial fruit crops, to get attractive returns

i, n a m u H , s s e c o r P h c r a e s Re

r o f t s e u Q e h t d n a , s e c r u o s e R

y t i l i b Sustaina oe

r e l p p e t S . A d r a w Ho T U O n i t p e c new con 1 t n e m p o ce devel

s t n e n o p m o c l a i t n e s es

n o i t n e t t a e d i w d l r o w d e n i a g y t i l i b a n i ta Future. Thist

n o m m o C r u O UN report, n a t n e m p o l e v e d e l b a n i a t s u s tal need for wi © n e p o , y t i l i b a in seeking that sustain s ’ n o i t a n h c a E ” . t o n is d l r o w e h t but v e d e l b a n i a t s u S expressed: “

size and growth are i the ecosystem.”

Y m n o n o i First, a digress n a c y c n e i c i f f u s d o growth. Fo n e h w s t s i x e y c n e i c i f food suf . s t i n u d n a l l a t o t land unit x

concer Wi r pe 1 be attain , r o l a c n o r l popu ] hav

g n i t i m i l “ e h t e s u d l u o c e n o y l r Clea

a u t i s l a n o i t a n c i f i c e sp

i

essentially fixed, namely, n. ca e t t a l e h t e of land units, wher a i r a v g n i n i a m e r e h T . or world basis e l b a i r a v e r a , d n a l per unit of

t e Z i m i x a m to is as agriculturists si ft le e h t n o t n i a r t s e r o n with

e th e c n a l a b to increasingly difficult t e r 1 , n o i s s e r g i d With this e e p s e r h t i w r a l u c i t r a p in equation, cap s t n e m e t a t s e l b a t s e t n o c n i e e Thr c! so in e r u t l u c i r g a of e l o r primary B e r u t l u c i r g a l al , d n o c e S animals. ther!

e h w s e c r u o s e r tably consumes

Research, Human Resources, and Sustainability

83

ng gi an ch , ts en on mp co of s ic st ri te ac ar ch e th ng gi an ch om fr e m o c t migh is ge an ch t en on mp co en wh em st sy e th g in fy di mo , se r pe the components at th s ow ll fo so al It s. on ti ac e es th of n io at in mb co a om fr ineffective, or san tr or e bl ea ll ma ss le me co be ts en on mp co as t ul ic ff di change is more ). le ab st e or (m le ab port se e th g in er id ns co by d pe lo ve de be st be n ca da The research agen can effect a change

Sustainability for agriculture, The ical AAdvisory Committee (TAC)

y ar ss ce ne s on ti ac of quence e th g in ud cl in in the system, e th in es ag st ve fi following

at th da en ag e th at ve ri ar to e Th . gy lo no ch te w ne of e us d an t en pm lo deve process are suggested:

f o s m e l b o r p e h t f o t n e m e t a t s s u o u g i b m a n u d n a s u o r o g i y r l e k a i l p s o ‘ s l i e h T v e D . s t 1. c e p s a l al f o s i s y l a n a h g u o r o h t a g n i d u . s l e c i n t i i r o i r , p m f e o t s y g s n i t t e s the e h t d n a m e d t ha t s m e l b o r p f r o o t e y s g o a l o n h h c s e i t l b w e n f o to esta e r u t a n e h t y f i c e p s , s t n i onstra

c e h t y f i t n e d 2. I : sy e h t o t n i y r t n e f o t n i o p e h t d n a intervention ¢ T g n i t s i x e g n o m a m o r f y g o l o n h c e t 3. Seek new

n a n g i s e d T O ; e s u l a c o l r o f y r a s s e c e n if it : y modify g o l o n h c e t w e n p o l e v e d o t y r a s research neces

s s e n e t a i r p o r p p a / y c a c i f f e e h t e n 4. Determi y g o l o n . s h n o c i t e i d t n o c d n l e e i f v r o e r d n p u it e h t testing f o r e f s n a r t e h t e k a t r e d n u d n a r o f 5. Arrange to the ultimate user.

! m r e t e d t a e l c a ne e pa b ld ou sh e er th , me © At the same ti n io at iz il ut l ma ti OP e th te ta li ci fa to e r u t infrastruc

r u t c u r t s a r f n i e th e v a h to d e r a p e r p s n a Pl in d e t a l e r e th d n a s e g a t s ve fi time. These

The Research Agenda question,

Tesear

I

wi

e h t g n i n i m r e t e d f o the question ces

s e e h t . d e n m a e r i , u a q d e n r e t e n a a n 9 for fis s ancemen l a r u t l u c i de r g e h a f t t e o t u h o t p t n i n o i Hion System which th

1. Climata ic co Q

e€ agenda

add

ee A

cl assified. be ca n resses

3

, h d t n g a , n e e l r y u a t d a r e i p m , e r t e t e a w g i s , e y h t i i s n e a a pe ? s n o c a s a r o t c a f a e m e t e e s n o i t c u d e r e a s e a 2a, mponents:

l a c L i m e h c h l a a A c i s y h p h t : j ze Biologo ical compmpopono:ennetnsts:bo plant m o c e t a i c o s s a r i e h t d n a plex a n i b a e s f pests, including ce

to their stability, Th € analysis; de transferabiliility, and malleability or ease of manipulation. monstrated that enhancement of a system’s performance

n e d j i ! s r o t c a f e h t f o e r o m r o e n o h t i w ei beatcegoonrcyernofedinputs. Further, it is 1 mportant ivtito yewh

c

ace ch ar se re 4 to e l b a n e m a e ar e constraints nstrument 1

i / y t i v i t c a f o aacdtiifofnesreisnt, itn ypmey judgement,

he t o t l a i t n e s s e : ] 0 e v i t c e p s e r r i m a r g o r p n o i t a s r e e g n g e u g s o s y l a g o d l l o u n o h w c e I t . n e k a t r de ng ticular

r i n a z u , p i t t i s l u i a e o e c h h r c n t r e i a u w tSeesqe s e i d a h t i w ) t a e h w e l p m a x e A r o f ( e h t s n o i ea t a u t i s : x ° © e l p s m e m o o c c e e b r o h m c a o r p utili p a s i h t n f i o a t n s o u i s t a e Z h I t r t o f s d n a m e d : y t i x e l p m o e c at h th t T bi hi ex y.early ‘eycshtneomlsogcl i o a t s r i f e h t o t d i a p n o i t n e t t a s n y o s i t c u d o ‘ The r p e h t n . s I search proces

Cc

.

9

Research, Human

Resources, and Sustainability

85

conthe her whet e rmin dete ld shou It gy. nolo tech new e h t system for other some for call they her whet or arch rese by d ove rem e b n a c s t n i a r st in ges chan y, polic nt rnme gove in ges chan ple, exam for as , n o i t c a f o type units. on ucti prod seed of t hmen blis esta or t; credi of n o i s i v o r p ; e r land tenu ed ider cons be d shoul ture struc infra of n isio prov he t r o f s h t a p e m i t l Critica at this stage. e t a i r p o r p p a k e e s r e h t i e — 3 e g a t s in n o i t c a r o f s e u n e There are two av . tu si in h c r a e s e r y b s n o i t u l o s n w o r u o y p o l e v e d r o e r e h w e s l e s n o i e h t solut k e e s to is e s r u o c l a m r o n e h T . e v i s u l c x e y l l a u t u m t o n e r n a w o r u o y These g n i p o l e v e d e l i h w e r e h w e s l e m o r f n o i t u l o s m r e t t r h c i h W . y g stop-gap, sho o l o n h c e t e t a i r p o r p p a t s o m e h t e t a r e n e g o t m a r n g i s e d to d e d e research prog e n e b l l i w s t s i t n e i c s l u f l l i k s t s o m e h t n e k a x e l p m o c a h t i w g ever path is t n i l a e d e r a e W . s s e c c u s f o y t i l i b a b o r p h g o i p h m a o c h t o t i w d h e c t r c a e e r s i d re e b l l i w h c r a e s e r t a h t e l b a b o r y p r a m i t r s p o m e s i e r h t i t e h t o t n i system, but n io t a c i f i s s a l c e h t e a e e nents or factors recognizing es th n ee tw be s ip sh on ti la re e th e g rt n pa i d n a a t s r e d be n U y sl ou vi ob ll components. Wi s or fact t n e m e g a n a m n o i t c u d o r p nents and

e e e ih r fo s es oc pr gn si de e th , y r a m m u e s a In e . ty vi ti ac d, ne fi ch de ar se re the clearly to up ks ea br system, e th th wi ns gi agenda be

e n e th e in am ex to em st sy © e th s le mb se cy ca as fi re ef en th e th , ms able proble e in rm te de d an s t n e n o p m o c ed fi di mo e th n ee tw be

r u o y e d i s t u o s n o i t u l o or s

new system. te ch no lo gy ap pr op ri at fi e nd to The ability as su mp ti on s: e e r h t n o d e t a c i d e r p own program is °

c a r a h c e d e r i s e e d e : t e b i r c s e d o t e l b a n e be s ha r e h c r a e s e r e th t a h T shoul these

the hi used by the researcher ° That there be a sense of where one has l a i r e t a m d e r i s e d e h locating t th is It 4, . ‘

d e t a r e n e g e h t of 7 e r u g i F of e l c r i c r e n n i e h t s e t e l p m o y l c r e p 4 o r e g a s a St w g n i t s e t ' o r o g i r — m a r g o pr h c r a e s e r e h t f o ‘ene the first sta soci al scii ences must be represente disaggregated to a set of sub

ioriti whi to problems The executi sssigaey Pe may a ie a perfect imperfect— requires though ven analysis st the i of Without second sustainability. the of definitio n pa tit, : ; beco will problem the of statement age w i rigor of illusion an me , the capacity for experi without mentation. ' i i and the points of entry Ty into i i the constraints Sta ge 2 identifies the

t a h t g n i m u s s e e w o t peenoloey, A t n e s e r p d l u o h s e g a t s h t r u o f e h t m a r a haa p e h t e m a to d e n g i s e d s a w y g o _ ich the technol u m t ) g n a r a e l c e b d l u o h s t s e t e v r e s e R © e h n t o i > t y e a g d o i l l o a n v h c e y P r ted, hteabnlc a s s e c e n fi e h T . s n o i t i e h . T d e i f i c e p s n o p i e ac0)c e solut e h t : d n o c «station ec © He under the ultimate user’s eats re are int We the to that ‘or etl pr 2 inferen™ by stage and in for acceptance, Tia have been established ‘ sh ould Figure from be clear

should It process. 8eneration

Research,

Human

y t i l i b a n i a t s u S d an , s e Resourc

87

t s i m o n o c e e th r fo e u r t is e m a s e h t ; t s i t n e i c s e h t as e r e h e b o t t h g i r h muc at , er us e t a m i t l u e th to n o i t n e t t a r i e h t t c e r i d t s u m l l A . t s i g o l o i c and the so . y t e i c o s m o r f s e r u s s e r p l a n r e t x e g n i z i n e th e n i f e d ll the same time recog wi m e l b o r p e th of n o i t i n i f e d s u o r o g i r d n a ch te e Identification th e c n i S . e c n a v e l e r t s e t a e r g e h t s a h n o i t u l o s e h t e nc h c si i h w d n a to s, er n us i a m do e t a m i t l u of t se c i f i c e p s a r o f d e p o l e v e d n e t x e n e e e b th s of a h y y t i l i nolog b i s n o p s e r e h t 1s y g o l o n h c e t d e t a d i in l a v m a e e t h t e f th o of r e f s r e b m e m the tran a e b d l u o h s t n e g a e h t t y a h t t i l i b i s s n w o o l p l s o f e r it e h t s a h h c a E sion agent, . 1 e g a t s f o m a e t e h t l from gy pet

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may this that realize I although false, uae hav ©en perceived to The past. the in if in some cases :

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of educati:on should each have to better fit them for theif

i the is 3 e Stag But what wich

. agent n nsio exte the for is 5 e stag ae the scientist;

the ably prob is 1 e Stag . clear so not is mOst exitical in the oe ,2, and 3? It any of in doma e usiv excl the not is It ole process. one group—a grou lem prob in ne ipli disc own its ct refle then p that might identification Z ateam aad ees

B A : 5 e g a t until s e l l , i l w a n v o o i r t p p a a d i e t a m i t and val l u n e p s i h t e n h i T . d e e t v a l m o i t l u n e p be inv m r e a t u l a e v h e t d n e a s u , y m l e e t t s a y s e h t f deliber o t e outpu edback. e h t h t i w n i a g a — y t ie

W O H e o l a e i F w e s n ’ n f o n o i t r a i r e w n e h g t i w e h d t e k n s i a d e b t d a l e u p o h s s g i n o i a t t s r e o u p q m t ;ivn—t™ervetwnotioin in th n e s . a ? h r w e c f e n s n f o n o i a t r d a t n r a € gene Howd 0 the two

I . e r u t c u r t s a r f n i e h t n i d e t c e e c a l refl p e k a t not

h t f o e c acceptan

Hum an Resource Development

n o i t n e v r e t n i s ’ n a m r o f d e e n e h t t u o b a u d o r p l a r u t l u c of agri

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l o a l o h n t h c i e w t g w n e o n l e h t g n i stage 4, a t a r o p r o c n i m e t s y s d e s i v e r e h t t a h t to ensure t a , r . e s n v o e i t w a o t H c e p , 1 x e e r i g e a h t t s o t s a p u m s m e r l fo b o r p e m a s e t h a t h t t e a t a h i w r e p o m r o p s p a s t s n m e e e s s e r t i : d 0 e m r o Stage 2 p f n o i t g a p n f i o e b s i n o a i t d a n p e i c g i a t r a h p c r a ! e W e v i s t e , c e r a l o r e e h h t t d a e t l h n t i i o e p h t s i h t this a l p 0 1 d s l n u i o g e w b e t a s i t n e e r i u c t s c u r t s the a r f n i © f t n e . m s p n o o i l s s e u v c s e i d d e h e h t t r f o o f g t r n a i p m i t e b e d l u o ord h s others. Th t s ha n a r th e c n o c m e t s y s d e t e a th l e r of : h s t t r i a p w e s e o h l t p o e p e t a d d i n l a a v a e stage y l e e t a o m i t a i g e l y a y l m n o s t n a n c i 4 a r t g s n n a o Stage h c c n l i a d n e r it exte a st in d e t a r e n e g n e e b e ) v a 2 h d n a 1 s e g a t s n i ( d c e i f s i a t , n e e s d a i c e h t s i s i h f t

g actin p, grou y inar cipl idis mult a is ae i hat is needed as has t agen n nsio exte The t. poin view ncing each other’s

end

i l a u s i v o t y s a e s i It of the

spectrum,

ision

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is our

? y m a h t i w y d l n l a a n r e t n m i e t sys

a s m a i m e l a d b a v d n a g n i t s e t l l u f e h us o u n i t n mand t o c f o a process o t n w a r d wSeign aroef the system.

r o f d e e n e h t o t ® n o t i n t n e e m t p t o a l e v e d w f o e r d e l c I y c e h T . y sustainabilit such @

t a h t n o i t p m u s s a e h t e e r h t n o t s a e l t a Predicated e c a r b m e d l u {4 o w e m i t n 4 o definiti ; t u p t u o fiable i t n a u q a mney. n a ; d e r u s a e m is l u o performance w definition e h T . e s a b ® bc su the surce e l b i t a p m o c f o p u o r g u o w a o i t ni m o i t i n i f e d c i t s i l o h e h T e g a t s , n n i W o y l p p a o t ould begin ain in stages 4,5, an g a e Precedenc

Develo pment

of Natural ang Ha

an

Resoy rces

Human

Research,

Research Educa tion

Resources, and Sustainability

References . ty li bi na ai st Su d n a y r t s e r o f o r g A n o s e u s s I d n a s t n i o p w e i V . or t i d E . A Huxley, P. . 9 8 9 1 , r e p a P g c e n j b i O k an r o as y W t i l i . b a F n i A a t s u S ICR : y t i l i b a n i a t s u S d n a e s n e S . t d r r e e l H l e f . e W k . c R o R d P n I a C , e . h t r o f r e p a P Lynam, J.K . h c r a e s e R l a r u t l u c i r g A l a n in Internatio. tive

Peru, 1988.

i

Problems,” in

Bloomington:

Steppler, H.A. a r u t l u c i r g A f o s n o i t Distor 6. 6 9 4 c u d , o 8 7 r 9 P 1 l , a s r s u e r t P l u c i y r t g i A s r e e l v b i n U a n i a t a s n u a S i Ind . R A I G C . ) C A T ( e e t t i m m o C . 9 8 9 y 1 r o s 4, i v d r A e p a P l a l a c i Technic n h c e T d n a h c r a e m s o e C R r u O . O A F . t : n e e m m p o l e v e D tion. Ro d n a t n e m n o r i v n E n o n o i s s i m m o C d l . 7 Wor 8 9 1 , s s e r P y t i vers i n U d r o f x O London:

interrelated

th

© Nestea Glee 2

/ e ur ig i d se es pr ex s ne li ip sc m; ni mi 0©€s not the e n o e th bs d e e s r fo ed ne e th n. re te se i te si as ph em es do e Ee It . ce oi e ch th @ KE e re ofinits relati wae 2 a e h t t e ta iz as ph st l sy al er ov e th p to hi ns 1o d ae

cycle. This d a

aes

meee

onal

ness

of

stem.

e th of t en pm lo ve de al tu ec ll te in r fo ea pl a is that there Be ent in the curticu” Proposition

Ze The student must be

i

strong educational compon

y it os ri cu al tu ec ll te in an p lo ve de to e g a e e e i e to eae goes beyond th ed os ex be ld ou sh ts en ud St . ne li ip sc di €n j d an ng ki in th ve ti nova

e n e p e th n ve gi g in be as ch su allenge group in a case stud

g— in lv so m le ob pr to approacheswith a multidiscipli

of working a ip sc di ei ul t en pm lo ve de of e cl cy e , th f de e o I know of no mi e a e e th in rm te de to ed us : be n ca at th es in el id gu Be best mix of these ee to one-half of the fn

ee m

d ir th eon t ou ab t, in po ng ti ar st a nciples. As

Miophats ee

be devoted to the third principle. The

that it responds to the alee

pe

ie!

eae

pita

a S

e c i R e l b a n i a t s u S a Toward t p y g E r o f m e t s y S n o i t c u d o Pr l a l a B d e y a S d e m a h o M

, 2 8 9 1 n i d e h c n u a l s a w n a l P t n e : m p o l e e h v t e D n i r y a t i e r Y o j e t v p i F p t o s r t i F s d ’ t e p v y g i e c e r Since E e v a h e v i F n o i t c d u d n o o r p c e S d o e o f h t e s a e r g c n n i i ). Dur efforts to

(ADP

P D A e h t f o in objectives e d i v o r p o t n o i t c u d o n r e p m p o l a r u t l u c i r g a Year Devel ; y n c o n i e t i p c i o f d f a u s f l e h s g u o r d h o t o f e y s t a i e v r i c t c u d o r p m r a f were to in ; t r o p x e d n a . y e r r t a s f u l e d w n i d r n o a f -acome materials

raw

? 4 ; y g o l o n h c e t d e v o r p of im , s 0 8 9 1 e h t g Durin . u t l u c i r g a e h t d n a , y m o n o o t c e s l a r u national ec t l he agricu

t f o t n n o e i l m l e i v m e 8 i h t c u a o b a m o r f , A major s l a e r e c f o t u p t u o e b l s a r t o o t t c a f e y h e t k in 1. The

n o t c i r t e m n o i l l i m 4 1 t u o b a

sin 199

ment were:

: t n e m t i m m o c d n a y t i l i b e Political sta on al leaders, i t a n e h t y b shown

g a n a m p o r c , ment * : y g o l o n h c e t f o n o i t a t p s © Ada S W y g o l o n h c e t d ove impr

; n o i t a c i f i ver

™ g i a p m a C l tiona

issemin

Toward

Table 8.1

Sustainable Rice Production

1 9 9 1 4 8 9 1 t, yp Eg in d el Yi d Rice Area, Production, an

Area Index Hectares 1,000

Year

Production Index Tons 1,000

e s a e 1984-86

420

100

2,400

Yield Tons/ha Index

100

bs

100

5.83

100

7.28

435 454

142

l a n o i t a n e h t d n a s d | e i f n o i t a r t s n o m e d e t e a h i t r p n o i r p p d a l n e i i y ; y l t a i i t n n e t o i p l a e k h l t a n e d n a betwe y t i n i l a s i d a r l t i o s o t o t d e d t e n t a l u p b i ) r t t t a n e e b c r n a e c p 0 6 average t u o b a ( n a m a e t r s a e p e g e r t a a i l r p e h t o r ; p t p n a e n m i e g a n ; e s a e s i water ma d t s a l b f o d a e r p s ; s : e i t . e i s r e a v s s o a c l i n o p a j t l s a e n o v i t r a h t s o p f o e g a t n e c r e p h g i h d a agement; an

arch Program

With limited land a d l e i y e s a e r c n i we must

. h c a o r p p a m a e t interdisciplinary tries with average Yl

e p x e n o d e d l e i y tons/ha, as

Were achieved by: Releasin1 g and sp readin Giz a 176; CGG:iza 181; and ree

e

e

Transferring ap

°

! t e y at it ri un op mm pr co g in rm fa e th to im Prove crop man angina echnology Monitori Oring producti Production constraints and i nd farmers’ problems, with Prompt 5 follow.

Campaign

St

F h-yi:elding varieties: Giza 1 5; hig

-u

cé Ri al on ti Na e th of la el br um P action under the i

eR

showed

dies conducted to d eter . th

at yields of . Resid

mi

5

ine the yield potential or the “yield gap” de monstration i 5 fields—using the best-recomeponit) varieties—averaged 10.3 lemonstration fields exceeded the By aueut 4s

epotential yield

percent.

Results in the 1991

season

ranged between 7.7—13.0 tons/ha. The gap

t p o d a to s r e m r a f encourage more e t a e s e r y r a n i l p i c s i d r e t in program includes:

e a stature IP e n i t r u P — n o i t c e Seed produ s d n a h ’ s r e m r a f

F ? a g i p n i d u l c , n y i m o e Agron y ® 2 i 2 i m i x a m — s e c i t c a r ds iI-sca ee tural p p 9 against WeS"” n o i t c ym. e t o r p i t an Pl e a E C I n o i t a s ed in ta in ma d an d e r f t t a z e Mechani locally manufac

97

Toward Sustainable Rice Production

i , y t i 30 r d fo i e t n u o c c a , it y t t i p l e a u c q c n a i a r g d e n l a b a t , t o s o a l b 2 to e c i v e c n l a t W s i t s e h rc i ee oes

i iv e v i t a l e r e h t , s n o s a e s 1 9 9 1 d n a 0 9 9 1 e h t In e R e R t a h t w o h s s t l u s e r e h t varieties was tested and

s e r P s. ie et ri va a c i n o p a j l a n o i t i d a r t e h t n a h t s l e v e l d l percent higher yie e i e h t of t n e c r e p 40 t u o b a n o n w o r g e r a s e i t e i r a v d e v o r p m i e s e h t , y s entl e i t e i r a v d e v o r p m i e th to d e t n a l p a e r a e h t t a h t d e t c e p x e s i t I . t p y g E in . area 4 9 9 1 y b a e r a ce ri e th of t n e c r e p 80 n a h t e r o m r e v o c d n a d n a p x will e

w

of

ll fu shed a s a h r e t n e c e h T e i a a e t n a d h c resear s a h it , a h k a S o t n o es. In additi

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ee

e

.

Giza

;

i r t u n r e t t e ° B a m t n e i r t u r a f s r e z i l i t r e f e

s e i r e s r u n . e c i r to e t a f sul c n i z f o e e t ont c l a c i m e h c f o a e h t f o ae oiSn 1 a m r e n a i B D E E N O T A e i r ee ie € seed nt in 1981 to about

©

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in 1990

e c r e p 0 5 m o r f e t a r l a renew

: d e t a ’ r e g c e n t a t n s i n s e a r m of i t s c e i p t e n e g ed at s e t a r u t l cu Sree TO d n a e n n a a a : i s n n e t x e , h c r relati a e s e r g n o m a e e e h t — s r e w gro on ational Rice producti

l i mproved t n e c e R r u o f Yy i Z on: I

cultivati oe

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t e m e b s a d h l u o ) h 0 s 9 9 1 n ( o i t d c o u o d w r pro a H . ) 0 9 9 1 a t t a D e D ( s d n e p e d d r a w e o r t u t l y u l c e i t r i g n a i f e d n i which e v l o v e n a c e as one that

r u t l u c i r g a e l b e sustaina c r u o s e r f o y c n e i c i f f e r e t a e r g , y t i l i t u n huma d n i n k a m o t e l b a r o v a f s i t a h t t s environmen e m e h t n o m m o c l a r e v e s d e z i r a m m u s further

for gener

e i a e c n a t s i s e r 4 last indic

ee p s e e f d n a rity u t a m y r a c e si t varie . Because

y, was released in 1989

M

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GERD)

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defined

greater e h t h t i w e c n a l use; and a ba s a h e t H c e . s p e i s r and othe : s w o l l o f s a t n for developme

t n o c t s u m n o i t c r e p 2 e Food produc t u o b a ( s n o i t a l u p o p g n i d n a p x e d y n l i s a rapid l l e w s a t n e m y o l p m e l a r u t l u c i r g a e Total d greatly

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y g o l o n h c e T f o n o i t a t p a d A f o e l o The R . s y a w y n a m n i d e b i r c s e d d n a d e n i f e d n e e b s a h y t i l l i a b r a u n t i l a u c t i s r u g s a r l o a f r u s t d e e n g n Agricul i w o r g e h t : t p e c n o c c i m n a o n y d e s a e b n o e o t c r u o t s n e i r l a r u t a But all po n e h t g n without degradi

oe.

n a p x e t s u m agriculture

t u p n i n o i t c u d o r p d n a , d n a l , l a t i p a c f o e s u f o ° Efficiency y t i l i b a n i a t s u s e s increa s u m s m e t s y s n o i t © Produc of pesticides

, 1 . 8 e r u g i F n e i s o l n c w o y h r s e v s h it w @ d n a s , r ) 0 o 9 t 9 1 c ( a f n a ; w t a r M r o o j p a p u m According to s l a r n u o f r e t n o x e : y s d g n e o p l e d o n m e t h s y s c n o i e t d able product e v o r p m i ; y c i l o p t n e m n r e v o of the g : s p i t h n s e n m o t i i t m m rela ia . n o i t a p i c i t r a p s a h — s t s e ’ g r e m r a f b and ting : 4 y it il ab st l ca ti li po r, ie rl ea im 1s It d e n o . i on t ti n e m fe As ie 2° country’s

es ti li ci fa g n i leaders—establish

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n ni ai st su 1p le ro t n a t r o p m i an d e y a e pl m a P r ea cl th wi gy y te g o ra l o st n h c e t d l an a n o i t a n n o a i t a m for portant to hcahvecommodity. ch te n o i tives for ea t c u d o r p : ts ec sp 0" m r o f e th in hig -yieldbe could ; Research output n a , c i i m o n js o c e s , a n h o p i t c u d o i m & related to the pr e r o m h t i w © 0 1 e e v e o c n r a p t m s i e b nology shouladturing varieties with Tes aeximize ing, early-m 1 t n e m e g a n a m p o r c n o ; s t s insect pe

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Sustainable Rice Production

m ra og Pr on ti ta ap Ad gy lo no ch Te ce Ri the of me he Sc Figure 8.2

EXTERNAL SUPPORT Marketing inpat and output,

institution,

credit, extention, and ownership

‘ARMER’S

PARTICIPATION Farmer’s goal, income,

preference, resource

constraints, land, labor,

capital, and organization

: Varieti s; er d 0 iz an il rt d fe r on an te ti wa ga cy ri ir en of ci d fi se ef ea cr e in e e a _ s. ct se in d an , es as se di s, ed we l ro nt co to t n e Mark a managem i ! na ai st su g in ct fe af s or ct fa t an rt po im e ar s ut tp systems ae inputs and ou e bl la ai av be ld ou sh s er iz il rt fe d an ed farmers at a peoee OES such as se ; ld ou sh es ic pr g in il ce d an r oo fl e th , so determined © appropriate time. Al ey rn Fo . ng ti es rv ha re fo be me ti y rl ea Participati and announced at an

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l no ch te e th of m i a e th is gy lo no ch te w and acceptance of the ne affecting sustainable

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Program the technology

. es as ph ur fo in t ou d ie rr ca is 2) 8. component (Figure

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dissemination:

s e r a t c e h o about tw isa s e c i t c a r p recommended

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Toward Sustainable Rice Production

101

on ti la pu po al nu an t en rc pe 7 2. ly ar ne th wi 4991 (Table 8.1). To keep pace s ha on ti uc od pr ce ri , ly al nu an ns to 0 00 0, 25 t ou ab g in rt po ex e il wh , th grow

e th by ns to n io ll mi 4 t ou ab to ns to n io ll mi 1 3. t en es pr e th om fr toincrease ed ng ro ip lt mu a , al go is th e ev hi 30 percent. To ac year 2000—an increase of

t en pm lo ve De r ea -Y ve Fi d ir Th e th of rt pa as d pe lo ve de strategy has been g productivity per unit

n i s a e r c n i at d e m i a , y g e t a r t s e h T . ) 7 9 9 1 2 9 9 1 ( Plan : ll wi , e m o c n i ’ s r e m r a f g in i s a e r i c n i d n a , r o b a l d n nd, water, a of la

e u n i t n o c to m a r g o r P h c r a e s e R e c i R y r a n i l p i c s i d i t l u m e h t t r o p : p s u a e S r a 1. r u o f n o e b l l i w s i s a h p m E . y g o l o n h c e t d e v o r p m i g n w i t e a n r p o l gene e v e d to m a r g o r p t n e m e v o r p m i l a t e i r a v e h t g u n t a m y l r a e accelerati d n a t s a l b to e c n a t s i s e r e l b a r u d h t i w s e i t e o r p e z i m i x a m japonica vari to t n e m e g a n a m p o r c n o h c r a e s e r d n a r e z i l i t r e f rity; intensifying e s a e r c n i d n a s e i t e i r a v d e v o r p m i t s e e p h t f o d e t a r g e y t t n i i v i t c n du o h c r a e s e r g n i y f i s n e t n i ; s e i c n m e u i m c i i f n f i e m h t i w e s u s r t e c e t s n i wa d n a , s e s a e s i d , s d e e w e l h o t r t n o c h t i o w t n t io t a r o b a l l o c managemen e h t g n i n e h t g n e r t s d a n n a r e t n i ; s e r d e i c h i t t o d n a ) use of pes I R R I ( search Institute e R e c i R l a n o i t Interna

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. s l i o s l a m r o n n a h t s s e l t n e 40 perc of irrigat

y t i l i b a l i a v a e h 5. Assure t t l e D e l i N e h t n rice i

o r p m I l a t e i r a V e Balal, M.S. Ric S Y S g n i m r a F e c i R “ Conference, an s u t a t S n o i ct _ “Rice Produ h c r a e s e R e c i R l Seventh Nationa

r g A g n i k a M “ . C . N Brady, ional Conference,

CO!

Internat : y t e i c o S n o i t a v r e Water Cons r P e c i R e l b a n i a t s DeDatta, S.K. “Su International Rice Session of the ‘ o O ’ e l b ary 1990. a n i a t s u s f o y r o t s i H A “ . Ag) R R le , d a n n i e a i st u em S « , e c n e r e f n national Co

9e

e e f o n o i t p o d A d n a r e f s n a r T : y g o l o n h c e T l a r u t l u c i t r Ho w e i v r e v O l a b o A Gl a s i E . M Hamdy U s u — s p o r c l a r Horticultu 1 y l g n i s a e r c n i n a ing d l u o h s s i h T . s e i r t coun are highly pe

m u s s a e r a — s p o r c e u l a v h g i h s a g o n t i p d o e l r e r v e e d ref y n a m f o y m o n o c e s p o he r c e s e h ft

way and markete 0 e c r u o s t n a t r o p m i ing their income n i a h c g n i t e k r a m tion, and , y g o l o n h c e t l a r horticultu

s a O t e c n a t r o p m i t n u o m o b of para e r a t a h t s e c i products at pr

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l p p u s y R e C s n o i t u b i r t n o c e h t , y l t n e ec o c e r n e e b e v a h h healt nd

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n i m d n a , s n i m a t i v , ) s r e e g b r o fi c c a k e e o r e h T . s t e i d s ’ e l p o e g n i e b carcinogens in p 1 s e s a e s i d t r a e h d n a r e c n a c f o s k s i r the 4 s e i t i n u m m o c the medical e c n u o n o r p e r o m trend is

% 0 1 , s e i r t n u o c developing

€ e r o ; : s e l b a t e g e v d n a s t i u r f f o e c n a t r po ns ®

o i t u b i r t n o c l a i c i f e n e aware of the b P ’ a r u r d n a n a b r u h t o p o t n e v i g e b should . ) 0 9 9 1 x u a d e b e u Q d n a a s i B poor ( s y a w l a ? v a h s e Herbs and spic : d o o f f o e c n a t p e ability and acc

Transfer and Adoption of Horticultural Technology

105

d an its fru of ly pp su ly me ti d an te ua eq ad improvement by providing vegetables.

y m o n o c E d l r o W e th in Horticultural Crops

ve ha s st li ia ec sp t n e m p o l e v e d d an , ts ys al an , s r e k a m y c i l o p s, ar ye In recent l ra tu ul ic rt ho of on ti bu ri nt co l ia nt te po e th in st re te in expressed broad rfo d n a , n o i t a r e n e g t n e m y o l p m e , n o i t a c i f i s r e v i d l products to agricultura h c r a e s e r le tt li , r e v e w o H . s e i r t n u o c g n i p o l e v e d in eign exchange earnings ly rt pa be y a m is Th . s t c u d o r p l a r u t l u c i t r o h in e d a r t d l r o w n o e n o d n e e of s m has b r o f d e s s e c o r p d n a , d e s s e c o r p i m e s , y r a m i r p f o y t i c i l p i t l u m e h t d o o t m m o c due a n o a t a d e h t g n i t a g e r g g a in y t l u c i f f i d e h t d n a s p o r c l a horticultur . ) s t c u d o r p l oi r o , k c o t s e v i l , s l a e r e c , . g rom . F € . t e k r a m ity basis ( t r o p m i la e h t e d i v o r p s e i r t n u o c d l e u p c o i t l r e o h v e d of s t r The o p m i d l r o w f o t n e c r e p 5 8 r o f d e t n u o c c a e h y T e h t . 0 5 9 8 9 9 1 1 5 8 o 9 t 1 3 d 8 o 9 i 1 r e p e h t r o f d e t r o p e r e r e w s d n e r t r 17 a l i m i t S u o b a ( . s t c u 5 d 8 o 9 r 1 p 3 8 tural in 19 s t r o p m i d l r o w f o e r a h s ’ e s r e e i h r T t n u o . c 0 0 0 2 g r a n e i y e h t develop in t n e c r e p 3 2 0 2 to e s a e r c n n i i o t e i d e l t c e e p x e e a s f percent) is o s t r o p x e l a r u t l u c i t r o h e f th o s n t i c e p y s l o t r s p o m e r u t u n f a m e d fore, t r o p m i f o l a h r t u w t l u c i t r o h e g r a l ( i l r a a m g i u r p t r o P : d d deOnpende n ai Sp bof ri nt ce co s ha C) ; e e e P e h an T tr E en E e ( s.s Th iec trc uni y t peBdico i n u m m o ec C c i m o n o c E an

e p v o r u d n E a s e t h i t u r f o t f o y c n e i c i f f u s producers) f l e s n a e p o r u E 1 W d e s e a p e o r r c u n E i d e t i n u uted to a f o n o i t a m r o f e h T . t n e exceeding 80 perc . s e i r t n u o c r e h t o h t i w © affect trade n o i t p m u s n o fi c a t i p a c gh per

Given the hi

Global Role of Horticulture Most of th e studi dies o mn the duis

to population Sr

crops, and livesto ck produ i tural crops. This ne

relatively

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ave concentrated on cereals, Jeguminovs . : : attention has been paid to horticul: ae

he percepti

ake 4

of n a o e in i e c e d y e p f r e u c l o u o human Paice eg of ” os rp pu te ma ti ul e th es rv se et di e th e e M c si ba e th g n i t é e me me su as ld ou sh s op cr l ra tu ul ic rt ho s, rd da an st in n o i t u b i r t n o c larger es ia er it cr th al he ) m u m i n i m ( c si ba e tablished by the intern providing th : rs ne an pl s on ti za ni ga or th al he al on ti na d an s a e ea . s r e k a m y c i l o p and at d ul wo s op cr l ra tu ul ic rt ho of d n a m e d in h wt oO a : least be comparable to de wi drl wo s te ra h t w o r g n o i t a l average popu Additional factors of pas of contributions to RAE

with high income and awareness

: ? o i t p m u s n o c d e s a e r c n i to d a e l d l u o w th i r t n u o c l a r u t l u c i t r o h r ei th Therefore, developing e s a b t only o n d l u o h s s e i r t m production and i tte persona fees 2 on economic grounds and generation pe ds NEE

oa

Didcthigéhe badictizad

ee © On improving the health and nutrition stan-

strategies of poverty alleviation and eae needs should include balanced nutrition and health

f o h t w o r g of s e t a r w o l s d e t c e j o r p e h t d n a e a t: oday te ra l a u n n a untries, the in developed co y l b a b o r p s 0 9 9 domestic demand in the 1 4 t e g e v r o 8 f 0 . 1 d n s t a i for fru 1.6 to 3.4 percent

a y

1983-1985 prices by the WEE

OAM

with en tak be uld sho gate forecasts

duction of open market

n a e p o r u E n r e t s a E former USSR, in ly chang

d e t b u o d n u l l many. This wi # s p o r c l a r : u t l u c i e for hort

pains thos eveloped

ries mayemerse:

a e v i t a r a p m o c e e in Connie Tie a c i s a p to n o i t i d d a n I . trade performance

f r e t a w d n a , d n a l , r o b a l are differences in ° 7 © t n e m p o l e v e d research and m p o l e v e d l a r u t l u c i t r o h successful

iesin131 a

ountri

percent

Transfer and Adoption of Horticultural Technology

g in et rk ma d an , ng si es oc pr , on ti uc od pr in serious consideration

Innovative Technologies an t ar of n o i t u b i r t n o c d e t a The integr e l b a r a p e s n i is Th . n o l y b a B of s n e d r a g g n i g n a h e th e r o f e b dates back to even ll wi d an t n e m p o l e v e d l ra tu ul ic rt ho of ts ce fa l al of c i t s i r e t c integration is chara , n o i t a v o n n i , on ti ia ec pr ap e, st ta , on si vi s e v l o v n i e r u p o remain so. Art in horticult l e v e d to n o i t a z i l a u t p e c n o c d an s n o i t p e c r e p of e d u t i t l u m a — y t i v i al de sensit , re he t, no ll wi [ . gs in man be u h of e r a f l e w e th r fo plants and utilize them

The National Rese

i

with the artistic sid

l a r u t l u c i t r o h in t n a n basic determi

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, s n o i t a v o n n i y g o l o n h horticultural tec

Production Advances

en be y el iv ss progre s ha s n a e m c ti ne ge . as h pe ug ro th n o i n t e a d v r o a n g n i y g on o l Techno studies

c ti ne ge r ’s fo el nd Me e nc si ks oc d bl te la cu ti e basic: th explored and ar d e r e d i s n o e c on e ar s m e o r l f u g a 2 p o r p ) e c v i i m t s a a t l e p o t y c Of ic Seeds and veg en (g s r e t genetic charac transferring innate e e n n, io at iz id br hy of nt ve ad e th generation to the next. With heterosis, uniformity, disease on d ze li ta pi ca ve breeders ha , s d l e i y h g . i h s n a , e t n m e m e l v a o u r p x m e i s a y t i d l a n u a q , e c n a a u t m s e i s res h g u o r h t s e p o s r a c e s i l d a r u t , l u g c i € t ( r o h s c i e t u s q i i r n u ‘ d e develop ral charac

The and

u t l u c i t r o h l a i c i f e n e b f o n o i t incorpora ) y P r a c o n e h t r a , p e f i l f l e h s g n o , l e c n a t s i s e r t c e e n ins s a h c u s , s e l riet

a v e u q i n u f o t n e m p o l e v e d e h to t

s r e b m u c n u a c e p o r u (E by count.

by weight but

are willing to pay for

economic returns are higher

7, sunshine, wind velocity, sources is gaining increas? n huma for As maa

availability of labor (skilled and unskilled) uc od pr e th of 2 n es ai as tr 9 ph ly all te : ua in ma €q ed l ia nt se es is D s e t n. ai ch g in et rk ma otion-t cl

2

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ui

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.

