Scientific Russian Reader 9780231890236

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SCIENTIFIC

RUSSIAN

READER

SCIENTIFIC

RUSSIAN

READER COMPILED

BY PhD.

Lecturer

New

York

•

NINA

A.

in

Chemistry

in Russian,

Columbia

SYNIAWSKA University

C O L U M B I A U N I V E R S I T Y PRESS

•

1961

C o p y r i g h t © 1901 Columbia University Press, New York Published in Great Britain, India, and Pakistan by the Oxford University Press London, Bombay, and Karachi Library of Congress Catalog Card Xumber: 61-7717 Manufactured in the United States of America

PREFACE

This collection of articles taken directly from current Soviet scientific publications offers the advanced student of Russian a variety of original material on the fundamental fields of contemporary science, such as physics, chemistry, biology, and astronomy. Teaching experience has shown that a mere study of Russian scientific textbooks, even if they include some unsimplified material, will not provide a student with enough skill to proceed immediately from reading textbooks to reading actual scientific writings. This book will facilitate such a transition. It can be considered as a final step before a student begins his own translations. Each field of science in this collection is represented first by popular articles followed by more specialized readings which, despite their more technical aspects, can also be easily understood by students of the related sciences. Reading these specialized articles will assure those individuals now engaged in these particular fields, as well as students contemplating entering them, of their ability to read original scientific literature. As far as the choice of articles permitted, the reading material within each section is arranged in order of increasing difficulty—in regard to both subject matter and scientific language. T h e number of articles in each section has necessarily been limited by considerations of space. Each page is presented as first published, with its illustrative material (graphs, formulas, etc.) and scientific language intact. Although this results in a certain lack of uniformity in the book's appearance, the original character of each article is preserved.

VI

I'RL.KACK

At the end of the text is glossary of special scientific terms encountered in the articles to supplement the use of a technical dictionary. For the most part the glossary includes scientific terms of purely Russian origin because the recognition of cognates does not present any serious difficulty for the advanced student. T h e compiler has assumed that the student has already reached an advanced reading level and is sufficiently familiar with the essentials of Russian grammar to enable him to read the articles with the help of a standard Russian dictionary and the glossary of the book. T h e popular articles, discussing the latest achievements in a particular science, were selected from the Russian popular science monthly Ptiroda. T h e specialized articles were selected as follows: Physical Sciences

Chemistry

Biology

Doklady Akadeniii Nauk SSSR Izvestiya Akadeniii Nauk SSSR Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk SSSR Journal Experimental'noy Tekhnicheskoy Fiziki Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR Journal Neogranicheskoy Khimii Journal Fizicheskoy Khimii Biokhimiya Doklady Akadeniii Nauk SSSR Biofisika

Details about the sources used can be found at the back of the book. T h i s book will be useful in academic and in commercial circles: it will be most useful in furthering individual studies and in organizing advanced university courses, and it will be of value in developing the study of scientific Russian in industry. NINA

Columbia University October, 1960

SYSIAWSKA

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I am grateful to Dr. V. K. La Mer, Professor of Physical Chemistry at Columbia University, for his understanding of the need for the study of scientific Russian in the academic institutions of this country and for his sympathetic encouragement in the preparation of this book. N. A. S.

RUSSIAN CONTENTS

ACTPOHOMMfl /IYHA H E E n P M P O . U A

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P. E. KonapoB H M. A. HMUJHKOB flBM>KEHME O C E C H M M E T P M H H O P I C T P Y H T A 3 A C MAJ10P1 n P O B O ^ M M O C T b i O B O C E C H M M E T P H M H O M M A r H H T H O M no/IE T. M . BaM-3enHK0BHq

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ENGLISH CONTENTS

ASTRONOMY THE MOON AND ITS NATURE V. V. Sharonov REGULARITIES OF THE MOTION OF ARTIFICIAL CELESTIAL BODIES Yu. A. Ryabov MAGNETIC FIELDS IN THE PLANETARY NEBULAE G. A. Gurzadyan

1

12 18

PHYSICS BELOW ABSOLUTE ZERO D. A. Frank-Kamenetsky DIFFUSION OF SOUND WAVES AND INFRASONIC WAVES IN THE NATURAL MEDIA FOR LARGE DISTANCES L. Brekhovskikh IONIZATION CAMERA IN THE MAGNETIC FIELD G. E. Kocharov and M. A. Yamshchikov

22

29

39

MOTION OF AXIALLY SYMMETRICAL LOW CONDUCTIVITY GAS J E T IN AXIALLY SYMMETRICAL MAGNETIC FIELD G. M. Bam-Zelikovich

46

NEW KINETIC EQUATIONS IN THE THEORY OF MONOATOMIC GASES S. V. Vallander

50

RUSSIAN

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ENGLISH CONTENTS

NUCLEAR PHYSICS SPACE S T R U C T U R E OF T H E ATOMIC NUCLEUS Ya. A. Smorodinsky

53

P H O T O S P L I T T I N G OF N " NUCLEI A. P. Komar, Ya. Krzhemenek, and I. P. Yavor

63

ON T H E MECHANISM OF URANIUM FUSSION INDUCED BY SLOW ¡i MESONS G. E. Belovitsky, N. T . Kashchukeev, and others

GO

ON T H E EXISTENCE OF PARTICLES W I T H MASSES 2M e n ^ 25M. A. N. Gorbunov, V. M. Spiridonov, and P. A. Cherenkov

70

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY ON T H E STATE OF PROTONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS N. E. Khomutov NEW DATA CONCERNING T H E INFLUENCE OF T H E SOLID PHASE RADIOACTIVITY ON T H E HETEROGENEOUS PROCESS INVOLVED IN T H E ISOTOPIC EXCHANGE I. E. Mikhailenko and acad. V. I. Spitsin

74

80

CHEMISTRY T H E EVOLUTION OF EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE M. S. Tochilin SURFACE TENSION AND DENSITY OF ALLOYS CONTAINING OXIDES OF PB, V AND SI B. M. Lepinskikh, O. A. Essin, and G. A. Teterin ON A NEW COMPOUND IN T H E NaF—A1F3 SYSTEM V. P. Mashovets, M. S. Beletsky, and others SYNTHESIS AND ANALYTICAL PROPERTIES OF T E T R A (a-THIENYL) BORATE AND T E T R A (n-ANISYL)BORATE SALTS OF ALKALI METALS V. A. Sazanova, E. P. Serebryakov, and L. S. Kovaleva T H E PRODUCTION OF CERTAIN PRIMARY ALCOHOLS T H R O U G H ORGANOALUMINUM COMPOUNDS A. M. Sladkov, V. A. Markevich, and others

84

91 97

100

104

RUSSIAN CONTENTS

xii

HEPICTBHE OPMAMKUA HA H30MEPHHE METHJlEH/lHUHK/lOrEKCAHOH H TPMIiMKJIOrEKCAHO/lOH M.

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135

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ENGLISH CONTENTS

xiii

T H E ACTION OF FORM AMIDE ON ISOMERIC METHYLENEDICYCLOHEXANONE AND TRICYCLOHEXANOLONE M. N. Tilichenko and V. I. Vysotsky

107

BIOCHEMISTRY 109

ON T H E WAY T O P R O T E I N SYNTHESIS Zh. A. Medvedev A QUANTITATIVE ASSAY OF AMINO ACIDS IN MILK PROTEINS M. N. Medvedeva and P. V. Kugenev

113

T H E PATHWAYS OF CARBOHYDRATE INVOLVEMENT I N T O PLASTIC METABOLISM OF T H E CANCER CELL N. V. El'tsina and V. A. Engel'hardt

117

BIOLOGY RADIATION KHIMERAS AND TISSUE TRANSPLANTATIONS A. S. Shevelev

124

C O N T E N T OF NUCLEIC ACIDS IN P O T A T O LEAVES AS AFFECTED BY T H E TRACE ELEMENTS COPPER AND COBALT N. D. Timashov

130

PARTICIPATION OF MOLYBDENUM IN T H E OF N I T R I T E S BY NITRIFYING BACTERIA G. A. Zavarzin

133

OXIDATION

VARIATION IN T H E S T R E N G T H OF CAPILLARIES IN T H E CASE OF VITAMIN "K" DEFICIENCY AND T H E SPECIFITY OF T H E EFFECT PRODUCED BY THIS VITAMIN UPON T H E S T R E N G T H OF CAPILLARIES V. E. Pastorova

135

MIGRATION MECHANISM OF T H E PROTECTION FROM RADIATION EFFECT L. Kh. Eidus, B. M. Kalamkarova, and G. T. Otarova

139

ERRATA IN RUSSIAN TEXTS

142

T H R E E MODEL TRANSLATIONS I N T O ENGLISH

143

WORD ENDINGS OF LATIN ORIGIN

156

GLOSSARY

159

SOURCES

175

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H . C u r t i s , Publ. Lick Obs., 13 (1917). 2 i\ A. T v p 3 a a a h, Bonpocbi ahh3mhkh n^aHcTapHNX TyMaHHOCTefi, EpeBaH, 1954. 3 T. A. Ill a ft h, Tp. 4-ro coBem. no bonpocaM KOCMoroHHH b MapTe 1955 r., 1956, crp. 523. 4 T. A . Ill a h h, AcTp. wypH., 33, JVs 3 (1956). s D. E v a n s , A. T h a c k e r a y , M . N., 110, 429 (1950). • T. A. Ill a ft h, AcTp. *ypi!., 33, Ms 2 (1957). 7 3. P. M y c t e .t b, AcTp. wypH., 32, 5 (1956).

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33

H H K 3 6 T HH OflHH H3 JiyTOH. MaCTHIHO B 30Hy MOJIHaHHfl 3 B y K O B a f l 3 H e p r H f l 6 y f l 6 T lipOHHKaTb BCJieACTBHe 3eKTOB AH$paKIJHH. OnncaHHe 3 B y K O B o r o n o n a B oÖJiacTH 30H M O J I T O H H A n y T e M K a K o r o - j m 6 o îiciipaBjieHHH HJIH flonoJiHeHHH JiyieBOÉ TeopHH, KaK S T O 6HJIO B c j i y n a e HOJIH !ir»jíH3H KaycTHK, OKa3biBaeTCH HeB03M0>KHbiM. /Jjih 3Toro HeoôxoflHMO n o c T p o e liue T e o p H H , HBJIHIOmeHCH B O J I H O B O H H O C 3 M 0 H CBOeH HpHpOAe. T a K a f l TeopHH AOJiHraa T a K w e o n a c u B a T b 3ByK0B0e n o j i e B BOJiHOBOgax, n o n e p e i H t i e p a 3 M e p t l KOTOptlX CpaBHHMhl C FTJIHHOH BOJIHBL 3ByKa HJIH He H A M H O R O npeBBiniaiOT ee. B 3 T O M c j i y n a e jiyneBbie npeACTaBJieHHH Taione HBJIHIOTCH N P H M ^ H N N A J I B H O IlOnpHMeHHMbIMH. CorjiacHO b o j i h o b o h TeopHH 3BVK0B0e nojie b KamflOH T o i K e npocTpaHCTBa mo'/Kho OpeflCTaBHTb b BHfle cynepno3Hi;HH HeKOToporo iHCJia « H o p M a j i b i i u x

z

H

Phc. 5. uojiH». K a w f l a a HopMajibHafl BOJiHa pacnpocTpaHHeTCH BAOJib BOJIHOBOAa e ONPEA&neHHOH $a30B0H CKopocTbio H HMeeT onpeAeJieHHoe, x a p a K T e p H o e Hee pacnpeAejieHHe aMmiHTyflbi n o BepTHKajiH. Y M e H b m e H n e C H J I H 3ByKa H «30Hax M O J I I A H H H » 06YCJI0BJIEH0 C Y M E C T B E H H H M OCJIAÖJIEHHEM S T H X BOJIH NC.IEFLCTBUE HX B3anMHoii HHTep$epeHH,HH. K). JI. ra3apHHOM®- 7 6 H J I O AeTajibHo HCCjieAOBaHO 3ByK0B0e n o j i e B BOJIHOllOfle, XapaKTepH3yeM0MTaK0H3aBHCHM0CTbK)CK0p0CTH 3ByKa OT BepTHKaJIbHOti KOOPAHHaTU z:

M

>

0.

BeJIHHHHa H MO/KeT ÖHTb Ha3BaHa 3(f>eKTHBHOH HIHpHHOH BOJIHOBOAa. CKopocTb 3 B Y K A Ha O C H B O J I H O B O A A H H A 6ojibmoM Y A A J I E H H H O T Hee paBHa COOTBeTCTBeHHO C ^ l + A f ) " 1 H CJ. B

TeopHH BOJIHOBOAa cymecTBeHHyio pojib H r p a e T

napaMeTp

B u j i h o b o a MOHieT yAep>KHBaTb BOJiHy TOJibKO n p n v > 2 . 3 t o A s e T a j i h MancnMiiJibHOH AJiHHLi BOJiH, KaHajiH3yiomHXCH b BOJiHOBOfle, Bbipa/KeHHe: Xmax = nH

V 2 M .

34

M3MKA

H a pHC. 5, 6 u3o6pa>KeHa 3aBHCHM0CTb aMnjiHTy^H HecKOJibKHX HopMa.ibHbix BOJiH OT z!II n p a v = 8 , 5 . H a p a c . 5 , a n3o6panie OTKJiOHeHHH peajii>-OT HpBBefleHBOH KpBBOH. HÖH 33BHCBM0CTH T(z) B nacTHOCTH, Ha BHCOTax, MeHbranx ^eM 5 — 1 0 KM, öyflyT cymecTBeHHM ce30HHbie h3M6H6hhh TeMnepaT y p H , KOTopue MoryT CHJibHO CKa3biBaTbCH Ha xapauTepe pacnpocTpaHeHHH 3ByKOBbix bojih. Cnjiouma« npHBafl Ha pnc. 6, c t o i k h 3pemiH ee xapaKTepa Ha M3JIHX BHCOTax, OTHOCHTCH K JieTHHM yCJIOBHHM (TeM n e p a T y p a y noBepxHocTH 3eMJin okojio -!-18°C). H a p n c . 7 H3o6pa>KeHH j i y i H , HcxoflHm,ne n a ii3Jiy*iaTe-

JiH, pacnojiO/KeHHoro Ha BHCOTe 8 KM, ajih stoto c;iylan. M h bhabm, ito J i y i n HMeiOT T e n j j e H i j H i o KOHueHTpapoBaTbCH b BOJiHOBOfle, npocTHpaiomeMCH b n p e A e J i a x bhcot 3 — 4 0 KM. OflHaKO JiyiH, 3axBaHeHHue iiojihoboaom. He aoxoshtao 3eMHoii noBepxHocTH. J^onycTHM Tenepb, h t o TeMnepaTypa y noBepxHocTH 3eMJin —23° C h KpHTeMnepaTypH ot bhcoth iiaeT go 10 KM, KaK noKaaaHO o T p c i KOM nyHKTHppoH kphboh Ha p a c . G. JlyqeBaH KapTHHa b 3TOM c j i y ^ a e 6yfleT HMeTb BHU, H3o6paHAaeMux siomBaH

3aBHCHM0CTH

*) flamme, no^yqemitie b C11IA, no OT.nmaioTCH cKO-iwo-HiióyAti cymecT«enno OT npHBeAeHHbix 3flecb.

PACnPOCTPAHEHME 3ByKOBbIX M HH«l>PA3ByKOBbIX BOJ1H

35

U1JMH B3pUBaUH HJIH H3BepHC6HHflUH ByjIKâHOB Ha paCCTOHHHHX B HeCKOJIbKO ThICHI KHJIOMeTpOB H ÔOJIBIIie, OKa3blBaiOTCH 3Ha^HT6JILHLIMH (OT flOJIBH ao »ecHTKOB MHHyr). H a w e npHBe^eHti flBe 3anacH (nojiyneHHue K . M. Ea;ia-

PaccmoRnue

6

PHC.

KM

7.

I I I O B J U M ) Hfl°pHHX B 3 p i I B 0 B (dBKHBaJieHTHUX HeCKOJIbKHM MeraTOHHaM THT), IIOJiyHeHHHX Ha paCCTOHHHHX 5 0 0 0 H 11 5 0 0 KM ( p a c . 9 H 1 0 ) . IlepHOflH

Paccmotr/iue PHC.

S

KM

8.

