Routledge Library Editions: Archaeology [1 ed.] 9781138799714, 9781138813830, 1138799718

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ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: ARCHAEOLOGY

Volume 36

ARCHAEOLOGY IN ENGLAND AND WALES

ARCHAEOLOGY IN ENGLAND AND WALES 1914–1931

T. D. KENDRICK AND C. F. C. HAWKES

First published in 1932 This edition first published in 2015 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 1932 T. D. Kendrick and C. F. C. Hawkes All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-138-79971-4 (Set) ISBN: 978-1-138-81383-0 (Volume 36) Publisher’s Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this book but points out that some imperfections from the original may be apparent. Disclaimer The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.

ARCHAEOLOGY IN ENGLAND AND WALES i9 i4—i9 3 i BY

T. D. KENDRICK, M.A. ASSISTANT KEEPER OF BRITISH ANTIQUITIES IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE GERMAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE AND

C. F. C. HAWKES, M.A., F.S.A. ASSISTANT KEEPER OF BRITISH ANTIQUITIES IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM

W ITH

30

PLATES AND 1 23 ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT

METHUEN & CO. LTD. 3 6 ESSEX

STREET

LONDON

W .C .

First Published in 1932

PR IN TED IN G REA T BR ITAIN

PREFACE HIS book is an enlarged English version of an article in German that is being published under the auspices of the Römisch-Ger­ manische Kommission of the Deutsches Archäo­ logisches Institut. We have added here the chapters dealing with our Roman and Anglo-Saxon antiquities, and in some places we have expanded and altered slightly the text of the chapters that precede them; but, in general, these so closely follow the German text that our first düty obviously is to thank Dr. G. Bersu, the Director of the Kommission, for authorizing us to utilize them as the basis of an independent book. This necessary permission he gave us willingly and at once. I have written Chapters I-VIII and XII of this work, and Mr. Hawkes Chapters IX, X, XI. We do not pretend that we have collaborated throughout, and, indeed, so far as collective responsibility is con­ cerned, I think it will be easily understood that the most we can do is to say that we endorse vaguely (and in my case admiringly) each other’s contributions. But we are prepared to be judged separately on our respective parts. We want very gratefully to acknowledge the help we have received. In the Lists of Illustrations will be found the names of the authors and Societies who have lent us blocks or given us permission to use pictures already published. As regards my share in the book, I must thank especially my chief, Mr. Reginald Smith, for constant and invaluable help, and also Mr. E. T. Leeds, Mr. T. C. Lethbridge, Mr. S. Stuart Piggott, and Mr. J. G. D. Clark. Mr.

T

vi ARCHAEOLOGY IN E N G L A N D : 1914-1931 Hawkes, in his turn, asks me to express his great indebtedness to Mr. Smith, Dr. Cyril Fox, Mr. R. G. Collingwood, Mr. Estyn Evans, Mr. C. E. Stevens, Mr. J. N. L. Myres, Mr. E. B. Birley, and Dr. A. Mahr. T. D. KENDRICK. L on do n

