Speculum Memoirs of Fellows and Corresponding Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America

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Memoirs of Fellows and Corresponding Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America Author(s): Derek Pearsall, Siegfried Wenzel, A. S. G. Edwards, Carin Ruff, Greti Dinkova Bruun, David Townsend, Walter Goffart, Antonette diPaolo Healey, Roberta Frank, Richard Helmholz, Paul Hyams and Ken Pennington Source: Speculum , JULY 2019, Vol. 94, No. 3 (JULY 2019), pp. 942-948 Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Medieval Academy of America Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26845522 JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms

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Memoirs of Fellows and Corresponding Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America A. I. Doyle (Anthony) Ian Doyle, who was elected a Corresponding Fellow of the Medieval Academy in 1991, died on 8 February 2018 at the age of ninety-two, in a nursing home near Durham, the city in which he had lived for nearly seventy years. He was the foremost authority on Middle English manuscripts. Ian Doyle was born on 24 October 1925 and grew up in Liverpool before going up to Downing College, Cambridge, in 1942 to read English. He graduated in 1945 with a double first and stayed on at Downing to write a PhD titled “A Survey of the Origins and Circulation of Theological Writings in English in the Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Early Sixteenth Centuries with Special Consideration of the Part of the Clergy Therein” under the supervision first of H. S. Bennett and subsequently of Bruce Dickins. The thesis was approved in July 1953, having initially been referred when first submitted in 1950, a circumstance that afforded him wry amusement in later years. Few unpublished theses can have been so frequently consulted. While at Downing he also reviewed modern poetry for F. R. Leavis’s journal, Scrutiny. Doyle was already embarked on a career as a librarian by the time he completed his doctorate. He had joined Durham University Library in 1950 and spent his entire professional life there, becoming Keeper of Rare Books and Honorary Reader in Bibliography. He took early retirement in 1985 and thenceforward devoted himself to his researches. The quality of his scholarship had been recognized early. He was barely into his forties when he gave the Lyell Lectures at Oxford on “Some English Scribes and Scriptoria of the Later Middle Ages” in 1966–67. Its focus on English scribes reflects what was a recurrent concern throughout his career. He wrote on a number of individual scribes, including Thomas Betson (in The Library [1956]), William Ebesham (in the Bulletin of the John Rylands Library [1957]), John Shirley (in Medium Aevum [1961]), and Stephen Dodesham (in the festschrift for Malcolm Parkes [1997]). The most wide-ranging of these scribal studies was written with Malcolm Parkes on “The Production of Copies of the Canterbury Tales and the Confessio Amantis in the Early Fifteenth Century” in the festschrift for Neil Ker (1978). It has crucially shaped subsequent assessments of the production of vernacular literary manuscripts in this period. It challenged the assumption that these works were produced by organized scriptoria and argued instead that scribal organizations were much looser, more ad hoc arrangements between individual artisans of the book trade. It remains a study of seminal significance in the field of Middle English manuscript production, particularly in the evidence it assembles of those scribes whose work can be identified in more than one manuscript. He made other contributions to Chaucer studies in his articles with G. B. Pace on Chaucer’s shorter poems (PMLA [1968]; Studies in Bibliography [1975]). He also wrote on the palaeography of the Hengwrt manuscript of the Canterbury Tales, again with Malcom Parkes, in the facsimile and transcription of it published by the Chaucer Variorum in 1979, and on the scribe of the Ellesmere Canterbury Tales (in the collection of essays on the manuscript edited by Martin Stevens and Daniel Woodward [1997]). The study of other Middle English poetic manuscripts was also an important element in his researches. He wrote on those of alliterative poetry (in the collection Middle English Alliterative Poetry, ed. David Lawton [1982]) and of Piers Plowman (in the Festschrift for George Russell [1986]). He also revised, with Jerome J. Mitchell, Hoccleve’s Minor Poems for the

Speculum 94/3 (July 2019). Copyright 2019 by the Medieval Academy of America. doi: 10.1086/703754, 0038-7134/2019/9403-0008$10.00.