.

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education is extremely Y im i portant in A accelerating the adoption of knowlive horticu 5 ? me wo of e rol e Th . ms ra og pr t en pm lo deve in development in oe should receiv ral, and horticulture in particular,

hybri

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in financial rewards.

‘os ha tries. Most of these innova their adoption in developing counties m

modifications to maximize benefits slehing an n ou am ar m s: se ou nh ee gr in cs sti pla of op use the imnoye technology + } technologies :

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2

integration of these

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.

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109

Transfer and Adoption of Horticultural Technology

ivdel ly te ra cu ac t tha em st sy n io at ig rr -i ip dr ce fa ur bs su California, using a Betables treatment, Coatin g, pal.

rilling have contributed

2). 199 al. et ne he (P s nt ie tr nu d an ers water

rma d an n, io at ic pl ap n, io at ul rm fo r ize til fer in ts Recent developmen

iagr in s ie om on ec et rk ma en op of n io ot om pr e Th . us ro me nu e ar ng ti ke e vat pri r the fur d an , ies sid sub r ize til fer d an e id ic st pe of l va mo re culture, d an on ti uc od pr r ize til fer ge an ch y dl te ub do un l wil t en em lv vo in sector

in e rol ir the on ct pa im ve iti pos a ve ha l wil ly al tu en ev marketing and eldev l ura ult tic hor of t par g in ow gr r he ot An t. en pm lo ve horticultural de er um ns co d ze li ia ec sp d an g in rm fa c ni ga or of opment is the promotion . es bl ta ge ve and its fru ly ar ul ic rt pa e, uc od pr n ow gr demand for organically d pe lo ve de in ed nd pa ex have e uc od pr c ni ga or for Marketing opportunities . s e i g o l o n h c e t e s e h t e r o l p x e d l u o h s s r e c u d countries and pro Production Practices

been obtained un der co

The introducti

4 s!4 be co is mi ng cu lt ur e ti ss ue of adoption

dard technique er

ttt? so me an d pla nts , or na me nt al ve ge ta bl Be es , bo th crops (oil palm) in and developing countries. The produc tion of virus-free Leas pla nts he al th y pr od uc in in g im po rt is an t in gs su ch cr op s Particularly orc hid s: and ba na na s, potatoes, Shoot-tip grafting which has ee

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Be

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inc lud ing bi ot ec hn in ol og y, ad va nc es Re ce nt e n e inc or genetic engine ma ke un do ub te dl wil y l fu si on , pr ot op la st aa poration of the wee fea sib le mo re pr og ra m br ee a di ng in ch ar ac te rs a a and faster tha n present conventional means (backcrossing).

Irrigation and Fertilization The

impr

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Pia

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e v i t c e f f e in n o i t u l o v e r a to m e h H d n a X E Tesources . ts an pl e th to s t n e m e l e l a i t n e s s e OF of ct fe ef r ) ei Y th E d n a Be s d o h t e m d n n o u i o t b a g a i t r e s f e t l n p e m i c a i f e e p Hist eyes n sa , s c i n o p o r d y h in s n o i t u l o s t n e i r t u n of e i a l culture nutri-fi y l e v i s n e t x e d e s u g n i e b is a i d e m r e h t o d n a , e r u t l u ly ve ti la many aig ats sates c re (a n o i t a g i r r i p i r d e c a f r u s b u S e p s e new method ie a y l t n e n a m r e p d e i r u b e ar s l a r e t a l n o i t a g i r r i p i a 20-60 cm below th 4 ated in production of c o y d a h a / s g n n o i t e b 0 0 2 is of ) s d l d e i a y e l a i e c t r e i ineg tomato es. It is claimed that comm se ceesa potroa d e San Joaquin Valley of

ing tomatoes could be achieve

in th

s e L so al e ar g n i t s e v r a h d n a , n o i t a v i t l u c , s e u q i n h c e t g n i n u o r r p p in n e s e n b o i t s a v ha o n In es ri t n u o c d e p o l e v e d in s e n i h c a m f o e s u e developing. Th

e h g i h e h t d n a s e g a t r o h s r o b a l r o f e t a s n e p m o c o t d e t o m 1n s n o i t a r e p o g n i m r a f l a r u t l u c i t r Large-scale ho e

e e p g n i t p a d a e r a , e l i h C d n a in Mexico : e n d l e i f of n o i t and reduc

, e g n e i l d n e a g h a m d a l d e i f e z i ing, m i n i m o t d e t a r g e t n i y l i s a e e b c e r is , s e l that should b a t e g e v y f a e l r o f y l r a l u c i t r a p , g n i l o o c of vacuum attention.

Crop Protection The judicious use of agro , rs to la gu re th ow gr d an , herbicides

p ou gr l ta en nm ro vi en d an s er um ns co the Integrated Pest Managem

g in be is s em st sy tion and marketing

i " v i s n e t n i e g d e l w o n k ing countries. These in g n i n i a r t d n a y c a r e t i l r e m r a f degree of of SP

e us e h T : e g a m a d t s e p thresholds for orchard sprayers) and its ™ i commercial promotion.

l o n h c e T g n i p p i h S d n a Marketing Recent

lp

advances in technolopt

ww s t n e m n o r i v n e of n o i Promot

.

a

es

Transfer and Adoption of Horticultural Technology

111

e th in ad le e th ke ta to e il Ch d we lo al industry and export work force, ). 90 19 ie yl (W s rt po ex r fo es bl ta ge ve d an ts ui fr ue al -v gh hi of production e ar st mo y: el os lo rm te e th e us (I s er rm fa d an s er uc od pr Chilean is g in rm fa h ic wh g on am s, st re te in ss ne si bu s ou ri va ve ha investors who to re si de ng ro st d an s es gn in ll wi th bo ed at tr ns merely one) have demo horticultural ed nc va ad t ap ad d an , er sf an tr , th wi nt me ri pe ex t, ou search t No e. il Ch of ns io it nd co ic at im cl ro ag e th to ia rn ac technologies from Califo pr l ra tu ul ic rt ho s, ie et ri va th wi ed nt me ri pe ex s er rm fa e es th ve , nt me only ha ge na ma e as se di d an st pe d an , es qu ni ch te e ag or st d an g in ol co n io at er op co tices, in es lv se em th g on am ly ee fr e dg le ow kn r ei th ed ar sh they have to research as well s te bu ri nt co h ic wh e, ut it st In ch ar se Re with the National (Wylie 1990).

Chile, China, and Egypt Several develo

r s fo e h c i t n e k r a i l m r a t i c n e u p o s c t u o d e g n v i r p a c e v a : h s e i r t n 5 . their horticult ural ex : i cif spe in on ti ta pu re d un so a d he is bl ta es commodities. This st and y efl l bri s, wil t I rt bu fo e ef es r th all ve ot co nn ca er pt Teport on thr : : : ee countries S: an established industry (the Chilean expert e u d th n i to in k o g o l n i g a r d e n m a e ; an ) e c n e ; i ) r e p ence x e e s e n i h C e h t ( y r t s future for Egypt.

: i u r f l a i c r Comme ” e e p e n o e l d an

s 30 19 e th in n a g e b ) 2 9 9 in Chile (Gnaegy 1

ch su s e c n a v d a l a c i g o l o n h tec f o t n e v d a e h t h t i w Us of irrigatio?: Gov"

s d o h t e m d e z i m o t s u c d n a a i S e e s s e i c i l g i emment po t e k r a m d n a n o i t c u d o r p to d e t n e plem

m o c e m i t a a for export. iBcuutltuinre ais fas and early against agr

e n u t s e i c i l o p t n e m 1970s, govern

® Z i l a n o i t a p e h t d n a n o i t a x a t t i c i l p m i d e s a e r c n i h it d ' i o¢ bl h t i s w e i r d t e s n u i d n b i m o c — s t r o tion of p x e n o s n o i t c i r t s e r h t i w a > b d e s o p m i c# ades ti li po l a n o i t a n r e t n i y l p p a to y a w a as s n o i t a n T i ie 2 e h t — e ™ r l b u a s t s s n j pre l a c i t i l o p , y l l a n r e t n I . d e t a n g a t s r o t c e s e n e a e s m a o c y t r e p c o i r m p o e n t o a v c i e ity, ing ieee eee tainty, and threats to pr delay ie 1990): l y W ( y r t s u d n i e v i t a r c u l y l l a i t n e t o p s i h t in h t r e v n8 li if st e s With the o e h t of y n a m , t n e m n r e v o g e d n e l l A e h t f o w s ca n i m i l e e d r e w e o w l l a s r o d n a fact p u d e e r f e r e w s t e k r a m l a t i p a c e h t a e i E s n o i E t a l u g e r e to find h t ; e v i t i t compe

m e h t g n i k a m a e ts gh ri d n a L governing investme . d e i f i l p m i s or d e t a n i m i l e n r u t in e i t n e s e s r n o a r m t e d n m a a s c n o be i t a c i n u m m o c as h c u s s e c i v r e s y e d e ai

portation were Ben

r g o e r u p l a ” v k c a d b r w a a r o d b “ n o e e r f e s o h created an export w s e l b a t e g e v d n a s e s t t a i b u r e f r e e h u t l a 4 v , s h e g s i a e h r c n f o i s e t u l r a o v p x e e h t s A . r a e y r a a l u c n i o t i r l a l p i m t a 5 h t . 2 $ f o S U n e a u h l a t v s s e e l h t s l a e u c q n e o d e t a n i m i l e e ar y e h T . k c a b d ae scale

S A F ( e r o m r o n o i l l i m 8 1 $ S U s l a u q e commodity y r t s u d n i e t a v i r p For its part, d t r o p x e t i u r f y r a t n u l o v a n i a t n i a The producers m ries’ regulations: t n u o c g n i t r o p m i h t compliance wi , n a p a J , s e t a t S d e t are the Uni

The Chilean Experience n a r t d e t a r e g i r f e r as

gy lo no ch te is th of n on ti en rv te in as to the extensio nt me rn ve go of e nc se ab e th e il Ch in at e th Th r ea cl . ry st du in e it qu is th is of It s es cc su ic at am dr e th r fo on as re bta es y ar im en pr be e th ve ha t is ex do was itself at th s on ti la gu re or t n e ms m ra n og r pr e v o g e h t nt 5 8 9 1 n i , few governme e l p m a x e r o F . y r t s u d n i e h t e g a r u o c n e to o d t e r e f f o e r a lished s e t a b e r am, whereby

” a n r e t n i h t i w e l b a r a p m o c e m a c e b s t s o c r i e h t t d a c s d o tional costs, enabli o g r i e h t of t i f o r p l a i t n e t o p e h t h g i e w to s r e c u on the world m ee .ee These measures, combined with a highly-educated

. s d r a d n a t s y r high phytosanita t s r i a f f A n g i e r o F f Ministry o t s u d n i e h t , y l b i d ments. Incre

p a t i u r f n i a m e h t running from

n o i t a k r a b m e f o t r to the main po China—Emerging

t c u d o r p t i u r f e h t , In China ; s d r a h c r o ( s p o r c l a i r t land used for indus

e s a e r c n i ; ) s p o r c g n i r a silk, tea, and oil-be e n n o i t c u d o r P . 8 8 9 1 in a h 5.1 million tons in 1988. Y:

a w e r n o i l l i m 7 . Fis that they 8 ; in: 1978 to 16 e t a m i t s e h g u o r a : y l t n a c i signif e e e . d o i n r o e i p t c s i h t g e n j i a r u 6 e annum d B fruit

f o n o i s n a p x e This rapid ich improve?

P

fruit mar

h w s m r o f e r fe) c econo: mi ayity ystem, Cees s duction responsibil

l l a i c e p s a n o i g e r of encouragement

(Eisa an

Transfer and Adoption of Horticultural Technology

113

1 /8 80 19 in t en rc pe 5 om fr d se ea cr in s rt po ex al of onions in total agricultur

t. en rc pe 15 to 10 om fr , es to ta po for 0; /9 89 19 to 9 percent in

into d te bu ri nt co has ds lan w ne the in on ti Horticultural produc as are d me ai cl re y wl ne e Th s. he ac pe d an es ap gr of ty li bi la ai av d se crea h suc y an but l, era gen in on ti uc od pr l ra tu ul ic rt ho for l ia nt te po t ea gr offer nd ma de the of nt me ss se as te ra cu ac an on d se ba be ld ou sh development ievar ed ov pr im d an ed uc od tr in y wl Ne s. et rk ma n ig re fo in domestic and orp co in be ld ou sh r) le nk ri sp d an ip (dr es gi lo no ch te ties and irrigation the y, tl en es Pr . em st sy g in et rk ma o-t on ti uc od pr ed at gr te rated into an in of production and processing, ts en on mp co te ra pa se on emphasis is mostly . e r u t c i p l a t o t e h t of t n e m s s e s s a e t a r u c c a t R u S o h S t U wi r e m r o f e th d n a e p o r u E n r e t s a E in s t e k r a m w e n g n i g r a r e t m e e n e p y The l r a e d n a , y g e t a r t s m r e t g n o l , h c a o r p p a t e k r a m t o n n e o r c e e f f i t d e k a r a m d e e n n e p o f o t n e m p o l e v e d e h t h t i w w o r g d l u o r e h t o s i v a s i v e tion. Exports sh g a t ve advan i t a r a p m o c s ’ t p y g E . s e i r t n u o C c E E e e s h t e h t o n i t — o s c e c o mi r o M , s u r p y C , y e k r srael, Tu

I — s r d e e i r l o p v p a u f s n i a n t a b o e n a to r r e s t r o f f e Medit y t i s n e t n i d l u o h s t p y g E . d e s s e s s a e b o s l a d l u o sh . C E E e h t h t i w s u t a t s country References

Pera

ayes

F a : 8 0 8 s 9 ’ 1 e t h t d in e n Egyp i l t c l e u s c d t i r l o gr a p r x u e t l u c i r g a n o n d n a l ura Q > m fro 1 , During tha t decade ed in cl de so al s rt po ex l ta to in e ar sh s e c n o s c in t 22.5 percen t? en rc pe 24 of ak pe a th wi , 89 19 in t en rc pe .3 20 o , on tt 1984. Co »

s: rt po ex al ur lt cu ri ag r jo ma e th e ar es to ta Oranges, and po

These three commoditi

a ot of e lu va e th of t en rc pe 90 t ou ab s a in s rt po ex commodity in e in cl de dy ea st a of e it sp in , on tt Co 0. /9 89 y it od mm export, still constitut co al ur lt cu ri ag l ta to of t en rc pe 60 t ou ab ae 2 exports, or US$22 me ! pe 15 ly on , ES NE e e n D, IE SI LE tn r o n © a th ve ti ca of di in , on ed ti rt uc po od ex pr en of be s ha s e i t i d o m m o c pi increased domesti

end e e B the rapi

ae

m co in d an ay la pu po (aveon toarabinlecrealasendd and water resources; an

e c a e p oin i limitations

crops, primarily Re

t? tu ul ic rt ho of on ti uc od pr d se ea cr in , on populati oduction of cereals a0

pr e th th wi d e r a p m o c as oil crops, will a au , es ic pr l na io at rn te in ve ti la re by d de ci de x e a s: rt whatever value-add po ex l ra tu ul ic rt ho r fo be t gh mi e er benefits th Simcaiove. 1s ed e ad tr t an rt po im of r e b m u n a d te op ad s ha r e e B n al ig ur re lt fo cu ri ag e and th g in ct fe af es ci li po n io at iz al er ib en ee li pe e es Th . or ct se er Th s. rt po ex al ur lt cu ri ag ed lp he A a e s e ee ek pe b su rt po im on ct pa im s rt po Ex l. ia nt ta bs su en be so al s ha ns ai gr of Otddtes toniaason stitution 5: 80 19 e th in ed pl ru ad qu an th re mo s me li d an s, on em 2 ns io on of s Export high rates: the share ly ir fa at d se ea cr in so al es to ta po d an ms

(CH

try.

e a us tr Ci ,” us tr Ci r fo s n o i t a c i l p p A : e r u t l u c i r g A ” e l s, b ie a n i a t s u S “ A. J. , s m ‘ a Ad s e i g e t a r y t S e r u t l u c 33. International Agri

1991: Eisa, aS

Eisa,

(Oe

earns

View of

. t r o p e r d e h s i l b pu n l U » . 1 8 3 8 7 3 Hortscience, 21(3): . “Horticultural Crops in China. d r a a s i a J . R d n and Human Health: H.M., a

. 0 9 9 1 , k n a B d l r o W e h Washington, D.C.: T editors).

( x u a d e b e u Q . Eisa, H.M., and B n a s t i u r F f o s n o i t Contribu 25(12) 1474. ; ) S A F ( e c i v r e S l a r u t l u c i r g A n g . S U Forei : e l i h C ; o g a i t n a S . 2 0 0 2 1 C No. c i t a n r e t n I d n a n o i t a v o n n I “ . S Gnaegy, orts.” Unpub

ie.

;

p x E e u l a V of High

Bank, 1992.

: o p x E l a r u t l u c i t r Islam, N. Ho ues. s s I y c i l o P d n a Prospects, e R y c i l o P d o o F l a Internation d n a , r e h c a m t u H . B . R , . J . C , e n e Ph " 4 C — s e o t a m o T of Processing

1(1) 16-22.

Sha in » * Development “Agricultural A. Wylie, Fruit and Vegetable EXE

Spectives on Food, Agne

s : C . D , n o t g n i h s a W , r e Kotl

ai

an

sonian Ins! u

: 0 9 9 1 . e c n e i c s t r o H ” . -m

0 1 y

y 8

d n a y c i l o P l a r u t l u c i r g A n Egyptia s 0 9 9 1 e h t f o s e g n e l l a h C the i l e u o G . A d Ahme

e h t n i s e g n a h c l a r e v e s h g u o r h t e n o g s a h t p y g E f ; o c i y t c a i l m o a p r d l , a s r r u t a l e u 5 ncremental in some y The agric i e r e w s e g n o a c e h c e e h t s e d n h e a T r . u s t l u c i r g a n i e l o s r Pe aswe year ent'

m n r e v o g e h t t c e l f e r y m a e r h g o T r . p s er m r o f e r c i m o n o c e e h T . d e t p o d a y g o l 4 s a nomic ideo e r u t l u c i r g a g n i d u l c n i , t n e c s a p e r @ p — e t a g a k c a p e v i s n e Bares h e r p m o c a s a d e n g i s onomy, is de l u f s . s s e e g n c a c h c u s l a n o i n t u e t e i t b s n i r d a n f a o c s i m o s n a o c e f o t g o r p m i r d o n f e e r p x e e h t f c o i l b n u o p i t a f o t n e l m o e r l t p n m o i c , e The t a r t s e 3 r 0 2 e t n i w a , L e t a , r r e h e t g r u n F a h c . s x n e o i t e r h o t t s i d g n e i c t i c ! e t h e p t r f o n i n o i t in cor a W n O i D m i l is e t n e h t c x i e h w e m , o s s e s i r p r e t n e ture, and to a d n e i n m w i l o E e t . a m t r s o f e e r h t l h a t n i o i w t u t g i n t s i n l i a e d t n s 1 a i 9 t — 9 r s o t p e m k of 1 i r a m n a f s o i n o i , t n a z o i i l t a t n e m a e r l e p b i m l i — m e f t o s y s of the s process distortions in the economic | n i v e i h c a r o f tg of n o i t i d n o c t n e i c i f f u s t o n t u b e g n a h c l necessary a n o i t u t i t s n I . m a r g o r p m g r n o i f g n e e r l l a c h c i m o n e o r c o e m e h t s i , r o t c e s e r u t l u t c o i b r g is a it e e h s t u a c n e i b , as m r o f e r f o s s e c o r p e h t n i s r e k decisionma politically sensitive.

This chapter ou y t i l h t i n b i a n i a t s e u v s e i h c a ie ™ r . o s F n o i t i n i f e l d a r e as sev

o i t a n r e t n I r o f p u e o Consultativ Gr Satisfactory, i.e., ~

n a t n e m n o r i v i n l e t m i n e e h m t e g a a n a m e h t n i s e c tae i o h c e l b a l i a v a f o a a e n a n ce e t its main

d n a e ! r r u o t p l m u i k e i r o on m s p a h r e p t u b s u r t o l t u c c a i r s g a o e . h s T r o t c l a a politic f 117

Egyptian Agriculturial Policy and Challenges

119

so al s wa ) rt po ex d an c ti es om (d e ad tr on tt co e th , od ri pe is th During

. nt me rn ve go e th by ly ct re di ed ll ro nt co d an d e z i l a nation

History of Agricultural Policy The geography of Egypt

the strategic wal a oes

centralization and str

agriculture were te

French when th same policy a

:

importance of the River Nile, coupled with

ure, historically created a tendency tovant

from surplu s of Tran sfer s e control of agriculture.

ment developed the eae anadies ett a haan

4 7 9 1 1 6 9 1 : m s i l a i c So

the ambitions of the rulers of Egypt. Gover

gation infrastructure and farmers delivered theit

te by detail in docu ment ed was W price : . This policy The

pee

y: ur nt ce th en te gh ei e th so Egypt at the end of d an y ur nt ce th en te ne ni e th Ali in

d e m m a h o M by d e w i ined by the British colonial government. tata was largely mainin

: e ur lt cu ri ag in After the le ro s ’ t n e m n r e v o g e th , 52 19 of e t n e t ea em increased ev pl im to d te ea cr e r e w ns io ut it st in w e n l ra ve se e e h w s m r o f e nt te ex e rg la a agrarian r to is e ur lt cu ri ag of n o i t a z i n a g r o e a e e n a r c e th of lt su of y ud st the re A . 52 19 e nc changes si

cy li po of s es oc pr e iv at i nt se es is s s e c o r p this la al to s ge an ch cy li po d e r i u q e r e th g in fy ti en id r fo , y; ud a st is e th l b a n of i a t s u s e os rp pu e th r Fo . or ct se al ur lt cu ri ag e th in y rt fo es as ph ve fi the period of to in d de 92 can be divi

19 to 52 19 m o r f e t e (2 d an , m s i l a n o i on ti za li ta (1) Nat vi Re ) (4 , cy li Po r o o D n e p O ) (3 , sm li ia oc s ha e a ch ea t bu c i m o n o c E , ed ) at (5 el rr te in ly gh hi e ar These phases e e u: at fe t en er diff atures with respect to the policy instruments.

s t n e m n r e v o g w e n e h t s a eTh and reform aw of 1952 w

Nationalism: 1952-1961

;

The

e v y l n o t o n s m e t s w a l e h t f o e c n a t r o p m i e h T . e r u t s B t f o e n o i t u a b i r t e s i d e h t d n a d n a l l a r u t l u c i r g a n o e e m : y c ‘a n a n e e t h t f o o t d n n a o l i t a l u g e r excess e h t m o r f o s , but al s s e l n a u t l u w c i r t g n a e f r o e u l a v e l h a t s r e u m t ricuale ASgn as as set in the law at seven ti e b m e h t e d a m t a h e t c n a t i r e h n i f o s t h g i r e h t s e s e M e aes pac é e j b u s d n a J e h t , r e h t r u F . e t a v i t l u c d l u o w y e h t s d n a ms e t R E B the “landr efo

s a n w o n k , s e v i t a r e p o o c o t n i 4 d d e n z a i s e n c a i g f r f o t c i r t s i d d n cooperatives,”,” and administered by the village a central agency. These regulations and institutions are still an integral P@ of Egyptian agriculture.

eee, system of agricultural cooperatives was expanded to include the nt's rnme gove The land. t credi as wn kno rm, refo land in lved not invo ag ire a land reclamation also started in this phase, when around oP d base was cy poli ion amat recl land The eddans were reclaimed. ; : e land resource: th of n o i t a z i l i t u r e t t e b r fo s m r a f l l a m s of p i h s r e the own

v o G e. as ph is th g n i r u d d e r r u c c o cy li po l a r u t l u c i r g a in Dramatic changes es ic pr al ur lt cu ri ag w lo of cy li po A . x a m i l c r ei th d e h c a e ernment controls r e c n a n i f to d e t p o d a s a w or ct se l a r u t l u c i r g a e th of t s to transfer the surplus o m n ru to d e t a e r c e r e w s e i c n e g a c i l b u P . or ct se l a i r t s u d n i n d an the urba c i t s e m o d th bo , r e m u s n o c to e t a g m r a f m o r f , es ti vi ti ac l a r d e z i n a g r o agricultu e r e w s nd la w e n e th of n o i t a v i t l u c d n a n o i t a m a l c e r d n a L . d e t c u r t s foreign. n o c s wa ) D A H ( m a D n a w s A h g i H e h T . s m r a f m i e s at a st w n o i t a m around a l c e r d n a l r o f s m a r g o r p t s e g r a l e h t f o e e r n u o t l u c , i y r g l a g n i in d r h o t c w c o A r g f o e t a r e h T . s n a d d e f 0 0 0 , 0 0 5 n g i n s i a v b l o e v h n t i f o , n d o e i t t n a pleme o the transform t e u d r a e y t e p t n s e n c o r s e a p e s 4 g s a n i w h o g s i e h t n i t was as h f i h s a d n a n o i t a g i r r i t n e n a the

, l e a r s I h t i w r a w 7 6 9 1 e n u J e h t g n i w o l l o F . s p o r c e c i r in d d n e a t a n g a e t z s i t a n m e m t s of e v n i c i l b u p : e m i t t l u c i f f i d y r e v a h g u o r h t country went . r a l u c i t r a p in e r u t l u c i r g a in d n a l a r e n e g the economy in

m r e p o t d n a l irrigation

Open Door: 1974-1982

y g E , t a w 3 7 9 1 r e After the Octob

1 . t n e m t s e v n i n g i e r o f t c a r t t a to policy t a v i r p e h T . d e s i a r e ion” wer

“sreen revolut

c e r to , n o i h s a f d e z i unorgan c n i e h t to e u D . n o i t a l u c e sp

a o r c n e n a b r u , s 0 7 9 1 e t a l to d mi

0 0 s 0 6 9 1 e h t of s e i c i l o p e m a s e h t t u B . y l d i p a r , s e i c i l o p e s e h t to e u D prevailed. in l a n o i t a n of t n e less than 8 perc n i a t s u s e b t o n d l u o c growth S Y D e g a l l i v e h t was the creation of 0 s e v i t a r e p o o c t i d e r c e g a l l i v of s function 1 " 0 r e b m u n e h t in e s a e r c n i d e t n e unpreced : (6 e t a r d e z i d i s b u s y l h g i h at a h T . s m r a f y r t l u o p of number m

o r f y l r a l u c i t r a p ( d i a Start of foreign agricultural technology-

Revitalization: 1982-1990

r

Ths tog70. widens’ The food it gapwas in tenEgypthad times the size of in 1980

Egyptian Agriculturial Policy and Challenges

121

6 of el lev ed) diz bsi (su low a m fro sed rea inc e rat st ere int e e Th

©

The Private pri : sector permi Was ake fertilizers, in trade and import to permitted Pesticides, and feeds ° Adminiinistered co Ns mer pric: es for several ' foods were eliminated u and left to the m d an , s e l b a t e g e v , t a e m g n i d u l c n i ( e a en epsk e fruits); further star to reduce consumer subsidies ere tak

= , several In this period the establishment of the

:

institut

ing lud inc en, tak o als e wer ps ste l ona instituti

al ur lt cu ri ag d n a e r u t l u c a u q A r o f y c n e g A l a r e a s n o i t a t s n o i t e a al z st i n a a h c to me in d e m r o f s n a r t r e t a l e r e w r e t t a l e a w o s l a al ur company. There lt cu ri ag t c e t o r p to ) 3 8 9 1 ge of Law 116 ( a s s a p as c n e n a b r u m land fro g a e e e s a w r o t Private sec

oagce

technical high sch:

In the area

of land reclamation, the

of s e t a u d a r g h t u o y r fo m a r A new prog

of s ea ar l l a m s e g a n a m d n a n w o s e to i t i s r e v i n u d n a s l o o : teclaimed |], the of cy li po ed ar cl de e Th d. te en em pl im ly ve ti ac ee cimcnt. oa new lands was its responsibility for building the infra 5

Structure and

n. io at iz il ut nd ty la r li fo bi si on sp : ’s re or the private sect e, iz By th ma , t a e h w — s p o r c r o j a m of y t i 5 v i t c u d o r p , s 0 8 9 1 e h t of d n e the ‘ y the th wi : ed ar mp d co an , ts ui fr y , ce tl Ti Vv etables—increased significan

1 970s.

Credi:

eg

d an on ti za li ra be li e ic pr on es ci li po to nt we s se ea cr in e e A e o of high-yielding

the ne on ti uc od tr in e th ly al ci pe es y, og ol hn ec Var iets ies. But cotton productivi ee i ty declined sharply in the 1980s due f° actors, including government controls.

Economic Reform: 1986-1992

om the IMF and the World Bank, in 1991 Egypt began 4 al es li be r tr ad e em ph as iz in g pr og ra m, re fo ce rm m a li st be of ru ra ct li an u: za d ti pr o® ti oc on th es e s ag ri In . cu lt ur e, a a oo a Si Beati ath n

Wi th a s

cp ae

[7 a ae

tiaet

pia

iv atpt mo st th e no is w Ag ri 19 cu in 86 lt . ur e started

re ac hi n& la nd ow pr ne iv rs wi at th hi e p ec on om gy y, : ptian fas re form, ec on om cu ic rr th en e t Wi th arming community.

as been directly affected in a number of ways:

t cen per 20 of e rat st ere int t) rke (ma toa percent the es sid (be tor sec e vat pri the of n tio ipa tic par There was active ral ltu icu agr of ion but tri dis and de tra Agricultural Bank) in the rs ize til fer al mic che rly ula tic inputs, par new the to ed err nsf tra e wer es ris erp ent n tio duc pro d ge na ma eStat 1) 199 of 203 w (La s ie an mp co system of holding vat pri was ton cot ept exc ps cro all for tem sys g in et The state mark ized ral ltu icu agr of unt amo and pe sco the of n tio ita lim There was import subsidies f o e l o r e h t s t n e m t s u j d a d e t a p i c i t n a r e h t r u f d n a s e g n a h c e s Due to the . s e g n a h c c i t s a r d g n i s s e n t i w is e r u t l u c i r g a n i t n e m n r e v o g e h t s e g n e l l a h C r o j Ma

r o j a m l a r e v e s , s r a e y g n i m o c n i d n a t n e s e l r u p c i t r a g a , s e e fa c l e b ur lt a n e o t Egyptian agricu d e t a l u m r o f e r e b to s ha cy li po al ur lt cu ri Ag c challenges. i m o n o c e s a e na h c su es iv ct je ob ture to achieve societal n ca es ng le al ch e Th . ty , li se bi ba na ai st su ce d ur an so re ) (3 n, io alleviat l, na io at rn te in ) (2 , mestic do ) (1 : ps ou gr interrelated

(4) technological.

Domestic Challenges

gt n o i t a l u p o p h g i h The present len l a h t c n a t r o p m i t s o m e h t d e er

i ll mi 65 to e s i r to d e t c e p is ex

i m 0 7 d n u o r a to d n a 1997,

h

e e g hi e h T . s a e r a l a r u r in s e v i l n o i t a l u p po

a r e p n e m p o l e v e d constraint for sustainableemployment, and deter n u g n i s a e r c n i food gap,

y é c i t a m a r d d e s a e r c n i s a h p a g ment. The food

n e c r h d e e r a p m o c , 0 8 9 1 in n about US$1.9 billio ie e a 22 to d e n i l c e d s d o o f c i s a b in af y a g Self-sufficienc u s percent for 2 5 , ls oi r fo t n for corn, 30 perce

4. e a h g u o r h t d e c n a n i Food imports had tohibceh f was positive up 0 jtural im orts ce, w the trade balanover only 20 percent of agricu tural exports c m i l a r u t l u c i r g a r fo ll the average annual bi

c i r g a r fo n o i l l i m 0 pared with US$70

Egyptian Agriculturial Policy and Challenges

e s a B e c r u o s e R l a r The Natu

. le Ni r ve Ri e th in ow fl rte wa w lo of od ri pe The decade of the 1980s was a ce ar sc a as r te wa of s es en ar aw s y’ et This low flow increased the soci , 00 20 ar ye e th r fo set n io at am cl re nd la of s et rg ta s ou ti bi am th Wi resource. at th n io at tu si a d— he tc re st y tl ea gr be ll wi s ce ur so re r te wa the available is r te wa on ti ga ri Ir y. tl en ci fi ef r te wa e us to w ho of raises the question ar be ly ct re di t no do ey th as ng lo as s er rm fa by ” od treated as a “free go to l ia nt se es is It . em st sy on ti ga ri ir e th om fr ry ve li de its t as le at of st co e th e th ge an ch d an e st wa ge ra ou sc di to em st sy g in ic pr r te wa a e uc e ar od tr in ) ne ca ar ug (s s op cr r-intensive ns er tt pa ng pi op cr ng ti is ex t ge to rs he ot by replaced s ad le so al r te wa irrigation e us e th es ud cl in water plan

in which wate of ty ci ar sc e Th . nt me st ve in on rn tu re er a bett an ti yp Eg e Th r. te wa y it al qu wlo of e us e th to l na ca th wi d xe mi r te wa of agricultural drainage of pro-

ty li bi na ai st Su r. te wa d un ro rg de un d an , er at ew st wa d te ea of tr e s u e r, h t wate in e r a c high degree of

a s e r i u q e r e e r r e u v t e l u S c i r . g s a p o r in c y d n a d ductivit n a l n o t c a p m i e s r e v d a s t i o t e u d r e t a w y t low-quali a e e E AM e {it of rec on ti ec ot t pr cos e th A r fo ed measures are also requir of the irrigation system.

Qualyobia

982

S

:

persons

pe:

and Sohag. nore

2

ively, for

“a oP

ea

e a B c i a t a e s h g ng The hi si ea cr in r fo e l b i s n o p s e r is a t l e D d n a y e l l a V e i v n e e th of deterioration x hie

land to urban uses

Sr n o i t u l l o p y l l a i c e p s e

nea

al ur lt cu ri ag st be e th d e It has transform

m e l b o r p l a t n e m n o r i v n e of e d u t i t l u m a n o a ae

p: lo ve de e bl na ai st su e th t ns ai ag s k r o w n o i t a u t i s a G ; s a ment of rural are ve ha y a m n o i t a l u p o p of n o i t u b i r t s i d e r l a c i h p a r g o e la a on e n o d to be e th be y a m s e r u s a e m e iv ct fe ef t s o m e h T s, al co e me establishment of ning:

an al pl on gi re d an s nd la w e n e s e th i in t i n u of comm

International Challen ges

5

e’ gn si s a h d n a t b e d n g i e r o f Egypt s it g n i r e w o l in d e e a S a a g u o h in t l A . ) F M I ( an La d n u F ary t e n o M l a n o i t a n r e t n I e l b a r o v a f e r t a wi e , g n thes i g r e m e is n o i t a u t i s l a n o i t a n r e t n i w e n a , s t n e v e e l b a e s n o c . s e i r t n u o c Serious g n i p o l e v e d

has

Egypt

and

other

st co s ha e p o r u E n r e t s a E in n o i t a z i l a r e b i l e h t d n a R l a e n s o e h i T t . s d o o g l Egypt tradi a r u t l u c ri g a r fo s t e l t u o y l l a i espec a t a r o f R i d S n a v a d h ai d o o f of countries s t n e i p i c e r r o j a m e m o c e b E E P s it d n a C E E e th eign capital 3 olution of

n e i B s t of e s p a coll

ad

v e e h t d e d d a be t s u . m s t r o p is x e th © n a i t p fc y g E s n d o e i n t i i a r t s cond n o c r e h t r u f s a h is th : y r t n e ; a d e t r e w o e l ai a be t r s u p m r Fo n on food aid

mobilization t

gh

Sea

e th of g n i n e h t g n e r t s d n a ; d e d e e n is domestic savings l. To achieve these goals, Egypt will

IG

agricuilctauirael Rofeg redt quickly

a

A

sector is essentia

d n a y l t n e i c i f f e t s u j d a to y m o n o c e e h t in y t i l i b degree of flexi tional marketplace-

a n r e t n i e th in s e g n a h c st fa d n a c i t a m a r d e h t y to

e nc na te in ma er op pr d an pollution . s m a r g o r p e s e h t e c n a n i f o t d e d e e n is a l u ery form gy

Technolo

cult Agri lture gricu

. the hi; 2 Egypt has rece. ived t fforts is reflected in in

the ; was e e s e h t of t fer trans c a p m i e h T . s ology r a e y t n e c e r in . h c r a e s e y r t l i b a n i a a c o t h t r e o s o p r e u p th n i a m e . h y s T t e i d s i r c e v i i t l d e a t e e e i r a Mi v d an s

m e c n o c ss le s a w it ; h t w o r g of n o i t a r e accel f l a c i m e h c of e s u e v i s n e t n i e h t Accordingly, r utilizing

fo l a i t n e s s e s a w — insecticide treadmill of e Us e th g n i y f i s n e t n i e Moreover, farmers ar n e e b s a h n o i t a t o r p o r c l year traditiona ,

de e rg la a o t e l b a n i a t s u s n u e m o c e b s a h m syste rs t© in e v i t c e j b o y t i l i sustainab

must now take the s at e a vi le r fo y t i r o i r p h g i h n g i s s a t s u m e t S at th programs d e t o n e b so al d l u o h s It . y t i v i t c u d o r p

and

isin jeopardy

d n e p e d h g i h e th h t i W . g n i k long-run underta ? n i a t s u s . D W O s it d, ai n g i e r o f n o m e Tesearch syst g” le re fo of n o z i r o h e m i t e h t t u o b a the question : e c n a i l e r f l e s d e s a e r c of a system for in

e G ° f w o H d n a s Goal

Fae is the ™ in y t i v i t c u d o r p of n o i t a r e Accel a m s of y t i v i t c u d o r p e th Increasing

goa

Egyptian Agriculturial Policy and Challenges

and quality l a r u t l u c i r s g u a o i r g a n v r i fo t n u o c c i c a m o Introduce water into econ uses igation r r i e th n i a t n i a m to y r e v o c e r Establish a system of cost system s nd la w e n e th in g in ic pr Introduce water n io at or ri te de e th t mi li to s on gi re g n o m a n o i t a l u p o p e Redistribut nd la al ur lt cu ri ag on t n e m h c a o r c n e n a b r u d n a t n of environme , ls na ca r, te wa of n io ut ll po e th t mi li to y g o l o n h c e Use low-input t and soils

s n o i t u t i t s n i e g a ill Vi

on government support s n o c e r d e e n s institution

Fa aus Cae ole of popes

, g n i t e k r a m , e d a r ut t

e d e e n is s e s i r p r private ente exports, and processing.