February, 1932

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Ant. Journ. = Antiquaries Journal (London). Arch. A el. = Archaeologia Aeliana (Newcastle-on-Tyne). Arch. Camb. — Archaeologia Cambrensis (Cardiff). Arch. Cant. = Archaeologia Cantiana (Maidstone). Arch. Journ. = Archaeological Journal (London). Ass. Architect. Soc. = Associated Architectural Societies (Lincoln). B .F .A .C . = Burlington Fine Arts Club. B.M .Q. = British Museum Quarterly. B .S .P .F . = Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française. B .U .S.S. = Bristol University Spelaeological Society, Proceedings. Congress Arch. Soc. = Congress of Archaeological Societies (London). Geog. Journ. = Geographical Journal (London). Geol. Mag. = Geological Magazine (London). J .B .A .A . = Journal of the British Archaeological Association (London). J.R .A .I. = Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (London). J.R .I. Cornwall = Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall. J.R .S. — Journal of Roman Studies (London). P.G .A. — Proceedings of the Geological Association (London). P .I.W .A .S . = Proceedings of the Isle of W ight Natural History and Archaeological Society. Proc. Somerset Arch. Soc. = Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeo­ logical Society (Taunton). P .S .A . (or Proc. Soc. Antiq.) = Proceedings of the Society of A nti­ quaries of London (2nd series, to 1920). P .S .A . Newcastle-upon-Tyne — Proceedings of the Society of A nti­ quaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. P .S .E .A . = Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia (Ipswich). Q.J.G.S. = Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society (London). R. Anthr. Inst. = Royal Anthropological Institute (London). R.C.H .M . (R. Comm. Hist. Mon.) — Royal Commission on Historical Monuments. S.E.N . — South-eastern Naturalist and Antiquary (Proceedings and Transactions of the South-eastern Scientific Societies). S.N.Q. = Sussex Notes and Queries. Surrey Arch. Coll. — Surrey Archaeological Collections (Guildford). Sussex Arch. Coll. — Sussex Archaeological Collections (Lewes). T.C.W .A .S. = Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society (Kendal). V.C.H. = Victoria County History (London). Wilts. Arch. Mag. = Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine (Devizes). Yorks. Arch. Soc. Journ. = Yorkshire Archaeological Journal (Leeds). In general : Arch. = Archaeology, Archaeological. Proc. — Proceedings. Trans. = Transactions. R,B. — Roman Britain.

vii

PLATE

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F L IN T

IM PLEM EN T

F O U N D B E LO W CRA G IPSW ICH. (L. 3 7 in.)

AT

BR AM FOR D,

NEAR

CONTENTS PAGE

CH APTER

P r e -P a l a e o l i t h i c M a

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n

CH APTER

L ow er

II

M id d l e P a l a e o l it h ic P e r io d s .

and

CH APTER

U p p e r P a l a e o l it h ic P e r io d

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N e o l it h ic P e r io d

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T h e F l i n t -M i n e s

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CH APTER

M e s o l it h ic P e r io d

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VI

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C H A P T E R V II

T h e ' H e n g e ’ M o n u m e n ts , C ir c l e s , CH APTER

E

arly

and

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CH APTER

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R

om an

B r it a in

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CH APTER

XI

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CH APTER

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n g l o -S a x o n

P e r io d

S e l e c t B ib l io g r a p h y M is c e l l a n e a In

d ex

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99

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IX

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CH APTER

E a r l y I ron A g e

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V III

M id d l e B r o n ze A g e

L ate B ronze A ge

R o c k C a r v in g s

and

153

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209

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ix

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT FIG.

1. 2. 3. 4.

PAGE

Flint eolith from Ash, Kent . . . . . Flint eolith from Ash, K ent . . . . . Flint pebble-implement from Darmsden, Suffolk Sling-stone found below Crag at Bramford

. .

2

3 6

30

(B y p erm issio n o f M r . J . R e id M o ir and the R oyal A nthropological Institute)

11

5. Flint implement found below Crag at Thorpe. (B y p erm issio n o f M r . J . S a in ty and the Prehistoric Society o f E a st A n g lia )

12

6. Flint hand-axe from Whitlingham, Norfolk (B y perm ission o f M r . J . R e id M o ir and the P rehistoric Society o f E a st A n g lia )

7. Flint hand-axe from Sidestrand, Norfolk (B y p erm issio n o f M r . J . R e id M o ir and the Society o f A n tiqu aries)

8. Flint hand-axe from Sturry, Kent .

.

.

.

.

24

. . .

. . .

26

(B y p erm issio n o f the Society o f A n tiqu aries)

9. Flint implements of * Clacton ’ type . 10. Flint core of ‘ Clacton ’ type . . 11. Flint point from High Lodge, Suffolk .

. . .

