Roman Republican coinage, Vol. 2 9780521074926, 9780511096631, 9781108718837

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ROMAN REPUBLICAN COINAGE IT

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BY |

II

MICHAEL H. CRAWFORD Professor of Ancient History University College London

CAMBRIDGE

PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

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© Cambridge University Press 1974

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1974 Reprinted 1983 (with corrections), 1987, 1989, I99I, 1995, 1999, 2001

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Library of Congress catalogue card number: 77-164450

ISBN 0 §21 07492 4 the set

UP

List of tables page ix List of figures Xi VOLUME I

Preface Xiil Introduction | 1 INTRODUCTION

The of Rome 8 Mintsmint outside Rome |12

I The first period of the denarius coinage 3

The date denarius The of the coinage denarius 24 28

II_ The pre-denarius coinage 35

III The second century - relative chronology 47

C. 206—c. 144 B.C. (nos. 112-221) 47

C. 143-c. 12§ B.C. (nos. 222-72) 55 C. 124~c. 92 B.C. (nos. 273-336) 65

IV _ The second century ~ absolute chronology 71

V_91-79 The B.c. first(Table century xr)| 75 75

78-49 B.C. (Table x11) 82 49-45 B.c. (Table xrv) 89 44-31 B.c. (Tables xv—xvi1) 94

Appendix: Relative arrangement of quadrigatus issues 103 CATALOGUE

Note on use of the Catalogue 123

Catalogue 131 Appendix 547 Modern forgeries 548 Mis-read coins 553

Abbreviations used and works cited in headings of the Catalogue 123

Collections cited in the Catalogue 126

Plated coins 560 Unofficial issues of bronze coins 565 Vv

Contents

Metal 569 Struck coins 576 2 The Weight standards 590 Roman pound 590 Gold | 593 Silver 594 Bronze , 595 VOLUME II

1 Technique and technology page 569

Cast coins (280-212 B.C.) 589

Ascertaining weight standards 592

Moneyers 598 Military issues 604

3 Monetary magistrates | 598 Monetary magistrates other than moneyers 603

4 Issues Special formulae 605 struck from Argentum publicum | 605

Issues struck by Senatus consultum 606

The people | 610 The Senate 616 The mint , 618 Magistrates 620 Sestertius 621 Silver and bronze 625 Victoriatus 628 Roman coinage in Livy 630 Nummus 632

s Administration and control | 610 6 Roman units of reckoning under the Republic 621

Inopia 634

7 Coinage and finance 633

Size of issues of coinage 640 Income and expenditure 694 vi

Contents

8 Careers of the moneyers 708

y Public Types andtypes legends713 712

Private types 725 Approach to empire 734

10 Art and coinage 745

Addenda 751 PLATES |

Plates 755 Key to the plates 757 Bibliography 797 Concordances 820 Indices 859 Types 859 Legends 879 : Persons Sources 903 890

General 912

vii

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TABLES VoLuME I

I The first period of denarius coinage — 211-207 B.C. page 4

II 211-207 B.C. — victoriati 25 III 211-207 B.C. — denarii, quinarii and sestertii 26 IV 211~207 B.C. — bronze 27

Vv The pre-denarius coinage c. 280-c. 212 B.C. 44

vI Early second-century denarius coinage 49

VII 207-c. 170 B.C. — victoriatt 53

VIII 207-144 B.C. — denarii 56

IX 207-146 B.C. — bronze 58 X Coinage 143-125 B.C. | 60

XI Coinage 124-92 B.C. | 66 XII Coinage 91-79 B.C. 76 XIII Coinage 78-49 B.C. 84 XIV Coinage 49-45 B.C. | go XV The moneyers 44-c. 40 B.C. 96

XVI The Pompeians 44-c. 40 B.c. 97 XVII The Caesarians 43-31 B.C. 98

XVIII Overstrikes 105

XIX Control-marks on didrachms with Roma/Victory ROMANO 138

XX Control-marks on denarii of C. Allius Bala 337 XXI Control-marks on quinarii of L. Piso Frugi 342

XXII Control-marks on asses of Q. Titius 345

XXIII Control-marks on denarii of C. Vibius Pansa (1) 349 XXIV Control-marks on denarii of C. Vibius Pansa (3a-b) 349

XXV Control-symbols on quinarii of M. Cato 350 XXVI Control-symbols on denarii of L. Titurius Sabinus 354 XXVII_ Control-marks on second issue of denarii of C. Censorinus 358

XXVIII Control-marks on denarii of Gargonius, etc. 364 ix

Tables

XX1X Control-marks on denarii of L. Censorinus page 378 XXX. Control-marks on denarii of C. Valerius Flaccus 380

XXXI Control-marks on denarii of C. Annius 382 XXXII Control-marks on denarii of L. Volumnius Strabo — 391

XXx111 Control-marks on denarii of C. Marius Capito _ | 392

XXXIV Control-marks on denarii of M. Volteius 400 XXXV Control-marks on denarii of M. Volteius 401 | XXXVI _—_ Control-marks on denarii of L. Plaetorius 408 xxxVv1I Control-marks on denarii of Q. Pomponius Rufus 410 XXXVIII_ Control-marks on denarii of Q. Crepereius Rocus 411 XXXIX _ Control-marks on denarii of M. Plaetorius Cestianus 415 XL Control-marks on denarii of M. Plaetorius Cestianus — 415 XLI.— Control-marks on denarii of M. Plaetorius Cestianus 416

XLII Control-marks on denarii of C. Piso Frugi 420 XLIII Control-marks on denarii of C. Piso Frugi 424 XLIV Control-marks on denarii of M. Plaetorius Cestianus 436 VoLuME II

XLV Analyses of silver coins 570

XLVI Analyses of plated silver coins | 573 | XxLv1r_ _—_ Analyses of bronze coins 574

XLV111__ As and sestertius 623

XL1x Growth in volume of production of as | 627

L Size of denarius issues 157~31 B.C. 642 LI Size of quinarius issues 101-31 B.C. 674 LI! Size of sestertius issues 91-44 B.C. 675 LIII Size of didrachm and drachm issues 676 LIV Size of denarius, quinarius and sestertius issues 211-158 B.C. 677

LV Size of late gold issues 688 LVI Size of early gold issues | 691

LVII Size of bronze issues of denarius coinage 692 LVIII Coinage and expenditure from 157 to 50 B.C. | 696

LIX Careers of the moneyers 708

LX Types of aes grave 717 LXI Types of moneyers under Caesar 737 LXII Portraiture in the Republican coinage 746 x

FIGURES 1 Form of trophy on victoriati of Metellus (no. 132/1) page 50

(nos. 173-7) 50

2 Form of superstructure of prow on bronze of C. Saxula, etc.

3 Pattern of control-marks of P. Crepusius (no. 361/1) 376

4 Shapes of blanks used for struck bronze coins 580 5 Relationship between hoard specimens and obverse dies 673

xi

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avec les livres sans les médailles on peut scavoir beaucoup et scavoir bien, et avec les médailles sans les livres on scaura peu et l’on scaura mal Abbé Geinoz, quoted by A. D. Momigliano, Contributo alla storia degli studi classici, 86 n. 31

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The coinages of the ancient world, including that of the Roman Republic, are remarkable in that they were, unlike most other artefacts, mass-produced. I do not wish here to discuss the larger problems raised by the level of Greek and Roman technology,' but it seems desirable to describe as fully and accurately as possible the techniques used by the Republican mint.

1 METAL The Republic coined at one time or another in gold, silver and a variety of copper alloys; the metals are best considered in this order. Analyses of Republican gold have only once, as far as I know, been attempted; both they and specific gravity measurements suggest that a very high degree of purity was maintained. The same was on the whole true of silver.2 The Republican treasury knew how to test for purity of silver (Livy xxxii, 2, 1-2), and the analyses in Table x.v reveal deliberate debasement only during the Second Punic War (6-8), during the fighting between Marius and the Sullans (26-7) and in the coinage of M. Antonius, notably

in the Legionary series (49-62). The debasement of the Second Punic War is reported by Zonaras (viii, 26, 14, under the year 217, but not explicitly dated), that of M. Antonius is probably mentioned by Pliny (NH xxxiii, 132, miscuit denario triumvir Antonius ferrum, Antonius as Triumvir mixed iron into his denarii, where ferrum must be an error for aes, since silver and iron are virtually immiscible;' there

is no reason to suppose that the passage refers to plating on iron, see p. 560 n. 1). The analytical evidence for the debasement of the coinage of L. Rubrius Dossenus is corroborated by the frequent occurrence in hoards which I have seen of denarii of Dossenus covered with verdigris.® Pliny’s ascription of a plan to debase the silver coinage to M. Livius Drusus, Tr. Pl. 91 (see p. 616), may preserve a garbled 1 See L. Edelstein, Journ. Hist. Ideas 1952, 573; M.I Finley, Ec. Hist. Rev. 1965, 29; H. W. Pleket, Acta Hist. Neerlandica 1967, 1; also G. W. Reece, Greece and Rome 1969, 32. 2 P. Meyers, Archaeometry 1969, 74, for analyses; E. R. Caley, Ohio Journal of Sctence 1949, 73, discussing specific gravity, mentions an aureus of A. Hirtius (no. 466) with 99 °%% gold content. F. Schiassi, Ritrovamento di medaglhie, 33, is wrongly cited in this connection by J. Hammer, ZfN 1908, 67.

1 The detailed figures discussed here are supported by the figures for the bulk analysis of 87 denarii and 8 quinarii given by A. von Rauch, Zf{N 1874, 34. ‘ The proposal of I. Cazzaniga, PdelP 1967, 366, to emend the passage should not be accepted. 5 A. Santarelli, Ripostiglio di denart, 7, remarks that in the Pieve Quinta hoard there were ‘alcune pochissime (monete) delle famiglie Carisia, Marcia e Rubria investite di ossido di rame’. I have noticed this feature only on coins of L. Rubrius Dossenus and its occurrence on other coins in the Pieve Quinta hoard may be casual.

, . 569

Technique and technology

| TABLE XLv. Analyses of silver coins % ReferBase No. Issue ence % Ar % Au metal Method Source

3 29 99 a _ 29 99 45 Half-quadrigatus cy) 99 —9°~°O— 999 99 9

ROMA! 26/1 98 — — Cupellation von Rauch 1874 21 Apollo/Horse Quadrigatus 99 — — 99 von Rauch 1857

78 39 60 —_ _— —_ —e 99 39 99 30 99 99 g Anonymous denarius 98.60 — — > von Rauch 1857 6 Quadrigatus (debased)? , 80 _ — 9 Bahrfeldt

10 99 98.80 — — 99 Reece 114 Anonymous victoriatus 44/1 87-— 0.70- — X-ray Carter 93.40 0.90 fluorescence

12 Anonymous denarius 222/1 98.60 — — Cupellation von Rauch 1857

13Iulius 9 2» 224/1 99.37 97:50 0.48 0.15 99 Thomson . 14 L. 0.49 2.01 9 BM 15 C. Flaccus 228/2 98.40 0.03 1.57 99 99

16 Cn. Gellius 232/41 over — — £X-ray Stoicovici

96.00 fluorescence

17. M. Marcius 245/1 99.50 0.04 0.46 Cupellation BM

18 M. Philus 281/1 97.90 0.12 1.98 99 99 19 L. Licinius, etc. 282/4 98.90 0.33 0.77 oC 99

20 Anonymous denarius 287/41 over — _— A~-ray StOicovici

96.00 fluorescence

21 M. Cipius 289/1 98.50 0.40 1.10 Cupellation BM

22 Lentulus 329/21 98.80 — — 2 Schiassi 23. L. Frugi 340/1 98.40 0.12 1.48 >» BM 24 C. Pansa 342/5b 94.87 — — _ Cupellation and Kellner spectrographic analysis

25 Mz. Cato 343/1 97.70 — —_ Cupellation Schiassi

26 L. Dossenus 348/12 93.00 0.48 6.52 9 BM

27 99 348/2 91.20 0.10 8.70 99 99 28 Gargonius, etc. 350A/1 98.39 — — Cupellation and Kellner spectrographic analysis

39 399 39374/1 9995.50 _ _—93 33 31, Q.C.M.P.I. — 29 99

29 9 3504/2 95.80 — —_ Cupellation Schiassi

32 L. Papius 384/1 92.60 — — 9 Reece 33 L. Flaccus 387/1 97.00 0.57 — 99 BM

34 CC. Postumius 3904/1 95.10 — — 99 Reece 35 P. Ypsaeus, etc. 422/1 98.60 — — 99 Schiassi 36 6C. Servilius 423/41 9907 — — Cupellation and Kellner spectrographic analysis

37. Faustus 426/3 95.20 — — Cupellation Schiassi

38 99 426/4a 98.20 — — 93 39

1 This coin may be identified as no. 26/1, rather than as no. 15/1, because of its weight of 6-2 gr. 2 See also H. Dressel, Beschreibung iii, 168, nos. 32-8.

57°

Metal TABLE XLV (cont.)

% ReferBase No. Issue ence %Ar % Au metal Method Source

39 A. Plautius 431/1 98.00 — — Cupellation Schiassi

40 Caesar 443/1 97.00 — — 39 von Rauch 1857

41 33Restio 443/ 1455/1 97.0092.50 —— 42 C. —9—9999 BM 43 Caesar 468/1-298.60 — — » von Rauch 1857 44 Palicanus 473/22 95.40 — — 99 Schiassi

45 L. Buca 480/4 95.40 ————99> 29 46 M. Antonius 489/6 95.50 99

47 P. Clodius 494/23 94.50-0.70- — X-ray Carter 96.70 0.90 fluorescence 48 M. Antonius 2 92.49 010 — Cupellation Bibra

49 M. Antonius LEG II 544/14 85.50 — — 9 Schiassi

50 99 LEG II 544/14 90.10 — 4.73 99 Giesecke §1 99 LEG III 544/15 85.10 — — 9 Reece 52 3 LEG III 544/15 77.62 — 20.71 > Giesecke 53 993 LEG III 544/15 83.80 — — 9 von Rauch 1857 54 . LEG V §44/18 89.50 — 8.14 39 Giesecke 55 99 LEG VII 544/20 90.60 — 6.95 9» 99 56 9 LEG VIII 544/21 83.95 — — > Akerman 57 9 LEG VITII 544/22 89.75 — — Cupellation and Kellner spectrographic analysis

58 99 LEG X 544/24 83.80 — — Cupellation von Rauch 1857

59 29 LEG XI 544/25 83.80 — — 9 99

60 39 LEG XIII 544/27 85.60 — 11.94 99 Giesecke

61 99 LEG XV § 44/30 87.40 — — 99 Schiassi 62 99 LEG XX = § 44/36 87.30 — — 99 Reece

The analyses collected here are clearly of varying accuracy; in any case none can hope to tell us the

exact composition of the coin as it was immediately after striking, largely owing to the effects of corrosion and diffusion over the centuries (see J. Condamin and M. Picon, Archaeometry 1964, 98; 1965, 110). It appears, however, that the margin of inaccuracy ts not likely to be large with the straightforward destruction analysis of coins of high silver content (see L. H. Cope, NC 1967, 109); I therefore regard the analyses collected here as substantially accurate. The following sources have been used: J. ¥. Akerman, Catalogue of Roman coins i, xiv. M. Bahrfeldt, ‘Monete romano-campane’, no. 17d. E. Bibra, Uber alte Eisen- und Silber-funde, 37, no. 1. B(ritish) M(useum) unpublished analyses, commissioned by H. Mattingly, recorded on tickets beneath coins (see, briefly, J. Phelps, Reports of the Royal Mint 1938, 55). G. F. Carter, Analytical chemistry 1964, 1264. W. Giesecke, Italia Numismatica, 325. H.-J. Kellner and W. Specht, JNG 1961, 43. A. von Rauch, Mitt. Num. Ges. Beriin iii, 1857, 295. A. von Rauch, Z{N 1874, 32, no. 18.

R. Reece, NC 1964, 233. | F. Schiassi, Ritrovamento di medaglie consolari, 34. E. Stoicovici and I. Winkler, Acta Mus. Napoc. 1967, 449. Th. Thomson, Ann. Chimie Ixxi, 1809, 129 and 132. I nave not been able to use one analysis by Akerman and two by von Rauch, since the coins are not fully identified.

: 571

Technique and technology

reminiscence of the debasement of the coinage by Dossenus in 87; but Pliny’s confusions can rarely be resolved with any certainty. I take it that all serious debasement of the precious metal coinage of the Roman Republic was the result of financial stringency. It is apparent that after the debasement of the Second Punic War the quality of the silver coinage was restored to as

high a level as could be expected in the ancient world. The quality of the firstcentury coinage is uneven, but this is best explained as the result of melting down for re-use coins which might be debased without taking sufficient care; the bronze coinage was much more carelessly produced (see below). The composition of other silver coinages of the Civil War period than that of M. Antonius could profitably be investigated ; for the bronze coinage of this period is erratic in both composition and

weight-standard; and at least one silver coinage, that of Scarpus, is of reduced weight-standard (see p. 595). Two points connected with the metal content of the silver coinage remain to be discussed, the second of which is perhaps not strictly relevant, but is best considered here. First, six analyses (11, 24, 28, 36, 47 and 57) include an account of the trace elements present. Analyses have also been carried out solely with a view to determining trace elements.! Unfortunately it seems unlikely that such investigations can be very informative. At least from the First Punic War onwards the Roman Republic and its officials were in receipt of booty and revenue from a wide variety of sources. Assorted coins and bullion presumably went together into the melting-pot to emerge as coinage. Only for Rome’s first two silver issues does it seem possible that investigation of the trace elements which they contain might reveal the source of the metal used. Second, a number of analyses of plated coins have been carried out. Since these cannot be regarded as official mint products (see p. 560), the analyses are shown

separately in Table xivi. One analysis (2, dealing only with the base metal core) includes an account of the trace elements present. The most interesting analysis deals

separately with the core and the plating (3); the fairly respectable quality of the silver plating? confirms the inference to be drawn from the Lucoli hoard, consisting largely of fragments of silver denarii ready to be melted down and of newly manu-

factured plated denarii, that forgers used official denarii to provide the metal for their silver plating. By contrast with the gold and silver coinage, the bronze coinage of the Republic was throughout of erratic compesition and often of poor quality, as appears from Table xiv. Copper was alloyed with lead as well as with tin from a very early stage, doubtless because lead could cost only 7/80 as much as tin (Pliny, NH xxxiv, 161);

sometimes lead displaced tin altogether (17, 18 etc.). The wild fluctuations in composition are best understood as the result of melting down old coins without 1 G. Rolandi and F. Cremascoli, Industria Mineraria 1953, 255. 2 Observed also by E. Bernareggi, RIN 1965, 15; for similar analysis results see M. Bahrfeldt, Antike Minztechnik, pp. 14-15 of offprint.

$72

|%|

Metal

TABLE XLVI. Analyses of plated silver coins

Refer- Base ,

No. Issue ence % Ar % Au metal Method Source 1 Quadrigatus less — — Cupellation von Rauch 1874 than 33-3

2 Denarius (core) second — — 99.05 99 Bibra

century Cu

3 C. Norbanus (total) 357/1b 21.50 — — 9 Reece (plate) 357/1b 91.80 — — 99 99 4 M. Antonius 488/1-2 18.00 — 82.00 9 Akerman For the sources used see notes to Table xxv.

imposing any kind of quality control,’ such as did exist for silver.? It is worth recalling in this context the Roman readiness to overstrike old coins without even

bothering to melt them down and make new blanks. Only with the adoption of orichalcum, a copper and zinc alloy,? as a coinage metal was any attempt made to contro] the composition of the base metal coinage. Occurring sporadically earlier,* orichalcum was used as a coinage metal by C. Clovius in 45 with a zinc content of some 28°, also by Q. Oppius at an uncertain date with a rather lower percentage

of zinc (39-41 and 46-7). Zinc also began to appear in a number of provincial coinages,> doubtless because coins of C. Clovius were melted down to make them. Orichalcum was finally adopted by Augustus for his sestertii and dupondii.* Although the relationship between orichalcum and copper under Augustus does not provide decisive evidence for their exact relationship earlier, it is clear that orichalcum was from the beginning regarded as more valuable than copper or bronze. The coins of C. Clovius, weighing as much as asses in circulation or being struck at the time, _ were thus certainly intended at least as dupondii. 1 Though it is worth noting that the substitution of striking for casting from 217 onwards led initially to an improvement in the quality of the bronze coinage, see Table xvii, 4-7 and 9. The Cambridge analyses showed an increasing proportion of arsenic as the second century progressed. 2 See above and, for Imperial silver, L. H. Cope, NC 1967, 107~20. > H. A. Grueber, BMCRR i, xxxiv; ii, 45, 350, 368, 385, 412, 454, 504, 512, 532, $38, is uniformly confused on the nature of orichalcum, being unaware of the necessity of zinc as an ingredient. 4 E.R. Caley, Orichalcum, 3-8 and 13-31. 5’ E. R. Caley, Orichalcum, 9.

* For the process of manufacture see E. R. Caley, Orichalcum, 92-9; for the reputation of the metal in antiquity see LSJ, s.vv. dpefyadxos and Kadpela; TLL, s.vv. aurichalcum and cadmea.

573 ,

Technique and technology

TABLE XLVII. Analyses of bronze coins

No. Issue Reference %Cu %Sn %Pb Mg Si S Ca Mn_ Fe

Libralsemis as : .70 78 29 22.:. .JvJ .. ..Jvv 231 Libral Libral 62 quadrans . 72 7 12 20 .. v. // .. /. .v/ 4 Semilibral semuncia . 88 § Collateral quadrans . go 9 1 . . . . , . 6 7 Collateral Corn-earsemuncia 42/2 92. 93 8 5. ./ .. .. ... .. J.

8 Corn-ear! 42/4 67 9 24 . ,. ,, :,. .. 9 L 43/5 95 4 1 , . 10 Anchor 50/4 58 11 31 . . . . . .

11 69/5 81 -89310 12 Corn-ear Corn-earand and(*? * 69/5 161,;;, ,, ,. ,, ,,

13 and72/7 * 69/6 73 7. .20. ., .. .., ., ., 14Corn-ear Corn-ear 100

15 Corn-ear 72/7 99 : 1 . . . . . . 16 Corn-ear 72/7. 100 . .. :. :..:. :. .. 17 «Star 113/279 . 21 18 Thunderbolt 119/6 9214. 8. .. .. ... .. .. 19 Meta 124/6 83 3 20 Metellus 132/372 3 25 . . . . . .

21 Matienus Tampilus 162/372 133/777 32 25 24 .. .. ‘. .. .. .. 22 23 Matienus 162/Sb 79 3 18 . . . ol :

24 Caecilius 174/14 68 25. .. ... .. .. .. 25 A. Gryphon 182/121 72 #7 . 28 26 and twins 183/1 7 31. .. .. ... .. :: 27 Wolf P. Blasio 189/4 7662 1 23

28 Opeimius 190/177866 5179 .. .. J. .. .. /. 29 Murena 186/1 30 Anchor 194/1 88 4 14 . : . . . :

31 Star 196/1 65 5. 30 30 .. J. ol .. .. 32 Ass 19§/1 70 . . 33 C. Scribonius 201/372 . 28 . . . . . .

34 and sail 213/227. 26 1 28. .. .. ... .. .. 35 Mast Q. Libo 215/374 36 L. Pitio 216/2a 65 268 225. 26 Jv .. .J. /. Jv 37. C. Curiatius 240/2b . vJ 38 L. Tubulus 315/121 92 6 1 : . . . J 39 C. Clovius . 75 . . . . . . . .

40 C. Clovius . 71 . . . . . . . . 1 Although this piece belongs to the corn-ear issue, the corn-ear is not actually present on it. 2 This piece is overstruck on a coin of Rhegium, see Table xvi11, 63, b.

574

Metal

Co Ni Zn As Ag Sb Au _ = Method Source

Phillips /Y/ /vo J ee: . e.e. .eWet eeeanalysis ) 39 39. e 39 39 : . : . . . . Spectrography 99 .°. ° . . °. . e . Spectrography 9 ° e ° 33 33 e. ee ee °e ee .°e°399 33 99 23 ee° °°° ry e e ° e 33 33 e ° ° ° e 39 33 99 33 °. ee °er °.*e°. e°° e.e399 399 33 33 ee° ee° e°° ee°e°. °°. eee399 39 33 33 33 33 e° Py e °e .«ePye e99 33 33 33 ° e 39 33 °°°e e°e° e°e° ry e°e e°°‘ eee° e°°° 399 99 33 39 39 33 °° rs 4 ® e ° ° 39 33 ee rs ° e 33 33 e°. / "4eea Je°°. ry . ° e 93 33 e e . 99 33 . . Wet analysis Caley . . : . . . . Spectrography Cambridge °. . °. . °. . °. Spectrography . * e 93 339 . v/ . . J . : Wet analysis and spectrography Cambridge

. J J J J . J Wet analysis and spectrography ”

eee 9 .33 °e ®° e° e°e°Pye °°39 39

: / . / v / . Wet analysis and spectrography 9

e.. ..23v29. /. ../..Wet °. :°99 e 39 , 33 analysis Giesecke Bahrfeldt

J Y¥ NONE V v Y¥Y NONE X-ray fluorescence Carter

. v v Jv . . . Wet analysis and spectrography Cambridge

575

Technique and technology TABLE XLVII (cont.)