KOJieôaHHË

C O C T Â B J I H I O T 5 —8 MHHyT B H a i a j i e KajKfloë 3anHCH H yMeHbiuaioTCH lipHMepHO AO 1 MHHyTH B KOHIje. ,IJjIHHa BOJIHLI HpH nepHOfle 1 MHHyTH paBHa

,p

aun

100

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O K O J I O 2 0 KM. TaKHM 0 6 p a 3 0 M , Y W E Ha H P O T H J K C H H H O J I H O H A J I H H M BOJIHH CBOHCTBa aTMOCH3HKA E o j i e e Toro,

N0JIB30BAHHE

O6BIHBIJM

YPABHEHHEM

A

KeHHOCTH MarHHTHoro n o m H 00 \ x — OTHoiueHHe TenJioeMKocTeñ h 8 — 6e3pa3MepHbiñ napaMeTp, paBHbiñ S = oHn0 a / c\0V00, TAe o — K03(JxJ)HlXHeHT npOBOflHMOCTH H C — CKOpOCTb CBeTa b nycTOTe. B c j i y q a e ycTaHOBHBuieroca AßHweHHH HeBH3Koro, HeTenji0np0B0A»0r0 ra3a npH O T c y T C T B H H oöieMHoro 3apafla h ajieKTpHqecKoro nojia ypaBHeHHH ABHHteHHH h npHTOKa Tenjia HMeiOT o a h h nepBbifi HHTerpaji — HHTerpaji 3HepTHH, KOTopbiH b paccM3TpHBaeM0M c j i y q a e 3anHineTCH t3k: fr

+

v\

+

i*. n

= const,

TAe KOHCTaHTa MOWeT 6bITb p33JlHqH0H AJI» pa3HbIX J M H H H TOKa. 3 t h m HomeHHeM m o > k h o n0^b30BatbCH BMecTO ypaBHeHHH npHTOKa Tenjia.

(4) COOT-

ÄBMJKEHHE OCECMMMETPMMHOPI CTPyH TA3A

47

K cHCTeMe ypaBHeHHH rHApoAHHaMHKH c^e^yeT npHcoeAHHHTb ypaBHeHHH MarHHTHoro n o j i a (CM., HanpHMep, ( * ) ) , KOTopue npn cAe-naHHbix Bbiiiie npeAnojiojKeHHHX npHHHMaioT (J)opMy p

rot H =

V1 zi oo

[vH],

d i v H = 0.

(5)

rue V H H — BeKTOpU CKOpOCTH H HanpS>K6HHOCTH MarHHTHoro ncuifl, OTHeCeHHbie COOTBeTCTBeHHO K VQQ H H 0 0 . EC;IH npoBOAHMOCTb rasa Majia H MarHHTHoe nojie He oqeHb CHJibHoe, TO 8 Majio no cpaBHeHHio c eflHHHueñ. T a n , HanpHMep, A-na pTyTH npn xapaKTepHOM JIHHCHHOM pa3Mepe A=10CM H V00—IOM/CCK: npn / y o o ~ 5 0 0 r a y c c S — 2• I O - 3 ; npH / / o o ~ 5 C 0 0 r a y c c 5 — 0,2. ripeAnojioJKHM TaKJKe, HTO napaMeTp p 00 V2o / Hoo nopaAKa eAHHHUbi HJIH MeHbiue (T. e . npeAnojiowHM, ITO cKopocTH ra3a He o i e H b BCJIHKH). B 3TOM cjiywae MO>KHO pa3jiojKHTb Bee HCKOMbie Be^HqHHbi B paAbi no creneHHM Majioro napaMeTpa 8:

Vr = Vr0 + Vnò -f . . . , p = Po + Piò +

. .. ,

Vz = Vz0 + VzlZ + ... , Hz = H

z 0

+H

z l

h+...,

P = P0 + Pi8 + • . • , H r = Hr0 + H

n

t + ...

(6)

K o r ^ a NPOBOAHMOCTB o ra3a HJIH »HAKOCTH paBHa Hyjiio, TO 8 = 0. B STOM c j i y q a e HET B3AHMO^EÑCTBHH MEIKAY ABHJKYIUHMCA ra30M H MarHHTHbiM nojieM. GIEAOBATEJIBHO, vr0, vz0, p 0 , p0 — 3HAIEHHA napaMeTpoB ra3a 6e3 YQETA BJIHHHHH MarHHTHoro n o j i a , a Hro H HZ0—3HAIEHHFL KOMNOHEHT 3AAAHHORO BHeiuHero MarHHTHoro nojin 6E3 YNETA AO6ABOHHBIX MarHHTHbix nojiefi, B03HHKAJOIU,HX BCJieflCTBHe B33HM0FLEHCTBHH ABHJKymeroca ra3a H MarHHTHoro nojia. BejlHHHHbl Vn, VZI H T. A- n03B0/IHK)T B nepBOM npHÔJlHJKeHHH yneCTb BJiHHHHe MarHHTHoro no;ia Ha ABH>KeHHe ra3a. rtoACTaBjiaa BbipaweHHa (6) B ypaBHeHHH (1) — ( 4 ) H npHpaBHHBan K03(})/o, to J i e r K O BbiqHCJiHTb, qro npoH3BOAHas As oßpamaeTca b Hy;ib npn z = + oo h npH z = + z 0 , rAe l-MSo 10 + (3x — 10) Mjo OrciOAa jierKo HaHTH, mto npH M 0 0 < 1 cTpya pacLUHpneTCH o t Z = — oo AO z = — z0, 3aTeM cyjKaeTCH Me>KAy 3HaqeHHHMH — z0 h z 0 h cHOBa pacUlHpfleTCH Me« 1 B03M0ÄHbi ABa cjiyqaH: 1. 3x > 10 h M 0 0 > 1 jiioôoe HJiH 3x < 10 h 1 < M 0 0 < K l 0 / ( 1 0 — 3x). B 3THX cjiyianx cTpya pacuinpaeTCH o i z = — oo ao z = + oo (z0 MHHMoe). 2. 3 x < 10, M 0 0 > y 10/ (10 — 3x). n P H 3TOM cTpya cy«aeTca Me»Ay z = — o o h z — — z 0 , paciimpHeTCH npn — z 0 < z < z 0 h CHOBa cy»aeTCH npn z > z 0 .

UHTHPOBAHHAH J1HTEPATYPA 1

JI. Ü.

a h j a y, E. M. Jl h (j) ui h u, 3^eKTpoAHHaMHKa cn^ouiHUX cpea, M., 1957.

HOBHE KHHETIiqECKHE YPABHEHHfl B TEOPHH O^HOATOMHLIX TA30B C. B. Ba.MaHjep

B

HacTOHtueñ

OAHOATOMHBIX

paóoTe

ra30B.

B

yna>KeM

OTJIMME

HOBbie

OT

KHHeTH^ecKHe

ypaBHeHHH

KHHETHQECKORO YPABHEHHH

TeopHH

BOJIBUMAHA,

H3UIH ypaBHeHHH HB.iIHK)TCH MHCTO HHTerpajlbHblMH ypaBHeHHHMH H CO^epJKaT rpaHHWHbie ycjioBHH Ha noBepxHOCTHX Tejí, oÔTeKaeMbix ra30M. B j i a r o a a p n BKJiioieHHK) rpaHHiHbix ycjioBHH B KHHeTHHecKHe ypaBHeHHH nocjie^HHe MoryT paccMaTpHBaTbCH KaK ypaBHeHHH KHHCTHKH (aapoflHHaMHKH) pa3peweHHbix ra30B. KnHeTHMecKoe ypaBHeHHe Bo.nbu.MaHa HBJiaexcH cymecTBeHHo o ò e j y i e H HblM CJieACTBHeM HailJHX ypaBHeHHH. JIJIH T o r o

mo6bi

o T B j i e K a T b BHHMaHHe B T o p o c i e n e H H b i M H A e T a j i H M H , ô y ^ e M

npeanojiaraTb, M O BHeiiJHee nojie MaccoBbix CHJI oTcyTCTByeT, CHHTATB Bee aTOMbi ra3a OFLHHAKOBBIMH H yqHTbmaTb To^bKO napHbie CTOJIKHOBCHHH aTOMOB. I.

B B E ^ E M OÖOSHA^EHDH:

xlt

x2,

x3 — ÄEKAPTOBBI

KOOPÄHHSTH;

t —

BPEMN;

r — paaHyc-BeKTop c npoeKUHHMH XI, x2, x3\ u — BeKTop CKopocTH aTOMa ra3a, HMeiomHH npoeKUHH « ! , u2, us; dQ, = dx1 dx2 dx-¿ — npocTpaHCTBeHHUH sJieMeHT oßteMa, npHMbiK3K)m,HH K TOMKe c pa^HycoM-BeKTopoM r; d(o = dui du2 dua — sjieMeHT o6i>eMa B npocTpaHCTBe CKopocTen, npHMbiK3ioiu,HH K KOHuy BeKTopa u ; r s — pa^Hyc-BeKTop (B MOMCHT BpeMeHH -cs) TSKOH TOMKH ncmepxHocTH s oÔTeKaeMoro Tejía, »ITO aTOM co cKopocTbio u , BbijieTeBiiiHH H3 STOH TOMKH B MOMeHT BpeMeHH Ts, 0Ka3bIBaeTCH (npH OTCyTCTBHH CTOJlKHOBeHHH) B MOMeHT BpeMeHH t B T o w e c paflHycoM-BeKTopoM r ( r s = — o o , ecjiH HeT COOTBeTCTByiOmeH TOHKH Ha s); n—eflHHHWHblft BeKTop HOpMaJlH K noBepxHocTH s oÔTeKaeMoro Te/ia B ToiKe r s B MOMCHT BpeMeHH t s ; 0S — TeMnepaTypa Ha noBepxHocTH oÔTeKaeMoro Tejía B To^ne r s B MOMCHT BpeMeHH v , a — c e n e H H e CTO^KHOBCHHH 3TOMOB, KOTopoe, Booöme roBopn, 33BHCHT OT HX OTHOCHTejlbHOH CKOpOCTH", V s — CKOpOCTb TOHKH Ts nOBepXHOCTH flBHJKymerOCH oÔTeKaeMoro Tejía B MOMCHT BpeMeHH TS, npHieM ABH>KeHHe Tejía CMHTaeTCH 33A3HHbIM. OT

fljiH coKpameHHH nwcbMa ycjiOBHMCH (JjyHKUHio F (. Ai, A2, A3 BeKTopa A 3ANHCBIBATB B BH^E F (..., A , . . . ) .

Ai, A2, -43, . ..)

npoeKUHH II.

BBe^eM

onpeAeJieHHH:

1) OyHKunefl MeHTOB

r,

U

pacnpeaejieHHH

j

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0)KH,AAHHE

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B

(1) MOMCHT BPEMEHH

H3 sjieMeHTa

t

^HCJIA

dw.

2) PojK^enHeM a i o w a 6yaeM Ha3biBaTb noc^e^Hee ucribiTSHHoe HM CTOJIKHOBEHHE, B pe3y^BTATE KOTOPORO OH npHo6pe-i HMeioiuyiocH y Hero CKOPOCTB (OHeBH^HO, M TO KaWflbIH aTOM pOflHJICH B HeKOTOpblH MOMeHT BpeMeHH B HeKOTOpOH TOqKe npOCTpaHCTBa H WTO pOJK^eHHe MO>KeT HMeTb MeCTO BHyTpH ra3a H Ha noBepxHocTH T e ^ a , oÔTeKaeMoro ra30M).

51

HOBblE KHHETMMECKME yPABHEHMfl

3 ) BHyTpeHHeii ({wHKUHeH poaK,aeHHH T apryMeHTOB r , u h í , h t o BejiHHHHa dna

=

T ( r ,

u ,

6 y A e M Ha3biBaTb

T a K y i o , npHHeM 3JieMeHT noBepxHocTH ds npHMbiKaeT k TOHKe noBepxHocTH o Ó T e x a e M o r o Tejía

c paflHycoM-BeKTopoM r. 5)

BepOHTHOCTbK)

n

CBOÖOÄHOrO flBHJKeHHH aTOMa Ha npOMe>KyTKe

MeHH ( t , / ) öyaeM Ha3biBaTb BepoflTHocTb cjiynaiiHoro c o ó h t h h ,

Bpe-

cocToamero

B TOM, HTO a TOM, flOCTOBepHO OÔJiaflaiOmHH CKOpOCTbK) U B MOMeHT BpeMeHH T H HaXOÄHlUHHCH B 3T0T MOMeHT B TOHKe T — U (t — t ) , Ha IipOMOKyTKe BpeMeHH ( t , i) He HcnbiTaeT h h o j i H o r o c t o j i k h o b 6 h h h h b momcht BpeMeHH t oKa>KeTCH b TOHKe c paÄHycoM-BeKTopoM r ( o h c b h a h o , i t o I I ecTb (J>yHKu,HH apryMeHTOB r , u , x h t). 6 ) B H y T p e H H e ö y^apHOH TpaHC(})0pMaHT0H T Ha30BeM cJjyHKUHio T p e x BeKTOpOB CKOpOCTefi U j , U 2 H U , OÓJiaflaiOmyiO TeM CBOHCTBOM, HTO BejlHHHHa dnA

= T(Ui,

u 2 , u)

(4)

do)

npeACTaBJiaeT coCoh MaTc-MaTunecKoe oiKH^aHHe cjiyyañHoro c o ö w t h h , coCTOHiuero b t o m , h t o b pe3yjibTaTe AOCTOBepHO HMeBiiiero MecTo cro/iKHOBeHHH ^Byx aTOMOB CO CKOpOCTflMH U x H U 2 n o c j i e CranKHOBeHHH JIHÔO nepBblH, J1HÖO BTOpOH aTOM HMeeT CKOpOCTb B SJieMeHTe dK,ay (J)yHKUHHMH f, II, O h Y cymecTByioT cbh3h, KOTopbie MO>KHO 3anHCaTb B BHAe paBeHCTB: 0 ^ - | ( „ _ ! v ) > [ | Y ( r s , u, ~ s ) I I ( r , u, t s , 0

/(r.

+

t

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t

KeHw na MHoroo(ipa3ni! Heno^Horo wiic.ia ii3MepeHHH.

4>H3HKA

52 U,t) =

-H» = Y

(8)

— u 1 | o ( | u 2 — u j í f í r , u l t t)f(r,

u 2 , t)T(uu

u 2 . u)dw, dtos;

—00 T(rs,u, 0 =

\\\ f(r^U!, (n,—v)„< 0

0 l ( U i — v ) „ | T ( u „ u , n, v , 8 , ) ^ .

(9)

ECJIH 4>yHKUHH O, T H f H3BeCTHbl H3 TeopeTHieCKHX C006pa>KeHHH H.1H 3KcnepHMeHTa, a v 3aflaHO, t o (6), (7), (8) h (9) (npH cooTBeTCTByiowHx rpaHHHHbix ycjioBHHX ajih TeMnepaTypbi ö s ) o6pa3yiOT CHCTeMy qeTupex HHTerpajibHbix ypaBHeHHH äjih OTucKaHHH «leTbipex ({jyHKUHñ f , n , O h T . CîpyKTypa s t h x ypaBHeHHH TaKOBa, hto h3 hhx npaMoñ noflCTaHOBKOH MoryT öhiTb HCK^roieHbi cJjyHKUHH II, lf

(12)

KOTopoe HBjineTCH ypaBHeHHeM BoJibiiMaHa, 3anncaHHbiM b HaiiiHX o6o3HaqeHHHX, h rjifi O onpejiejiHeTCH opMyjioñ (8). JleHHHrpaacKHH rocyAapcTBeHHbiä vHHBepcHTeT HM. A. A. )KaaHOBa

< Ï > H 3 H K A

flflPA

nPOCTPAHCTBEHHAfl CTPYKTYPA ATOMHOrO a^PA S . A . CMOpOAHHCKHH 06i*duHCHHbiù

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xdepmix

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B. OÖUMIIO NPEFLCTAB^JJJIN

ceóe a TOM KaK paBaoMepao aapflweaHbiií no.LOÍKHTE.IBHUM

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mapnK,

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TopoM KOJICÔJIIOTCH oTpauaTejibaue sjieKTpoHU. Jhinib npocTpaflCTBO w e w s y ATOMA MH CHUTa.iocb nycTUM. To^bKo PeaepüjiopAy yflajiocb rnyÓHie nponiiiuiyTb B Ta fin LI CTpoesHH aTOMa H OÓHapy/KHTb, ITO aTOM, COÔCTBeBBO rOBOpfl, CTo.Tb » e «nycT», KaK u coJiBennaa CHCTCMB, H UTO NpaKTHlecKii Ben ero Macca C0flep>KHTCH B

«ape.

3 t o oTKpuTHö o3naMcnoBajio p o l i s e m i e njiaBeTapnoii Mop,eiM aTOMa. Ta«an MOflejib nponiBopeMHjTa caMbiM aneMenTapnuM aaaonaM KJjaCCHleCKOH $H3HKH, C HeH36e>KH0CTbI0 npaBOAHBmHM K aeB03M0>KH0CTH yCTOHIHBOrO 06panieHHH aapfl/Kemioro ajieKTpona Boitpyr Hflpa 6es H3jiyqcHHH. TeM ne Menee, OHa oKasanacb noiTH npaBHflbiioH.