(B y p erm issio n o f the Prehistoric Society o f E a st A n g lia )

12. Tanged flint implement, Gipping valley, Suffolk (B y p erm issio n o f M r . J . R e id M o ir and the P rehistoric Society o f E a st A n g lia )

13. Flint implement from Bolton’s valley, Suffolk

. .

(B y p erm issio n o f M r . J . R e id M o ir and the R oyal Anthropological Institute)

14. Flint implements from Hunstanton, Norfolk

15

.

(B y p erm issio n o f M r . J . R e id M o ir and the Society o f A n tiqu aries)

15. Flint implements from Gough’s Cave, Cheddar

27 30 35 37 38 40

(B y p erm issio n o f the Som erset A rchaeological Society)

16. Flint implements from Mother Grundy’s Parlour,

Creswell

42

(B y p erm issio n o f the R oyal A nthropological Institute)

43

17. Engraving on bone from Mother Grundy’s Parlour . (B y perm issio n o f the R oyal A nthropological Institute)

18. Engraving on bone from Pin-Hole Cave, Creswell

44

.

(B y p erm issio n o f the P rehistoric Society o f E a st A n g lia )

19. Ivory point from Pin-Hole, Creswell

.

.

.

.

(B y p erm issio n o f the R oy al A nthropological Institute)

20. Microlithic flint implements from Marsden, Yorks

49

.

(B y p erm issio n o f the Society o f A n tiqu aries)

21. Flint pick found in the Thames

.

.

.

.

.

5i

.

53

(B y perm issio n o f the Trustees o f the B r itish M useum )

22. Flint axe from Ringwood, Hants xi

.

.

.

.

44

di

ARCHAEOLOGY IN ENGLAND:

1914-1931

FIG.

23. Flint axes from Thatcham, Berks .

.

.

.

.

54 57

.

60

(B y p erm issio n o f the P reh istoric Society o f E a st A n g lia )

24. Neolithic pottery of ‘ Windmill Hill * type (D raw ings an d arrangem ent by M r . S . Stu art Piggott)

25. Pottery spoon from Hassocks, Sussex

.

.

.

(B y p erm issio n o f the Society o f A n tiqu a ries)

26. Plan and section of W ay land’s Smithy, Berks

63

(B y p erm issio n o f the Society o f A n tiq u a ries, fro m T h e County Archaeologies)

27. Plan of Belas Knap, Gloucs. .

.

.

.

.

.

(B y p erm issio n o f H .M . Office o f W orks and the B risto l and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society)

65 66

28. Plan and section of barrow, Thickthorn Down (B y perm ission o f Colonel C . D . D rew , D .S .O .)

29. Plan of chambered cairn, Capel Garmon, Denbighshire

.

67

(B y perm issio n o f H .M . Office o f W orks)

30. Map of Lincolnshire, showing Long Barrows .

69

(B y perm issio n o f M r . C . W . P h illip s )

72

31. Stone axes from Graig-Lwyd, Penmaenmawr . (B y p erm issio n o f the R o y al A n thropological Institute)

32. Engravings on flint-crust, Grime’s Graves

76

(B y p erm issio n o f the Trustees o f the B ritish M useum )

33. Flint implements from Grime’s Graves

.

.

.

77

.

(B y perm issio n o f the P rehistoric Society o f E a st A n g lia )

34. Flint implements from Easton Down, W ilts

.

81

(B y perm issio n o f M r. J . F . S . Stone and the W iltshire Archaeological Society)

35. Plan of Stonehenge

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

85

(B y p erm issio n o f H .M . Office o f W orks)

36.

Flint

implements from Stonehenge

.

.

88

(B y p erm issio n o f the Society o f A n tiqu aries)

37. Plan of Woodhenge

.

.

.

.

.

92

(B y perm issio n o f M r . an d M r s. B . H . Cunnington)

38. Pottery fragment from Woodhenge

.

.

.

.

(B y perm issio n o f M r . an d M r s. B . H . C unnington)

39. Plan of the Sanctuary, Wilts.

.