No. Issue Reference %Cu %Sn %Pb Mg Si S Ca Mn_ Fe

41 C, Clovius : 74 718 .616 . . ,. ,.. ., ., v. 42 Sex. Pompeius , 43 Sex. Pompeius . 718 10 19 . J. :. .; .v. 44 Octavian . 719 13 . . 4§ Octavian . 81 4 14 . . . . . . 46 Q. Q. Oppius Oppius .. 84 79 .. .. .. .. .. ,. .. .. 47 Quantitative analyses by means of spectrography and X-ray fluorescence should not be regarded as being particularly accurate, especially in view of the unevenness in composition of ancient bronze coins; the accuracy of the analyses collected seems, however, sufficient to support the points made in the text (above, pp. 6-7). The following sources have been used: M. Bahrfeldt, NZ 1905, 42. E. R. Caley, Composition of Greek bronze coins, 104.

Cambridge unpublished analyses, commissioned by myself (I should like to thank the Fitzwilliam Museum Syndicate for permission to analyse spectrographically 30 pieces, of which 2 are unofficial imitations and are not listed here; § pieces were provided by myself, for wet analysis; I should also

II STRUCK COINS

The four possible sources of information concerning the technique of striking coins are the coins themselves, surviving pieces of coining equipment, representations of coining equipment or processes and literary or epigraphic testimonia. These last are very few and far between, while the third of the sources mentioned has very serious drawbacks. The activity of coin-production shaded into jewellery in one direction

and metal-working in the other and it is rarely possible to tell from a relief or painting whether coining or some related activity is represented. Such uncertain representations in any case tell us no more than is suggested by common-sense and by the five certain representations of coining equipment or processes; the others are

best ignored.! The value as evidence of surviving dies is even less than that of representations. Although it is difficult to be certain that all surviving ancient dies are forgers’ dies, they should certainly all be viewed with grave suspicion. All Republican examples but one seem to be forgers’ dies (see p. 562 n. 3) and the same seems to be true of the large number of early Imperial examples, whether of bronze (for striking gold and silver) or of iron (for striking copper or copper alloys).? The great preponderance of bronze dies (for striking gold and silver) seems to me best 1 Representations of coining equipment and processes are collected by C. C. Vermceule, Ancient dies, 10-37; reasonably certain representations are nos. 4, 1, 7, 11 and 12 in Vermeule’s list (no. 7 is now in the British Museum, see B. Ashmole, BMQ 1955, 71 with pl. xxiii); uncertain representations

are nos. 2-3, 5-6, 8-10 in Vermeule’s list and a clay plaque frem Alexandria in the Ashmolean Museum illustrated in Archaeology 1957, 100. 2 The distinction is based on the size of the dies.

576 |

Struck coins

Co Ni Zn As Ag Sb Au _ Method Source

.:. ..: ... .‘. ... ... ... 3. Phillips 9 Grueber Phillips .: .. 20 . . .. .. ... 99> Grueber Bahrfeldt

. . 28 . . . . Wet analysis Bahrfeldt

. ° 15 : : : : 99 29

like to thank Dr K. M. Bowkett and Mr K. I. Bullman, both formerly Department of Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, for carrying out and evaluating the analyses). G. F. Carter, Analytical chemistry 1964, 1264. W. Giesecke, Italia Numtsmatica, 351. H. A. Grueber, NC 1904, 244. J. A. Phillips, 7. Chem. Soc. 1852, 265.

I have not been able to use one analysis by Phillips and one by Bibra (see notes to Table xiv), since the coins are not fully identified. The analyses discussed by E. Bernareggi, RIN 1964, 7, are no use at all for scientific purposes, since the coins are not identified at all.

explained by the assumption that forgers concentrated on counterfeiting precious metal coins (for the method see'p. 560 n. 1); Vermeule’s view? that the mint was less careful about dies for striking gold and silver is incredible. There is in any case no _ universally valid way of distinguishing between forgers’ dies and official dies (see pp. 561-2). It is perhaps just worth stating the probability that official dies were made from the same materials as forgers’ dies, namely bronze for striking gold and silver, ‘iron for striking base metals. The most important source of evidence, in the end, for

the techniques used by the mints of the Roman Republic is the coins themselves. The preparation of dies

Each obverse and reverse die for the Republican coinage appears to have been individually cut;? there is no evidence that any attempt was made to mass-produce dies, either by casting or by ‘hubbing’, that is by striking dies in intaglio from a master die in relief. Cast dies involve a loss of detail and crispness which can be documented for forgers’ dies for plated silver coinage,? but of which no trace appears on the ofhcial, pure silver coinage of the Roman Republic; they may be left out of account. Various processes of ‘hubbing’ are postulated by those who hold they were 1 Ancient dies, 40.

sd The techniques and presumably the tools were the same as for cutting gems in intaglio; for a discussion of the tools used see S. Casson, Congress 1936, 40~5§2; the use of both drill and compass may be documented for Republican dies — the former was apparently used to mark the ends of the straight lines of the letters in the legends (see, for instance, Pl. xxxv, 1), the latter was used to mark out the circular border (M. Bahrfeldt, Antike Minztechnik, p. 18 of offprint). —— -§ See p. 561.

$77

Technique and technology

used in the classical world; basically, we are asked to believe either that a master die only blocked out the salient features of the design or that it created a perfect die, perhaps with lettering to be added. I do not see how satisfactory evidence for the first process can ever be produced and propose to ignore it.! I do not believe that the second process was operated under the Republic. Dies with mistakes were carefully

corrected? and dies were recut; so the obverse die of N. Fabius Pictor with the control-letter G (no. 268/1b) and so several obverse dies of Cn. and Sex. Pompeius

(nos. 470 and 477). Although correction of mistakes on dies is perhaps not incompatible with the use of ‘hubbing’, bothering to re-cut dies is surely incompatible with the possibility of producing new dies by the simple use of a master die.4

The metal from which a die was made was doubtless work-hardened by being hammered before the process of engraving was begun; obverse dies could apparently produce about 30,000 coins each (see p. 694), reverse dies rather less.

The artists The number of engravers® employed in the mint at any one time was, I think, very few. The gigantic issue of L. Iulius Bursio displays two distinct styles in its obverse dies (see Pl. xLvi, 11-12; the reverses are not really susceptible of stylistic analysis), presumably the work either of two artists or of two groups of artists; since the whole issue was struck as a single sequence (see commentary on no. 352), we cannot really postulate two groups of artists working in isolation; it is necessary to regard the two styles as those of two individual artists, each therefore responsible for some 200 obverse dies in half a year (to the rest of the year belongs the issue of Mn. Fonteius, the dies for which were also cut by the same two artists). The reverse dies for part of the issue of D. Silanus can with some plausibility be assigned to three engravers (see commentary on no. 337); they may reasonably be supposed to have cut all the other dies between them. The mint was apparently as an experiment from 135 to 124 divided into two teams functioning in alternate years (see p. 65); in this puzzling arrangement each team apparently had only one engraver whose distinctive style appears on both silver and bronze (compare, most dramatically, Pls. xxxv1, 14 and 15, XXXVII, 2 and 3). 1 Tt is worth noting that just two obverse dies, with the control marks XXXVI and IXL, of the second type of L. Lucretius Trio (no. 390/2) have very small heads; inspection of specimens struck from them suffices to show that each die was individually cut. * See on nos. 246/4a, 390/2, 437/4b, 494/27 and 528/3; M. Bahrfeldt, Antike Minztechnik, p. 15 of offprint, notices the phenomenon, but describes it slightly inaccurately in the case of the first example. 5 Note also the vicissitudes of the control-letters on no. 480/3 and 17 (see below, p. 588 n. 3). 4 N. Diirr, Musées de Genéve Juillet-Aout 1963, 11, argues for the third century A.D. that Roman

dies were normally produced by ‘hubbing’. See also my discussion in general terms in A. D. Momigliano (ed.), Sources of ancient history (forthcoming). § Signatores in ILS 1635, scalptores in ILS 1638; the terms were presumably interchangeable. 6 The two styles run side by side from no. 352 tono. 394, see commentary on no. 388. For the time needed to produce a die see H. Zehnacker, Festschuft F. Vogt i, 1, 278-9; P. Grierson, Numismatics, 110.

578 |

Struck coins

It follows that I am not wholly convinced by the theory that the mint included an ‘erster Graveur’ who produced one or more patterns and a number of hacks who turned out the bulk of the dies;! there are certainly issues which show one or two fine dies and a large number of poor-quality dies (as no. 343); but I believe that sometimes one and the same man could produce a few fine dies and could then allow his engraving to deteriorate under pressure of work.” Nor do I believe that eight separate engravers produced the eighteen (or so) obverse dies used for the Triumviral portrait

gold of 42.° ,

As far as we can tell, the same engravers worked on dies for all three metals, where appropriate (see above for bronze and silver; for silver and gold compare Pl. x.v11, 6

and 7). The same engravers also seem often to have cut both obverse and reverse dies and both design and lettering; the erroneous repetition of M. CATO. on one reverse die of no. 343/2b suggests that it was being cut by a man who also cut obverse dies; and on the obverse dies of the issue of P. Satrienus a particular style correlates with a distinctive way of composing Roman numerals (see commentary on no. 388).

Issues such as no. 342/1-2 show obverse and reverse almost as interchangeable.

The preparation of blanks | No examples survive of blanks intended for coins of the Roman Republic;? it is clear, however, that a number of different methods of manufacture were used, sometimes simultaneously,® quite apart, of course, from the mere re-use of existing coins for overstriking. The methods to leave most traces are those used for the bronze coinage from 217 onwards. Two-sided moulds, with a number of interconnected compartments, were employed. The point at which the two sides of a mould joined might be either in the middle of the rim of the blank or at one edge of the rim, with the result that a blank might have one of two characteristic profiles (see Fig. 4, 2-3)’ obviously 1 A. Alfoldi, SNR 1954, 9; also H. Zehnacker, RN 1961, 33. 2 Styles D and E of no. 342/5 suggest an extra engraver. $3 T. V. Buttrey, Portrait gold, 29-31. 4‘ Of course, obverse and reverse dies may sometimes have been cut by different men; the different approaches to spelling on no. 403/1 perhaps suggest this, also that one of the men concerned was Greek. For Greek artistic conceptions in the Republican coinage see also p. 725 n. 2. We have only one real artist’s signature, the letter P concealed in the hair on the head of M. Antonius on no. §42/1~-2 (first pointed out in the sale catalogue Santamaria 21/11/1920, 177 and 184). I am wholly unconvinced by the attempts of M.-L. Vollenweider in Steinschneidekunst to identify gem-cutters with particular die-cutters; on p. 27 the gems of Pamphilos, homogeneous in style, are held to resemble very diverse coins ranging in date from the early 60s to the late 40s; in fact, the resemblance hardly goes beyond the fact that in each case female heads are portrayed (cf. P. Zazoff, Gnomon 1969, 198).

5 For examples from other coinages see G. F. Hill, NC 1922, 7 n. 14; 11 nn. 28-9. 6 The officinatores of ILS 1634-5, cf. 1636, CIL vi, 1145, were presumably the mint personnel concerned with the process; the nummularii of ILS 1636-7, cf. CJL vi, 8463, were presumably concerned with problems of metal content, the aeguator of ILS 1639 with the weight of blanks. 7” ‘The following issues are found with the profile of Figure 4, 2 — struck bronze from no. 38 to no. 219

(with five exceptions, see below) and occasional semisses thereafter; asses from no. 312 to no. 329. The following issues are found with the profile of Figure 4, 3 — struck bronze from no. 97 to no. 100 and part of the struck bronze of no. 89; most fractions from no. 226 onwards; asses from no. 290 to no. 296 and from no. 334 to no. 355. The as of Sulla (no. 368) reverts to the profile of Figure 4, 2.

579

Technique and technology

a great deal of variety within each type is possible; if the mould was not fitted together properly the profile may be deformed (see Fig. 4, 4). The lugs formed by _ the metal in the interconnecting channels were often not broken off and remained attached to one or other of the blanks (see Fig. 4, 1). The whole method of making blanks for the struck bronze coinage was presumably taken over from the techniques used for the cast bronze coinage (see below).

1

20 3 4

WLLL! YY UMMM YY LLL. Fig. 4. Shapes of blanks used for struck bronze coins.

Blanks for gold and silver coins were apparently prepared from 269 onwards (no. 20) by filling depressions in an open mould with molten metal. The resulting slugs of metal were then hammered to the desired diameter for the dies currently in use and re-heated to reverse the work-hardening effect. The blanks for the token bronze coinage produced between 241 and 226 were made in the same way as those for the gold and silver coinage. The blanks for Rome’s first two issues of didrachms and their associated token bronze were to all appearances prepared in a way that was familiar to Greek mints in South Italy; each was cast in a spherical two-sided mould and then struck in such a way that the join was obliterated by the type on each side, remaining visible only at two points on the edge.” 1 There is never any trace of the join left by a two-sided mould. Depressions in an open mould could be filled either by pouring from a ladle (difficult) or by melting scraps making up the right weight in situ (see A. Barb, NZ 1930, 1; M. F. Hendy and J. A. Charles, Archaeometry 1970, 17). I know of one silver coin where a scrap protruding from the edge seems to reveal the use of this process, a piece in an unpublished hoard of late quadrigati from Montedoro in the Museo Nazionale di Taranto. 2 G. F. Hill, NC 1922, 6~7; the blanks for no. 23 were apparently made in the same way (thus copying the contemporary coinage of the mint of Messana at which they were produced, see p. 40 and M. Sarstrém, Coinage of the Mamertines, 21).

580

Serration |

Struck coins

At intervals through almost the whole course of the denarius coinage, from its inception down to the mid-sixties, the denarii of certain issues or parts of issues were provided with serrated edges.! The serration was done by hand with a chisel before

striking. Unfortunately the purpose remains obscure. The view of H. Mattingly that denarii serrati were the coinage of the Marians* was demolished by E. A. Sydenham ;* but the latter’s view that they were struck at non-Italian mints, primarily for Transalpine circulation, cannot stand either. There is one example of a denarius

of an issue normally serrated which is struck on an unserrated blank regarded by Sydenham as characteristic of the mint of Rome (denarius of Mn. Aquillius, no. 401/1, Rome, Capitol 1112); and there is one serrated example of that part of the _ issue of C. Egnatius Maxsumus which is not normally serrated (no. 391/3, Copenhagen, from the same reverse die as a normal piece). Clearly serrated and unserrated denarii were being produced not only at the same time, but in the same place, with

occasional confusion of blanks. Since serration was not systematic, it could not prevent forgery, for a forger could choose which issue to copy; we are left with the likelihood that serration was no more than a casual decorative fashion.® Trial pieces®

It seems that dies were sometimes tested before being used for a production run. There survive a hybrid piece in base metal of C. Numonius Vaala,’ a version in bronze of an aureus of L. Livineius Regulus,® a piece of lead with the types of a denarius of M. Fourius Philus impressed on either side (Haeberlin 696) and a piece of bronze with the reverse type of a quadrans of L. Piso Frugi impressed on it three times (Paris, A 7046);° the last piece is interesting and will be discussed below. In general, there is no way of telling what the purpose of trial pieces was — to show how

the product of particular dies looked or to test whether the machinery as a whole was working. 1 Nos. 79 (cf. Ailly, Recherches ii, 556), 202 (cf. M. Bahrfeldt, Bull. Mensuel de Num. 1883-84, 133), 282, etc. For a full list see General Index. For issues wrongly regarded in the past as serrate see pp. 551 (four coins) and 553.

2 H. Mattingly, NC 1924, 32-3; E. A. Sydenham, NC 1935, 229-30; M. Bahrfeldt, Antike Minztechnik, pp. 11-12 of offprint, is in error.

3 FIRS 1922, 234-6; NC 1924, 46-§2. 4 NC 1935, 211-12.

5 So H. A. Grueber, BMCRR i, 159. Note the way in which serration is one element of artistic continuity in the issues which precede and follow Sulla’s capture of Rome in 82, see p. 79. * L. Cesano, Rass. Num. 1907, $7, deals with Imperial examples. 7 Obverse of no. §14/2, reverse of no. 14/1 — Paris, A 13311 (same obverse die as a normal denarius, Paris, AF). 8’ T. V. Buttrey, Portrait gold, 66-7. ®* M. Bahrfeldt, Nachtrdge iii, pl. ii, 43. There are two other supposed trial pieces, a small plaque bearing a head of Mercury with a caduceus over his shoulder, SEPVLLIVS and (?) Q, (J.-A. Blanchet, RN 1898, 122), and a block of silver with the obverse type (without inscription) of a denarius of L. Aquillius Florus on either side (R. Mowat, RIN 1903, 385). The second piece is a modern forgery (M. Bahrfeldt, Nachtrdge iii, 21), the first does not reproduce a coin type.

| 581

Technique and technology

The process of striking? The anvil and punch dies tested, cased and ready, a heated blank? was placed on the

anvil die by a suppostor by means of tongs, the punch die held in place by two malliatores and a hammer wielded by a third malliator2 The dies were not, under the Roman Republic, in any way fixed in relation to each other, but the malliatores seem in fact often to have kept them in much the same position for a long time, presumably for the whole of a shift; coins struck from the same pair of dies normally show the dies in the same position.* The picture is of a mint using dies intensively to produce a large volume of coinage and exhausting one or other die in a relatively short time (see below). Coins struck from the same pair of dies but showing the dies in a different position may be regarded as produced in different shifts or as the result

of momentary carelessness. |

Of some importance is the probability that the mint, for the sake of increased productivity, struck several coins simultaneously. The Augustan as illustrated by J.-B. Giard® seems to result from the placing of a blank in such a way that it was struck by parts of two obverse and two reverse dies mounted side by side. And although it is difficult to be certain, the trial piece for quadrantes of L. Piso Frugi mentioned above seems impressed by three different dies, again presumably mounted side by side.’ Certainly the occasional occurrence of coins with the die on one side

centred and that on the other side not is readily understandable if several obverse and reverse dies were mounted side by side and had all in theory to be aligned before striking took place (see Addenda). Mis-strikes

Apart from the mis-alignment of dies (see above), the failure to centre blanks, the use, in the case of the bronze coinage, of a blank intended for a smaller denomination 1 The assertion of C. H. V. Sutherland, Cistophori, 13, cf. 18, that in the late Republic the mint was divided into officinae which each used a different reverse type seems to be based on an out of date chronology of the issues of the year 44. ? Hot striking is implied by Lucan vi, 403; Statius, Silvae iii, 3, 102-5 ; note the early bronze struck from two blanks fused together and the denarius of L. Buca struck from three blanks fused together (p. 583. n. 2) and see L. H. Cope, NC 1969, 158-9, for hot striking of antoniniani of Claudius II. But the blank cannot have been very hot, or traces of overstruck coins would not have remained, nor would brockages (one coin striking another, see below) have been possible. Republican overstrikes belong mainly to the period of emergency coinage during the Second Punic War. For a denarius of C. Poblicius

struck cold see J. Condamin, J. Guey, M. Picon, RN 1965, 130 n. 1. 3’ The terminology and the ratio of suppostores to malliatores are to be found in ILS 1635; the malliatores

- presumably took it in turns to wield the hammer, cf. the tessera in Vienna with a representation of coining, C. C. Vermeule, Ancient dies, Representation no. 11. * See, for instance, T. V. Buttrey, MusN 1960, 96 — four out of five specimens from the same pair of dies show the dies in the same position. 5 RN 1967, pl. xiii, 42. * The as of L. Titurius Sabinus (no. 344/4) briefly and unclearly described by R. Kampmann, BSFN 1960, 400, seems also to display parts of the impressions of two obverse dies and two reverse dies. 7 The Greek coins discussed by G. F. Hill, NC 1922, 37-8, seem also to result from attempts to strike two or more coins simultaneously; they are not, as he thought, evidence for ‘hubbing’, on which see above.

582

Struck coins

than that being produced? and the production of coins anything but circular (the blank was not confined by a collar as nowadays), various things could go wrong in the process of striking. The blank could move between hammer blows, acquiring thereby double images; more than one blank could be inserted, with the result that one-sided coins appeared.? One-sided coins were presumably normally re-struck; traces of this process survive in coins which have a double image on one side only (a quadrigatus in the Montedoro hoard, for instance). There are occasional examples of coins which have been struck, turned over and restruck, presumably because the images produced by the first striking were inadequate ;? there was evidently at least some attempt at quality control.

But the commonest mis-striking of the Republican coinage is the brockage, normally produced when a coin remained embedded in the punch (reverse) die and impressed the next blank with a concave version of the anvil (obverse) type. Most silver issues of the Republic are represented by brockages of this kind, certainly from the beginning of the denarius coinage (note a brockage of no. 72/3 in the Tivisa hoard, one of no. 72/1 in the Serra Orlando hoard); there is a brockage of the gold issue no. 490/2 in Vienna; Leningrad has a brockage of an early bronze issue, no. 63/6, 64/6 or 65/6 (incidentally also overstruck). Very occasionally a coin was left in the anvil (obverse) die and impressed the next blank with a concave version of the punch (reverse) type; so a denarius of Longinus (no. 413/1) in The Hague (1929/76) and one of L. Aemilius Buca (no. 480/6) in Paris (A 3932) and a quadrans of M. Acilius (no. 255/4) in Paris (A 3790). There are two examples known to me (Paris, A 13251 ~ a denarius of Cn. Nerius; Pontecorvo hoard 1205 - a denarius of C. Pansa) of a brockage of this second kind restruck, presumably to achieve acceptable quality. But the overall impression is of a coinage produced carelessly and in haste; the impression is supported both by the argument adduced above from the pattern of work in the mint and by the extent to which dies were used long after breaks had begun to mar the intelligibility of the

_ design (see Pl. Lvimt, 20 for instance). Given the scale on which the Republican coinage was produced (see pp. 696ff.), we should not be surprised.

1 M. Bahrfeldt, Antike Minztechnik, p. 7 of offprint.

2 G. F. Hill, NC 1922, 34 n. 76; E. Fabbricotti tells me there is a similar piece in a private collection in Rome. Moscow 28675 is a denarius of L. Aemilius Buca (no. 480/4) struck on three flans fused together; the Vicarello find includes a Minerva/Horse’s head ROMANO bronze (no. 17/1) struck

on two flans fused together to form a figure-of-eight shape. ,

3 A denarius of C. Vibius Pansa (no. 342/5) in the Rizzi hoard (Coin hoards, no. 268); a denarius of T. Carisius in the San Bartolomeo hoard (C. Cavedoni, Memorie di Religitone, di Morale e dit Letteratura iv, 1834, 290n.); a denarius of L. Titurius Sabinus (no. 344/1), Haeberlin 1371. ‘ Cf. M. Bahrfeldt, Antike Miinztechnik, p. 8 of offprint, nos. 2-6, for Imperial examples of bronze brockages. C. Cavedoni, Memorie di Religione iv, 1834, 290n., cites from the San Bartolomeo hoard a coin of Paullus Lepidus which appears to be not only a brockage, but hopelessly badly centred.

583

Technique and technology

Control-marks! On some issues (mainly silver, occasionally bronze, never gold) there occur differen-

tial marks which appear to relate to a procedure for controlling the way in which dies were used.” The fourth issue of didrachms (no. 22) provides the earliest instance; each reverse die is numbered, with Greek numerals ;3 each obverse die bears a symbol, but the same symbol occurs on several dies. A straightforward differentiation of dies is readily intelligible, but it is not immediately obvious what the purpose was of a symbol occurring on several dies. The dilemma is presented in an even more acute form by later issues. The different systems of control-marks may be classified as follows.

