Sports Injuries of the Elbow 3030523780, 9783030523787

Table of contents :
Contents
1: Clinical Anatomy of the Elbow
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Osteoarticular Anatomy
1.2.1 The Humerus
1.2.2 The Ulna
1.2.3 The Radius
1.3 Capsuloligamentous Anatomy
1.3.1 Joint Capsule
1.3.2 Ligaments
1.3.2.1 Medial Collateral Ligament Complex
1.3.2.2 Lateral Collateral Ligament Complex
1.4 Muscular Anatomy
1.5 Neurovascular Anatomy
1.5.1 Radial Nerve
1.5.2 Median Nerve
1.5.3 Ulnar Nerve
1.5.4 Medial Cutaneous Nerves of the Arm and Forearm
1.5.5 Lateral Cutaneous Nerves of the Arm and Forearm
1.5.6 Arteries
1.5.7 Veins
References
2: Imaging of the Elbow
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Imaging Modalities
2.2.1 Radiography
2.2.2 Fluoroscopy
2.2.3 Ultrasonography
2.2.4 Computed Tomography (CT)
2.2.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
2.2.6 Bone Scintigraphy
2.3 Common Elbow Conditions
2.3.1 Acute Trauma
2.3.2 Ligamentous Instability
2.3.3 Musculotendinous Pathology
2.3.4 Soft Tissue Masses and Swellings
2.3.5 Olecranon and Bicipital Bursitis
2.3.6 Entrapment Neuropathies
2.4 Conclusion
References
3: Biomechanics of the Elbow Joint
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Ranges of Motion and Carrying Angle
3.3 Muscles Inducing Motion
3.3.1 Flexor Muscles
3.3.2 Extensor Muscles
3.3.3 Forearm Rotation
3.4 Kinematics of Bony Stabilisers
3.5 Kinematics of Soft Tissue Stabilisers
3.6 Forces Around the Elbow During Motion, Loading and Transmission Along the Forearm
3.6.1 Forces During Flexion
3.6.2 Extension
3.6.3 Forearm Rotation
3.7 Summary and Key Learning Points
References
4: Elbow Injuries in the Throwing Athlete
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Anatomy
4.3 Biomechanics of MCL Injury During Throwing
4.4 History and Examination
4.4.1 Special Tests
4.5 Imaging Studies
4.6 Treatment Options
4.7 Summary
References
5: Posterolateral Rotatory Instability of the Elbow
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Pathoanatomy of PLRI
5.3 Mechanism of Injury
5.3.1 Traumatic
5.3.2 Iatrogenic
5.3.3 Atraumatic
5.4 Clinical Presentation
5.4.1 History
5.4.2 Examination
5.4.3 Provocation Tests
5.4.4 Imaging
5.4.5 Arthroscopic Diagnosis
5.5 Management
5.5.1 Acute Repair
5.5.2 Chronic Instability
5.5.3 Isolated LCLC Reconstruction
5.5.4 Combined LCLC and MCL Reconstruction
5.5.5 Bone Loss
5.6 Outcomes
5.7 Conclusion
References
6: Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Elbow
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Epidemiology
6.1.2 Aetiology
6.1.3 Pathology
6.1.4 Natural History
6.2 Clinical Presentation
6.3 Imaging
6.3.1 Classification
6.4 Treatment and Outcomes
6.4.1 Nonoperative Treatment
6.4.2 Surgical Treatment
6.4.2.1 Arthroscopic Treatment
6.4.2.2 Open Surgical Treatment
6.4.3 Postoperative Rehabilitation
6.5 Conclusions
References
7: The Stiff Painful Elbow in the Athlete
7.1 Evaluation of the Stiff Elbow
7.2 Post-traumatic Osteoarthritis
7.3 Posterolateral Impingement
7.4 Posteromedial Impingement
7.5 Anterior and Posterior Impingement
7.6 Post-traumatic Stiffness
7.7 Treatment of Elbow Stiffness
References
8: Tendon Injuries Around the Elbow
8.1 The Normal Tendon
8.2 The Pathology of Tendinopathy in General
8.2.1 Reactive Tendinopathy
8.2.2 Tendon Disrepair
8.2.3 Degenerative Tendinopathy
8.3 The Relationship Between Pathology and Pain in Tendinopathy
8.3.1 Treatment Strategies in Tendinopathy
8.4 Common Extensor Origin
8.4.1 Tennis Elbow Treatment
8.4.1.1 Physiotherapy
8.4.1.2 Bracing and Orthotics
8.4.1.3 Electrotherapies
8.4.1.4 Injection Therapies
8.5 Botulinum Toxin Injection
8.5.1 Hyaluronic Acid
8.5.2 Acupuncture
8.5.3 Autologous Blood Products and Platelet Rich Plasma
8.5.4 Autologous Tenocyte Injection
8.5.5 Traumatic Avulsion
8.6 Common Flexor Origin: Golfers’ Elbow/Medial Epicondylitis
8.7 Distal Biceps Pathology
8.7.1 Distal Biceps Tendinopathy
8.7.2 Partial Tear
8.7.3 Complete Rupture
8.7.4 Irreparable Tendon Injury
8.8 Distal Triceps
8.8.1 Triceps Tendon Rupture
8.9 Conclusion
References
9: Myofascial Syndromes
9.1 Exertional Compartment Syndrome of the Forearm (Arm Pump)
9.1.1 Introduction
9.1.2 Pathophysiology
9.1.3 Diagnosis
9.1.4 Treatment
9.2 Forearm Splints (Pommel Arm)
9.2.1 Introduction
9.2.2 Pathophysiology
9.2.3 Diagnosis
9.2.4 Treatment
References
10: Rehabilitation
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Physical Adaptations to Overhead Activities
10.3 General Rehabilitation
10.4 Acute Phase
10.5 Intermediate Stage
10.6 Late Stage Rehabilitation
10.6.1 Plyometrics
10.6.2 Impact Work
10.6.3 Return to Sport
References
Index