.

.

.

.

(B y perm issio n o f M r. and M r s. B . H . C u n n in g ton and the W iltshire Archaeological Society)

40. Types of British beakers . . . . . . 41. Tanged and barbed flint arrowhead from Thwing, Yorks 42. Flint halberd-shaped implement, and knife with polished edge . . . . . . . . .

94 95 99

102

103

(B y p erm issio n o f the Trustees o f the B ritish M useum )

43. Flint

dagger from Flixboro, Lines .

.

.

.

104

(B y perm issio n o f the Society o f A n tiqu aries)

44. Flint knife from Mildenhall, Suffolk . 45. Plan of Ysceifiog Ring and Barrow .

.

.

.

105 112

(F rom a p la n p u b lish ed by the C a m brian A rchaeological A ssociation)

46. Sections of disc-barrows, Hants

.

(F rom drawings by M r . H eyw ood Sum ner)

47. Plan of chambered cairn, Bryn Celli Ddu (B y p erm issio n o f H .M . Office o f W orks

113 114

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE T EX T

xiii PAGE

FIG.

48. Pattern-stone from Bryn Celli Ddu

.

.

.

.

(B y p erm issio n o f the Society o f A n tiq u a ries)

49. Map of England and Wales, showing the Highland and Lowland Zones . . . . . . . . 50. ‘ Trunnion Celts ’ from Wales . . . . .

115 120

123

(B y perm issio n o f the Society o f A n tiqu aries)

51. ‘ Bugle-shaped o b jects’ from the Minster hoard, Kent

126

(B y perm issio n o f the Society o f A n tiqu aries)

52. ‘ Maple leaf ’ razor from the Feltwell Fen hoard, Norfolk

127

(B y perm issio n o f the Trustees o f the B r itish M useum )

53. The Selsey gold bracelet

.

.

.

.

.

.

128

(B y perm issio n o f the Society o f A n tiqu aries)

54. Gold hollow penannular ornament, Castle Cary, Somerset

129

(B y p erm issio n o f the Society o f A n tiqu aries)

55. Part of bronze hoard from Nettleham, Lines .

132

(B y p erm issio n o f the Trustees o f the B r itish M useum )

136

56. Part of bronze hoard from Guilsfield, Montgomery . (B y perm ission o f D r. R . E . M . W heeler and the O xford U niversity Press)

57. Pottery bowl found containing hoard of bronze palstaves at Birchington, Ke n t . . . . . . . (B y perm issio n o f the Society o f A n tiquaries)

58. Late Bronze Age Sepulchral P o tte ry : Deverel-Rimbury types . . . . . .

137

13 9

(F rom illustrations pu b lished by D r. R . C. C. Clay and others by p er­ m issio n o f the Society o f A n tiq u a ries and fro m T h e County Archaeologies)

59. Pottery from Late Bronze Age village at Park Brow, Sussex . . . . . . . . . (B y perm issio n o f the Society o f A n tiq u a ries)

60. Material from Late Bronze-Early Iron Age settlement at Scarborough, Yorks . . . . . . (B y perm issio n o f D r. R . E . M . W heeler and the Society o f A n t i ­ quaries)

61. Map showing distribution of Iron Age A culture, and its hill-forts . . . . . . . . . (B y perm issio n o f the E d ito r o f 1 A n tiq u ity ’)

62. i. Pottery from Early Iron Age site at Park Brow, Sussex 2. Pottery from Early Iron Age site at All Cannings Cross, W i l t s ...................................................................................

T47 15°

154 158 158

(B y perm issio n o f the Trustees o f the B r itish M useum )

63. Plan of the Trundle, Sussex, showing Neolithic Camp and Early Iron Age hill-fort . . . . . .

162

(B y perm issio n o f Dr'. E . C. Curw en an d the H om eland A ssociation )

64. Plan of Cissbury Camp, Sussex

.

.

.

.

.