Control-mark occurring on obverse or reverse only, different for each die -

C. Fonteius, no. 290 C. Norbanus, no. 357

Ti. Q., no. 297 P. Crepusius, etc., no. 360

Mn. Fonteius, no. 307 Q. Antonius Balbus, no. 364/1b M. Herennius, no. 308 C. Valerius Flaccus, no. 365 L. Scipio Asiagenus, no, 311 C. Annius, no. 366

L. Memmius Gal., no. 313 , Ex s.c., no. 376

L. Saturninus, no. 317/2-3 C. Naevius Balbus, no. 382/1b

C. Coilius Caldus, no. 318 Ti. Claudius, no. 383

C. Fabius, no. 322 M. Volteius, no. 385/3

C. Fundanius, no. 326 P. Satrienus, no. 388/1b T. Cloulius, no. 332 L. Lucretius Trio, no. 390/2 L. Piso Frugi, no. 340/2 C. Egnatius Maxsumus, no. 391/1b-2 C. Vibius Pansa, no. 342/1 L. Farsuleius Mensor, no. 392 C. Censorinus, no. 346/2 L. Cossutius Sabula, no. 395 L. C. Memies Gal., no. 349 Q. Pomponius Rufus, no. 398 Gargonius, Ogulnius, Vergilius, no. M. Plaetorius Cestianus, no. 405/1-4

3504/1 and no. 409/2

C. Licinius Macer, no. 354/3b ! This section supersedes my remarks in PBSR 1966, 18. The marks on the issue of Cn. Blasio (no. 296/1) divide it into twelve varieties, and are not really control-marks. Likewise, the marks on the issue of C. Malleolus (no. 335/3) divide it into five varieties. For the odd use of letters on the issues of C. Limetanus and L. Cassius Longinus see on nos. 362 and 413. 2 It makes no difference whether the differential marks are letters, numerals or symbols; the argument of A. Alféldi, SM 1954, 18 and 25, that certain symbols show the technicians in the mint to have been devotees of Isis is simply fantastic; are other technicians to be regarded as strong believers in augural ritual? 3 This part of the system is borrowed from the Ptolemaic coinage (see p. 39); note also the controlmarks on the Minerva/Eagle bronze (no. 23/1), borrowed from the contemporary coinage of the Mamertines (see p. 40).

584

Struck coins

Unrelated control-marks occurring on obverse and reverse, different for each die N. Fabius Pictor, no. 268/1b L. Cota, no. 314/1d Q. Antonius Balbus, no. 364/1e

So far we are faced simply with differentiation of dies, normally obverse or reverse, very occasionally both. But since there are numerous issues which bear no control-marks, the problem arises of why differentiation was undertaken so haphazardly. At this point, the issue of L. Manlius and L. Sulla (no. 367) becomes

relevant. The control-marks on this issue, when they occur, take the form of numerals placed on the reverse before the horses’ legs and this might seem straightforward enough. But VI, IX, XV and XX are the only numerals which occur (see commentary on no. 367), and on dies where there is plenty of room there is normally no trace of a numeral at all. Nor is this all. When one does occur, it is very small and very faint and clearly not cut into the dies in the same way as the rest of the type. It seems almost to have been scratched on as a sort of last-minute extra and of this I think there are only two possible explanations which make sense. Either the mark was normally placed elsewhere than on the face of the die or it was usually scratched on the die so lightly that it became obliterated almost as soon as striking began. Either way, I think we must conclude that at any rate this issue was provided with a system of control-marks, the traces of which were not intended to survive on the coins.”

We are now in a position to consider a different system of control-marks. Control-mark occurring on obverse or reverse only, the same for several dies -

C. Sulpicius, no. 312 L. Titurius Sabinus, no. 344/3 L. Cota, no. 314/1b-c Gargonius, Ogulnius, Vergilius, no.

L. Thorius Balbus, no. 316 350A/3 |

L. Saturninus, no. 317/1 Q. Antonius Balbus, no. 364/1c-d

L. Sentius, no. 325 Anonymous quinaril, no. 373 Piso, Caepio, no. 330 L. Volumnius Strabo, no. 377

D. Silanus, no. 337/1-2. C. Naevius Balbus, no. 382/14 Q. Titius, no. 341/443 C. Egnatius Maxsumus, no. 391/3 C. Vibius Pansa, no. 342/3-5 L. Plaetorius, no. 396/1b

M. Cato, no. 343/2 - M. Mettius, no. 480/3 and 17 It is possible that each cf the very small number of control-marks on the first two issues of denarii of D. Silanus (no. 337/1-2) are artists’ signatures; but this explana' Where both are differentiated, the ratio of obverse to reverse dies may readily be ascertained, see

2 a tlso below, on the issue of L. Iulius Bursio. * Note also one as of C. Vibius Pansa (no. 342/7b) with a control-mark. 585

Technique and technology

tion will clearly not work for the denarii of, for instance, C. Sulpicius (no. 312), where

all the letters of the Latin alphabet occur as control-marks. Given the possibility that a die could be marked elsewhere than on the face, we aré presented with two alternatives. Either the mint used for some issues one control-mark on the face of a die and another elsewhere or it was content for some issues to differentiate only

groups of dies.1 |

Two systems of control-marks remain to be discussed. Some issues bear a controlmark on the obverse paired invariably with a particular control-mark on the reverse. Each pair of control-marks may have one pair of dies or more than one obverse and reverse die. The issues involved are twelve in all.

Paired control-marks, with one pair of dies L. Iulius Caesar, no. 320 Lentulus Marcelli f., no. 329

P. Sabinus, no. 331 |

C. Marius Capito, no. 378 L. Papius, no. 384 M. Volteius, no. 385/4 L. Roscius Fabatus, no. 412 Paired control-marks, with more than one obverse and reverse die -

L. Cassius Caeicianus, no. 321 |

C. Poblicius, no. 380 |

M. Serveilius, no. 327

Q. Crepereius Rocus, no. 399 L. Axsius Naso, no. 400

Since obverse dies lasted longer than reverse dies (see p. 672), the pairing of one

obverse die and one reverse die meant a waste of part of the working life of the obverse die. In the case of paired control-marks, with more than one obverse and reverse die, an obverse die still functional could be used with a newly cut reverse die, always provided the pairing of control-marks was preserved. The pairing of control-

marks should presumably be regarded as a primitive attempt to control the use of

obverse and reverse dies in relation to each other. |

It remains to discuss a small group of issues, some of which show traces of a more

sophisticated attempt to control the use of obverse and reverse dies in relation to each other —

C. Allius Bala, no. 336 D. Silanus, no. 337/3 L. Piso Frugi, no. 340/1 1 The obverse dies of the fourth issue of didrachms (no. 22, see above) must be remembered in this connection.

586

Struck coins

C. Censorinus, no. 346/1 L. Iulius Bursio, no. 352 P. Crepusius, no. 361 C. Piso Frugi, no. 408

The control-marks on the third issue of denarii of D. Silanus (no. 337/3) are a letter of the Latin alphabet on the obverse and a numeral between I and XXX on the reverse. In principle, every letter is combined with every numeral; an obverse die may be combined with reverse dies with different numerals and a reverse die may be combined with obverse dies with different letters. The pattern is best explained, I think, by supposing that the mint was operating twenty-two anvils simultaneously, to each of which a letter was assigned;! each anvil then worked through the numerals, taking over new obverse dies with its letter as required; a given obverse die with a letter could thus be used with two or three reverse dies with different numerals; a given reverse die with a numeral could move from one anvil to

another by way of an overnight stay in a box of reverse dies. I have suggested above that the control-marks on the first two issues of denarii of D. Silanus are artists’ signatures; but the gigantic third issue was part of the Roman response to the expected outbreak of the Social War and it is reasonable to suppose that a different system of control-marks could have been adopted (see p. 608 n. 1). But it was not entirely without precedent; the system on the issue of C. Allius Bala (no. 336) bears a certain formal similarity, which is, I think, significant. What happened here was that the issue was eventually much less extensive than anticipated. Twenty-one anvils were each apparently assigned a letter; but instead of their working through the symbols which formed the control-marks on the reverse, only

one symbol, a grasshopper, was used by all anvils; the remaining symbols, a few dies to each, were distributed each to two or three anvils. The issue of denarii of L. Piso Frugi (no. 340/1) moves from a system of paired control-marks, with one pair of dies in each case, to a system of paired groups of dies,

with the same type of control-mark within each group and with a different actual control-mark for each die. Eventually, however, all system disappears and obverse dies and reverse dies, often repeating the same control-mark again and again, are combined according to no discernible principle. Such was the pressure of production in the first year of the Social War. The first issue of denarii of C. Censorinus (no. 346/1) copies the worst features of

the system of L. Piso Frugi, but with decreasing enthusiasm? in the course of the issue control-marks begin to drop out and eventually disappear altogether. The issue of C. Piso L.f. Frugi (no. 408) likewise copies the system of control-marks of L. Piso Frugi, without understanding or conviction (see commentary on no. 408). 1 The letters A to X with retrograde D. 2 See p. 584 above for the second issue. 587

Technique and technology

Only with the issues of L. Iulius Bursio (no. 352) and P. Crepusius (no. 361) do we find traces of really intelligent attempts to control the use of obverse and reverse dies in relation to each other. The whole issue of L. Iulius Bursio forms a single sequence, produced in one workshop. Apparently a number of symbols was chosen and cut into the obverse dies with which it was intended to start the issue; when a die wore out it was replaced by one with the same symbol. Meanwhile the reverse dies were simply running through a series of different types of control-marks; but the way in which the obverse dies were replaced suggests that the mint was thinking in terms of the relationship of obverse and reverse dies (for details see commentary on no. 352). The most carefully designed system of control-marks is that of P. Crepusius. The reverse control-mark is simply a numeral, but on the obverse the letters of the Latin

alphabet were used in turn first with no symbol and then with each of twenty-three different symbols. This type of obverse control-mark is slightly different from that of L. Iulius Bursio, but follows naturally from it. Instead of the same symbol being used and replaced when necessary throughout the issue, all the dies with the same symbol were used in a group over only a small part of the total sequence. But several

_ groups were always current at any one time. With a number of obverse dies being thus succeeded not just by any new obverse die, but by an individually designed replacement, a fairly careful check must have been kept on the correlation of obverse and reverse die use.

At the end, only two general remarks can safely be made.' First, I know of no example of a control-mark being re-cut to make another control-mark,? except in the

year 44;° this suggests that in the heyday of control-marks (from 130 to 60) they always related to dies and never to anything else. Second, even if we are not prepared

to assume that control-marks existed which did not form part of the type, it is apparent that there were a number of different approaches to the practice in the Roman mint; whether the inventiveness involved was that of the moneyers or of humbler functionaries, we cannot say.‘ For us, however, control-marks are not without their uses. They make a die-study of an issue considerably easier. They also provide some sort of check on estimates (based on how many dies survive) of how many dies were used for an issue; it is reasonably certain, for instance, that the control-marks on the obverse of the second 1 I know of no certain evidence which would suggest that control-marks on the Republican coinage were intended to serve as indications of date (though see commentary on no. 290); nor do they indicate what sources of metal were used. * A control-letter was repaired in the issue of N. Fabius Pictor, corrected in that of L. Lucretius: Trio. 3 A. Alféldi, SM 1964, 70; 1968, 60; I am not convinced by the supposed example of a re-cutting of the letter L into the letter B; it is in any case difficult to regard the letters on these two types of the year 44 as control-letters of the traditional type. 4 It is interesting that C. Piso Frugi (no. 408) seems to ape the approach to control-marks of the. issue of his father L. Piso Frugi (no. 340); C. Capito (no. 378) seems to misunderstand the system of control-marks of P. Crepusius (no. 361).

588

Struck coins

issue of L. Lucretius Trio (no. 390/2) have only one die each; the sequence of numerals goes up to LXXX and an estimate of how many dies altogether were used which goes far beyond this figure cannot be right." III CAST COINS (280-212 B.C.), see p. 44

None of the moulds used for the production of the aes grave of the Roman Republic survives ;? they were presumably destroyed once they were no longer usable, as dies were. Several specimens produced in the same mould now survive (see E. J. Haeberlin, Aes grave, Pl. 25, 1-3, for instance) and moulds were presumably used many times, though no estimate is possible of just how many times (see also p. 693). It is also apparent that the moulds for a number of pieces were interconnected and could be poured simultaneously; the Museo Civico di Bologna possesses a piece of aes grave still attached to the ‘tree’ of bronze which once connected it to at least four other pieces poured with it.

1 For further details see p. 640. 2 Th. Mommsen, RMzw, 186 n. 59. 5 Bologna, Cat. 1§ with Pl. 4; E. J. Haeberlin, Aes grave, Pl. 52, 39. Earlier asses were apparently poured in moulds which disposed them one above another, E. J. Haeberlin, Aes grave, 37-8. The group of still interconnected asses in the British Museum, Th. Mommsen, RMw, 186 n. 59, is not a modern forgery, as M. Bahrfeldt, Antike Miinztechnik, p. 4 of offprint; but it is a group of struck pieces, not of cast pieces, see p. 753.

589 )

2 WEIGHT STANDARDS Since the theoretical and actual weight standards of an issue of coinage may differ, our understanding of the financial history of the Roman Republic will clearly be affected not only by variations in theoretical weight standards, but also by the extent to which theoretical weight standards were observed. Some basic problems have to

be faced. Although we possess a certain amount of literary information about Republican weight standards, the identification of the issues struck according to these theoretical standards depends on the discovery of the actual weight standards of the issues (one may even have to guess on the basis of these what the theoretical standards are). There are in addition notorious practical difficulties in the way of establishing actual weight standards and in the way of expressing the theoretical weight standards of Rome in modern terms. I THE ROMAN POUND

The weight standard of the earliest Roman silver coinage, the didrachm coinage, was borrowed from the silver coinage of Campania.! But the standard of the Roman didrachm coinage was rapidly adjusted downwards to a level which stands in a simple 3:2 relationship with the level at which the standard of the denarius began its existence. This standard of the denarius in turn stands in a series of simple relationships with the various standards of the mainstream bronze coinage of the Roman Republic. These in turn can all be expressed in terms of the Roman pound, which may be regarded as being by the time of the early Republic a distinctively Roman unit of weight. Valuations in pounds of bronze constituted for the Romans the first step towards coinage, taken in the course of the fourth century,’ and the unit on which the earliest issue of bronze coinage was based weighed just a pound.

This unit was called the as. |

The ultimate origin of the Roman pound and the derivation of the word ‘as’ are both obscure.’ But the existence of the words ‘dupondius’ or ‘doubleweight’ and ‘assipondium’ or ‘singleweight”4 should imply that as far as the coinage is concerned ‘as’ simply meanis ‘unit’.’ The term was perhaps taken over together with 1 R. Thomsen, ERC iii, 138-9. 2 Livy iv, 30, 3 with commentary of R. M. Ogilvie. S’ B. Laum, Heiliges Geld, 117-18, on ‘as’, should not be taken seriously. * Varro, LL v, 169; Festus, s.v. Dispensatores. 5 For ‘as’ as a unit in a non-monetary context see TLL ii, 746-7; Varro, LL v, 169 is clearly: wrong to derive ‘as’ from ‘ aes’,

590

The Roman pound

its subdivisions into 12 ounces and 288 scruples from the terminology of length or area measurement. Certainly it is interesting that a pound of bronze is approximately a handful and it seems plausible that this should have been designated as a ‘unit’ or ‘as’ and then have been assigned the subdivisions already associated with the ‘as’. This view is

perhaps supported by the fact that a number of Italian communities produced bronze coinages the standards of which approximated more or less closely to the Roman pound;? opinions perhaps differed as to what constituted a handful.

- Calculations of the weight of the Roman pound, assuming this to have been constant throughout Roman history, may be based either on objects weighing a pound or on objects weighing a known fraction or multiple of a pound.’ A list of some of the various calculations that have been made is instructive.4

327.45 grammes Coins A. Boeckh®

327.18 Coins J. A. Letronne®

325.80 Stone weight L. Cagnazzi’ 325.06 or 325.40 Stone weights E. Hiibner®

323.50 Weights A. Segré®

323.47 Balances M. Lazzarini’®

323.26 Stone weights M. Lazzarini! 322.56 Coins and weights _L. Naville”

There are no decisive criteria for regarding any of these calculations as correct, although some clearly have greater plausibility than others; nor does it in fact seem reasonable to suppose that the Romans were able to maintain the weight of their pound absolutely constant, at all times and in all places.!* Of the various calculations 1 Varro, RR i, 10, 2; Columella v, 1, 12; Pliny, NH xviii, 178; cf. J. Rubino, Vorgeschichte, 9 n. 9. ? Tuder, Tarquinii, Reate and the Vestini, as well as a number of Latin colonies. In any case, I regard all attempts to derive the Roman pound from Eastern weight systems as misconceived; cf. J. Beloch, GG i, 2, 333-5, on the theories of F. Hultsch. 3 Cf. P. Grierson, NC 1963, The President’s Address, vii-viii. * The list owes much to the list drawn up by Grierson, xi-xiv. The calculations of O. Viedebannt, | Forschungen, 82; E. J. Haeberlin, Frankfurter Milnzzeitung 1918, 391 are based on weighings of Republican denarii and are insufficiently precise to be worth reproducing. The existence of a pound of 206.25 gr., advocated by O. Viedebannt, Forschungen, 73 and 79, is sufficiently disproved by E. J. Haeberlin, NZ 1919, 85.

5 Metrologische Untersuchungen, 165. ] 6 Considérations, 3-8.

7 Sui valori delle misure, 115-17, cf. 95. & MonatsberichteKPAW 1861, 544-5; CIL ii, 4962.

® Metrologia, 137. 10 RAL 1948, 221. 11 NSc 1907, 689, citing earlier calculations; BCAR 1908, 69, citing earlier calculations; Conimbriga 1965, 81. #2 LL. Naville, SNR 1920-22, 42 and 257; Les monnaies d’or de la Cyrénaique, 108. The comment of W. Giesecke, Berliner Minzbldtter 1922, 375 and 401 adds nothing; his pound of 279.36 gr., Italia Numismatica, 217-18, is based on the curious belief that an Attic talent weighed the same as 6,000 denarii. The citation of O. Viedebannt, RE iiA, 1348, is merely careless. 18 For official weights and measures kept on the Capitol see JLS 8629-35; Carmen de ponderibus 62; Hyginus 123; H. Willers, Kupferpradgung, 203; A. Eran, SM 1969, 8, with earlier bibliography; note also the Lex Silia de ponderibus.

591

Weght standards | that have been made, a large number are in the vicinity of 324 gr.; this seems to me the most sensible equivalence to adopt; although it is of course not exactly right, it is certainly not far wrong and has the great merit of being easily divisible by the numbers by which the Romans were in the habit of dividing; greater precision in adopt-

ing an equivalence is entirely spurious (see Addenda). : _ We may thus draw up the following table of equivalences:

1 pound = 324 gr. 1 uncia = js pound = 27 gr. 1 scruple (scripulum) = 543 pound = 1.125 gr. II ASCERTAINING WEIGHT STANDARDS

If then one accepts a Roman pound of c. 324 grammes, it is possible to go on to investigate the actual weight standards of the various issues of the Republican coinage, the theoretical standards in each case and the extent to which the two

coincided.

An issue of coinage was described by the Romans as struck so many to the pound! and this terminology presumably reflected mint-practice; certainly no attempt was made to adjust the weight of individual pieces very carefully.? Blanks were presum-

ably made roughly the same size in the hope that they would turn out roughly the same weight and the size reduced or increased towards the end of a batch depending on how the metal was lasting;* thus the mean weight of a batch of coinage straight from the mint would be the same as its weight standard. But this is clearly not true of the coinage which survives today, almost all of which is more or less worn or corroded; hence the difficulty of establishing the actual weight standard of an issue of Roman coinage. It has been argued that a frequency table may be a more reliable guide to the weight standard of an issue than an arithmetical averaging process.‘ But there is no reason why this should be so and there are cases where a frequency table can be seen to be totally unreliable as an indication of weight standard (see below). The best way, therefore, to discover the weight standard of an issue is to take the mean of the weights of unworn specimens;} if this is impossible the only 1 See p. §94n.1 and p. §93n. § below; also CTh xii, 6, 133; xv, 9, 13 CF x, 72, 5. 2 Cf. Th. Mommsen, RMuw, 296 n. 25; T. Hackens, RBN 1962, 42-3, suggests, perhaps rightly, that technique improved towards the end of the Republic. For obvious reasons, greater care was always taken over the preparation of blanks for aurei. As examples of variations in weights of denarii, note well-preserved denarii with gryphon (no. 182/1) weighing 5.01 gr. (thus Paris, A 2310) and 3.27 gr. (thus Hannover 1445). 3’ The data discussed by T. Hackens, RBN 1962, 39-41, may point to the division of the issue of Petillius Capitolinus into successive batches, each including specimens of the four types composing 4 e F Hill, NC 1923, 364; NC 1924, 76; L. C. West, Coin standards, 4; T. Hackens, RBN 1962, 32.

§ See P. Grierson, NC 1963, The President’s Address, iii-iv, for the principle underlying this conclusion.

592

Ascertaining weight standards

valid alternative is to take the mean of the weights of available specimens and attempt to estimate the mean loss of weight as a result of wear and corrosion.!

Although in neither case is it possible to achieve absolute precision, there are enough groups of coins in unworn condition to allow useful deductions to be made about possible mean loss of weight. Taken as a whole the evidence allows reasonable certainty about both actual and theoretical weight standards.

III GOLD? The properties of this metal are such that wear does not cause much weight-loss ;3 it is probably also true that gold circulates less than other metals. One may therefore expect the mean weight of surviving specimens of a gold issue to be close to the original mean weight. This expectation is confirmed by a heard consisting solely of

aurei of A. Hirtius (no. 466) and presumably buried in an almost uncirculated condition soon after the date cf issue. The mean weight of the hoard pieces is only marginally higher than that of other surviving pieces, 8.035 gr. as opposed to 8.03 gr.! The mean weights of the two denominations of Rome’s earliest gold issue (nos. 28/1-2 and 29/1-2) are given by Bahrfeldt as 6.82 gr. and 3.41 gr., slightly above the weights of 6 scruples (6.75 gr.) and 3 scruples (3.375 gr.) respectively. The weight standard of the Roman stater may therefore be regarded for convenience as 6 scruples,

that of the half-stater as 3 scruples. The weight standard of the three denominations of Rome’s second gold issue (nos. 44/2-4, 50/1, 72/2, 88/1, 105/2, 106/2) may similarly be regarded as based on a 60-as piece of 3 scruples, with the exception of no. 72/2, which is perhaps slightly underweight. The weight standards of both gold issues are described in the Catalogue according to the principles outlined in this paragraph. The gold coinage of the Empire from Augustus to Nero was based on an aureus struck at 40 to the pound,® thus weighing 7} scruples = 8.10 gr. From no. 456 onwards the mean weights of aurei given by Bahrfeldt approximate very closely to this weight and the aurei in question, together with their occasional half-pieces, may be regarded as based on a weight-standard for the aureus of 74 scruples. Earlier gold issues of the first century B.c. cannot be so neatly described, but there is a pattern of progressive decline in weight from the Sullan issues onwards; the

introduction of, in effect, a new monetary metal presumably involved experiments and adjustments, but the reasoning behind them cannot now be recovered.‘ 1 This will obviously vary, depending on the extent to which an issue circulated and on the metallic composition and size of the coins. A possible further complication, for which it is impossible to allow, is that some of the heavier specimens of an issue may have been picked out and melted down. 2 I do not discuss the weight standard of the gold issue struck for T. Quinctius Flamininus (no. 548), which is Greek, that of a Macedonian stater. 3 P, Grierson, NC 1963, The President’s Address, xiv n. 1.

4 M. Bahrfeldt, Goldmiinzenprdgung, p. 36. 5 Pliny, NH xxxiii, 47.

¢ The weight standard of the aureus of Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius (no. 460/1), known only from one specimen, cannot really be established. The weight standard of the gold piece of Cn. Lentulus (no. 549) is mysterious to me; I suspect it to be non-Roman (see commentary).

593

Weight standards

IV SILVER

The denarius of the late Republic was in theory struck at 84 to the pound,! thus weighing 3# scruples = 3.86 gr.? Detailed examination of the issues of M. Volteius shows that it adhered to this standard. For the first variety (no. 385/1) T. Hackens cites a mean for 176 specimens of 3.77 gr.,° while the peak of a frequency table falls

at 3.90 gr.; although the latter weight is probably close to the weight standard of the variety, this is entirely fortuitous. Better evidence is provided by the 55 specimens of the whole issue in fresh condition in the Maccarese hoard,* buried about 5 years after the date of the issue. The mean weight of the first variety is 3.89, of the second variety 3.88, of the third variety 3.80, of the fourth variety 3.82.5 The mean of all four varieties together is 3.84. When a frequency table is constructed, the first variety produces a peak at 4.00, the fourth variety a peak at 3.80 (the second and

third varieties are not represented by enough specimens to construct a frequency table); all four varieties together show peaks at 4.00 and at 3.80. It seems reasonable to suppose that the first two varieties were struck on a slightly higher standard than

the second two; but there is no way of deciding whether the former were struck first and the weight standard was then adjusted downwards or vice versa. The weight standard of the whole issue should be regarded as being slightly more than 3.84 gr. and equated with the theoretical weight standard of the denarius,

3.86 gr. :

If then the issue of M. Volteius was struck on a weight standard of 3% scruples = 3.86 gr., it is reasonable to expect that this was also true of all other issues of the denarius coinage after its early period (from no. 197 onwards). Detailed examination 1 Pliny, NH xii, 62 (assuming that 1 mina = 1 libra); xxxiii, 132; Celsus, de medtcina v, 17, 1; Scribonius Largus, ad Callistum, praef.; Celsus, ad Pull. Nat. in F. Hultsch, MSR ii, 284, no. 3. * The corresponding weights for victoriatus, quinarius and sestertius are 27 scruples, 17 scruples and + scruples.