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Early English Text Society (1970) and for the same body introduced (with John Burrow) a facsimile edition of Hoccleve’s autograph manuscripts (2002). The production and circulation of vernacular religious manuscripts remained a central focus of his research. One particular preoccupation that began with his doctoral research was the massive Vernon manuscript (Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Eng. poet. a. 1). This achieved its fullest expression in his introduction to the facsimile of it published in 1987. He also wrote several important studies on the circulation of Carthusian manuscripts. These included studies of the manuscripts of Nicholas Love’s Myrrour of the Blessed Lyf of Jesu Christ (in Leeds Studies in English [1983]; Nicholas Love at Waseda, ed. Shoichi Oguro et al. [1997]) as well as other more general studies of Carthusian book production. This interest also resulted in his editions of the catalogues of Carthusian libraries for the Corpus of British Medieval Library Catalogues (2001). Ian Doyle’s scholarly concerns extended more widely. He wrote about early printed books; about manuscripts and collectors, particularly those associated with Durham University Library; and on various antiquarian topics. He was also unstinting in his generosity to other scholars, particularly younger ones, and tireless in answering the frequent enquiries he received, always by letter, never by email, usually badly typewritten and corrected and enlarged in ink (not ballpoint) in his spiky hand. Countless books and articles record indebtedness to his help. Many will remember his cluttered study where from piles of books and papers he would pull out the one reference that proved enormously helpful in their beginning work. Although reticent by nature, he was also convivial, with a wide circle of friends. He attended scholarly conferences regularly and was an active participant, offering encouragement where he could and guidance where he could not. Ian Doyle also gave much service to scholarly institutions. He was a member of the Council of the Early English Text Society for more than fifty years and also served on the Council of the Surtees Society; he was Vice-President of the Bibliographical Society and a recipient of its Gold Medal for services to bibliography, and he was a member of the Advisory Boards for the Index of Middle English Prose and the Middle English Texts series. The British Academy awarded him the Israel Gollancz Prize in 1985 and made him a Fellow in 1992. He was honoured with two festschrifts (in 1994 and 1995). His first publications appeared in 1944, his last in 2017. His was a long life, unremittingly devoted to the service of scholarship. Respectfully submitted, Derek Pearsall Siegfried Wenzel A. S. G. Edwards, Chair

A. G. Rigg A. G. (Arthur George) Rigg, Professor Emeritus of Medieval Studies and English at the University of Toronto, died at his home in Toronto on 7 January 2019, in the presence of his beloved wife Jennifer. George, as he was universally known, was the leading authority on post-Conquest Anglo-Latin literature as well as a renowned and meticulous scholar of Middle English. He was a beloved teacher and mentor to generations of students at Toronto’s Centre for Medieval Studies, where he guided the Latin program for many years. George Rigg was born 17 February 1937, in Wigan, Lancashire. He was educated at Notre Dame Convent and Wigan Grammar School, which was known for its strength in Classics, and which was where his classmates decided he should be known as George rather than Arthur. He read for his Oxford BA in English at Pembroke College, where his tutors included C. L. Wrenn. He wrote his Oxford DPhil under Norman Davis, which he later published as A Glastonbury Miscellany of the Fifteenth Century: A Descriptive Index of Trinity College, Cambridge, MS.O.9.38 (1968). George began his teaching career in 1961 as a lecturer in English Language at Merton College, Oxford, and continued teaching there and at Balliol through the completion of his DPhil in 1966. From 1966 to 1968, he was Visiting Assistant Professor of English at Stanford UniSpeculum 94/3 (July 2019)