164

(B y perm issio n o f D r. E . C. Curw en and the E d ito r o f ‘ A n tiq u ity ’)

65. Comparative Chart showing the types of Entrances to Iron Age hill-forts . . . . . . . .

166

(B y perm ission o f the E d ito r o f ‘ A n tiq u ity *)

66. Early Iron Age brooches from E n glan d : La Tene I type a, Hanging Langford Camp, Wilts (F rom a photograph pu b lished by the Cam brian Archaeological Association)

170

xiv

ARCHAEOLOGY IN ENGLAND:

1914-1931

FIG.

66.

PAG E

type b, Box, W ilts

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

170

.

170

(B y p erm issio n o f the Trustees o f the B r itish M u seu m )

type c, Ham Hill, Somerset

.

.

.

.

(B y p erm issio n o f M r . H . S t. G. Gray an d the Som erset Archaeological Society)

L a Tene II type (straight) d, Cold Kitchen Hill, W i l t s .............................................................. ..........

170

(B y p erm issio n o f the Cam brian A rchaeological A sso cia tio n )

(involuted) e, Beckley, Oxon

.

.

.

.

.

170

(B y p erm issio n o f the Society o f A n tiqu a ries)

67. Iron Age A pottery of the Middle L a Tene date

.

171

(F rom draw ings p u b lish ed in the S u sse x A rchaeological C ollection s a n d S t. Catharine*s H ill (H ants F ie ld Club)

68.. Plan of the Iron Age (B) village of Chysauster, Cornwall

178

(F rom T h e C ou n ty Archaeologies)

69. Iron Age B pottery from Hengistbury Head, Hants (‘ Class D ' ) .........................................................................

181

(B y perm issio n o f the Society o f A n tiqu aries)

70. Decorated bronze scabbard from Meare Heath, Somerset

183

(B y p erm issio n o f the Society o f A n tiqu a ries)

71. Decorated hanging-bowl from Cerrig-y-Drudion, Denbigh­ shire . . . . . . . . .

184

(B y p erm issio n o f the Society o f A n tiqu aries)

72. L a T^ne Shield (restored) from Moel Hiraddug, Flintshire

186

(B y p erm issio n o f the C a m brian A rchaeological A ssociation )

73. Map showing the distribution of Iron Age B culture, and its hill-forts . . . . . . . .

190

(B y p erm issio n o f the E d ito r o f ‘ A n tiq u ity ’)

74. Pottery from the Cemetery at Swarling, K ent

194

(B y perm issio n o f the Tru stees o f the B r itis h M useum )

195

75. Brooch of L a Tene III type from Deal, K ent (B y p erm issio n o f the Society o f A n tiq u a ries)

76. Bead-rim pottery from Wessex

.

.

.

.

.

199

(B y p erm issio n o f the R o y a l Archaeological In stitu te)

77. Map showing distribution of Iron Age C culture, and its hill-forts . . . . . . . . .

201

(B y p erm issio n o f the E d ito r o f ‘ A n tiq u ity ’)

78. Ornamented Spearhead from the Thames at London

206

(F rom T h e C oun ty Archaeologies)

79. Map to illustrate the earlier stages of the Roman Conquest of Britain . . . . . . . .

213

(B y p erm issio n o f the R o y a l A rchaeological In stitu te)

80. Plan of the fort of Margidunum (Notts) (F rom * T h e Archaeology o f R om a n B r ita in R . G. Collingwood)

by perm issio n o f M r.

81. Plan of the Legionary fortress at Caerleon (F ro m ‘ T h e Archaeology o f R om a n B r ita in R . G. Collingwood)

82. Plans of Roman forts in Wales

215 218

by perm issio n o f M r.

.