§ RBN 1962, 32. * Coin hoards, no. 309.

6 The fifth variety is not represented in the hoard.

4.10 gr. + ++ + 4.00 gr. ++++ tetttt+ 3.90 gr. ++t$Hettetettst +++t++ 3.80 gr. 3.70 gr. ++ tet+t+t+t+ 3.60 gr. 3.50 gr.+++ +

6 Frequency table of no. 385/1: Frequency table of no. 385/4:

Frequency table of no. 385/1-4:

4.10 4.00gr. gr.+++++ +t eett+tt+st

3.90 gr. ttt ttttt+ 3.80 gr. HEHEHE EHH EHH

3.40 gr. + | :

3.70 gr. H+ettettetst 3.60 gr. ++++ 3.50 gr. +

594

Silver

of every issue would be laborious and in many cases, in the absence of hoards with large numbers of fresh pieces, impossible; but it is possible to observe without much difficulty that the pattern of weights of pieces of most of these issues in museums is similar to the pattern of weights of pieces of the issue of M. Volteius.! The only issue in the late Republic which one may assert was not struck on a weight standard of 33 scruples is that of Scarpus (no. 546).? The legionary issue of M. Antonius (no. 544), although debased (see p. 569), was of full weight. It remains to consider the early period of the denarius coinage.* Here it is apparent that at first the denarius was in theory struck at 72 to the pound, thus weighing four scruples.‘ Of the issues from no. 44 to no. 111, all but a few observed this theoretical

standard; nos. 57-8 and most of nos. 112-21 occupy an intermediate position between the issues struck with a denarius of 1/72 pound and the issues struck with a denarius of 1/84 pound, as do nos. 125-6 and 128, which are detached from the main sequence. The relatively high standards of nos. 153-5 and 157 are doubtless

fortuitous.

V BRONZE

As already remarked, the weight of the as of the earliest substantive issue (no. 14) of bronze coinage of the Roman Republic was just a pound ;¢ with the second and third issues (nos. 18-19) the weight of the as rose somewhat, for reasons at which it is only possible to guess;? it then dropped below a pound and settled at about ten ounces

(nos. 21 onwards).® |

1 Note the issues of quinarii of C. Fundanius, T. Cloulius, P. Sabinus and C. Egnatuleius discussed by H. Willers, Kupferprdgung, 48; the mean weights of the (very large) numbers of specimens of each issue in the Sustinenza hoard (Coin hoards, no. 339) are 1.91 gr., 1.90 gr., 1.885 gr. and 1.995 gr., corresponding to denarii of 3.82 gr., 3.80 gr., 3.77 gr. and 3.99 gr. 3 There are a few issues of around 200 and again in the 170s which are not of full weight, nos. 115-16, 127 and 129-31; 162-9.

3 First properly discussed by K.Samwer and M. Bahrfeldt, ‘Geschichte des dlteren rémischen Minzwesens’, NZ 1883, 90-2. ¢ The corresponding weights for victoriatus, quinarius and sestertius are 3 scruples, 2 scruples and 1 scruple. Note Galen, de pond. 7 and 13. 5 See NC 1970, 52-3 for documentation of the weight standards of the three victoriatus issues nos. 70/1, 71/1 and 83/1; the mean weights of unworn specimens are high enough for the issues in question to be regarded as having been struck on a full three-scruple standard. Silver issues in this period not struck according to the theoretical standard are nos. 102/1 and 103/1-2. ¢ The weight standards of the various issues of aes grave have been calculated on the basis of the lists of weights in E. J. Haeberlin, Aes grave, except in the case of no. 19, for which the weights of the specimens in the Ardea and Santa Marinella hoards (Coin hoards, nos. 20-1) have been used, as well as those of the specimens listed by Haeberlin, and of no. 40, for which the weights of the specimens in Syracuse have also been used. 7 I suspect the increase in weight standard to be the accidental consequence of the very high relief of the types; the light-weight quadrantes, sextantes and unciae of the Apollo/Apollo series (no. 18)

perhaps represent an attempt at compensation. Another odd, unexplained phenomenon is the existence of heavy-weight semunciae of the Dioscuri/Mercury and Roma/Roma series of aes grave

(nos. 14 and 21). ,

® See E. J. Haeberlin, Aes grave, 36, for a frequency table of the weights of the Prow series with prow r. (no. 35).

595

Weight standards With the outbreak of the Second Punic War, financial stress brought about a series of drastic reductions in the weight standard of the bronze coinage (see p. 43):

C. 217 Semilibral standard! Asses of six ounces ¢. 215-212 — Post-semilibral standards

with attempted stabilisation at: | c. 214 Quadrantal standard Asses of three ounces C. 211 Sextantal standard Asses of two ounces Asscciated with the sextantal standard was the new denarius coinage; with it financial stability returned. At the same time the Roman state took the first steps towards succeeding in making the bronze coinage at least to a certain extent a token coinage; some issues were struck seriously under-weight,* other issues consisted of full-weight asses with under-weight as well as full-weight fractions ;3 and from no. 57 onwards the weight standard of the bronze coinage as a whole gently declined. An attempt to raise it in c. 170 (see pp. 52-3) was unable to reverse the long-term

trend and by the time the issue of C. Antestius (no. 219, the last for many years to include the as) was struck, the weight standard of the bronze coinage was based on an as of less than an ounce. The weights of the fractions struck in the following ’ period produce (except for nos. 238-9) as-averages in the general region of 16 gr.; the weight standard was presumably in theory based on an as of two-thirds of an ounce, 18 gr. Only in 116 or 115 was it possible to make a fairly successful attempt to _

raise the weight standard of the bronze coinage; standards based on asses of one ounce and half-an-ounce existed side by side for a time,‘ but eventually the former

prevailed.

| In 91, in the face of the threat from the Social War, the weight standard of the bronze coinage was fixed at half-an-ounce (see pp. 77-8); the measure was doubtless

precautionary, since it is hard to believe that the relatively restricted issues of the next few years exhausted Roman supplies of bronze; the one Sullan issue of bronze (no. 368) did not adopt the new standard.® With the Sullan issue, the striking of bronze by the Roman Republic came to an 1 The Prow series with prow |. (no. 36), based on an as of about 236 gr., forms a step in the direction of this standard; for discussion of the following standards see R. Thomsen, ERC ii, 39-48; pp. 625-8; below (the identification of standards by Lachaussée, RN 1911, 188, 313 and 407, is carried out in. — a wholly arbitrary fashion). 2 Nos. 63/2~-6, 64/2-6, 65/2—6, 69/1-2, 97/22~-8, 99/1-10, 100/1-7.

3 Nos. §9-61 and 110.

4 In the issues of C. Fonteius (no. 290/5) and P. Nerva (no. 292/4); for these issues see M. Bahrfeldt; Nachtradge iii, 49 and 139; the other issues regarded by Bahrfeldt as struck on a double standard are not in fact so struck —the really light-weight pieces of Me(tellus), Tamp(ilus), C. Scribonius and L. Pomponius are unofficial copies of Roman issues (see pp. §65-6), while the triens of C. Scribonius

discussed by Bahrfeldt does not constitute a separate issue and the bronze coins of P. Maenius Antiaticus simply cover a very wide range of weights. 5 As may be seen from a number of Augustan hoards (Coin hoards, nos. 494, §14, 516, 517) and from the Bolsena hoard (MEFR 1964, 51), the Republican bronze which remained in circulation was of more or less uncial standard.

596

Bronze

end for over thirty years; of the bronze coinage of the period of the civil wars it is impossible to form a clear picture. The asses of Cn. and Sex. Pompeius (nos. 471 and 478-9) were apparently intended to weigh about an ounce, the as of L. Atratinus (no. 530) and the dupondius of Cn. Piso Frugi (no. 547) were apparently based on a semuncial standard.! There is no way of telling what denominations were represented by the bronze issue of Octavian (no. 535)? and the orichalcum issues of C. Clovius (no. 476) and Q. Oppius (no. 550),° hence no way of identifying the standards involved. System and sanity returned only with the principate of Augustus. 1 For all these issues see M. Bahrfeldt, NZ 1909, 67-78 and 84-s. 2 See H. Willers, Kupferprdgung, nos. 103-4. 3 For these two issues see M. Bahrfeldt, NZ 1909, 78-84. For the date of the issue of Q. Oppius see commentrary. I do not regard the ‘Fleet’ bronze of M. Antonius as a mainstream Roman issue.

597 |

3 MONETARY MAGISTRATES I MONEYERS

The creation of the office is mentioned in only one literary source (D i, 2, 2, 27-32 -

Pomponius), which must be quoted in full. Cumque consules avocarentur bellis finitimis neque esset qui in civitate ius reddere posset, factum est, ut praetor quoque crearetur, qui urbanus appellatus est, quod in urbe ius redderet. (28) Post aliquot deinde annos non sufficiente eo praetore, quod multa turba etiam peregrinorum in civitatem veniret, creatus est et alius praetor, qui peregrinus appellatus est ab eo, quod plerumque inter peregrinos ius dicebat. (29) Deinde cum esset necessarius magistratus qui hastae praeessent, decemviri in litibus iudicandis sunt constituti. (30) Constituti sunt eodem tempore et quattuorviri qui curam viarum agerent, et triumviri monetales aeris argenti auri flatores, et triumviri capitales qui carceris custodiam haberent, ut cum animadverti oporteret interventu eorum fieret. (31) Et quia magistratibus vespertinis temporibus in publicum esse inconveniens erat, quinqueviri constituti sunt cis Tiberim et

ultis Tiberim, qui possint pro magistratibus fungi. (32) Capta deinde Sardinia, mox Sicilia, item Hispania, deinde Narbonensi provincia totidem praetores, quot provinciae in dicionem venerant, creati sunt. . . And when the Consuls were taken away from Rome by wars with neighbouring

peoples and there was no one available in the city to administer justice, it was arranged that there should also be a Praetor (who came to be called Praetor Urbanus), whose job it was to administer justice in the city. After some years he was unable to cope, as a result of the influx of foreigners, and another Praetor was

created (who came to be called Praetor Peregrinus, since he administered justice for the most part among foreigners). Then when there was a need for magistrates to conduct auctions, Decemviri Litibus Iudicandis were instituted. At the same time

Quattuorviri to look after the roads, Triumviri to strike coinage and Triumviri Capitales to look after the prison were also instituted, the last also charged. with executions. And since it was inconvenient for magistrates to appear in public at night, Quinqueviri were appointed to act for them. Then with the capture of Sardinia, Sicily, Spain, Narbonensis, as many Praetors were created as there were

provinces... The college of moneyers here forms part of a group of minor executive officers.

Its existence (and little more) is confirmed by two passages of Cicero, minores 598

Moneyers

magistratus partit: iurts plures in plura sunto .. . aes argentum aurumve publice signanto . » « quodcumque senatus creverit, agunto (de leg. iii, 6) and Treviros vites censeo; audi

capitales esse; mallem auro aere argento essent (fam. vii, 13, 2, playing on the similarity between Treviri and tresviri). The number of moneyers was increased by

Caesar from three to four, for political rather than administrative reasons (see Suetonius, Caes. 41, minorum etiam magistratuum numerum ampliavit, with the occur-

rence of the title IIIIVIR on issues of 44-40, nos. 480, 485, 494 and 525). The survival of the moneyers into the Empire (three in number once again) is attested by Dio liv, 26, 6. So far the literary sources on the moneyership (for mentions of a moneyer and a supposed moneyer see no. 347 and p. 547). A large body of Imperial inscriptions? confirms the survival of the office. The full title of a moneyer under the Empire seems to have been triumuvir (or tresvir) aere argento auro flando feriundo (for instance

in CIL iii, 6076).2 The abbreviation IIIVIR.A.A.A.F.F is normal on coins of the Augustan moneyers and on inscriptions of the Empire. It occurs also on the elogium of C. Claudius Ap.f. C.n. Pulcher, Cos. 92 (Jnscr. It. xiii, 3, no. 70). Its two component

halves occur on certain Republican coins, IIIVIR fairly frequently, A.A.A.F.F on no. 480, and I see no reason to doubt that the normal title of a moneyer under the Republic was the same as it was under the Empire. The legend IIIITVIR A(VRO) P(VBLICO) F(ERIVNDO) on coins of 42 of P. Clodius, L. Livineius Regulus and L. Mussidius Longus (no. 494) surely adverts to the fact that they belonged to the first college in the history of the Republic to strike gold (see pp. 94-5) and tells us nothing about the normal title of a moneyer. The history and nature of the moneyership are both somewhat uncertain and the evidence of the coins must be considered in some detail (the constitutional position of the moneyership vis-a-vis Senate and people is discussed in Chapter 5). Most of the issues of the denarius coinage and almost all of its later issues bear a name (for the reasons behind the practice see below, pp. 601-2), sometimes accompanied by the abbreviated designation of a Republican or quasi-Republican magistracy, from IIIVIR and IIIIVIR to Q and IMPERAT(OR). In these last cases the immediate source of authority for the striking of the coins is apparent (for magistrates other than moneyers see below). The names not accompanied by the designation of a magistracy are usually taken to be those of moneyers. This seems to me basically right. For the first century or so of the denarius coinage it simply never occurred to a moneyer (or 1 For which see Th. Mommsen, RMw, 366 n. 2; O. Hirschfeld, Verwaltungsbeamten, 183-4; H. Strasburger, RE viia, 515; K. Pink, Triumviri Monetales, 8; J. R. Jones, BICS 1970, 70 (incomplete ~ add at least Corinth viii, 3, 125; AE 1968, 474; CIL vi, 1518 with RE Sextius 41; T. P. Wiseman, New men, no. 516). 3 This order of aes, argentum, aurum is given by Pomponius and by Cicero also and is surely correct. Flare seems originally to have referred to cast coins (Varro, RR ii, 1, 9, aes antiquissimum quod est flatum pecore est notatum; Gellius ii, 10, 3), but already by the late Republic could refer simply to coins (Cicero, Sest. 66 and the legends on nos. 393/1b and 485/2); note also nummum conflatum in the fragment of Varro’s Annales dealing with the coinage of Servius Tullius.

599

Monetary magistrates

to anyone else) to indicate his magistracy on his coins, thereafter the presence or absence of the designation IIIVIR, IIIIVIR or A.A.A.F.F depend on the whim of the moneyer and are without significance. This appears most readily from the coinage of 44-40. After Caesar’s increase in the number of moneyers, the designation IIIIVIR appears on the coins. But of the four moneyers of 44 L. Aemilius Buca alone uses it, on part of his issue, while C. Cossutius Maridianus uses the designation A.A.A.F.F, again on part of his issue. Of the three moneyers who actually struck in 43, only L. Flaminius Chilo placed IIIIVIR on his coins. In 42 P. Clodius and L. Livineius Regulus placed IIIIVIR.A.P.F on the gold

they struck for Antonius, Lepidus and Octavian, L. Mussidius Longus on part of the gold he struck for the Triumvirs, while C. Vibius Varus did not use the designation at all. And in 40 or 39 Ti. Sempronius Gracchus used IIIIVIR on one part of his issue.

The absence of the designation IIIVIR from most issues of before 44 does not therefore preclude their having been produced by moneyers. And indeed some issues bear three names, which it would be perverse not to regard as those of a college of moneyers (nos. 283, 284, 285, 335, 350A, 360 and probably 299). Groups of three issues each bearing one name can also sometimes be plausibly suggested (for instance nos. 214-16 and 255-7). But life would be too simple if all issues bearing just a name and no indication of a magistracy could be regarded as having been produced by moneyers and we must

consider two special groups for which this rule does not apply. The Republican coinage of the time of the Second Punic War, both before and after the introduction of the denarius, was struck at a number of mints in Italy and the adjacent islands (see p. 12). Of the symbols and letters used to distinguish the various issues most

are ambiguous and to attempt to identify them is profitless. But some certainly indicate mints, a corn-ear for Sicily, ) for Luceria (both used before and after the introduction of the denarius), « for Corcyra, a corn-ear and ( for Catana, some certainly indicate people, C- VX and C- AV on issues struck in Sicily, C, AA and A on issues struck in Sardinia, CN- CO on an issue of an uncertain mint.

| It seems to me that the majority of ambiguous symbols and letters indicate people, although this cannot be proved (see p. 725); but it is in any case clear that men who were not moneyers could sign an issue and thereby declare their immediate respon-

sibility for it- C, AA and Ag represent the names of L. Cornelius (Lentulus), P. Manlius Vulso and C. Aurunculeius, Praetors of Sardinia in 211-209. Similarly,

the gold issue with the simple legend T- QVINCTI (no. 548) was struck for T. Quinctius Flamininus, Cos. 198, in Greece (compare the issue of Cn. Lentulus (no. 549)).

The second group of coins not bearing an indication of a magistracy, but not struck by moneyers, is the Narbo issue (no. 282). This consists of five varieties, each 600

Moneyers

signed by a different man and all signed by L. Licinius Crassus and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Triumviri col. ded. 118. The coins were struck at Narbo and, although there is no explicit testimony, the law setting up the colony presumably made generous financial provision for this, the first Roman colony outside Italy, and Crassus, for whom the planting of the colony was the fulfilment of an ambition, evidently made arrangements to strike the coins himself. The exact position held by his five junior partners is uncertain. The great diversity of mints during the Second Punic War was doubtless caused by the breakdown in Roman communications in Italy after the battle of Cannae in 216. With Rome’s recovery of control, in which the battle of the Metaurus in 207 was the last phase, the mints closed and between the end of the war and Sulla the only issues struck outside Rome were that of Flamininus and that produced at Narbo. The remainder of the coinage can be satisfactorily arranged in a single sequence and,

in the absence of indications to the contrary, it should be regarded as having been produced by moneyers at the mint of Rome.! By the time of Sulla a marked change in mint practice had taken place. Down to 118 no designation of any magistracy had appeared on the Republican coinage (the letter Q on nos. 86a and 868 probably indicates a person or a place). But soon after, M. Sergius Silus struck an issue of denarii which bore his name followed by the Jetter Q, which in this position can be understood only as the abbreviation for Quaestor. The issue belongs to the sequence of issues of the mint of Rome and the reason for the change in practice is surely the need to indicate the fact that someone other than a moneyer is striking, for the first time, at the mint of Rome. Up to this point only moneyers had struck there and their bare names had sufficed to identify the issue. Once the new practice of naming a magistracy other than the moneyership had been adopted it was presumably adhered to; it was certainly taken over for almost all issues struck outside Rome.? In any case, issues of the mint of Rome bearing

only a name should in my view be regarded throughout the Republican coinage as having been struck by moneyers.? If this view is right and if therefore the presence of moneyers’ marks and names on the coinage indicates their existence from a point shortly after the institution of the denarius system onwards, say from 207 onwards, it is a largely academic question whether the magistracy came into being then or whether an existing magistracy 1 A slight puzzle is posed by the occurrence, within the sequence of issues from the mint of Rome, of anonymous issues side by side with signed issues; although for convenience they are numbered separately in the catalogue, I suspect that they belong in each case with particular signed issues (cf. pp. 48-50). * The exceptions are nos. 373, 443, 452, 458, 468, 483, 500, 535 and 543. 3 A. Alféldi, Gnomon 1954, 389-91, argues that non-moneyers could strike at the mint of Rome without explicitly identifying themselves and that they are revealed to us by their choice of coin types; but the types in question can be otherwise explained and the suggestion introduces quite unnecessary confusion into the Republican coinage. For the interpretation by H. B. Mattingly of the formula ex.s.c. as the mark of an issue by a Quaestor (NC 1956, 189), see p. 88.

601

° ° ° ° . ° ° e\

Monetary magistrates

altered its previous practice. For it seems obvious that the practice of signing the coinage, adopted first for military issues outside Rome, then taken over by moneyers at Rome, was a response to the disastrous decline in the quality of the coinage which

had characterised the last years of the didrachm system; a faulty batch, if signed, could be traced back to the man administratively responsible;! and it was perhaps held that the Censors, with whom responsibility for the coinage during the existence of the didrachm system was probably vested (see pp. 42-3), had been guilty at least of incompetence in allowing the coinage to go to pieces. Although certainty is unattainable, I incline to the view that the moneyership was created with or soon after the institution of the denarius system ;? certainly the evidence

of Pomponius (quoted above) is worthless ;? but the question is unimportant.*

The moneyership was, I think, throughout an annual,® elective magistracy. Mommsen originally argued that it was a special magistracy for a long time, used only when required.* But through most of the second century, there were moneyers, usually three moneyers, functioning nearly every year. It was surely simpler to be prepared not to make use of every moneyer (see pp. 618-19) than to have to arrange for a special magistracy as an almost annual event.’ Since ultimate responsibility for the coinage lay with the people, it is reasonable to suppose that the moneyers were elected rather than appointed.® The absence of the moneyers from the lists of magistrates in the epigraphic /ex repetundarum, the lex Latina Tabulae Bantinae and Cicero, Cluent. 148 proves only that moneyers were

not by virtue of their office qualified for admission to the Senate and thereby automatically disqualified to serve as Gracchani iudices.® As a matter of practice, of 1 For a concern with financial control in this period see Livy xxv, 7, § for a special commission sacrts conquirendis, donisque persignandis (in 212).

2 The IIIviri mensarii appointed in 216 are of some relevance in this connection; the moneyers appointed from 211 are in a certain sense their successors (see p. 33). 3 So rightly Th. Mommsen, RMw, 367 n. 5; H. Schaefer, RE viiia, 2574-5. 4 There is no evidence that the office was suppressed by the Triumvirs and revived by Augustus, contra H. A. Grueber, BMCRR i, lxviii; it simply did not function. 5 Tenure of office presumably began, as for the Quaestors, on 5 December. 6 RMuw, 366-7; St. ii, 639, cf. 601. ? If the moneyership was an annual magistracy, certain consequences for the arrangement of the coinage follow automatically; since nothing that we know of the Republican constitution suggests that a moneyer could be superseded after striking (see Th. Mommsen, St. i, 28-31 and 217-18) or that two colleges could hold office simultaneously, we may not assign more than three moneyers to any

one year. It is noteworthy that when Sulla perhaps wished to strike without using the Marian moneyers he found in office, he did so by reproducing the issues of three optimate moneyers of the second century (see on nos. 369-71). The chronologies of H. A. Grueber, BMCRR i, 189-91, for the late second and early first centuries and of A. Alféldi, Ned. Kunst. fahrb. 1954, 151, for 44-42 may be ruled out of court without further argument. There is no example of iteration of the moneyership. 8 There is no evidence for the identity of the presiding magistrate. ® L. Coilius (no. 154), if an ancestor of C. Coilius Caldus, Cos. 94, did not confer Senatorial ancestry on him ((Q. Cicero], Comm. pet. 11 with M. Gelzer, Nobility, 35); L. Cassius Longinus (no. 413) remained an eques (Cicero, Planc. 58); and L. Mussidius Longus (no. 494) did not become a Senator, since Q. Varius Geminus, and not he, was the first Paelignian Senator (T. P. Wiseman, New men,

| 602

, 243). Note that the Praefecti Capuam Cumas, elected according to Festus, s.v. Praefecturae, do not

figure in the lists of magistrates. discussed in the text.

Moneyers

course, it might be easier for one sort of person to be elected than another; the election of L. and C. Memies to the moneyership for the residue of the year 87 was

doubtless as irregular as the election of Marius and Cinna to the consulship of 86 (Livy, Epit. xxx); Messala advertised the fact that he was moneyer in the year of his father’s consulship (no. 435) and doubtless owed his election in part to that of his father ;! it also seems probable that although members of the great families could readily be elected moneyers, the people was not entirely unaware of the advantages of expertise and tended if possible to elect members of banking and commercial families.?