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3B0J1I0UHB 0CaAK006pa30BaHHH Ha 3T0M ÔOJIbmoM OTpe3Ke reonoraiecKoro BpeMeaa. IIpeKpameHHe nponecca oöpaaoBaHHH B coBpeMeuHLix MopcKHX ycjioBBHX iiejioro psAa noJieaHLix HCKonaeMbix a ropHtix nopoA BQOJiae O6IHCBBMO, BCxoAfl as HBoro ra30Boro cocTaBa aTMoc$epbi B npomjioM. H a oTAeJibHux STanax TeKTOHBHeCKOrO pa3BBTBH 3CMB0B Kopu epu) Ha HOBepxBOCTB 3eM^H MOTJIH MeHHTbCH, HO OHH, DO-BHABMOMy, HHKOrAft BO Ôbl.lH T3KBMB, KaK B leTBOpTHHHOM nepHOA?. B reoxBMBB HeKOTopux aJieMeHTOB ( » e Jie3û, MapraHeq, cepa a AP-) 6oJibinyio pojib BrpaeT KHCJiopoA- EBoreHHa« BCTopn« KHCJiopoAa AOCTaTOHHO no^ao ocBemeHa B paßoTax MHorHx yieHbix. IIocTaBiiyiKH KacjiopoAa B aTMoc4»epy — 3eJieHbie pacTeaBH, KOTopue nporpecCBBHo pa3BHBajiHCb c najie030H, a B KO Hite Me3030H A3JIH ÔOJIbBiyiO 3BOJIIOI^HOHHyio Bcnumny H 3acejiBJiB BCIO noBepxHOCTt cynia (noKpbiToceMeHHbie). IIoaTOMy KHCJIOpOA, B npOTMBUIIOJlOWHOCTb GojlbBlHHCTBy ByjiKaBBHecKBX ra30B, nocTeneaflo HaKanjiuBajiCH B aTMociJiepe, HeCMOTpn Ha CBOIO BUCOKyio XBMBHeCKyiO aKTBBBOCTb. Ilo A . n . B l l BorpaAOBy, roAOBan npoAyKiijiH 4>oTocBBTeaa cocTaBJiHeT 1,5 1011 m KBC^opoAa, ITO npn6jiii3BTe^bBO cooTBeTCTByeT 1/7000 ero KOJIHnecTBa B aTMOc^iepe. CoBpeMeBHoe ^HToreBBoe reHepBpoBaafle KacjiopoAa B aTMOc^tepy npaKTHiecKB oTBeiaeT ero pacxoAy Ha OKHCjiHTe^bHue peaKijHH B ÔHoc^epe a JiBToc«t>epe. OrpoMHoe KO^ANECTBO KBCJIOPOAA CBH3HBaioT npoAyKTii ByjiKaaaiecKHx H3BepnEPBL

3EM/1H

89

HeHU K a p ö o H a T H u e p y f l u H(eJie3a H M a p r a H u a . P y A W CHAepHTOBoro cocTaBa ( F e C O s ) Becbiua oöbiiHhi epe AH yrJieHOCHtix TOJim, n a j i e o s o a H Me30KaHH030fl (KaMeHHoyroJibHiiie 6acceñH u B KapôoHOBiix oTJioHteHHHX A n n a j i a i e u , AHTJIHH, BecT(|>ajiHH, CHJieaHH, floHeuKoro K p f l w a , n p c K H e yrneHoCHbie TOJIIUH CpeAHeii À3HH, Y p a j i a , H y j i u M o - E m i c e H C K o r o ó a c c e Ú H a H T. A.). H o CHAepHTil BCTpeiaiOTCH H 6e3 BCflKoü CBH3H c KaMeHHoyrojibHHMH 6acceñHaMii. K HEM, B nepByio o i e p e A b , OTHOCHTCH MecTopo>KAeHHH lopcKoro B03pacTa CeBepHoro K a B K a 3 a , K O M H ACCP, KHPOBCKOH, F o p b u o B CKOH, TyJIbCKOH, OpJIOBCKOH, K y p C K O H , JIHneuKOH H BopoHeuccKoü o Ö J i a c T e ü , A j i a n a e B c K o r o paftoHa n a Y p a j i e , lopcKHe CHAepMTti rioJIblHH, AHrJIHH, HopMaHAHH, KeMÖpHHCKüe oKHCJieHHbie pyAbi CIIIA, n j i a c T O B u e CHflepHToB u e 3aae»CH B nqirpoBCKHx CJIOHX (IJHO) H T. a.

IOapoKO pa3BHTBi B npnpoAß K B a p q e B u e n e c i a H H K H c ô a s a j i b H L i M CHAepuTOBbiM QeMeHTOM, B KOTOpHX CHAepHT BCJleACTBHe BTOpHHHUX n p o u e c c o B OÔUHHO aaMem,eH rHApooKHCJiaMii HpCKHX H TpeTHHHBIX 0T^0H c o c T a B a H T p a H c r p e c c i i B H b i M 3 a J i e r a HHeM 1 Ha n o p o A a x , JiHHieHHUX o p r a H H i e C K o r o MaTepnajia. Hajinnne B p a c T B o p a x o p r a H n i e C K o r o B e m e c T B a ÖJiaronpiiHTHo CKa3biBaji0Cb Ha HX COXpaHHOCTH, HOCKOJIbKy MOrJIO HMeTb MecTo O K H C j i j u o m e e A^HCTBHC KHCJiopoAa. ripHMepOM XHMHHCCKOrO OCaJKACHHH CHAepHTa MoryT cjiyjKiiTb Hepe. B . BHJibcon OTHOCHT lopcKHe MecTopojKAeHHH 6 y p u x » e J i e 3 H H K 0 B LieHTpa^bHOH A n r f l H H K nepBH'ïHo o c a A o ï H U M CHAepHTOBbiM 06pa30BaHHHM. A K a A . H . M . C T p a x o B , n p o i j ) . T . H . T e o A o p o B H i H A p y r n e y i e H b i e CBH3UBaioT A0Ji0MHT006pa30BaHHe, x a p a K T e p H o e AJIH n p o m j i u x reojiorHHecKHx a n o x , c HOBbimeHHUM c o AEPWAHHEM YRJIEKHCAOTU B B o s A y x e .

BOA

jierKo noAAaiOTCfl OKHCJIGHHK). M X nepBHHHuâ MHHepaJIOrHHeCKHH COCTaB COXpaHfleTCfl TOJIbKO n p H HajiHiHH BOAOHenpoHHiiaeMhix nopoA B KpoBjie. C y A H no r e o J i o r m e c K H M ycjioBHHM 3ajieraHHH OTHX pyA, OHH BcerAa o6pa30BHBaJIHCb B MCJIKHX OÔmnpHBlX BOAOeMaX, HMGBmHX OÖHIHO MOpCKOH rHApOXHMHHeCKHH pe>KHM. BemecTBeHHtiii cocTaB, TeKCTypHO-tTpyKT y p H u e npH3HaKH 11 aiiHaJibHbie ycJioBHH 06pa30BaHHH KapôoHaTHbix pyA JKe.ne3a H Mapr a H i i a He n p o T H B o p e i a T HX xHMHiecKOMy o c a w AeHHK) B OTKphiThix BOAoeMax. IIpeo6pa3oBaHHH rHApooKHcen F e H M n B KapöoHaTHue coeAHHeHHH B npoi;ecce npeBpanjennfl ocaAKa B ropHyio nopOAy BcerAa HrpajiH óojibinyio pojib. H o HapHAy c 3THM HMC.HO MecTo H xHMHiecKoe ocajKACHue KapôoHaTOB Fe H M n B cooTBeTCTByronyix $H3HKOx i i M H i e c K H x H r e o j i o r H i e c K i i x ycjioBHflx. 3TO, B nepByio o i e p e A b , OTHOCHTCH K TeM KapßoHaTHbiM pyAaM, noTopue xapaKTepH3yioTCH OTieT.lIIBO BtlpaHîeHHOH C.lOHCTOCTbJO, OAHOpOA"

B03flEHCTBHE ATMOODEPbl H A O P r A H H ^ E C K H H MHP C BBonioi^HeH aTMoc

8,0

28,0

— —

—

—

3,8 3,8 4,0 4,0 4,0 5,2

42,5 42,5 41,0 41,5 38, 33,1

P H C . 1. I I o B e p x H o c T H o e HaTfflKeHHe n p H 1 0 0 0 ° B p a c r o i a i s a x . —PbO — V , 0 5 ; 2 — P b O — S i O ¡ — Y 2 0 6 ; 3 — P b O — S i O „ no naHHHM aBTopoB; 4— no «aHHHM [12]; ñ — no «aHHHM [13]; 6 — ancopGiwH P b O b pacnjiaBax P b O — S10 a

^eécTBHTenBHO,

peinan

coBMeciHO

ypaBHeHne

a ncop6n,HH

cuOTHOiiieHHe

rii66ca —

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+ r

2

=

o,

(i)

HMEEM [ 7 ] .

A

r ; ; e /', h I \ — a n c o p S n n H k o m t t o i i c h t o b ,

d

-

^

¡xj — e x

l

,

(2)

X M M i w e c K n e ncncHiiHa.TO, a Ni—

mojib-

H u e jiojiit b oSfiCMe.

B TOqKe MaKCHMyMa np0H3B0HHaH

=

0,

( l - i V O - i X ) *

a

Tan

KaK

b HHTepBajie 0
0 ,

NJ
eui>i ( 7 { ) KOMIIOHGHTOB p a c njiaBOB PbO — VsOa, onpeflOJieHHtix MeTOflOM 3aceieK. C onocTaBJieHHe arax B B J I H I H H N O K A 3 U B A E T , H T O 0 T H 0 C H T E J I L H 0 E H 3 U E H E H S E Kv,o, c c o c T a B O M 3 A M E T H 0 M E H B M E , H E M F P B O - MHaie roBopa, npo BBefleHHH O K H C -

PHC. 2. MoJiHpHiae o6ieioi B pacnnanax. /, 2 — PbO — VtO, (no «auahinflBTopoBB [2]); 3 — PbO — SiO,— VtO, B pacmiaB cpe^Hae p a c c T O H H H H M e w f l y H O H A M H BaHaflHH H n a c n o p o f l a MeHHioTCH cjiaóee, ieM M e » a y uouaMH cBHHija H KHCjiopofla. O O - B H A H M O M y , 3 T O 0 6 y c j i 0 B j i e H 0 6ojibmeñ n p o i H O C T t K ) C B H 3 6 H V — O n o c p a B H e H e i o c P b — JIOB

O.

CKa3aHHoe

noflTBep>KflaeTCH

Tanate

H teM,

HTO n p n

6ojibnrax

coflepata-

T a 6 JI n a a 3 IIapiJHa.1bHOMOJIApHbie oCtCMLJ (F) flJIH paMH4HUX HHrepBaAOB cocrasoB CHCTeMhi PbO — V 2 0 5 npn 1000° HHTepBa.i Npbo 1—0,822 0,822—0,605 0,605—0,475 0,475—0,127 0,127—0

PbO

v

27,5 22,4 40,0 15,0 —25,5

v

v,o.

45,0 62,0 40,0 66,5 72,8

PbO ~ v PbO

v

0,5 5,6 —12,0 13,0 53,5

v

v.o.-vv,o. 28 11 28 6,5 0,2

H H H X V2O5 napi^HaJibHOMO^flpHhiH o6i>eM PbO CTaHOBiiTCH flame oTpmjaTejibHMM, B TO BpeMfl KaK 3HaM6HU6 Fv,0, eiD,e MaJIO OTJIHHaeTCH OT MOJIHpHOrO 061e M a «IHCTOH V 2 O 5 . O A H A K O F L B O H C T B C H H U I I xapaKTep CBH3EII B pacnjiaB^eHHOM V 2 O 5 («BHyTpn»H «MeHtMOJieKyjIHpHbie» CBH3H) IipOflBJIHeTCH B TOM, HTO ero K03$(J)HIÍHeHT TepMiiiecKoro pacnuipemiH OKa3UBaeTca 6o;ibniHM, l e u y P b O . B Ta6n.4 npHBefleHu flaHHtie fljia pafla OKIICJIOB 3HaieHHH K03$imHeHT0B •6 =

• 103,

B

KOTopux

A F

NPEACTABJINET

pa3H0CTb Mojiapimx 0ÓT>eM0B npa

AaHHoii (t 2 ) H KOMHaTHoií TeMnepaType. GonocraB.ieHiie S T H X BEJIUNIIH c KyjiOHOBCKOH 3Hepr0eü B3AHMOFLEÜCTBHA H O H O B (A) N O K A 3 B I B A E T , HTO SJIH p a ; j a OKHCJIOB, B T O M HHCjie H PbO, H a ÓJiroaaeTOi napajuie;iH3M Me>«ay 3HaHeHHamu B h A. fl,pyruMH cjioBaMU, MeHee npoHHoii C B H 3 H Me — O OTBenaeT óoJibmee TepMHnecKoe pacinupemie.

XMMMfl

96

TaßjiHija 4 ConocTftjìjieHHe Be.iirani TepMiwecKoro pacimipeniiH pnjia OKHCJOB

C 3HeprHHMH KyjIOHOBCKOrO B3aHMOAeìlCTBHH HX HOHOB

V,

OKHCeji

CM'/MOJI

npn 25°

[26]

CMs/MOJl

U, °C

V;

27,3[19] 14 [20] 19,4 [19] 38,0 [19] 31,4 [2] 30,0 [21] 28 44 84,6 [2] 79,8 [21] 73

Si02 FeO Li a O Na 2 0 PbO

27,3 12,6 14,9 17,3 23,6

1450 1400 1400 1400 1000

B303

37,5

1000

V206

54

900

B , CM'/MOA-T-p&Jl

A = zx'/rk

~0 1,01 3,6 4,1 7,6 6,4 4,4 6,5 34,2 29,4 19

A-1

2,57 0,84 0,82 0,68 0,54 2,46 3,2

HcKJiioqeHHeM H3 A T O R O npaBHjia HBnneTCH B 2 0 3 h V 2 0 5 . HecMOTpa Ha 3HaqHTenBHoe B3aHMHoe npHTHHieHHe HOHOB B 3 x + H 0 2 x ~ ( A = 2 , 4 6 ) , Tanate V 6 X + H 0 2 x ~ (A = 3 , 2 ) , 6 N H 3 K O E K T A K O B O M Y « n a Si45C+ H 02x~ (A = 2 , 5 7 ) , K08(|)$HD,HeHTH TopMimecKoro pacranpeHHH D T H X OKHCJIOB B O MHoro p a 3 6 oJI faine, neM y S i 0 2 . O c o ö e m i o 3TO O T H O C H T C H K V 2 0 5 , n a r p e B a H a e KOToporo conpoBO/KflaeiCH, B e p o a r a o , H E CTOJIBKO pacTH/KemieM npoiHBix CBH3eä V — 0 , C K O J I B K O yBejuraeiiHeM paccTOHHHH Ment^y oöocoßjieiiHBiMH r p y n n a pOBKaMH. BblBOAM 1.

PbO

M A K C H M A J I B H O R O flaBJieHHH B ny3i>ip&Ke np0Be,N;eH0 H3MepeHHe noBepxHOCTHoro H R T H H Ì O H H H H H J I O T H O C T H B

METOFLOM

MEHHOE —

V2O5,

PbO — SiOa

H

OFLHOBPECIICTEMAX

PbO — V2O5 — S i 0 2 npa 1000°.

2. H a

H30TepMe noBepxHOCTHoro HaTHîKeHHH pacnjiaBOB P b O — V 2 O 5 o 6 H a p y » E H MaKCHMyM, KOTopan c o x p a H a e T c a H B cncTeMe P b O — V 2 O 5 — SÌO2. OH OÖT>HCHEH C Y M E C T B O B A N H E M B J K H A K O C T H npoHHHX aTOMHiix y n o pHfloneHHH, cooTBeTCTByiorn,iix CTpyKType XHMHiecKoro coe^i-meiina. 9TO nOflTBepHiflaeTCH TaKHte 3aMeTHBIMlI OTpilHaTejIfcHBIMII OTKJIOHeHHHMH MOiiapHHX 3.

OÔteMOB. KOHCTARAPOBAHO,

ITO

NOBEPXHOCTHOE

HARAJKEHHE

HHTHOKHCH

BAHAFLNA

Majio, HecMOTpa Ha öojibinyio a H e p r a i o C B H 3 H cocTaBJiaionuix E E H O H O B . O H O 3 H a ^ H T E J I B H O MeHtme, NEIN y FeO h S Ì O 2 , H 6 J I H 3 K O K TaKOBOMy FLJIAEHO. 9xo O ß C T O H T E J I B C T B O , a T A K / K E C H J I B H O E TepararaecKoe p a c n m p e H H e H H T H O K H C H B a HAAHH YKA3HBAET Ha C Y M E C T B O B A H I I E o6oco6jieHHHX r p y n n n p o B O K , caa6o CBH3aHHHX

MOKFLY

C060H.

JlHTepaTypa 1. B. JI. 3 H 3 e B, O. A. E c H H. JK. TexH. $H3., 28, 18 (1958). 2. B. JI. 3 H 3 e s , 0 . A. E C Ï Ï H . m . HeopraH. XHMHH, 3, 1381 (1958). 3. C. H. II o n e ji b, O. A. E c H H. m . $H3. XHMHH, 28, 651 (1956). 4 . C.

5. 6. 7. 8.

H.

H o n e Ji B,

O. A .

E c H H.