(F rom draw ings p u b lish ed by D r . R . E . M . W heeler, the Cam brian A rchaeological A sso c ia tio n , an d others, by perm ission )

221

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT PAGE

83. Plan of the native hill-fort of TreT Ceiri, North Wales .

223

{From ‘ T h e Archaeology o f R om an B r ita in ’, by p erm issio n o f M r. R . G. Collingw ood)

84. Plans of Auxiliary forts in the North of England . {From ‘ T h e Archaeology o f R om an B r ita in R . G. Collingwood)

85. Types of Roman Signal-stations

.

226

by p erm issio n o f M r .

.

.

.

.

23 0

{From ‘ T h e Archaeology o f R om an B r ita in ’, by p erm issio n o f M r. R . G. Collingwood)

86. Plan of Cawthorn Camps, Yorks

.

.

.

.

.

232

{A fter a draw ing published by M r. I . A . R ichm on d.)

87. i. Diagrammatic section of the Vallum . . . . 2. Diagrammatic plan of a portion of the Vallum, showing two of the crossings . . . . . . {From ‘ T h e Archaeology o f R om an B r ita in R . G. Collingwood)

23 4 234

by perm issio n o f M r.

88. Map of the Vallum Frontier, with its Forts and Communi­ cations . . . . . . . . .

1

{From T h e Archaeology o f R om an B r ita in R . G. Collingwood)

236

by perm ission o f M r.

89. Diagrammatic Cross-sections of Hadrian’s Wall, showing the relations of broad and narrow building {From ‘ T h e Archaeology o f R om an B r ita in R . G. Collingwood)

238

by perm ission o f M r.

90. Map of the W all Frontier, with its Forts and Communi­ cations . . . . . . . . . {From ‘ T h e Archaeology o f R om an B r ita in R . G. Collingwood)

240

by perm ission o f M r .

91. The W all of Roman London, section and elevation.

248

{From T h e County Archaeologies)

92. Roman London : the Walls and Street Plan . {From ‘ T h e Archaeology o f R om an B r ita in R . G. Collingwood)

24 9

by perm ission o f M r.

93. Plan of the Basilica of Roman London

250

{B y perm issio n o f the Society fo r the P rom otion o f R om an Studies)

94. Plan of the Balkerne Gate at Colchester

253

{By p erm issio n o f the Society fo r the Prom otion o f R om an Studies)

95. Section of the defences, Caerwent .

.

.

.

.

255

{B y p erm issio n o f the Cam brian A rchaeological A ssociation )

96. Plan of the Roman Baths, Bath

.

.

.

.

.

258

.

26 2

{From T h e County Archaeologies)

97. Plans of Roman Villas .

.

.

.

.

.

{From drawings in ‘ T h e Archaeology o f R om an B r ita in * and T h e County A rchaeologies, by perm issio n o f M r . R . G. Collingw ood and o f M is s Dorothy L id d ell and the Society fo r the P rom otion o f R om an Studies)

98. Plan of the Roman Villa at Keynsham, Somerset

.

26 6

{From T h e C oun ty Archaeologies)

99. Plan of the native settlement at Din Lligwy, Anglesey .

268

{From a draw ing p u b lish ed by M r . E . N e il Baynes)

100. The Development of the Romano-Celtic Trumpet-Brooch

2 78

{B y perm issio n o f the Society o f A n tiq u a ries fro m draw ings by M r. R . G. Collingw ood, and o f the Trustees o f the B r itish M useum )

101. i. Plan of the Romano-Celtic Temple at Worth, Kent

.

280

{By p erm issio n o f the Society o f A n tiqu aries)

2.

Plan of the Christian Church at Caerwent . {B y perm issio n o f the Society o f A n tiqu aries)

280

xvi

ARCHAEOLOGY IN ENGLAND:

1914-1931

FIG .

PAG E

102. Lydney, Gloucestershire: Plan of the Temple of Nodens and the surrounding buildings . . . . . .282 {B y p erm issio n o f S ir George M acd on a ld and the O xford U n iversity Press)

103. Plan of the Roman forts and buildings at Richborough, K ent . . . . . . . . . .

288

{By p erm issio n o f the Society fo r the Prom otion o f R om a n Studies)

104. Plan of the fortified Roman Villa

at Ely, near Cardiff

. 291

{By p erm issio n o f D r . R . E . M . W heeler and the O xford U n iversity Press)

105. Bronze brooch from Luton, Beds

.