II MONETARY MAGISTRATES OTHER THAN MONEYERS It appears that moneyers were empowered by virtue of their office to convert each year an amount of bullion determined by the Senate into coin, and that certain other magistrates could be specially empowered by the Senate to perform the same function (see the list on pp. 606-7). A problem is posed by certain magistrates other than moneyers apparently striking at the mint of Rome (for military issues see p. 604) without special authorisation from the Senate. Thus Q. Lutatius Cerco, A. Manlius and Cn. Nerius struck denarii or aurei, C. Fundanius denarii and quinarii, P. Sabinus, T. Cloulius and C. Egnatuleius quinarii (nos. 305, 381, 441, 326 and 331-3), all as Quaestors.? In addition, M. Fannius and L. Critonius struck as Plebeian Aediles, P. Fourius Crassipes as Curule Aedile. The last three struck during the dominatio Cinnae and A. Manlius struck under Sulla; it would be unwise to deduce any general rule from instances falling in an untypical period. But it does seem that the Quaestors (the immediate superiors of the moneyers, see p. 617) could strike coin by virtue of their office, although the right was rarely exercised. Cn. Nerius functioned at a time when it was doubtless desirable to convert bullion into coin as fast as possible, Q. Lutatius Cerco perhaps struck when all the moneyers were temporarily unavailable. The remaining Quaestors seem to have struck in somewhat unusual circumstances; the quinarius, which they all struck, was revived to pay for the agrarian schemes of Marius and Saturninus in Cisalpine Gaul, where the quinarius (old victoriatus) was the unit of account (see p. 628); the Quaestors perhaps felt that so important a matter should remain in their hands. 1 Compare perhaps C. Norbanus, probably moneyer in 83 (no. 357), the year of his father’s consulship, and the moneyers discussed on p. 86. 2 R. Herzog, RE xvii, 1453-6; T. P. Wiseman, New men, 85, on nummularit and moneyers. Although members of gentes attested in the East, presumably mostly involved in business, do not enter public life as moneyers with any greater readiness than they enter it as Tribuni militum, it is probably worth

recalling certain moneyers who seem to belong to great business families; thus the moneyer L. Minucius (no. 248) perhaps belonged to the same family as L. Minucius Basilus, who died in Greece and presumably had interests there (Cicero, de off. iii, 73; Valerius Maximus ix, 4, 1; his nephew and adopted son is perhaps the Minucius who appears as Ephebe at Pergamum, RE Minucius 7); the moneyers L. Cossutius Sabula (no. 395) and Q. Crepereius Rocus (no. 399) surely belonged to the two families with the same nomina active in the East (on the latter see now B. Levick and S. Jameson, JRS 1964, 98). For the age at election of a moneyer see p. 710.

3 For the arguments against regarding the monetary magistrates Ap. Claudius and T. Manl(ius) as Quaestors see on no. 299.

603

Monetary magistrates

III MILITARY ISSUES

During three periods in the history of the Republic, issues signed by individuals were produced which were detached from the main-stream coinage of the mint of Rome! — the Second Punic War, the Civil War between Sulla and his enemies, the rolonged wars from 49 onwards. The military coinage of the first period (nos.

. nittary § P

59-111 and 125-31; see p. 12 for discussion of dates and mints) was, I think, produced under the overall control of the Senate. When A. Cornelius Mammula and T. Otacilius Crassus, governors of Sardinia and Sicily in 216, asked for money, they were told there was none (Livy xxiii, 21, 4; cf. Valerius Maximus vii, 6, 1) iussique ipst classibus atque exercitibus suis consulere, they were ordered themselves to make provision for their fleets and armies.* Whether this decree was regarded as authoris-

ing other commanders in the field to produce coinage also, whether each was specifically authorised or whether a general enabling decree was passed, I am fairly certain that all commanders who produced coinage regarded themselves as doing so in response to the wishes of the Senate. The dispersion of minting was presumably merely intended to avoid as far as possible the dangers likely to arise from transporting coin and to make the best possible use of resources (note the practice of overstriking local coins).‘ Certainly the coinage of the Second Punic War provides no evidence for the view that commanders possessed the right of coinage.®

The issues of Sulla and the Sullani,® of Caesar and his opponents, and of the Triumvirs and their contemporaries were in my view quite simply illegal.” Sulla did

not strike before the end of 83 (see p. 80), that is when the invasion of Italy was decided on and he no longer even formally recognised the authority of the Republican government; similarly Caesar struck only when the decision to cross the Rubicon was taken (see p. 89). For the Triumvirs the Lex Titia might perhaps be invoked; but it cannot explain the coinages of the Liberators or of men such as Q. Cornuficius and Q. Labienus. For all these coinages, the moneta castrensis of Lucan v, 380, the exigencies of war provided the reason and, insofar as one was needed, a justification

could be found in the belief that the war was for the res publica. The context in which this moneta castrensis appears is clear evidence of its illegal status. 1 A great deal of coinage in the period of didrachm coinage under the control of the Censors was

produced outside Rome, nos. 1-2, 13, 15-16, 23 and 37; since it is unsigned, there is little information to be gleaned from it about its administrative framework. See also n. 3 below. 2 For the Narbo issue see pp. 600—1, for the issues of T. Quinctius and Cn. Lentulus see on nos. 548-9. S It is not certain that Mammula ever produced coinage; for a possible issue of Crassus see no. 40; a mint certainly began to operate in Luceria also in this period, see no. 43. ‘ Note also the issue struck on Corcyra, no. 101. The Senate apparently sometimes provided commanders in the field with bullion (Livy xxvii, 10, 11-13, with p. 34). 6 Contra Th. Mommsen, RMw, 376-7; for Roman commanders striking provincial or local coinages

see M. H, Crawford, Coinage and money under the Roman Republic (forthcoming).

* Note also the (probable) Marian issue of anonymous quinarii, no. 373. The issue of Pompeius as Proconsul (no. 402) belongs in this context. * Contra, for instance, C. H. V. Sutherland, CRIP, 10. It is interesting that gold first makes its appearance as a major monetary metal in military issues.

604

4 SPECIAL FORMULAE I ISSUES STRUCK FROM S‘ARGENTUM PUBLICUM’

All official coinage was presumably made from metal owned by the Roman state! and it is not obvious why certain issues should expressly advert to this fact. The issues in question are eight in number.

(1) C. Fabius EX-A-PV (2) M. Lucilius Rufus | rv (3) L. Sentius AGP VB (4) P. Servilius Rullus r

(5) L. Titurius Sabinus A-PV (6) M. Fannius, L. Critonius r-A

(7) Mn. Fonteius EX-A-f (8) L. Iulius Bursio EX: AP

The last three issues belong to the period 86-85; they were perhaps struck from the money left to the populus Romanus by Ptolemy Alexander I of Egypt,? which probably arrived at Rome in the course of 86,? and the unusual origin of the issues

was perhaps felt to be important enough to justify the addition of the legends: P-A and EX-ASP. The first four issues belong to the years 102-100, which fall within the heyday of the iusiurandum in legem, attached to laws as a mark of the sovereignty of the people; the use of a formula recording the fact that coinage was struck ex argento publico perhaps reflects a climate of opinion in the formation of which assertion of the rights of the people played a prominent part.5

On part of the issue of L. Titurius Sabinus, there occurs either A-'V, or A, to identify the head of Tatius, or a palm-branch, in allusion to Roman success in the Social War. I have no explanation to offer of A-P V here.® 1 Note the variant title for a moneyer found in 42, II[Ivir a(uro) p(ublico) f(eriundo), no. 494/1-9 (see

2 For Be city of the testator see E. Badian, RM 1967, 178. 3 E. Badian, RM 1967, 188-9 with n. 38. * Appian, BC i, 131 with commentary of E. Gabba. ° For the Marian sympathies of the moneyers concerned see p. 730 with n. 7. § The formulae s.c.d.t. (for which see on no. 385), p.e.s.c. (for which see below), d.p.p. (for which see on no. 312) and p.p. (for which see on no. 307) have nothing to do with argentum publicum; the issue no. 335 is not relevant in this connection (contra A. Klugmann, NZ 1878, 218).

605 |

Spectal formulae

II ISSUES STRUCK BY ‘SENATUS CONSULTUM” | Certain issues of the Republican coinage were apparently distinguished by being struck ex senatus consulto. But since all legal issues were produced under senatorial control (see p. 616), it is not very clear why this fact was sometimes expressly indicated. It is perhaps best to begin by listing the issues involved (for the variants p(ecunia) e(rogata) s(enatus) c(onsulto) and d(e) s(enatus) s(ententia), see nos. 329 and 355):

(1) M. Sergius Silus Quaestor = ex. S.c.

(2) L. Torquatus Quaestor €X.S.C.

(3) Cetegus Moneyer €X.5.C. (4) Lentulus Marcelli f. Moneyer _p.e.s.c. (on part of issue only)

(5) Piso, Caepio Quaestors = eX.5.c. — (6) L. C. Memies Moneyers —ex.5.c. (7) C. Licinius Macer Moneyer __ ex.s.c. (on bronze only) (8) C. Cassius, L. Salinator © Moneyers _ d.s.s. (issue of bronze only)

(9) Q. Antonius Balbus Praetor $.C.

(10) C. Annius Proconsul _— ex.s.c. (11) C. Valerius Flaccus Imperator ex.s.c. (12) Anonymous Sullan issue — €X.S.C. with cornucopiae

(13) C. Marius Capito Moneyer __ s.c. (on part of issue only)

(14) Laterensis Moneyer S.C.

(15) L. Procilius f. Moneyer _ s.¢.

(16) C. Naevius Balbus Moneyer __ 5.¢.

(17) Ti. Claudius Moneyer __s.c.

(18) L. Rustius Moneyer S.C.

(19) L. Farsuleius Mensor Moneyer sc. |

(20) Cn. Lentulus Quaestor €X.5.C. Curator €X.S.C. denariis flandis

(21) P. Lentulus Quaestor S.C. (22) L. Plaetorius Quaestor S.C. (23) Q. Pomponius Rufus Moneyer S.C.

(24) L. Axsius Naso Moneyer S.C. (25) T. Vettius Sabinus Moneyer __s.c. 1K. Pink, Triumviri; Essays Mattingly, §5, offers nothing of value for this subject, see in particular the review of the former work by C. A. Hersh, NC 1952, 145; Pink never seems to have understood that the whole basis of his arrangement is fallacious.

606

Issues struck by senatus consultum

(26) M. Plaetorius Cestianus Moneyer —ex.5.c. or S.c.

(27) P. Galba Curule aedile s.c.

(28) M. Plaetorius Cestianus § Curule aedile ex.s.c.

(29) P. Ypsaeus Moneyer S.C.

(30) Sufenas Moneyer $.C.

(31) M. Scaurus, P. Hypsaeus Curule aediles ex.s.c.

(32) Faustus Moneyer s.c. (on part of issue only) (33) C. Considius Nonianus § Moneyer S.C.

(34) P. Crassus Moneyer $.C.

(35) Cn. Plancius Curule aedile s.c. (36) A. Plautius Curule aedile s.c.

(37) Messala f. Moneyer S.C.

(38) Q. Sicinius, C. Coponius Moneyer, S.C. Praetor

(39) Mn. Cordius Rufus Moneyer s.c. (on part of issue only)

(40) T. Carisius Moneyer s.c. (on part of issue only) (41) L. Cestius, C. Norbanus _Praetors S.C. OF €X.S.C.

(42) Ti. Sempronius Graccus Quaestor S.c. (on part of issue only) designatus

(43) Q. Voconius Vitulus Quaestor s.c. (on part of issue only) designatus

Of these issues some at least were plainly struck in an emergency context, those

of Q. Antonius Balbus and his Sullan enemies, that of Cn. Lentulus, that of Q. Sicinius with C. Coponius, finally those of L. Cestius with C. Norbanus, of Ti. Sempronius Graccus and of Q. Voconius Vitulus. It may readily be believed

in these cases that the Senate was induced to make special provision for the striking of coinage and that it entrusted the striking to the man who needed the coinage or to his deputy. In the remaining cases the coinage was produced only by a moneyer, Quaestor or Curule aedile, but according to no immediately apparent pattern. The arrangements made for the production of coinage ex senatus consulto were apparently as haphazard as those in force for the production of the routine coinage of the moneyers (for which see p. 618). Two points may nonetheless be made.

Firstly, the practice of marking an issue with E X-S-C, etc., began towards the end of the second century in a period when the financial administration of the Roman

Republic was becoming increasingly complex. I believe that after the loosely controlled coinage system of the Second Punic War had been abandoned the Senate normally decided at the beginning of the year how much coinage was to be struck | (see p. 616). It seems in principle likely that issues marked with E X- S- C,etc., were 607

Special formulae

authorised separately later in the year.’ Detailed consideration of four particular

years reinforces this conclusion. : In 100 there were three moneyers, of whom the last, Lentulus Marcelli f., marked part of his issue p(ecunia) e(rogata) s(enatus) c(onsulto); although die-links between the two parts of the issue are theoretically possible, none in fact occur, which suggests that the coinage produced s.c. was detached in time from the rest. The first issue of 87, that of L. Rubrius Dossenus, bears simply the moneyer’s name, the second issue,

that of L. C. Memies L.f. Gal., produced after the Marians gained control and therefore presumably specially authorised, bears the mark E X-S-C. The issues of 81 are even more instructive. The first issue, that of A. Postumius Albinus, is very large and is followed by the very small issue of L. Volumnius Strabo and the equally small first part of the issue of C. Marius Capito. All this coinage bears simply the moneyers’ names. The second part of the issue of C. Marius Capito is very large and bears the mark S- C; it appears that this moneyer was given special authorisation by the Senate, during the year and during the period of his striking coinage, to produce an additional batch of denarii. Finally, in 49 the coinage of the Quaestor Nerius and the moneyer Q. Sicinius was apparently produced without special authorisation,” the coinage of Q. Sicinius with the Praetor C. Coponius bears the mark S-C; it was doubtless a special war issue. In the second place, the incidence of issues including pieces marked with E X- S-C, etc., is highly suggestive. The thirty-four issues which are not obviously emergency

issues may be tabulated thus:

115-101 B.C. 3 0utof 40 = 7% 70-61 B.C. 4 out of 17 = 24%

100-91 B.C. 2 » 13 =15% 60-51 B.C. 9 » 19 = 47% go-81 B.C. § 59 29 =17% 50-46 B.C. 2 5 14 = 14% 80-71 B.C. 9 » 23 = 39% It is clear that by far the greatest concentration of these issues falls between 80 and 51. The early part of the period is known to be one of recurrent financial crises (see p. 638) and it is possible that the financial administration of the Roman Republic

was in this period conducted on such a hand-to-mouth basis that the Senate was frequently unable or unwilling to decide at the beginning of the year how much coinage should be struck; instead it had recourse to specially authorised issues during the year. 1 See Valerius Maximus vii, 6, 4 for a decree to melt down temple ornaments in 82; Cicero, fam. xi, 24, 2 for money decreed for Brutus in the middle of the year 43 (no coinage was actually struck, see p. 95); A. H. M. Jones, Studies, 101-2 for Imperial practice. The massive issues of late 91 (see p. 587) were presumably authorised by the Lex Papiria; hence no senatorial decree was necessary. 2 See Caesar, BC i, 6, 3; Appian, BC ii, 135; Dio xli, 3, 4 and 6, 3 for the financial dispositions of the Senate early in January 49. 3 The later issues of the Pompeians are military issues pure and simple, see p. 604.

608

Issues struck by senatus consultum

But perhaps more significant is the fact that at any rate the 50s were a period when the year sometimes began without elected magistrates apart from Tribunes or when the Senate was for some other reason prevented from functioning normally. In such

circumstances the Senate presumably found it hard to make its regular annual authorisation of ccinage. It is clearly not possible to maintain that in such circumstances all the coinage of the year had to be specially authorised; if the Senate proceeded as soon as possible, it was doubtless held that a regular annual authorisation had taken place. But this may have been inadequately done and it is noticeable that years of known disruption are marked by coinage struck s.c.; it is worth tabulating the correlation, most striking for the year 53.! 60 B.c. No decrees for two months (Cicero, ad Ait. i, 18, 7). P. Ypsaeus perhaps belongs in this year and strikes s.c.? 56 B.c. January occupied with Egyptian question (P. Stein, Senatssitzungen, 37-9); sortitio of Quaestors delayed (Cicero, ad Q. fr. ii, 3, 13 cf. ad Att. i, 14, 5; fam. i, 4, 1); Consuls not invested formally with powers (Dio xxxix, 19, 3 with A. Magdelain, Imperium, 18~19). Faustus strikes part of his coinage s.c. §5 B.C. Interregnum (P. Stein, 44 n. 242). P. Crassus strikes s.c.; A. Plautius and Cn. Plancius strike prolifically s.c. as Curule Aediles. 53 B.C. Interregnum till July. Messala f. strikes only coinage of this year s.c. §2 B.C. Interregnum.

Coinage apparently normal. 50 B.C. No Senatus consultum nisi de feriis Latinis by February (Cicero, fam. viii, 6, 3). Perhaps no coinage this year, perhaps normal issue of Marcellinus.

To sum up, it thus seems probable, though not absolutely certain, that routine coinage, although authorised by the Senate, bore no special mark and that only

when an issue was separately authorised during the year was it marked with

EX:-S:C, etc.3 ,

1 Cicero, Sest. 74, actum nihil nisi de me, on the year 57 is clearly exaggerated; nonetheless, C. Considius Nonianus strikes s.c. in this year. * Sufenas, who strikes s.c., is a near contemporary as moneyer, see p. 87. * This view is adumbrated by Th. Mommsen, RMu, 378; the argument of A. Alféldi, Gnomon 1954, 389-91, that EX-S-C, etc., appears on the coinage according to no discernible principle is unnecessarily despairing. The formulae d.s.s. on no. 297 and s.c.d.t. on no. 385 have nothing to do with issues by senatus consultum; the formula s.c. on no. 490 refers to the decree providing for the erection of Octavian’s Statue, on no. 497 to the military command conferred on Octavian.

609

5 ADMINISTRATION AND CONTROL The production of an issue of coinage under the Roman Republic involved two separate stages, which must be carefully distinguished. It was necessary both to decide what denominations were to be issued and to fix the total amount of coinage to be issued at any one time together with its distribution over the various denominations. Clear evidence exists that a law was necessary or at least customary for the

initial adoption of a particular denomination or weight standard.! When a large number of denominations were available it was presumably a matter of administrative discretion which ones were actually used and in what proportions. The total amount of coinage issued was normally under Senatorial control.? These rules, with all others, broke down in the period of Civil War from 49 onwards.

I THE PEOPLE

Two laws governing the denominational structure of the Republican coinage are clearly attested, the Lex Clodia and the Lex Papiria® (Pliny, NH xxxiii, 46 - is: qui nunc victoriatus appellatur lege Clodia percussus est, the coin which is now called the victoriatus was (first) struck under the terms of the Lex Clodia, and mox lege Papiria semunciarit asses facti, soon the as was made semuncial under the terms of the Lex Papiria). The first of these, the Lex Clodia, effectively legalised the current practice

with regard to the victoriatus, according to which this old coin weighing threequarters of a denarius was treated as half of a denarius (see p. 628), and at the same time perhaps authorised the issue of a new coin, of the weight of a quinarius and

| with more or less the types of the old victoriatus. The law was presumably, though not necessarily, passed shortly before the new quinarius was first struck in 101: It was doubtless tribunician, but its author is not identifiable. Although there were considerable periods in the first century B.c. when the. new quinarius was not issued, Pliny implies that the Lex Clodia continued to be regarded _ as the source of authority for the issue of the quinarius to the end of the Republic

and beyond. |

1 Th. Mommsen, RMw, 363, discusses in general terms the involvement of the assemblies with monetary regulations; no evidence is cited for the view, 363-6, that the Consuls were specially a A Alfoldi Gnomon 1954, 389-91, rightly emphasises senatorial involvement, although wrong in some

3 = Batelon, RN 1884, 36, ‘La loi Plautia-Papiria’, is largely a work of fiction.

610

The people

The prime purpose of the Lex Papiria of 91 (for the date see p. 77, for the reasons

behind it see p. 596) seems to have been to authorise the production of bronze, including the as, on a weight standard of half an ounce instead of an ounce. (The reason can hardly have been shortage of resources, cf. p. 616 below; it may have been

felt that the restoration of the full uncial standard, see p. 596, had been pointless.) Its existence and function are confirmed by the bronze coins of semuncial weight

standard probably of this year (no. 338) bearing the legend L.P.D.A.P. This should be expanded as lege Papiria de assis (or aeris) pondere.! A second purpose of the law seems to have been to revive the sestertius. Rare sestertii of 91 and go (nos. 337/4 and 340/3) bear the legend E.L.P, most naturally expanded as e lege Papiria.

The full title of the law was perhaps Lex Papiria de assis pondere et sestertio feriundo. It may be argued that mere revival of a denomination should not need a law,

but the sestertius had not been struck for over a century and a law may have been regarded as necessary for this reason. Certainly it is impossible to believe that if a denomination lapsed for a few years a law was necessary to revive it. Particularly during the second century the small denominations in bronze were continually being dropped and revived and the as itself was not struck for some thirty-five years.

On the analogy of the Lex Clodia, the Lex Papiria may be taken to have provided authority for the issue of the silver sestertius to the end of the Republic. Whether Augustus had the law in mind when he adopted the semuncial weight standard for his bronze coinage after the chaotic practice of the Civil Wars (see below, also p. 597 above) must remain uncertain. If the literary and numismatic evidence for the last stage in the reduction of the weight standard of the bronze coinage is clear and consistent, the opposite is true of the evidence for the earlier stages (and for their relationship with the silver coinage) and it is not obvious how much of the garbled testimony of the literary sources one should try to rescue. One may start with two complementary statements of Festus (s.vv. Sextantari asses and Grave aes).

Sextantari asses in usu esse coeperunt ex eo tempore, quo propter bellum Punicum secundum, quod cum Hannibale gestum est, decreverunt patres, ut ex assibus qui tum erant librari, fierent sextantari; per quos cum solvi coeptum esset,

et populus aere alieno liberaretur, et privati, quibus debitum publice solvi oportebat, non magno detrimento adficerentur. 1 H. Gaebler, Z/N 1902, 174.n. 5. Th. Mommsen’s interpretation, lege Papiria de aere publico, defended by H. Willers, Kupferprdgung, 78-9, is less satisfactory, since there is no evidence that the law concerned itself (or needed to concern itself, see p. 605) with the supply of bullion. Willers’ argument, that the letters L.P.D.A.P cannot refer to a law authorising the semuncial weight standard because

they appear only on a small part of the bronze of that standard, will not do; after c. 141 all denarii were tariffed at 16 asses, but only five issues bear the mark of value XVI. As for the suggestion of K. Pink, Triumviri monetales, 32 and 58, that the Lex Papiria included a clause relating to ‘special

triumvirates’, there is no evidence that these existed now or at any other time. 611

Administration and control

Sextantal asses came into use when because of the Hannibalic War the Senate decreed that instead of being libral asses should be sextantal; their intention was

that when the latter were used for discharging obligations the Roman people would be relieved of its indebtedness and private individuals to whom the state owed money would not suffer serious loss. and

grave aes dictum a pondere, quia deni asses, singuli pondo libras, efficiebant denarium, ab hoc ipso numero dictum. Sed bello Punico populus Romanus, pressus aere alieno, ex singulis assibus librariis senos fecit, qui tantundem, ut illi, valerent.

Aes grave has this name because of its weight, for ten asses each weighing a pound made up a denarius, also accounting for its name. But during the (Second) Punic War the Roman people, hard pressed by debt, made six (sextantal) asses out of each libral as, with the intention that a sextantal as should be worth as much as a libral as.

The two passages tell the same story with minor variations; the first specifies correctly (see p. 30) that the sextantal weight standard came in during the Second Punic War and ascribes the measure to the simple action of the Senate, the second wrongly associates the libral weight standard with the denarius (see p. 37 n. 4) and asserts that the populus Romanus was responsible for the sextantal weight standard. Apart from the mistaken association of the libral weight standard with the denarius (universal in the Roman tradition, Varro, LL v, 174; Priscian, de fig. num. 9; Volusius Maecianus, Distr. 74), Festus’ story is consistent with the numismatic evidence. The version involving action by the populus Romanus seems preferable and a lex de assibus

| sextantartis should be assumed. But the introduction of the sextantal weight standard was only one stage in the introduction of the denarius coinage to replace Rome’s debased quadrigati. I have argued (p. 24) that the denarius coinage was a single unified system, including three gold denominations, the denarius and its fractions, the victoriatus and bronze, and it is also apparent that a national debf'was incurred to finance it (see p. 32). The full title of the law of 211 was perhaps /ex de assibus sextantarius et de pecunta nova feriunda.