Agricultural Legislation : law ral Itu ° 1 s ge an ch e uc od tr in to is te sta the The role of t ee agr the of me was: so t, en w es pr a At 1 s. law w m ne ‘ eI introduce T e1f0 d n a l s ( h ic1

econom

n. T io t i a z i l i a r liibe

e s e in d e d n e m a be to s ha gated in 1952 and change

Policy cy DesDeisign and Admi nistration

ri ag an 5 ti Egyp l ra tu ul ic gr he in the following ae ation

u sit al ur lt cu ri ag s y’ tr un co e th t ec fl re should

Portance as an export oe

one

Teli lance

shou

given i to

Id be placed on

:

cotton! so|that 1s : ic st dome

ins

its i si

5 of cereal es li supp

:

ae

Integrati 10n of the o di st ri bu th e to re ga rd 4 la nd s— wi th ne w an d Id tion of resource Ss and marketing—shou ld be increased Imbalan ce between crops and livestock should be redressed

D evelopment and Conse rvation

ben 4 The wat €r and land re: S : maintain to improved be must ources of Egypt

sustainable ©

agri

agriculture by focusing on the following actions:

5 ty of water resources in terms of quantity Increase t he sustaiénabili

the direction of

ws la r he ot y, rl la mi d an ed in am ex be ld ou sh . Si w la e Th s. tion ; al q u a r s a ' n n t e 2 i m n e e g . n a r r y a c n a 4 n e t d n a l a t n e a r r g e r r i i a a c f n u ltura’ of seeds d flexible and a l e s s e u m t n e e p Muctbelexamined Creation of Markets

Greate: 5 must st be be attention T : ar More

;

:Pp romu. I

m a¢ from The process of transition 4 e t a t s h t o b of e c n e s b a m in the a vacuu

me: st e: inv tor has to support the private sec

. e l b a u l a v e b ll wi a e r a is th Training in co mp e ir fa n i a t n i issue regulations that will ma

io at rn te in th wi n o i t a r g e t n I tendencies. . ns io ut it st in ic bl pu d n a e t a v i r p flexible Rural Development

Rural development should be reas

das an

o

for Egypt. Rural roads are inne ee ifer ac! ” Smal l-sc ale inte grat ion. Tegional

11 L

d n a t n e m t s u j d Structural A e m o S : e r u t l u c i r g A n a i t p y Eg e h t f o s n o i t a c i d n I y r Prelimina s m r o f e R c i m o n o c E f o Impact

L

Seer

va au!

gic

i reliant finance is important, and

2 porting the national research effort € time horizon of its support.

WwW alsh, Jon. “Present in

in Aggrriiculture

2.

nada

e : » r t o s t i H p T i c e s 4 trade, , pripvriavtatiizziing public r o t c e s e t a v i r p r o f t n e m n o r i v n le e more favorab

e s s e n k a e w 1 a r u t c u r t s n i a m e h t s s aims to addre

References

: n o i t p O e h t g Washington ere

e v i s n e h e r p m o c a n o d e k r a b m e t p y g E f o t n e m n m r i a e v e o h G T e . h k t n a B , 0 9 d l r o W e h t In May 19 y b d e t r o p p u s m a r g o r p t n e m t y l s i u r j a m d i a r p l e a n r o u t m c o r f stru y m o n o c e e h t e v o m o t , is ore m d n a a , 0 s o t a w m ortions, t s i d e r of this progra e v e s h t i w , r o t c p e O s c i s l n b o u i p t c i r e t h s t e r y b g n d : i e v t o a m n e r i m do , s e c i @ r p g n g i n z i i t l a a e r r e c b i l y l l y a b r , e n o d e t n e i r o m : a t r e g k o r r p ma e h T " s e s i r nterp

ish >

Issues ” , y t i l i b a n i a t s u S d n a

aus

supported by t

e am rn ve go e th of s tu pe im

o gr c i m o n o c e d e w e n e r for s4 ne e th ng zi mi ni mi same time

s in s t n e m e v o r p poor through im en be s ha or ct se The agricultural

ps o r c t s o ™ r fo es ic pr , 86 19 as y Starting as earl

for cotton and sugarca co d an ns io ct ri st re marketing r we s rm fo re y rl ea These

removed. an e ur lt cu ri Ag of out by the Ministry rious 1™

te le de e th d te ca di in which

u lt cu ri ag on s on Sectoral distorti macroeconomic an m r o f e r l a r u t c u r t areas of s form:

chapter outlines, © ct pa im e m o s to have

a or ct se r he rt fu r fo agenda

W°

Economic Aspects 129

Structural Adjustment and Egyptian Agriculture

The Prereform Period

is as ph em an g in ud cl in , rs to ec bs su al ur lt cu ri ag n e e w t e b on ti ca lo al mum vestment in ic bl pu in e ar sh s e’ ur lt cu ri ag e, pl am ex r Fo n. io at am cl re nd la on an Pl r ea -Y ve Fi t rs Fi e th ng ri du es total expenditur

fell from 7.9 percent of is, It ). 92 19 898 (1 an Pl nd co Se e th ng ri du t en rc pe 9 6. (1983-1987) to ). 97 19 399 (1 an Pl d ir Th e th in t en rc pe .8 15 to se ri to however, expected e ur lt cu ri ag in nt me st ve in ic bl pu of on ti or op pr e th , At the same time

& countries. Even today, the ver one-half of GDP and 75 percent of manu-

financed by large foreign exchange in-

borrowing, l o c a l b i i exports, oil borrowing, local g, : of ism, and di workers in the Gulf countries, Suez Canal rev. » and direct: foreign investm ; by ted initia y polic ” door n “ope ent.eThe President Anw A oa ar Sadat in 1974 mee the economy, which brought with it the seeds ofRchange economy: toiaemarket AG O s i c o peters co ibese favorable circumstances, the Egyptian economy 1985 period

-

se

rate of 8.5 percent per annum during the 1974

gl expense the at achieved was however, Srowth, ae fiscal mounting elicits, high inflation, and expansionary monetary policy; a arate ae characterized

.

Bot f proportionate increase in employment.

by gener.

= centrally. Eeypaay i econ incenti ions of Planned distort catttion ia of misallo and entives ; Tesourc by and tion; competi ted restric that es through state monopolies

conto he ris of prods nator markets le a ice

e aa

eer

ee

ree eee

c

ed

rade. This Policy, however, was not sustainable in t

g oe mounting

fiscal and current account deficits, high

» and a significant decline in oil-related foreign exchans é

mestic

oil production

and workers’

remittances), and 19

foreign borrowing. This in turn led to rising foreign debt, reduced

imports and investment, and a sharp slowdown of economic activity that

peeansl tr staat ted edinte into low rates of

g growth of GDP at about 2.5 to 3.0 pere

one

The Agricultural Sector Agriculture has been a major source of economic growth in Egypt. His© it 1974, In econo my. Egypt ian the domin ated agricu lture torically, counted for 30 percent of GDP in real terms, 25 percent of exports, and

about 47 percent of employment. However, by 1990, its contribution 12 percent ° the economy had declined to 20 percent of GDP and 20 commodity exports. The sector employed about 33 percent of the labot

force. This decline was compounded by sectoral distortions and by # declining share of agriculture in public investment, with a less than opti-

e e ea ar ed at iv lt cu e th g in as re nc (i n io ns pa ex al nt allocated for horizo n co Se d an t rs Fi e th in t about 40 percen

om fr d se ea cr in n) land reclamatio . n a l P d r i h T e h t in t n 5 perce e e p e e e at s m r e t al re in w e r g e r u t l u c i r g a y b d e d d a e a s e B : Sea e a e a d e h t y l n i a m g n i t c e l f e r , s 0 7 9 1 e h t in t n e c r e p 7 A . 2 , e e : rates of e y t i s n e t n i g n i p p o r c in s n i a g e h t e c n O . m a D n a w s e a the High A e a e t s e r e w m a d e h t m o r f s e s a e l e r d e n l l e o r a t e n a by con E Te s n a s e s a e r c n i d l e i y n e e b e v a h e r u t l u c i r g a , growth in k c o t s e v i l d n a s p o r lue c a v r e h g i h to r e w o l patterns from

share of public

;

tous? pee activities not controlled by the state. Ipjne th e , n . i o gc i t a m t a n I ecl d n a investm e l o t ing g i e e d te bu ri nt co it gh ou th al , th source of grow . reclaimed

ame land bec

estimated 1.9 million feddans have so ,fabur t

i

anc oth 1€1

Co y) ne nd la le ab iv lt cu e around 24 percent of th jon. Despi to due 1980s he pia ural agricult of ercent int value : gross the of percent low and , tor sec the of e ai z 1g ed lin dec re ltu icu agr the growth rate in t it lic imp , ion ent erv int nt me rn ve go ive extens s. nd la d e m i a l c e r e th of y t i v producti production, and prices © market prices); government mono

and distribution of the main inputs;

! po ex ti an to se ri ve ga at th me gi re te ra 0D ns io ct ri st re e ad tr ; or ct se e privat

eure

commodities; subsidies for the ma certain kinds of agricultural mac tive interest rates in real terms: Anot

equi

s ae ge na ai dr d an r te wa on ti ga ri ir of sion

farmers, hence the absence of incent bi

of water used and ensuring the sustaind short on water and land ene

sae protect

!¢ er gh hi e a rd wa in an ed ow Egypt has foll

es ti di mo om Te to on ut it st ub -s rt po promoted im

re

The exports and imports of sever? included citrus Cue is Th . al ov pr ap r io pr or to quotas markets. The consumption

wheat, corn, sugar, and vegetab!

t ic tr es /r ns ba rt po Im trade gap.

e r u t l u c i r g A n a i t p y g E d an t n e Structural Adjustm 0) 10 0= 98 (1 d el Yi d an , on ti uc od Pr , ea Ar d pe Indices of Crop

Table 11.1 Crop

1985

Area

1990

Sugarcane Gardens Vegetables

99 127 105

108 183 107

Long Berseem

112

%

Beans

123

125

Rice

95

107

83

78

Wheat

Short Berseem

89

147

93

80

100

Corn

Cotton

Sorghum Potatoes

1985

Yield

1990

104

87

80

106

113

. k o o b r a e Y l ca ti is at St , S A M P Source: CA

to berseem ro

i

Se rapidly

on ti ec ot pr of t un co ac on s 70 19 d an b u s s 60 on ti 19 t la u pu p r; po n € gh i to hi ec k bs oc o su st ve li e and th © y e w es di si . g 2 n i s i r 3 wth,

d e e th t to u b i r t s n e i o t c i c i t s a l e e m o c n i h g i n $ h t r d o f n a m d e e s d a e incr of s d l e i y e h t , r e h t r u F . s e i t i d o m m o ; c r o j a m e wheat and cornr. ose thr. es to the adoption

gr o S

income,

an

i t i s n a r t e h t g n i r u d s t c e f f e e h t e t a g i (SED), to mit : t a s m i a P A S R E , e g a t s t s r i f e h t n i , y l l Specifica u c e h t d n a n o i t a l f 1. Reducing in

due : peri od 197 0-1 985 the tu sh vari e hig of h-yielding The Reform Program (ERSAP) The

unsust

e:

«1°

1990 of a ‘aH mn

i=

g n e r t s d n a , s k n a b f o y c solven

,

vision i n a e r u t l u c i r g a ! in s e c i r p t s o m P. 4. Liberalization of l a n o i t a n r e t n i OF

g n i t s o c l a n i g r a m long-term

u j d a l a r u t c u r t s e v ensi

B t a J a s a y m o n o c e n a i t p y g E e h t f o s e g a t n a v d a (2 ) ; 4 t ( e k ; r n o a i m t a g i r r i l domestic a i n n e r e p ) 3 ( ; e t a m i l c e l b a r o v a f e h t ) 2 ( ity to majiog overseas markets; (5) a diversified industrial base; (6 roximi pe tial. This n e t o p m s i r u o t e h t ) 7 ( d n a ; r o b a l p a e h c d n a i F m s a o h c m r o a n r o g d o e h pr t m o r f e c n a t s i s s a l a i c n a n i f y b d e t r o p p u s n e e i munity, . f e i l e r t b e s d u o r e n e g g n i ne includ : c u r t S d n m a r o f c e i R m o n e o h c t E P—

A S R e E v f i o t c e j b o e e iced M o t n i g n i k a t , h t w o r g c i m o n o c e e l b a n i a t s u s s i — m a at s m i a P Cpnaideratio oe Progr A S . R t E n e m t s u j l d a a r u t c u r t s f o s t s o c l a i c o s e ne th EE r o j a m a f t o n e m t s u j tural ad c u r t s d n a e c n a l a b eae i f f e we GT n o i t a c o l l a e c r u o s e r e v o r p m i o t y m o n o c e . n e a d i a t r p t y d n g n o E a i t c u e d o n r o p i f o t d a n n a i ciency cy and move toward market determ d se es dr ad g in be is or po e th on of structural adjustment eee t en pm lo ve De r fo nd Fu al ci So e th by d te or pp su t, ne gh a social safety

, s t i c i f e d t e g and bud

© n o i t a z i l a r e b i l unification and credit worthiness t s e r r o / d n n a o i t a z i t a v i r P 2. s to m r o f e r r o t c l e a s i c n a n i F 3.

© n o i t p o d a e h t o t d e l s e r u s a e m c i m o n o cu pnactoee stment program that

e h t ) 1 ( t i o l p x e o t s m ai

. d o i r e p t n e onal adjustm

energy prices n o i t a z i l a r e b i l e d a r T 5.

b y d a e r l a e v a h s m r o f e r t n a c i f i n g i S _ l c n i e s e h T . P A S R E f o t x e t n o c within the

ra be li ) (2 ; es ic pr on tt co d an i l b u p f o e e f o n o i t a z i l a r e b i l ) 3 ( ; t e k r a m e g n a ch ! t a z i l a t i p i a c e t e , M s l o @ r t n o of c t i n d o e r i c t c u d ceilings and o r t n i ) (4 ; et k r a m r O l f l i t b p e y c r x u s e a s e t r n t e a f o ae BS e r i u q e r g n i s n e c i l t n e \bolishding (6)invaepsptrmoval of a new public enterp™ st; an

li

E c i l b u P e h t t f n o e m h s i l b esta

u m ® e v e w o H . m a r g Privatization pro

g n i r o t s e r d n a

uleearly

j In

y

e ee difficult

the

’

:

metimes faltering,

133

Structural Adjustment and Egyptian Agriculture

t cen per 30 the ow bel was 1 199 r yea cal fis for e rat ion lat inf t cen 20 per

e rat ge han exc and t ici def al fisc the in s ion forecast rate due to reduct

stability. y l n , r i d e a i e m l t r c a e e j o r n r a p e h t t t s h e c t b u n is m The balance of payme h , c s i e h i w r t n u o b c u l s C i r a P e g h t n o t t i b d e d due to the reduction in outstan s i h ; t 2 9 9 1 n n o i i l l 0 i . b 9 3 $ S U o t 1 9 9 1 n n o i i l l 1 i . b 1 5 $ S m U d o e r s f a e r dec a z i t r o m a d t n s a e r e t n i r n o o f i l l 5 i b . 1 $ S s U f t o n e m y a l p a u n n t saves Egyp a 6 . 2 $ S U t u o b a f t o i c i f e d a m o r d f e t f i h e s c n a l a t b n u o c c t tion. The curren a e u d y l n i a m , 1 9 9 1 n n i o i l l i b 4 . 2 $ S U f s o u l p r u s a o t 0 9 9 1 r a billion in fiscal ye d n a ; 2 9 9 1 n i n o i l l i b 2 . 1 $ S U f o s u l p r u d s e t c e j o r p a h to official grants, wit f o d n e y b n o i l l i b 0 . 9 $ S U d e e c x e o t d e t c e p x e e r e w s e v r e s e l r a n o i t a n r inte . ) s t r o p m i of s h t n o m 8 6. e c n a n i f to t n e i c i f f u s ( t s n i a g fiscal year 1992 a as , P D G of t n e c r e p 7 to ll fa to d e t c e j o r p is t i c i f e d l a c s The fi al sc fi y r a n o i s n a p x e ss le to e u d y l e g r a l s 1 s i h t ; t n e c r e p 9 f o e t a m i t s e l a i t i s n i i r a P an e h t g n i w o l l o f s t n e m y a p t s e r e t n i d e c u d e r , ) s e i d i s b u s t p e : c x e ( i e e policy e o e h t t n e t x e e m o s o t d n a , t n e m e e r g a f e i l e r Club debt s ve ha to s s k n a b l ‘a . u s a e r t w e n n o s e t a r t s e r e t n s h T ) is percent sales tax. I as e a C of s e t a r t s e r e t n i d e s u a c e v a h d n a , t n e c r e p 0 e y B around 2 e a N a n a n o ive in real terms

i=ncome t hrough effiicciient resourc asures have been i

i e, several ctiv ie a th in ta ct je ob t : 6 8 9 1 e c n i s d e t n e implem pie 0

mee area allotments with d elivery quotas have been removed for majo pee : meee mee cotton and sugarcane Producer pri 1

e

e@

t a g e n l il st e r a y e h t h g u o rise (alth

Sugarcane, have been Tees es for all products, except cotton and

® a i c e r d p e e g d a r u o c s i d d n s a w o has encouraged capital infl ust adj and on ati us tian currency. ac] and n tio iza bil sta +5 l stil are s rm fo ; re ny ma t yp Eg of s ct pe Despite some delays, most as

nt prices 3 ese procureme ooo been raised to two -thi ds sevesh E : hir of international prices; and subsidies 00

are gn si n d an d, ce du re y tl an ic if gn obese out by the end of 1993. ph y phased

ticides hav

expected to be com pletely Privatization of rec lai

arana Poet prea nies which own ei

a

ane

ci an in t nc na fi d an , cal fis e, ad tr of s ea ar e th in needed

: : g, and a pro” in ss i re og pr is s nd la public

d te ec xp =™ rs rp fe en ect exp ic bl pu of an th n er io tt at be iz at d iv an pr ¢ _ d an restructuring ee g from debt relief santa opportunity favorable circumstances arisin

® mP co on ti uc od pr n ee xt si e of the assei ts of e a igeyht,y-thre € projects has been : initiated.

On input distribution.

Pen

peeee

tegarding

and a

s

thei

y r a n i m i l e r p is is ys al an is Th . or ae on the agricultural sect

ae

Paris

ae

pact of ERSAP and the generous debt relief provided by the or rf pe : c mi no co oe cr ma ed ov pr im ee, Sina have led to an justment

Uae AL

a

er than was anticipated when the Structural Ad

by en ris ve ha to d te ma ti es s wa P GD . Distr seeee a approved in 1991

of e in cl de d te ec oj pr a th wi ed ar mp co A Speccetits eke ec fiscal year 1991, 10 th ow gr d te ec oj pr an th er gh hi tiiteehcsace he mainly attributed to e Th . on ti uc tr ns co d an e, nu ve re l na Ca ez Su s, ers’ remittance >

ses

a b g n o r t s a s a h t p y Eg

vi le e m a s e th at th , r e v howe nity, if needed, may not be commu

I mpact of the Program m r o f e r e e h t d n a P A S R E art wes has elapsed since the start of pe s e n o i s e u v l i c t n i o n c i f e e k d h a g m u to o e n g r n e u o t t l o l n u is c gri :

and prarivatiza-

faces Eg yp t ec on om y, Eg yp ti th e an of performance :

Interest rat es ha le ve ls ba nk in g co mm to er ci al ed closer are being relaxed, including thé e movre Trade and ma TKHe strictions eting monopoly of the Princi and Agricultut? pal Bank for Development Z Credit (PBDAC)

eywelltas “as a result of the

p ; r, ve we ho d; te en em pl im g in be e ar m ra ment prog

. e c n a t s i s s a r o n o d n o demands

|

if

;

INPACt ort Agric

Macroeconomic and sector data distortions and preliminaryreso e a in use e? ur of cy en ci fi ef proveinment

e o er de a and ps Cro me so of on ti in produc to eds me ld yie ly ab ot —n gy lo no ch te in s ge Chan

to the increases in output.

the effects of one from thi

Ny

e

be

one

Structural Adjustment and Egyptian Agriculture

135

short-term dampening effect on the demand for credit. PBDAC report

drop in the demand for credit for purchases of agricultural bachies a

other equipment. In the near term, as markets adjust, interest rate reform in s resource capital scarce of on allocati t efficien more a in should result ion lat inf in p dro ted jec pro The s. orm ref tor sec ial anc fin of t en an environm

nt ita com con the and 2) 199 e lat in t cen per 15 nd ou ar (to nt me rn by gove dit cre the e eas o als uld sho es rat st ere int l rea and fall in the level of nominal situation. a are of on ati liz era lib the t tha ns tio Atthe micro level, there are indica

l ica log hno tec h wit ed in mb co , ces pri and ns, ter pat ng pi op cr ls, tro con s nge cha nt ica nif sig to led e hav or, lab of t cos the in s se ea cr de d changes an for e enu rev m far net in ses rea inc to and ps cro me so to in the area devoted ps cro or maj t mos to d ote dev a are the e il Wh . ons ati rot some cropping and 5 198 n wee bet sed rea inc , rice and n, cor at, whe (Table 11.1), including to ate rel ns ter pat ng ppi cro in ft shi the of s ion rat ust ill st are cle the 1990, by a dramatic 65 sed rea inc at whe for d use area e Th m. ee rs be and wheat ing dur t cen per 38 by sed rea inc 1990, and yields

and 5 198 n ee tw be t en rc pe

e ar of ce pri l rea the in ses rea inc the h wit d le up co s, Thi . iod the same per w o i s mer Far p. cro at whe the of y lit abi fit pro r ate gre * has led to e e 19 ing dur ms ter l rea in ab ard per 31 26. £E of 1 ce pri s ease incr average r rpe Sha 6. 198 to 0 197 during ab ard per 22 £E to compared

the price of wheat failed to world prices of most com c ifi t i r b to ed rv se st ju ls ve le e ic pr Increases in domestic world market levels. At the same time, there was 4 ee es typically make

The reduction in ct 0? the pa im e bl ra vo fa a 1 ve ha ld ou sh es di pudeee thereby entei in ly ie s? rea dec a om fr ses los ing the revenue tt se ff € implicit taxation ion uct red of a r he rt fu a th Wi e. ov ab d te no of the subsidies and t e ur lt cu Ti he fig ler ful a it rm pe d ul wo h ic wh s, rm fo re of Supply response from on ti le mp the get bud the on ct pa im net the tor,

ural sec lt cu ri ag should be considera bly 1 by ed lp he be d ul Proved direct taxation o more favorable. This wo d tax, at an average f a griculture. The present lan of less than £E 20/fedda ? ise rev be to n Pp s ed ne d an w lo e it qu is m, nu an er A Teview of the land ta ew vi re x s a of t ex nt co the take place in the existing tenancy law. hould es tim n ve se at t ren nd la land tax and giving tena ie “ai by fixing } Jan¢ tal ren the use to the right rs hei and ms erpetui The d. lan of use ent ici eff disincentives to a more

Og

Teer

Seeata,

permit a bett

ee ent

ei

Tete ptovite market values Tail

p! ci in Pr the to ies sid sub ing lin dec of ult res a as iv es er e e fe Bank 1 gs lin cei dit cre d an it ed Cr al ur lt cu ri Ag ae t aiEs , interest ratesin agriculture have risen to about the eiit posetod by 20 secs st oe 16

negative

j

armers,

in real terms,

these

and 23 percent

for traders. While still

interest rates appear

to be having 4

d , an ds el yi s i r a e e e Be 2 £E t ou ab to 4 £E om the real wage rate fr up 30 to 50 percent of production costs served to make rotations ine than hitherto.

): These

tively more profitable

In contrast to the

|

om fr t en rc pe 14 t ou ab by declined h y ll ca pi ty o wh s er rm fa many small

™ &™ OP g in rm fa r ei th of integral part

ms fo mm r ee fo rs grow a certain amountotheofr be co r er rm fa by Is also cultivated t si s to r io Pr feed.

to imported livestock re ts uc od pr , es pr ve ti la re e th to e du le ab it of pr en be

eu? r fo es ic pr e th ke li Un , ts uc od pr r he ot hot controlled and imp

Subsidized prices. Berseem

ee th th Wi . ve ti ac tr at therefore very

Profitability of red meat and thus decline in total area planted.

fone

Real net returns per fedda” y:

Structural Adjustment and Egyptian Agriculture

es su Is ty ri io Pr : a d n e g A g n i n i a m Re

d an s, rm fo re al ur lt cu ri ag on ss re og pr dy ea st de The government has ma to ed ne a is e er th r, ve we Ho it. fru ar be these efforts are beginning to te tia ini to d an s ea ar n ai rt ce in n gu be y ad complete reforms that have alre price of the ed is ra far us th s ha nt me rn ve further reforms in others. The go st mo the of e on ng ci du re y eb er th e, ic pr er rd bo its of t en rc pe 66 to cotton uc od pr on tt co of on ti za li ra be li l ful e th r, ve we Ho s. on ti or significant dist on tt co of ce an ic if gn si the n ve gi ty ri io pr gh hi a is e ad tr d an tion, marketing, art po im the w lo al to t an rt po im o als is It . gs in rn ea ge an ch ex in the foreign le ab en to s) on ti la gu re ne ti an ar qu ict str to ct je ub (s tion of pest-free cotton le ap St ng Lo a tr Ex ue al -v gh hi of me lu vo ng si ea cr in an rt po ex to e t h yp t Eg r fo s e i t e i r a v r e p a e h c t r o p m i d n a s n o t t o c ) S L ( e l p a t S g n o L d n a of n o i t (ELS) c u d o r p e h t s e t a n i m o d h c i h w n r a y e u l a v / t n u o c w o l f o n productio on ed vi le be d l u o c ) t n e c r e p 10

d e e c x e to t o n ( x a t t s local mills. A mode

a as t e k r a m d l r o w e ee th in on ti si po s t’ yp ELS cotton exports to exploit Eg te ta li ci fa so al ld ou sh nt me rn ve go e Th . on tt co ne fi a tr ex of major supplier g. in et rk ma d ai to ge an ch ex on tt co a of e a t C en hm en be s ha the establis h ic wh of on ti uc od pr e th e, an rc With regard to suga . e i et rk ma l na io at rn te in e ov ab es ic pr of t n e m y a p e th h ug aged thro e e ze e t a , m on ti uc od pr its ze li ra be li y i l e government should full e e an rc ga su of on ti tu ti bs su e th g in ek se ly us eo an lt while simu oy pl de re 4 se pe ld ou sh s ll mi r ga Su sor other less water-intensive crgaoprbeet, and the retraining ei tee su of ng si es oc pr e th facilitate r he ot d an d a “ i be ld ou sh s rm fo re e th ment of any labor affected by a Soci e th a vi t ne ty fe sa e at ri op pr ap an of development

means. A program is already in pla

Cr

Vaina u“

1970

1972

-

Wheat and Corn Wheat and Rice Long Berseem and Corn Sugarcane

Short Berseem and Cotton

to pri

fertilizer and pesticide subsidies by 1996.

which hasalso begu?

and completed as planned. In addition, d an er iz il rt fe of on ti uc public sector prod

| . er nn ma ic at em st sy a in d ue rs pu be to needs

The most important area in

yet to be initiated is that of water

i

u, ro th em th to d re ve li de r te wa r fo le tt li Very a i ly on e Th . rk wo ge na ai dr r fo d an em syst Pay covers the capital costs of the tile cry

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

Source: M inistry of Apri griculture and Land Reclamation (MALR), USAID Agriculture Database.

modest since they are spread over 4 twenty pudget, am

Given the competing demands oP the cenit? cept for those © u it nd pe ex nt me st ve in in e ur lt cu ri ag of pansion in the Third Plan," horizontal ex

an n io at er op e th , m u m i n i m at the f;

a

acilities, and preferably, patt of Oe an for ensurin *yece

O n al ic it cr e r a s e g r a Water ch

Pf

Structural Adjustment and Egyptian Agriculture

139

d an ial soc te ca li de yet , ic om on ec t an rt po im s appropriate way on thi political, area. References sh Wa ” e. ur lt cu ri Ag on nt me st ju Ad al ur ct ru Baffes, J. “Egypt—The Impact of St . 92 19 l ri Ap , nk Ba d rl Wo : C. D. , on ingt l. Vo t. yp Eg in es ci li Po g in ic Pr al ur lt cu ri Ag d an , te Ra ge an ch Ex e, ad Tr J. J. Dethier, . 89 19 , C. D. , on gt in sh Wa , rt po Re s ie ud St e iv at ar mp Co nk Ba d rl 1. Wo t af Dr s. 90 19 e th r fo gy te ra St al ur lt cu ri Ag An t: yp Eg of ic bl pu Re World Bank. Arab gin sh Wa .” on ti uc od Pr k oc st ve Li d an op Cr of cs mi no co “E 7, x e Report, Ann ton, D.C., 1992.

. es li pp su r e t a w ce ar sc of on ti ca lo al t n e i c z li ra be li of s s the progre e® fr ly ng si ea cr in e ar s r e m r a f , or ct se e th in n io at f o c i o h c l a n o i t a r e k a m ® to n® se ab e th In s. on ti ta ro d an s Op

References

ity, and Growth: . Egypt a nd

Bent. The Political Economy of a ae yf Rae Neen icy New Yo rk: ? Oxford t (No. PS 5 60-EGT), “A aan un = : rt podey Bank

oO.

Se

Pr ostmen eoicon ‘ ee ety Republic of Ean

ere

canned, or frozen, t re ard o ma tkets that are usually unreceptiv: e. In thisis re8 : fishery products should not be forgo tten, especially the produc ts of aquaculture, and exploiting the immense fisheries wealth that can be tapP: e from the Red Sea and from the Nile on a sustainable basis.

The Price of Water: A Su ggestion : market Finally, a further word on the issue of water priBe cing: with hers of

Orientation of the Egyptian economy, and with ee ommensurate agricultural inputs and outputs, water must carry a oe more productive With its utility and scarcity, since this will direct it to : Bisies gre for uses.

Difficulties,

it is true,

stand

in the way, of i ene

that such 4 Water-use in agriculture. There is first the emotional r aS vital commodity should not be marketed—water pong ing 2a “gift God” 4 ee ofof meterinB

the argument goes. Second, there is the difficulty ZA

Wwater—a

€. E ntation of land-

problem made doubly difficult by the ree holdings Me the topography of aorr ule al :ici je i the sen ndence among farms inin : pean ee

Egypt creates

a

mayi

laced farme:

drained water already used by piphee i in agricultun e, paves the f oe this resistance to the pricing of Bere osing a levy on the a way me cick be to go back to the eee ‘A tual a cach Taise Sipe enough

re:

ee

is

Gd.

Mf Of water charges tO : least the variable costs of provi iding

neede

york

eas a vironment and age

Oxon University Press, 1987.

99

vember

°

Ae Common Future.

13 EE

: s n o m m o C e h t f o y g e t Stra r fo s e g n e l l a h C d n a s e i t i n u t r o p Op e r u t l u c i r g A Egyptian n i v t o P . R h p e s Jo

in d n a , r e t a w is m s i n a g r o g n i v i l y r e v e f o s s a m e h t f o t n e c r e e r c e S , i l a h About 70 p G s o r t u o B . r D . e l i N e h t m o r f s e m o c r e t a w t a h t f national Egypt most o e h T “ at th d o i t a N d e t i n U e h t tary-General of security of Egypt, of eight other African countries”

0 se the of st Mo . 20) 1: 199 ts er ob flows (R , i e r o f h t i w , s m a d of hydroelectric

construction n a s e i r t n u o c g n i d n e l l a i t n e t o p e v i f y t some twen n e e r g e h t n i d e n entwi

o s l a is t p y g E of

m s n o i t a n e h t f o e n o is t p y g E n a r r r o F e t i d e M e h t ( l e v e l a e s n i e s i r a of

:

. s e i r t n u o c r e h t o of 165

diby btahle wparrosmpiencgt glo

includ

:

n o e c n e u l f n i s ’ y t i n a m u 6 h " y b m l a b d o e l c g u a d s t in c e p x e ) C C P I ( e g n a h C e t a m i l C n o l e n a P l u c i r g a mental cm per decade over the next century (Houghdtopnroda r g e v i t c u n a d evels of 6 e t a l u p o p y l e s n e d t s o m s ’ t p y g E f o h t f i f a s p a h r Pe from the Nubian ter

)

t ural areas could be flooded wit © n o i t r o p a n i a t b Egyptians o

d

-

phoring coun-

ee ie are

n a t p y g E r e d n u t f i r d t a h t d s r a r w e o f t i u s q l a a s o e t a w a e h d 10 poun s s e c c a t c e r i d h t i w s e i r t n u o c e h t f o t u B . ) 9 8 9 ties, In each e e s s i d a n o i t a g i r o f s m e t s y s l l e w r e t a w d Bike groun s n o i t a l l a t s n i r e h t r u f f o e e h T y l l a c i t s a r d d l u o c s n o i t c a r t x e e e ronda 1 9 9 1 ts e a q e n u d n a h s i k c a r b e c r u o s e r n e e file e i . e g r a h c e r o t s r a e y d n a s u o h t y t r i nt oblems ca? Coe

r p r e t a w e e r h t e s ‘Ther; as the n e m e g a n a m r o viron f n e s e t h c e p s l o i r a p ers realistic oe.

s e t c r u o s e r s n o i of t u t i t s n i n o i d t a v r e s n o c i e h t a i i , s d r o c c a Several l a n o tence i t a n secure existing inter help t© can furnj that mechanisms practical Thish Orati

for

. e c n a i l p m o c r e t s o f d n a tion

155

Opportunities and Challenges for Agriculture

157

the e ot om pr y ma y the h ic wh by ce er mm co of es pl sensitive to princi com l ona ati ern int the of sts ere int the d an interests of their own people, ce our res and ion vat ser con l ica log eco to rd ga re munity as a whole. With the ly imp ld wou on ti za ni mo ar “h t tha efficiency, some have tried to argue

ive lat imi ass the of s les ard reg . . . s rd da an introduction of identical st ers

greater environm e nta 1 awar eness and acti : v i ™m among consumers, work leaders aroun d the world

Oth ). 183 2: 199 r he sc au (R s” ce en er ef pr capacity of nature and of social rds nda sta y enc ici eff and on ti va er ns co y pl ap to ve mo the d ye ra rt po have ss cla any er ev en Wh . ers duc pro ed ish abl est by m is on ti ec ot pr as disguised ues iss e mat iti leg of k ris is re the , lly era lat uni d de el wi is ns of trade restrictio

2). 199 l ke un (D ts” nis tio tec pro de tra by ed pp na id “k being TT GA the by sed res exp ng currently bei

ns er nc co l ra nt ce o tw The de tra to d lie app rds nda sta y enc ici eff and on ti officials are that conserva not (2) and , hoe ad and l era lat uni not l, era gen d an on mm co be (1) should Penor s, ort imp and ds goo d ce du ro -p me ho the n ee l tw e be k n u D ( discriminate s r e n t r a p g in ad tr t n e r e f f i d to s t r o p x e d n a tween imports from ti : ns co s a m m e l i d o w t e s e h t s e v l o s t a h t d r o c c a n a h t i w p u e m o ' c an o e T d a r . t ) 2 9 nk 19 li to t r o f f e e h t h c i h w n o p u m e l b o r p n g i s e d c i g e t cee tutes the stra oe challenge real “The fail. or succeed to i a tra environment is apt between constructive alliance ”

a forge to “is observes Dunkel,

‘r on system trading multilateral the alization and strengthening on on the other. a n o i t c e t o r p l a t n e m n hand, and enviro

T

A

rends in International Comme rce

In Febru. ary 1992, Arth Telease of a discussion eat calling it the sremiottone>

and concerns about

GATT director general, announced the

Trade and the Environment

(GATT 19%)

s “first authoritative attempt” to address issues

y enc ici eff ce ur so re of rmalization fo ad el re P d an st environmental month: Gere the administration of international trade W lations. A few

28 es ur as Me l ta en nm ro vi En on p ou Gr the r, lie ear International Trade : also reconvened after two decades :

inactivity to assess wa the GATT ee t! ula reg ng ti is Ex s. on ti op e at ul rm fo d an ts ec sp ts “at TT GA under the Ge f dif y pl ap to ty ili xib fle the s ie tr un co ee a e to t en tm ea tr ential

necessary “to serpers A b) or, » f LOr reasons

Tesources”

s thi if es ur as me g in ct ri st re ead tr s and invoke

human, animal or plant life or health” (Article xk, “ i na tu ra l ex ha of us ti bl e co ns er th e va to ti on relating 1&8" ct

al ic hn ec “t es on nd co r he rt fu T T A G e Th . g) e e B e o ulations ; ty fe sa or th al he n a m u h “ of on ti animal or plant Pk s” for the protec

0 ic at im cl l ta en am nd fu t, en nm ro vi en e th , th al he or o ct fa geographical e GATT Standards Code), and allows subsidies is

(Article 2:2 of th

d oi av to r de or in ry st du “redeployment of in

congestion and envorirothnemental problems” (Article 11:1, f of the GATT

efficiency standards to impose with lessal stringent tarts standard s countries from goods of costs

see Inside U.S. Trade 20.9.91). Haavelmo and Hansen©

st

policy national ! a w efficient an protect to “Tariffs that g n ? h i t c u d e r as e d o e l u r e b t d o l n u ) o y h r s t s t u n d e n i i c i f f e n i n a t o n ( u s e r a « s t s o c l a t n e m n o r i v n e d i a p n U ’ . m s i Protection

t n u o m a t n a t . g — n s i t p r m o u o d t Price of exp s p a h r e ° p — ) P P P e ( l p i c rin the Polluter Pays P

ae

re

trator Pays Principle” —will be formally and fore’ r ; perational precepts and procedures ofmoss oe

and legal entities. Included among ¢ In ternational Finance

a teckonings about the hu

: va™ a scale, At the smallest Nike ara nd the world have demon ments in sound financial mana

ie

Opportunities and Challenges for Agriculture

159

are t tha e! rk ma om fr i o n a H as (2) d an s; se es oc of their production pr in the midst of structural reforms to implement

full-cost pricing” accord-

y da to e lif rt po im d an rt po ex s t’ yp Eg of t en rc pe 40 t fi to the PPP. Abou t ges lar gle sin o tw s t’ yp Eg 88 19 In y. it un mm Jed to the European Co

ee

1 11. h wit ly, Ita d an t, en rc pe 2 12. th wi , — destinations were the USSR ed it Un the re we s rt po im its of s ce ur so t es pee of the total. The two larg eae

e se A t. en rc pe 1 11. th wi y, an rm Ge d an lying 11.9 percent,

a aa the d an s, ort exp the of t en rc pe 27 erent of the imports (United Nations ovrc e eod n ee te a ce na most fo alt 18r pe 19 : i i i oa particule i self among the ee at a duced foods

ze): oject Support to adopt and comply “use conditions and practices. The World

published a three-volume Environmental

higher then

ae

ne

con l ica log eco d an cy en ci fi ef ce ur so i e e st mu ts uc od pr a for Egyptian e e e B of ns er nc co strategic economic command premium pnvél ee aie labor

conventionally produced foods) and they “intel eo 8D financial and employment adi

ae ost important

S OO are s er ag an on am t tha t ub do Bo ked, There is little e, uc od pr and y bu y the is We a s, er rk wo s, trading partners, consumer t © s es dn un so al ic og ol ec ing to weigh the . ee gr de t an ic if gn si a to t bu ly te lu so not ab

re u t l u c i i ™ g n A a i t p y g E g n i c Challenges Fa

country of $4 billion, the r € remains a US$3 billion current account er US$2 billion of which is deve mul and til ate for ral eig thr n up oug mad h e Opmen

t assistance (Wor Id Bank 1991b: 231). - on: The private sector fi nancial instit utions are also changing as cna mental standards take On increasing importance in appraisal of Gee s creditworthiness. This has been variously referred to as the Valdez be

or the Bhopal Effect.