.

.

.

308

{From a draw ing by P rofessor F . Roeder)

106. Pottery vase from Bidford-on-Avon, Warwicks

.

. 309

.

. 311

{B y p erm issio n o f the Shakespeare Trustees)

107. Square-headed brooch from Guildown, Surrey

{B y p erm issio n o f the S u rrey A rchaeological Society an d fro m the C ou n ty Archaeologies)

108. Pottery vessels from Southend-on-Sea

.

.

.

313

.

.

*315

{B y p erm issio n o f the Society o f A n tiqu aries)

109. Bronze work-box from Burwell, Cambs

.

{B y p erm issio n o f M r . T . C. Lethbridge and the Cam bridge A n t i ­ quarian Society)

n o . Bronze buckle found near Chichester

.

.

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E A R L Y IRON AGE

the material, earth or stone according to the country (fre­ quently of course, chalk), is normally piled in successive tips, sometimes with binding-layers of turf ; the method is shown remarkably well at Ladle Hill (Hants), which, as Mr. Stuart Piggott has shown,1 is unfinished and thus exemplifies every stage before the final one. It is possible b ut unproved that such ramparts were crowned with a light palisade. There are many fine hill-forts in Dorset, but dating evidence is often to seek, though a recent clever study of the sequence of plans at Hambledon H ill2 attests an origin in Iron Age A. North of the Thames the A forts are smaller— those near Cambridge have been reviewed by Fox,3 and one in Epping Forest has been excavated by Mr. Hazzledine Warren.4 But it is in the southern counties that these forts are at their best, and to one feature of them, in particular, attention has been paid, namely their entrances. Examples set at a slant and with simple outworks have been dated to Iron Age A (‘ Earlier' on Fig. 65), as well as simple entrances (Column A in Fig. 65), as at Figsbury (No. 1) and also at first at Lidbury (No. 2— broken lines on plan), where later the rampart ends were thrown forward the better to command the approach, thus producing the gently incurved type (Column B). There is also the sharply inturned type (Column C) as at The Trundle (Fig. 63) and St. Catharine's Hill (No. 3 in Fig. 65). In both of these excavations have revealed remarkable structural features and a sequence of plans.5 The St. Catharine's Hill entrance was revetted with timber backed with c la y ; originally it had a double gate flanked by quadrangular guard-houses : a period of neglect was then followed by sudden reconditioning and the adding of chalk walling and a stockade half blocking the approach— works which were afterwards in great part dismantled. A t 1 Antiquity, Hill, p. 13 if.

v (1931), pp. 474-85 ; compare

ib., pp. 70-1,

and

St. Catharine's

2 Dr. Eric Gardner in Wessex from the Air (1928), p. 44 ff. 3 Arbury Banks, Herts ; W andlebury and W ar Ditches, Cambridge : Fox, Arch. Cambridge Region (1923), pp. 109 ff., 134 ff. 4 Loughton Camp, Essex : Essex Naturalist, x x ii (1929), pp. 117-38. For the flint industry see p. 167, below. 5 The Trun dle: Sussex Arch. Colls., lxx ii (1931), pp. 118 -33 (Plate V). St. Catharine’s H i l l : St. Catharine's Hill (1930), pp. 29-66 (Figs. 5 and 7 ; cf.