Two modifications in the denarius coinage of the Republic (apart from those brought about without legislation under the stress of Civil War) must now be considered. The first of these is the appearance of the uncial weight standard, the second the retariffing of the denarius at sixteen instead of ten asses. Both are explicitly described only in Pliny’s unsatisfactory account of the Republican coinage. After dealing with the earlier phases (see pp. 35-7), Pliny gives substantially the same account as Festus of the introduction of the sextantal weight standard, but mis-dates it to the First Punic War. He then gives some information on individual denominations and continues (xxxiii, 45) postea Hannibale urguente QO. Fabio Maximo dictatore (217 B.C.) 612

The people

asses unciales facti, placuitque denartum XVI assibus permutari, quinarium octonis, sestertium quaternis, ‘afterwards, when Hannibal was pressing hard, in the dictatorship of Q. Fabius Maximus, the as was made uncial; it was then agreed that a denarius should be worth 16 asses, a quinarius 8 and a sestertius 4’. As Mommsen remarks,} Pliny’s account of the Republican coinage goes back at least in part to the same source as that of Festus. It is not clear whether Pliny’s higher absolute dates are a variant

from the same source, the version of a different source or the product of Pliny’s imagination. But the fact of the uncial weight standard and the retarifhing of the denarius should be accepted. The precise nature, however, of the laws or law involved is not obvious.

Two other pieces of evidence may be brought to bear on the retariffing of the denarius, the five issues of denarii with the mark of value XVI (nos. 224-8) and a fragmentary passage of Festus (s.v. Sesterti not{am]). It is probable, though not of course absolutely certain, that the mark of value XVI appeared immediately after the retariffing of the denarius and then lapsed; the mark of value X doubtless reappeared because the name of the denarius remained unchanged. If the mark of value XVI is to

be connected with the retariffing, this fell in c. 141, and certainly a historically satisfactory account of the measure can be given on this assumption (see p. 621). Pliny’s date for the retariffing, before the introduction of the coin, is in any case impossible. It follows that any restoration of the passage of Festus which attempts to reconcile it with Pliny’s date for the retariffing cannot be right. In particular, to restore lege Flaminia and then because of Pliny’s Q. Fabio Maximo dictatore to associate the law with C. Flaminius, Cos. 217, is impossible; Flaminius was dead before Fabius became Dictator and never in Rome during his tenure of the consulship. The following restoration is offered exempli gratia and tries to avoid making the passage tell us more than we know already.

Sesterti not{am ait Verrius Flaccus signa continere] dupundi et semisis; q[uare sestertius dictus quasi semis] tertius; sed auctu? sesq[uiassis’ etiam nunc sestertius est] apud antiquos autem [denarii denorum assium e-] rant et valebant d[ecusis,° qui dicebantur quadriga-] ti, bigati, quinquessis q[uinarii; denarius qui nunc] est numerum aeris perduct[um habet ad XVI asses lege Fla-] minia minus solvendi; a[rgenti enim penuria premeba-] tur populus Romanus.? * The MS reading, which I have checked, is aucto, making no real sense and easily emended. ¢ Compare sesquilibra, Cato, Agr. 23, 106. © Compare Festus, s.v. Sestertius. ¢ Identical line length is not to be expected, since the use of abbreviations is inconsistent and line ends in the other column of the MS are irregular. * RMuw, 288 n. 14.

613

Administration and control

The passage may be translated as follows. Verrius Flaccus states that the mark of value of the sestertius contains the marks of the dupondius and the semis; the name of the sestertius derives from the fact that the semis is its third component; but even now when it is greater by an as and a semis, it is still a sestertius; originally, however, the denarius consisted of ten asses and was worth a decussis (it was also called quadrigatus or bigatus), the quinarius was worth a quinquessis; the denarius of the present day consists of sixteen asses as a result of the Lex Flaminia minus solvendi; for the Roman people was suffering from a shortage of silver. Although other names than that of a Flaminius may be restored, there is a Flaminius available in the mid-second century, Leg. 154, who may be taken, perhaps as Tr. Pl. c. 141, as the author of a Lex Flaminia minus solvendi.! The title of the law is readily intelligible - the Roman state seems to have held that bronze could be exchanged for silver at the Aerarium (see p. 626 n. 3) and the effect of the law will have been to reduce the amount of silver that had to be paid out for a given amount of bronze (for the motivation of the law, misunderstood by Festus, see p. 625). The

new exchange rate between denarius and as created by the retariffing remained officially in force until the end of the denarius coinage, confirmed by the edict of M. Marius Gratidianus of 85 (see p. 620). An immediate consequence of the retarifing seems to have been the adoption of the sestertius instead of the as, as the Roman unit of account (see p. 621). Since the retariffing effectively devalued the as,

the new method of accounting was perhaps introduced by senatus consultum in a deliberate attempt to obscure the fact of the devaluation. The evidence for the appearance of the uncial weight standard is unfortunately equivocal, but it seems almost certain, despite Pliny’s indication to the contrary, that it emerged gradually and not as the result of a law or other enactment. From the very start of the denarius coinage with its sextantal weight standard for the bronze, some

issues (notably nos. 63-5 and 69) produced outside Rome were of uncial weight standard or less, presumably because of local shortages of bronze. By the time minting was concentrated at Rome in about 207, the weight standard there was somewhere between sextantal and uncial (no. 57). There was from this point a slow decline

to a weight standard less than uncial. At no point in the decline can a stage be

| recognised from the coins at which the uncial weight standard could have been introduced. Traditionally,? the two issues of ‘uncial’ dupondii (nos. 56/1 and 69/1) are regarded as marking the introduction of the uncial weight standard. But no. 69/1 certainly belongs at the start of the denarius coinage and the anonymous issue should be placed not very far from the start (see discussion on pp. 11-12). Both are fiduciary 1 Pliny may well have found this Lex Flaminia in his source and jumped to the (wrong) conclusion that it belonged in 217. 2 As in E. A. Sydenham, CRR, 33-4.

614

The people

issues of the period when a sextantal weight standard was in force. I conclude therefore that no specific enactment was ever made about the uncial weight standard and that Pliny’s asses unciales facti merely preserves a memory of the fact that the weight standard was approximately uncial at the time of the retariffing of the denarius. The most important event in the history of the Republican coinage was of course

its introduction to the city of Rome, on the date of which the literary tradition is divided between 269 and 268 (see pp. 42-3). It is argued there that control of the Republican coinage in its early years was in the hands of the Censors and the discrepancy is most readily explained by the supposition that the decision to inaugurate a coinage at Rome was taken by a law of 269 and that the decision was put into effect by the Censors in the following year (for the arrangements for issues outside Rome before 269 see below). A Lex Ogulnia Fabia de aere argento (? auro) flando feriundo should be postulated; Rotondi’s hesitation over this law! is the result of trust in a

false account of the introduction of the sextantal weight standard. The denominational structure of the aes grave introduced under the law was perpetuated at a variety of weight standards to the end of the Republic, but the didrachm coinage introduced at the same time underwent a number of modifications in the course of its short life. These included both the production of silver fractions together with a range of token bronze fractions for the didrachm and the issuing of gold. All these features are paralleled in the Greek models from which the Roman didrachm coinage was derived and it is probable that they were provided for in the Lex Ogulnia Fabia. No separate authorisation was thus needed for the gold issue of 216. The didrachm coinage and aes grave in their early years declined gently in weight standard, doubtless as a result of purely administrative action. But the last years of this period of Roman coinage are marked by a drastic reduction in the weight standard of the aes grave and a severe debasement of the silver coinage (Zonaras viii, 26, 14). The first seems to have been at least in part a conscious act of policy and I should argue that a law was passed to put it into effect. Not only is the formal distinction

readily apparent between coins of the semilibral weight standard and those of the preceding issue, but the Roman state seems to have taken great care to see that the amount spent on the Ludi Romani of 217 (after the reduction in weight standard see p. 43) weighed as much as the amount spent the previous year, although for secular purposes the new asses were worth as much as the old (see pp. 626-7). In 217 333.3334 asses were spent (Livy xxi, 10, 7), in contrast to 200,000 previously (Dion. Hal. vii, 71, 2 and Ps-Asconius, 217 St, who both wrongly give the sum in sestertii rather than in asses, see p. 623). Since the new asses weighed 6 ounces and the asses of the preceding issue 10 ounces, 200,000 of the latter weighed the same as 333,3334 of the former (200,000 x 49. = 333,3334). The name of the law responsible for the change in weight standard was perhaps Jex de assibus semilibralibus, 1 Leges publicae, 243.

615

Administration and control | The semilibral weight standard lasted for perhaps two years before a further reduction took place, associated this time with a debasement of the silver coinage. The result was the collapse of the entire system, leading to the replacement of the didrachm coinage by the denarius coinage. Although no certainty is possible, it seems likely that the reduction and debasement were ad hoc measures and not the result of legislation. (The slight and short-lived debasement of 87 was probably also an ad hoc measure.) One curious law remains to be discussed, which reinforces the general conclusion that alterations in the denominational structure and in the weight or quality of the Republican coinage were properly a matter for legislation. It is the law recorded in one cryptic sentence of Pliny (xxxiii, 46), Livius Drusus in tribunatu plebei octavam partem aeris argento miscuit. Pliny does not distinguish between M. Livius Drusus, Tr. Pl. 122, and M. Livius Drusus, Tr. Pl. 91, but it seems certain that the younger is meant. There is no trace of debasement of the silver coinage after either tribunate and Pliny’s record of the law can only be explained on the assumption that it was passed by the younger Livius Drusus in 91 and annulled with the rest of his laws (Cicero, de leg. ii, 31; Asconius 68-9C; Cicero, de domo 41 and 50; de leg. ii, 14; Diodorus xxxvii, 10). The reason for the projected debasement of the silver coinage remains quite mysterious. Rome was able in the following year and for some years thereafter to produce an enormous silver coinage without any apparent difficulty. Perhaps Livius Drusus believed that his programme would be inordinately expensive to carry out. Il THE SENATE

By the mid-second century B.c. control of the financial resources of the Roman Republic was firmly in the hands of the Senate (Polybius vi, 13, 1), and was exercised through the Quaestors. Polybius’ caveat that the Consul in Rome could help himself

to money from the treasury is not borne out by the Livian narrative of the Second

Punic War.! The same narrative shows that part of the process of bringing the dictatorship under civilian control was the taking away of its financial independence. It is less clear what conditions were like before the Second Punic War.

It has been argued (pp. 42-3) that the dating of the early Roman coinage suggests very strongly indeed that the Censors were in some way responsible for the successive

issues from 280 to 225. The precise nature of this responsibility is puzzling, in particular how continuity was assured when the Censors resigned and before their successors were appointed and how the actual process of striking bullion into coin was arranged. The most reasonable suggestion seems to be that, as in the second century, the Censors were merely executive officers of the Senate and set in motion 1 F, W. Walbank, on Polybius vi, 12, 8, is unduly cautious on this point. ? Livy xxii, 23, 6-8, cf. xxviii, 45, 14.

616

The Senate

a policy agreed on by that body which could then be carried out by junior magistrates, presumably Quaestors. Although it is theoretically conceivable that the production of coinage was contracted out, the stylistic continuity of both silver and bronze from 269 onwards (nos. 20-7) militates against this possibility. The issue of 225 was overtaken by the Second Illyrian War and the Second Punic War and for a decade coinage was produced on a hand-to-mouth basis (see pp. 600-1 and p. 604). From 211 onwards the coinage was, I think, effectively in the hands of three annually elected moneyers (see pp. 601-2) and the Censors had no further concern with it.

Given overall Senatorial control, the standard procedure of the Roman Republic from this time onwards with regard to the amount of coinage to be produced may be reconstructed as follows. At the beginning of the year the Senate would meet to hear estimates of income and expenditure together with a statement on the surplus coinage in hand? and to authorise the production of the required amount of coinage. The Quaestors presumably handed bullion over to the moneyers and received it back in the form of coin.4 From this coin, together with any coin already in the aerarium, the Senate would from time to time authorise expenditure.® The crucial problem, for the resolution of which there is no explicit evidence, is whether or not the system assumed that al] payments would normally be made in new coin (either of the current year or remaining from the previous year) or whether 1 There is no evidence for the contracting out of the actual production of coinage at any period in Roman history; the moneyer L. Piso Frugi (no. 340) is not the same man as the contractor for military supplies, and there is thus no reason to suppose that the moneyer contracted out the production of

part of his issue to himself; nor can it be argued that P. Monetius soc.]. Philogenes, attested in CIL vi, 9953, worked at the production of coinage during the period when he was the slave of the societas which ultimately manumitted him (contra O. Hirschfeld, Verwaltungsbeamten, 185 n. 2). Melting down of metal was sometimes contracted out during the Empire, CJL xiv, 3642; vi, 8455, 8456, 791; for the contracting out of the production of a third-century Greek coinage, see H. Ross Holloway, Hieronymos, 33-6. 2 For a certain awareness of the working of the finances of the Roman state, see Cicero, de leg. iii, 415

(Sallust], Ep, ii. 1, 3; cf. Aristotle, Rhet. i, 4. The IlIlviri mensarii appointed in 216 were special budgetary officials; note also the formula used by Livy to describe the sum granted to the Censors to spend, vectigal annuum decretum est, xl, 46, 16; cf. xliv, 16, 9. For stocks of coin see p. 618 n. 5 below. 3 In 209 the provision of bullion for coinage (Livy xxvii, 10, 11-13 with p. 34) formed part of quae Romae agenda erant (xxvii, 12, 1) before the year’s operations commenced. Note that revenues from the provinces came in at the end of the year for which they were collected (in 44 —see p. 639) or at the beginning of the following year (in 45-44 - Nic. Dam., Caes. 55; Appian, BC iii, 39; Dio xlv, 3, 2; these revenues, intended for the Parthian War, were kept by Octavian) and that provision for provincial governors was normally made at the beginning of the year (e.g., Livy xl, 35, 3-4; Cicero, ad Att. iii, 24, 1). The provision of bullion for coinage is perhaps also mentioned in Cicero, Phil. vii, 1 (January—February 43), de Appia via et de moneta consul refert; the business could perhaps relate to the fabric of the temple of Juno Moneta; S. Weinstock (in conversation) took it to relate to the problem of Caesar’s portrait on the coinage; I doubt this. In any case the existence of a regular authorisation of bullion for coinage follows from the occurrence at intervals of special authorisations (on which see p. 606). “ The Quaestors’ responsibility for testing the quality of the metal of the Carthaginian indemnity, Livy XXxii, 2, 1-2, is interesting in this connection. § For early examples of expenditure via the Quaestors note Polybius xxiii, 14, 5; SIG 674 = Sherk 9, line 68; SIG 688 = Sherk 10, B, line 13; Lucilius 428-9M; cf. O’Brien Moore, RE Supp. vi, 741.

617

Administration and control

old coin would normally be stored and re-used, as it certainly was in 43 (see p. 640 n. 2). For on the answer to this question depends the possibility of correlating volume of coinage with state expenditure. Certainly some new coinage would normally have to be struck, for the aerarium from a very early date found itself in possession of foreign coinage which would not

be acceptable in Italy.1 But it does not follow that denarii which came into the aerarium were melted down and made into new coin, a process which would undoubtedly have involved some loss.? On balance I believe that down to Sulla they were and regard two general considerations as relevant. A rule that all coin coming into the aerarium had to be melted down and recoined would reduce the possibility of fraud ;3 one could question a functionary on how he came to have a batch of new coin in his purse, one would have less reason to suspect a batch of old coin.* And at only one point between 211 and 81 is there a gap in the sequence of Republican coinage such as to suggest that substantial stocks of old coin were being used for payments.®

But the strongest reason for believing that down to Sulla the Roman Republic was

in normal times in the habit of making payments in new coin is the very close correlation which does in fact exist between volume of coinage and scale of expenditure from year to year (see p. 694). Even so, two cautions are necessary. The correlation between the volume of the coinage of the Roman Republic as defined in this

book and the size of the payments being made can never be perfect, since much provincial revenue was coined on the spot and spent in the form of cistophori or Iberian denarii.¢ And even if the Roman Republic was in the habit of making payments in old coin, exceptional expenditure would presumably still be reflected in increased coinage.

III THE MINT We have little information on how the moneyers actually went about administering the production of the required amount of coinage, once this was agreed.” The most 1 Conspicuously from booty, also from taxation, see, for instance, Cicero, de domo §2; ad Att. il, 6, 23 16, 4.

3 M. I Finley, IJ Int. Conf. Econ. Hist. i, 22; considerations of prestige would have encouraged moneyers to discount this consideration. 3 For Imperial legislation against misconduct by mint officials see M. H. Crawford, NC 1968, 58; for

possible examples of Republican misconduct see pp. 602 and 620. , . « The almost complete disappearance of the practice of overstriking once the chaotic conditions of the period of the Second Punic War were past perhaps suggests that the mint was in the habit of melting down all old coinage; sporadic examples of overstriking may then be regarded as the result of inserting old coins into the production process at an advanced stage; it is hard to see otherwise how coins came to be overstruck in the same year as they were originally issued (Table xv11I, 110 and 114). ’ The mint clearly sometimes overproduced (see Pliny, NH xxxiii, §5-6 for stocks of coins at various points in Roman history); the result of overproduction one year could be spent next year and thus relieve the mint of the need to strike. * For Roman use of the latter see M. H. Crawford, NC 1969, 79-84.

? For the technical operations involved see p. 569. , 618

The mint

serious problem is posed by the fact that of the three moneyers appointed in any given year only one or two might actually strike; quite apart from the fact that coins do not survive of enough moneyers to provide three a year between 211 and 45, one moneyer is attested by literary evidence of whom no coins are known (no. 347). The problem would not really be altered by the supposition that all these men struck a token issue which was not large enough to survive. The most plausible supposition is that as in everything else at Rome social status

counted; compared with the period from c. 145 to 100 and with the 80s, the 7os, 60s and 50s were a period when relatively few moneyers struck; those that did were on the whole of high social status (see also p. 711); if the year’s authorisation of coinage was all produced during their periods of striking, that was just too bad for their humbler and now unknown colleagues. Great differences in the amounts of coinage produced by moneyers who were apparently colleagues are also surprising (for instance nos. 357-8); they further suggest that moneyers divided the year into periods and operated in turn. Presumably the agreed amount of coinage might all be required at one time rather than another; presumably also it might be required at a time which was not anticipated.’ One moneyer adds the words pri(mus) fl(avit) to his name (L. Flaminius Chilo, no. 485); an order of striking, the existence of which is implied by this formula, was

doubtless agreed by the moneyers rather than drawn by lot; Chilo, unlike his colleagues, was perhaps of Senatorial family.? The notion of an order of striking is complicated by two factors: first, it is clear that in some years, notably 44 and 42, a

moneyer might go back to striking after a period off duty; second, issues were sometimes struck jointly by two (as no. 285/2) or three moneyers (as no. 285/3-7). The extent of administrative discretion and the identity of its possessors are alike unclear. Presumably once a denomination had been established by law it was for the Quaestors or the moneyers to decide whether or not it should be struck in any given

year (compare p. 611). Questions of metal content were normally a matter for legislation (see p. 616); but the debasements of 213-2125 and of 87 were presumably administrative measures; so presumably were the slight decline in the weight of the

denarius soon after its institution and the more long-term and more considerable decline in the weight of the bronze coinage in the second century. Two points call for 1 ‘We can be reasonably certain that in the year 44, for instance, all the coinage needed was produced in the first half of the year (see pp. 94-5); all four moneyers were involved, but presumably might not have been. * For the procedure when additional coinage was required see p. 606.

§ No other moneyer explicitly draws attention to the fact that he struck first; the addition of the titulature IIIVIR to a moneyer’s name is entirely haphazard, see p. 600. “ One may argue that in these years conditions were exceptional; for Caesar’s freedmen overseeing the mint see Suetonius, Caes. 76, for Caesar’s overall financial control, exercised through Praefecti, Dio xliii, 45, 2; 48, 1 and 3. It will not do to argue with A. Alféldi, SM 1966, 148, that the sharing of dies by the moneyers of 44 is the result of the presence in the mint of Caesar’s freedmen; compare the sharing of dies by moneyers in the second century, p. 51. 5 As also the contemporary reduction of the weight standard of the bronze below a semilibral level.

619

Administration and control

comment: around 170 and again in 115 the weight of the bronze coinage was raised quite dramatically ;! and around 170 a decision was taken virtually to eliminate the striking of the denarius, to be followed by another after 160 to start once more and

then by a third around 145 to abandon the striking of the as. Remembering the initiative of Cato the Younger as Quaestor, I am inclined to regard the two raisings of the weight standard as quaestorian measures (mint officials had perhaps profited from the drop in the weight of the bronze coinage). The sequence of events leading up to the abandonment of the as were perhaps decided at a higher level; the abandonment of the as involved a change in the method of paying the army and soon brought about the need to retariff the as (see p. 625). Finally, it is clear that types could be chosen and put into use at very short notice; the kaleidoscopic succession of types in 44 is enough to prove this; it is also probable that part of the regular coinage of 46, not only that struck by special authorisation, reflects the events of that year (see on nos. 464-5). IV MAGISTRATES

Apart ftom the use by Caesar of Praefecti to oversee the finances of the Republic (see p. 619 n. 4), only one case is known to me of involvement with the coinage of magistrates other than those concerned, directly or indirectly, with producing it. This is the action taken by the Praetors of 85, who, I believe, took steps to enforce observance of the official exchange rate of sixteen asses to one denarius (for which see p. 625). The semuncial reduction of 91 (see p. 611) and the dislocation of normal life caused by the events of the next few years had apparently caused the nummus, here the denarius, to be tossed about, so that no-one knew its value (Cicero, de off.

iii, 80; Pliny, NH xxxiii, 132; xxxiv, 27, is demonstrably in error).2 The Praetors presumably promised redress to anyone who was defrauded by the operation of irregular exchange rates. 1 On the second occasion production of the as was resumed after an intermission of some thirty years. 2 For detailed argument see PCPhS 1968, 1; P. J. Goddard, SCMB 1969, 7 and 42, is of no interest; the attempt of J. R. Jones, BICS 1971, 99, to disprove the existence of irregular exchange rates between as and denarius depends on the remarkable belief that the mean of 18 and 17 is 16.

620

I SESTERTIUS

In the historical period the Romans expressed a large number of assessments of _ value, from property qualifications to fines, in monetary terms; since these assessments of value were often politically important, it is clearly desirable to know what these monetary terms meant and whether they varied from one period to another.’ Confusion was sown, uncharacteristically, by Mommsen; the reality is in my view

very simple and can be expressed in four propositions. The Romans officially reckoned in asses? from earliest times down to the point at which the denarius was revalued at sixteen asses instead of ten asses;? thereafter they officially reckoned in sestertii;* all state assessments hitherto expressed as so many asses were now converted to the same number of sestertii;5 all state payments hitherto computed in asses were hereafter made in such a way that the same amount of silver was paid out.® Individual practice of course did not always conform to the first two propositions, 1 Theearliest systematic attempt to relate Roman monetary terms to the coinage is that of J .A. Letronne, Considérations; basing his calculations on the Constantinian solidus, he establishes the weight of the Roman pound; since the denarius is described by Roman authors as a fraction of a pound (see p. 594 n. 1), it is then possible to identify particular coins as denarii. * The practice developed from reckoning in pounds of bronze (Livy iv, 30, 3 with lucid commentary of R. M. Ogilvie); cf. Festus, s.v. Nancttor for pecunia in the Foedus Cassium. For reckoning in asses at the time of the retariffing see Pliny, NH xxxiii, 45 with p. 622 below. Sums of money in Livy, presumably deriving ultimately from official records, are normally in asses (iv, 16,

23 X, 46, 155 XXvill, 9, 173; xxix, 15, 93; Xxxi, 13, 73 20, 7; xxxvi, 40, 133 xliv, 5, 4) or amounts aeris |

or aeris gravis (Concordance i, 271-2; Epit. xlviii; cf. Valerius Maximus iv, 4, 10). For quadrigati and denarii in Livy see p. 630. It does not follow from the existence of a system of decimal subdivision of the sestertius (Volusius Maecianus 65, 73, 76, cf. 74-5) that the sestertius was used as a unit of reckoning while the denarius was still worth ten asses; the system is exposed as a late construction (so also A. Nagl, Rechentafel, 74-7, for different reasons) by the symbols it uses — | for 1/10 instead of for one as, = for 1/20 instead of for one semuncia. Sestertii cccur in Cato, Agr. 14, 33 14, 53 21, 5322) 3-43 144; 33 144, 53 145, 2, where they should be regarded as posthumous alterations of the text (for these see F. Leo, Geschichte des rim. Lit., 272 n. 1; A. Mazzarino, Introduzione al de agri cultura, esp. 85); for Cato’s use of denarii and asses in reckoning see Plutarch, Cato Maior 4; Seneca, Epist. 94, 27. For sestertii in Livy see p. 631. * Of course small sums such as corn prices could still be expressed in asses. The Lex Valeria of 86 simply reduced debts to one quarter and did not affect the basic system of reckoning, contra Th. Mommsen, RMuw, 383-4. 5 E. Meyer, Rom. Staat, 52-3, following H. Mattingly, ¥RS 1937, 106-7, seems to say that recorded assessments in asses are merely archaising conversions of first-century figures in sestertii; that is to carry scepticism too far, given the testimony of Polybius (see Table xLvuil, first entry). 6 Payments to soldiers were doubtless those principally affected and the only ones for which explicit evidence su.vives; soldiers’ pay could, for obvious reasons, not be casually increased or decreased, pace G. R. Watson, Historia 1958, 118.