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versity. In 1968, he moved to Toronto to take up a position as Associate Professor at the newly founded Centre for Medieval Studies. He was promoted to full professor in 1976 and remained at the Centre until his reluctant retirement in 2002 at the then-mandatory age of sixty-five. The DPhil study of Trinity O.9.38 set the pattern for many of George’s lifelong scholarly interests: textual criticism; working in both Latin and Middle English; and studying concrete problems of literary history in their manuscript context, with a particular interest in manuscript miscellanies and florilegia. His subsequent editions included the poems of Walter of Wimborne (1978); the Z-Text of Piers Plowman (with Charlotte Brewer, 1983); Gawain on Marriage: The Textual Tradition of the “De coniuge non ducenda” (1986); and A Book of British Kings (2000) for the Toronto Medieval Latin Texts, a series of single-manuscript editions in affordable paperback format of which he was the founding editor. His work in textual criticism is also reflected in Editing Medieval Texts: English, French, and Latin Written in England (1977), the proceedings of a 1976 Toronto conference. The Toronto Medieval Latin Texts series reflects his commitment to making resources available for teaching purposes, a pedagogical priority also seen in his anthology The English Language: A Historical Reader (1968; translated into Japanese in 1974), from which he taught throughout his career; his contributions to Singing Early Music: The Pronunciation of European Languages in the Middle Ages and Renaissance (1996); and, with Frank Mantello, Medieval Latin: An Introduction and Bibliographical Guide (1996). George’s lifelong study of Anglo-Latin literature culminated in 1992 in the publication of the magisterial Anglo-Latin Literature: 1066–1422. When he was elected Fellow of the Medieval Academy in 1997, the letter of nomination noted that one reviewer of this magnum opus “marveled ‘that it should be the work of one man.’” Anglo-Latin Literature provides not only a conspectus of authors and works for the period, with innumerable suggestions for avenues of future research, but in its appendix an indispensable reference manual on medieval Latin versification. He shared his unparalleled expertise on that subject in person and in many reference works as well as in his own landmark publication. George’s passionate advocacy for reading competence in medieval Latin as a central feature of serious advanced training in medieval studies led to the creation of the Committee for Medieval Latin Studies at the Centre for Medieval Studies, which he chaired from its inception until his retirement, and to the system of examinations that remains a hallmark of a Toronto training in the field. Toronto graduate medieval studies students through the decades experienced his tireless and exacting but endlessly patient encouragement in their pursuit of a notoriously rigorous standard in Latin. Colleagues and advanced students who taught in the Latin program and read the Latin exams continued to learn from George in the process of helping others over the hurdles: the master’s-level standard qualified a student to continue studying Latin, and the doctoral-level standard granted a “license to commit scholarship.” Even after his retirement, George was available to read Latin with any student who wanted to continue working with him, and he would often be found on Friday afternoons playing Latin Scrabble in the Centre’s common room. Generations of Torontonians remember him as a ubiquitous presence at the Centre, eyes lighting with glee at the potential of a philological nugget that merited investigation as he rolled his next cigarette or called for another pot of tea. Those who took his seminars in Middle English philology and Anglo-Latin literature benefited from his constant curiosity, as he was always ready to discover new paths to follow in seemingly familiar passages or intimidatingly abstruse points of language. PhD students found him a kind and generous mentor. Many were inspired by his example and encouragement to undertake verse translations of medieval Latin poetry, from works of unquestioned literary merit (for instance, Siân Echard and Claire Fanger’s translation of Gower’s Latin verses in the Confessio Amantis) to seemingly untranslatable curiosities (such as Thomas Klein’s translation of Hucbald’s Ecloga de calvis, a poem in which every word begins with the letter C). George bicycled everywhere in Toronto, barring snow or ice, and in summers he and his wife Jennifer explored Ontario, Quebec, and the Maritime provinces, tracing the routes of Speculum 94/3 (July 2019)

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the early European explorers of Canada. George was a passionate gardener and observer of natural phenomena: he published (in typescript pinned to the bulletin boards at the Centre for Medieval Studies and the library of the Pontifical Institute) an annual “Old Farmer George’s Almanac” and waxed as excited about the tidal bore in the Bay of Fundy as about the one he identified in Joseph of Exeter’s Ylias. Though George was exceedingly resistant to public praise or attention of any kind, his students and colleagues succeeded in honoring him with two festschriften. Gernot Wieland and Siân Echard surprised him by slipping in a year before his sixty-fifth birthday (and retirement) with Anglo-Latin and Its Heritage: Essays in Honor of A. G. Rigg on his 64th Birthday (2001), a volume in the Publications of the Journal of Medieval Latin series focusing on later Anglo-Latin. In 2004, a second festschrift, edited by Richard Firth Green and Linne R. Mooney, Interstices: Studies in Middle English and Anglo-Latin Texts in Honour of A. G. Rigg, complemented the first festschrift by reflecting George’s work on editorial problems and Middle English. George’s passing has left a void which few medieval Latinists can fill. The academy has lost not only a brilliant member; it has lost a wonderful man who was distinguished by scholarship but not defined by it. Respectfully submitted, Carin Ruff Greti Dinkova Bruun David Townsend, Chair