T p . I I I KOHKeHO H3MH B KOHFLEHCATE B03R0H0B, nojiyieHHbix npn NJIABKE KPHO.IHTOrjiHH03eMHbix pacnjiaBOB B aTMOC(J)epe aproHa npn 1020°. KojiH^ECTBO SToro COEAHHEHHH, OT^HHAIOMEROCH OT HCXO^HLIX B e m e c T B , OT XHOJiHTa H (JrropHCToro AJIKJMHHHH, YBE^HHHBAJIOCBC B03PACTAHHEM B p a c n ^ a B e CO^EP»AHHH A 1 F 3 . ó o ^ b i u e e KOJIHHECTBO e r o

(HOBOTO COE^HHEHH«)

06HAPY»EH0

B B03r0Hax,

Hanpac-

njiaBbi KOTOpbix HMEJIH Mo.neKyjiHpHoe O T H O i u e H n e N a F K A I F 3 1 , 6 7 H 1,00, T. e. B oôjiacTH, OTBeiaroiueñ TAN HASHIBAEMBIM «KHCJIHM 3JIEKTPOJIHTAM^>. Tan Kan npo^yKTbi KOH^eHcauHH B03r0H0B yKa3aHHbix pacnjiaBOB Bcer^a COCTOHT H3 OHeHb MejIKHX nopOUlKOB, npe^CTaBJIHlOmHX C060H CMeCb NaAIF« H npoavKTOB ero pa3.io)KeHHH (xHOJiHTa H cJrropHCToro a^IOMHHHFL), TO MOJKHO

XMMMfl

98

CHHTaTb, «ITO COeflHHCHHe 3TO HBJlHeTCH BeCbMa HeyCTOHHHBbIM npH OÓbIHHblX yCJIOBHHX H ITO COXpaHHeTCH OHO HaCTHHHO B IlpHCyTCTBHH aprOHa HJIH .¡ipyrHX ra30B. P e H T r e H o r p a ( } ) H q e c K o e HCCJieflOBaHHe n o j i y n e H H b i x h3mh 06pa3U0B np0H3B0A H j i o c b b Me^H0M(J)H^bTp0BaHH0M H3JiyqeHHH b KaMepe BbicoKOH pa3peiuaK>meH cnocoÔHOCTH c ^HaMeTpoM 6 a p a 6 a H a , paBHbiM 143,25 mm. 3 t o n03B0JiH.n0 oT^eJIHTb Ha peHTreHOrpaMMaX HHTep(})CpCHUHOHHbie MaKCHMyMhl XHOJIHTa H (jïTOpHCTOrO ajUOMHHHH. i i o c j i e HCKJlKDMeHHH HX H3 paCCMOTpeHHH, OCTaBLUHeCfl HeHfleH" TH(j)HUHpOBaHIIbIC MaKCHMyMbI, XapaKTepHbie AJ1H KpHCTajlJlHHeCKOH peilieTKH HOBOH 8, 2041 (1954).

C H H T E 3

H

A H A J I H T I W E C K H E

C B O H C T B A

T E T P A ( a - T H E H H J I ) - B O P H H X T E T P A

( n - A H H 3 I Í J I ) - B O P H L I X I I Í E J I O M H H X

B . A. CasoHOBa,

H3BecTHo,

9.

H

COJIEH

M E T A J I J I O B

IT. C e p e ó p s K O B

H JI. C.

Koßaaeßa

MTO T e T p ac|>e h h j i ô o p H 3 T p h h ( * ) b n o c j i e ^ H e e BpeMH i u n p o K O n p n -

MeHfleTCH b K a n e c T B e p e a K T H B a Ha k 3 j i h h - h o h . 3 t o c o e ^ H H e H H e o c a w a a e T T a K > K e h HOHbi ue3HH h pyÓHflHH. TeTpa(J)eHHJi6opKajiH0,-py6HflHÌi h -ue3HH oneHb Majio pacTBopHMbi b BO^fc ( 2 ). T a x , 0,0053

npH 2 0 °

r nepBoii c o j i H , 0 , 0 0 1 8 r 0,38

Mr

( ± 0 . 5 ° )

b

BTopoñ H 0 , 0 0 1 3

h 0,43

m;i b o ^ u

pacTBopaeTcn

0,578

Mr

K,

A.

H.

H e c M e H H O B b i M h o ä h h m H 3 Hac npeAJiojKeH n p o c r o H MeTOfl nojiynenHH

Rb

TeTpa({)eHHJi6opHaTpHa ( 3 ) — PHÄ C

HaTpHH:

MarHHiiopraHHMecKHMH h

Cs.

fleñcTBHe

NaBF« +

C 6 H 6 C = = C M g B r (5)

Mr

100

r T p e T b e ñ , «rro c o o T B e T C T B y e r

ö p o M H C T o r o 4>eHHjiMarHHH Ha óopcxjrroNaB (C6H5)4.

QHjMgBr -

(C6HBMgBr,

coeÄHHeHHHMH

ap.)

jierKo

h

pearnpyeT

n - C H 3 C 6 H 4 M g B r (4),

ßopocJrropH^ KajiHH c o6pa-

30B3HH6M COOTBCTCTBy K5LUHX TeTp33pHJl6opHbIX COJleH. Aa.Hee6hI.nO nOKa3aHO, MTO 3Ta peaKUHfl B03M0>KHa H B reTepOUHKJIHieCKOM pn^y (')• B HacTOHiueü p a ö c r r e o n n c b i B a i O T c f l H O B b i e c o j i H K a j i n a , pyÖH^HH, u e 3 i m h l a n ^ H H . n p e ^ C T a B J i H i o m H e HHTepec ä j i h aHajiHTHiecKOH x h m h h . H a u i n aHa.iHTHMecKHe AaHHbie HMeiOT npe,HBapHTe;ibHbiH x a p a K T e p h n0Ka3biBaK)T,WT0 Hcnojib3yH TeTpaTHeHHJlÖOpaHHOH

MO>KHO pa3paßOTaTb MeTOA OTÄeJieHHH

jioMHbix MeTajijioB h , BepoHTHO, npH 3yeTCH

ÄeiiCTBHH

HOflHCTOrO (X-THeHHJIMarHHH

TeTpa(a-THeHH^)6opKajiHñ:

J-Mgj -

KEF« +

Kb(

S B

3THM peaKUHJiM H3yqeHHH

CsCl RbCl -

He M e u i a i o T

3aBHCHMOCTH

GopHbix cojiefl K ,

Rb

(coAepjKaHHe c o j i h

b

h

Cs

o6pa-

J x J]4 '

c^eflyeT

B BOfle.

OTMeTHTb

OflHHM ero

H3

cnoco6-

paCTBOpOB HOHbl U.C3HH H pyÖHflHH:

KB (C4H3S)4 + K B (C4H3S)4 +

npH

6opOC{)TOpHfl KajIHH

COJIb paCTBOpHMa

Ba>KHbix CBOHCTB TeTpa(a-THeHHji)6opKajiHH

npHieM

Ha

s

OTJIHHH6 OT TeTp3(j)eHH JIÖOpKajIHH

HOCTb OCa>KflaTb H3 BOflHblX

Ue3HH O T A P y r H X me-

KojiHqecTBeHHOe onpeflejieHHe TaJi.iHH(I).

ot

rpaMMax

i C s B ( C 4 H 3 S ) 4 -4- K C l , RbB (C4H3S)4 - f KCl, hohu

jihthh

TeMnepSTypbi Ha

0°

h

100 r 15°

TCTp3(ot-TH6HHJl) -

BOfle

nojiy^eHbi

BOflHoro 25°

h3tphh. B

paCTBOpHMOCTH

cjie^yiomne

pacTBopa): 35°

45°

60°

KB(C4H3S)4

0,668

0,804

1,038

1,459

1,953

2,890

RbB(C4H3S)4

0,244

0,374

0,419

0,421

0,611

1,254

CSB(C4H3S)4

0,051

0,053

0,091

0,098

0,122

0,209

Ä3HHbie

CHHTE3 H AHAJ1MTHMECKHE

101

CBOPICTBA

Bojibiuan PA3HHUA B PAETBOPHMOETH cojieñ KAJIHH H UE3HN IIO3BOJIHT ncnojib30B3TB TeTpa(a-TiieHHji)6opKajiHH FLJIH onpeflejieHHH H ORFLEJIEHHH UE3HH OT jipyrHX mejioMHbix MeTajuiOB. PacTBop, coAepxcaiUHH 0 , 3 M r C s B 1 MJI, e m e AaeT nojiowHTejibHyio peaKUHK) Ha npHcyTCTBHe ue3HH npH AoÓaBJieHHH 1 % - r o BO^HOTO pacTBopa K B ( C 4 H 8 S ) 4 (npn KOMHaTHOH TeMnepaType). TeTpa(a-THeHHJi)6opKajiHH KOJIHiecTBeHHO OCAWAAET HOHU TaJiJiHH(I) B BH^e T 1 B ( C Í H 3 S ) 4 . M e H e e pacTBopHMaa B BOfle cojib ( n o cpaBHeHHio c K B ( C « H 3 S ) 4 ) nojiyiaeTCH npH B3aHMOfleHCTBHH C ÓOpOíJrrOpHflOM K3JIHH HOflHCTOrO n-aHH3HJIMarHHH: KBF t + /j-CHsOC9H4MgJ

• KB (C,H 4 OCH a ) 4 .

B nepBOM HameM cooómeHHH ( 4 ) 6hijia ormcaHa peaKUHH ópoMHCToro n-aHH3HJiMarHHH c K B F « , npHBOAHiuaH K TpH(N-aHH3Hji)6opy, BbifleJieHHOMy B BHFLE aMMHaKaia. I l p n STOM yKa3aHO, HTO B Ka^ecTBe n p o M e j K y r o i H o r o npoayKTa peaKUHH, no-BH^HMOMy, o6pa3yeTCfl TeTpa(n-aHH3Hji)6opKajiHH. B n o CJieaCTBHH ÓbIJIO 3aMeHeHO, MTO HeKOTOpbie aMMOHHeBbie H ÜHpHAHHHeBbie TeTpaapHJiSopHbie COJIH He yaaercH BHAejiHTb, a cpa3y o6pa3yK)TCH cooTBeTcrByiomne aMMHaKaTbi H nHpHflHHaTbi TpnapHJióopa, B OTjiHiHe OT TeTpaeHHJi6opaMMOHHH H -nHpHflHHHH, KOTOpbie MOryT ÓbITb BblfleJieHbl B 1HCTOM BHfle. H3MeHHB MeToa BbiflejieHHH TeTpa(n-aHH3HJi)6opKa.nHH, HaM yAajiocb n o j i y i H T b 3Ty COJIB. TeTpa(n-aHH3HJi)6opKajiHH óojiee pacTBopHM B BOAE, HeM TeTpa(})eHHJi6opKaJTHH, HO 3HaHHTe^bHO TpyAHee, ieM TeTpa(a-THeHHJi)6opKajiHÍi; oca*AaeT HOHbl pyÓHflHH H Ue3HH. H H » e flaHa 3aBHCHMOCTb paeTBopHMoeTH TeTpa(n-aHH3HJi)6opKajiHa, - p y 6HAHH H -ue3HH B BOFLE OT TeMnepaTypu (coAepwaHHe COJIH B rpaMMax Ha 100 r BO^Horo pacTBopa): 25° 40° 60° KB (C6H4OCH8)4 0,0337 0,0653 0,166 RbB (C e H 4 OCH s ) 4 0,0260 0,0508 0,163 CsB (C6H4OCH8)4 0,0244 0,0286 0,0463 C KaTHOHaMH MeTBepTHlHblX aMMOHHeBblX COJieH TeTpa(n-aHH3HJl)6opKaJlHH TAK>Ke AaeT TeTpa(n-aHH3Hji)6opHbie COJIH. C COJIJIMH xe AMMOHHH H ÜHPHAHHHH TeTpa(n-aHH3Hji)6opKaJTHH He AaeT cooTBeTCTByiomHX TeipaapHjróopHbix cojieñ, a nojiyiaiOTCH aMMHanaT H nHpHAHHaT TpH(n-aHH3Hji)6opa. TeTpa(n-aHH3H^)6opKa^HH pa3JiaraeTca pa36aBJieHHoft COJIHHOÍÍ KHCJIOTOH AO AH-n-aHH3HJl60pH0fl KHCJIOTbl C 4 0 % - M BblXOflOM. SKCNEPHMEHTAJIBHAN

QACTB

T e T p a(A-T H e H H JI)6 o p K a JI H Ñ. K HOAHCTOMV A-THEHHJIMARHHIO; nojiyMeHHOMy H3 0,93 r MarHHH, 8 r A-Ñ0ATH0({)eHa* H 40 MJI a6c. 3KeHHOH XJIOpKaJIbUHeBOH TpyÓKOH (B CJiynae ÓOJlbUIHX KOJlHMeCTB — C XOJIOAHJIbHHKOM) npn sueprHiHOM nepeMeuiHBaHHH. PeaKUHH npoTeKaeT c HeóojibiiiHM pa3orpeBaHHeM H 3aKaHHHBaeTCH paccjioeHHeM CMecH. K a n mnbKO npenparaTCH pa30rpeBaHHe CMecw H o6pa3yeTCH ABa CJIOH (npOM. B e c oca^Ka 2,3 r . ÜJIH OTfleJieHHH TeTpa(a-THeHHJi)6opKajiHH OT K B F i e r o pacTBopHK>T B HHTPCMETAHe. PacTBop npcHJIbTpOBblBaiOT H npOMblBaKDT 3Hpe, 6eH30Jie; pacTBopmvi B BOAe. T e T p a (A-T H e H H J I ) 6 o p U E 3 H II. RIPH Ao6aB.NEHHH BOAHORO p a c T B o p a TETPA(A-THEHH^)6OPKA^HH K BOAHOMy pacTBopv xjiopHCToft H.IH cepHOKHCflOH c o j i H ue3HH o 6 p a 3 v e T c n o c a a o K T e T p a ( a - T H e H n . i ) 6 o p u e 3 H H , KOTopbiii n o c j i e n p o MbIB3HHH BOAOH H BblCVllIHBaHHH B BaKyVM3KCHKaTOpe H3A P2O5 3Ha.flH3HpOB3H; HañfleHo % : C 40,39; 40,60; H 2,41; 2,50; Cs 28,01 C 1 6 H I 2 S 4 B C S . BbiMHCJieHO % : C 40,35; H 2,54; Cs 27,90 T e i p a ( a - T H e H H j i ) 6 o p u e 3 H H 3HaHHTe.nbHO MeHee pacTBopHM B BOAe, MeM c o OTBeTCTBVICmafl COflb K3JIH5Ï. T e T p a ( a - T H e H H JI) 6 O p p V 6 H Ä H FI. f l p H AoßsBflenHH BOAHoro p a c TBopa K B ( C 4 H 3 S ) I K p a c T B o p v x.'iopiiCToro p v ô h a h h o 6 p a 3 v e T c n ôe-ibui ocaAOK T e i p a ( a - T H e H H J i ) 6 o p p y 6 H Ä H f l , KoropbiH n o c j i e npoMbiBaHHH BOAOH H BbicyiimB3HHH B BaKyyM-SKCHKaTOpe HaA P 2 O S 3HajlH3HpOBaH. HafiaeHO % : C 44,80; 44,59; H 2,76; 2,75 Ci«H 1 2 S 4 BRb. BbmncjieHO % : C 44,82; H 2,82 TeTpa(a-THeHHji)6oppyÓHflHH n o CBoeñ pacTBopHMOcTH B BOAe 3aHHMaeT cpeflHee MecTO MOKAV cooTBercTByiouuiMn COAHMH KAJIHH H ue3nn. T e T p a í a - T H e H H J i ) 6 o p T a j i J i H H ( I ) . K p a c i B o p y 0 , 0 6 1 2 r cy;IB4>aTa T a j i j i H J i ( I ) D 20 MJi BOAbi n o KanjiHM AoôaBïiniOT p a c T B o p 0 , 1 2 r T e T p a ( a - T H e HHjj)6opKajiHH B 40 MJi BOAbi. T o r i a c BbinaflaeT óeflbiñ o c 3 a o k TeTpa(a-THeHH^)6opTaJlJlHH(I), KOTOpblH OTCjjHJIbTpOBblBaiOT, npOMMBaiOT HeCKOJlbKO pa3 BOAOH H c y m a T B B3KyyM-3KCHKaTope HaA P2O3. I l o j i y i i a i O T 0 , 1 3 3 1 r T I B I Q H A S ) / , BblMHCJieHHOe KOJIHHeCTBO 0 , 1 3 2 8 r . HañaeHo % : C 34,98; 34,76; H 2,18; 2,18 C 16 H 12 SiBT1. BbmncJieHO % : C 35,09; H 2,21 T e T p a ( n - a H H 3 H ;i)6 o p n a j i n i i . K HOAHCTOMy n-3HH3HJiMarHino, npHTOTOBjieHHOMy H3 10 r n-H0AaHH30jia, 1,1 r MarHHH H 100 MA a 6 c . 3(})Hpa H cjiHTOMv c H e n p o p e a r n p o B a B U i e r o MARHHH B KOHHuecKyio KOJiôy, AoßaBJiHKxr 1,34 r T0HK0H3MeJibqeHH0r0 K B F í . Ko.n6y 3aKpbiB3K)T n p o Ó K o ñ c x j i o p K a ^ b U H e BOH TpyÖKOH. PEAKUHOHUYIO CMECB 3HeprHMH0 nepeMeuiHBaK)T B TeMeHHe 2 0 — 25 MHH., n o c ; i e Mero CJÎHFLBTPYIOT. OcaAOK npoMbmaiOT AßA pa3a 3KAaK)T H3 aueTOHa 3 $ H p o M . f l o ^ y q a r o T 1,15 r ( 2 3 % TeopHH) TeTpa(rt-aHH3H^)6opKajiH5i.