621

Roman units of reckoning under the Republic

but this does not affect their general validity ; the official unit of reckoning in England

now is the pound, despite the fact that surgeons express their prices in guineas and

my College expresses the cost of wine consumed in pence; since the last two propositions related only to matters of official concern, there are no exceptions. The first problem to be considered is the expression in sestertii of assessments earlier expressed in asses; the evidence is best displayed in tabular form (see Table XLvii1, where the figures in denarii and asses record the state of affairs before c. 141, the figures in sestertii the state of affairs thereafter). It seems to me farmore plausible to assumethat thesame figure was transferred from assessments in asses to assessments in sestertii than to argue, with Mommsen,! that the sestertius (weighing a scruple of silver) and the libral as were originally equiva-

lent and that figures could be expressed indifferently in one or the other; that figures so expressed were perpetuated unchanged when with the creation of the denarius system the sestertius was fixed at 2.5 asses; and that whenever figures involve the equivalence 2.5 asses = 1 sestertius = 1/4 denarius (an equivalence which came in with the denarius system) they must have been fixed after the as ceased to be libral.2 Against Mommsen’s first point may be urged the high silver: bronze

ratio of 1:240 which it implies,’ against the whole theory the fact that there is a gap between the end of the libral as in 217 and the first appearance of the coin

and hence of the word sestertius in 211.4 It is not, by contrast, unreasonable to suppose thatthe effort of converting assessments in asses to assessments in sestertii when the retariffing took place seemed too great and that it was decided simply to write the

assessments across from so many asses to the same number of sestertii; the decision

was doubtless also politically convenient, since it would have had the effect of reducing the size of the prima classis, deliberately increased a few years earlier (see p- 631), but doubtless now swelling out of all proportion because of the effect of the influx of wealth to Rome from the East (compare Aristotle, Pol. 1306b 9; 1308a 35).

As for payments, the crucial piece of evidence is that provided by Pliny (NH xxxiii, 45), ‘placuitque denarium sedecim assibus permutari..., in militari tamen stipendio semper denarius pro decem assibus datus est’, ‘and it was decided that a denarius should exchange for sixteen asses, but in paying soldiers a denarius has always been given for each ten asses due to them’.' How much was actually due to 1 RMuw, 302-6 (starting from the false premise that the denarius and the triental standard were contemporary), cf. 197, 206 and 292-4. The theory of K. Samwer and M. Bahrfeldt, NZ 1883, 185-9, is no improvement. * RMa, 304, cf. 302 n. 40. * See below, p. 626 n. 8. « Varro, LL v, 173; Festus, s.v. Trientem tertium; Vitruvius iii, 1, nostri gquartam denarit partem, quod effictebatur ex duobus assibus et tertio semtsse, sestertium nominaverunt. 5’ The attempt of H. B. Mattingly, NC 1969, 99-100, to discount the testimony of Pliny is astonishing ; there is not a shred of evidence to suggest that Pliny was aware of the figures for donatives recorded

by Livy and that he invented his account of the retariffing of the denarius to accommodate them. The accounting device recorded by Pliny is a perfectly reasonable one by which a decrease in soldiers’ pay could be prevented..

622

Sestertius TABLE XLVIII. As and sestertius

Denarii Asses Sestertii Census qualification 10,000 100,000 100,000}

for prima classis DD. Hal. iv, 16, 2 Livy i, 43, 1 Gaius iii, 42

Pol. vi, 23, 15 Inst. ili,(qualification 7, 2 of locupletiores libertt)

Limit of application 100,000 100,000 of Lex Voconia Cic., de re p. iii, 17 + Ps-Asc. 247St Gaius ii, 274 Dio lvi, 10?

Fine for inturia 25 25

Gell. xx, 1, 12° Coll, Mos. Rom. ii, 5, §

cf. xvi, 10, 8 Gaius ili, 223 Festus 508L

Basic daily wage 33 (see p. 624) Cic., Rosc. Com. 28 Nominal assessment 1 (per jugerum rent) 1 (fine)

Livy xxxi, 13, 7 Plut., Mar. 38% Val. Max. viii, 2, 3; (sale of hereditas)

, (sale of property) Gaius ii, 252;

Cic., Rab. Post. 45 Val. Max. v, 2, 10 Livy, Epit. lv ILS 8302, etc. ; (prize in games) Gellius xviii, 13, 3

1 Compare the 100,000 sestertii owned by Vergil, Donatus, Vit. Verg. 13; cf. Vit. Prob. 2 25,000 drachmae = 25,000 denarii = 100,000 sestertii. 3 The early origin of the passage is vouched for by the occurrence of the word crumena (A. Watson, FRS 1970, 112). ‘ 4 chalkoi = 4 asses = 1 sestertius. Certain passages, which have sometimes been thought to provide equivalences, but which do not in fact do so, have been ignored in the creation of this Table—Livy xxxiv, 46, 3 with Plutarch, Cato Maior 10 (cf. R. Thomsen, ERC ii, 152-3) and Livy, Epit. xlviii with Polybius xxxi, 28, 5-6; the presumed normal cost of the Ludi Romani before 217, 200,000 asses (see p. 627 n. 1), does not figure in this Table because only the converted figure of 200,000 sestertii is attested (D. Hal. vii, 71, 2; Ps-Asconius 217St). The equestrian census in the late Republic was 400,000 sestertii; before c. 141 it will have been 400,000 asses; unless it had been altered, it cannot be represented by the census level of 1,000,000 asses recorded for 214 in Livy xxiv, 11, 7 (contra Cl. Nicolet, Ordre Equestre, 46-48; for other arguments against his view see P. A. Brunt, Manpower, 700). I see no way of deciding whether the sponsio of the

Lex Crepereia (125 sestertii, Gaius iv, 95) bore any relation to either of the two primitive poenae

, 623 a

sacrament: (50 and 500 asses, Gaius iv, 14).

Roman units of reckoning under the Republic , them Pliny does not say, but a well-known passage of Polybius (vi, 39, 12) records

that in his time a Roman legionary was paid 2 obols a day = 4 drachma =} denarius.? If the denarius had not been retariffed when he wrote, 4 denarius would have equalled 34 asses, if it had been, } denarius would have equalled 53 asses. Since the retariffing took place in c. 141 (see below) and since Polybius probably drew on his experience in the Third Carthaginian War in writing about legionary pay,? the former view is more probable. It may be supported by two texts which suggest that a legionary was paid 3 asses a day ( = 1,8 obols, rounded off by Polybius to 2 obols). They are Plutarch, Ti. Gr. 13, where Nasica offers the agrarian commissioners 3 asses a day each, presumably the lowest daily wage paid out by the Roman state,’ and Plautus, Most. 357, where 3 nummi are regarded as an appropriate wage for a soldier; the figure is not a standard Hellenistic one® and is perhaps the equivalent of 3 asses (see Addenda). When the retariffing took place, paying the legions in silver was a relatively recent innovation (see below); it was clearly impossible to pay them less silver than before and it doubtless seemed easier to pay their 1,080 asses per annum, after deductions, in denarii at the old rate of exchange rather than disturb things by computing a new rate of pay. The evidence of legionary pay makes it clear that sestertii were not yet used as units of reckoning when the denarius was retariffed. Although absolute certainty is unattainable, it seems to me highly probable that they were adopted (except for military pay) immediately after the retariffing, to disguise the fact that the as, the previous unit of reckoning, had in effect been devalued from 1/10 to 1/16 denarius.® The as will now have disappeared as an official unit of reckoning. Since sestertii first appeared in 140,’ it is important to establish when asses were last used. The last /ex

sumptuaria to calculate in asses is the lex Licinia,’ ascribed by Macrobius to a P. Licinius Crassus Dives; it follows the Lex Didia of 143 and may therefore be 1 The view (H. Mattingly, JRS 1937, 101-2) that Polybius is here talking of obols of the Aeginetic system rather than the Attic system is merely an insult to Polybius, see commentary of F. W. Walbank on ii, 15, 1; note also that the mina at vi, 58, § is an Attic mina of 100 drachms, not an Aeginetic mina of 70. 2 F. W. Walbank, Commentary on Polybius, 6. 8 For the use by Plutarch of obol to translate as see Pob. 11 with Gellius xi, 1, 2, etc. (on the equivalences between sheep and cattle, and bronze).

4 The passage is cited by Letronne, Considérations, 27, following le Beau, Mémoires de littérature tirés des registres de l’ Académie Royale des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres xli, 186, but not in recent literature. § G. T. Griffith, Mercenartes, 294-306. ¢ A suggestion made in JRS 1970, 41 n. 10. 7 SIG 674 = Sherk 9, line 69 (140 B.c.); Gellius vi, 11, 9 (recording a speech of Aemilianus of 140 B.C.); Frontinus, Ag. i, 7 (on the cost of the Aqua Marcia, etc., finished and presumably costed after 140 B.C.); Livy, Epit. lv (138 B.c.); SIG 688 = Sherk 10, B, line 13; etc. 8 Macrobius, Sat. iii, 17, 9; Gellius ii, 24, 7; Festus, s.v. Centenariae. For earlier sumptuary limits in asses see Macrobius, Sat. iii, 17, 5; Gellius ii, 24, 3; Lucilius 1172M (compare 1153-54; 1318); Tertullian, Apol. 6, 1 (Lex Fannia — the calculation of Athenaeus vi, 108 in sestertii (24 drachms = 10 sestertii) is clearly an aberration); Gellius ii, 24, 2 (SC of 161 B.c.).

624

Sestertius

attributed to Mucianus and to 142 or 141 (or just conceivably 140).1 If the changeover

in reckoning is linked with the retariffing, this also may be dated c. 141.

An answer to the question of why the Roman state was forced to retariff the denarius at 16 instead of 10 asses can perhaps be found by looking at the monetary history of the period preceding the retariffing. Soon after 160, after a decade or more when it was hardly struck, the denarius began to be produced again, now in very large quantities ; around 145 the as, the commonest denomination down to 160, went

out of production altogether (the last issue is that of C. Antestius, no. 219). The change from a coinage primarily in bronze to one primarily in silver is clearly to be related to a change in the method of paying the Roman army; the final step seems to have been taken just after a period when Rome was simultaneously involved in several prolonged foreign wars. In the course of all this, not only will the growing dominance of silver have led people to regard the as as no longer the unit on which the coinage as a whole was based, but the fact that the stock of asses in circulation was no longer being leavened with bright new pieces will also have reduced the attractiveness of the denomination. Presumably the unofficial valuation of the denarius in asses moved upwards from 10 to 16 and the state was forced to recognise the fact.” It would be useful to be able to relate the history of the qualification for member-

ship of the lowest census class to the history of Roman units of reckoning, but I. cannot do so with complete conviction. The highest figure, 11,000 asses, is given by Livy i, 43, 7;° Polybius vi, 19, 3, presumably written about 150, records 4,000 asses ;4 the next figure, 1,500 asses, appears in Gellius xvi, 10, 10 and Cicero, de re p. ii, 40. If the last figure is authentic as it stands, it presumably falls between about 150 and

141, since it is in asses.5 The conversion of the figure to 1,500 sestertii with the retariffing presumably reversed the trend apparent up to this point to reduce the qualification for service in the legions; if recruiting became markedly more difficult as a result, this perhaps impelled C. Laelius, Cos. 140, and Ti. Gracchus after him to think of agrarian reform rather than lowering the qualification again.‘ II SILVER AND BRONZE

The earliest Roman coinage consisted of cast bronze asses weighing a pound and ~ their fractions, together with silver didrachms weighing initially rather more than and eventually exactly six scruples. Once it is admitted that Mommsen’s equation 1 Soin part rightly I. Sauerwein, Leges surmptuariae, 94-104, who notices the significance of the use of sestertii, but misses the evidence for their appearance. The Lex Licinia appears to have replaced the Lex Fannia, after a lapse of time which impressed Macrobius. ? So first T. V. Buttrey, ANSMusN 1957, 61-4; the argument is still valid whether bullion could or could not (as I believe) be brought to the mint to be coined.

3’ The 12,500 asses of D. Hal. iv, 17, 2 was probably arrived at by halving the figure for the next to lowest class, R. M. Ogilvie on Livy i, 43, 7. ‘ 400 drachmae = 4,000 asses. 5 Cf. E. Gabba, Athenaeum 1949, 186 n. 3; P. A. Brunt, Manpower, 404, probably places the figure at too early a date. * I have no idea of where the figure of 375 asses recorded by Gellius xvi, 10, 10 fits into the picture. 625

Roman units of reckoning under the Republic

between an as and a scruple of silver is wrong (see p. 622 above), we are left without any information on how the two component parts of the earliest Roman coinage were related to each other. Clearly it is likely that ad hoc equations could be made;? and I have argued that the semilibral reduction was only possible because the new asses were placed in the same official relationship with silver as the old.? But the earliest

evidence of an official equation built into the monetary system is provided by the

decussis of the last (quadrantal) weight reduction before the institution of the denarius system (no. 41/1); since for the denarius system the Romans decided to make the silver unit worth ten asses, it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that when the decussis was produced it was worth the same as the then existing silver unit.‘ If this is right, the silver: bronze ratio is 1:120, the same as that displayed by the denarius system.’ When this was created, gold, silver and bronze were all given marks of value to make their relationship explicit; one scruple of gold was worth

20 asses, four scruples of silver were worth 10 asses; gold:silver is here 1:8, silver: bronze 1:120.°

A substantial problem remains. The earliest asses were simply coins weighing a pound of copper and presumably worth more or less just that; on the other hand the face value of both quadrantal and sextantal asses was also not far distant from

that of their metal content.’ Yet the purpose of the semilibral reduction was presumably to produce coins of the same face value as before but of lower metal 1 Gold presumably stood in a fixed relationship to silver, though we have little reliable information on what this was: the ratio of gold to silver was 1:10 in the Eastern Mediterranean after Alexander, 1:12 in the Western Mediterranean; early evidence from Rome (Livy i, 53, 3; 55; 83 etc.) is clearly fictional (so rightly Th. Mommsen, RMu, 197 n. 80); the Mars/Eagle gold was struck at a ratio to silver of 1:8, silver being thus deliberately over-valued in order to inspire confidence in the new denarius; a ratio of 1:10 was prescribed a propos of the Aetolian indemnity in 189; thereafter we are in the dark again until the age of Augustus; the equation between gold and silver in Livy xxxviii, 55, 6-12 occurs in a speech and is worthless as evidence (contra Th. Mommsen, RMuw, 402 n. 115), the equation in Suetonius, Caes. §4 occurs in a context which, to say the least, does not inspire confidence in its reliability. But the chief problem, to which there is no answer known to me, is posed by the existence of a clearly token bronze coinage associated with the silver didrachm and a bronze coinage where face value and metal value approximated. 2 Note the elogium of C. Duillius (/mscr. Ital. xiii, 3, no. 69), where 3,700 nummi of gold + 200,000300,000 nummi of silver = 2,900,000-3,400,000 pounds of bronze (1 silver nummus=10 pounds of bronze?). * FRS 1964, 31. 4 The nomos of 10 litrae common in Magna Graecia provided an obvious precedent; note also the Etruscan practice of tariffing coins in terms of units (or multiples or fractions thereof); see also p. 28 n. 4. Note also the unique coin worth 1/10 of a quadrigatus (no. 28/5) and therefore presumably an as; the coin is perhaps dimly recollected by Varro, LL v, 174, nummi denarii (in error for quadrigatt) decuma libella ... et erat ex argento parva. 6 6 scruples of silver = 10 x 72 scruples (the theoretical weight of a quadrantal as) of bronze. 6 For an earlier discussion of the contrast between the two systems see JRS 1964, 30-1; I am now convinced that the Oath-scene gold piece with the mark of value XXX is false (see p. 548). For the ratio between gold and silver in the denarius system see also p. 34 n. 1. 7 A ratio of silver: bronze of 1:120 was normal for the Hellenistic world, M. J. Price, Essays Robinson, 103; see also E. S. G. Robinson, NC 1964, 41. As the Roman Republic coined and put into circulation ever greater quantities of silver (on a scale unparalleled in the Greek world), bronze became relatively more valuable; silver: bronze under Augustus is perhaps notionally 1:60.

626

Silver and bronze TABLE XLIX. Growth in volume of production of as Number of issue

DenomiOO OOrrvOre’’?'-Or|])S'] nation 14 18 214 24 25 26 27 35 36 38 39 41 57-8

Decussis . .. .. .. ,. .. .. ..... .. ., 3at,. Quincussis Tressis : ..:. 1- 14 . . ..... .. .. .. .17 Dupondius 19 ..

As 95 104 18 44 18 7 22 11687 80 40 . 365 19° Semis 108 100 30 70 §§ 3 54 312 32 46 . 200 7 Triens 160 111 39 76 §2 - 47 #395 28 18 5§4 = 96 6 Quadrans 136 128 36 83 69 2 62 266 21 26 59 = 4§ 2 Sextans 203 163 85 130 67 14 63 208 45 219 96 1064 2 Uncia 102 105 135 » 35 - 74 184 . 2714 «73 «1724 3

Semuncia 76 . 64 79 +24, Quartuncia . . .. ... .. .. -. 346 . . 92 .., Numbers of coins are taken from Haeberlin, unless otherwise stated.

1 Unique piece, not known to Haeberlin. 2 This enormous total is almost entirely accounted for by the existence of a single hoard, the Cerveteri hoard, which contained 1,569 asses of this issue and most of which passed into the collections studied by Haeberlin. 3 The figures in this column are those provided by the Paris collection. ‘ This figure includes one piece with corn-ear (for the uncia with corn-ear, Haeberlin’s no. 151, see Haeberlin’s illustration).

content.! At some stage, presumably with the quadrantal standard, this policy was apparently abandoned ; an adjustment of state payments must be postulated as a necessary consequence. The occurrence of such an adjustment is attested by the structure of the coinage; for in all issues of aes grave down to and including the Prow series of

semilibral standard the lowest denominations were normally the commonest; with the Prow series of post-semilibral standard the pattern changed markedly and the as became (as it was for the whole of the first half of the second century) the commonest denomination; clearly at this point and this point only were soldiers paid

enough for asses to be needed in large quantities and for the as to become the characteristic component of legionary pay.” By contrast, the levels of census assess_ ments were apparently not changed. In conclusion, I should now wish to reconstruct the monetary history of the period from 218 to 211 thus. 1 See p. 626 n. 3 above. The gods were given offerings of the same metal content; the original cost of the Ludi Romani seems to have been 200,000 asses (reported as 200,000 sestertii or their equivalent

by Pseudo-Asconius 217St; D. Hal. vii, 71, 2), in 217 they cost 333,3334 asses (Livy xxii, 10, 7; cf. Plutarch, Fab. 4; also OGIS 480 with n. 14 for later (perhaps derivative) examples of figures _ made up of threes). 2 See Table xix.

627 |

® Livy xxiv, 11, 7-8; see also p. 631. :

Roman units of reckoning under the Republic |

Precious metal Bronze

218 Didrachm of 6 scruples Libral, tariffed at intrinsic value

217 Unchanged Semilibral, thus becoming fiduciary

216 (Gold issue) Unchanged

215-214 Unchanged Post-semilibral (triental to quadrantal); when quadrantal, tariffed at intrinsic value again

214 (1/10 didrachm) (Decussis) Adjustment of state payments

213-212 Silver debased Unchanged |

211 Denarius Sextantal

The creation of the denarius thus falls in two stages: a rash attempt to restore the bronze coinage as a coinage of intrinsic value led to pressure on the silver coinage, which was debased; Rome then took special measures to acquire bullion (see pp. 32-3) and was able to restore the silver coinage and relate it to a bronze coinage of sextantal

as opposed to quadrantal standard. Thus, to resume this and the preceding section, state payments were adjusted in 214 to take account of the decline in the weight of the bronze coinage; assessments were converted from a given number of asses to the same number of sestertii with the retarifhng of the denarius in c. 141, they were not, as far as we know, systematically © altered at any other time (for instance, to take account of the declining real value of the as). III VICTORIATUS With the creation of the denarius in 211, its half-piece, the quinarius, and its quarterpiece, the sestertius, were also introduced. Both lapsed after a few years, say by 207.1

Both were revived during the Social War and during the Civil War of 49-44. Thereafter the silver sestertius lapsed for good. The silver quinarius had both a more eventful and a longer history. Most notably, it was struck in spectacularly large quantities as part of the main-stream coinage of

the Republic in'101 and 99-97, by Antonius (alone or with Lepidus) in 43-42, by | Antonius and Octavian in 39 and by Octavian in 29.

When the silver quinarius was first revived, it was revived with the types of a victoriatus. The curious history of this coin provides the reason. Originally struck in order to provide a coin suitable for use in areas where the unit of reckoning was the

drachma, it lapsed during the 170s. It is clear that because the revived quinarius took over the types of the victoriatus (Pliny, NH xxxiii, 46) it came to be called a victoriatus (Varro, LL x, 41). But it is equally clear that such old victoriati as remained 1 For discussion of this date see pp. 34-5; for an isolated issue of quinarii see no. 156/2. 628

Victoriatus

in circulation were by 101 already only worth half a denarius instead of three quarters as originally. The sums in Cato, Agr. 15, 1 only work out on the assump-

tion that a denarius was worth 10 asses (ibellae) and a victoriatus 5 asses (libellae).! The reason for the drop in value is probably that in the absence of new victoriati the existing stock simply became as a whole more and more worn and less and less desirable.2 The lack of a mark of value doubtless facilitated the devaluation.

It is also noticeable that the victoriatus as a unit of reckoning is particularly characteristic of the Rhone valley? and of one area of the Italian peninsula, namely Cisalpine Gaul. It was carried in a triumph from Liguria in 177 (Livy xli, 13, 7). It occurs in the celebrated sententia Minuciorum (ILLRP 517). It is also of the same weight as the native currency of Cisalpine Gaul. These imitations of the drachmae of Massalia were struck from about 230 at least to the end of the second century and certainly remained in circulation into the first century. Over this period their weight dropped from about 2.96 gr. to 2.00 gr.4 They are found all over Cisalpine Gaul, particularly north of the Po, and in Liguria. It is also worth recording that the Roman

victoriatus penetrated to Cisalpine Gaul early and in large quantities, as in the Caltrano Vicentino and Gambolo hoards; the Masera hoard of the mid-second century still contains a notably high percentage of victoriati, by now worth only half a denarius each. First-century hoards from Cisalpine Gaul are sometimes characterised by an enormous percentage of quinarii, never found elsewhere, for instance, the Sustinenza and Borzano hoards.® If we now look at the occasions on which Rome struck quinarii, a significant link

with Gaul is apparent. Supplies and recruits came from Cisalpine Gaul in 90-89 (Plutarch, Sert. 4; Appian, BC i, 188, cf. Sisenna, frr. 29 and 72P);6 Marian forces, for

whom perhaps the issue of quinarii, no. 373, was struck, concentrated in Cisalpine Gaul at the end of 82 (Appian, BC i, 410, 415, 418 and 422, with commentary of E. Gabba on last two passages). In 43-42 Antonius and Lepidus were in Gaul or were governors in absence and part of their coinage alludes specifically to Lugdunum. It is not surprising to find them striking the local denomination. In 39 and 29 there were veterans to be settled, partly in Cisalpine Gaul. I should argue that the issues of 101 and 99-97 are to be linked with Marius’ colonising activity and with Saturninus’ leges agrariae. The moderate issue of 101 suggests that Eporedia was by then envisaged for settlement, the enormous issues of 99-97 that the Jex agraria of 100 was 1 The text is gratuitously altered by E. Jungst and P. Thielscher, Philologus 1937, 331. 2 The victoriatus thus suffered a fate similar to that of the as, see above, p. 625. The language of Pliny at NH xxxiii, 46, 1s gui nunc victoriatus appellatur lege Clodia percussus est, does not make it clear whether the Lex Clodia devalued the victoriatus or revived the quinarius, see p. 610. * Cicero, Font. 19; J. B. Colbert de Beaulieu, JNG 1966, §2. * A. Pautasso, Le monete preromane, 100-6 (dates); 91-3 (weights). 5 See Coin hoards, nos. 113, 114, 162, 339 and 418. * Not for the Italian side, U. Ewins, PBSR 1955, 74-5. For Gallic mercenaries see Appian, BC i, 219.