Eric Gerald Stanley Eric Gerald Stanley (19 October 1923–20 June 2018), Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor Emeritus of Anglo-Saxon and longtime member of the Medieval Academy of America, died suddenly in Oxford at the age of ninety-four. The community of medievalists has lost a scholar of immense erudition and generosity. He combined a relentless drive for clarity with a strong skeptical intelligence, a concern with the limitations of our knowledge and with the historical conditioning, presumptions, and predilections that readers bring to a text. His contributions were many and ongoing for almost seventy years. He never stopped, even as he entered his tenth decade. His first published article, “The Chronology of r-Metathesis in Old English,” appeared in 1953; his most recent, “Judgement Day I or ‘The Progress of the Soul’: An Edition with Translation and Commentary,” arrived shortly before he left us, in the June 2018 issue of Notes and Queries, the journal for which he served first as co-Editor and then Advisory Editor for a fifty-six-year combined tenure. He read his first batch of draft entries for the Oxford English Dictionary in 1957 and sent back his last set of comments in May 2018; he took part in the Oxford English Faculty afternoon medieval seminar only days before his death and was to present a keynote lecture to the Oxford Medieval Graduate Conference a week later. A final book, called Metricalities, is all but ready for the press. This short title, consisting of a single word not yet registered in the Oxford English Dictionary, differs from the eighteenth-century descriptive fullness for which he was famous: for example, “‘Rithme royall, & surely it is a royall kind of verse, seruing best for graue discourses’: but not always best in Bodleian MS Arch. Selden B. 24, and not always best transmitted in The Kingis Quair” (1998); or the even longer title “Old English 5 ‘AngloSaxon’: the modern sense for the language anticipated by Archbishop Matthew Parker in 1567, and by John Strype in 1711, Camden’s use in Remaines (1605) noted; together with notes on how OED treats such terms” (1995); or the shorter, do-it-yourself instructive, “How the Elbing Deprives the Vistula of Its Name and Converts It to the Elbing’s Own Use in ‘Vistula-Mouth’” (1977). He published more than six hundred books, articles, notes, and reviews over his career. Eric’s expertise extended far beyond Anglo-Saxon England, the field in which he later made his mark. His The Search for Anglo-Saxon Paganism (1975) and In the Foreground: Speculum 94/3 (July 2019)