This can seriously affect cash flow for indiv! al

firms, as well as for en tire industrial sectors and countries (Conklin oe :

1991: 112). In this eve nt, the borrower’ s ability to service debt is jeOP® ized, and sources

of new

credit disappear. The bulk of Egypt's for oe

commercial financing is with German and French banks, wh ich are aM 3 :

the leaders in developing procedures that reflect this new code of acco¥ pt ability. International Market Characteri stics

In addition to weighing current trends in the GA TT and amongie Bi tional financial institutions, Egyptian pr oducers may wish to consider © ing best to position themselves (1) in an ex : port market that is quickly nee 4 to distinguish commodities with regard to the ecological impacts and Ti

It follows from the preceding met

,

ae

nviro:

ae

efficiency standards applied Oe

criteria of international financial insti ete

demand could provide effective an to avert some

Shared freshwater supplies and he Be | “greenhouse B45

pected with continued increases in glo i, environmenta's collaboration in the conservation of al

and transecto

Instance, the strong shift of Egypt s 5; Wi years, toward generation systems i n g A

all co

a package deal, involving many InN/7™"

city supply sels, €0 red b fossil fu

country’s own strategic interests

in; having ris©. e: sea-level

methane, CFC) in the latter 19

a

Minimize the causal influences ©

al eee illio

CO2. The conservation ethic mes and s'

tough challenges for Egypt's &¢0”

jemente

Servation standards come to be a it is im.

More diverse enforcement chann? re in Various facets of the country’s pene conc Tespond, Among the most ubiqut

ae

asi

Opportunities and Challenges for Agriculture

Pesticides: Organochlorine

161

insecticides and fungicides are among the

most persistent and widespread toxic contaminants of water systems biocheminormal the impairing By 4). 1991: al. Canadaet ent (Environm

comand individual their things, living of cal and physiological functions tumors, cancerous deformities, increased for bined effects are responsible behavioral understood poorly as well as and reproductive abnormalities,

Egyptian in poisons on reliance 1980s, and 1970s the During changes. ae to left if been have would it than greater much was agriculture sce a government the 1980s early the in forces: market tional i a nee of peas 83 subsidize to year per US$200 million is i) ‘ a rates highest world’s the of one was This (Repetto 1985). 178) Der Bt spent government Egyptian pesticides: in 1982 the ced ee ra (Postel care health on did it than subsidies pesticide > a eaneer tae pesticide years ten last the Nevertheless, over

erage TTT MBE” active of kilos 7.6 averaging now by 25 percent, Fora tute : a Ore In as same the about is This cropland.

application intensity across Europe is still nee

per hectare (WRI 1990: 280-281). ae

a

and controls over

disposal of pesticide

of monitoring closer 4 os Me pro agricultural for pesticides the use of wastes, licensing and training of pesticide ae ‘ important factors in the Tiver and groundwater quality must be cons! ae and marketing strategies finance, trade, agricultural Egypt’s Positioning of for the 1990s.

Strategic Positioning

a es nu ve re rt po ex e, ns se In the broadest

manures that they ar

ter ; alm have ers farm tian Egyp rtiliZe : of their fe. 2 eal z sity ost doubled the inten ion between applicat

the mid-1970s and the mid-1980s. Now at 347 kilos

per hectare per year, this is 30 percen t more than the European averae” Although it remains comparable with some individual European COU” tries, Egypt neverth eless has the most fertilizer-dependent agriculturé -. status : : System of all the developj This 1). -28 280 : 1990 I (WR s ion nat ng opi p becomes a com ! on# ati ern int and s et rk ma key as ‘ ge ta an dv sa di e tiv eti 4 i Ss ogi ecol ed ciat asso the of nt lera into grow talt trading partners begin to change their ow# capi nce pna i e el and as importan P ee

Production systems. Among trade analysts, it is now considered that far oe farmers find it cheaper to forego sustainable soil conservation min & practices by adding subsidized chemical fertilizers to offset loss of topsoil and depletion of desirable soil properties, the true cost of non-sustainable cultivation practices is not taken into account in the choice of farming technology and input mixes (Hansen 1988: 16).

i a qu e th ng si ea cr in by or , ed rt po volume ex

e o s e n i r ve re fo of y it il ib ss po im l ca si hy biop a qu on ds y et te g in e in th in ta in ma e il s wh e m tion volu Suggests that sustainable develo €Xxports by boosting volume.

Should be to boost the quality oft

Egypt’s principal export markets are

ae

roduction me

to the ecological soundness of hes aed moreatne Processes to reduce pollution make

the e ity. It may be

tute an actual improvement in the date that the, agricultural assistance programs ie Mics, such as

3 ae ble ora fav lly ica log eco discouraging Support programs are tied to output i redom Production for domestic demand, the ae

tional smallholder family farms that PI

Opportunities and Challenges for Agriculture

163

1991. Edited by L.R. Brown et al. New York: W.W. Norton, 1991

; nm Enviro the and tion Integra The mic Econo al ent: Rauscher, M. “Internation . ”» Case of Europe,” in The Greening of World Trade Issues. Edited by K a Anderson and R. Blackhurst. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1992

i ‘Economi nomic Aspects of Groundwater De Inage in the Nile Valley,” in Groundwatr 10 ‘

and A. Gurgui. Amsterdam: Elsevier,

Washe Onritit ing Develop in es Subsidi de Pestici Price: the Repetto, R. Paying : 1985. e, Institut ces Resour ington, D.C.: World 19-20. 1991, August 124, No. South: Still,” Run Waters “Deep Roberts, H. k. Yearboo s Statistic Trade tional Interna 1989 Office. ical Statist United Nations ic Econom ional Internat of ment Depart , Nations Vol I. New York: United and Social Affairs, 1991. Trade. outh North-S of Patterns the and Costs ce Walter, I. Environmental Resour Paper prepared for WCED, 1986. res, Procedu Policies, I: Vol book. Source World Bank. Environmental Assessment for nes Guideli III: Vol nes; Guideli l Sectora II: Vol Issues; l ectora CrossS and ton, Washing . Projects y Industr and Energy of ment Assess Environmental ; a. 91 19 , nt me rt pa De t n e m D.C.: World Bank, Environ b. 91 19 s, es Pr ty si er iv Un s in pk Ho s hn Jo e: or im lt Ba . 91 19 s, World Tables es Pr ty si er iv Un rd fo Ox : New York

s. ce ur so Re d rl Wo e. ut it st In World Resources 1990.

vironment.

2. 199 e, ad Tr H S. and velmo, T., by Expanding rie ae

Economic Developm

o

G

5

9

? Agr l era Gen the of at eneva: Secretari

y lit qua Ine ce du Re to ing Try of “On the Strategy

Human Activity,” in Environmentally ‘Sustainable

# nd, dla Goo R. by ted Edi . nd la dt un Br on ng di il Bu t: en : pm c S_ - El El-Serafy. Washi

? Ps De t en nm ro vi En , nk Ba d rl Wo C: D. n to ng hi as y n n a P e e Hantens» ©s ‘ Structural Adj . ainable Development. P. aper Daly, 2 and

commissioned b:

djustment Programs and Sust

the for P) NE (U m ra og Pr t en nm ro vi En ns io at e e annual session of ae e‘O mmittee of International Development Institutions

1988, June , Bank ld Wor The : D.C. n gto hin Was IE), ip n(c ma Fa on, Hought Scieniaee: - Jenkins, and J.J. Ephraums. Climate Change: The pce j

on the

MacLaren of

Jp

ssment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

stt Mini : ada Can e, dal low Wil 1. Vol. y. Stud a zal os et ntal. Lake Man LF. pme Dev,elo and United Nations Develoa

Communities, Egypt,

opment Bue Matthews , G., and H. Contreras-Manfredi. “Sustainable Development, Credit on

worthi iness, and Qualit< y of Lif2 e.” Washington, D.C., 1989. Mimeographed.

poe 3 n. io at gr te In r fo s ie : it lt un cu ri rt Ag po Op . : CD es ci li Po l ta en nm ro vi Pie CD. a god En 2 “T, ” E. Petersmann, i i Avs Pol “Trade T T,” GAT E. the on, and cy Poli e Te senwirtschaft, 19 S Post el, S., and C. Flavinin. . « “ReshapiBng the Global Economy,” in State of the World

-

14 The Uruguay Round of d an ns io at ti go Ne al er at il Mult Egyptian Agriculture h a t t a F l e d b A n u o m a Mohamed Ma isthe eighth round t on Tariffs and

Trade) came into being in 194

g din tra ld wor the of rge cha in ion zat ani org the r, ve system; it is, howe e th of t n e c r e p 95 r e v o g n i r e v o c s e i r t n u o c r e b m e m 8 0 system. It has now 1 ” s, ie rt pa ng ti ac tr on “c e th ed ll ca e ar T T A G in s r e b e v a h s aed trade. Mem r e b m e m d n a , n o i t a z i n a g r o e th of e r u t f a f n i r l a a u t t c a r f t n o o c e e th l of u d e h ecause c s 4 g n i t t i m b u s ) 1 ( h g u o r h t p i h s r e b m T m e 1 T m A G r e i h g t e n y h i b t d i b a s ) ion and (2 uctr rEPede o i t a i t o g e n of s r a e y t h g i e t u o b a k o o t It . y c i . l 0 po 7 9 1 n i ip

, e d a r t e s i d n a h c r e m f o s e p y t l l a h t i w l a e d o i t a z i s l e a l r c e i b i t l r a e d a r t f y o a i t a n G e t x e l l G u f f o e h althoughi t s t r o d f f e e v i e e c h e t r t o e n t i p s s t i e a D h , s d n . u e o d e r r u s u t o i agricul n i e gricultur

h s r e b m e m gain its

a n i e d a r t problems of

Agriculture remained wit

se t ne ag es of ti xi le mp co e th e of s u a c e , b or he industrial sect : olici ad tr l a n o i t a n r e t n i d n a eee ° n f o s e p y t l al d e r e t n ae s and encou ™ ? an s n o i t r o t s i d e d a r t of y t e i r a v a eg dman c a f y developed and developing countnit affectin

s. lt su re ve ti si Po S ave

n g a t t e h t d e s a e r c n i e v a h s e i r t n u o c d O e H S p : o s l a e v s e e D d o c de : Sidies e re th t las the in the prog> ressively ly in if dles 92 19 12, er mb ce De t, is om on Ec e 1gures, cited in Th

The Uruguay Round and Egyptian Agricu lture

167

engages about 37 percent of the labor force; and contributes about 20

percent of export earnings as well as important inputs to the manufact

ing sector. The importance of agriculture to the Egyptian econom islkel to increase in the future because of the positive effects of fee. adopted by the government since 1986 to restructure the sector, in cooperation with international financial institutions and within the framework of a comprehensive structural reform and economic liberalization program. The new agricultural policy based on decentralization and deregulation has to be viewed in the light of overall macroeconomic policies, where it affects and is affected by the economic reform policies such as liberalization of trade, exchange rate, interest rate, reducing the fiscal

deficit, and privatization. the of fav or in bia sed wer e pas t the in Egy pt Agricultural policies in

of obj ect ive s soci al the on foc usi ng con sum er, industrial sector and the

to led poli cies The se pric es. low at providing the people with foodstuffs beh avi or. con sum er and inv est men t, pro duc in tio n, dramatic changes

pict ure This pop ula its tio n. fee d to foo d eno ugh Until 1970 Egypt grew the of one bec ome has Egy pt and yea rs has changed in the last twenty bill so i : 5 : s 2 major food importing countries. The quite ural import agricultvulnerab © le to international

US$3.7 billion in 1990, and became

e

Im

.

eae

Hee

a

1

access through, inter alia, the reduction of im-

the competitive environment by increasing discipline 0?

1 use of direct and indirect subsidies and other measures affecti"B directly or indirectly agricultural trade, including the phased tedU

ton of their negative effects and dealing with their causes

Minimizing the adverse effects that sanitary and phytosanitary

i t, poultry, fish, : ee com, s and Ms! lentils. It can : be prices. Th e imports covered wheat, ’ wheat flour, d i a S G I e ev d n a , s l i o , s l e i o bl di le ib ed r, ga su su , , s t c u d o dairy pr Sin ae i

t e L r ai si su t o n n a c e r u t l u c i r g a n a i t p y g aporgpuueldatithonat wEhile agricultural resources ate limited: cu these Scarce resources.

The bias against agriculture was Te Measures:

f , The average

no more than 1 percent nee

Punta del Este declaration in September 1986. A draft agreement was submitted to the negotiators for acceptance in December 1991. Some

imports is estimated to be arO products received tariff pro

The exchange rate—on which the

details in this agreement have yet to be finalized. It must be mentioned—

19 percent, W

“

l a u t c a s it of d r i h t e n o was almost rected only in October 1991.

text the pt acce to sion deci l tica poli the t and it is quite well known—tha the of Act l Fina the in ) ent eem agr the of rest the (and on agriculture Uruguay Round is still pending.

0 0 £ r o f s e i d i s b u s r e Consum

© s t r o p m g i n i z i d i s b u s y l p m i s Were

r e m r a f n g i e r o f e h t to s e i d Si

Egypt: Agriculture’s Changing Role its share in the gross domestic product (GDP)

: d y te rl ec fl clea in the

l u c i r g a c i t s e m o d o t _— ale * Very low protection was give n some food products—©-8:» wheat and COM tarif © ona

Negotiations under the Uruguay Round have been held since the

is about 20 percent; i

tilize

a? sc e ar s e c r u o s e r r e t a w ; s teached its limitation p: ca e th ed sh ni mi di d ha s er uc od pr t - bias agains

regulations and barriers can have on trade in agriculture, taking into account the relevant international agreements

ntz sé pre At y. nom Agriculture in Egypt plays an important role in the eco

a

Eey

(Dethiey 1991). According to 4 Wo!

eth

100 perce?

ce

t.

eca

The Uruguay Round and Egyptian Agriculture

169

t or pp su on s nt me it mm co h ug ro th d te ia it in be d e e reform process woul a re mo and ed en th ng re st of t en hm is bl ta es e th d an protection effective GATT

t ia be to are s ive ect obj e es Th s. ne li ip sc di rules and

; ess acc et rk ma (1) as: are r fou in s nt me it mm co ic if ec sp h ug plemented thro

on t en em re ag (4) and n; io it et mp co rt po ex (3) s iou t; var or pp to su en giv be ic to st is me do rd ga (2) re e Du . ues iss y ar it an os yt ph sanitary and nts for: me it mm co me su as ey th en wh groups of countries

mers with inputs, such such as puts, se ecte d seeds, at subsidized prices, but this did negative m easures on farmers’ incomes and

ty ri cu se od fo d an ns er nc co e e Nontrad s ie tr un co ng pi lo ve de to t en tm e Special and differential trea rm fo re e th of s ct fe af ve ti ga ne le ib ss po e th t un co ac to in g n e Taki s ie tr un co g n i p o l e v e d g n i t r o program on net food-imp — d e l t t e s n e e b s ha t n e m e e r g a t f a r d e h t of e g a r e v The product co o m r a H e th of 24 to 1 s r e t p a h c e d u l c n i o t — s n o i s s n ai after prolonged discu rt ce us pl , n o i t a c i f i s s a l C or e r u t a l c n e m o N s m o t s u C f o m e t s y S d e h d n a nized , n o t t o c s, in sk d n a s e d i h , l o o w e k i l , s t c u d o r p l a r u t l u c an i sh fi s e other agr d u l c x e e g a r e v o c e h T . s g n i d a e h f f i r a t r e h t o r c a t e k r a m r e h t o that fall unde of n i a m o d e th in d te a e r t e b l l i w y e h t fish products as cess commitments.

Market Access

: ng wi lo : g in ow ll fo e th to d e t t i m m o c e ar t n e : m e e r g a e th g n i t p e c c a s Countrie

external environ

a

ment

3

:

a

es ci li po d by e t c e f f a be e to u n i t n o c nd will

measures adopte d by other countri es.

be on the level applied in Sep

: t country before 1970 to n e i c i f f u s h c f l g e s n s ’ i a m t e p o b e y r g g f n E a . 5: of the largest importers

Ing one

necessaril:

ci

Ps e n a c ty du at th s n a e m in GATT language le du he sc ei th in d e t t i m b u s s ie what countr a me r he ot to t ec bj su e ar h c i h w s t c u d o r p r . Fo Will be

of foodstuffs in the world, is nol

the of bec aus e also but alo ne pol ici es eines of its domestic ava ila bil ity eco cice Ss Pate at subsidized prices. Developed countries By eee a tes d that their policies have harmed agriculture in many Beatie, aie True, Egyptian consumers have enjoyed che4P Cae

He

i nas

rs ie rr ba e s e h t — s r e i r r a b f nontarif a o t e es Th . es ustoms duti verted into c

ma or sf an tr is Th s. ar ye n ve se percent over s e a h c i h w s e i t i l a d o m by and is calculated

and society in general have paid a high coe

tion” P t r o p m i ) F I C ( e h t ? e e w t e b ce en , t e k r as the differ a m c i t s e m o d ale price in the

pa » Egyptian agricultural exports have been affected by e of barriers, both tariff and nontariff. The potential is greal S : b i t and uc od pr al ur lt port fruits cu ri for Egypt to expo ag r he ot d an tic egetables

sorieiacc

age wholes

1986-1988.

if these barriers are At

e i r t n u g o n c i p o l e v - The de

w o l l a e r a y : e t h n t treatme f o e t a r e h t d n a s r a e y n e t of

The Negotiations

etree

Th

a term objective set out in the draft GATT a

-

.

.

a fair and market-oriented

agreement is t0

agricultural trading system. The

?

a

t A ? ri The ta ffication and reduction com. ‘i

e sp A . on ti uc od pr Jury to agricultural

Economic Aspects

ulated in the te xt to allow co untries to use it if needed.

The Uruguay Round and Egyptian Agriculture

Sanitary Measures

Domestic Support

The draft agreement on agriculture incorporates a separate agreement on

of right the re ensu to gned desi is It es. sur mea y tar ani tos phy and tary sani every country to draft and apply rules for the protection of human, animal, of ns ntio inte uise disg to se misu bit inhi also s rule r, eve How life. t and plan

rnainte ing rict rest for s trie coun n wee bet unjustifiable discrimination tional trade.

e ad Tr al ur lt cu ri Ag s t' yp Eg d an Reform in s su en ns co l na io at rn te in e th to y rt pa ve ti ac an n e e b g n Egypt has lo t e n e Th e. ad tr al ur lt cu ri ag in m r o f e r of s s e c o r p GATT to start the e i s t' yp Eg n ru t or sh e th n ti bu n, ru ng lo e th in s t s e r e t n i would serve its e h t m o r f g in lt su re es ic pr d se ea cr in h g u o r h t y l e s r e v d a bill will be affected sats : : ee ies ie like

support b

countries ee €rcent over seven years from 1993 to 1999. Developing thatthedene ae to reduce two-thirds of that 20 percent. Ifitis found Stic subsidy does not exceed 5 percent of the total value of pr oduction

devel

g Si? it willie notb tor educti i ction commitmen ts J ). e€ subject

eee

Beara

Seay

aes er

a

en! in

(10p ercent

aie of domestic support are subject to reductions. The a

: t of subsidies which are exempt from the reduction

= aes

government general services in the areas of i

nd cisease control, training, transfer of information tg os consumers, infrastructure, and inspection, marketins; ‘a

E otion. They also include payments by governments to improve! ; imcome of producers, but it should not be linked to ty pe oT volute : production (decoupled income support); insurance and relief from natUf disasters; structural adjustment assistance; and environmental progt a Export Competition

Export subsidies are forbidden under the GATT. However, a numbet 2 conflicts and disputes have arisen in past years because “certain prim

Products” were allowed for. This exemption led to all types of expe subsidies in agriculture.

Countries accepting the agreement are committed to reduce ney export subsidies by 36 percent of the 1986-1988 level over a period oi seven years from 1993. Developing countries are allowed ten years an 24 percent (i.e., two-thirds of the 36 percent). A The agreement lists the export subsidies subject to reduction commit ments and defines each measure in a manner designed not to be subject

to misinterpretation in the future.

prod major the in especially subsidies, elimination of ins Research EEC. the of members States and the United t Te 3 : up, butUe estimates 1 ) go will prices that agree tions internat ional organiza io is that the rise will be almost Sr s a e e o t ar en sc le ib ss po differ about how much. A

30 percent. This could a an additional US$1 billion eula ce du re d vo h e L w ne the h ug ho lt —a fs uf bill for the import of foodst

Ge in rs to ia ot eg e re ag ft dra e th in d ne io nt me on ti ec in support and prot ‘ 0 an ti yp Eg e Th n. io ll mi 00 $3 US t ou ab to te this estima neva convinced the GATT negotiating srOue that Egyp

loser from the reform program in agricul ld ou sh ys wa , od ri pe al on ti si an tr e th ng Duri r og pr rm fo re e th of s ct fe ef ve ti ga ne le ib ss Po

be

fen

e o a 0 p to '$ t yp Eg . od fo of s that are net importer

s ie tr un co s te Bi n8 pi lo ve de tas Je d an ng pi lo ve de ht ig ‘wenty-e l Fe an by ns io at ti go ne e es th in ed in jo s wa Egypt the same problems—Jamaica, Mexico,

‘os of theit j

countries worked hard to convince other coumate be imple

They asked for a package of measures thay » velopment org' i oe, d an l ia nc na l fi na io at rn te in th wi n io at oper

blai These measures should have two mainandoba s nt l bil on the import

Increased prices “nhance the capacity to increase agricultura eat

OF) e es Th . wg e th n io at er id ns co to in ng ki ta , Production s: ie tr un co ng pi lo ve de st mo in or ct se al ur lt Cu achieved

through:

an

resources ancial * Provision of increased fin ance a8 bilaterally and multilaterally, 1090

The Uruguay Round and Egyptian Agriculture

173

ture. As regards the financial difficulties, the GATT has referred th

matter to the international financial institutions, to be dealt with tnd

either existing or new facilities. Negotiations between the GATT, the IMF, and the World Bank are continuing to see how best to coordinate this matter. It is also envisaged that these countries will be given market to them help so and earnings export their increase to opportunities access

pay for imports. s, on ti ga li ob me su as ld ou ts sh an ip ic rt pa l al s at The draft stipulate th me su as d ul wo t yp y. Eg it il ib ex fl le tt li s a e i r t n u but gives developing co d n, an io at ic ff ri ta of s es oc pr e th d an s ff ri obligations in the reduction of ta

g in be is is Th n. io it et mp co rt po ex d an t r o p p u s c i t s e m o d of s a e r a e in th t en es pr e th t un co ac to in g n i k a T s. ie it or th au n a i t p y g E e th by d e i stud ct fa e th n ve gi d an , y m o n o c e e th g in ur ct ru st re d n a g n i z i l a r e b i l of es polici y

ma , it h g i h t no is t yp Eg e in ur lt cu ri ag r n fo that support and protectio e th ng ri du t me be ly si ea n ca ed ir qu re s n o i t a g i l b o e th at th said safely be

next ten years.

The Transition It

e

not

1s

ce

7

a

reform the of because up go will prices that Ttain PBra ogl ra : w orld productioi n willi ad ami just to the new market situatio| n may go down and stabilize. : m o The c es do d an s r e t t a m e d a r t to d e t c i r t s e r is T T A G of n e o t s i otego eae ws € domain of other international organizations. nn g n i t r o p m i d o o f t e n “ a of n o i t i n i f e d d e e r g a l ul y l -s l lf a r se e e n m e o g c e B b d n ” a . y e r g han c couent ue y a m y r t n u o c a , s e d i s e ee

b a r A i d u a S ke li s e i r t n u o c h c i r , r e e v o e r 5 o M a i can sua In this group, although they are able to pay increas ices

a

@

pay 11

which countries would pay the cost of this package? .

4 ct fe ef to in t u p to d e t a e r c e S not clear how a mechanism can b ion4

at rn te in of er mb nu a es lv vo in it e package, especially wher organizations. eee es

ra cee

ae

rg de un is h ic wh e, ur lt cu ri ag n a i t Itis clear that Egyp

y ua ug Ur w ne e th by ed changes, will be affect will no longer be available. agriculture. Cheap food

: t n, io pt um ns co , on ti uc od pr n e e w t e b interrelationship agriculture vee n a i t p y g E e. iv ct pe rs pe on a different n. io at tu si t e k r a m l na io the new internat

Ft

uction W:

on e c n e d n e p e d r te ea gr g in lv vo in n io at Situ

On imports.

ju ad ll fu r fo od ri pe on ti si an tr e Th

years. Egyptian policymakers have to

ke ma to d an s rt po ex to prepare for increasing

Competitive.

e disciplines on export subsidies. Finally, a comproms '

orm of a declaration—was included in the draft agr' eemen

ensure that the result of the Uruguay Round does not adverselY ae ect the availability of necessary food aid to the net food-importing countries and the least-developing countries. This would be achiev?

t® opra appr at or t gran full as er eith on, enti Conv Aid Food the through

and l nica tech give to ns isio prov udes incl text The s. term onal essi conc financial assistance to improve agricultural productivity and infrastruc

ye) but

li foreign markets, not only to increase volumes (an diiscnipe ex a e th at th d te no be so al ld ou sh . It ts uc od New pr 4 an ti yp Eg e k a m to lp he ll wi 'n other countries

difficulty came from countries that feared food aid could

ure. The language of the text provides for establishing mecha

oe

ihe

Dethier, Jean-J acques. “Agricultur of Agricultural Pricing Policy.

©

- John!

Wort Alberto Valdés. Vol.3. Baltimor Agricult Bank. “Arab Republic of Egypt: July 1992. A Draft Report. Washington, D.C::

iis The Social Sustainability of Induced Development: Culture and Organization a e n r e C . M Michael s ha ms ra og pr t en pm lo ve de d ce du in of ty li bi na ai st su e th r fo n r e c n o c The al tu ec ll te in e th r, ve we Ho . de ca de st la e th er ov d se ea cr in y e c si ba its of o tw ly on to d te mi li y el rg la ll sti is ty li bi na ai st su t ou ab pe mensions di o tw e es th d, te an Gr nmental. ro vi en d an ic om on ec ~ a irm te de r jo ma ly on e th t no e ar o tw e es th ly te ni fi de e t th bu of e n e io p at nt ie or e s th A te ia ec pr ap I y wh is This e th . ty li bi on na ai st su te ba de oe ed dg le -f ll fu a ed ud cl in ey Th . ce en n er nf a co i t p e th y g E of f o t n e m ganizers p o l a e v e d e l b a n i a t s u s f o s Cc t n s e m a n r o g p o r m p o c t l n a e i m c p o o s l e d v n e a d l a n r e u ult because ev e l b m u t s y l e t i n i f e d y a m d n

o n e r a y e h t f i e l b m u r c y l l k n a B and eventua d l r o W e h t n i s e u g a e my coll

f o e e = ility have made a some e id whethe

Pers

s k o o l t n e m p o l e v e d e l at sustainab m o n o c e e h t m fro

it e t a l p m e t 4 2). Th 9 9 1 Tyou con l a t e y l a D ; 1 9 9 1 y r h s A growth, (El

e m o n o c e pective g n i t a r e l e c c ) ie te a n o ; s e e r c o n t s e u eq s n o more c l a t awa n e m n o r i v n e e s r e v efgea d n a : e e l h t b u i g r ‘ s a s t o a o t p n th w e o e h i n t k y e r s a t s i i m s o Peafnfec’ Econ ? ¥ , n o i t a d a r g e d l a i c o s e , t n a o s i n t e u p l m l o o c p e k i l , h t w o r g of n f thi so forth, SO and UP cleaning for Onrenewable resources, pay Hs abilit surplus f0 ae pro '© growth-generated technology the of of power ment, or through the on the Much

exhau Stible materials. The environmentalist, ; r u o s e r je lim; nonten®

Size the

n i t n e r e h n i s n o i t a e t e i m i l l a t s n e e n m n co o r i v n e l a t n e m e r a h c n i e w f o t a t e tenance ea environmental services = s i B O l e o h i t c o s e ¢ of h t n o i s s u c s i d “4 s i h t 4 n i t a h t i e ° v 0 e 1 i n y l w t i O l i b TVbv e ™ i a t s u s t a h ! t n e m e u g r a o t p o l e v Sice' and e d Pers e l b a n i a t s u s , y l e m a n : e v Pecti 177

The Social Sustainability of Induced Development

179

n ma the e, pl am ex r Fo t. en pm lo ve de of r ge ig tr st mo the fore

i a c er oth or , nk Ba d rl Wo the projects financially assisted by

bilateral donors, are a case in point: they are programs in which the injection of exogenous financial resources is intended to accelerate the

pace of development. ms ra nt og me pr rn ve go ch y su n , a r m at e th v , e d w e o v h r e s b n It has bee o s ce ur so l re ia nc na s u fi o n e g o x e of ow fl in e th hardly survive the day when ue in nt ed co to ct pe t n ex e is at m p th o l e v h e c d n u a g l n to i m i e a l ends. Whi

Recognizing the

not a simple add-on

to ble una ve pro ms ra og pr me so m, ra og pr al gin ori the of e ur os after the cl how is s Thi e. tim d ite lim a nd yo be t, en pm lo ve bring about continuous de

seSub . ion ent att to me ca st fir ty ili nab tai sus the question of long-term tilegi who ts, lis nta nme iro env by ed rc quently, this concern was reinfo nt pme elo dev in up d use are ces our res l ra mately pointed out that if natu ite fin ir the d, ewe ren be can ces our res ter than these programs at a rate fas

are y the t en pm lo ve de y ver the de lu ec pr character will undercut and s, itis ne making

nt me gu ar r he ot d an e es th of possible. As a result

e o e o ds ar gu fe sa c i m o n o c e d an l a t n e m n o r i v n e at being recognized th n lo e th nd te ex to t n e m p o l e v e d g n i c u d n i r fo s m a r g o r p to in built

conference h

:

ad two plenary sessions for them rather than only one made

it possible to discuss the © i Issues more comprehensively. Under the rubric ‘ social Sustainabi lity,” the aspects most frequently mentioned are patticipati Fen “ r e d n u ; ity equ d n a on l sustainabDbil. ra tu ul : “c r l de i t un y y; it qu e nc Tefere 1s made to values and the need to recognize cultural diversity: . In line wi

. u L p e e m e m r m i m e i é m m : r a n e — m s n n o i m s n e m m i d e d e TcoancneptEaof rorganizational aan y discuss concept

mt

of o

strategies, an!

. t n e m n o l r a i l n v a o i n y i c t e t o e i s h a s f t z n o i e d n a g Cr

eee hau

see,

t n e m p o l e v e d f o Y. SE HE

ei

a t o n e b t s u m s e i g e t a r t s t n e m p o l e v e , d y t i l i b a n i a t s u s ’ n o i . t e a v z i i n s a n g e r t O n i n o i t ensive, but also organiza social environments

with high

d e t c u r t s n o c to d a e l S degrees of orSgEaEnizational density. The higher the organizational density

e r i u q e r e h , t d y n g a o l o n , h n c o e i t t a z i n a g n r e o e w t e b t fi e h r t e t t e b e h t d an

ment for managing natural resources, the higher the likelihood for sustain” able development.

Induced Development in Agriculture

When we discuss the sustainability of development, we refer most ofte? be can what to much so not and t opmen devel ing induc to programs for called spontaneous development. By induced development I have in min ments; govern by ively purpos ted initia are which development programs 4 ces resour ial financ use which and like, the development agencies, and

Sustainability of this development. Indeed, since these progr Saal Rae n° incorporating of ibility i made, t hey must contain the possibility ble adverse effects of i ss po e th t ns ai ag s rd ua fe sa so tives to growth, but al nner

e th all s es dr ad to as a m a ch su in l e n e i s s d be to t h g u o y e h T . growth e pm lo ve de n e h W . t n e m p o l e ensions of lasting dev key dim r o n e v r e t n i t n e m n r e v o g d e n n a l p h g u o r h t d e t a r and accele sé e, bl ra du s rd wa to ad le s on ti en rv te in ch d su n a at th f e i r re b to ensu l l a c n a c e w t a h w e s u a c y l p m i s t o n — t n e m p o l e v e d long-term y l n b ea a b o r p is s . €phemeral develo pment spurts

an can ment Plop a puree gh throu t opmen devel al Agricultur veDtinter = n? sustai which in nces one of the clearest insta aie sociocultural, Must be achieved through balancing the des Hons so that they address, simultaneously, the Ora rhe conference environmental, and technical dimensions of cea (earal nt pme elo dev ural cult agri s pt’ Egy to ted ica ded Was fess ae for ical crit ain °r my argument from a dom

a irmig of nt pme elo dev t: Egyp and of high priority in

Severnment programs.

exper;

4

in d te la mu cu ac ve ha we e nc ie *Per

ues

e o W e h T . s t c e irrigation proj i e a p g n i c n a rigation, by fin

ineteataaae ir e a y h p h t i w , r e v e w o H . s m e t s y s n o i ° f h t i s W t n e m e g n a r r a l a n o i t u t i t s n i ce. e h t t u O i: able ue ke ta ot nn ca t en pm lo ve de n io at ig Ur is

The Social Sustainability of Induced Development

181

velopment strategies, not only technology-intensive strategies, Develop-

ment aid agencies have long been concerned with technology transfer and have emphasized technology-intensive aid strategies. Many developin countries, inspired by this model, have formulated their own plans i technology-intensive plans. But technology, no matter how advanced, patadequate within embedded unless potential full its cannot actualize it. maintain and use, sustain, to apt organization—patterns social of terns less no is patterns socio-organizational such Creating and strengthening be to seen is organization if Indeed, itself, technology important than the potential, human enhances it if development, for a strategic resource then synergy, maximizing actions, collective mobilizing people toward

increase to way direct a is society in building up the levels of organization the effectiveness of development strategies. degree the is strategy development a of The organizational intensity

ou large-scale irrigation systems. The abS undermined many a program and hasled

€ven collapse, of the physical structures of

Users m

4

e g a n a m e h t e t in a p i c i t r a p y o l t e v i t c e l l o d c e z i n a n g a n e t n i a m €nt and authorities, Ny, Segoe ap ie wala te ac me of water user organizations results not only in the cibsonwe Gi wae be

ust

organi

capacity organizational building for of presence or absence of provisions being are alternatives development When strategy. or program that into

t a h W , k s a o t e t a m i t i g e l is it , y t i l i b a n i a t s u s y l e k i l f o s m t r a e h w t o n T i ? y d g e e t t a r a t l s p , t a h t r o contem , s i h t f o y t i s n e t n i l a n o i t a z i n a g r o r o f f s o e e e r s g n e o d i s i e v h o t r p is e d u l c n i a e p g a k c t n e m p o l e v e d r a l u c i t r a a p a a y l s e a o e d r a t s n o i t exten p o s t n e m t s e v n i s u o i r a V b ? p 0 u s 1 u o d i l r a i v u f s b o d n a l l m a a oanrdgantihezyatiaoren likely to have organization de

nt” obsof also in isthetheabsetotal activitiofes,maibut mai nte nan ce ofcemai nte n “cu ltu re ity ntenance The culture awe na etn

n o . t i e t m a z e b i n o t a g d r e o e n s i s h d t n a m e g d n i e r s e u s Th a e m r o f s k c s i s t e s d s r s a a y o t s u o r e o g d i r a m o n e b e r a t s u e r m e s t n _ Th e m g d u j l a c i b t a y l a n a e v e i h t a T t i l a u q , . intensity. Often development

that can influen

u s a e m e s i c e r p f o e senc

Stag Donec eens ona ia

sanct ions and rewa rds, mec han ism s, es, enforcement

destructive practices. is

beeen

Teen

a ee

Bate

eoaee

Tanne a:

Reining Teas

ee

ee, ee

ae

PONTCES) PenanAne

°

Aas

ant ta

are not the only development projects to nee

sustainability. Similar situations occur in 0°

ategies and any conclusions must be formulated ig 7

er, namely,

i mee

referring to the importance

eg resource

for development.