CîsHsgOiBK.

Hañfleno % : C 69,79; 70,01; H 5,95; 5,97 BbiMHC.ieno %: C 70,30; H 5,89

TeTpa(rt-aHH3H^)6opKajiHH — öecußeTHoe KpncTa^JiHqecKoe BemecTBo, npH HarpeBaHHH OKOJIO 9 5 ° >KeflTeeT, n p n 2 8 0 — 3 0 0 ° p a 3 . a a r a e r c H ; x o p o u i o p a c T B o p H Moe B aneTOHe, riHpHAHHe, T p y A n e e B c r w p T e , HeMHoro p a c T B o p H M o e B BOAe, HepacTBopuMoe B 3 ¿ H p e , neTpojieiÍHOM a c j w p e , 6eH30/ie; nepeK.pHCTajiJiH30BbiBaeTcn H3 CMecH cnHpTa C aueTOHOM. BOAHBIE pacTBopbi COAH AaiOT K a q e c T B e n H v i o p e a K u w o Ha K + c p a c T E o p o M TeTpacbeHHjióopuaTpHH. FLN-n-a H H 3 HFL 6 o p H a A K H C J I O T 3 , 0 , 1 r TeTpa(N-aHH3HJi)6opK3JIHH paCTBOpafOT B MHHHM3.1bItOM KOJlHMeCTBe 3UeTOH3, B p3CTB0p A063BflHK)T HecKOflbKO Kane.ib pa3ÔaB^eHHOH H C l . M e p e 3 2 — 3 MHH. K p a c T B o p y n p n ô a B J1HIOT BOAV. Bbin3BUiHH OC3AOK OT(|)HflbTpOBbIBaiOT, CylUaT B B3KyyM-3KCHKaTOpe H nepei{pHCT3.iJiH30BbiBai0T H3 n e î p o . n e f i H o r o 3(}.iHpa. IloflyMatOT 0 , 0 2 r ( 4 0 ° ó TeopHH) AH-rt-3HH3Hfl60pH0H KHCflOTbl C T. n^l. 1 0 4 — 1 0 5 ° (B 33nüHHHOM KanHflflape). Flo JiHTepaiypHbiM AA H HUM T. NJI. 107 s ( ? ) . T e T p a ( n - a H H 3 H j;) 6 o p p y 6 H A H H. BOAHHH p a c T B o p R b C l AOÔSBjiiiioT K HacbiuieHHOMy BOAHOMy p a c T B o p y TeTD3(n-aHH3Hfl)6opKaflHH. B b i n a B -

CMHTE3 M AHA/IMTMHECKME

CBOPICTBA

103

11IHH ÓeJIblH OCaflOK TeTpa(n-aHH3HJl)6oppy6HAHfl OTtjjHJIbTpOBblBaiOT, npOMblBaIOT HeCKOJTbKO pa3 BOflOH H CylllaT B BâKyyM-3KCHK3T0pe Hafl P 2 O j . HaftAeHo %: C 64,21; 63,98; H 5,36; 5,45 CügHM04BRb. BhiMHCJieHO %: C 64,08; H 5,38 TeTpa(rt-aHH3Hji)6oppy6H,HHfl — ÔecuseTHoe KpHcrajuimiecKoe Bemecroo, TepMH'iecKH ÄOBOjibHO ycrofiqHBOe (npn 260° — HaqHHaeT «eJiTeTb, Bbiuie 280° — pa3jiaraeTca); xopomo pacTBopHMOP B aueroHe, nnpHAHHe, n^oxo B criHpTe, BOfle; HepacTBopHMoe B acfwpe, 6eH30jie; nepeocajKAaeTCH h3 aueroHOBoro paciBopa 3({)HpoM. T e r p a ( r t - a H H 3 H JI) - 6 o p U e 3 H fi. B O A H H H pacTBop CsCl A O Ô A B ^ H I O T K HacbimeHHOMy BO^HOMy pacTBopy TeTpa(n-aHH3H.n)6opKa;iHH. BbinaBiUHñ ôejibiH ocaAok TeTpa(n-aHH3H„i)6opue3HH otc^hjibTpoßhiBaiOT, npoMUBaioT HeCKOjibKO pa3 BOAoñ H cyiiiaT B BaKyyM-SKCHKaTope HaA P2Ó S . HaflaeHo %: C 58,97; 59,19; H 5,06; 5,09 C2BH2804BCS.

BhiMHCJieHo % :

C £8,77;

H

4,93

TeTpa(n-aHH3H.n)6opne3HH — ôecuBeTHoe KpHCTajuiHiecKoe BemecTBO (npn 270°—JKeJireeT, Bbiuie 2 9 0 ° — pa3JiaraeTC$i); x o p o m o pacTBOpHMoe B au,eTone, nnpHAHHe, n j i o x o — B cnnpTe, BOAe; HepacTBopHMoe B 3KAaeTCH H3 aueTOHOBoro pacTBopa a^mpoM. MOCKOBCKHA rocyaapcTBeHHBIFI yHHBepcHTeT HM. M . B . JloMOHOCOBa

UHTHPOBAHHAfl JlHTEPATyPA 1 G. W i t t i g , , P. R a f f , Lieb. Ann., 573,195 (1951); A. KOX, 26,1876 (1956). • B. A. C a 3 o H o B a, ZI. N. C o p o K H H a, flAH, 105, 5, 993 (1955). 7 W. K ö n i g , W. S c h a r r n b e c k , J. prakt. Chem., 128, 153 (1930).

nOJiy^EHHE W E 3

HEKOTOPblX

IIEPBH^HblX

AJUOMHHHKOPrAHHqECKHE

A.

M.

CJIA^KOB, B .

A.

ClfflPTOB

COE^HHEHHfl

MAPKEBHM

H

,np.

B CBH3H c noHB^eHHeM B JiHTepaType ( x ) yKa3aHHH o BO3MO>KHOCTH no;iyMeHHH cnnpTOB 4epe3 opraHHMecKHe coeAHHeHHH SJIKÎMHHHH h3mh HccjieAOB3JICH KOMiLnexc peaKUHH, N03B0^HK)mHx npeBpamaTb a-o.ne(})HHbi B nepBHHHbie cnnpTbi no cxeMaM: 1)

R — CH = CHa + al + H — R — CH2 — CH2 — al

2)

(I) + 0 2 -

3)

(II)+H20 -

R — CH2CH2 — O — al

(1)

(II)

RCH2CH2OH + al (OH),

rae

al = '/ 3 Al

PeaKUHfl 1 npoBOflH^acb HSMH Ha npwuepax 2-MeTHJineHTeHa-l reKceHa-1,

K O T o p u e 6buiH npHr0T0B.aeHbi AHMepH3auHeñ

nponmieHa

H 2-3THJIH H-6yTH-

jieHa. rio^yHeHHbie H3 STHX o j i ^ h h o b SJHOMMHHHTpnajiKHJibi, a Taione CHHTC3HpOB3HHbIH flpyrHM Cn0C060M TpH3THJia^K)MHHHH nOABepraJIHCb OKHC/ieHHK) B03flyX0M B aJIKOrOJIHTbl, rHflp0JIH30BaBUJHeCH B COOTBeTCTByiOmHe cnnpTbi. CneuHa^bHO nocraBJieHHbiM onbiTOM no OKHCJICHHIO TpHAeuHjiaJiiOMHHHH npn HH3K0H TeMnepaType 6biJio n0Ka3aH0, MTO peaKUHH npoxoAHT 4epe3 craAHic 06pa30BaHHH nepeKHCHoro coeAHHeHHH, KOTopoe, no-BHAHMOMy, B pe3yjibTaTe BHyTpuMOJieKyjinpHOM neperpynnHpoBKH H;IH B3aHMOAeHCTBHH c aJiiOMHHHHajiKHJioM npeBpamaeTCH B a;iKorojiHT a.niOMHHHH: R„A1 + 0 2 -

R — OO — A1R2

R — O O — A 1 R 2 — (RO) 2 AIR

H T. Ä-

hak R — OO — A1R2 + R3A1 — 2R0A1R¡¡

H T. a.

Pe3yjibTaTbi HccjieAOBaHHH noKa3a^H, ITO cnnpTbi MoryT 6bUb no-ayweHbi Mepe3 aJlfOMHHHHajIKHJlbl CpaBHHTe^bHO npOCTO H C flOCTaTOMHO BblCOKHMH BbixoAaMH ( 6 0 — 6 5 % ) . B KaMecTBe noóoiHbix npoAyKTOB Ha ct3Ahh nojiyieHHH ajiroMHHHHTpHajiKHJioB Bcerfla o6pa3yioTCH npoAyKTbi rHflpHpoBaHHH 0^eKe^e3a, n r p a i o m e r o p o ^ b cneuH(})HlecKoro Kaia^H3aTopa THna cKe^eTHbix MeTajiJioB 8-H rpynnbi nepHOAHqecKOH CHCTCMbi sjieMGHTOB. CoAep>KaHHe >KeJie3a B HeKOTopbix o6pa3u,ax ajllOMHHHfl COCT3BJIH.TIO 1 2 — 1 5 % . n p H AHMEPH3AUHH 6 y T e H a - l

6bi.no HSHAGHO, HTO HEO6XOAHMAN

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peaKUHH 3HaMHTeJibHo Bbiuue (Ha 100°), MGM npn A«MepH3auHH nponiijieHa. ripeABapHTe^bHbie pe3y^bTaTbi aHa;iH3a a6ra3a nocne npoBeAeHHH AHMepH3auHH noKa3a^H, MTO 6yieH-2- B peaKUHK) npaKTHMecKH He BCTynaeT. H a p a A y c 2-3THJireKceH0M-l

BCERAA HMEET MECTO 0 6 P A 3 0 B A H H E r e K c e H a - 1

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H TpHSTHjiaJiiOMHHHH) H 2-MeTHJineHTeHa-1 (H3 nponHJieHa, coAepjKameroca BTexHHHeCKOH ÓyTHJieHOBOH (})paKUHH). HeCMOTpH Ha HaJIHMHe 3THX nOÓOMHblX npoAYKTOB, BbixoA AHMepa 6yTeHa-l BecbMa BHCOK (AO 9 0 % OT TeopeTHMecKoro).

nO/iyMEHME HEKOTOPblX ílEPBMMHblX CflMPTOB

105

McxoAHbie npoAyKTbi. 2-MeTH^neHTeH-l 6biji nonyieH AHMepH3au,Heñ nponHJieHa b npHcyrcTBHH TpHSTtuiajiiOMHHHH no K. Univiepy ( 2 ). B u x o a npoAyKTa c t . khíi. 62—62,57760 mm 90% crr TeopeTHHecKoro; ri2® — = 1,3920; df= 0,6793; j i h t . AaHHbie ( 3 ): t . k h h . 61,5—62°/760 mm; n2o0 = 1,3921; = 0,6817. 2-3THJireKceH-1 6uji ncwiyqeH AHMepH3auHeñ 6yTeHa-l. TpHAeUH^aJiiOMHHHñ 6bui CHHTe3HpoB3H peaxuHeñ oÓMeHa Me>KAy ahacuhjipTyTbio H MeTa/IJIHMeCKHM aJIIOMHHHeM ( 4 ). TpHSTHJiaJIIOMHHHH 6bJJI npHrOTOBJieH H3 ñoAHCToro aTHJia h MarHHfiajiiOMHHHeBoro cn.naBa no BHAOH3MeHeHHOH mctoahKe, onHcaHHoñ b aMepHKaHCKOM naTeHTe ( 5 ). A k t h b h u h ajnoMHHhh npHMeHH^cfl b BHAe cycneH3HH b 6eH3HHe (95—100°) co cpeAHHM pa3MepoM nacTHU 1—5[* . nojiyieHHe 2 - 9 T H j i r e K c e H a - l , B aBTOKJiaB eMKOCTbK) 1 ji, CHaójKeHHbiñ MemaJTKOH, waHOMeTpoM H 3^eKTp00paKUHH, coAepwameH — 4 0 % 6yTeHa-l h 200—250 r jiHrpoHHa ( t . KHn. 150—220°), B kotopom pacTBopeHO5—10 rTpHSTHjiajiiOMHHHH. CoAep>KHMoe aBTomiaBa HarpeBaercn npn nepeMeuiHBaHHH a o 280—295°. ü p » AOCTHJKeHHH 3TOH TeMnepaTyphi HaMHHaeTCH naAeHHe AaBJieHHH, KOTopoe npoAOJDKaeTCH b TeneHHe 6 iac. üocne npeKpameHHH na^eHHH AaBJieHHH aBTOKJiaB oxjiaxgiaeTCfl H BbirpyweHHbie npoAyKTu peaKUHH noABepraiOTCH neperoHKe. B pe3y^bTaxe neperoHKH no^y^aercH 109 r 2-3THJireKceHa -1 (90% o t TeopeTHMecKoro) c t . KHn. 118—1197760 mm, = 1,4150; dj 8 = 0,7270; M R Bbm. 38,68; MR HaftA. 38,65. J I h t . AaHHbie (•): t . KHn. 1207760 mm, d j ° = 0,7270; n*> = 1,4157. C h H T e 3 T p H 3 T H J i 3 J ) K ) M H H H i . B ieTbipexrop;iyK) KOflÓy, CHa6«eHHyio MeuiajiKoft, oÓpaTHbiM xanoAHJibHHKOM, KanejibHOH bopohkoh h ra30noABOAfliueñ TpyÓKOH, noMeiuaiOT 65 r pacTepToro b nopoiuoK cnjiaBa, coAepwaiuero CTexHOMerpHHecKHe KOJiHiecTBa MarHHH h ajuoMHHHH. PeaKUHio npob o a h t b cviaóoM TOKe cyxoro a3ora, ocBo6owAeHHoro o t KHCJiopoAa. CoAepwHMoe Kojióbi HarpeBaioT Ha MacjiHHoA ÓaHe a o 70—80° h b b o a h t npn s t o h TeMnepaType 2—5 mji ñoAHCToro 3THJia juin h h h u h h p o b 3 h h h peaKUHH. PeaKUHH HannHaercH oóbiqHO cpa3y. riocne Toro KaK Becb AoAHCThiñ s t h ; i b o h a c t b peaKUHK), MTO 33MeTHO nO HCMe3HOBeHHK> Kanenb, CTeKaromHX C XOnOAH^ÍbHHKa b KOJióy, nocTeneHHO, nopuHHMH no 10—15 mji, npHÓaBJisiioT eme 300 r ñoAHCToro STHJia. KaxgiaH cjieayiomaH nopuna ñoAHCToro 3THJia npHÓaBJiHeTca nocjie BCTynjieHHH b peaKUHio npeAbiAymeA nopuHH. KorAa Becb AoAHCTbiA s t h j i npHÓaaneH, peaKUHOHHyio CMecb npoAo^waicrr HarpeBaTb b TeMeHHe Haca. KoJióy oxjiaatAaiOT b TOKe a30Ta, npHÓaB^HKrr MHHepajibHoe Macno (HanpHMep, MapKH BM-4) h npH íiohh>k(¿hhom AaBJieHHH orroHHIOT H3 peaKUHOHHOH KOJlÓbl TpH3THJiaJIK)MHHHH, 33MeHHB MCUiaJIKy C pTyTHblM 33TBopoM HacaAKOH Biopua. B u x o a TpH3THjia^K)MHHHH 80% o t TeopeTHMecKoro, CHHT3H Ha ñOAHCTbIH 3THJI. r i o J i y i e H H e BblCIIIHX a J I I O M H H H H T p H S J I K H J I O B . BaBTOKJiaB 3arpywaeTca 2 mo^h 2-MeTH^neHTeHa-l HJiH2-3THJireKceHa-l h 2-KpaTHblH H3ÓbITOK CyeneH3HH 3JIK3MHHHH B 6eH3HHe, SKTHBHpOBaHHOrO 2 — 5 % TpHSTHJiaJiioMHHHH. PeaKUHOHhaH CMecb HarpeBaeTCH a o 120—130°, h npn 3to& TeMnepaType b aBTOKJiaB b b o a h t c h cyxoñ, ocBoóoíKAeHHbiñ o t KHC^opoAa boAopoA Ao AaBJieHHH 50—70 aTM. Tío Mepe naAeHHH Aas^eHHH HarHeTaeTCH cjieAyKJiuaíi nopuHH BOAopoAa, noKa AaBJieHHe He nepecTaeT naAaTb. PeaKUHOHHa» Macca nepeMeuiHBaeTCH eme b TeqeHHe Maca, 3aTeM aBTOKJiaB oxjiastAaeTCH, h npoAyKTbi peaKUHH BbirpywaroTCH b HHepTHoñ aTM0cc})epe. OKHCJieHHe BblCUIHX aJIK)MHHHHTpH3JIKH^IOB H r b fl p o .1 h 3 a J i K o r o ^ H T O B . PeaKUHOHHaH Macca o t npeAbiAyu;ero onbiTa AenaHTHpyeTCH c ocaAKa h nepeHocHTcn b KOHHMecKyio KO/i6y, CHa6>KeH-

106

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H y i o MeiliaJlKOH, o6paTHbIM XOJIOAHJIbHHKOM, TepMOMeTpOM H IlOABOAHlUeH B03TpyfiKOH, A O X O A F L M E H noMTH A O A H a K0Ji6bi.