Antiquity,

v (1931)» PP-

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ROMAN BRITAIN

237

free of the narrow wall at Great Chesters. It was at first contended that this broad foundation must have been designed to support an original turf wall, the broad stone wall being only built for a few feet adjoining mile-castles and turrets, and that the narrow stone wall had later superseded the turf one. But in some places, e.g. in Gilsland Vicarage garden, the broad foundation had the seemingly excessive height of four courses, and it then appeared that in these places the concrete-rubble core between its facings formed a single mass homogeneous with the core between the facings of the narrow wall above. The two were thus one build. Further, the Wall in its eastern portion, from Newcastle or near it westwards to the neighbourhood of Heddon, stands in several places many courses high : its foundation is the broad one, and its width above is not 7 feet 6 inches, but nearly 10 feet. There are, however, gaps in the broad foundation, firstly, on the precipitous crags west of Housesteads, and, secondly, in the sector where the Birdoswald turf wall forms a loop line to the stone wall and beyond it westwards as far apparently as Banksburn. In one case, attack might be considered impossible : in the other the turf wall, if constructed previously or simultaneously, provided a substitute. With these exceptions, the broad wall was evidently first planned to run from the Tyne to the Eden, and its foundation was duly laid. It was built up at its full breadth of 10 Roman feet all the way from Newcastle to near Heddon, and normally also for some feet on either side of mile-castles and turrets, which were plainly built as soon as any part of the scheme. With this done, and with the broad wall already several courses high in some other places {e.g. Gilsland Vicarage), the design was changed, and the wall completed at the breadth of 7 feet 6 inches. It was also at this stage prolonged at its ends: Newcastle, whence the regular spacing of mile-castles and turrets begins, was evidently originally meant for its eastern termination, but the narrow wall was now carried beyond it to Wallsend, where a new fort was made, of one build with it. Similarly on the west the broad wall was to end at the River Eden at Stanwix by Carlisle, where its foundation ends, but the narrow wall was taken on to Burgh Marsh, on the Solway beyond Burgh-by-Sands.

Fig. 89.—

D

C r o s s -S e c t io n s o f H a d r ia n ’s W a l l , THE RELATIONS OF BROAD AND NARROW BUILDING

ia g r a m m a t ic

a. b. c. d. e.

Broad Wall on Broad Foundation. Narrow Wall on Narrow Foundation. Narrow Wall on Broad Foundation. Narrow Wall standing behind Broad Foundation. The Turf Wall.

s h o w in g

ROMAN BRITAIN

239

The peculiarity of Great Chesters is thus explained : it was, unlike Birdoswald and Chesters, a new fort laid out as part of the broad wall design : the order to reduce the breadth of the Wall came when its ditches only had been completed, and it was thereupon erected in one build with the new narrow wall. That this is not built on the broad foundation, but just south of it, must be because the line is here overlooked by dangerously high ground in front, and the broad founda­ tion was left free for a temporary breastwork to protect the builders of the narrow wall and fort on the south of it. It is probable that Carrawburgh is also an additional fort built at this time. The Wall in its various sectors thus presents four types of cross-section, shown diagrammatically in Fig. 89. a is the full broad wall between Newcastle and Heddon, b the narrow wall built on a narrow foundation in the two stretches where the broad one had not been laid, c is the narrow wall standing on the broad foundation, and d running behind it in the Great Chesters sector. In e is shown the turf wall, as it now remains. It will be seen that the berm separating it from its ditch is only 6 feet wide, whereas that of the stone wall is 20 feet, so that the weight should not crush the lip of the ditch. The fact that the turf wall originally stood not only where it now stands in the Birdoswald sector as a loop line to the stone wall, but for two miles further west, was demonstrated by observing the turrets in these two miles. Their berm is only 6 feet, and they thus project in front of the stone wall, which is built against them on either side with a butt joint. The turf wall had in fact had its own stone turrets (one has since been found in its loop-line sector, at Appletree), and these turrets were utilized, despite the difference in berm-width, for the stone wall when it was built on the turf-wall line. Moreover, this fixing of the original length of the turf wall explains why it was ever built. It is present just where the precipitous gorge of the River Irthing runs immediately in the rear of the frontier-line. No raiding-party could easily cross this, and therefore a cheaper and slighter turf wall here could be held temporarily at least to suffice. The sequence of works is accordingly : (i) Vallum and some

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