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Beowulf (1994) are much-cited classics, as are the landmark Continuations and Beginnings: Studies in Old English Literature (1966), a gathering from many hands, including his own; and his collaborative volume with Fred C. Robinson, Old English Verse Texts from Many Sources: A Comprehensive Collection (1991). His Sir Israel Gollancz Lecture before the British Academy (1984) stated the case for conservative editing of vernacular verse texts and has become the locus classicus for that position. In his study of the Anglo-Saxon Trial by Jury (2000), he explored a scholarly myth, our supposed debt to the Anglo-Saxons and to King Alfred in particular for this institution and the role this legend played in the politics of nineteenth-century Germany. Eric’s first book was on a Middle English poem. His edition of The Owl and the Nightingale (1960) was several times reprinted and republished and set the standard for a half century. His seminal article on “Layamon’s Antiquarian Sentiments” (1969) and the forward-looking “The Use of Bob-Lines in Sir Thopas” (1972) and “Directions for Making Many Sorts of Laces” (1974) suggest his range of interests, as do his eighteen years on the Editorial Board of Dance Research. The bibliography and lexicography of English of all periods constituted his heroic stamping grounds. He worked tirelessly for three major dictionary projects: the Middle English Dictionary, the Oxford English Dictionary, and—above all—the Toronto Dictionary of Old English. Eric’s ties to the Dictionary of Old English began early. In 1968 he examined the Oxford thesis of Angus Cameron, a Canadian Rhodes Scholar who a short time afterwards became the Dictionary’s Founding Editor. Eric traveled to early planning conferences in Toronto and gave the project his support. When tragedy struck in the mid- and late 1980s—the illnesses and deaths of three of the four young editors—Eric came to Toronto as often as he could to encourage and advise and sometimes to write entries of high-frequency Old English words (such as “and” and the verb “to do”) to ensure that progress continued apace. His very presence lifted the morale of the Dictionary of Old English staff, and his belief in the importance of their work gave them renewed vigor to carry on. As a member of the International Advisory Committee of the Dictionary for over forty years, he commented, tirelessly and meticulously (and occasionally, fiercely), on every entry sent to him in advance of publication. Eric was educated at Queen Elizabeth’s Grammar School in Blackburn, Lancashire, before proceeding to University College, Oxford (BA 1951, MA 1955), where he attended all the lectures given by C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien. He left to take up a lectureship in English at the University of Birmingham (1951–62), where he was awarded a PhD for his publications (1961) and where he worked alongside Derek Brewer and Geoffrey Shepherd. He departed Birmingham for a Readership and later Professorship at Queen Mary College, University of London (1962–75), then to Yale for two much-enjoyed years, until lured back to Oxford as Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor and Fellow of Pembroke College (1977–91). Like iron filings to a magnet, honors came his way: Fellow of the Medieval Academy of America, Fellow of the British Academy, Corresponding Fellow of both the Frisian Academy and the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Member of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, a Doctor of Sacred Letters from the University of Trinity College (Toronto), a Doctor of Laws from the University of Toronto, and more. Of the two festschriften published in his honor in 1994 and 1996, the first came from a group of senior academic colleagues and was followed by a larger one from former students and colleagues who had thrived under his academic guidance and tutelage. Eric’s kindness to young scholars was legendary, remarked on again and again in the tweets of last summer. “I met Eric Stanley at a graduate conference,” reported one self-described shy and ill-at-ease student, “and he asked me how I was settling into Oxford. I remarked that I learned very quickly how to drink wine. He said I had it wrong. With free wine at conferences, I should learn to drink wine quickly.” Eric never ceased to welcome a stream of guests to his home on Walton Street, filled with his fine and extensive private collection of antiquarian books and prints. He was an accomplished cook, latterly quoting the Dorset poet William Barnes, “My mind that once was given to bookery is now wholly engaged in cookery.” Over the years Eric coedited many volumes in honor of colleagues, including Words for Robert Burchfield’s Sixty-Fifth Birthday (1988). It was Bob Burchfield, later the editor of the four-volume Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary, who was Eric’s best man when he married Mary Bateman in 1959; and it was Bob who taught him to drive a car, thereby Speculum 94/3 (July 2019)

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enabling Eric’s wide-ranging journeys across Continental Europe and to his beloved Italy, first with Mary, then with Mary and their daughter Ann, then alone, but meeting many dear friends along the way. His wife predeceased him in 2016 after a long illness; Ann succumbed to cancer in 2017. Eric is survived by two grandchildren and a small army of grateful students, colleagues, and friends. Respectfully submitted, Walter Goffart Antonette diPaolo Healey Roberta Frank, Chair

Raoul C. van Caenegem The Medieval Academy of America elected Raoul van Caenegem a Corresponding Member in 1971 at the remarkably young age of forty-four. He had already published four major books and numerous essays. The Academy recognized that he was a rare legal historian who had embraced the history of European civil law and the intricacies of English common law with extensive research and brilliant insights. He had a star-studded genealogy. He began his ventures into medieval legal history in the seminars of François Ganshof at the University of Ghent and adopted his teacher’s devotion to the text. He received a doctorate in law in 1951 and a second doctorate in history in 1953. “Fantasizing” interpretations cut loose from the evidence of the texts were not his style. His first two monographs set his interests on a path that he followed during his academic career. In Geschiedenis van het strafrecht in Vlaanderen van de XIe tot de XIVe eeuw [History of the criminal law in Flanders from the eleventh to the fourteenth century] (1954), he explored criminal law in Flanders over four centuries and in a companion volume, Geschiedenis van het strafprocesrecht in V1aanderen van de XIe tot de XIVe eeuw [History of the criminal procedure in Flanders from the eleventh to the fourteenth century] (1956) treated the history of procedure, a topic that he returned to again and again. Court procedure was a central theme in his scholarship. After receiving his PhD in law at Ghent he moved to Paris, where he worked with Gabriel Le Bras in the law faculty and worked at the École pratique des hautes études and the École nationale des chartes (1951– 52). Van Caenegem took the fateful step of expanding the geography of his academic interests when he began to work with Theodore Plucknett at the University of London from 1952 to 1954. He arrived in London with a topic suggested by René Dekkers to write about legal fictions in English law. Plucknett was not interested in “theory or generalizations” and suggested that Van Caenegem write about writ procedure under King Henry II. It was a suggestion that he was inclined to take. The result was his impressive Royal Writs in England from the Conquest to Glanvill: Studies in the Early History of the Common Law, Selden Society 77 (1959). Some of his essays were enormously influential. His essay on modes of proof in 1965 (“La preuve dans le droit du Moyen Âge occidental”) is still cited for his insights into the evolution of procedure in European courts. Another more recent example is his essay on “The Trial Jury in England, France, and Germany 1700–1900” (1987) in which he contemplated once again English and Continental practices. Van Caenegem very quickly became a lodestone for legal historians who wanted to push legal history outside the confines of national legal boundaries. In 1954 Van Caenegem returned to Ghent, where he spent the rest of his academic career. He continued working on the sources of English court procedure, producing more monumental volumes for the Selden Society (English Lawsuits from William I to Richard I [1990–91]) but had already begun to work more as an “architetto” and less as a “muratore.” He wrote a series of broad, magisterial surveys, beginning with The Birth of English Common Law (1973), which became a classic and must reading for undergraduates in legal history classes. His explanations of why the English courts were able to resist the siren calls of the ius commune are still convincing today. Two other books also achieved iconic status in the classroom and beyond, An Historical Introduction to Private Law (1988) and An HistorSpeculum 94/3 (July 2019)