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r i p n 6biCTpoM nepeMeiiiHBaHHH nponycKaHDT TOK B03Ayxa c T3KOH C K o p o c r b i o , MTo6bi T e M n e p a i y p a He noAHHNiajiacb Bbiiiie 6 5 — 7 0 ° . B o 3 A y x n p o n y c K a i o T HenpepbiBHO AO naaeHHa T e M n e p a T y p b i AO 3 0 ° , n o c j i e Mero nponycKaicrr B TeMeHHe Maca KHCJiopoA; n p n S T O M T e M n e p a T y p a BHaMajie noAHHMaeTca A O 5 0 — 6 0 ° . 3 a i e M naAaeT. n o c j i e 0K0HMaTeJibH0r0 naAeHHH TeMnepaTypbi n p e K p a m a i o r noA a n y KHCJiopoAa, 33MeH$iioT T p y f i x y A J I H B B O A 3 B 0 3 A y x a KsneJibHoii B o p o H K o f i , Mepe3 KOTopyK) BH3Majie n o KanjiHM, a 3 a i e M 6oJibiiiHMH nopuHHMH npn6aBpa36aBJieHHyK) ( 1 0 — 2 0 % ) c o j i H H y i o KHCJiOTy. n o c j i e O K O H M S H H H T H A P O JIH33 OTAeJIHIOT BepXHHfi MaCJIHHblH C J I O H , CyUiaT erO HaA 6e3BOAHblM nOTamOM H neperoHHioT.

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1 BoaOpOflHa« CBH3b — BTOpHTHan, cnaÔ&H XHMBiecKaa CBH3b, o6paayeMaH 3a chgt npHTflweHBH ajieKTpooTpmjaTejiLHbix aTOMOB KHOJiopo^a, x n o p a h a30Ta k npoTOHy Boflopona. BoflopoflHue cbh3H fleöCTByiOT Ha ßonbrane paCCTOHHHH H B 3HaiHTejIlHOH CTeneHH onpeflejiaioT cjiomuyio cTpyKTypy uaKpoMOJieKyn öejiKOB h hykjighhobux khcaot. * CM. R. Hart and J. Smith. «Nature», • . 178, 1956, p. 739.

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TOB. B ö o . t b i n o H cepHH n o c j i e a y r o m a x p a ß o T , h o c o ö e H H o B HeAaBHHX n o a p o Ö H H x n c c j i e f l O B a HHHX 2 , CBOHCTBa 3TORO ep.\ieHTa H o c y m e c T 1 GM. P. Ortiz a n d S. Ochoa. «Journ. biol. ehem.», *. 234, 1959, J& 5, p p . 1208—1212. 1 CM. A. Kornberg and oth. «Jonrn. biol. ehem.», v. 233, 1958, JV5 1. po. 163—177; «Proc. N a t . , A c a d . Sei. U.S.A», • . 44, 1958,.VJ, 7 , p p . 633—640, 641—647.

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JIHTEPATyPA 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. J5.

S c h m i t z H„ P o t t e r V. R., H u r i b e r t R„ Cancer Res. 14, 58, 1964 E a b u h h a H. B„ flAH 104, 436, 1955. S H r e j i b r a p A T B. A. h E a p x a m A . 17., Ehoxhmhh 3, 500, 1938. 3 H r e a b r a p Ä T B. A., H3B. AH CCCP. Cep. 6hcwi. 2, 182, 1945. B o s c h L„ E m m e l o t P., B r i t . J. Cancer 10, 79, 1966. B a r k e r S„ S u m m e r s o n W., J. Biol. Chem. 138, 535, 1941. O g u r M., R o s e n G., Archive Biochem. 25, 262, 1950. n t t p o i e H K o E. H., AAH «0, 841. 1953. M e j b a u m W., Z. Physiol. Chem. 258, 117, 1939. H a b a G., L e d e r J., R a c k e r E„ J. Biol. Chem. 214, 409, 1965. W e n n e r C. E., W e i n h o u s e S., J. Biol. Chem. 222, 399, I, 1956. B r o w n G„ K a t z J., C h a i k o f f L., Cancer Res. 16, 509, 1956. K i t S., G r a h a m O., Cancer Res. 16, 117, 1966. V a 1 s G. H„ S m m e l o t P., Z. Krebsforsch. 62, 63, 1967. W a r b u r g O., Science 123, 309, 1956.

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BOfle.

H e j l b 3 H ÖbIJIO 33M6HHTb JlblM

Ha B 0 f l 0 n p 0 B 0 , n -

MojIHÓfleHOBOKHCJIbiH

aMMOHHeM,

XOTH

H3TpHÖ

MOJIHÖfleHOBOKHCHÖH

3MMOHHH

npH

pH cpeflbi 7,2—7,5 He OKa3biBaji BpeflHoro ^eñcTBHH. 3to corjiacyeTCfl c J i n r e p a T y p HblMH

flSHHblMH

(3). ÄeHCTBHe

oÓHapyjKHBa^ocb

b

MOJIHÓaeHa

KOHueHTpauHH

nopaß-

Ka I O " 4 MMOJi. b p a c T y i u H X K y j i b T y p a x , r a e 1HCJIO

KJI6TOK

110

HCn0JIb30B3HHH

BCerO

HHTpHTa floCTHrajio 5-10® kjictok Ha 1 MJI.

Phc. 1. Bjihhhhc MOJiHÓiieHa Ha okhcJieHHe 4>a3bl

HHTpHTa B036VAHTejieM BTopofl HHTpH(J)HKaUHH: / — KOHTpOJIb, 2 — Mo.iHÖaeH

B 6 0 ji bili h HCTBe c^ywaeB ôjiaronpHHTHoe fleñcTBHe MOJinö^eHa CKa3biBaji0Cb yBCJlHieHHH CKOpOCTH HHTpH(J)HKaUHH. Pe3VJTbTaTbI THIlHHHOrO OflblTa npeflCTaBJieHbi Ha pHC. 1 . FIoceB np0H3B0ÄHjicH oc^aÔJieHHOH K y ^ b T y p o ñ , BbipameHHOH Ha c p e ^ e 6e3 MOJinöfleHa. Hhtpht b sthx o n b i x a x onpe.nejifl.ncH HO^OMeTpHl e c K H . OóbiHHO He y f l a B a j i o c b n o j i y i H T b nojiHoro OTcyTCTBHH pocTa b KOHTpojie. ZleficTBHe MOJiHÓaeHa c K a a b m a j i o c b jiHiiib na CTHMyjiHUHH n p o u e c c a .

B

OnbiTbi c pacTymHMH K y j i b T y p a M H He no3BOjiHJin peuinib, yiacTBveT jih moJIHÓfleH B OKHCJieHHH HHTpHTa HJIH » e B npOUeCCaX, CBH33HHbIX C p33MHO>KeHHÊM KJieTOK. I~l03T0My ÖblJIH npOBefleHbl KpaTKOCpOHHbie OnbiTbl no O K H C J i e H H K ) HHTpHTa. KyjibTypa HHTpntj)HKaTopoB BbipaiuHBa^acb Ha cpefle 6e3 MOJiHÓfleHa. Ujih nojiHoro okhcjichmh HHTpHTa b 3T0M cjiywae TpeöoBajiocb b 2 — 3 pa3a óojibuue BpeMeHH, weM b cjiynae HopMajibHOH K y j i b T y p b i . flocjie HCie3HOBeHHH HHTpHTa no 10 mji Ky.ibTypbi OTÖHpajiocb b kojiöomkh Ha 100 mji. B o^Hy H3 hhx

EHOJlOrMH

134 flOÔaBJIHJICH MOJIHÔfleHOBOKHCJIblH HSTpHÖ B KOHUeHTpaUHH

1 MMOJIb. 3aTeM BO

BCe KOJ1ÔOHKH npHJlHBajlCH paCTBOp HHTpHTa H OH H IlOMemaJIHCb B TepMOCTaT Ha 2 5 ° . M e p e 3 30 MHH. PEAKUHH ocTaHaBJiHBajiacb floöaBjieHHeM peaKTHBa T p H c c a , H KOHU.eHTpaLI.H51 OCTaBUJHXCH HHTpHTOB OIipeAejlflJiaCb

Ha

(¿OTOKOJIOpHMeTpe.

HcxoflHbiH HHTpHT onpe^ejiHJicH B OTflejibHbix n p o ö a x . HNJKE

NPHBEAEHO

B fi.MOJI b X 10~3/MJI B

KOJIHHCCTBO

S B

3 c o Í

1

1 2 3 4 5 ô

2,2 3,2 4,6

S 1

X

e; o z u

X

X

I

14,2 5,7 7,1 5,7 13,6 5,0

0,0

6,4 2,8

HaÓJIlOflaTb

30

3a

MHH.

HHTPHTA

so n = jj

s X

M X 4

S

A

ta

HCN0JIB30BAHH0R0

KOHTpOJIbHOH KOJIÓe H KOJIÓe C flOÓaBJieHHblM MOJIHÓAeHOM.

X *

645 178 154 212 178

«S a c o á

JS t

X

a3bi y K y j i b T y p ,

BbipameHHbix

Ha c p e ^ e

6e3

MOjiHÓfleHa. B pa3Hbix onbiTax CTeneHb CTHMyji a UH H cHJibHO Kojieôajiacb, Tan Haw T p y A H O n o a r o T O B H T b 0AHH3K0B0 o c j i a ó j i e H H b i e K y j i b T y p b i ; oflHaKO n p H B e -

pe3yjibTaTbi IIO3BOJIHK)T yTBep>KAaTb, MTO Mojinó^eH ynacTByeT HMCHHO

fleHHbie B

OKHCJieHHH B

HHTpHTa.

n o c j i e A H H e roflbi 6biJio BbiHCHeHO y i a c T H e

MOJiHÖaeHa B oÖMeHe

Heopra-

H H ^ e c K o r o a30Ta ( 3 ) , rjiaBHbiM 0 6 p a 3 0 M B H H T p a T - p e A y K T a 3 H o ñ CHCTCMH rpHÔOB H

BbICLUHX

paCTeHHH.

O f l H a K O R o CHX n o p CBH3aHHbix

c

3t0T

({»pMeHT

OKa3ajICH

MO^H6fleH-(J)JiaBOnpOTeHHOM.

He H M e j i o c b aaHHbix o 6 y i a c T H H

OKHCJieHHeM

HeopraHHHecKoro

MOJiHÖßeHa B CHCTeMax,

a30Ta.

rio-BH^HMOMy MOJIHÔfleH y B03ÔyflHTejIH BTOpOH KeH>ie, n.; imposition, superposition, superimposing; HanaraTb-HaJio>KHTb, v.; impose, inflict, put on, superimpose HaHeceHiie, n.; plotting, drawing, infliction; HaHoci'iTb-HaHecTH, v.; bring, deposit, plot, draw HanHTbiBamie, n.; saturation, impregnation; HanHTbiBaTb-HaiiHTaTb, v.; saturate, soak nanop, m.; pressure, thrust, pressure head (of liquid) Hanpt)>KeHiie, n.; tension, pressure, voltage, exertion; Hanpa>KeHHOCTb, a.; tension, intensity; HanpnmeHHOCTb nojitr; field intensity (elec.) napacTaHiie, n; growth, g r o w ( i n g ) , rise, b u i ) d ( i n g ) up

HaxoAHTbCH-HaATHCb, v.; be, exist, occur, be found; HaxoAfluiHftcii, a.; being, occuring HaM, abbr. (HaysHO-HccjieaoBaTejibCKHfl KHHOi|>OTOHHCTHTyT); Scientific-research institute f o r M o t i o n Pictures and Photography HopMajib, f.; perpendicular hvkjioh, m.; nucleon

o o6eAHeHHe, n.; impoverishment; o6eAHeHHbift, a.; impoverished, reduced, simplified o6e3neieHHe, n.; guarantee, security, provision, assurance; o6e3neMHBaib-o6e3neiHTb, v.; guarantee, ensure, provide 66jiacTb, f.; region, field, area, range; o6.iacTHo(i, a.; regional o6jiomok, m.; fragment, broken piece; ofijioMoqHbift, a.; fragmental, clastic o6jiyieHHe, n.; irradiation, exposure O6MCH, in.; exchange, interchange, metabolism; o6MeH«Tb-o6MeHHTb, v.; exchange, interchange

166

G L O S S A R Y

o6Hapy>KHBaTb-o6Hapy>KHTb, v.; discover, detect, trace, develop;

o6Hapy»ceHHbift, a.;

discovered, exposed 06H0BJieHHe,

n.;

renewal,

in-

novation; 06H0BJIflTbCfl-o6H0BHTbCII, V.; generalization;

OKpyMHOcTb, f.; circumference, circle, cir-

oOoOmeHcapsule,

basis,

reason,

describe,

v.;

onpbicKHBaTb-onpbicKaTb,

prove,

sprinkle, wet

v.; spray,

o n y x o j i b , f.; t u m o r , swelling; a.; i n d i v i d u a l , isolated, in-

sulated

a.;

f.; processing,

pre-

o6pa6aTbiBaTb-o6pa6oTaTb,

paration;

work, process, treat; m.; specimen,

06pa30BaHxe,

n.;

processing sample,

formation,

test,

experience;

onuTHbiH, a.; e x p e r i m e n t a l ,

origination,

form,

experienced

opposite,

xo.rcoAHJibHHK;

reflux

rotation,

cir-

treatment discussion;

o6cy>KaaTb-o6cyflHTb, v.; consider, discuss ofiTexaeMbift, a.; streamlined oCyc.iaB.iHBatb, v.; be

ocBoetme,

n.;

utilization,

rock

appropriation;

familiarize

side,

precipi-

sinking; ocejiaTb-ocecTb, v.; sub-

precipitate,

settle

ocko/iok, m.; splinter, f r a g m e n t , chip weakened 0CH0BaHiie, n.; basis, base (chem.), principle;

origin,

ocHOBhiBaTb-ocHOBaTb,

v.;

f o u n d , establish, set u p ; ochobhoH, a.; f.; i n d i v i d u a l , specimen, species

ocb, f.; axis, shaft; oceBofl, a.; axial, axle;

OBjianeHiie, n.; seizing, mastering;

OBJiaae-

BaTb-OBJiaiieTb, v.; seize, master orn6aTb, v.; round, bend r o u n d ;

orn6aio-

muR, a.; r o u n d i n g 01 pamiHHTeJib,

m.;

slopping

devicc,

stop,

catch OAHOHMeHHbitt, a.; OAHOMepHbifl, a.;

like, similar,

analogous

one-dimensional

abbr.