Two

of organiza

concepts—™""

t—have direct relevance: organizational intensity and oe of

Ne 4 wrot I e that pape r ina con cep ts thes e to Bote Ireferred

me poe

pment”

A

Organizations and Institution Building for Sustaliaee

(Cernea 1987), and I would like to elaborate them

suggest them for broader examination.

y t i s n e t n I l a n o i Organizat

al ci so of ks oc bl ng di il bu e th te la mu cu ac What I propose first, is that to gn organization-intensive de-

and cultural sustainability, we need to desi

d n a , e g n a h c , n o i t a e r c n o i t a z i i n s a s g o r P o . r y o t f I d e e the n rements, I admi

p o l e v e d y l l a u t n e v e l l i w s n o i t a otfhatorgwaenizdo not yet have quantified © y t i s n e t n i d n a t n e t n o c l a n o i t a Srganiz

. e z i n a g r o o t d e e n e h t f o n t o c a i e t h l a t g i e c n o s g s n a o e e r v r t i o s e t c h n t s a r t e s d b s Shuon studie un t n o i t u t i t s n s i e / l a n o i t a z i n a y g t r i o l d an ustainabi omic s

o t l a i t n e s s e is it t a h t e d Conclu y t i s n e t n i l a n o i t a z i n a g r o s fo 't

: t e m p o l e v e d h c a e e n i m a ex a n o o l a and organization

n e t n o c l a n o i t a z i n a g r o f o y t i s n e t n i e h T t «mulation. e m a r o t le indica

b a t p e c c a d n a th an effective a f o y t i l i b i s a e f d n a y t i l i b a t i u S © tioi nal

ent

give? develodpevelop: ! iintens!'i Y

of

a z i n a g r H s approP o e h t g j n i t s I a e . s t n e m t s ally Incr e v n i additional s n e e u o en w o h t u o b a n w o n k s i e a e s t n u o m a t s a v d n e p s o t e f ef in iv)

y l b a t i f o r p d n a y l e v i l ‘ e a

to invest 9

e i t c i r s y a h p P n o y e of mon e b m o p r o i f atio’

organiz

s o p p o s a ( n o i t a z i n a g r o e t of adequa ry high:

e v y l l a u s u e r a ) n o i t a z i n

bat

18

The Social Sustainability of Induced Development

3

tent with such norms: in other words, the socialization of the actors, more specifically of the productive agents, towards a normatively regulated ; t)

sound economic behavior.

[assume that even those economists who may belittle concerned with

cultural sustainability would nevertheless recognize the importance of

legal frameworks for the functioning of free markets. society the legal frameworks are a constituent part of are else what ed, Inde ure. cult call sts ogi pol hro ant and the by d lize iona itut inst are that ms than cultural nor

But again, in any what sociologists legal frameworks state? I believe,

ed -nos hard most the with even , that ut abo therefore, that we can agree

inof ty bili aina sust l tura ocul soci the economists, and argue jointly that ronenvi or omic econ the than ant ort imp duced development is not less mental sustainability. References

onal density can increase ti za ni ga or returns to producers. Multi sin mer far p of l ip e sh er mb o me r al g & on a ti za ni he : Tganizations is a characteristi c whi ch varies from one cultural setting '° another. For instance in ies iet soc al rur of y it ns de al on ti za ni ga or e th , Thailand

3

a

in t tha an th er gh hi ly ab er id ns co is a the rural eas € Republic of Kore ed ur as me be n ca y it ns De l. ga ne Se or a, di In , ia an nz Ta in s 1e so h ug ro th

i n aa ma s r e b m e m le ip lt mu eble lithkeus far confirm the correlation and bolur See fesergaee: meavas aila Seeiioe

o ti za 14 ni tion that orga ies a ic i i teg str t en pm lo ve de e iv ns te in y ll na g are superior.

Another cultural dimension of sustainability in agricultural develop”

role the is on menti to want I at al—th gener in t opmen devel in ment—and relationship between organization and no of values and norms and the

of variety entire the to refer I e cultur a of part as norms enforcement. By

values and rules, ranging from the informal to the more formal ones, from

Huma? ies. activit mic econo to n pertai customary to legal rules, which step either obey lg activities are infused with norms, and people at every

ive conduc more norms n certai are extent transgress them. To what prote®

are that norms those y, Clearl ties? activi sustainable development tive of the

environment,

support

thriftiness and

honesty,

defen

e 4% e —thes forth so and t, suppor l mutua of value the assert property, activ" tion produc nable sustai and necessarily conducive to more effective

e? pm lo ve de of ty li bi na ai st su al ci so ities. Increasing the cultural and n of attitudes cons!* io at iv lt cu e iv os rp pu e th e, or ef programs implies, ther

:

te

i r e S t n i r p e R k n a B d l r o W ” . t n e u g o l a i able Developm D t n e m 1 Develop

ernea, Michael M.

t

;

!

Repriate 4 with

“Farmer Organizations and Ins era

er 1987,

1-24.

Peasant Organizations.

permission from Directions of Change:

Realities, Edited by Mustafa O. Attir, Burkar

: n o d n o L d an e dg ri b

Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1981. Coleman, James. The Foundations of Social Theory. a Belknap Press, 1990. Daly, Herman 5, Gi al. “Qperationalizing ‘Sustaindd

oe

i

ent’ in the

i

Susta inabl and e oame nt, D.C, Wash ingt on, draft . Work ing World Bank.” Envir

al ob Gl , k n a B d l r o W e h T “ EL-Ashry, Mohamed'T. . 91 19 h c r a M n, pa Ja o, ky To ” . t n Developme omich, Thomas P. ett

Values and Norms

that

Cc

Pielig

Agricultural D evelop a

10 n io at am cl Re d n a L e at iv Pr m o ments: Insights fr

4. 27 126 , 92 19 y r a u r b e F ment, 20:2,

ae

arsh Environ

World Develop-

16 Small Farmer Households and

Agricultural Sustainability in

Egypt

Nicholas S. Hopkins agriculture Egyptian of sustainability for This paper argues that any concern A 0). 199 rg gbo rin (Sp s er rm fa ll i i mind the central role of sma has t © bear in e th nd ou ar t il bu is h ic wh e on be ld ou sh i e ur lt i cu ri ag sociall y sustainable e in mb co to is ed ne e Th dyynnaammiism, energy, and i: ngenuity of the small farmers. creasingly

in an h it dw l o h e s u o h m r a f l l a m s e th h g u o r h t n o i t c u d o r aan of p d e d n i m r a e l c be to t n a t r o p m i is it , me ti e m a s s s e r t s open market. At the o T . s r e m r a f l l a m s e s e h t f o e l o r t e h e t t r u u o t b d u a n f a y l i m e a f l e h t robab f p o d n e a c n a t r o p m i e h t e i e n a i l a r e d e n h u T the o t . fe is li s l r a e r u m r r fa l and l a m s in agricuuniltut,rebut also as the instituhouseh ehold as key organizational unimatsnage al ri a as t an rt po j im household old is not only k lin e th is y d ol eh hous .

a

e Th . ¢ urs c y 0 t e i c o s e h n t o f o i t c u d o r p e l r a e i h c t o s d n a y e l i m a f e d n a d n a h e n o e h t n o e d r e u s t n l e u s c i y r d g a a e r n l i a s a bor process ; a l e W: s n o : “A has political implicati tinui tioni

:

atia is th ee th t t a o h r w T « . he r t e h o t r o en W e h t e h n n e uity o : h w ° 8 4 s r a e y y t r o f y l r a e n ) 3 4 2 a y Se be e d i s n Mare (1957: o c s ) i g n i t r o p s (self-sup

con

e t a v i t l u c e h d n a l e h t s n w o © i s a b d n u o s ” . y t e i c o s c rati

ee

i r e n a o t d e c t i o u m s e s i d s r e m r a f l l a But Se for a m s t n e i c i f a f u s e f l a e s t f a o h t d y e t u e g i r c a o s e b n a c t I a ? t n e i c these i f f ; e d n a e v ™ i s t a c h u , d s o m r r a p f o s l a ™ s y b d e t a n i m Structure o d , e r u t l u c i r g a s p a n c a i i d t n p a h c y i t a r c u a e r u b e Consistent e t levels, despi

d l e i i y e d h i g s i n h o c y r e t o f C a , ) 9 2 2 Simon 7 2 2 : 7 8 9 1 ( d n e s m m r e 9 t n i d n Vey in 1 e r t consistent

o N “ t a h t d e u g r a , : u o h t f und ” , s s a l c e z i s m r faland reflecting thei s s o r c a e f o t i a n u i r y e r e e oHe infers a p h g i h e v a armers h land, mee

f r e g r a l f i at

' e t s e v n i e v a h & r y e e r h o t o p y l e e s v u i t a a c l e e r b r i e y h l t b h a t m i w r e uMr ofaennie do bett e u d o o g e k a m t p y g E n i s r e m r a w o l p , n Ho

) 6 7 1 : 7 8 0 4 , t n e m m o C ( s r i e h t h t i w o d s r e m t es ai M 4 t r o p rans t , g n i h s e r h t , g n wi

185

Small

Farmer Households and Sustainability

187

jobs, income. The household is almost invariably built on relations of

family or kinship, but the ideology of kinship should be distinguished from the economic unit. The economic unit contains within it the basic division is labor of division d gender-base The age. and of labor, based on gender genderthe fact, In differences. age the than significant more structurally it where level, household the at primarily operates labor of division based This involve. roles the what of ng understandi al convention by isreinforced

negotiate to have not do wives and husbands cases most in that means the by provided model the adopt simply can but are, what their roles those as such patterns, new by shattered be culture. This model can but different where countries from returning brought home by migrants prestigious models prevail (Abaza 1987).

nuclear a around y predominantl built are Households in rural Egypt

and children, more added be may whom to family, parents and children,

with Husbands relative. other or parent perhaps a surviving older-generation family nuclear the called be could This well. as two wives can be included here

(aila) family extended an on based are (usra) household. Some households same the within remdin and marry sons the when household, typically mee a form to continue brothers married more or two when or household,

family on

extended ofan definition practical a Thus household.

that contains two or more married couples. One of the une

es PN peo Outcome of ext. cont ) ural cult and l cia (so l ona uti tit ins an in ing operat ple Peo These fa €Ts are active in seeking their goals—such as raising incom?

cae to allow for fami state’spla® the to ve si on sp re g in in ma re le hi —w ty ui in nt co ly mi for apri

gniculture through the cooperative and village bank systems. : d strategies, including not only farming but also Jocal hous eholds follow mixe : atio: n, education, government employment, ownership l,labor, labor migr day-y3 n aeee of mene and trade. The role of women differs by region a0 e th is d l o h e s u o h e h T . s e c n e u l f n i e d i s t u o e s r e v i d r e d n u g n i g n a h c 1s o c e c basias ae unit, the locus of exchange deriving from the gender-bas? : di é l l i n u m r m e o c h in t o n a e n d o e to t a l e n r e s h d t e l ar abor, househo Geflecan e in uy t (p e k r a m e h th g u o r h t d ) n s a e s s e c o r p d n a s e u l a v u e e e pee n o i ; t a r e p o o c s n of r e t t a p . e ) m s o e S i t i g labor and other commod an a ci so as er r n e us o t i a t w a ) g l i a r r m i r o f n i o ( t c he local level, such as the de fa tions that all farmers adhere to, are also significant.

and the family (usra or aila). The household is an economic unit based 0? w ro Th . er th ge to e um ns co d an e, uc od ous ways live, pr oal in varier wh le op pe memb s it may have rights to certain assets—land, animals, its individu

ene

ee continuity has it that is setting, rural the in family, especially household is certainy generation to another, and the extended family as a realization of this model.

bas be to appear figures census Egyptian

(usra) rather than the household (bayt). MyimpreS”

i separate 2 as couple married each and others count living and working arrangements. One of the

tess of the t this is that

si the of k wor own our m fro ed il mp co e hav we s ure fig than the official government figures for the es i : larger

” e z i d s ol eh us l ho ca pi ty e th at ze th li ra ne 8e

ee

ly mi ay "a le sc ha is Th . 7) -3 34 : 80 19 al. et ns ki op (H s on rs Pe E TH r bo la n ow its e id ov pr to of the household c s i a of ze si e ag er av e th d te ma ti es us ns ce ae 1976

hold” >.0 persons and in Lower Egypt at 9.6 persons. *“ illustrative of the size difference between hoes t.

‘Iso of the contrast between Upper and Lowe® ERE

The Farm Household

y!) (ba d ol eh us ho the ), an sk ma or il nz ma (s e us I distinguish between the ho

ae

Al

ole of the State : seekiinng g to AWine

‘Vohlyo,ugh curr; ently the state in BeyPt!® ation it W tives et op co of ork 8°? ra fo ” y, et ci so vil “ci in t i 9€men In s g n e h g th u o r g h n t i k , e r r o u w t l u c i t “8

i

Small Farmer Households and Sustainability

189

or the ability of the larger farmers to take advantage of new opportunities. Any trend towards concentration of landownershi i a inhibited by the agrarian reform rules that limited the size of ite i.

the time being, the predominant pattern in Egyptian agriculture is ee of

many small farmers. The relatively few larger ones are often better able to use their land intensively because of their greater access to capital and

markets.

Technology and Capital

e don are ks tas ny Ma . ed iz an ch me y vil hea rly fai is Egyptian agriculture

are g, tin ves har and g, din wee ng, nti pla as ch su , rs he with tractors, but ot ps, cro d ize han mec at g kin loo not are We . nd ha by still largely carried out d, lan the w plo to d use are rs cto Tra ks. tas ed iz an ch or even farms, but at me

are ps Pum ks. tas er oth me so and , es in ch ma g in sh re th run , ns go wa haul used to lift water for irrigation. : ge lar n wee bet n io at iz an ch me of use the in ce en er ff di tle lit is e er Th

and small farmers; the difference is in the ownership of the machinery. In rs cto tra d use y the us d tol t cen per 90 2), 198 al. et a 1982 sample (Hopkins om fr t or sp an tr r fo t en rc pe 15 d an g, in sh re th r fo t n e c r e p 85 orted , g ? fo: r plowin :

:

The general Picture is one of individual land tenure; transfers of title take place throu gh inh s tance and the market. The operative farm unitue Is the heeri

ee

ernie’ for the last generation as: land owned plus land legally

a an eS he a6 Ba

Wa the part thatAfter Most often, out.” “rented legally land oad Occupied between one-third and one-half of the holding.

and cooperative the at recorded was holding this reform, and Ean landholdetthe and e cooperativ the between dealings for basis the as There is also substantial unofficial rental, at a much higher price, reflecting

field to village; 62 percent used irrigation pumps. But hardly any teP fore using machines for harvesting, planting, Or weeding.

Few farmers own their own machines, especially 26°" al

ely on the rental market. Tractors available for ree

me

of cases—belong to large farmers. The Bere

9 in ally— typic 8 proves

sometimesnone™ 4. she "actors—one or two per village; pines in each village tends to be highly a ee who reported using the main renter—tha' a £n villages averaged 37.3 percent, with a ranB® of S

market conditions. This is not recorded officially.

People generally say they use machinery “toS@¥® pe Us Percent) who preferred animal and human pow" rrelation be

There are also medium and large holdings, although the very largest with thousands of feddans—were expropriated in various ways in the 1952 and 1961 land reforms. After 1969, the maximum holding in principle wes

Use of Machinery and hired labor, suggesting is very ©O™ Also hire labor, However, hired labor Paradoxically when people talk about saving ae

are many “landless” in the rural areas. Though some work as laborers, 2°

nonmechanizedleonditions

commuting factory workers—have other occupations.

the role of animal

Most holdings are small; the national average is around 2,5 feddans-

50 feddans, but a few landholders farmed several hundred feddans. The?” all are involved in the agrarian structure: many—civil servants, merchants;

Differented access to land has long been a major feature of the

political economy of rural Egypt. I detect a slight trend towards a new

less is it but lands, new the in especially hip, landowners of concentration significant than the concentration of ownership of agricultural machinery,

'n higher quality production. We found a positive 2

Mean the time and effort spent supervising wee No account of E

4nd perha

aring fone

laity prod

3 a a

Ree

aan agriculture

: =

Fatt ani

t all farm house

(Hopkins et al. 19

‘

€ animals in thes

Sibility fonteay 1S usual

and rabbi

talls (including mu

ae

n’s chore:

house: Chic

‘omen

alsoh

Small Farmer Households and Sustainability

1

91

‘ E ide outs to ing rat mig are ple peo that is e t ni men , ele 2ypt new The ce Ga ; es valu : and ; s ion dit con ent fer dif lly ica rad to subject

them me n ear s thu can ple peo y ne mo of nt ou am ger lar e Th . ms) ter ial in soc

that this is not just a survival strategy but a chance to make a quantum =

upwards in material terms. The return of such migrants also provides ane

symbol of the involvement of Egyptian villages in the world economy and by k bac sent and k bac t ugh bro y ne mo the t tha on ti es qu no is e er Th e. cultur

the in rds nda sta ing liv of t en em ov pr im an to d te bu ri nt co has ts migran h oug thr also but g, sin hou of ing rad upg an h ug ro th y countryside, most visibl s. tie ivi act ial eur ren rep ent m ar nf no of the financing the In on. pti sum con ze ani org s, mal ani for e car , Women work at home ily fam r the —ei lds fie the in k wor and s et Delta they also trade at local mark a nn he Me d an rs de un Sa ; 82 n 19 n a m r e m m i Z ( s s t a e a n fields or, occasionally, for wage e m o w pper Egypt, since U n I . ) 1 9 9 1 h t o T ; 1986; Abaza 1987 n e m e th n o n i a r t s e r o m s e c a l p it , e r u t l u c i r g a in t o n o s d n a , e s u o h e h t e d i s t ou y r a s s e c e e n m o c n i s of m a e r t s e h e t t a r e n e g d n a s k s a t e h t h l s al i l to accomp re a y e h t , a t l e D e h t in as , s e g a w r o f k r o w n e m o w e r e h W . a) 1 9 9 1 s n i k p o n H i a ( t r e c to d e t c i r t s e r e r a d n a , e g a w e l a m e h t f o t n e e c m r o e S p 0 6 . e l b t a e u g o n b a h c r e t n i e r a n e m typically paid a d n that women a

r a e l c e e t o n is e l b it a r e f e r s p u h T e r a jobs. n e m o w t a h t g n i d n i f i e n t r a o e p r e o r m s m r a f n w ) o s s i ’ e e b n o l i n B o g n i k r o r ” a W . e t n n ( e i d tehmepyloayrersmore “obe a

e S n a m o w a t a h t d e t r o p e r s a w it a y y i f u an n i M n s i i n a v a l G ( e g a l l e g a i r a m a from one vi n o g n i d i c e d n e h w t n u o c c a o t n i can3).

t

:

Be, part-time farmer. Some househo

Siar er Cases, one man wor ks on the fa rm while others work elsewhere, 2"

Ome 1s to some degree share d. In the villages near Bilbeis, for instan® Many men work in the T, nth of Ramadan, about 40 km away (Hopkins and Hamdy 1990).

and shifting

Be

c

e

ze si l al sm e Th s. es oc pr r bo la e or hierarchical control of th

d ol eh g n us i ho t e y t i l i b a e h t n o v a t ps ou ee ape on chtmweonrtks grand decisions. One of the tasks of the

Boneetsil no rn adjus at th er th e: ei ur lt cu ri ag in t pu in r bo la e e th g a n a m to a is Lip one ly mi fa of s rm te ne in li ip sc di t to ec bj su LA eee m the household and seg or it is hired labor, subject to community values an! eae iS it un ch ea d e by g a n a m d d an re r hi e b m u n e th rt pa t s o m For the Be, . : control of labor is thus intensive. Only the household head follows

The Labor Market

Labor migration has always been an important household strategy in . 1991) Nada 1991; k Brin 1991; s Adam 1982; al. et kins (Hop t Egyp rural

n me.

asks ent itfer re ity eabil chang inter ed limit In the labor market, there is

Women, adults and young, because they are usually assene t ng amo : scale wage the set ers farm big The

general wage level is the ploy of hiring work 82

s. plu sur r bo la a of re mo be y ma e er th where : a e St Tucture: 8different tasks are paid in different ris reinforced b o b a l of l o r t n o c d e z i l a r t n e : c e d e f h t d n a a , d e e s u n f f t i d red. Ofte i h y e l r t e n b a t s n o s t c e s i . r u f r e m i o k l t p r This sim e; s oWuogh a contrac

his task ate fe

e s o h n t . r e o v t E c a r t n o r c o b a l e h o t t on volvess say (as do their employers) that

Worker

oe crop through the year (crop cycle), though others do much of the Physical work. With this division of labor comes a concentration of know! edge and hence something of a deskilling of farming.

on

rand

.

t e k r a M o t g n i o G

Pt basic the is household the 'Nce : m arketing. Some crops are sold to

it, it

odu ction unt, ai

the gover?

Small Farmer Households and Sustainabi lity

Changing Relationships At present in the villages, patron-client relations, linking the rich and presti-

gious to the poor and anonymous, are more evident than class relations (Hopkins 1987: 157-177, Hopkins 1991a). Something of the sort was apparently emerging at the time of Gamal Abdel Nasser, but it seems that it went is ds ehol hous een betw ship tion rela The s. 1970 into remission in the early . olic symb and l) eria (mat real both are ces eren diff se The l. qua une n ofte of (gifts e renc defe of signs ous vari are ces eren diff ic Among the symbol l socia the But y). talit hospi of ty nali ctio dire and gs, erin gath cigarettes, evening takes ines mach and r labo of ng hiri the as far inso ure, organization of agricult In . them een betw s tion rela ual uneq es forc place between households, rein ea ions. relat old useh r-ho inte the k mar sum, the patron-client relations 1s ity activ omic econ h whic by es valu In the community are set the over ions tiat Nego g. wron and right of regulated. There is a sense of fairness, h community g u o r h t t bu , ce fa to ce fa t ou d e i r r a c y l n o t o n e r a ) s e g power (wa on ng goi is t wha r, fai is at wh on te ba de nt te processes, such as the intermit to s lie app me sa e Th on. :

elsewhere in Egypt, what is necessary, and so a also is disputes of settlement The role. questions such as women’s proper rol nts community process; so is popular religion. The sp ree oe ee a villagers, in part the ability of communities to organize themselies from vi"2e! contributio ns th mie resources: frequently new schools are built wi of

especially iho

n patter uing contin the of sion exten an ps This is perha

ustainability of

Support for mosques and other religious foundations.

Another level of integration that is important i ee

ion. Villages,

Egyptian agriculture, and the small farmer within it, is the ce instance,1D

they © Unequal in the opportunities that governorate, Tukh Markaz in Qalyubiyya

Village Politics The village in E 5 gasend ae fi

preserve ii:

ti 1s

i still

a

basic-

admi

5 58 ve nistrati

ae

structure, with institu:

o als ny ma t bu d, ze ni ba ur re mo ng mi co oie te Ae are be een scr 4 as act at th t en nm er ov -g al institutions of self

between the desi s Thi s. nt de si re r ei th of e lif e th d an e at st e th of es se t en nm er ov -g self e lag vil e Th te. eli e ag ll vi e th of r locus a -s ased on the local powe

is also the

e rk wo e ar ds ol eh us ho g amon s ip sh on ti la re e th e er wh out. Here is wh r, he ot an e on to te la s re er ld ho nd la e th d an ss le nd la e th ie i

e ia pe Se as ee

armers set the pattern which the small only aspire tO, an

er sc di n ca e on all of st fir at th e ag ll vi e th of l ve le e at th se the social contexts in which class roles are learned 48 EES uc od pr of de mo e e th of om tc ou es an e lv ar se em s th se as cl € ‘ e e : ha

® ag ll vi e th om fr nt se ab e ar ts en em el e, iv ahichs 46d bs national perspect de si re o wh s er rm fa st li ta pi ca d an e rg la y ul tr e aaa th bg egis hs NS

elite of the state bureaucracy. Thus the class structur G Wh aes , and the ge cannot be analyzed in isolation from that of the nation.

ial

!

NN apricots; the village of Deir in strawbermies;

ansour in citrus and citrus marketing. Namul fees

Manufacture of crates for transporting fruits ange arket.

Cluster of villages manufactures charcoal for the Cairo a is n the region grow berseem for sale to villages ae fo

of the other crops. Similar patte ms u could do in be d shoul s factor These areas (Hopkins 1987: 30-33).

s. er rm fa l al sm e th of s ip sh on ti la re et rk about the ma The Future of

fat small Egyptian the visualize to has ne sly in the c pital; 10)

I

active simultaneou in) is who Pitalist Te rchase 9 farmer

Th ‘al market, and of course in the pU

© difference between the large and

il

Ss

mi

Small Farmer Households and Sustaina bility

195

The Effects of International Remittances on Pove rty, Inequali A

___—..

Development in] Rural Egypt. Washington, D.C; Internati onal Food OyPoliandcy nati nter 1. 199 Research Institute,

Batatu, Hanna. The Old Social Classes and the Revolutiona ry Movements of Iraq, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978. Brink, Judy H. “The Effect of Emigration of Husbands on the Status of Their Wives: An Egyptian Case,” IJMES, 1991, 23(2): 201-211. Chaulet, Claudine. La Terre, Les Freres, Et L’Argent. Algiers: Office des Publications Universitaires, 1987. Commander, Simon. The State and Agricultural Development in Egypt Since 1975. London: Ithaca Press, 1987.

Glavanis, Kathy R.G., and Pandeli Glavanis. “The Sociology of Agrarian RelaCurrent tion,” Produc hold House of tence Persis The East: e Middl the in tions

:

Sociology, 1983, 31(2): 1-109.

of ity Univers Austin: 980. 1960-1 Iran: in ution Revol and Hooglund, Eric. Land ; Texas Press, 1982. in y Econom old Househ the and ndry Husba al “Anim al. et S., Hopkins, Nicholas 1980. Cairo, s, Service Relief ic Cathol to t Repor es,” Villag Two Egyptian ac w, Westvie r: Boulde Egypt. in Hopkins, Nicholas S. Agrarian Transformation ol-

Anthrop Eastern s,” Village Arab Two in Wages and Work, “Women,

ogist, 1991,

under the Pressure of “ “structu: ral adju} stment” and the market principle. : Sho

d , an er rm fa l al sm e t th r o p p u s e to u n i t n o c y genes ne bevptian polic ll wi ? on ti za ni ga or al ci so of n r E e t t the poneinge famileythheoruseuhpoplodrtepda or not? If the goal isa sustainable s wh a ae

, w o r o m o g t t n p u u i o , s h e u t c i n a w l h h a ces tod y—thaengrowwhtat rwoilte dobes the family household have to play? resoury

cae

44(2): 103-123.

ete P and ts Peasan in es,” Villag Arab Two in es on ury. Waterb ae Ka d Farha by a odern Middle East. Edited Clan PN

Press, 1991a,

University

orida International

Hopkins, Nicholas S., Sf

a

252-21

and Bahgat Abdelmaksoud, A

i,

% 7 “ Survey: a of s Result Egypt. in ion nizat Mecha of Agricultural ita if to the Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo, 1982. i n a h c e M l a r u t l u c i r AS in opkins, Nicholas S., and Iman Hamdy. “Social Issues

5.

zation.” Report to the GTZ, Cairo, 1990.

aaptostitut

Frangais

n i a t e s v u s i a c to u d n o e c d r e o s m m a is r b fa that the family-

i del erie Imprim Cairo: Egypt. in m Refor AB Sayed. Marci, : : Office des Pu blica tions 1957. Algeriens. Algiers tcheologie Ori Et le,ae Marouf, Nadir. Terroire

u c d n l a a i e c t o a s u q e d , a e d a m e s b n n a o c choices or decisi . d e d d e l e o n h is e s u o e h e h r t u f t o c u r s t n s and t functio standing of the currenn d ion

A failure to understa

carl Migration 09 Rural Nad Universitaires, 1981. 1 ada, Atef Hanna. “Impact of Temporary Internation Rura of y Anatom An 14). 1991, e, Scienc Social in s Paper Cairo ” Egypt,Samir, and Eddy Lee. Agrarian Change" Egypt: R adwan, an Eayplia

r e h t o d n , a ) 7 8 t 9 e 1 l u a h ; C 1 8 f 9 u 1 o r a a M i ( r e g l , A ) 8 7 u 9 t 1 a t a B ( q a Ir accelerated migt®

ReEast Entree ge “Villa Mehenna. oe Lucie W., and Sohair25(1): Middle m,” Refor n a 75-88. 1986, logy, Ethno meu Sprin 8°org, Robert. “Rolling Back Egypt’s Agraria

Ge

abl

a

SNS

e h r c t u o s s f i ? e l e , B a n e t o l i a p y c a l s c l u f e g e r r a u e l h t n t l a is u h c t € agri ltural undert-

can lead to policies that rural social organizat d ; ) n 2 u 8 9 l 1 g o o H n d ( a e r n I in e p p a s s h a a — h e destroy the fabric of rural lif d to a e n l a c fe n l a o li r i u t r f c o u r t s e d e h . d t untries An n a c t a h t s s a l n c a b s r s u e l t o o r a d n , a s a e r n a a b r u o e t l p o e l p a r u r tionviodfe the social basis for a new regime. Not only agricultural sustainabil Pro ity but political stability may be at stake!

References rs pe Pa o ir Ca in ” t, yp Eg l ra Ru in n me Wo of e ag Im ng gi an Ch he “T . : Abaza, Mona é in Social Science. 1987, 10(3). : se cu ra Sy t. yp Eg l ra Ru in Change al ci So d an t en pm lo ve De H. Adams, Richard

. 86 19 s, es Pr ty si er iv Un se cu ra Sy

am

Pops

>

erty. London:

ly

Croom

Lee.

Agrart

Helm,

1986.

j

PortNo. 166, 1990, 38: 28-30. ;

State-Society Relations in Egypt The

tions,” Middle East Journal, 1991, eae ‘Main

oF res: “Pride, Purdah, or Paychecks: whe : Zimme abor in Rural Egypt?” MES, 19978 ir, Le

ee Kafr of n Woma The D. Waman menn,andSonja Development, 1982.

tre

reneurs:

AD

8

Wy) Women’s Rights as a Condition for Sustainability of Agriculture Hoda Badran bu ca vo e th of rt pa e m o c e b s ha t n e m p o l e v e d e l b a n i a t s u s The concept of e th , re tu Fu n o m m o C r u O of n o i t a c i l b u p e th e c n i s t n e m p o l e lary of dev plo ve De d an t n e m n o r i v n E on n o i s s i m m o C d l r o W N U e 1987 report of th : s i m m o C ld or (W d n a l t n u r B m e l r a H o r G of p i h s n a m r as i a h c e th d ne fi de r e d n is u ment t n e m p o l e v e d le b a n i a t s u s s i m o r p m o c t u o t n h e t p e i r i w s i h t t j n n I e s e r p e e h x t f o s d e pon 1987): e n r e e h h t t O h t s t t e e e e . m m s d o e t e h n c s i n h o n w i w t o a r t e n n r e i e e g m p o e l e tur v u e f d f ‘ o y t i l i b a e g a is e Renee r p n e e b e v a t h p e c n o c e en tions of th & t n e m p o l e v e d e l b a n i a t s u s t a h t t n e m gree

r e l b a l i a v a f o t n e m e g mana see enV

e e p e a ier e a f o : e t g P n a i t n a e c m e l p m ! t i c e sitio5 n ) j 3 b ( o ; e s g u n s i t mi p o d a ) 4 ( d n nnene a e l e g n n e d i s A s e r ; d y d t a i l a a u h q t h i t w y w g l o n l r i a g v t e n i e : h e c m d a n u o Suoulzd incl e r g p e n h i t l d n ; a s h d e

n e n a n m o u i h t f c o a f s i peverty and sat nology;

h c e t d e n c a n e g i n c s i t ation; adap ironment v n e e h n h t o t i i t w c a r e t Uman in

9 1 0 A g " n P i r u s and en

and the on

” 1 a s a h t n e m p o l e v e d e l b a n i a t s u s f o t p e c n ° o eens co e r u t u f towards

y l r a l u c e i s e t r t a a p S e 0 t , 0 t s n e 4 and fairnes s e s m i p o l e ulime v e . D e n r o e i h s n e m i c a a ® y a d r e t s e y f o n o i s n e t x e n a s a n l e u e c e s t s e r a N Y D s 'Ype a w o r r o m o t , d e t i r e h n i g e n i k o a f m o — e y n e c im n e g r u f o s m r e t n i o s l y a l e n t a w o i o d i e l m s m s e i ‘ g n o a h t t c c e f y f l c e I o i t O €s CN ” o i s s k n n i l e m i d e m n o i i t s t n n s e i M h . T n o i t a d a r g 9 4 ; n and * de o i t a u t i s e h t o t y r o t s i h a s e v i g ; e r rt Polici, tu

e d n u s e i g e t a r t s t n e m l p c o i l a e e ¢ v p e E d o e d today. It ii s unf rtunat n a a o * EDViro e a e n o t

197

evel

The ist

Women’s Righ ts as a Condit ion for Sustaina bility

199

sustainability is people, and not merely the natural and hysi was believed by some. Fortunately, the world has dioeatnenee women have a central role in achieving and maintaining suniaaieee

tainability. There has been no recognition, though, that they were the first to comprehend the core issue in the concept of sustainability, ie., justice and concern for future generations. Whether by instinct or because ofintelligence, they were always, before the concept even came into the open, able to

compromise their own needs for the future benefit of their children . Studies have documented that women, more than men, give priority to the satisfaction of their children’s needs out of their own income.

Environmental Managers The literature on agricultural sustainability took note of women only when it was recognized that they were to a great extent the managers of

environmental resources. They are the ones who fetch water and use it in

Preparation of food or in washing. They are the ones to collect and Lia oe cattle the raise They bread. g bakin and ng cooki in it use and fuel,

after the animals. They also play an important role,at least season’ sie

needs of existing and future generations; Cy

sia

ent socioeconomic classes; and be tween the ne is - Such balance cannot easily be achieved, but fal

8yPtian strategy is to succeed. In fact the Lae

egy has to take into account three distinct bu t in te ra ct in g dimen! of agricultural development: (1)

the crop production process itself. They are occasionally eee Producers absent from the labor statistics, but they are Pati ante tis i ae tie iy d accuse are they s time Some s. ducer repro as tially Tonment because they use the water resources for Brebathing ra fuel. They and they fill the air with smoke because they cook We "Ede they are are blamed as if they have alternatives to choose from,

Not the first to suffer from the pollutio n: d discussed rural wome n as a subsidiary 1ssue ot Ment of other goal s. They should, f or erisat hence limit the size of the population, if this is agove™

Should change food habits, if anew crop is to ie Steen

technical/physical; (2) financial’? womuc; and (3) human/institutional. This reflects the fact that agricult™! : Sustainability is not the business of one discip line. It is a

Words, and using research terminology,

the tools and language it uses.

Wholly,

multiple rey z

sibility with each discipline having its range of activities that follows fro

‘al

The environmentalists, for example, when talking about the phy: an

©nsion, mention land-use, dissemination of technology, and s© Lie

Agronomists talk about credit markets, agricultural technology, and

like. Economists discuss costs, prices, subsidies, and ma ximizing tet

Those in the field of humanities use yet other words to discuss huma? ar

institutional issues such as knowledge, skills, leadership training, heal’ communication, management, and—most important—gender equity;

s

4

‘0 breastfeed their children, regardless of the

“nd not dependent variables. They are

ote1 am thankful for the United Nation

P "ciple of advancement

art first as P jon on the

of women,

~veral conventions, then by the Decl

. The Pream

mination Against Women, prociaimee } “claration of 1976 states:

A

the role of women (Woods 1987).

Despite the Charter of the United Nations

sion—an understanding that the engine of agricultural development 4?

4nd despite the progress made in the

Fortunately, there is an increasing recognition of the human une

ated as

e Unt

oa on

Human Rights, the International Convte orth ther instruments of the United Nations

:

Women’s Right s as a Condition for Sustainability

opportunities to improve their own and their family’

2 01

iat

due tie Lice burdens the and i He multiple roles they play

economic, and political factors shape their roles and status and states health and well-being, but they have little control over them. How far ae the Egyptian rural woman exercise her fundamental right to enjoy a healthy status? I will take some significant indicators to answer the question. Maternal mortality is an important indicator: it reflects the degree of risk inherent in the woman’s reproductive role as well as her health status from early childhood. This risk has been almost eliminated in the industrialized countries. In Egypt, the average maternal mortality is 320 per 100,000 and undoubtedly the risk is much higher in rural areas. In coms on ti d Na te ni (U it wa Ku in 6 d n an ai hr Ba in 27 o is ti e ra ag er parison, the av 1991). How can one rationalize such a high risk of dying to which rural women in Egypt 8yP are subjected? J rty and unhealthy sta: Malnutrition is another indicator, reflecting poverty ar

PMent of the P countries and of humanity” the Eliminati

rural in that ate indic es devic ning plan ly fami ing seek tus. Studies on women pede as ing each ia—t anem from r suffe en wom of Egypt a high percentage

areas. urban in nt perce 46 t abou with ed par com , ages vill e som in ent 65 perc

Adequate health facilities and living conditions ie Economi eer

opportunities, including

credit, technology, etc.

n, io at ng rm ni fo d ai n, 10 in an tr Freedom too 9 ni ake t

ee ons ni.ty decisi

Tea:

&

1Ze,

0 make

rien

.

choices, , a and participa te in comm!

ItAgeis, therefor, ©, appropriate : to address the status of the Egyptian wom” sae Si

ae des

eae

Itisno wonder that, with high incidence of mainourishment pee pee!