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ical Introduction to Western Constitutional Law (1995). In these two books he demonstrated his mastery of the broad sweep of European legal history. Both covered almost two millennia of jurisprudence. The first focused on customary law in the early Middle Ages, the development of the medieval ius commune, and the emergence of modern civil law codes. The second dealt with the creation of the modern state and its governmental structures. Judges, Legislators, and Professors: Chapters in European Legal History (1987) introduced students to a basic question that has long troubled legal scholars: how best to understand the significant differences between the two major European legal systems that emerged from the same circumstances in the twelfth century. And what is the best source of law: judges, legislative bodies, or professors? It is still a question of central importance in the modern world. Van Caenegem did not shy away from the big questions. He spent his academic career building a bridge between the British Isles and the Continent. In 1992, when he composed an English preface for a book he wrote in French in 1988, he observed that “studies that transcend national frontiers and attempt to weave the historic threads of common and civil law into one fabric are still rare,” but may justify “the present survey.” He knew very well who did more than anyone to unite the two legal cultures. Van Caenegem returned often to Cambridge to teach. Cambridge University Press became his publisher of choice. Britain, in turn, honored him. He became a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy (1982), Member of the Council of the Selden Society (1995), Visiting Fellow at University, Peterhouse, Merton Colleges Cambridge. Honorary doctorates were bestowed on him by the universities of Tübingen (1977), Leuven (1984), and Paris (1988). After he retired from the University of Ghent in 1992 King Albert II granted him the title of baron (1994), which he bore with pride. He continued to teach at Maastricht in the late 1990s and those lectures provided the material for his last book, European Law in the Past and Future: Unity and Diversity over Two Millennia (2002). He was an affable man as well as a serious scholar. He sought out scholarly meetings where he could meet old friends and make new ones. One memorable example was his appearance at the University of Chicago’s Law School in the early 1980s. He came unannounced to attend a public lecture on English legal history given by John Langbein. Then, at the invitation of his surprised but flattered hosts, he stayed for dinner and discussion. He enlivened both. They turned out to be more amicable events than they sometimes were—thanks, it then seemed, to his presence. One of his final contributions to legal history was a set of biographical sketches of nineteen legal historians that he published in Rechtsgeschichte, the journal of the Max-Planck Institute in Frankfurt (2010). He affectionately remembered these scholars who had shaped his career or had become part of his scholarly community. Three of his subjects were Fellows of the Medieval Academy. He concluded his “Reflections” on legal history with the statement that “The medieval period, moreover, was a most creative time, when the English common law as well as the ius commune . . . were founded. It was then also that our ‘ignorant’ forebears founded universities, the nation state, the parliaments, the constitutions and the basic idea of the Rechtsstaat—all innovations that are still happily with us.” Respectfully submitted, Richard Helmholz Paul Hyams Ken Pennington, Chair

Speculum 94/3 (July 2019)

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