(06i>eflHHeHHbifi

Mhctiit>'t

iiccjieaoBaHHli); U n i t e d I n s t i t u t e

Nuclear

Research

oKa3biBaTbCH-0Ka3aTbCH, be;

prove

0Ka3biBaeTCH;

0Ka3a.i0Cb;

n.;

v.;

it

was

oxidation;

it

to

be,

is

found

found

(that)

OKnc;niTe;ihHbitt,

(higher

m.;

radical,

residue,

group

remnant,

(chem.);

balance,

ocTaioqHbifl,

a.;

residual ocTpoKOHeMHbift, a.; sharp, p o i n t e d , acicular ot6op,

selection,

choice,

separating;

ot-

6npaTb-oTo6paTb, v.; select, sort out, take away right, ular,

a.; p e r p e n d i c u l a r ,

sheer;

vertical,

OTBecHO, adv.;

up-

perpendic-

sheer

oiroHKa, f.; distillation, e l i m i n a t i o n ;

OTro-

HHTb-OTorHaTb, v.; distill, e l i m i n a t e , r e p e l O T j a i a , f.;

efficiency, deflection,

emission,

yield OT>KaTHe;

squeezing,

pressing

out,

centri-

f u g i n g ; OTJKHMaTb-OTJKaTb, v.; squeeze out,

a.; o x i d i z i n g , a c i d i f y i n g oxide

-ocHbin, see oceBofl 0CTaT0K,

OTBeciibift,

63epo, n.; lake

f.;

ocaAOHHasi n o p o a a ; sedimentary

oco6b,

o6~beAHHeHHbin, a.; united, u n i f i e d , j o i n t

OKiic.iemie,

deposit,

precipitate,

basic, f u n d a m e n t a l , sub-(salt)

due, specify,

stipulate

to

precipitate,

oc;ia6jieHHbift, a.; reduced, decreased, revolution,

n.;

o6cy>KjieHHe, n.; consideration,

fljiepHbix

residue,

ocawaaTb-ocajiHTb, v.;

oceaaHHe, n.; subsidence, settling,

condenser o6pameHHe, culation,

m.;

tails;

tation,

o6paTHbiit, a.; reverse, backward, o6paTHbifl

ocaaoK,

experiment,

0CBaHBaTb-0CB0HTb, v.;

producc,

evolve, give, yield inverse;

m.;

deposit, settle

standard

06pa30BU-

production, development; B3Tb o6pa30BaTi>, v.;

v.;

npeABapHTeJibHaH

o6pa6oTKa; p r e l i m i n a r y o6pa3eu,

treatment,

onyxo.ieBbitt,

tumor

onuT,

o6pa6oTKa,

OKiicb,

v.; depict,

report

ground;

ground o6oco6jieHHbiK

(that);

OKpywaTb-OKpywHTb,

encircle, envelop, enclose

onpbicKHBaHHe, n.; spraying, s p r i n k l i n g ; n.;

060CH6BbiBaTb-060CH0BaTb,

turn

surround,

circumscribe,

membrane 060CH0BaHHe,

of

v.;

omicbiBaTb-oiiHcaTb,

Hbift, a.; generalized o6oji6nKaecTBHTb, impingement;

v.;

0Tpa*aTb-0Tpa3HTb,

m.;

section,

BaHHo;

fragment,

become

OTTopweHHe,

f.;

a.;

»crystallization

variable,

transfer,

f.;

n.;

separation,

n.;

transport,

configura-

nepexBaT, m.;

intersection,

oiHCTKa, f.; c l e a n i n g , p u r i f i c a t i o n , clarificao^nmaTb-omicTHTb,

v.;

duction,

drop,

m.;

decrease,

fall,

re-

nenb

a.;

nepexBaTbiBaTb-nepe-

sandstone,

press,

print,

conpoTHBJieHHH;

nmaHHe,

over,

n.;

gritstone

seal

resistance

feeding,

supply;

furnace miTaTb,

v.;

njiaBKa, f.; f u s i o n , m e l t i n g ; ruiaBJieHHe,

see

nourish melt;

CIIJI&B-

jieHHbift, a.; a l l o y e d , fused, m o l t e n ,

floated

njiaBHTb, v.;

m.;

plan,

m.;

layer,

fuse,

scheme,

njiamipoBaTb, v.; n.iacT,

project,

p l a n , design,

a.;

draft;

level;

planning

bed,

stratum,

shelf

(of

rock) primary,

nepB03AaHHb(ft,

f.;

njiaHHpyiomHfl,

incline

couple

ashes

nepBHMHbitt,

discon-

perigee

m.;

n;iaBKa;

incidence,

pair,

crossing

cease,

nepexojiHTb-nepeftTH, v.; pass

neciaHHK,

njiaH, n.;

intake;

feed, supply,

clarify

n na^émie,

v.;

nepexoji, m.; transition, conversion, m i g r a -

newaib,

form

refine,

transmis-

stop

nepnrell, m.;

purify,

al-

be converted, change, proceed

splitting,

detachment

separation;

changeable,

transplanting

nepeceweHHe,

tion;

divided

OMepTaHHe, n.; o u t l i n e , c o n t o u r ,

a.;

initial,

protoplastic,

original

n.iaciHHa,

primitive,

record;

f.;

plate,

flake,

iuiacTHHKa, see

membrane, njiacTHHa

njieHKa, f.; film, c o a t i n g

primary nepBOHaKH0CTb,

part

f.;

n o p o r , m.; rock

mobility,

portability,

liveness

threshold,

baffle

nopoAa, f.; b r e e d , race, species, variety, (geol.)

nop«AOK,

m.;

order,

rank,

arrangement,

sequence

noABOAHTb-noABecTH, v.; s u p p l y , f e e d , l e a d u p to; noABOAfliUHft, a.; s u p p l y ,

delivery,

f e e d i n g , l e a d i n g in

nocaAKa,

f.; setting,

quence,

iiOABOAHbift, a.; s u b a q u e o u s ,

submarine,

sunk

planting,

noc.ieAOBaTejibHOdb, order;

successive,

n.;

landing

succession, se-

nocjiejioBaTejibHbift, a.;

sequential,

gradual,

series

(elec.); nocJieAyiouiHit, a.; f o l l o w i n g , s u b -

noAroHflTb-noAorHaTb, v.; s p e e d u p , suit, a d j u s t ,

adapt,

fit

noAAaBaTbcii-noAAaTbcii,

v.; give

in,

yield,

g i v e w a y ; noAAaioiUHflcn, a.; y i e l d i n g ( t o ) noAAepHtaHHe,

n.;

maintenance,

support,

rest,

keeping;

holder,

noAAepxcHsaTb-

sequent,

consequent

(math.)

nocTaBUtHK,

m.;

nocTOHHHaii

(Be^iHMHHa);

npeBpameHHe,

supplier, n.;

contractor

constant

conversion,

transforma-

tion, c h a n g e ; npeBpaiuaTb-npeBpaTHTb, v.; convert,

transform, reduce

(math.)

noAAepwaTb, v.; s u p p o r t , f e e d , m a i n t a i n ,

npeBbiuiaTb-npeBbicHTb,

keep

npeAeji, m.; limit, b o u n d a r y , e n d , capacity;

up

noAKopMKa, f.;

feeding

noAJiHHHbifl, a.; noAo6He,

n.;

similarity,

noApa3yMeBaTb, v . ; pose;

npeAeAbHult,

authentic,

original,

real

resemblance

noApa3yMeBaeM;

understood v.;

place

under,

substitute ( m a t h . ) ; noACTaBJiflfi; substituting

limit,

surpass

maximum,

end,

n.;

supposition,

assump-

tion, hypothesis; npeAnojiaraTb-npeAnojio>KHTb,

v.;

suppose,

presume,

assume,

contemplate npeAnocbi.txa,

f.;

premise,

prerequisite,

reason

noAi>eM, m.;

lift, rise, elevation,

climb

noKaaaTe^b, m.; indicator, i n d e x , e x p o n e n t ( m a t h . ) ; noxa3aTe.nb npejioMJieHH»; of

a.;

exceed,

(chem.)

npeAnojioweHHe,

imply, u n d e r s t a n d , sup-

noACTaBJiflTb-noACTaBHTb,

saturated

v.;

index

refraction

noKpoB,

m.;

cover,

coat,

noKpbiBaTb-noKpbtTb, envelop,

sheath,

deposit;

cover,

shelter,

v.;

deposit

noKpbiToceMMHHbie,

(pi.);

angiospermae

(bot.) no/ie3Hbifl r p y 3 ; load

net load, pay load,

useful

(aero.)

nojie3Hbie

MCKonaeMbie

wealth,

mineral

nojieT, m.;

flight

(pi.);

mineral,

resources

n o j i o r u f t , a.; s l o p i n g , f.;

zone,

stripe, band;

nojioca

band

nojifipHoe northern

aurora,

aurora

v.;

set

hit,

nonepeMHoe ceneHHe; cross nonpaBKn,

polaris,

lights

nonajiaTb-nonacTb, f.;

n.;

exhibition,

CTaBflHTb-npeflCTaBHTb, describe,

represent;

imagine,

visualize;

be,

correction,

into,

section repair,

m e n t ; nonpaBJiHTb-nonpaBHTb, v.; r e p a i r , r e a d j u s t , p u t in

fall

order

readjustcorrect,

presenta-

representation; v.;

npeA-

present,

offer,

npeACTaBJiflTb npeACTaBJiflTb

ce6e; co6ott;

represent

npeAyciuiHTe^b,

m.;

preamplifier

npejioM.neHHe,

n.;

refraction;

npe^OMHTb,

v.;

refract,

npeJioMJiflTb-

diffract,

deflect;

npeJioMJifliomHtt, a.; r e f r a c t i n g npn6;iti>KeHHe, n.; a p p r o a c h , a p p r o x i m a t i o n m.;

apparatus, a.;

mentioned, reduced, npiiaaBaTb-npHAaTb, npHMiMBiieHHe,

n.;

in,

device,

brought v.;

growing

appliance

(about),

given,

listed impart,

accretion,

BaTbCH-npH>KHTbcfi, v.;

pole CHHHue;

tion,

growing

nojiyocb, f.; semiaxis nojnoc, m.;

n o t i o n , idea,

npHBeaeHHbiB,

slanting

nor-iomeHMH; a b s o r b t i o n

representative

npeACTaB^eHHe,

npii6op,

no;io>KHTeJibHbift, a.; p o s i t i v e , plus, a b s o l u t e no.ioca,

npeACTaBHTeJib, m.;

give,

together; grow

npioKM-

together

npii3eMHbifl, a.; s u r f a c e , n e a r t h e npiiMeHHMOCTb, f.; a p p l i c a b i l i t y ,

ground adaptabili-

ty; npHMeHHTb-npiiMeHHTb, v . ; a p p l y , employ,

use,

adapt

npitMbiKaTb-npiiMKHVTb, (upon);

add

adaption,

v.;

npiiMbiKaiomHii,

ripiicoejiiHeHne,

adjoin, a.;

11.; a d d i t i o n ,

border

adjoining joining,

con-

GLOSSARY

169

tact (elec.); v.;

add,

npHCoeAHHifrb-npHCoeAHHiiTb,

j o i n , attach,

npHcnocoCJiéHHe,

n.;

connect

(elec)

adjustment,

accom-

m o d a t i o n , device, e q u i p m e n t , apparatus npHTÔK, m.;

inflow, o n f l o w ,

intake,

feed,

ny3bipb,

bubble,

m.;

blader,

npHTH>KéHHe,

n.;

attraction;

CHJia

npHTS-

)k£hhh; f o r c e o f attraction, pull, gravity npô6a, f.; test, e x p e r i m e n t , npoôér,

m.;

run,

race;

nysunil-

nyHKTHp, m.; dotted line; nyHKTHpHasi hh»; dotted line, broken line nyneK, m.; bunch, beam, pencil (of nyieic Topua3Horo

supply

cyst;

p«K, m.; small b u b b l e

rays);

H3.nyMeHHfi, brems-

strahlung beam nuTJiHBbift, a.;

searching, acute,

curious

sample

P

npoôerâTb-npoôe-

wâTb, v.; traverse, run through npOBejwHHe, n.; conducting, leading, drawing

(a

lead, out;

line);

npoBOAHTb-npoBecTH,

conduct,

install,

npoBejiëHHbift,

a.;

perform,

v.;

carry

conducted,

car-

npoBOAHMOCTb, f.; conductivity, conduction nporpéB, m.; initial heating; heating,

warming

nporpeBamie,

up

npoAOJUKHTeAbHOCTb, f.; continuance, duration,

p e r i o d , cycle;

MH3HH;

np0fl0ji>KHTe;ibH0CTb

life (math.)

d u c t i o n , product npoH3BÔAHafi,

f.;

npoH3BÔJibHbitt,

(math.);

npo-

calcination,

tempering;

npoKânHBaTb-npoKa^HTb, v.; calcine, tem-

time

interval, distance,

interval,

period;

inter-

npoMeixy-

TOHHbitt, a.; intermediate, interjacent npoMepâTb-npOMépHTb, estimate

the f.;

exact

v.;

measure

out,

measurements

prescription,

np0CTpaHCTB0, n.; space, tance;

pa36aBJieHHutt, (solution)

r o o m , area, disspace,

three-dimensional f.;

extension,

spread g o i n g through, penetration; pass,

go

npoxojiHTb-

through,

expire,

elapse

pa3B&;i,

a.; d i v i d e d ,

m.;

collapse,

pa3BejiKa,

f.;

broken

development;

npoflB.iHTb-

npoHBHTh, v.; show, display, exhibit, exert, develop

v.;

exploration,

fall,

collapse pa.iBe-

search;

up, turn around, e x p a n d ,

v.;

speed

develop disintegra-

tion, separation, splitting, analysis; JiaraTb-pa3Jio>KHTb, v.; decompose, pa3Jio>KeHHe, n.; pansion

v.; d e v e l o p

pas-

dis-

analyze

factorization

(math.);

pasjiOM, m.;

(math.), break,

(math.),

ex-

pa3JiaraTh-pa3Jio>KHTb, expand

fracture,

(math.)

abruption

pa3Mep, m.; dimension, size, rate, q u a n t i t y , pa3MhiBaTb-pa3MbiTb, v.; scour, wash

away,

erode; pa3MhiTbift, a.; washed out, e r o d e d , pnaoi peBaHHe, n.; w a r m i n g up, self-heating, of

heat

(from

exothermic

reaction) pa30MKHyTbift,

a.;

open,

rupted, disconnected processing;

broken,

rectangle

ropnbie

inter-

(elec.) exploitation,

pa3pa6oTKH

(pi.);

mining pa3pe>iKiiéHiie, n.; passage, passing through, v.;

a.;

grade

recipe

npocTpaHCTBexHhifl, a.;

npOTfDKeHHOCTb,

npoflTH,

(gas); weak

sociate, separate,

bake

nponncb,

6aB^STb-pa36aBHTb, v.; dilute, r a r e f y

pasJioweHHe, n.; d e c o m p o s i t i o n ,

npoKâjiHBâHHC, n.;

space,

pa36aBjieHHe, n.; d i l u t i o n , r a r e f a c t i o n : pa3-

pa3Aeji, m.; division, section, class, c h a p t e r

growing,

(up)

npoMeucyTOK, m.;

equilibrium;

equilibrium

pa3Bopam)BaTbCfi-pa3BepHyTbCii,

a.; arbitrary

u p ; npoHspocTaioiUHft, a.;

state of a.;

AOMHbitt, a.; e x p l o r i n g

(chem.)

npoH3pocTaTb-npoH3pocTH, v.; g r o w , spring

per,

f.;

JiHBaTbCH-pa3Ba^HTbCfi,

derivative

H3BÔAHoe, n.; d e r i v a t i v e

springing

HOBecHOCTb,

pa36HTbiA,

npoH3BejiéHHe, n.; c o m p o s i t i o n , w o r k , pro-

valley

paBHOBecne, n.; e q u i l i b r i u m , balance; paBpaBHOBecHbitt,

ried out, drawn

n.;

pa6oiHtt o f i i e M , m.; e f f e c t i v e v o l u m e paBHHHa, f.; plain,

hausted,

n.;

evacuation,

rarefaction,

pa3pe>i(eHHwft, a.; rarefield, exevacuated

GLOSSARY

170 pa3peuiaK>man cnoco6Hocib;

pT.CT., abbr.

resolving

column

ability paapflA,

m.;

discharge;

pa3pn>KaTb-pa3pn-

pTyTb, f.; mercury;

py.ua, f. ; o r e

paKOBbift, a.;

pt>i6Hft » H p ;

cancerous m.;

decomposition,

disintegration;

pTyTHblfi 3aTBop; mer-

p y 6 e w , m.; border, l i m i t

paftoH, m.; r e g i o n , zone, district

pacnaa,

mercury

thermometer)

cury seal

AHTb, v.; u n l o a d , discharge paK, m.; crayfish, cancer;

(pTyTHwft CTOJI6);

(of

dissaciation,

pacnaAaTbcu-pacnacTbCH,

pHA,

m.;

cod-liver

range,

series,

order,

sequence,

succession

v.; decompose, disingrate, break, u p pacn.iaB,

m.;

melting,

fusion;

fusion,

pacmiaBJieHHe,

smelting;

BaTb-pacn.iaBHTb, v.;

melt,

c

n.;

paciuiaBJiHfuse,

liquefy

pacnopflweHHe, n.; disposition, dispose, ar-

caM0np0H3B0JibH0, adv.;

r a n g e m e n t ; B pacnopuweHHH; at the dis-

caxap, m.; sugar

posal ( o f ) , a v a i l a b l e

CBepTbiBaeMOCTb, f.;

pacnpeAe.ieHHe, n.; d i s t r i b u t i o n , dispersion, diffusion

spontaneously

coagulability

CBepTbiBamie KPOBH; b l o o d

clotting

cueT, m.; light, w o r l d ; CBeTOBott, a.; light,

pacnpocTpaHeHHe, n.;

expansion,

propaga-

luminous; CBeTOCHJia, f.; c a n d l e p o w e r , il-

tion, a m p l i f i c a t i o n , emission; pacnpocipa-

luminating

HHTbCH-pacnpocTpaHHTbCH, v.; spread, pro-

4>HjibTp, m.; light filter, c o l o r

pagate,

expand,

radiate,

emit;

CTpaHeHHbitt, a.; p r e v a i l i n g , paccenHHe,

n.;

dispersion,

pacnpa-

abundant

CBeqeHHe, n.; luminescence,

paccJioeHHe, n.; stratification, separation, pacTBopiiTeJib, m.; solvent; pacTBopHTb-pacTBopHTb, v.; dissolve, o p e n , pacTeHHeBOACTBO, n.; p l a n t

lighting

f.;

series,

formation

ex-

natural,

a.;

junction;

link, c o m b i n e ,

m.;

calculation,

timation,

reckoning;

culating,

calculated (math.);

es-

pacieTHHtt, a.; cal-

pacMJieHHTb-pacMJie-

HHTb, v.; dismember, analyze, dissect

CBfl3biBaTb-CBfl3aTb, connect;

v.;

bind,

CBitaaHHbift, a.;

cryuieHHe, n.; condensation, concentration, clotting,

setting;

spleen,

crymaTbCH-crycTHibCfl,

f.;

spleen;

pejiKne 3eM.n1; rare earths

family heart, core,

peHireHOBCKHe .TVMH;

cepmiCTbiii,

a.;

(of)

sulfur,

sulfurous,

sulfide

cepHbiH aHniapHA; sulfuric anhydride, sulfur

figure,

illustration PHK, abbr. (pn60HyK.icHH0Ban

center

cepHaH KiicjioTa; sulfuric acid; cepoKiicjibift,

(of)

Roentgen rays, X-rays (PHCVHOK), m.; diagram,

a.;

cepa, f.; sulfur

a.; sulfuric, sulfate particle

cejieaeHOMHbitt,

splenic

cepjineBHHa, f.; registration

pe.iHTHBHCTKHtt, a.; relativistic; pejiHTHBHCTCKao HacTHua; relativistic

ce.ie3eHKa,

cevteftCTBO, n.; ex-

development

perviCTpauHfl, f.; recording,

ribonucleinic acid

nature;

specific,

v.; condense, concentrate, compress, clot

paciuiipeHHe, n.; e x p a n s i o n , spreading,

PemreH, m.; X-rays;

capacity,

peculiar,

connected, coherent

coloring

computation,

pacHjieHemie, n.; separation, d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n , dissection

(pi.);

inherent

pacmHyTb, v.; stretch, e l o n g a t e , e x p a n d , pacuBeTxa, f.; tinting, t o n i n g ,

CBHTM

CB»3b, f.; b o n d , link, c o n n e c t i o n , relation,

strain ( o f

muscle)

strata;

property,

CBOttcTBeHHbifl,

tension, strain (of muscle); pacTflrHBaTb-

set,

(geol.)