U-

igo Sector as a human rights issue. This approach is most € concept of sustainability because it puts the well-bein8 e

uals in focus, which is actually the ultimate goal of development.

es S AEE EIDE and development of a healthy life—survival, oe dae ev pment, and enjoyment—is a fundamental human right. This $ 3 ei-being, which is an output, has to be distinguished from the mes absence of diseases, and from health services, which are only the mee

(inputs). The two concepts are of course interrelated, but the inputs foe

healthy status are several and far beyond the health services. In other words, these services are necessary but not sufficient to produce ue) status. A healthy status of the individual is actually the outcome of uF performance of all of the community delivery systems. The ir eff icient? and effectiveness in meeting human needs determine the level of well-

being of the population. Women’s Health

y th al he n te of t no e ar , ar ul ic rt pa in n Women in general, and rural wome ? we fe ll sti d an e yl st fe li r ei th t ou ab s in Egypt. They have few choice

of women, 67 percent of babies have low birthweight (em p wa high er Wen for Turkey and 9 for Iraq). The figure for Egypt's an the average for the rest of the country (Hussain pe) for rural women in

Illiteracy is a third indicator. The illiteracy rate lor

Egypt is 76 percent, compared with 44

ther, the answer 10 the

(CAPMAS 1986).

When these three indicators are taken be attained her basic right

question is that the rural woman in Egypt has: t 0 a healthy

status and cannot be Brett

artner

i n u m m o c of y e v r u s A . or ct se al ur lt cu ti “s Provide an explanation of the situation.

i10n a sustainable

available tohershould

The Rural Health System

The ._

e t h s t i ! f o r e b m u : n ‘Ural health system has incr eased the number of run

l a t o t e vices: h T e . s e g a l l i v 5 . 1 r e p t i n u e n Se O of ty ali ions t U e h T . ) 6 C 8 9 icl 1 uff jns S A M P A C ( r 2731

bee, ¥28 icized

u q e f o k c a l heavily for

ge

e f e i t l a e h e h t f o e c n a m r o f r e p d n a s e d u t i t t a e (i m d e t a t s s sewive

th nN Crit

u o h l a r u r ” r h e t , f l s n ) a a u 8 e e r n s 8 e h h e s a 9 t r h u h 1 o t t t a c e r o a d m r ce Bet

e h t ' t a h t : n o i t a z i n u m m i s Y for children’ with. Units do not hav®

th and are satisfied Furthermor drugs. prescribed the io attend, Ndants (davas), even if they at@ no t lice’

ries a

Women’s

Rights as a Con dition for Sustai nability

203

The direct correlation between literacy, he: alth, ec Onomic and ; : politii se of informd ed choice,*» esp especially for cal power, and the exerci women, cannot be overemphasized. Education determin es the rural woman’s access to paid employment, her earning capacity, her overall health, control over fertility, and the education and health of her family. Education also helps women to handle social prejudice and hence be able to participate fully in the community. In the study mentioned earlier, a high percentage of the housewives, though illiterate, expressed a desire that their daughters go to university ifat all possible. This indicates that the obstacle to female education isnot a matter of lack of understanding on the part of mothers so much as economic and social factors (Office of the Middle East 1991). As for

information and facilities on family planning, Egypt has been using the

mass media, particularly TV, to communicate messages and ee There are questions as to whether these messages have been effe a relevant to rural women. There are reasons to believe that many a women bear more children than they wish to have or know uk ae o , complications, childbirth in result pregnancies Frequent diminished working capacity.

sisters to fetch water as so On as they start to walk. The utensi ls they catty get bigger as they gr ow ol der. Fetching water is a part of their life, with n° complaint or grumbl ing, although they may have to undertake this task Several times a day. B io mass fuel (obtained at no financial cost) leads '° serious respiratory dise ases because women are exposed to the smoke that comes from it. Exposu re to biomass fuel emissions is probably one of the most significant Occup atio nal hazards for rural women.

All Work and No Play

Pe

United Nations

As to the women’s right to economic opportunites third World

Women’s Decade has exploded the myth that ee it is all work and 5 kis “re peripherally engaged in agricultural labor. ie ‘+h domestic WOIX— 10 play. Much of women’s agricultural labor—as with ear in official Booked because ita is unpaid: . Often 1it ce IS [labor force? atisti

Education

The data reflecting rural women’s exercise of their basic righ ts to ae

tion and information are disappointing. Although Egypt’s conse a gives equal right to education for males and females, and basic educa

is free and compulsory by law, enrollment figures reflect a ee between the sexes, partic

eae

ularly in the rural areas. CAPMAS and uy ils publications put out in 1989 show that the enrollment ratio for ea acs

is 71 percent, compared with 93 percent for urban girls; 95 for or vnig het 96 for urban boys. The gap between boys stages of education. School dropout rates Quality of education affects both sexes, enforcing prejudice, is particularly serious

and girls gets wider in the weed for girls are no less diseouraes ee but pigieonyping m oF tone with regard to on re eee

classes are rarely attended by rural women. They do not go to even if they are convinced of the usefulness of the ede even if there is no pressure on them not to go from the

family.

Gece , and

Cro

Teason

P harvests attract large t

ome numbers Lae of wof women

© suspect that the seasonal activities e

in cro

en

he

m r o o e f w . d e t a m i oS "nderest The labor participation Merce muc ultural Sector in general in estimated to be me d 1984 in e th e

Tat in y eality. Indicat

8 Two

surveys conducted

-in 1978 and

196#

ed that about one-third of all crop 12!

richards 1991). In 1983, for the first time, me : the fa

ie >Pted to include the amount of labor ercent Orn “ck. The data

indicated that about :

Ww

rhe done by women. Since total agree

40P a por is the W'

alone 40:60 between crop and livestock labor icultura labo In B Would be about 16 percent of all 2B

8ypt are not Petcen Ot

date. up-to-date.

The

983) indica

latest (cally active i

' of those women who are econom

divid

Women’s Rights as a Condition for Su stainability aoe

205

ican University in Cairo Press, 1991, 25-27,

a ea iar Nations and Human Rights. New York: 1984, 149-150, United “ee Development Programme. Human Development Report 1991. United Nati k: Oxford University Press, 1991. bay cee

New York:

M. “Human Development and Sustainability

po eel

Development,” in ene of Pei

eat

8

esucsiin : hington, D.C.: World Bank, . tural aaa peas Se ae Development. Our Common Future, DE vork: Oxford University Press, 1987.

The Right to Choose Finally, what can be Saiid about women’s rig : ht to make choice i s? Lifife for the rural woman is escribed d o o h d m l o r i r P f ch to old age. She does 0 ot

have the time nort he skills to organize and she is not aware of ie 1ight to p

articipate in community decisions. I have tried to touch rights which rural women are enti t m tled to. We should confess tha uch needs to be done t o make these rights a reality, and make oe eesi) the strategy to make the agricultural sector sustainable. What a eet done is not more of the same of what has been going on. Ru 0 rights: themselves shoul d be allow ed to sharpen their oy e s ee them. They should then lear h

ow to increasingly attain them and e 2 5

n

They may be assisted in doing so, but rights are never han

ded

out.

References us of s n e C n ti . o is ) i s t c i a t z s i l i S y e l t a h c a A d i r T t n n b t S M a r e o n o g M P e f C A A ( C in se Cairo: 1986.

. The Statistical Yearbook, 1988. Cairo: CHEM

FAO. “Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Developme

AS

1986.

2 eseen ise

erlands Conference on Agriculture and the Enviironmen t, Regional oh

ment No. 4. Rome: 1991.

oe : Offi

the National Conference © 0

:

g r e1988.Conditio B= ns tof: peneQuem ) Minicsteryedofin Health.tore Cairo: : Never bee

of ae Middle East. “Improvement of the S089 ae

The Rural Areas in the Arab ES

ee

one Ce,

onic, 1991.

arena ent Pol bole ul

Ri Durieengattr ti OkBoom tn Employmant a “

-f

BYP

Adjustment

fen}

Edi

m

Egypt

tn

the

1

5

| by

Heba

i

Handoussa

and

Gillian

18

S S S t n e m p o l e v e D e l b a n i a t s u S

n o i t u l o v e R l a i c o S a s e t a t Necessi

e t u o b a m e l b o r p al ob gl The

© n io ct ra te in d an ce confluen

a t n e m n o r i v n e n; io et pl de ce ur so Te

; t n e m y o l p m e n u d an n io at problems such as infl

n e e w t e b d n a s e i r t n u o c and poor, both within ; s ; p u n d ne o l i i t u s a b m r r g a e t n i s l i a i d c o d s n n atio a

c i l f n o c 4 e as c n e l o i v of e g s n u i t a l and the esca we have is a metaproblem—4 problem on fs s s e m “a , it d e l l a c e v a h lematique, or as some In such situations, when you "Y Lo sol Me g n i of n e s r o w a o t d y a l e t l n e u q e fr ing clearer to many, though un

economic and political powe!, isnatble to sO" : e m a t o n that these problems are t n s e s m s p o l e t v n e e d d m n n a o r i v n e cern for the “

i n e v n o c e h t h t i w , e s r u boost, of co

Environment and Development—t publication of their findings (World

of

s e n i z z u f d e u n i t n o c e h Notwithstanding t

able development, there is genera

desirable. Can you imagine somebo

a e d i e h t t r o p p u s t o n saying, “I do

t n s o n c o i s i c e d t a h t r a e l c is e it cours

0%

community, institutional, nation’, sik © n o i t o n e h t y to r a r t n y o l c e t e l p m co :ng from desp : i g n a are very varied, r e h t at it e b ( l a v i v r u s secure their , s s e n h s i f l e s , d e e r g to y l l u f e s o p r u p is e l t My ti a J t a h w t u b , 2 5 9 1 in revolution

erate

S

Sustainability Necessitates a Social Revoluti on

209

reducing price supports for pesticides and chemical fertilizers; providing

incentives for sustainable agricultural production practices; and reviewing land tenure systems, instituting ones which encourage the use of Tegener-

ative approaches.

Mic, or cy

iM

But how can the political will be generated to put such policy changes in place? There are even some answers to that question. Modification of national accounting systems, for example, truly to reflect resource deple-

u t i o n ni in the very unde to move in a P Ositive direction ,

tion or degradation, in order to build a convincing case for conservation

measures. There is also emerging some belated debate on the importance of ecological carrying capacity and the question of “scale.” The question of carrying capacity or scale puts us face to face with the total impact of

our production and consumption activities on the ecosystems, This puts pop of ulation sub jec t emo tiv and e dif fic ult ex tr the em el ce y nt and er front

We e. ic st ju al ci so or s c i and eth

e bl na ai st su r fo s t n e m e r i u q e r € y; e it v il r e rt avoid salinization aad s il fe t n so s o u c >° We m such as maintai

er iv od bi n i a t n i a m ; s d o h t e m n o i rigat r i r e p o r p m i y ba l e t a p Se pesticide use or abuse. Add to these objectives others

u Yo . fe li ld g wi n i v r e s n o c d n a y t i r u c quate food se?” e d can then ask, aiBnuitnghoa w can we do this Well, some technological answ*"

are already available: promote which integ

use of regenerative production systems us t o m o r p s; op cr l a u n n a d n a , l a i n n e r e p , k c o t s e v i l e t Proaches w vhtiach use to a much reater g extent mulching, crop sae intercropp ing, agroforestry, conservation tillage systems, green manutite, nes; il develop a nd use appropriate Ppropriate integrated i pest managem diversify entre crease irrigation efficiencies and improv e drainage systems; tof

sus of tai nability sub jec the t abo ut co is nc er ne wh d o An yb od growth. y cannot fail, after a while, to be confronted with the link between es

e the e in fa ct thi or s tur ns one Ho we ve r po pu an la d ti on . capacity con clu the sio n lon g for avo id to im po is ss it ib le eq ua ity tion,

we if dec rea not se if sta bil to ize ha ve wil l point populations ai t me ee , en vi ro nm en ta l irr eve rsi ble to wa rd tr en d the continue

One of the problems with many of the strategies ests Itis only they do not proceed via an analysis of the causes of the 4 the reality. Such by performin g such social analyses that we can cont neously: int0 al

sim m™ dir ect ion s ma ny int o yo u tak e analyses quickly thropology, social psychology, economics, an

attitudes and social belief systems and values come

Teal

genetically away from monocropping; perhaps even reduce the ¢ 090) conve

rsion of humanly edible grains to meats (Conway and Barbier pout?

The question then is: How can we bring these and other changes ® And why, if they are so obvious, do they not happen on their own"

and

the

reasons

for

eit through force or through mani pula”

Frequently, strategic analyses, especially y ting tha

Public funding, will have great difficulty in indie

satus

on, : you po utinuation of present systems of productimple, a Of goods and services. SO, fon exe.

Mt if

litical will,” 48 .

fr decision-making

institu

Who benefit and those who suffer from maintain’ sumption

Technology Is Only Part of th e Answer

by farm

families.

We

4 resbnol

become more aware that to be effective, or even to be adenine and

gies must fit into supportive policy environments. Fortunate te sustainmore is being written about policy changes which may aeon s a

able behavior: putting in place laws where the polluter pays; oh

enaliZi8

account

wherever possible the costs of “externalities”; taking outa resource degradation and depletion in the charges made tents

use;

z com

act phenomenon that either exists

a function is wi ll po li ti su ca l ch th at ® fore “S Operate and interact in a societi y:

’

r does not, as

B

ec

Sustainability

n o i t u l o v e R l a i c o S a Necessitates

pall

e b to e m o c y l e t a n u t r o f n u s a h e r a f l e w or social ut eae

t n e m p o l e v e d l a i c o S

o b a y l t n a s s e c n i k l a t e W . h t w o r g c i m o n o c e h t e i w e p d e t a equa e k a m it s e o D . t c a r t s b a e h t n i t n e m p o l e e t t a o to growth and deve s e e 1n r u c n i e w s t s o c e s o h t h t w o r g e c i i S m o n i o c e as e n : s m e t s y s n o i t c u d o r p r u o f o s e c n e u q e s s n e o t c e e v a i t e a e g H ne o r p l a n o i t a n s s o r g f o s n o i t a l u c l a c o s b o j i ‘ not to factor int e o e a I e h t h c i h w n o s e c r u o s e r f o n o i t e l p e d : e t i l income the of y t i l a u q e h t g n i v o r p m i o t e t u b i r t n o c n o i t all these quesc all produ a

really constitute goo tions in my view is: N our primary goal, then we nee goals actually should be. To

have to look at our values. ethics; and between these an

tems. We must try to be clear: t, en pm lo ve de t ou ab lk ta we So when what? Development for who ment how? For further reading abou Ttecommend Another Development (N

Anybody who is serious about

oa 20 : So,A to trel i ate o this to the sustainability of agriculture in Egypt: Reductions! Scientific method olo gy has resulted in the creation of disciplines ® Specializations, an d the subsequent creation of institutions which at

hig segmwal entetd Sec hlylem: hicmetinensss

, all

disconnected.

Biology,

economics,

engineer!”

come together to determine what happe®S ie ie

us old, househ farm the field, the ms—in syste l gricultura

me ie

a

unity,

ee

the nation,

and the global commodity marketpla a

efforts are now being made to pull different disciplr eae multidisciplinarity and interdisciplinarity—but ies lleushon. eee tan unders to ach appro tic synthe truly a ing complex eens pa eee

a

ange

ge.

transdisciplinarity, the whole education syst

The difficulty, however, is that those who have to de

the educational

structures

are products

of the system. Th

ee

4

People must acknowledge that all is not well with the system that orca

them—then make a leap of faith, to make the difficult decisions nee ‘a to invent, test, and promote new approaches. This requires of OF

security in their sense of self to take these difficult positions: werd .

.

-

iti

absolutely necessary.

Social Goals and Economic Growth

;

e liz rea st mu We s. on ti es qu e es th confront because of a deficiency in nature, tha s nd ma de the are e bl na ai st su un Ment, and on people. In our prese With the accumulation of material good?

283% of commodities. We need to laasktion

bp ae ec ree xam be ine d: to hav e soc iet ies our of und erp inn ing oth s er Two

mar free socal led the of role relating to economic growth and the

©

mu cu ac if t Bu us? in ingrained

somehow we have to become ™

a nm no in on ti ac sf ti sa d an e lu va creased Bearing the Costs

,

‘

Practices will involve

ws t

cant cost signifi hasizZ

Even a very superficial analysis sho

immediate costs, it should be ore increase those costs in the futur’: that those who bear the costs #

be the same group: they cou

e

e

Costs, or benefits foregon? now, my

generations; farmers upstream ™ may

for those downstream, exporya me!

and everybody will be asking:

c

su

question in our time will be ne enhancement of the natural res them.

haces

c

, and Pol itica] As pects

Redistribyr; 10n: In . ter th e li :1S made of the neeq fora readtiusrteriobution

:

sustainability Necessitates a Social‘ Revolutioni u

;

wee Agriculture, little ment

Sector, or towards the nat 10N of wealth towards t generally eevee ae val Tesource Production and y i and the Tesulting dumpi€ngSubsonidi - ie ea sb sustaina

Tedistribution be to those f to be made of the im resource base ie

|

i r e e e e Cl ea rl y, a Co nv in ci ng ar orta ca se ne c sited of spate 2 . tegrit: y of the natura the In

? tural commo dine Ous political forces k i P €S Ke ep pr ic es S l o w of . ag ri cul T o th is m u s t be . : PTices in some way benefit a d d mp le xi ty Poorer segmentesd ofthenco th at e, ae ete

e n e f o ayve be that it is becoming more adequaOn te IondcomIte mle im ls po rt an t to to th en su e re fa rm i sustainabilit b i vestmentstsin arming sector so that in y can be made

:

d that theriseisno noroadroad otother than

Bit propaganda has got Conan regimes that for the ce ma : of oa % a i over the demise -cal sle sue of alternat:ives—and any really lly obje0D) c-

Bi prectseas any oon |

|

|

ry budgets as a source of funds: To ease th e pain of the redistheribu€

quired to brin 8 about sustainable e c o n o m i e s , a concerted etna ave to be made to identify sources

of the markelaystem=all

the exchange of eign of the ae i He! as the main me ch an is m e in th ee : e e m m a a rketis vices has meant that wie s ansac

net are thereby dealt ; oo ds an d se Al g l pu bl ic . a ion va , lu e. lac k Al © l p 2, jal co id he er si ed on , no t to have ; CO ns IB er un e: it ie s, SO c i c ca io lc ni ung c o m m clean air, clean water, Be s on om e do not enter ms me ee age,icand the

gumejand species ic ha ve be co me th e a luMs.eeUnfortun de li ve r) th e at mo re el y, va situation ec o becomest( and thewa len ss they ©4 id of the myth ta teliance on them seems af e e answers to gui iti er coencoomniocmsicshasmuast bei:n a aera

signs, however marginal, oF cai are a ca se in po in t Hazel Henderson

of surpluses for redistribution.

most obvious sou

. nvince

reativity if we were really br ofc and economic organization. Free c etwo; no alternative mode: f hand in the euphoria and gloating

10

aan dratkets, how accept

(1978 and

ated at a trillion dollars annually. Some , will say that wie

ing

ee erg

Mode

Mo

To return to the question o: 9 +t:

the a priori dec 1aes10n t ine eqt hat peaceful resolution of conflicts and e uitieicse.i be sought.

It I 1tag nomic dogma works ainst

has

Th ere is no real question as to which is th e p referre The shift to s ustainability is desir able, as well as necessary.

The “Religion” of Free Markets One

2

of the reasons

that the notion of “redis2 trib9 utio: n”

”

rece

attention is the quasi-religious attitude about the free na

ives S' o

nt ones Can: to inflict the damages that cu rre oste 1991) to the p

little

resent reality (von Dr :

e all th es e ye ar s of be brtoain of UN Sar rac congeners shouinldg ibs e without palan

in cr ea s ye market

ingly, “global competitiveness.” To raise qu es ti on s about t x (1991) indtis almost to be accused of blasphemy, as Je remy ma irc united cates. Seabrook—a strong advocate of the

With the fact that without eens OU Cooperation, without redis inability. AB" 4. Not achieve our goal of Debits di

Green RON or raised forits Kingdom—points out that the free market Syste ee ie es ich d elves

ie i

i

ivering

:

= ee i

“the

goods,” is separate

have % Ob invented conomies

icht

a siaaage distorted view of the worldin ee of is so

Rereegame onomiic ey ale mns/s0 Peault iey s OFs. ve “we ine dividual hoee

perfection.”

5

mehow cleansed: it becomes 10 ly flaw in

eT aay ane

global competitiveness imP €conomic st

the system becomes ! ing shaming contrast to its shin

ark et s for the nea r-r eli gio us fer vor ab eu ls t One of the main reason i tral planning systems over th pas ae

ict lis tear fais, structures is the dismal ee mi Cae ae Ha half century actually to deliver t e goods. ee ion ails would be a terrible indictment of human 1mag ee

isa ane

mplemen™

su

Tesult in entropy and venta on us

those

:

21 3

5

1

?

ructures. It is WP

derf

ical effi tec pnical

: M p9roductnaeion. B5 ut if dlo thengse t erm envi ronana dto £02 lone bly lead Social efficiencies and competitiveness will inevit@ ant tion dn oes eee

Iris

tyre ly

15

on ti lu vo Re al ci So a s e t a t i s s e c Sustainability Ne

s e o g it d n A . e c n e t s i x e r u o f o s n o i s n e m i d l a u t i r i p s d n a , l a n o i t o m lectual, e n o i t i d n both ways. o c e r l p a c i t i s r i c s a n o i t c e n n o c e s e h t f o e r a w a g n i e b , w e i v y In m to ke li d l u o w I . e r u t u f e v i t a n r e t l a , e l b a r i s e d e r o m a s d r a w o t g n e r o m for movi a to s s e m t n e s e r p e h t m o r f e s a h p l a n o i t i s n a r t e h t o t e assign a nam . s s e n d e t c e n n o C f o n o i t i n g o c e R f o e g A e h T : e r u t u f e l b a r desi Decision Time

e l p o e p r e h t o f o s d n a s u o h t d n a s n o i t a n t s o m d n a f o g s n i d t a e e e h m e ; l h a c t i t i r , c 2 9 9 1 a s a e w n u t I i t. In J m m u S h t r a E e h t r o f o r i d e f n a J e d o i r R o W in t n e a m m u h e h t w o h n o me

t ou e ? s Ar e i g o l o e c a l e a b o l g d n a l exiiksti ng political Bididusrss ciety and loca p al ci so m r e t g n o l r o f e t a u q e d a s n o i t u t i t s n I e e R n o D t a h w r o F ? g n i n n l i ts t e i c o s e v i s n o p s e r e r u t u f s l l a c ) 8 7 9 1 ( l e a h c i : t o n y l r a e l C ? g n i n ar n o oedwshaa r i S t fo s e r u o q j a m a s s i i h T e e deba te and one which ne Ng

soci

sed

attention.

Recooggnniittiion of Connectedne ss ra s si es dn te ec nn co c d an e c n e d n e p e : d r e t n i al ic og ol ec d n a f t s u m e ; w altity ? refe ll e oi nc ch ue l fl a u in d e r ace. Indivi e h w y r e v e e d a m s ce oi ch si ci De . s n es o di m bo m o c l na io global at rn te in or al on ti na by s e g : e e i a d a e t yp Eg s. ou vi ob e th influence the d n o of individuals far bey economi

Global

ae to s e d i c e d it r e v e e, ur lt what cu ri ag n ow s it of ty li bi na ai st su e th t u o b a e a b e d th e c n e u nd l f ou n ar s al du vi may be i di of billions of in to continue

re

e decisions

it em d an s el fu il ss fo ) e m u s n o c t no r (o te te sr rs Bo es rt aa Cu ’ t n u o c g in greenhouse ly wlo to st re te in ar ul ic rt pa of e su is ae ob gl If a. se e th near ce , ls ve le a se in se ri a to ad le ed de in es do e o by i a G ed oe nc ue fl in n be so al ll wi impact in eo s n a i t p y g E t. ea gr be uld a sh it t, de n ia op hi Et with wahnomSerie an it e b — d e h s r e t a w s it s re Wpant t co e Th n. da Su of t n e m n r e v o G e th or e i h e m A e er

world

e S ee owe

e e aes

ad ok

pen aay =

l ra ru ed at ol is st mo e th in er

Cseottminmogdiwiltly Exbe chffanecttet d

a St S. U. e th F, IM e th of ae the executive bodies ant

E

® s! ci de st di e es Th . y t i n u m m o C c i m o n o c E n a e p uro v? in r fo t n e m n r e v o g an available to the Egypti

Sica eee | ee ae eh Por

ieee

d

: h. rt fo so d n d a an , s e i t i d o m m o c of es e pric , al ic og ol ec , c i m o n o c e — res e h p s l al to s nd te ex n i i cognize that

re e or ef er th st mu e both space and time. W : dividu’ in at th ly on t no es nc undertakes influe

y an individual

” ec nn co ” o c s i . h T n a m u h n o n d n a n a m u h h t o exis iege: but those of others, b ’ e t n i e h t o t s d n 4 pe e ne: it ext

a l p l a c i s y h p , l a i r e t a m e h t n i s is not only

zs

o c o t s r a e y r o f e n o t e h t t e s e g n i y may hav r t e r a o h w e s o h T . e u q i t a m e l b o r p s k l r a o b w o l e g e h t with n e v n o c l a n o i t a n r e t n i t n a import s, maintainin n o i s s i m e s a g e greenhous t n i o g t o n l l i w [ . s e i t l u c i f f i d y n ot encounter ma et al: 1991).

f work out for seca so on D

a

fart

l l i e N c a M ( k o o b t n e c e r a n i 0 d o e n a o T t covere a h t t u o t n i o P s e u g a e l l o c i s i h d n a l l i cNe de-offs wil :

a r Ma t e g u h y n a m t a h t s i n o i t a u t i s ction. e r i d e istics of the v i t i s o p a n i e v o m o t wn e o r d a e y w l d n if i l b s i s a g n i b an ongoing g n i o G . y n t i i l i b d a n a p y a c l l l a a n c o i t j i l o p l a ; c t i a t n i r c a e m o c e b l l h i t w o b , l l a r o r o f s d n l e a r d e a e t d a l o t i t d a l e u l m l l i w ” t h g i r 0 is t migh ractiveness

t t a e h t g n i d n a t s h t i w t o N . y l l tiona v d a o s l a s r autho this and h e t s i e w e h e t r g a , . s I s eargarle” embeanrtgain

wou

¢ e h t s i e m o s y b y a w e h d t d e a d e e l e d a Wchgrnound an

e a © n e e w t e b ’ s u j t o n e d a m r e e b h t e h t w s u m e d i c e d s f f t o s u m Trade s r o g e t h n s t i e v v l n o i s e r s n r e i ci hei d

e t r e d n n e a c f irssel thee e

poli

a b n o o l i g t a d a l r g a e t d n e m n o r i v continued en have

tor

l l i w s n o i s i c e d y l u l a s n g o n i i t t a o N m o r . p l l y e l w e t s a a i d fnoeredtehde;m the costs of imme e v a h l J { s e i r t n u o c l l A . n e k a t r e d n u e b e t t s n i u m d n s a e c ti e d a r t e e r f l a b o l g e r s o d m n a w n o a h t r pe e h t a r , t n a w y e h m t ? e e w Choi t e made b

be t s u m & N ! y a ee t s d n a s t s o c e w l o a h t n e m n n o y l l a b tans o l e g , e 8 n e i d t u a y l m l l o l p be nta e t m s n u o m r i S v n e h r e o x e austibl

© n o i t u l l o p f o s t s o c e h t r o f e e t s y a t p n a w e W on who r e h t e h w o t a s a : y e m r o e n o c e l a ae wh r u r coais ctor and se

e S y e h t e s u a c e b s e i t i c o t n l i u o d n 4 e s n o i of mi s d on deci

ae

e s i m e r p s i is

n o i t u l o v e R l a i c o S a Necessitates

Sustainability

917

n i a t s u S : n o i t u l o v e R n e e r G e h t r e t f A . r e i b r a B . B d r a w d E d n . 0 a 9 9 1 , . R , s n n o o i d t r a o c i l b u P G n a c s h t r a E : n Conway, o d n o L . t n e m p o l e d i v s e n D o c e r R o f d n a e r u d t e l t u a c d p i U : t c e p able Agr s o r P n a m u H e h t o t n i y r i u q n I n A : . t r e b o R , r e n Heilbro . 0 8 9 1 , n o t r o N : n k e r d o r Y a G w . e s N c i m . o s n 0 o 8 c E f o d n E e h T ered for the 19 : s e r u t u F e v i t a n r e t l A g n i t a e r C: . l e z a H Henderson, , y t i C . 8 7 9 n 1 e d , r s s a e G r P r . o s h c c i n m A o n : . o Y c . N E , y o t t i C s e v i t a n e t l A : e g A r a l o S e h t f o s c ___— The Politi : e c n e d n e p e d r e t . 1 n 8 I 9 1 , d s s n e r o P y r e o h B c n A . i j : . i Y h N. s u k a Y : k o r z o Y i a T d w e N , s . u i y m g e o s l n i o W c r E e t e i P , s m ' i J d , l l l r i o W MacNe e h t d n a y m o e n o t c E n s ' d l r o W e h t The Mashing of . . 1 9 9 1 , s s e r P y t i s r e v i n Oxford U

of

the

“

‘

social

ecol

3°

t s i c s a of f o c e e h t , s s a i t s h r t n o e t e f e m r e mov

t s i c s a eee f o i n h c te Itis importan : l a c ma i g o l o c e e h t t a h t g n i of think Sustainability saab pti af é ic st ju l a i c o s f o n o i r e t i r c e h t e r o c s t i n i It does not. And that 55 cin co e su ; is is th t u o b a g n i k n i h t e s o h t f o . y n Insist that social justice be part of a : l l a m e r a s r e g n a d e h T . n o i s s u c s i d e Huge inequities could be ie ees th c i t a r c o t u a y b , t c i d e d n a e c r o f y b regimes in perio ds of eco nomiacintdaecilniende, as Robert Heilbroner (1980) has n I . t u o d e t n i o p

(e}

ate

decisions Sane

e th r e v l o o r t n o c p u n e v i g e v ie of the world, we ha

e e p . e c i e n nocrats, and

h , e s t t a r c u a e r u e b l b i s i our lives to inv

e P f o e m a g e h t y a l p o t d e r r e f e r p e v a e h h t i n t i a e v l i u s s m a u p c g c n a i e e b activecaolnldyimiennstihon of ulatxiiosnteonfcec.omImnodfaicttiewse hwahvilee been encouraged to

politi

n of our e do this b y those who benefit from our nonparticipation.

Utopia or Dystopia?

as ! n e d n e p e d — n a i p o t u S L Much O H N e e e y i e ) t n u d e r e p i re (o ways s r e h new I of and it is PACH hats human, of of a new type and nature. But this! Seat

Ee

Miatahumans, and between humans oe

area

ra im the through

sustainabil: of logic internal the through we work societies. sustainable creating

of goal the of on? the 0” societies plications utopian of creation the conscious

choices are between

r e h t o e h t n o s a d i p o t s y n d a i r a t i r o h t u a r o r e t s a s i h and, and environmental d References

, s k o o B e s o R k c a l B : l a e r t n o M . y t e i c o S l a gic o l o c E n a d r a w o T . y a r r u M , n i h c k o o B 1984. . Remaking Society: Books, 1989.

g n i n n a l P d n a n a l P to g n i n r a e L n O . d l a n Michael, Do Jossey-Bass, 1978. d n a s e h c a o c r p p A : t n e m p o l e v e D r e h t o n A . r o t i d E . c r Nerfin, Ma . 7 7 9 1 , n o i t a d n u o F Dag Hammarskjold rket: P.

a M e h t f o h t y M e h T Seabrook, Jeremy.

5

. 1 9 9 1 , s k o o B e s o R k c a Bl

c i m o n o c E e l b a n i a t s u S y l l a t n e m n . o r e i v r n E u t . d u n r F e B , e t n o von Dros m . 1 m 9 9 1 o C , O C S r E N u U O : s i r a P . t . n d pme ing on Brundtlan

World Commission on

i

1 , s s e r P y t i s r e v i n U d r Oxford: Oxfo

e

ie d n a s c i m a n y D n o i t a l u Pop l a r u t l u c i r g A e l b a n i a t s Su t p y g E n i t n e m p o l e v e D

1 r e t p a h c s i h t ma ae in i m a n y d n o i t a l u p o p n a i t p y g E n o p m i e h . i T ? m e t s y s e l b a n i a t s u s d n le a =

a stab e c o r p y e k e r a e r e h t ) 1 ( t a h t s e s from the premi e H n g i s e d e h t n i d e t a r g e t n i e st b

© " nace ics that mu e e w t e b n o i t a l e r e h t ) 2 ( ; t n e m p o l e v e d l a r 0 1 u t d e ae t a d i c u l e o n n a c dynamics

population

i m o n o c e d n a l a i c o s r e h t o n i oe n i s t n e m p o l e v e d m o r f e a e i e r d n a s e s s e c o r p e s e h t ) F & lized.

i t u r e d n u y l l a n o i t a r e p o d n a ped i e s r e v i d d n a e d i w s i t c e j = The sub ’ . t n e m p o l e v e d c i m o n o c e d n a m l i a i c s o e s u s f s o i s t c l a r u aspe t c u r t s d n a l a c i t i r c e m o t p m into focus s e t t a o N . g n i n n a l p d n a : v € y c i n l a o p F O o t t n a s v k e r o w tel e m a r f l a c i t e r o e h ic t t a f m o e t s y w s e i v e r a sive e d i v o is to pr an e s o p r u p y m , r e Rath

, s e l p i c n i r p of t se a t n e and pres e t a b e d y c i for pol as a basis

The dec , understandin

i ns, o i conclus

y t i l i b a n i a t s u S d n a s c Population Dynami

221

n r e t t a p r o i v a h e b l a n o i t u t i t s n i n a f o e c n e s e r p e h t n o t p y g E P I s a . tin I P I as d e b d e b b u d , e c n e r e f f i d n I d n a , n o i t a n i t s a r c A o a r P , n i o t s i n i s n i g c n e e i t d s n i e I x e n e o h t y b d based e t a u t e p r e p d n a , d e n i a t s u s , d e r b e g n o i e d b n a e , r n e o w i t a e c s u d e The , e r u n e t d n a l , e r u t c u r t s y l i m a f e h t , n o r i e g h i l t e e r h w f o , s e s y l a tutions n a s ’ a m u T m o r f , r e v e w o h , t n e d i v e t o n is ment. It e T e L p e th to s u o n e g o d n e OF s u o n e g o x e is r o i v a h e b pattern of Pal erent

e a a a i O e M 2 i l 1: 99 deyelopment. Richards (1 during the 1980s1s a result

of the 8

to y it il ab s t i i : e r a s d n a d n e o t i i g n e U r e e h th t m in o r e f l s o r r 0 l v a a c f i g t n i t c a i r * a i c i at t it i l o p s it f n o o i skillful exploitat & by ” nt re ic eg at tr “s at th on capitalize : States and the IMF. Agricultural transformation has historically pa

s m r o f e r y c i l o p implement

w no the of ce en ri pe ex e Th . th decline and grow indicates that the share 0

i

o c n i a t i p a c r e p s a output declines m o s y b n e k a t s a w n r e accelerates. This patt

r g c i m o n o c e r o f t n e opment as a requiremeems to evolve throug ‘ formation process s

fsten the In phases. such four specifies (1988)

a

sat

Investment in rural infrastruc tr,

bas failures market and mobility, ae ms, labor

been hampered by ree rural interrelated major “all integrate to ability la P markets—land, in bor : —i it l de l mo ra nt ru re he co le o ng nt si a —i it ed ne cr , ce : as am sr (Bin

g in er id ns co , ts is om on ec e m o S . ) 5 5 4 5 : 81 19 g i e w z n e s O a Sustainability as ergenerational equity, propose imposing

aaa

matter of int

e use of resources

current generation (Daly 1973).

and environmental systems by the

©” ected process of structural transformation or change during eee low-income tural economy to an industrial ur ban ae ac

us crea isa It s. proces tive disrup a is tion defini by e chang ural ae oyer of values (Goulet 1992: 467-475). It implies that vane t and an gments of the economy grow at different rates. It also implies significa?

af

st the of role The . change to ance resist the ize minim and shifts facilitating this transition can be instrumental, depending upon 4 comple

Egypt’s apparent failure to implement policy reforms has be

ously explained. Tuma (1988: 1185-1198) blamed the slow eco? os

; a nt me rn ve Go r. bo la d an Namely financial t pa s ow fl l ia nc na size and timing of fi

mation. The size and timing of labor flow®

gricultural transformation should be viewed as an integral pat of2g tfe

set of economic and noneconomic factors.

status, Each phase indicates the pattern oh erventi ence the

Systems of Agricultural Transformation : Q A

geographic, social, and economic mobility. Accordingly, population lose and others gain. During this process, pO institutional changes are required to reduce the costs of th

Ogies, agricultural productivity pe j d re er sf an tr is s lu rp su e th e, second phas ! ts ar st e as ph d ir th e Th s. or ct se al ur agricult tural sector into the new industrial econ ony fn becomes one of many sectors in the econgn ee

™ ™n ve go ct re di in d an by direct n io at rn te in -, €.g , es rc fo s ou en exog

an ? ur lt cu ri ag of n er tt pa l ra ne ge _ The is the dynamic nature of the process é h t th ow gr l ra tu ul ic gr na linkages to no mn : es oc pr e th , ry eo th stages-of-growth Movement from a primarily agrarié movements are viewed as histori dual-economy models, jumPS

th m is al du of n io at in im el e th

e fe r he ot e ar e er Th . et rk ma the 5 ate ae or government in designing str stress nutrition as a key objective

on maximum employment during! Johnston 1984).

9

ty li bi na ai st Su d an s c i m a n y D Population

me

r fo s e i t i l i b i s s o P s u o i r a V in h t w o r G n o i t a l Role of Popu 0-1980 6 9 1 , s e i t i v i t c u a Labor Prod

) e l a c s g o l ( t u p t u O l a r u t l u c i r g A f o t i n U Labor per AtL=(1.0)

~~ _ Technology

The Role of Populati on Dynamics

It 1S evident, then, that the rural population must undergo significant adjustment

during the ag Ticultural transformation process. Specifically:

¢

The number of a

gricultural workers per hectare (L/A) is re

from over 40 percent to below 15 percent of the total Jabor fore

The productivity of agricultural workers (Y/L) increases tela! to that of land (Y/A)

Rural fertility experiences a sustainable decline

nae

The result of this sizable geographic and occupational mobili ty 1s i Se flow

Hel

of resources between the agricultural and nonagr icultura neces The sectors are mutually supportive. The process, however, ae 4 gricul sarily smooth. It cannot be accelerated beyond the capacity i sectors 1° tural sector to develop; the capacity of the ees the labo! absorb the agricultural surplus labor; the mobility PEE ext ent © force to acquire new skills and move to new locations; an istori the demographic

Tesponse.

