Siege Warfare: The Fortress in the Early Modern World 1494-1660, Vol. 1 [1 ed.] 0415146496, 9780415146494

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SIEGE WARFARE

SIEGE WARFARE

The Fortressin the Early Modern World 1494-1660

ChristopherDuffy

London and New York

First published 1979 by Routledge& Kegan Paul Re-issuedin 1996 by Routledge II New Fetter Lane. London EC4P 4EE Simultaneouslypublishedin the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street. New York. NY 10001 Reprinted 1997

© 1979 ChristopherDuffy Printed and bound in Slovenia by Mladinska Knjiga Tiskarna

All rights reserved.No part of this book may be reprinted or reproducedor utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,or other means,now known or hereafter invented, including photocopyingand recording. or in any information storageor retrieval system, without permissionin writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguingin Publication Data A cataloguerecord for this book is available from the British Library Library of CongressCataloging in Publication Data A cataloguerecord for this book has is available from the Library of Congress

ISBN 0-415-14649-6

Contents

Preface

xi

Prologue: The Earliest Artillery Fortification

1

One

Fortress Warfare in Renaissance Italy

8

Two

Later Italian Wars and the Origins of Permanent Artillery Fortification 1 530-1 600

23

The Frontiers of France 1513-59

43

Four

The Eighty Years War in the Netherlands 1566-1648

58

Five

The Apprenticeship of France 1560-1660

106

The English Civil War and the Subjugation of Ireland

140

The Baltic Empires

163

Eight

The Sultan and his Enemies

191

Nine

Fortress Warfare beyond the Seas

220

The Fortress and Humankind

247

Bibliography

265

General Index

277

Subject Index

288

Three

Six Seven

Ten

Illustrations

I

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Late medievalfortification in decay 3 Exterior of one of Durer's roundels 5 Sectionof one of Durer's roundels 5 Deal Castle 6 Renaissance cannon 9 Defenceof a breachat Siena 17 The citadel of Turin 24 A bastionedfortress undersiege 28 View of the masonryof a bastion 29 Caprarola 30 The SanBernardinoBastionat Verona 31 Porta SanPietro (Lucca) 32 Oassicpentagonalcitadel 33 Ravelin at Sarzanello 35 Defenceof a bastion 37 'Families'of Italian engineers 38---() Boulogne 48 Salses 49 The siegeof Metz 1552/53 51 Siegeof Thionville 55 Daniel Speckle 56 Spanishmassacreat Oudewater1575 67 Statueof Alva in the citadel of Antwerp 68 The demolition of the Antwerp citadel 69 Parma'sassaulton Tournai, 1581 75 Siegeof Oudenarde,1582 77 The Spanishbridge at Antwerp, 1585 78 Giambelli'sinfernal machinedestroys the Spanishbridge 79 Maurice of Nassim'ssiegeof Coevorden,

1592 30 Siegeof Ostend, 1601-4

83 87

31 Dutch fortification 32 Coevordenas rebuilt by Maurice 33 Progressof an attack, with trenchesand 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58

redoubts Battery shootinga breachfrom the counterscarp Siegeof Munster by the German princes, 1657 Final stagesof a siege The siegeof s'Hertogenbosch, 1629 MontmeJian Errard'sfortification Siegeof Montauban,162I La Rochelle La Rochelle Fort Fuentes Nancy Siegeof Turin, 1640 One of the bastionsof Montmedy Berwick-upon-Tweed Plan of the Oxford fortifications BasingHouse The fortifications of London CastlePark on the Bandonat Kinsale Siegeof Smolensk One of the Smolensktowers The gulyai-gorodat Moscow, 1606 Vyrodkov's prefabricatedsiegetower at Kazan, 1552 Gustavus'ssiegeof Wolgast, 1630 Tilly's siegeof Magdeburg,1631 Gustavusis checkedat Ingolstadt

90 92 94 97 98 99 103 115 117 119 120 121 122 123 127 137 141 150 156 158 161 168 171 172 173 176 177 181

viii

59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

Illustrations

183 The Swedishfortifications at Augsburg 184 Fort Gustavsburgat Mainz Storm of Frederiksodde,1657 186-7 Siegeof the monasteryat Czestochowa, 189 1655 Zamosc 190 The Grand Harbourat Malta, 1565 193 The works at Valletta 194 Nicosia 195 Neuhausel 202 Komorn 203 Chertafortifications 206 212 Turkish trench attack 213 Turkish cannon

72 Turkish fortification in 'palanka'style 73 The bastioned'Citadel' of Hue in Annam 74 Japanesetower at Odawara 75 Himeji Castle 76 Starvationin a besiegedtown 77 Maidenly virtue under attack 78 Vienna in the later seventeenthcentury 79 Vienna. The first of a seriesof photographstaken in about 1858 80 The correspondingview westwards, looking up the DanubeCanal 81 Side view of the Karntnertor 82 Frontal view of the Karntnertor

216 233 243 244 253 258 262 263 263 264 265

Maps

Italy in the early sixteenthcentury: political

10

North Italian fortressesin the sixteenthand early seventeenth centuries 26-7 North and north-eastFrancein the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries

44

The SpanishNetherlandsin the Eighty Years War: political and strategic 60 Fortressesin the northern Netherlandsin the sixteenthand seventeenth centuries

62

Francein the Religious Wars

108

Ireland

142

Englandand Wales in the Civil War

148

Oxford and its satellite posts

152

Denmark,with south Norway and south Sweden

164

Polandand westernRussia

166

CentralEuropein the Thirty Years War

178

WesternMediterranean

198

The theatreof war on the Danube

200

Siberia

208---