CBOftCTBO, n.;

unfasten

cultivation

pacTfi>KeHHe, n.; stretching, e l o n g a t i o n ,

pnc., abbr.

factor

luminosity,

CBiiHeu, m.; lead CBHTa,

separation i n t o layers

tension,

CBCTO-

filter

CBHAeTejib, m.; witness, control

scattering

pacneT,

luminosity;

CBeTflOTa, f.; a l b e d o , reflection radiance,

diffusion,

power,

trioxide

ceiKa, f.; net, sieve, screen, g r i d ceneHiie, n.: scction, cross section

KHCJiOTa);

cii.ia, f.; p o w e r ,

strength, force, intensity;

cn.iOBbie jiHHHii, (pi.); lines o f

forces

171

GLOSSARY CHAH

KyjiÔHOBCKoro orrâjiKHBaHH«;

forces

CKajiâ, f.; rock, cliff, scale; CKÂAbHaii nopÔAa;

sun

salt coAinaa KHcvioia; hydrochloric

rock

coo6pa>KeHHe,

CKejiéT, m.; frame, skeleton, shell CKOJib, adv.; how much; cicojib yrÔAMo; as n.;

slipping,

sliding,

slide;

CKÔpoCTb, f.; velocity, speed, rate; cicopocTHÔH, a.; velocity, speed CKpémHBaHHe, n.; crossing, twisting,

inter-

item

(math.),

coo6uieHHe, n.;

contrive information, report,

com-

C00TB€TCTB£HHbiHf a.; proper, corresponding, expedient cooraouieHHe,

n.;

relation, ratio,

conocTaBJieHHe,

n.;

comparison,

contrast;

v.;

compare,

contrast; conocraBAeHHbift, a.;

c.iâHeil, m.; slate, schist c.iéBa, adv.; to the left, from the left side

conpHKOCHOBeHHe,

n.;

contact,

npHKacaibca-conpHKOCHyTbCH,

CJieA, m.; track, trace, mark, trail c^éflOBaTb, v.; follow, succeed, result;

eity

CJiéAyeî; he should; KaK c^éflyeT; properly v.; decant, pour off, mix;

connec-

proportion

conocTaBJi^Tb-conocTaBHTb,

summand

c.iHBaTb-cJiHTb,

coofipa-

!KaTb-coo6pa3HTb, v.; consider, take into

ction,

breeding component,

acid

consideration;

munication

yroji CKOJibMcéHHfl; angle of slide

CJiarâeMoe, n.;

n.;

consideration,

much as desired CKOJibWCHHe,

compared touch; v.;

co-

touch,

come in contact (with) conpoTHBJieHHe,

resistance,

opposition

cocTaB^fliomaH, f.; component,

n.;

ingredient,

constituent

c.iHTbiA, a.; decanted, poured off c;iott, m.; layer, stratum, bed, sheet,

film;

CJiOHCTOCTb, f.; stratification, lamination; cjioifCTutt, a.; stratified, laminated, sheet-

coTp.,

abbr.

(coTpyAHHKH);

co-workers, as-

sociates coxpaH^Tb-coxpaHHTb, v.; preserve, conserve, retain, maintain, keep; coxpaHriBuiHft, a.;

like cjibiuiHMOCTb, f.;

preserved, retained

audibility

CMeiuéHHe, n.; mixture, combination, blending,

cdjiHiie, n.;

coJib, f.; salt, sodium chloride; cojieBoft, a.,

of Coulomb repulsion

complication;

CMéuiHBaTb-CMeuiaTb,

v.; mix, blend, combine, CMeméHHe,

n.;

migration,

dislocation;

disturbance

CMeiuaTb-CMe-

graph; CHÂTbifl, a.; taken down, removed, photographed series, set n.;

superposition;

coincidencc,

conformity,

coBnaAâTb-coBnâcTb, v.;

coincide, agTee; coBnaAâiomHtt, a.; corjiacoBâHHe, n.; congruence, comacoBbiBaTb-corviacoBaTb,

agreement; v.;

nate, match, adjust, accomodate;

coordicorjia-

cyiomnitca, a.; adjusted, coordinated, apsimultaneous

co3Bé3nne, n.;

com-

soldered joint, seam,

junction;

cnaHBaTb-cnadTb, v.; solder, weld together; cnapeHHutt, a.;

welded

paired, coupled

cnHpaJieBHAHbift, a.;

spiral, helical;

cnH-

cnupT, m.;

alcohol

n.;

compound, contact

combination, (elec.);

coe.au-

HHTb-coeAHHHTb, v.; connect, unite, link, attach, c o u p l e f.; saltiness

fusion,

floating;

cn.iouiH6n, a.; continuous, unbroken, comcnjnocHyTbifl, a.; flattened cnpaBa, adv.; to the right, from the right side cnpaBeAJiHBOcTb, justice;

{.;

correctness,

right,

cnpaBeAJiHBbitt, a.; fair, right,

correct, accurate

constellation

connection, link,

melting,

cnjiaBJieHHbift, a.; alloyed, fused, molten pact; cnjiouiHan JIHHHH; unbroken line

coincident

co;iëHocTb,

cnaft, m.;

cnjiaBJieHite, n.;

coBnajeHHe,

conjunction,

pajibHbjfi, see cnHpa.ieBHAHbifl

coBOKynHOCTb, f.; collection, association,

coeAUHéHiie,

union,

cnasiHHbift, a.; soldered,

cTHTb, v.; remove, displace CHHMaTb-CHfiTb, v.; take off, remove, photo-

proved,

n.;

bination cnaAaHHe, n.; fall, drop, diminution

agitate

displacement,

coieTaHHe,

cnpaBOiHHK, m.; reference book, handbook cnyTHHK,

m.;

companion,

fellow

traveler,

satellite cpeAHeKBaApaTHfHoe

3HaneHHe; root-mean-

square value (elec.), effective value (elec.)

GLOSSARY

172

cp€3,

m.;

cut,

shear;

slice,

microscopic

cpéaaHHMlt,

a.;

cut,

section,

C C C P , a b b r . ( C o w s C o b c t c k h x CouHaJiHCTHPecnyfijiHK);

Socialist

Union

of

Soviet

Republics

CTeKJió, n.;

become,

turn,

grow

f.;

degree,

order

(math.),

power

stage

m.;

column,

m.; c o l u m n (of

post,

pole;

CTOJióeu,

CTpyá, f.; stream, jet, f.;

phase,

flow,

CTynéHMaTbift, a.;

step,

gradual,

de-

graded,

m.;

topmo3HoB,

brake;

T0pM0>KCHHe,

n.;

frictional

action,

cyMepKH, ( p i . ) ;

n i g h t f a l l , twilight,

cyMepeMHbitt,

a.;

dusk;

crepuscular

cvMMápHbifl,

a.;

total,

cyTKH

day,

24

(pi.);

summary,

hours;

gross

cyTOMHbift,

a.;

f.;

(cyxóe

BemecTBÓ);

Topu, m . ;

dryland,

Hbtft,

n.;

existence,

essentially, plan,

f.;

point,

t . nji., a b b r .

being;

substantially

scheme,

meter,

system,

arrange-

recorder,

counter,

(TeMnepaTypa

T-pa, a b b r .

(TeMnepaTypa);

TpaKTOBKa,

f.;

ToneM-

njiaBJieHHsi); temperature

treatment

TpeK, m . ;

track,

TpeutHHa,

f.;

path

crack,

TpHXJiopyKcycHaH

fracture,

KHCJioTa;

split,

break

trichloroacetic

TyMaHHOCTb, f.; fogginess, mistiness, gravitation,

n.;

States

of

nebula

gravity,

attrac-

pull

y >'6biBaTb-y6biTb, v.; decrease, d i m i n i s h , cline,

de-

subside

> rneBOAopofl, m.; oxid;

hydrocarbon

f.; c a r b o n i c acid,

carbon

yrjieKHCJibiil, a.; c a r b o i n c

carbonate (CoejiHHeHHbie LLháTbi AMépn-

United

spot; dotted

cy-

computer kh);

cteT-

point

vi'JieKHCJiOTa,

CLL1A, a b b r .

period,

punctate,

cy-

ment CMeTMHK, m.;

inhibiting,

drying

mecTBOBáTb, v . ; be, e x i s t , l i v e ; cymécTBeHadv.;

action,

damping;

counter

point, dot,

a.;

tion,

continent

cymecTBÓ, n.; b e i n g , creature, essence; luecTBOBáHHe,

brake

inhibition,

chamber

cxeMa,

brake,

f r o n t , e n d , face; TopueBoft

mroTeHHe,

substance

cyiuHJibHbift uiKacJ); desiccator,

ho,

a.;

acid

diurnal

BemecTBÓ, a b b r .

dry-weight

braking,

T0pM03RiiiHtt, a.; b r a k i n g ,

melting

cyjiHTb, v.; p r o m i s e

cyuia,

series

rock)

TOMKa, f.;

current

stage, g r a d e ,

step

daily,

flow

mass, s t r a t u m ,

mhk; e n d - w i n d o w

MHoro; so m u c h

cyx.

(of

stream,

thickness,

damping

table)

CTOJib, adv.; so; cTOJib Ma.no; so little; CTOJib

gree;

current,

braking

(math.),

CTynéHb,

fabric

point

topmo3,

glass; CTeiuiAHHbift, a.; glass,

vitreous

CTOJifi,

ing

tok, m.;

TdJiuta, f.;

CTaHOBHTtca-CTaTb, v.;

CTéneHb,

crucible

t. khii., a b b r . ( T e M n e p a T y p a KHneHHd); b o i l -

truncated MtCKHX

THre^b, m . ;

TKaHb, f.; tissue, t e x t u r e ,

sheared,

yrjioBoe

di-

acid,

(of)

pacnpejWjieHHe;

angular

distribu-

tion

America

yiiaJieHHe, nation,

T

n.;

removal, withdrawal,

expelling,

elimi-

discharging,

evacua-

t i o n ; yaajieHHbiii, a.; r e m o v e d , e l i m i n a t e d , TaÓJi., a b b r .

(TaÓüHua);

expelled

table, chart

T a i l r á , f.; tavga, vast forest in the

Siberia;

TeKyMecTb,

f.;

TeKymifl, a.; Téjio, n.;

body,

Ten.ioeMKOCTh,

flow,

viscosity,

flowing,

fluid,

consistency; running

object,

substance

heat

capacity,

f.;

m.;

impact,

y.aeJibHbifl, a.; Bee;

specific

blow,

specific, gravity;

specific v o l u m e ; specific

f.;

licat

T e n j i o c o j e p w á n u e , n.; heat

knock,

relative

conductivity content

relative;

shock,

y.ae;ibHbift

yjte.ibHbiil

vjte.ibHoe

o6i>eM;

3HaMeHHe;

importance

yjl.iHHHTbcH-yj.niHHTbCH,

heat TenjionpoBÓAHOCTb,

\\nap,

percussion

ráe/KHbill, a.; S i b e r i a forest

ated. lengthen, y,1o6peHMe, n.;

v.;

become

elong-

stretch

fertilizer, m a n u r e ,

dressing

GLOSSARY yaôfl, m.;

173 milking, yield of

milk at one

milking

(JtoTopacmen.ieHHe, n.;

photosplitting

4k>tochhmok, m.; p h o t o g r a p h

y3CJi, m.; knot, loop, node; jiHMaTHMecicHfi y3eJi; lymph

,

peaKUHS; photonuclear

re-

action

node

yiccyc, m.; vinegar; yKcycHuA, a.; vinegar, acetic yuépeHHufl, a.;

0T0iAepHan

moderate,

medium,

(|>Top, m.;

fluorine

4iT6pHCTbiA

HaTpHfl; sodium

fluoride

mild,

X

temperate yHHicâjibHufl, a.; unique ynaKÔBKa, {.; packing, w r a p p i n g ynâpHBaHHe,

xHMepu (pi.); chimera

n.; concentration,

tion by evaporation;

concentra-

ynâpHBaTb-ynâpHTb,

v.; concentrate, evaporate ynop&AOMeHHe,

n.;

Tbift, a.;

regulation,

regulating;

f.; elasticity,

rHft, a.; elastic,

flexibility;

flexible,

ycHJitiTeJib, m.;

v.;

intensify,

(lower

or

XAop-KajibUHeBati TpyCka;

chloride

calcium-chloride

tube ycii-

increase,

magnify

xoa, m.; motion,

speeding

up;

movement,

rate, s p e e d ,

course,

npo6a;

xo.iocTad

ycKopéHHe, n.; acceleration,

chlorous,

(of)

xjiopHaii KHCJioTa; perchloric acid

value

intensifier, a m p l i f i e r ;

JiHBaTb-ycHjiHTb, amplify,

ynpy-

springy

ycepeAHëHHoe 3HaMéHHe; m e a n

chlorine,

-ous) chloride

xjopHCTbift HaTpHfl; sodium

ynopRAOieHHbifl, a.; well regulated ynpyrocTb,

xaop, m.; chlorine xAopHCTan KiicJiOTa; chlorous acid; x^optic-

xpycTaJiiiK

progress,

stroke test, c o n t r o l

blank

(rjiaaa); crystalline

test

lens

ycKÔp«HHfailt, a.; accelerated, fast ycKopHTe^b, m.; ycjiÔBHbift, a.;

accelerator

conditional,

ycoBepuiéiicTBOBâTb,

u

provisional

v.; i m p r o v e ,

develop,

ycraHÔBKa, f.; a r r a n g e m e n t , assembling, apparatus,

ueHTpo6e>KHa(i

CHiia;

ueiWMKa, f.; little

perfect equipment,

installation;

HâBJiHBaTb-ycTaHOBHTb,

v.;

set,

ycTa-

put,

uenb, f.; chain, circuit

munity,

f.;

rigidity,

ycTÔftiHBbifl,

vTBep>KjiaTb-yTBepAHTb,

a.;

accept,

v.;

qac; hour; nac., a b b r .

vtomhEhhuH, a.;

qacTora, fix-

affirm,

prove

yT04H«Tb-yT0iHHTb, v.; specify, make precùe;

more

specified

v.;

consider,

f.;

(nacoB)

frequency

MeTBepTHMHbift nepiioA;

quaternary

MeTBepTHMHbifl, a.;

quaternary

weTHbitt, a.; even;

MeTHaH cTeneHb;

period even

power MeTbipex-ropjian KO;i6a; four-necked flask MJieH, m.; m e m b e r , term ( m a t h . ) ; ma. Kopp.

yiâcTOK, m.; section, zone, r e g i o n yMHTbiBaTb-ywécTb,

(of

im-

yTBepHijiéHHe, n.; assertion, statement, assert, maintain,

range

ar-

stable, r i g i d , firm, durable, resistant ing;

(elec.),

H

stability,

resistance;

force

mountains)

range, install, adjust ycTÔtt UI (JiâKTop, m.; factor, coefficient, agent n3MMecKnfl Mhctht>'t Ana[CCCP]);

A c a d e m y of Sciences

Physics

Institute,

(USSR)

111.; s p h e r e ,

little

ball,

ball, globe;

corpuscle,

bulb

m e t e r ) : uiapoo6pa3Hbifl, a.; uiepoxoBaTOCTb,

(^OC^OPHOKHC-Ibiti

nnipoKono.iocHbiii yciuiHTe.ib;

phosphate

potassium

amplifier

f.;

111;

thermo-

spherical,

globular

ôcopHan KHCJioïâ, f.; phosphoric acid KajiHfl;

mapiiK, (of

roughness wide-band

GLOSSARY

174

CT. ea., abbr. (3JieKTpocTaTHnecKaii «AHHHiia); electrostatical unit 3HepréTHKa, f.; energetics, power engineering; SHepreTHMecKHfl, a.; energy, power spr, m.; erg 3pcT, abbr. (spcTeji); oersted m STaJiÓH, m.; standard (of weights & measures); 3TajiÓHHbiA o6pa3éu; calibrating maBeJieBO-yKcycHad KHCJiOTà; oxalacetic acid device, calibration instrument m£jio