This pattern reflects ee

experience of agricultural tr ansformation, for example, States from 1880 to

1980.

ion

;

in the U8!

ited

I must stress that the path of agricultural transl e ie een uF States, and its implied role of population dy Pe or ci ie Structure of its resource endowment, technolo sia in Figure eo public policy. Clearly it is not the only pattern. om among populatio® six different possibilities exist, based on the intera c

1. i)

tpt In this, Hayami and Ruttan (1985) examine the rela l a Y r p u t t 7 u l u o c ‘ s ga ) y tural output per labor unit (labor productivit aSue:nd agric Z ulatio A jon of popuy

hectare of land (land

The eeeic interact g the process of agi

i labor outmigr: a growth and agricultural

cu

ene eo

bor Poe"aos -

Sole

2.

oa

“ pilsaiol a coal

deterioration

: W: change in raising yields,

IN atreelerendeeds

growth and density, available land, and the use of eee Beiween sos productivity).

7

-

) le ca -s og (l nd La of e ar ct He r pe Agricultural Output

oe

: j

3.

ulation grgrowth Population

land opening

faster than 9% ian roblems

[Z “technical change, plus

riean ereion ota

standards.

d

problems (>

policies leadiDB Sali

ae

Source: Based on Timmer (1983)

d Hayami

y

y Frontler

y t i l i b a n i a t s u S d n a s c i m a n y D Population 0 8 9 1 0 6 9 1 , t p y g E r o f s c i t s i t a t S l a r u t l u c i r g A d e t c e l e S 1 . 9 1 e l Tab Indicator/ Variable Agricultural output 4000 wheat units Number of male workers

in agriculture 1000s

Agricultural land area 1000 hectares Livestock 1000 livestock units

Fertilizer consumption (N + P203 + K20)

1000 metric tons

Tractor horsepower 1000 hp

Egypt: Early Stages

My pu

TpOse is not tod

population with experience Egyptian the and agricultural aormation, but rather to provide an outline for is : i t c e r i d p: lo ve de general l a r u t l u c i r g a n a i t p y g E in s d n e r t c i s a b s g n i Ment (from OCOPec s od ri pe at th g n i r u D . .1 19 e l b a T in n w o h s e r a 0) i agricultural output etric tons of wheal equivalent to Be ers) increased 7

stabilized see

m n o i l l i m 7 . 7 1 m o r f ae t r o w e l a m of s m r e t n (i s r e k r o w l a r u t l u c i r g A . n millio ivation

lt cu r e d n u d n a L . n o i l l i m 6 5. to n o i l l i m etd

om fr ly ht ig sl d e s a e r c e d k c o t s e v i l ; s e r a t c e h n o i l l i m 5 i m : n a h c 7 e m 4. s d r to a w o n t o s i t l p l m i e m t t a s 5.3 u o i r .7 millioa n. There were se 1 Egyptia: n agriculture during the 1960-1980 period: tractor horse zation on in a® th ” Or e us er iz il rt Fe 0. 00 9, 02 1, to 0 00 Po ere incr eased from 220, Bwe ee

) a e e th in is t p y g E t a h t s d n e r t y t i v i t c u d o r p e vo aan from thes r a l p o p 4 n e e b s a h e r e . h n T ansformatio

ieaiones

ie agricultural tr

Fe

ae force d

Number of farms 1000s

Literacy ratios percent

School enrollment Tatlos percent

Ruttan, 1985.

e p ) 1 ( : o t d e t a l They are re ps: i h s n o i t a l e l r a r o t c e s

e e oi s t n e m e v o M . y t i l i b o m c i h p a r g o e g f o s m r e t in y l n i a m ™ ? e e i n e p e d n i e b to m Egyptian | e e s uring the 1970s and 1980s

: p a h c e th in r e i l r a e d e n i l t u n o o i t a m r o f s n a r t l a r u t l u c i r g a pee process of e rc fo to d e t c a e r e v a h to rnment policies seem . Furthermore, gove ap of t n e m e v e i h c a e h t to d n a s s e c o r p n o i t a m r o f s n a ” p o exogenous to the tr l e v e d l a r u t l u c i r g a e ainabl

t s u s a r o f y r a s s e c e n , e c > s n o i t n e intersectoral balan t n i d o o g d n a ll wi d o o g e h t l al of e t i p s in ment. The result is that s policymakers

u s a s d r a w o t y r t n u o c e h t e d i to gu

® V ! t c e j b o is th s d r a w o t d a e l to d e t a n i d r o o c n e e b e s e c r o f ¢ policies seem not to hav s e h t e r a t a h e w n i m a x e must first e W . k s a t t l u c i f f i d y a l s u o i v b o is It n i a m o d e h t e c u d e r y l n o t o n that

of policy options

but also confus?

™ ” o i t a m r o f s n a r l t a r u t c u r m t s r e t g n o l h t i w s n o i t u l o s d n a s n o short-term acti

horizonta

growth in Egy f i s 4 r e t f a , s e t a r h t r bi 70s. This

1960

17,737 4,024

2,569 5,322 204

1970

23,713

4,839 2,843

1980 26,153

5,644 2,848

y t i l i b a n i a t s u S d n a s Population Dynamic

y c i l o P l a r u t l u c Agri

. ) 9 8 9 1 r e i h t e D . 8 . € ( t p y g E n i y c i l o p l a r u t l u c i r g a h t i w s a r o t c a f Many studies deal n o i t a l u p o p e h t f o e l o r d e t c e p x e e h t e n i m a x e c e j b o y My purpose is to c i l o p n e v e s s t s i l r e i h t e D . s e v i t c e j b o y c i l o p d e t a r e c u d o implied in the st r p on ct fe ef d e t c e p x e r i e h t d n a , m e h t to d e h c a t t a s n t o h i t a l u p o p f o tives, the weig e l o r e h t h t i w y l t i c i l p x e s l a e d s e v i t c e j b o e h t f o e n o N . s e c i r p

e h t f o e n o n d n a s s e c o r n p o i t a m r o f s n a r t e h dynamics in t deals with the consequ taxe ences to populati on mov heavily landless; the supporte d policies that finds Dethier agricultur al of transfer sizable a promote d and system, interacti ng househol ds; of farm income agricult ural-dem ographic all as e Examine d h t imcome: f o y t i l i b a n i a t s u s e h t o these policies would not necessarily lead t transformation process. Intersectoral Issues

Rue

t p y g E , s e d a c e d o w t t s the pa

aa. ;

e country is now

hi

—

, e v i t a g e n e m o s d n a positive a net expo:

4 s e c n a t t i m e r of with that ee a f o e r a h s e h T . e g n a h c x e n g i e r € of fo 29 1 (a

in t n e c r e p 19 to 5 6 9 1 in

t e th 1? e r u t l u c i r g a of e r a h s e h t in mer e n i a t s u s a of e m o c t sed as an ou 7 e u l a v al re e t u l o s b a e h t ion, in which e e l ta to e th in e r a h s substantially while its

es a c h a ps tO s e e m d y n a m i c s a p f r e s aS e n t The in the early 4980s)

declines.

e n v i s a g (a ed s economy 1

in the country (Wally

982). B

War, it seems to have takena

as a resource misallocation evenue, r l oi f o t c e f f e d e the combin

workers. The major ity of

many of th 2 M

are recent migrants.

This t ype of

different

mi

ratio of Egyptian total are

clearly

n io at gr mi the of cs mi na migrant and the dy 2 a orm nsf tra ral ltu icu agr y erl ord an in n ter pat expected

from th € y ilit bej stab of ad e th to ad le Process. Inste. y il ar ss ce ne d ul wo at th pe ty e th g in y n ma e r a t tha s al gn si e R e e id th ov pr of to to l ia nt te po e th s ha it 5 s, es oc Pr lead ; ; t a e, during ne ti policy Cy ini initiatives in conflict with this aim. For exampl mej a a5 ion rat mig l 1980s th ona ati ern int d P ate tre ly ial € governm ent essent ” nce™ itta Source of forejeign exch re m ma xi mi to ze pol ici es de ve lo pe d an d co i t n an ge e nd m a 2 At the sa y l l a n o i i erat me,

ceptually.

le ti

p o , k a e w s a w y c its population poli

about 127 percent

y t i l i b a n i a t s u S d n a s c i Population Dynam

229

. 9 8 9 1 , . C . D , n o t g n i h s a W . y c i l o P g n i c i r P l a r u t l u c i r g A f o y , m o o e n m i o m c E t f a r D : o r i Political a C » . s i s i r C f l u G e h t d n a n o i t a r g i M r o b a L b a r Fergany, Nader. “A .” World Devel-

1992.

: p o l e v e D ‘ Goulet, Denis. . o N , 0 2 . l o V , 2 9 9 1 opment,

'

p o H s n h o J : e r o m i t l a B . t n e m p o l e v e D l a r u t l u c i r g A . n a t t u R . W . V d n a , . Y , i m a Hay , e r u t c u : r t S n s, o es i Pr t c u d o r P kins University d n a t u p t u O l ta To : s n o i t a N of h t w o r G c i m o n o c E Kuznets, S. t i s r e v i n U d r a v r a H : . s s Cambridge, Ma

Lewis, W.A. “Economic Deve

chester School of Economic an Economic Literature,

as ty li bi na ai st Su B. Norgaard, Richard nd Practice. _

aes : i i that must be combined € export industries ae brats intensiv \ ina wigortan Feria graphic transformatio li li publ example,

oo ait Hono (aimed rewards SHE om individual ¢ MAy We remittances)

attracting at migrants’ ' enterprises national encourage that those 2 labor-in initially, export, high ultimately, and, services, and goods ensive A value-added products. 0" essential clearly is policy population vigorous of success the long-run 7 of such an integrated policy package. eee a of an efficient market is clearly necessary ee - e BE (ee Fic eee

ne

nsformation process. We must, however, 1 ealize that ions to relying fully on market solutions. References

t n e m y o l p m E , s t n e m e g n a l r a r u A t e r, H.P., and M.R. Rosenzweig. Contrac Binswangge l u c i r g A ; rk ew. New YO and Fees W.nage ini Rural Labor Markets: A Critical Revi

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E W o: sc ci an Fr or n Sa y. om on Ec te ta -S dy ea St a rd wa To . or it Ed aly, Herman E.

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h c i l o P g n i c i l r a P r u t l u c i r g A d n a , e t a e R g n a h c x E , e d a _ ap Tr ~ ~ : s e i d u t e S v i t a r a p m o C k n a B d l r o W . y d u t S y Vol. I, The Countr

Economic Thought a

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of y m o n o c E l a c i t i l o P Richards, Allan. “The o N , 19 . l o V , 1 9 9 1 , t n World Developme ] of s t n a n i m r e t e D e h t n O “ . a y n Saadani, Soma o i t a l u p o P of t n e m t Seminar paper, Depar . 1 9 9 1 : e r o m i t l a B , y t i s r e : Sj v EB s s l a i t n ote P e h T “ . l i a m s I a ! n e m p o l e v e D n a t s i k a P ” ? y r o e h T r e ue h t i d n a : n o i t a m r o f n I of t i r o i r o s As Stiglitz, Joseph E g paper, n i k r o w R E B N ” , t n e Developm

, ” a s a v i n i r S N , e g n Cha l a r u t c u r t S of ns r e t t a P “ . e h s o M N . T d n a y Syrquin, e n e h C Hollis

y b d e t i d E . s c i m o n Eco

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u

World Develo

A f o y g e t a r t S “ Wally, Youssef. ference

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@ s t c e p s o r P c i m o n o c E . Global m s I d n a . 2 9 9 1 , k n a D.C:C.:: World B t i g n a , g n o W a c e b e s R n h o j , n a i s W s a H , n o i t a Zaky r t s u l i T n A : e n i l c Fertility De on Dynamic

i t a l u p o P f o t n e m Depart 1991.

20

d n a l a t n e m n o r i v n E f o n o i t a Integr t n e m p o l e v e D e l b a Sustain l a r u t l u c i r g A n i s n o i s n e m Di s i s y l a n A y c i l o P d n a g n i n n Pla y a h s i B . K Fahmy g n i p o l e v e d f o A majomaj r challenge to the populati ons en be s ha pove tty and create material abundance as

a3

; e l b a n i a t s u s , al ur lt cu ri ag y antl

m: co be ta tothe

. ss re og pt ic : om on ec r ei th to l ia nt se es g n i z i m i x a s ofm

ural dev3 elopment is a proces

Ps - alee

be more accurate god ae ed in the macro and/o ye to be taken Provements in the coefficients utilized ortant factors ha Tn actual planning

=

Sectors

‘visBYion of Sec tors into‘

asIn itthides atstsagwie this toprojseeclectts thraethprerojecthtsan thagatgrfi egatste patternc andedcidedid up? saggt

In the middle Stage of plannin faci Thine iPomnthe macro stage 1S made clearer as the © gt oe Se ee roduction 4 Nondistinguish one een Of homoreneiiyge ost! grow

237

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re often una Were destruc Olicymakers Al nutrient min oe ien exe soil ae onal income and: of measures

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savings that ie

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< ense ce base urces12 » in the § ur o Ye) failure,” 1) Ye natural Se of natural res

called “policjgn y e °7',, influe. nce an de si ey co ns er va ti di on re ct oP impa ct

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marinin

0 «cies, W A through the aunties thereto re,rain goles had ae In many

development.

EvEIOR.

tio)

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Sustainab j ility

E nvironm ent and

in Planning

n P. olicy and

26 9

t t a n ” g e n s i e t h t s u a ; e h o s x a e b “ r o t e c men r u o s e r l fects on the ae mee do a r u e a n f e a e h v h i t t i o t s o t p n e e r m d o n n m e e t v a s legume coun , pi in lo op ve el de all st mo al in ; tk ae e ee

subsidies are wi idespread 1

d ie if st ju y ll ua us technologies

onth

5

ao an

e id ov pr ey th at th e e p a basis d an ans pe om , ts pu in D rn de mo w ofne , the use of associated estabare schemes subsidy input i tion for low prod ucer prices. Although fixed low, for farmers lished to enhan ivi and compensate

commodity pric = prod eee and latter the accomplished not have they etany whi agriculfrom income of esult has been a transfer : o t l a r u t l a r u t l u c i r sectors g a n o n n o s e i c i l o p e c i r p f o n e d bur new the In Egy of pt gypt, an analysis was made input alt hou gh that ed l a e v e r e s i c r e x e the agricu e h T . 0 8 9 1 r in e c u d o r r p o t c se ‘ e th l a r u t I , n o i l l i m 7 0 4 E £ g n i h c a o r p Subsidies p a t e n , e g e r h a T l . n o i e l l i e m m 7 8 9 E e £ o t g n Price a i t n u o t m u a p n i , e r h e t g r d a n l a n o e i l e l i e m i 0 8 a 5 E e h £ t u o b a s a w burden on t n r o o t c e d s e s l o a p r m u i t l

u ” c x i a r t g “ e m h t o c f o t n e c r Subsidies e p 1 4 y l n o r o f e , e v a a h e s n o i e t r a l e r e s e agricultu h T . y c i . l s o 0 p 8 9 1 e c d i ' r p d i h m g u e o h t e e c b n i s d t e p t y a i g t n i n o in Eg i m s a m r o n o f i e t r a i e concili se of pric

cau;

e r r o f d e e n e e h t c n e t a i h t r e p It is y x r E a s s e . c d e e n z i n y g l o r a l e u e r r e a b p 9 tic s f f o d r e e a d l g a p e r i r t t l s d i u h n M t a s e v i y c t i c l e o j p b cy o late

Shows t

n o c Price pooeli l failure to effect ively form u d n a n o i t c u d a i o t r i p n i hat an i[ nable a t udgetary i

i € S 0 t : s a l l n e w s a Ptio , t e m t o n i e , r a r h e c v i e h w w o H i . e s r m o e f l d b n o a r p e g , n n a o i h t c a r x e e d i tak n g ns Sumptj

o c o t n i s a r n o r t e c t a l f a : f e o s e s t i f of th: e n l e l b d n a s , u s s t s r i o o t c f s e s v e , i s In c t i c l a o p p m e i c i r p he t l a r u t l u e c i r g a f o r the S i e t h r t o p f o p u s n o n i i t a y t i l y i b i d e r c tural de lopment. r d o o c p a l a y n t o i i u t n u i t e t i t n s o n c i ) I 1 ( : e d u l need for c in to

ea

e h . t s a t r a o d o t t c d a n f a d o i r t e i h n g t o o i 4 t a a , m n r s o o f i n t i a ante t ) n 3 ( e m e d n pl a m i , s y e c i c r u o s e r r Reyes e manpow

;

e h T . t c a p im

fj

n o s e s u c o f t s r i f e t o o a s e e l i p f i mult s the Siete setting

, s E n I . d e s u n o i r e , t p y t g e d y h l t y b d Present e n i m er

ae i

cane)i. In the

S€ Cases , OffiOfcificial

o c w e f e l i h prices. W : O C s e i r t n cou

in most prices for very few producer e s u s d n a cotton

y l b a t o n ( t n e m n e l r p i e t l v u m o . n o d g e s a e b prices are

h t i w , . criter!4 in each&

ion, (2)

a r g o r p s m e m u s a j d a l a r u . 0 t 1 c u r : t e s h t e , h t p y g E g n i a ith t d u l c n i , s e i r t n u o c g pins evelopin i

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d

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: . fa l l a m s n a r h o t f y l l a i c e , p s es rmer e s i w r e h t o d l u o w : ; t n e m e n e o f n i o v i t n a d e n d a a e a r c r g r u e u t d o a s n e r ] amage. induce

Institutitional Reform for Sustainable Development dev el agr Eff icu ect ltu ral ive n su atu st ral ai na ea re bl d e m a e an calls for a and pl ann an in ni ng tur al agr icu of l ecentralization ian policies. An FA O study (1988) on the subject identified many advantages j gov ern st si as o T of institutiona . n o i t a z i l a r t n e c e d g emphasizin

n i a t s u s r fo n o i t a z i l a r t n e c e d l a n o i g e r f o s s e c o r nopatarlineraal ae the p me FAO document

e w in s t n e m

able

a s e h t , g n i n n a l p t n e m p o l e v e f o t e s a d e Beiblish . e v i t c e j b o is th e v e i h c a to s e n i l e d i u g l a n o i t a r fo s e l p i c n iia ERB eo eae i r p l a the following gener

strengthening

Oa

for ae

that:

insti

ecentralization,

n o e c n e r e f n o C n e g r e B 0 9 9 1 e h t at d e s s u c s i d — stitutions

y l p m i s e l p i c n i r p e s e h T . l u f e s u o s l a e r common Future—a

e v a h s r e s u n e h w y l t n e i c i f f e e r o m Man y natural resources are manag ed e r a s e c r u o s e r ty r e p o r p 9 n o m m o s c s d l u o h s seactu el oeeaioh rights. Open-acce s t n e m m e v o G . y l t s n e i c i f f e n i d n a y l e v r i e s v s o e c x s e t h d g i e r t i y o t l ' p x i n u y e m m o c : d n a l a u d i v i d n o i t h d c a i e l h w t a o h t t t n s y a w n i exami: ne the exte d e n e h t g n e r t s r o d s e i r t n u o C . na establishe be use. can their 1n resources sustainability Pesicy and i efficiency, oon pean scope of the mark Panding the, Taw. s and environmental regulatto b N onin u i t c n u f e h t i s a b r o f a basic precondition cE : establish rules t a at make them responsib: or financial subsidies.

li cei e c i r . p s t c p u u d o r g p in d o o f c i g e t e a h Se policies ree wee ee on str s u t l u c i r g d a l r o w e th e of l r a a i h s t n a t s b ge a su uced

in the

da very,

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. 0 9 9 1 Agricu : y a w r o N ainable , n e g Ber t Sus in an s e v i t e c r e u t p l s u c r i e r 07 Ag ssues and P

FAO. “I

e c n e r e f n o C s d n a l r e h t e N ment.” FAO,

p!

f

Bahe

i

, s r 3 e f i u q a d n u o r g r I. e d n u . s f d , n o a s l e i r g t n n l u a i o n p c i m g r g a n e i a p o l f e o v e d n e o h i t t e c In e u S d o . r ds n p a i s i valic’e h c e i t i s y e = s i e i d Me import subsi ater, the

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aca

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c d e p o l e v e d e h Cian e t curre

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ct as implicit

l o y l a n tio r o t s i d r i e h t e u n i t n o c o t e u l a v ountries r e v o , e Meanwhil

h t e c u d e r . s e i c i l o p e ce they s o h t f o t s o c e acti

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bane

me: o R . 1 t n e m Docu tio. a z i l a r t n e c e D if

NeaRee

d North Africa.

. 8 8 9 1 O A F : e m 73. Ro c i r g A f o e l o R e n Thorbecke biaa. UIniversity Press, ‘Colum

241

2] Food, Jobs, and Water:

F

a r fo ce an rn ve Go d an e e m : : stainable Agriculture in Egypt s d r a h c i R n a l A

y t i l i b a n i a t s u s e h t n s o i d l n i e b p a e e n r d i u a t t l s u u c s i Thewider wee of Egyptian agr i Ci r o n i s 1 e r u t l u c i r g A . s t n e m p l o a l n e o i v t e a d n f o s h t o f i f a n a e h t R s E s e l e h g t n f o i

t u b i i r r t g n A o c . e c , r y o f m o r n o o b a c l e e h a t e f s o t r o d p r i h t e n and ex o g n t e i y y o l l u f p n m i e a p 4 d n g a n i o e g e r e e d d n e u t a s i c o | h c i h w y m o , n culture is e o v c i t e r o p n a p u s n i y iall with

5 i r e p y r a Necess

t n e s s e e h t f o e s u a c e B e . h g t n i r u , t y c m u o r n t o s c e e r l a n o i t a a n n e a h h t n i e r Tather t u t e l h u t c i f r o g a s s f e o c c u s e l o e r h t n , o g n i d a e s d n e t p i e l d i b a n e i r a u t t s l u Su c i r g a n a i / t y of Egyp structu derway.

E

n u s s e c o r p t n e m t s ral adju

s n a e m s t i d n o y e b g n i v i l a been sted more than it saved,

r e s e h T , d oy e v i e c e r t i e n v a n h i t t i e r , o Ts m t n e p h s c i h t w More th n e m n , r s n e o v i t o r g o t s i e d h T o r c . d i l m o s e v t i i s n a a v r e p y . ated b *

.

b r e c a l x a e i c o e s r e g w n i s d e n e nic s a l y b a b n m o i thw e efficient resource allocat y r o t a l u g e r i e h a T . s r e m u s n nd co Macr

O1

a u s e s R r e c . u r d o o t r c e p s e t a v i r inesars p e h t n i y l r a l u c i t r a p t t a a r a p m o c n o i s t ' c t S p E y g E m o r f r a f y r e v e r e w n ae # m 4 d e s o p s p a g l a c s i f fin ee ationa

n e h t f o y t i l i fi ab Pp e r e w s p a g e h t , s i s y l a n a m o r nal f ? s o T t b rnational de

ments: inte

U

o t , 0 8 9 1 n i US$21 billion at was

h W . 0 9 9 1 n i crisis ™ 2 r e g r a l r e v e consumed There

essential

; ! e v e w o h , e ar

y l n o e h t s r offe t g n i r u D alleviation-

ili

970, to the Gulf

245

for Sustainability Participation and Governance

to r he et wh en ev d an e, er wh , en wh w, ho t ou ab s ce oi ch n ow r ei th ke ma

En . on ti ac ve ti ec ll co of rm fo me so in e at ip ic rt pa to or et rk ma a enter e: iv ct fe ef re mo be to is ce an rn ve go if y ar ss ce ne so al is n io at ip ic rt pa ed hanc , g. e. , es ti vi ti ac r ei th of s ct fe ef e th t ou ab n o i t a m r o f n i ed ne rs to administra e. iv dr n io ot om pr rt po ex an of ct pa im the on The Challenges

ht ig he d an ce an rn ve go ed en th ng re st Structural adjustment, including e th of s e g n e l l a h c e th t e e m to is t p y g E if l a i t n e s s ened participation, are e 1990s and coming decades. Egypt faces many challenges, but noné © a

! i p a n c a m u , h bs , jo d o o f e of s o y h t t n i a l h i t b more critical to sustaina

e o p e l a y ° W s e g a g p n i w o l l o f e . th n formation, adanjdustwmaetnetr, coinmsperrovvaetdio goveInrnance, and enhanced participation tural

Struc

c 4n contri. bute to meetin: g these challenges. Food Securi ty

for

food

, ta pi ca de of h t w o e e d : oth of income Pea 6° e e. Th ur t Firs , consider the food security pict mand

S upon the rate of population grow" food.EL Ting the the income elasticity of demand for

depe nd:

pelo dev al ur lt cu ri ag , th ur Fo n. io at uc ed e en Ment can make an ae portant contribution to alleviate the employmea! problem

by

and services.

stimulati

ating the demand

for off-farm, labor-intensive goods

sector. Howeve:

ieee

try, and

: of the Egyptian economy; uei sustainability

privat? the for role greater a requires services, the

that mean not does this that realize to essential is fee government © Or should be given a weaker role. On the contrary eens

publicuecen

ae

gro

pnd n lio mil 12 ut abo n: tio ula pop its to ro” Cai a d Race m 62 st lea at be l wil re the 0 200 r yea the eed. By ann w gre ita cap pet P GD ” ro. Cai r the ano (nearly) “yet 3 eae from 1980 to 1989, with mos © decade; the growth rate of GNP per me inco ld Shou 1990. to 1986 from Year a : :

Be of rate ent curr its above was far better duri ng 4 grew t l.well resp utpu Supppply a ar). ae iG onse . 5 2 19 From u lt cu ri ag 79 to 1990, Egyptian year, while food production rose by 6.5P ercenl a

(and agricultural) development requires 4 stronget

Agricultural prod ov ab , ly ve ti ec sp re t, en rc pe 23 d an Poona

r o f use sae noe ). This is an impressive performanc® buiee nsion OF

Consider the fact that, despite the imp vene to 19

tion—which more than doubled oon unchange Continuing population increas?

eee e Government of Egypt needs to stop doing things ie id or can do better. In this way the government can focus ee

doom any plans for national se

pes eee

Products,

.

th

! cap er oe ) nt ce r Pe 0 (3. on ti uc od pr al re ce of te Ta P h” uc od pr od fo d an uction

Role for the Government

There is c dane gee

1

otf B fulfill. can alone it that functions those oane ep ak decentralization imply greater participation by the cll nd

private world of markets and voluntary associations, peoP le

Security lies through diversified,

Participation and Governance for Sustainabilit Y) With

add

j r u d i T s b o J 1 o b a l e h t 9 © 9 1 e h t d 8 e 1 c u I p © red m i s f I , s O . e c r o f , n e e k e o t l Y , PI r g e a i O n e v u e f p o s l 2 e o t n o i 5 i t . p 1 n Sy Pan labeor f Orce Was ap llio i m tp Toughly 40 a e r a t , a D ust be fou a 1 e a a e b o i s ‘ omre ust be c Oy d e t a e T t s i t N edu r e b O y To

n e f i e ee jobs myn r t ; e s i T St j Teation

million

Just to

ke

D

Durin ig

990 th

D

the

: 1990s

o l p m e n u P © i f i n g i s d e C C 0 5 y l h g u a e h m t n n e e h v t € S I e r o s i h T decade: e n a ‘ l a e r s s e l n , u d i p a t a T h t e r s o e i l e P h t f i n g a y t l s n O l l i w s e g a fe) ae d e h t f o n i m o h c t w e O h t T 8 g n ] i a r e r u d e t th a n a h t d s Pply can i p e a r e r n o o M t i S 1 d n o a a c t s u s y l e b s i a r n i a s e g a t W n e m y o n l i p m m o e o l 8 BR 8 1 a 80, which is a r e n n a c n e e t f i s f ’ y a d t s o a t e l t a s r a e t e l b e a l a a s s h k n a l e e e h t e tHe c r e o W t e c r o r o o o c e h n i t ure “Be was

Temune

Tation f

aSserist

b

n i n w a P S ,

’

n i c i f i r c Sa

b

| r e v e t a jobs

l a i c i f i t r a g&

id stuibeine

0 r a r e o f S a e I U M e M e n O o { r e v i O c o e t s o e d n L a e A € p halh e t i s i o t ‘ 6 7 e 9 e 1 r c m l o r s f D O e J e n t a s S i h T o . d ) n 9 e 8 a 9 1 e . r o the public es ect

saS

Was on

e s e h t e c N I

n i e a i e l i b a n i a t s u s a t as no ‘ment strategy,

;

Se job

y the mid: h t is of d-19g

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e d a e r e w d c s n D a O p J x e o e t u n i t n o c if

the Gulf states

I ai Oosn, twhaes oielm R t o n d l u o c , o o t , , they

ution t oemplo

) 4 1 9 9 1 s d r a h c i (R

aS

e n i w a e s e i r u t l u c i r g a e m a r a f e h n t i la Or d s s a e ( s a e r re c: recesnltamimnecd shut) have ty-oe has a,tiornathsearfea r g 1 s d e g n a e w n v i w e T O e e e e = B h s c a e : h M n o . i t t n e a NiZa m y o l p m e d e d n a p x r o e f l o r r d a l f o s o t i o t y a l d p e o d t e e e r c u o t r l u p c y as “shock i agr a bsorber ” The

d

€mand

for labor

5

durin gslum ps.By 1990 their hihistoricIal peak of Agric

$

Gh Gl 1S giin ng g, orTg

:

labor

in

booms

and

absorbi1ng

labor

contri

3

b E K C d N l u o c e t a o h t H housing, f s d e o o r g o d n a ! , e s r u m t i n e r u s a e l i at , r o duced — s a e r a l a r u r ” P o l e v e d e r u t l u c i r g a “ n a h c u S t n a t r led o . t ment p y g E n i , 2rOwth” b ies bast) (Adelman 1984) could be an imp

complement to the

i

uman Resources

;

F i l i b a n i a t s u s o t e t u a b i r r t a n o C c d n a e c t a c e u d e eopl e n i s s a h e n b o i u t a o r e n f e o g t s s a e p i c a e u h t q e d a g n n most serious i to provide all Egypti policy duri e t a l e h t n i y l n O e e r u l M i a f e s a b e h n t been the o i w y l r s a n e a n i ; l o o e h c e s b y r l a l m a i r p y n l i r a e d n e l l r o o r n e , l l a e y e ji r , 1fo9u8r0tsh wofegirls are still not e ™ P y B E y l t n g u a n h i s a e r c n i l l i w y c a g e l s i h T e l b a ‘ . d e e b r t e s d r u o m t i , s n n e i z t i t r : i o c p x e s t i t s u y m o l p Ge eypt in hee a to feed and emEgyptiaF ns must produce quality locompete ket thematioo: o marketplace. technoloPeopl

w e n f o e r a w a attcles and mar e b t s u m y e h T . y l l u f s s e n w o h s s a = h h c r a e s e lg es, and adopt and utilize them effectively. Economic r e r o m e r a pt e l p a o r e i p l a d c e t a c that, ’ in a agri , u d i © f i H eco nom © y, the t u in o l a i r els ewhererce is poor mate culture as o f k r o w p e P t a r e l i . y n . g A e t a r t t : r s o h p x e ev d J‘ led growt o m m e v o i c s bor-inten

a l e c u d o r p . o n T o i e v t i i f u t r e t s p n m i o s i c g n t i o d r t c s u G r t s n i s i e t O i , 0 ities a | s e r e i h r t t o n h u t o i c e w e t t g l e u a p d w a m f o w o o t l n e c 1 r e p 6 5 y to cons; l h g u o r n e h e r w a P , 5 8 9 n 1 u o n c I . n s a e i t nside s a A r y c e a m r o e s t i r l o f r i s e e r u h g i r f t P r g n i d n o p s e r r e o c ; t n e i c r EBgeysptpliwiae ns were illiterate, the e p 13 ; a S t k n a n L e c ‘ri r e p 0 m 1 a n t e i V e d s ; ( e e P t ; e ° i t r n t e n c e r e p 2 a i s e China 31 sere n o d n I d n h a c i , h t w n e c , r a e e p r o 7 K 2 a d , i n n s a a y t a w o l i , a n M untries— Ta nt; Singapore k 1 c-

a o f e c u s n a e h T . m ) 9 91b i e v i s n e t 1 n i r o b a J n i n o i t i t e p m o c e h t e r e l a r a e — ar d a e h a r fa e h y t d a ! n i fires n a h r t r e t i o t d e M e e th e l c to e t a r k e o s o e o l l S c l a c i d a r 0s. To g 9 9 n 1 i o g e r e d n u s e v l e E ur s m e h s S t ( s e i a r t a n u o a c E O a d Bent) a n a y c a r e t i l l a s r e v i n u y l l a p c i i u p q y e t o t e v s t a r h o f f e s u o u n e r t s skills. E ey have to make Ban

Meet cas

will

e g n e l l a e h s c n e t n is i

m o r f t n e c r e p 3 n 4 e l l a f d a h s e g l a a r w u t ae agricul

be n are likely o i t a s e n r o b c i o t j o u t b i r t indirect: : providi : 4 { g n i s i r h c i h w i e r s o u f l u m i t ing s 2incom, l e a h i t r t s u d d n a i Is g n a h c x e . t o v t i s n e e t v n i i g r o b a l e a r o f paging d n a m e d m o S . s e c e i v U r e s ©, Nd l a r u t c u r t pps di in l u f s s s ndicate tSheatri succe sstul S n o i t a l u m i s e€ : d l u o c E t n n r e u m t s 0 ret u 2 an agricul J i t p as y g e l o r l a c i r o t s i ex porter (Khed h s it to e r u t l u l u f s i a r s e c c u s By , s e m o c n . ) i 9 8 9 1 ’ . s al r e m r a t e f r g n i s a j d e a e v o Y r p m i . l r a o r f u t c u r d St d n a m e d e h t . Justment coul E S A e pro” ulture’s

A main

; t i l i b a n i a t s the foreign exch ange and jobs which long-term su pile g

h bot e id ov pr can e on al h ic wh , port-led strategy

Egypt’s total water supplyP 55-56 6 bibilllliion cubic meters

for th er year. Deevel

p o l e v e d ve ti " e v a t S n a i r a p i e r l i N e l i e N u l B e h t of on g ti n o m a to r e t a w i t i of sy u r P ani d sharinatg least ten years: Indeed, it is ea : ts ec oj pr n o i e e ef fect for n a i p o i h t E d e s a e r e e c s n e i r o f h t e i h t w a p # , e l p m a e x e e r o f . ’ , n as a d u s d ments, ds

e l d o h n a p x t e en y l t a e r g g n a F O in , s e ? c e r t u a w o s e r of y l p water p u s e th d e x i y f l l a c a i s a b is g n i m is u Th s s a e a s e t a t ” c d i e d t a c i t s i h p o s dence e r o m t a h t s w o l l o f It . e r u t u f gypt able

E l al of nt pe 7 80 n fs S é o ¥ ic l a v P l a i c o g s n i o g n e o h t T e m a g n i z i m i t e p o e n the key iltoity of the agripcueletural chars!

responsib DER

wala ae

pi

ee

, d n a h e n o On the

247

249

ty li bi na ai st Su r fo ce an rn ve Go d an n Participatio

in ic pr i if c op i f cr i c e p s of m r o f e r e the late 1980s) and by th e o g n i i t c a r e t n u o c e m o s e e it ere ae

ich

‘in _

. i i n pe o i t c a r f a y l n o e ar s t u p d n e i vels, since purchas

s ct fe ef ch su gh ei tw ou s se ca st mo in i ll l i wi s se ea cr in i e ic e c i r p pr t u p t u o ut tp , ou ts, cos e t a s n e p m o c t o n d di s e i d i s b u i s Furthermore, , t there isi evidence that input :

;

for output

cots

|

It . ) 0 9 9 1 r e i h t e D ( s 0 8 9 1 y l r a e d n a s 0 7 9 1 e th e h t , r e v e w o m incomes. H

r a f e s i a r d l u o h s l l a h m t s o b e s u a © c e B i . s m s i r d a f f e o b e z i y s a m e h t s t c e n f o f e g n i d n e p e d , r a l i m: i , s t c u d o r p y r i a d f o s e l a s d n a t e farmers de k r a m r o b a l e h t n o p u e O e h T . n u r t r o h s e h Pe are teh co t n i t n e m t s u j d a l a r u t c u r om st ose frae s a , x e l p m o c y r e v , se ur co of r ger lon -Tun, are,

s ct fe ef s l l i u q al , run rt sho the tO minecctant in t Bu d. te op ad are es gi lo no ch te w nt ne me st ju ad u l wo ura uct str of ts fi ne be the conclusion the t tha be seem to

are

a di Tec t functij on

of

farm

SIZ (S

Participa tion

e t o p n e h t is t n e m t s u j d a t l a r u t c u r t s r o f y c n e u t i Siderable: > O & many a5 perhaps (and million society f arm7ers Stan ver one-half rural : ‘ a n T n a i t p y g E , e r o m r e h t r u F t n . e n i i l a c g n o r t to a p “ of a ” , e g exhibit a v a e l c l a c i t r e v “ of s m o t ymp Ships ; The

Tr

ural

consti

IPs, in whi

w o l l o f s r e m r a f r e r o o p the n e p e d n e t f o r m the poo

Neighbors ine who acute need O

e g u S s n o i t a r e d i s n o c e s s ” 7 0 1 e h T r o f . ) 6 8 y 9 1 c n e ams u t a i g t a lar ge, relati r s o n n o u c y l l a e i v t i n t e a t l e o : r p d , e r p e p v a 5 e t w o r n e h e m t d , JUs n @ r a u ” s O F y r e l m e r a v r e attihe countryside. F h t a r s i n o i t a p i c i t r a p hized, ae l a politic

de

f o e t a r r thei

r p l a c i t i l o p e h t n i s r e m r a f y b n o c n o n t a e b s r f u f o t n ta d e z i n a g r o l l e e, w

Patticipati

g r a l . t n e h e t m t s u i j d a l a ShortT-hreun we from structur c Is

n

Io

i t r a p d e c n a h n e y b n o i ntribut

e a e e a s i l i b a St

limited t

s u j d a l a r u t c u r t s d n a e e ! m e e n s Winn a w t n e m t s u j d a l a r if structu

ste

™ se lo e r o f e r e h t l l i w o t d n y t a i l i , b y a g a g i s l ' t n pavt e m n r e v o g e h t s e c redu justment also

uy 0

ybe 4970s) strongly

: 0 1 t p y g E f o t a h t g n i n d o u l c n i ( e r y i r f o k t c s a i b h t l n wil and rece ! s s e r p e r ed

Structu

i

r e m fi y n a of e m o c n i e h t e s i who is a r d l u sho t p y g E in t n r e o f n i e r is b n a o l e i y t f u o a b u T l a v e i d e h t s : e or r o the dec]4j inneet j i r bor costs Phe ble cos

ral adjustment

€ 1n la

a i r a v f o f l a h r e v o ere often

s a e r c n i t a h t ” Suggests t s u j d a h t r o y f c n e u t i t s n o c a d l bui i , e t u o r e n O ? y m o n o c e e l b a n i a t s u s a r fo r r g h c u e s in l r a e j f f o M to P reared c reform, nomi s e l b a t i v e n j N R d n g b e th t o T To economic adjadujuss tment . ssary # e c e n is t n e m t s u that adj

he more eas!

Participation and Governance fo r Sustainabilit 'y

251

i criti the of e rn mpl gove exa for one d but nee is This ical crit e ae Piste ae managerial infra Wi SD ; weak is re uctu astr infr the if ly per pro k wor ee n oa oly a rap y, nom eco l ona ati ern int ve iti pet com Bone is requie ae mucom and on ati ort nsp tra ent ell exc ns mea is Fe tion syste a BE: public works5

aoe ae

e

for n isio prov its with nt, pme elo Dev for d Fun Social

iminfrastructural combine aa for the poor, can and sustainability to contribute Both poverty alleviation.

effective governance

n oe arkets v will

work

at all if information is absent: none of the ;

its of markets obtain in situations of poor and highly :

tic ro al to le pl in ay : cri a ve skewed acce ha s nt me n. Govern io ss to informat n tio ina 5 sem dis and : t c ion e l l o c a t Providin nformation to all. Rapid da

g such i

n o i t c n u f c i l b u p itical

i d e t a e r c e b o t s i y m o n o c e e l a b n that mu st be greatly strengthened if a sustai r e h t a g t n e m n r e v o g e h t t a h t a a l g a c i t i r (Klit c s i t i s , t i e r u t e l t u a c r i e r l e g c a c a n I y l t a i e r a g c c s a e l l e w s and Ti a n o i t informa h more to

c t u e m k r o a d m t s u a m d t n n a e m n h r c r e a v e o s G e T a . s s e a i t f i o v i t t h c g a u o h n t o e i b s n y e a m i s t i h a t c u : d n e o i t a l u p o p Talse the e h t f o e h t l e v f e o l l a y n t o i i l t i b a ca p a c g n i s s e c o Public j Nvestment to raise the information Pp r | y N ure. t u f s ’ t p y g citizen E more vital to tizens

i s c i g n e i m h o s t o N , . n N © ty matter how well markets fu nctio behi ind. The Government of EgyP t is commit m Saf e m rest

o o p y r e v e h t r com asiefo Proper functioning of the s Hones c u r t s f o y t i l i l sustaina b

hae bees

thespeniticay publi or n 1b) ic sectSua

BE agers, one and constraint” et taint”: ernment wz, it that

a credi

(1) great! ee things: ; e right to fire worker ;

orm can succeed

th Y €ctive in its roles as the tax

He eee as the regula

authority, fhe a8 and en sustainable A agriciined authority. onetary set decades coming sophistthe n high! technologically a cated, requ 5 stron, nat and the over administration tal mono if Tesponsive, of the banki

system.

yaa Me and irrigatio” the of sections main nch-canal the poly of

e h t f i y l n O . e cliv o t s m a r g o r p implement iae

r a t i n a m u h e h t real aaa can for

. ” e m p o l e v e D d n u F l a i c o S ‘ed. The ts it 3 f i y l n o t , u y b t i l i b a n i a t s u s s o t n o i t u b i r ont

oe

ic Oe thee as ean ‘i Baie a rescue not ae weak A Structural several the go Weaken pacguner, aay itt cannot ae aes a Or py adjustment structural ibis manele Per sconaynte macr strong structural requires aoaEconomic refo justment brig econ only i comes more eff,

Siz ae

the politica n e m e g a n a m e h t t u b , d a o r b a me. from i u q n a c t n governme

Notes

e Unite2 d

own country, th for its ay r yO ;m or vi p to ginning be h behavi¢ c u s n i e n w o o n l a is , nn ! e e b ly d r a h P y g E s a e h k i l t p y g 1. E , d n a diy a b as t s u j d tates, has behave:

S

previous excesses-

2. That is, d= e,e=ine

The differe

€xplained “trenuous

d

ced

© cotton,

©mphasize

efforts

Owth

may

q h e r i n t h hat i s creasingly area, effort Y e t l h e ange C u r r e n t 80Vernm s that are tight budget ent has Mad the more i a Constra 5. The lit e m p i r n e t s s eraty ive 8iven th Chapters i Vast. The n Dornbuse e t c h i a h n e d r 6.A furthe e : H e l f o m l e l r o s w s Norton r ( 1 C 9 a 8 v 8), eat must May enjoy (1987) and t be mad the benefit h e S o Structural s of past me Wealth y farme “Ten “Seek djustment. ing behay i n d See the €x 4 8 T O 7.An addi e x p o j r t e r a s T m , ” p l tional j es discus a n d stand sed ; n and T economic €: “cultural P role of Islam or Politica] o l ) i m a y Tefor, matter more tics” (i.e, the to people than

References

» Richard H _Jr. Develop meny and S Syracuse ocia University

ics in Mubarark ’ s E g y p t , Z ” s i e C a g o n t e m p a o r r y ington, Dc: Ge E , g y pt. Edited by Ibrahim Owe orgetown Univer iss. sity, u

y of Egypt.” Geneva: ILO, 1989. ployment and Remuneration: ilian Potter. Edi t ors Re fede esc Mresint A justOs. Cairo: Ame rican University in Cairo Pres: Prien PPlications of R eal Exchange Rate Analysis.

:

age

Ticulture

nses to Declinme e

in Firms,

, 1970. Vi eae NR er ces d nee McCarl. “Ev aluation a Ministry sapere for Furthe r Deon trol.” Do o f Working Paper be No. APAC :

ieee -89= . myee19s - v bert. Ag justing a n e Market ”a t o in e me R e a nomic S Devve,e l i t y : B e y o n lop es g San Fr i ancisco: Internat onal Contmten ion Nortoo n, m i, seta Rogere D.e “Agrici ultur a I Ss Issues int PSatprer: E ucturRaolniA ic and Social De es E EAC: velopmen ment z Policy Di icy Dur chards, Alan. "Ags es and Gavenn ge

Oi Employment, "ihe e Ol hohe in SeeWag djustment: Egypt cd by P and Gillian 1991 nas

ro c Ea

Reet

Economy of Dilator y Re

SadowDsekvi,eloYpamheyn, M a M. e Poee itica ee

ae Egypt in the 980s,” 1980s,

i

Businessman an eve, lopment of Egypt i a n Agriculture. Washin;gto: n, D.C.: : Brookinings gs In:It tion, 1991.

Worild

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a inabil

and Govern i t f o S r u s t a inability ance

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Poverty Alle viation and A ; in Egypt. d j ustment in s Washinig n g t o n World ee , D . C . : f i . 1990. Me iruceara l nk. 1991a. AG

Loan Docume nt: Egypt. Wa 2 shing o

rt 1991. New ‘k: Oxford U Ba World De niversity Pres York: velopment R s, e p 19

91b.

Conference Organizing Committee

Chairman:

Dr. Youssuf Wally ,

aw Prime Minister and on, ati lam Rec d Lan and ister of Agriculture G Overnment of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt Secretary: a Mohamed A. Faris, Sciejenc nces , es Env iro nme nta l and Agr icu ltu ral of Fac ult y Tofessor,

McGill University,

and Director, CEMARP, Montreal, Canada

Dean, Faculty of Ag:

McGill University, Monte: Dr. Ahmed Momtaz,

Advisor for Research

Affairs,

Ministry of Agriculture and Hang x

Government of Egypt Cairo, EByP h, ba b a S . A d e m Dr. Moha culture, . ™ g A of

Dean, Faculty

, y t i s r e v i n U a i Alexandr

Alexandria,

Confere

nce

Organ i: zing or

bs Aly Shady,

Mittee

lef, Irrigation Sector

Canadian

Inte

.

IRL ’ Cie ebec ) e Can e ada

evelo

PMent Agen

cy,

es Conference Participants

Dr.

ion Fine M ahmoud

ProducAnimal for Aboul-Nage, Undersecretary Egypt

Cairo, Reclamation, Land Ministry of Agriculture and

,

Ex l a r u t l u c i r g A t of n e m t r a p e D , n a m r D i a h , C d u o e S l u o b cone if . Kheiry A Egypt

;

, o r i a C , y t i s r e v i n U o r i a C , y g o l o i c o S l a r u R d an Mahmoud

s i n i M , r e t n e C h c r a e s e R r e t a W , n a m r i a h C Abu-Zeid,

t p y g E , o r i a , C s e c r u o s e R r e t t a W d n a s Ty of Public Work d l i h C r o f l i c n u o C ional Dr. Hoda Badran, Secretary General, Nati ‘ od and Motherhood, Cairo, Egypt GovernDr.

A

, e r u t l u c i r g A f o r e t s i n i M r e m r o F , n a r d n a a B x e l y A l d , A y t i n s r a e m v i n U a i Dr. Os r d n a x e l A , essor

f o r P s u t i r e m E d n a , t p y g E f o t n e m

dria, 2 Egy;

Developand Research Rice , r o t c e r i nd a , D l e a r l u a B t l u d c i e r y g a A S f o d y e r m t s a i h n i o M M , r . e t Dr n e C h c r a e s e R am, Agricultur. al pt

ment Progr

t p y g E , o r i a C , n o i t a m a Land Recl

d E , a t r e b l A f o y t i s r e v i n U , r o s s e f o Pr s u t i r e m E , y e l t n e B d e r F Dr. C, the a , d r e a t n n a e C C , t n n o e t m op l mon e v e D t r e s e D , l a r e n e G r o t c e 2 Dir ; y a h s i B pt y Dr, Adli g E o r i a C , y t i y s c r i l e o v P i , ' e S n c U i v r e g ‘ n n i n a n a l P d Americ n a y c i l o P , f e i h C , y a h s i B . K y l a t I , Dr. Fahmy e m o R , O A F , n i o n U i s d r i o v f x i O D , e t r t n n s e e C i

Analys , s a w s i B . K Dr. Asit United oxford,

m p o l e v e D l a n o i t a n r e t n I

Kingdom

n e m n o r i v n E t d n l a u c al i r u r g A f o y t l u c a F , n a a d e a D n a , C d , n l a a e , r l y t n k t o c M i s r e v i n U l l i G Dr. Rog’ Bu c M , e g e l l o C d l a n o d c a M ; s e c tal Scien

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a nd Re 4 DrA a C : , , T n o i t l a e m d m a b b l t a A c p w y a g E , o , r 1 r e v Uni Versit y, EI. a h o M l y E t i n r i e m E F , a ndes, i n e a M i n e l M E » l E , t r p o y s D s e f o » Eg r P S B a l a S . Yr Wo o h t o S , a . e a w , k n a tldB , t n e m i t r v a n p E e D , T t n e m n o T ; U s e t a t »D.C., S d e t i n p a a T h O r a e s R u e n 6 e e V e o e r r i P a C e ic V a , eTsity, y w a r aa i n U > s m a h S pt y 8 n i A , t n e d KG i s r D s ] l z a h P S l E s u a i n A a t i r e m of ] E A , Y , e t j n n e O U T m clenc t r a a p i e r D d n €xa or, fessEgypt of Animal iverIssji t y, Alexandria, e

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Directo r of Research, Internati Fit

. i e r t a i B d e M , s e d i e d c u t S van c i m n o n n a w o e h r c g A n a e n a r r A DASH . Hill, Di i A l a c i Ecolo , r o t c e r : D e u 3 q M n a A ald College, a d i na

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Dr, Nicholas

F

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n o r g A f o t n e m t r a p e D , n a m r i a h , K C . d H n a t p r o y s g , s E a e f i o r r d P n a l x u , e c r l , A y h:ad t A i s r omy, ’ Fa e ty of v i n a U i r d n a x e l , A e r u t l u c i gr r e s a r F n o m i S , H s c i m o d n o o o c m E h f fessor o uae Ma o r P e e e c n a V Wersity, t n e m p o l e v e s D g l 5 a n o i t a n r e : t n I F . r D h s i K n y z w L a o k O Re ( e r t n e gypt Search C Ca 1rO, , l Dr. Fouad

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o r i v n E a t a a i a e C s r e d s r n i a U f f A t s r i F 2, l e a o t n e m n t o s r i i n i v t p y g E ry for En nizatAion, M o, ir Ca ,

a a , K , o r I i E a C , y t i s ulture and L m o n o c E e r e W ; i m M a l o c t e R r j 1So d y n d a A e I e m n n o e ver J z o i G D , n o 7 of ani, F e e e Egypt, f o ak, L t l n t p y g E , o f I n o i 8ypt AOR an th r o f e c al Offi Agric

at

i r l o i n a r m s e I v o G , r o n r e a i v l o i G a m s I , i l , e u o G , Dr. AhmedA.

Mr. Salah Hi

e r u t l l a u r c u R i r g A n e e t G g Washin on, D.c

aELD

a a n a F onference

a t n e m n o r i v n E d s n u a g n A l a r u t l u c Scien i r g A f o a d a n y a t C l u c a , F l a e r , t e i n z o n M e , f y a t , i s r e v l i a n n U o d l l i G c M Nees, Mac , t e g g A f o Colle y r t s i n i M , s r i a f f A Daa for Research F tie

-Adhm ee Momtaz, Advisor ! y g n E a , o e r r i u a t C l u c , n o i t a , y m t a i l s c r e e v i n U and R o r i a C , e r u t l u of Agric D r. Ahmed

Searc

Tahir Moustafa,

S of Agmc¥ h Institute, 2 Ministry

D

j n o o j k n O o i z o s g e ; N t a . t r S d n a d L e t i d n n U a a B » . C e . r D u t l u c i , r n g o A t f o s e n i nk, Washing M o t ” e s i ee v d A a , a f i i e t O P Y < B E . ? A o r i , v o n r r E i i a k C a , B y t i n t u p y g E f o Re pee i Government Community: , y m o n o c E 2 , t n a t l u s n o C , n i v t o P . R a h p e s o J Mr.

clamation,

a

public Au

! b u P n a i t p y g e R . r n e a t m a r W Wa i Cha 5 Works and

a d a n a C , a w a Radyc,y, f Public ent, Ott o a R y r y t d s a i n H i M l E , s a t b c e A j o r P d e : m e a g h a o n i M a r D . r D eit thority for rm' o f i l a C f o y t i s r e v i n U e , E s v c E i B m o n , o e c x i E a G f o t o s s e sources, f o r p , s d r a h c i R s Dr. Alan ited State Un , a i n r o f Cali , z u r C Santa

OF , nomy Agro oot Montes ntreal, Cana ah

meri

A Poncish; , Ibrah eim, 54

Macdon-

economic aspects of, 7, 8

eid, Mahmoud, 7 9 Acade my of Scientific Research and Technology, 65 Aiwitication, 18 ,21 ‘Gministratio 3 Improving, a is BAS, i ee Agricultural Development Pro-

A

future of, 194

5 3 2 3, 2, r, fo l a o g y c i l o p

9 9 1 8 9 1 3, -4 41 , 23 r, sponsibility fo 2 6 1 6 , of s e i t n i a t r e risks and unc

) le ab (t 57 , e) bl ta (' 56 transition to, 19 2 , 10 , n o i t a m r o f s n a Agricultural tr pattern of, 220-222

gram BeérTegate Measurem ent of Support

am areas, Renccten Ogenic

sustainability of, 2.

Agriculture

4 3 , 5 2 , 9 1 6, , e v i t a n alter 1 8 2 1 , 3 2 1 1 2 1 , r o f challenges

rehabilitation of, 53

paercultural Bank, 121 ultural developmen t, 179, 231, 233, 244

inploymentand 234

Tacti manne

A i sea

paority for, 23

Ag

and

(ADP), $3Devel opment is Ticultural

A

105 , f o n o i t a c i f i s r e div 156 , f o t c a p m i l a c i ecolog energy for, 22

of, 198, 232 2a

ne also Development; Sustaina opment

167

e in, l o r t n e m n r e v go

188, 251

ble devel-

Program

gricultural Extension and Rural Developmental Research Institute, 100

-2 3, 117, 121, 187-

9 4 1 8 4 1 , 2 4 1 1 9, 14 1 1 , 1 7 , f o e c importan 221, 232

67, 1 , 3 4 1 2 4 1 , d n industry a 0 4 , e v i s n e t n i inpu t232 , f o s p i h s n o i t interrela -134 3 3 1 , 2 3 1 , 0 2 1 £, liberalization of, 1725. 93, 118,

gricultural policy, 118-119, 125

analysis of, 117, 237-241

constraints on, 151-152

industrial sector and, 167

of, administration Agricultural programs, 32-36

Agricultural rent, 118

100 (ARO); Center Research Apricultural SLs } , 5,1 % 1 5, 4, ty li Agricultural sustainabi 9, 21 4, 21 0, 21 820 8, 14 6123, 142, 14 228, 243 achievements i

constraints on, 2 97 definition of, 19, 42, 209 desirability of, 39,

108:

7 6 , 1 6 , m o r f n o i t u l po!

e, rmational Conferenc 108 , 34 5 2 , 9 1 Al 6, , e r u cult i r g a e v i t a n 9 r 1 , y Alte m o n o r g A f o ty e Supi c f o o S t n e n a c i m Amer sure a e M e t a g e r g AMS. See Ag rt

— k c o t s e v i e L e S ‘ 4 3 . , e 5 2 i , o h t J i w s lem b o r p , e c n e i Antisc 4, 155, 240

7 3 7 , s r e f i u q A

Arable land

analysis of, 76-77 decrease of, 6, 18 62 stimates of, 77-78

Increase

Index

of, 62

resource, 6, 27, 40, 43, 208, 18, 233, 234, 241

Population

impact of, 132-133 Education, 3, 15, 28, 41-43, 106, 125, 194, 221, 225 (table), 251 health, 202 problems in, 24

social, 177, 207 soil, 53, 101 Delta aquifer, 73

Deregulation. See Liberalization

productivity and, 30-32 research, 86, 88 spread of, 193

Desertification, 47

Developing countries, 231 domestic support and, 170

sustainability and, 247

special treatment for, 169 Development

women and, 202-203, 226

assistance for, 158

conservation and, 124-125

213 1, -21 210 , 128 93, 27, 8, , 1-2 , ic om on ~c environment and, 207, 2

Cooperation, 171, 186 Interdisciplin a , 31, 32 Cooperatives , 186, 188 oe land Teform, 118

Tole of, 125

undercutting,

Cotton

ERPs

Biotechnolo

2

Bishay, Fahmy, 10

6 Asit, Biswas, Bl

ast disease, 95, 96-97

Bookchin, M

%

194

for, 130

€xporting, 124, 137, 145 Nationalization o f, 119, 120, 132 Profitability of, 1 36 Speculation on, 2 14 Credits, 23-24, 157 -158, 198

Cropping patterns, 47 , 75, 208 indices of, 131 (tabl e)

Crop Totations, 4, 40, 43, 208

net returns from, 135-136, 136 ( figure) shortening, 123

onal Agricultural Resea rch Chemicals, 106, 109, 1 10 fear of, 21-22, 34-35 using, 40, 43, 160-161 See also Fertilizers; Pes t

icides

CIAT. See Internati onal Institute for Trop-

ical Agriculture

Class Structure, 192, 193

Climatic changes, 61

Commander, Simon, 185 Competitiveness 166 ,

water and, 138

Crops

Seetaialso Agricultural development; Susnable development

evelopment strategie s, 128 effectiveness of, 177 -178, 181, 182 Distortions, 129, 243

reducing, 117, 134, 137, 1 66, 172 trade policy and, 165, 240-241 Division of la Drainage, 129, improving, 3, Sustainability

153 145, 208 of, 138

Tainage Research Institute (DRI ), 66 Draina ge water, 75-76, 76 (t able), 123 RI. See Drainage Resea rch Ins

titute

Dried sludge, 75

Drinking water, 155

choosing, 149-150

land and water requireme nts for, 151 (table)

livestock and, 124

water-conserving 64 , Culture of maintenanc e, 180 Debt crisis. See Foreign debt Decentralization, 42, 167, 241, 244 See also Liberalization

Teal costs of, 29 tural, 125-126, 1 92-193 time dimension of , 197

omestic support. See Subsidi es

shifting, 129 Crop Protection, 109

rmea, Michael, 9 CGIAR. See Consult ative Group on InterNati

245, 247 induced, 178-180 Planning, 231

bor, 186, 187, 190

liberalization of, 13 5

Capital, 148, 189 -190 CAPMAS, 202 Carrying Capacity , 28, 54, 209 Central Bank, cred it ceilings by, 134 Cereal crops, 192 , 245 domestic sources o f, 124 Ce

39-240 human Tesource, 29-31, 8 1 , 86-88, 106, _ 198-199,

social goals and, 210-

Declaration on the Elimination of Disc™ ination Against Women, 199-200

Deep sustainability, 6, 49, 51 shelled: sustainability and, 50 (table) Deforestation, 47, 237 Degradation, 47, 51 ceibeamental 3, 6, 18, 37, 48, 121, 122, 207, 213, 215, 216, 241 land, 21, 28, 34, 39

h c e T d an e nc ie Sc of y m e d a c A Egyptian nolosy

Eisa, Hamdy,

El-Serafy, Salah, 8-9 Employment 243 4, 23 2, 22 0, -3 29 Ahi 0 5 2 , 7 4 2 3 4 2 , g n i t a e cr overnment, 246, 25. 1

233-234 and, growth population t n e m y o l p m e n U o s l a See Energy 0 4 , f o e s u t n e i c i f f ine

sustainability and, 22

, d n a t n e m p o l e dev

’

a n a y c i l o p c economi peo

, s e S , m e t s y s di Daath

ook, b e c r u o S t n e m ssess A k is vfii i Lay: 158 hics, t e l a ‘ 199 , i 8 7 u ) s t n e m age n a m e 4 Bay , n o i t c e t o r l p a t n e m n o r i v En

WHO regulations for, 67 Drip-irrigation, 30, 108, 1 0 9, 113 Dunkel, Arthur, 156 Dutch Disease, 227 9 Ecological issues, 49, 51, 62, Bal oO 203 Economic development, 12, 8, 27, ~ » we. financing, 128

Jabroata

e e C ic om on Ec an pe ro Eu e Se EEC. , 0 3 1 , s) RP (E on ti ec ot pr of s te ra Effective 134

Economic disparity, growth of, 3

F

Economic policy, 60, 142 fot environmental goals and, 37, 136, 243,

Economic reform, 11, 117, 127, 250

agriculture and, negative effects See also Reform Economic Reform ment Program

118, 120-121, 17 of, 171 and can (ERSAF),

4-173

al Adjust-

130, 134

tional, on ti ec ot pr f 37 ,2 51, $3 O) rates

ve ic Reform and Stru

a

Index

Harmonized System of Customs Nomen-

Inflation, 131, 135, 144, 207 Inputs availability of, 23-24 labor, 190 Prices of, 152, 239

clature or Classification, 169 Harrod-Domar model, 235

Health, 203 horticulture and, 103-104 tural, 200-202

Tee markets, 20

Family

FAO.

j

: P l a n n Wa Hower

tion Farmin 2 deskillin

questioning 215 9212-2 E Tui€tes, al1s0o3 Markets a demand for

44, 122

and Apr;

riculture O

i haga

’ 104, 105, 112-

€xporting, 1 11 , 11 213 3 Prod

uction of 11 : , 110organ

Herbicides, 109 Herbs, 103, 104

High Aswan Dam (HAD) , 6 3 , 76, 129, 141 construction of, 59, 62 ,

ae

ically grown 705 Fuleihhaan, Y O ussef, 3 Fungicides, Using, te

Storage at, 71 water flow from ,

Hill, Stuart, 6

cy for Aquaculture, 120 General A é reement on 3 Tarififfsielae nd T as rade (GATT), 156-157, 158 agriculture and, 171, 173 assistance from, 168-169

Uruguay Round of, 5, 9, 165, 166, 172, 17

3,214 Global warming, 9, 18, 53, 155, 214

growth of, 132, 235 public sector and, 128 Groundwater, 155, 161

Growth, 124

accelerating, 221

Oomadinstaseaincueriintyg,, 5416, 29 48, , 208, B

y

Population gr owth and, 245

agricultural, 246-247 constraints on, 109, 132 See also Population growth 19, 151, 169

HAD. See High Aswan Dam

Hanson, Bent, 141, 142

Income 5

disparity, 234

distribution, 234 per capita, 148 raising, 186, 235,249 — and IndifferIndecision, Procrastination, ence (IPI), 221

Industry, 64, 152 agriculture and, 142 pollution from, 67

143, 167, 221, 232

protection for, 130, 232 water demands of, 74, 79

Interest rates, 121, 131, 132 reform policy for, 134, 135 selves stabilization of, 133 Intergenerational equity, sustainability :

Climate on Panel Intergovernmental

Change (IPCC), 155

oe.

Ag: Tropical for International Institute culture (CIAT), 35-36 2, 12 , ) F M I ( d n u F y r a t e n International Mo 43, 146, 214, 221 a

18, 96, 101

IPI. See Indecis

a, e Indifferenc i g a n a M t Integrated Pes In h c r a e s e R e c i R ation s e p a T e D

Human Tesource development, 86-88, 106,

Import substitution, 128, 129

43, 86, 101

i l C n o l e n a P l a t n nme r e v o g r e t e e w e me mate Change Procrastination, and , ion

between, 193

decreasing, 129-130, 136, 171 increasing, 2, 18 Subsidies for, 240

Interdisciplinary coopera tion, 31, 32, 42-

RRI),

°mposition of, 187, 190 Telationship

Imports, 121-122, 169

hydraulic, 152

127 , d n a n o i t a z i l i b a t s man spiel support from, 5; 8 arch Institute International Rice Rese .

global role of, 1 04-106 he

ILEIA, 54 IMF. See International Monetary Fund Immigration, dynamics of, 226-227

debt as part of, 227 determining, 29

ternational Trade (GATT), 156

Tole of, 103, 1 04, 105 Horticulture

stitute

igation, 9,

7, 39, 59, 118, 130,p 188

180 9 7 1 , 9 1 1 , 3 3 , f o Or eelopunent e, 113 e ne: drip-, 30, 108, water, 1 7 5 7 , 5 3 , 8 2 , , 21 3 , n i s t n e m e v pi ro a 1 3 2 , 3 109, 11

IFOAM Conference, 54

227, 233, 243

Grou on Environmental Measures and19

, 110

ydroelectric da ms, 155

Gross domestic product (GDP) agriculture as part of, 2, 128, 166, 198,

irrigation with, 73

Horticultural c rops, 106-107, 109, 111, 113 ©xporting, 105, 106

Size of, 187

Interdependence, 81, 214-215, 233

and, 220, 228

ights, women and, 10 , 200

Green Revolution, 18, 33, 119

availability of, 64-65 categories of, 73-74

Nicholas, 9-10 Horizontal ex Pansion, 16-17, 40, 95, 129, 137

Sustainability and , 81 uman r

See also Ozone layer

agri~ cuYletaur reDeyZ, elo pment Plan, 93, 101

Holdings, size o f, 188, 189 lopkins,

Strategy for, 29 -31

Greenhouse Bases, 155, 159, 214, 215

eee else Forei gn debt

7 He Seg)

i

198-199, 245, 247

Goueli, Ahmed, 8

zoe

77, 78, 119

alth and, 103 -104 Sustainabilit z Households ae

domestic Support and , 170 €xport subsidies and, 1 70-171 Tedesigning, 54

Teducing, 131

subsidies for, 33-34, 43 Integrated Pest Management (IPM), 109

Henderson, Hazel, 2 13

- See General Agre ement on Tariffs

as Part of Gpp

purchase of, 193

Heilbroner, Robert, 216

21, , h t i w s m e l rob

113 , 0 3 , r e l k n spri

surface, 74 80 1 , 8 3 1 f o y sustainabilit

water reuse ub

0 18 igation systems, , 125, 14. 21 4, g, in in ta ve in

wees

See Employm ent

Index See also Resources

project phase of, 237

Nature, changing attitudes toward, 209-210

Plant breeding, 95

Netherlands Conference on Agriculture _and the Environment, 235

Policy design, 124, 237

Political stability, 97, 228 sustainability and, 23

Nickel, John: on seed unit, 35-36

Nile ma importance of, 59, 71, 118, 123

Polluter Pays Principle (PPP), 42, 157, 159,

208 Pollution, 40, 177

monitoring of, 161

of, 120

tion from, 67 lle Research Institut e(N Neutaritt measures, icone e Rn See Nile Resear ch Institute

2

agricultural, 61, 67, 162 air, 21,28

controlling, 7, 43 costs of, 215

!an Sandstone aquifer, 73 utrition,

domestic, 67

104-105, 221

‘

o Brian, Patr ick, 141

ts ©xporting, 148, 297 Dre

plant:

Pastel Don, ate Minne

g wealas Ng ozi, 8

OTraenninnnrt!oldensi1t8y,, 111798,,121880 ,

mbalances 243

“gration, 248

;

International Jobs and, 244° 8 boe r, 1o9s9- 191 , 19 Mian 4, 220, 222, 224, 226 Mie

Eanizational

Agriculture, 100, 168

Sale Of, 1 93

Patron. 208, 249-250

204°

PRDAG

;

land tenure and, 24 Wh

public spending on,

using, ri 43, 106, 124, 178, 179, Cale

eat relations, 193

Bees, 100, 109, 168

ntrol of, 34-35, 41, 161

Subsidies for, 132, 137, 145, 161,209.

2 20 8, 16 016 12 1, 3, 97 , si€engal, so22,Ch40e,mi49ca,ls

ests

build-up pol,of, 22-23

controlling, 34, 40, 47-48; 93, 95 208

, 98, 108,

OM» a g r e e m e is n t su es , Phytosanitary

mn

171 lanning

-236

agricultural, 232-233, 239 pa development, 2 218

long-ran2A ge,a7

micro stage

0”

middle stage of pac 2at

ays

Prin

9, 15 5, 13 0, 13 41, , 0 4 n le Po e Se P. PP , 0 4 , -34 Price policy, 33 168

134 , 0 2 1 , f o n o i t a z liberali 9 3 2 8 3 2 , n i r o t missing fac supporting, 239

9 24 8, PricesOS , 16 oe, 137,

adjusting,

producer, eae

natural, 49, 51, 53

3 4 2 , 4 3 2 4 2 1 °. og teal

6 14 514 137,007 131, 135 OL,

eralization3-239 ber: lijb

porting, 120 Manufacturing, 22

NARP. See National Agricultural Re-

arei, Sayed, 195 Market a ccess, 173

1on, 9, 41, 43, 97, 98, 100, 185,

Pest “nt and Agricultural Credit

research programs, 93,

enhancement of, 1, 211, 212

| , ee phva , Joalsele iny, tvrt Pove Po

ees See Principal Bank for Develop-

Mulching, 107, 208

techno] Ogy and, 232

233 219 , 1 8 , d n a y t i l i b a n i a sust 9 i , 231,

Parj

er Resources

degradation of, 6, 18, 233, 234, 241

44, 62, 68, 77, 79, 97, 207

) e G e e d, an o ti ra r o land-lab ure ig 2. d, an ty vi ti uc land prod , 71 , 40 7, -3 36 , 24 , 18 Peeiens with, 3, 7,

;

e Onocropping, 47, 208

94, 96, 99-100 Natural resources

lowering, 49 4327, 20, 15, 9, 8, 6, , wth gro Population : 1 12 g, in ll ro cont e) ur ig (f 3 22 d, an ty vi ti uc od labor pr

Renee lo, 18,21 also Gree nhouse B ases

PWWR. See Ministry of Public Works and Wat

Providj ng, 251

249

pone laye r

Be ammed Ali, agriculture and, 118 M

Crop, 93, 97, 101

2

Bertie 132, 133, 143

National Research Institute, 111 | National Rice Production Campalé™ 93,

182

"crease in, 2 99 224, 245 Prices of, 15

A ffai

search Project Ni asser, Gamal Abdel, 193 : National Agricultural Research Project (NARP), 96 9 11 811 d, an e r u t l u c i r g Nationalism, arch Council, 106 National Resea

concerns about, 122

intensity, 17 8, 180, 181

panes) of inal, 6 7H a TaD of Public Works and Wate r ReOurces (MPWWR), 63, 71, 76 eae quality data from, 6 6

Mul eae)

Population density

; crease in, 142

in Ty of Agriculture and La n d ReclaMint (MALR), 67, 96 a 271 Agriculture and Land Reform, inistry of Foreign

industrial, 67 marine, 237 water, 21, 47, 67-68, 125 Population control, 36-37, 43-44

|,

i i Z g A d n a t n ppme o o J l e v e D r o f - 135 BBaene k 4 3 1 , 2 3 1 , ) BDAO

l Pciepae Credit (P a e a a A 1 Private sector, investme Snnt by, 125 1

anticipation © 131-133, 145, 167, 168,

244, 250

os 1 8 , n o i Product ints on,

0 0 1 5 9 , 5 3 3 , 22, 30, 3 8 1 7 1 , Cer 72 1 1 7 1 , 2 3 1 , 1 10 101 e)

(tabl 1 3 1 , f o s indice for, } e t a r t s national 430, 151-152

atterns of,

uctivity, 1,146

education anda,

Index

shipping, 109-110

subsidies for, 239, 24 0 testing, 83, 85, 99

using, 17, 25, 31, 32, 40, 54 , 8 3 , 97, 98, 181, 220, 222, 249

Technology transf er, 7, 9, 31-32, 43, 86, 87, 93, 94, 96, 99, 123, 1 81 agricultural, 119, 120

cycle of, 83, 84 (figur e)

Tenancy law, Teview ing, 134 Tenu

re rights, guarant ee of, 188 Tourism, 75, 130, 142, 143 Tractors, 35, 189, 225 (table) Tr

ade, 129 agricultural, 166, 168-169, 171distortions and, 2 40. economic reform and, 171-173

environmental impa ct on, 214 lib

eralization of, 131, 165, 166 Testrictions on, 156 , 157,171

Trade and the Enviro nment (GATT), 156 Training. See Educati on Transdisciplinarity, 210 Transportation, Cost s of, 110 Underground water, 1 23, 240

Unemployment, 121, 207, 222, 233

Population growth an d, 122 Teducing, 246 See also Employment

UNICEF, 202

United Nations Conventio n, Article 14 of,” 200 United Nations Organization , women’s issues and, 199 United Nations Women D ecade, 203

United States Agency for Inte rnational Development (USAID), 96, 1 38 on sustainable agriculture, 19-2 0

United States Department of Agriculture,

19

United States Urbanization, losses to, 63,

State Department, 214 10, 62, 192, 198 78

Uruguay Round. See General Agree ment on Tariffs and Trade USAID. See United States Agency for In ternational Development Valdez Effect, 158 Vavilov Centers, protection of, 53 Vegetables, 103 demand for, 104, 105, 112-113 export of, 111, 112-113 organically grown, 109 selling, 192 Vertical expansion, 16-17, 40 Village bank systems, 119, 186

Index

Village or gan izations, 33, 125 Villages

Specialization

urbanization

of, 193

literacy and, 201-203

of, 192

opportunities for, 30-31, 199 pollution and, 199

Wages decline in, 135, 248

rights of, 200, 203-204 role of, 31, 186, 193, 199, 201 technology and, 204 World Bank, 8, 17, 158, 167-168 adjustment program and, 127, 143-144 irrigation and, 179-180

Setting, 191 women’s, 204

Wastewater, 177

pollution from, 65, 67

treated, 7, 75, 123 Wate

market access and, 173 Teport by, 1 support from, 5, 179

r, 6-7, 63, 159

accessibility of, 41 accounting for, 125 allocation of, 21, 138

Sustainability and, 177

symposium, 24

charges for, 8, 28-29, 32, 137-138

conservation of, 53, 64, 73, 150-151, 245 consumption of, 138 (figure)

demand for, 248 drinking, 67, 155

irrigation, 28, 32, 40, 61, 65, 72, 78, 98, 100, 101, 123, 129, 146, 153, 238, 248

storing, 71 underground, 123, 240

using, 78, 101, 149 wasting, 39, 40, 61, 238, 240

Water consumption, 138 (figure)

_

6

Water distribution systems, Lea

Water efficiency, 3, 64, 74, 98, 244, 2

improving, 4, 8, 27, 28, 138 a8 Waterlogging, 3, 18, 21, 39, Or oaS 48

Water pricing, pape

149, 1

Water quality, 65controll 21, 66, 67, 76 eb Water Research Center (WR©);

Water resources, 63-64, 71-72 exploration of, 3

Stren: 123 19h tainability

of,

Water sealed 6, 20-21, 28, 123, 1

41,

149, 202, 244 Water use

agricultural, 63-64, co

managing, 28, 33, 2:

municipal, 74

navigational, 74-75

80 unaccounted for, 63 Water user associations,

jzation

" a z i n a g r O h t l a e H WHO es wore i

i n e m o W , 0 1 , d n a e r u t l u c i r

4 0 2 3 0 2 , 1 0 2 , 0 0 5 *

1 , d n a t n e m p o l e v e d

4 906

08 200

s N % s e e n o i t a n i discrim

education and,

2 , f o s e u s s i h t l a he

202- Se

sustainability and, 19

human rights and, 10, 200

p

ie

147-

World Commission on Environment and

Development (Bruntland Commission)

on access, 23-24

agricultural productivity and, 16

work of, 1, 2, 15-16, 146, 197, 207

World Development Report 1992 (World

; Bank), 1 World ern Organization (WHO), as drinking water and, 67

World Summit on Environment an ment, 1, 5,215 er nt Ce ch ar se Re r te Wa t wee

Yield

s e p 0 3 ing, 61, 1 , 4 97, 1 43 , 40 , 18 , 17 8, ae 129, 135, 136, 185 indices of, 131 ( Bo , ) e l b a t (1 5 9 , 5 9 4 9 rice, Yield gap, oe

York, E. T., Jt,