629

Roman units of reckoning under the Republic

put into effect and that Rome struck money specially for the purpose, to finance the viritane settlement of Marius’ veterans.! Only if this took place is the tranquillity of the 90s comprehensible.* IV ROMAN COINAGE IN LIVY Livy uses nummi quadrigati twice in connection with the proposed ransom of prisoners after Cannae (xxii, 52, 2; §8, 4; cf. 59, 18, where muwmmi alone is used), once in con-

nection with assistance at Venusia to the survivors of Cannae (xxii, 4, 2). Polybius

(vi, 58, 5) also discusses the proposed ransom after Cannae and gives the sum involved as 3 minae = 300 drachmae. It is possible to argue that this is the correct sum, interpreted as 300 denarii by later Roman writers and called 300 nummi quadrigati by Livy or his source because by then this was a synonym for denarii (Pliny, NH xxxiii, 46); but it is very odd that nummi quadrigati occur in Livy only in a period when the didrachms now known (from their type) as quadrigati were in existence. I incline to the view that 300 quadrigati is the correct sum for the proposed

ransom after Cannae, misunderstood by Polybius as 300 of the Roman coins (denarii = drachmae) current in his own day.® Livy uses denarii in viii, 11, 16, of the vectigal paid to the knights by the people of Capua; the whole episode is probably a late invention. Livy also uses denarii in xxi, 41, 6, in a speech of P. Scipio; this is likewise surely a late invention. Otherwise Livy uses denarii from xxxiii, 27, 3. onwards, in a period when the denarius was certainly in existence.‘ Livy in my view uses bigati as a synonym for denarii;° he does not mean by them explicitly denarii with biga types. 500 bigati occur in xxiii, 15, 15 (where they are understood simply as 500 drachmae by Plutarch, Mare. 10), in the course of a highly romantic story figuring L. Bantius of Nola; it is reasonable to suppose that the word, if not the whole story, is a late accretion to the historical tradition. Otherwise. the word occurs from xxxi, 49, 2 (where it is restored) and certainly from xxxiii, 23; 7 onwards, in a period when the denarius was certainly in existence,* and could be used to compute the value of booty. 1 For the Lex Agraria of 100 see Appian, BC i, 130, with commentary of E. Gabba; the hereditary connection of the Triumvir M. Antonius with Bononia, Suetonius, Aug. 17, perhaps arose from an involvement of his grandfather with land distribution in the area in 99. 2 The negotiations between Marius and the 1rpdéto1 &vipes of Plutarch, Mar. 30 were doubtless. over precisely this question. The problem is not well handled by P. A. Brunt, Manpower, 412-13. 3 Contra F. W. Walbank on Polybius vi, 58, 5. It is worth drawing attention to the 24 pounds of silver of Livy xxii, 23, 6, which = 120 quadrigati, which nearly = the 250 drachmae of Plutarch, Fab. 7.

Note that the 500 denarii of Livy xxxiv, 50, 6 = the 500 drachmae of Plutarch, Flam. 13. Contrast Livy xxxii, 17, 2 where a ransom of 300, presumably Macedonian, nummt is involved. ‘ Livy does not use quinarii; for victoriati in Livy see pp. 7 n. 2 and 629. 6 The extraordinary view of L. H. Neatby, A¥A 1951, 241, that bigati were victoriati does not require refutation. 6 I believe that in general Livy’s reports of sums of money go back to official records (compare

| 630

K. Gast, Die zensorischen Bauberichte, esp. 128-9); for argentum Oscense see NC 1969, 82-3, cf. nummus

in Livy xl, 47, 10; as far as cistophori are concerned, there does not seem to me yet to be decisive evidence for the date of their inception.

Roman coinage in Livy

Although not used as official Roman units of reckoning till c. 141, sestertii occur on six occasions in Livy, apparently always in passages deriving from Valerius Antias,}

who may readily be regarded as mistakenly using the terminology of his own time. It is, however, not immediately apparent what original sums of money his sums of

sestertii represent. One sum, the more than 120,000,000 sestertii carried in the triumph of Aemilius Paullus (Livy xlv, 40, 1), appears as a sum of over 6,000 talents in Polybius xviii, 35, 4. The first figure converts to 30,000,000 denarii, the second figure to 36,000,000 denarii ; since these two sums are of the same order of magnitude, it is reasonable to hold that Valerius Antias and Polybius are substantially in agreement, but differ over precisely which items carried in the triumph are to be included in the total cash valuation.? It follows that Valerius Antias may be taken as having carefully converted sums which he found in other units of reckoning into sestertii,

not as having simply written across sums of denarii, etc., as the same number of sestertii.

If this is right, we can see that the sum of 30,000 sestertii in Livy xlv, 15, 2 is of considerable significance; it is the value of the minimum amount of property held by a freedman who was relieved from any restriction on tribal registration at the census of 169-168 and is likely, being an assessment, to have been expressed originally in asses. In Valerius Antias’ day one sestertius was worth four asses; the amount appearing in records made in 169-168 is therefore likely to have been 120,000 asses. Now not only is it inherently probable that the property assessment which qualified a freedman to be registered in whatever tribe he wished was that of the prima classis (note that the locupletiores liberti of Gaius iii, 42 and Inst. iii, 7, 2 have the property of a member of the prima classis); the figure of 120,000 asses for the minimum property assessment of a member of the prima classis persistently appears as an alternative to the figure given by Polybius, Dionysius of Halicarnassus and Livy.? It seems to me to follow that in 169-168 the figure of 120,000 asses was operational and that it was reduced between then and (say) 150, when Polybius was putting together his study of Roman institutions ;! the figure of 100,000 asses (apart from being

taken over by Dionysius and Livy) remained in force to be converted to the same number of sestertii with the retariffing of the denarius in c. 141 (see p. 622). 1 Livy xxviii, 9, 16 with A. Klotz, Livius, 185; xlv, 15, 2, with Klotz, 21 and 473 40, 13; 43, 83 44, 14, with Klotz, 21 and 47; xlv, 4, 1 follows a passage derived from Valerius Antias, Klotz, 95, and should clearly also be attributed to him. * For varying computations in Greek sources see commentary of F. W. Walbank on Polybius xviii, 35, 4; remaining Latin sources exaggerate hopelessly.

3 Pliny, NH xxxiii, 43; Festus, s.v. Infra classem; cf. Schol. Bob. 90St; I take the 125,000 asses of Gellius vi (vii), 13, 1 to be a mere mistake for 120,000 asses; given this, it is significant that the figure is associated by Gellius with Cato, active in the period to which I wish to assign a property qualification for the prima classis of 120,000 asses.

* I am unable to suggest a reason for the change, though it is worth recalling that Cato thought that the numbers of the holders of equi publici should be increased (ORF:, p. 37).

631

Roman units of reckoning under the Republic

v ‘NUMMUS’

Apparently cf South Italian or Sicilian origin (Varro, LL v, 173; Pollux ix, 79), the word nummus in Latin originally meant simply a coin, perhaps with the overtones of a standard coin. It seems to refer to a bronze unit when it occurs as a mark of value in the coinage of Teate and Venusia;} it may mean a didrachm, an as or simply a coin in Plautus;? it means a drachm when it occurs in Terence.® Early official uses of nummi in the sense of sestertii are careful to use the phrase nummi sestertii or its Greek equivalent in full;* the earliest certain use of nummus by itself to mean sestertius is in Lucilius, followed by Cicero, in Verr.? v, 141-2. So the unspecified voyo1, Sivoya and

tetpcvoua in the Delos accounts of the early second century onwards cannot refer to Roman coins, but must refer to Greek coins, presumably West Greek;° the standard coins at Tarentum, Heraclea and Syracuse were vdypor, at the last of which multiples of véuo1 were struck in large quantities under Hieron II. 1 BMC Italy, Teate 1; Venusia 19; cf. ILLRP 504, 674; J. Heurgon, BSFN 1963, 278. The Iguvine Tables move from reckoning in nummi and dupondit to reckoning in asses; I see no way of deciding whether nummi are here bronze or silver units, but suspect the former, contra J. Heurgon, in Problem dell’ Umbria, 116. Nummi are now also attested at Rossano di Vaglio, M. Lejeune, RAL 1971, 667. ? Didrachm — Truc. §61; perhaps Pseud. 809; Rud. 1323-44; as — Most. 357; cf. T. Frank, A¥P 1933; 370; A. Stazio, Numismatica 1948, 19. The view of G. P. Shipp, Glotta 1955, 144, that nummus may mean sestertius in Plautus is to be rejected, R. Thomsen, ERC ii, 148-9. 3 Heaut. tim. 606. 4 See p. 624 n. 7; add FIRA i, 7, line 48; 8, line 66; JLLRP 518 (105 B.c.); ILLRP 465 (Sullan). ILLRP 464 (Sullan) is too fragmentary for it to be clear what monetary notation appeared with the first figures to be mentioned. 5 Compare JILLRP 465a (68 B.c.); Vetter 2 (Lex Osca Tabulae Bantinae — later than the Lex Latina, M. Torelli, Arch. Class. 1969, 2, therefore first century); Vetter 233 (second century according to Vetter — doubtful).

The Lucilius texts are 656W, 1049W, cf. 1050-51 W. ,

I believe that the progression of coins in Lucilius 500-1M: ‘Praeterquam in pretio: primus (modius) semisse, secundus nummo, tertius 1am pluris quam totus medimnus’ is semis, sestertius (4 asses) and much more than 3 asses, the price of a medimnus if a modius cost a semis. The sense of nummus in Lucilius 327M, 440M and 492M is ambiguous. Artikon occurs at 1259M. 6 The compilers of the Delos accounts used the terms 51vdéptov, ficou and doodptov to record. denarii, quinarii and asses respectively; the Tpotraiopdépa of Inscr. Del. 1443 A (Col. i), line 141; 1449 Aab (Col. ii), line 12; 1450 A, line 97 are not, I think, Roman victoriati, but perhaps coins of the Syracusan Democracy (BMC Sicily, Syracuse, no. 660).

632

Although it is probable that the aerarium kept detailed yearly accounts! and that the Senate was responsible for drawing up at any rate an outline budget at the beginning of each year (see p. 617), the evidence from which to reconstruct either budget or accounts is not now available. All that can be done is to establish the approximate pattern of yearly income and expenditure, on the basis of scattered pieces of information about the revenues of the provinces, etc., and about major expenses, notably on

the army.” |

Evidence may be drawn from two sources to check the picture built up in this way. There is in the first place occasional testimony concerning the contents of the aerarium or, more often, the absence of contents at a particular mement; this testi-

mony may be compared with the results achieved by adding up income and expenditure for the relevant periods of years. In the second place there is the coinage

of the Roman Republic. Nothing suggests that this was ever issued for any other purpose than to provide the means for state expenditure.? If this view is correct, it is reasonable to expect some correlation to exist between the amount of coinage and the volume of expenditure for a given year; the nature of the correlation will depend on whether payments were regularly made in new coin or not. The balance of probability is that down to Sulla they were made in new coin (see pp. 617~18) — the nature of the correlation which emerges provides the final confirmation.‘

A tolerably accurate picture of income and expenditure under the Republic is welcome; the aerarium, particularly in the late Republic, was at the centre of political controversy, with nobiles, Equites and populares all accused at one time or another of

diverting the revenues of the Republic from their proper destination.’ Whoever it 1 For accounts of provincial governors see, for instance, Cicero, ad Att. vi, 7, 2 etc. (Cicero); in Pis. 61 (Piso); Livy, Epit. lvii (Aemilianus); Polybius xxiii, 14, 8 (L. Scipio); of a provincial Quaestor, Plutarch, 71. Gr. 6; of the Consuls and the Quaestores Urbani, Cicero, Font. 2; ad Att. iv, 11, 1. Cato paid five talents = 30,000 denarii for copies of the public accounts from Sulla to his own day (Plutarch, Cat. Min. 18); they were presumably substantial. R. Beigel, Rechnungswesen, 91-124, is careless and uninformative.

2 The best attempt is that of T. Frank, ESAR i, passim. As for the calculations of R. Knapowski, Staatshaushalt und Staatsrechnungen 49-45, there is evidence neither for the form of the accounts which he presents (on ancient accounts see G. E. M. de Ste Croix in A.C. Littleton and B. S. Yamey, Accounting, 14-74, esp. 45-6) nor for most of the figures which he gives. 3 FRS 1970, 46 with nn. 57-62. 4 The view taken here of the function of the Republican coinage is also confirmed. ® Sallust, B¥ 31, 9; 41, 7; Hist. iii, 48M, 6, (nobiles) qui per militare nomen aerarium . . . occupavere; Florus ii, 1 (ili, 13), 6; ii, § (iii, 17), 3, Equites Romani tanta potestate subnixi .. . interceptis vectigalibus peculabantur suo ture rem publicam; Cicero, in Vat. 5, aerarium exhaurire in a list cf popularis sins,

cf. 29.633 , |

Coinage and finance

was who was responsible, the picture which can be built up of income and expenditure indicates clearly enough that someone was (see p. 695). Despite Cicero’s plea for consideration towards the population of the Empire (de re p. iv, 7; cf. ii, 26), it is clear that much political argument in the late Republic was over the question of who

should exploit the Empire, not over whether it should be exploited. The evidence for this conclusion is best presented in tabular form (Table ivi with commentary); but first it is necessary to discuss the evidence for the balance in

the aerarium at varicus times, then the evidence for the size of different issues of coinage.

I ‘INOPIA’ |

Useful information on the Roman budget, if not year by year, at any rate over a period of years, may be derived from a consideration of the times at which the treasury was empty. Two problems arise. In the first place, it is not necessarily easy to distinguish between times when there was no reserve and times when income did not cover expenditure; secondly, assertions that the treasury was empty might be made for political reasons and be quite untrue; in general, the treasury may only be

safely regarded as empty at a time when active steps to fill it are attested. | For the early part of the period covered by the coinage of the Roman Republic no reliable information is available;? but from the outbreak of the First Punic War the sources are tolerably forthcoming.

The First Punic War and the Second Punic War down to 212 The Romans derived 100 talents a year from Hieron II of Syracuse from 263 onwards (Polybius i, 16, 9; Zonaras viii, 16 for the eventual remission of the tribute); with the help of this money, pre-existing revenues (mainly from tributum and rents on state property) seem to have been on the whole adequate to finance the First Punic War. At any rate, we hear of financial difficulties only over the building in 242 of the fleet that finally won the war (Polybius i, 58, 9; 59, 6); the reduction in the weight standard of the silver coinage in 264 (with no. 22) precedes or accompanies the outbreak

of war and cannot be regarded as caused by the war. The end of the war brought indemnities from Carthage (Polybius i, 62, 9; 63, 4), the year 229 tribute from Illyria (Polybius ii, 12, 3 with Livy xxii, 33, 5). The Second Punic War was a very different affair from the First. By the end of 214

Roman resources were exhausted and no money was available to pay necessary expenses; debasement of the silver coinage followed (see p. 569). Unfortunately, quite apart from the difficulty of estimating the amount of coinage produced between 1 The use by Ti. and C. Gracchus of the resources of Asia to finance land- and corn-distributions is significant in this context. ? It is perhaps worth remarking that the view that Carthage subsidised Rome during the Pyrrhic War

. aa). on the erroneous belief that the types of Rome’s first issue of silver are Carthaginian (see

634

‘Inopia’

280 and 214 (see p. 676), there is no possibility of relating this amount to income and

expenditure, since there is no way of knowing to what extent there were reserves existing before 280 to be coined, nor of calculating expenditure.’ From 211 to 89

The creation of the denarius coinage was made possible by the deliberate seeking of new sources of revenue and by windfalls from booty (see p. 33); the treasury was not, I think, again empty till 89. For the first few years, there was probably only exceptionally a surplus; the weight standard of the bronze coinage was often much below what it should have been (see

pp. 30 and 596), the weight standard of both the silver coinage and the bronze coinage tended to decline somewhat (see p. 595); this picture of a treasury only just making ends meet is borne out by what happened over the repayment of the levies from citizens during and after the Second Punic War. The repayment, in three instalments, of the special levy of 210 was decided on in 204 (Livy xxix, 16, 1-3); the third instalment, due in 200, could not be paid (Livy xxxi, 13, 2~9) and ager publicus was given in lieu. Little progress seems to have been made also with the repayment of ordinary tributa; one tributum was repaid in 196 (Livy xxxiii, 42, 3), but 254 tributa remained to be repaid with the booty brought back by Cn. Manlius Vulso in 187 (Livy xxxix, 7, 4-5).2 These difficulties occurred despite indemnities from Carthage from 200 onwards,’ and other revenues from Spain and the East.

With the victory of L. Aemilius Paullus, however, the treasury undoubtedly acquired a surplus; the value of the booty is reported as more than 30,000,000 denarii (Livy xlv, 40, 1)* and it enabled tributum to be suspended.’ In 157 the treasury held (at what point in the financial year we do not know) 17,410 pounds of gold (worth 20,892,000 denarii), 22,070 pounds of silver (worth 2,648,400 denarii)® and 1,533,850 denarii in cash. Booty continued to come in.’ 1 The pay of a legionary during the First Punic War and the first half of the Second Punic War was

certainly not as high as it was during the second century, contra T. Frank, ESAR i, 64 (see p. 627). , * This booty was also used to finance games in 186, Livy xxxix, 22, 8, contra Pliny, NH xxxiii, 138. I assume on the basis of Cicero, de off. ii, 74 that tributum was not levied during minor wars (contra T. Frank, ESAR i, 379) and that the 254 tributa represent partly money levied during the Second Punic War, partly money levied on occasion thereafter. $ Note also the sale of land to raise cash in 199, Livy xxxii, 7, 3. New portoria and vectigalia were instituted by the Censors of 179, Livy xl, 51, 8. ‘ The testimony of Livy is corroborated by that of Polybius xviii, 35, 4 (see commentary of F. W. Walbank). 6 Pliny, NH xxxiii, 55-6; Valerius Maximus iv, 3, 8; Cicero, de off. ii, 76; Flac. 80; Phil. ii, 93; Plutarch, Paul. 38. * In calculating these figures I assume a gold: silver ratio of 1:10 (see p. 626 n. 1) and 84 denarii to the pound of silver (see p. 594). For the use of gold at Rome, note the rewards to the killers of M. Fulvius

Flaccus and C. Gracchus in 121. :

7 The only possible evidence of shortage of metal in this period is provided by the decision to reopen the Macedonian mines in 158, which I connect with the reappearance of an extensive silver coinage a year later (p. 74); if there was a shortage, the volume of the coinage is sufficient evidence for its having been overcome (see below).

635

Coinage and finance

It is against this background that the finances of the Gracchan period must be seen; I doubt if they provide evidence for serious financial difficulties.

(a) The Senate’s refusal to allow Aemilianus access to reserves for the Numantia campaign and the assignment to him instead of revenues not yet collected (Plutarch, Mor. 201a-b) should be regarded as an act of political spite, not as a reaction to a shortage of resources.!

(b) The Senate’s refusal to allot money for Ti. Gracchus’ agrarian programme is equally irrelevant to the question of whether or not the treasury was empty; there was in any case the legacy of Attalus of Pergamum to use and Ti. Gracchus used it. (c) The position during the career of C. Gracchus is more complex. There is first his mysterious dissuasio legis (?) Aufeiae,? apparently an attempt to maintain a high level of taxation in Asia, then the Lex Sempronia de provincia Asia, certainly intended to improve the efficiency of tax-collection in Asia,? finally his nova portoria.* All this might suggest a serious need to increase the income of the Roman Republic. Certainly his enemies held that his Jex frumentaria in particular drained the treasury dry. But the mere fact that (?) Aufeius could propose a reduction in taxation suggests that

the treasury was not in desperate straits; and despite his undoubtedly expensive programme, C. Gracchus felt able to take the step of reducing the amount deducted from a soldier’s pay,® perhaps also of providing governors with expense allowances (see p. 697). At this point the evidence of the coinage must be considered. The annual issues from c. 138 onwards are, almost without exception, very large indeed (see p. 699), many of them on a scale hitherto unprecedented;’ in these circumstances it is difficult

to believe that the treasury was ever in serious difficulties. The attitude of C. Gracchus should be interpreted in terms of a belief that it was proper to exploit the Empire and to exploit it efficiently.

(d) The argument of Caepio against the /ex frumentaria of Saturninus in 100 may conveniently be dealt with here; he docuit senatum aerarium pati non posse tantam largitionem, he informed the Senate that the treasury could not stand such a large hand-out ([Cicero], ad Herennium i, 21); the Senate evidently did not believe him (see

p. 703) and we should not do so either. : 1 The campaign of course brought in very little in the way of booty, see Pliny, NH xxxili, 141 for a

donative of only 7 denarii per man. 2 ORF, p. 187.

3 Cicero, in Verrem? iii, 12; Appian, BC v, 17-18; Diodorus xxxv, 25; Schol. Bob. 157St; I need not enter into the question of whether the SC de agro Pergameno, attesting the presence of publicant in Asia, antedates or postdates the Lex Sempronia. 4 Velleius ii, 6, 3. 5 Diodorus xxxv, 25; Cicero, de off. ii, 72; Tusc. disp. iii, 48; Sest. 103; Florus ii, 1 (iii, 13), 6. 6 Plutarch, C. Gr. 5; Asconius 68C provides no evidence for when the remission came to an end. ? This fact destroys the basis of the theory of H.C. Boren, AFP 1958, 140; AHR 1957-58, 890 = R. Seager (ed.), The crisis of the Roman Republic, 54, according to which the problem facing Ti.

Gracchus was basically a recession in the city of Rome. 636

© Inopia’ Unfortunately the figures for the reserve in 91 in Pliny are fragmentary; we know only that they included just under 405,208 denarii in cash, not how much bullion there was. It is clear, however, that by the end of the Social War the treasury was empty (for loss of revenue during the war see Cicero, de leg. agr. ii, 80; for supplies

from Sicily not paid for, in Verr.? ii, 5); in 89 the treasury desperately needed (and did not get) the booty from the capture of Asculum and was in consequence forced to sell land in Rome to get cash (Orosius v, 18, 26-7; cf. Plutarch, Pomp. 1 and 4). From 88 to 63

It seems that throughout this period the treasury was chronically short of money. There was none available for Sulla when he set off to fight Mithridates in 88 and temple treasures had to be sold, raising 9,000 pounds of gold (worth 10,800,000 denarii; Appian, Mith. 84); once in Greece, Sulla was forced to confiscate the treasures

of Epidaurus, Olympia and Delphi, eventually giving the sanctuaries Theban land in compensation (Plutarch, Suil. 12 and 19; Diod. xxxviii-xxxix, fr. 7; Pausanias ix,

7, 4); the capture of Athens brought in only 40 pounds of gold and 600 pounds of silver (Appian, Mith. 152) and after the battle of Orchomenos Sulla was quite glad to discuss peace (Appian, Mith. 217). Similarly, L. Valerius Flaccus in Asia

in 85 was forced to appropriate money in the absence of proper provision from Rome (Dio xxx-xxxv, fr. 104); the government could not even finance its own supporters.

Meanwhile, at Rome, that part of the legacy of Ptolemy Alexander I of Egypt which was in cash was finally collected and brought to Rome in 86,! presumably because of a substantial need.” And in the closing stages of the struggle against Sulla

more temple treasures were melted down (Valerius Maximus vii, 6, 4); it was presumably this metal that the younger Marius took with him to Praeneste, amounting to 14,000 pounds of gold and 6,000 pounds of silver (Pliny, NH xxxiii, 16; cf. Diod. xxxviii-xxxix, fr. 14 in general terms on his shortage of money). Some (perhaps all) of what was taken to Praeneste was captured by Sulla, who carried in addition in his triumph, according to Pliny, 15,000 pounds of gold and 115,000 pounds of silver ;

Sulla also had at least part of the money due from Asia after the expulsion of Mithridates (an indemnity from Mithridates, Plutarch, Sul. 22-3; from the province of Asia, arrears of tribute from 89 to 85 and an indemnity to cover the cost of the war, Appian, Mith. 259; Plutarch, Sul. 25 and 413 Licinianus 34-5 Bonn; for the collection of the money see Plutarch, Luc. 4). Despite all this, Sulla took a series of steps to raise money, quite apart from the proscriptions (see P. A. Brunt, Manpower, 303-4 for Sulla’s remission of payment for goods of the proscribed purchased at auction); extra taxes were instituted to compensate for a shortage of cash (Appian, BC i, 1 For the date see p. 605; for debasement of the coinage in 87 see p. 569. * The state also profited from the Lex Valeria, reducing debts to a quarter, Cicero, Font. 1-5.

637

Coinage and finance

474-5) and at the same time cities were enabled to purchase immunities (Plutarch, Comp. Lys. et Sull. 3); in 81 a senatus consultum authorising the sale of ager publicus was passed (Cicero, de leg. agr. ii, 35). Shortage of money continued throughout the 70s; C. Cotta complained in 75 that there was no money (Sallust, Hist. ii, 47M, 6-7; cf. 46M), a complaint borne out by the letter of Pompeius from Spain (Hist. ii, 98M, 2 and 9); the aggression of Mithridates in 74 made matters even worse (Cicero, de imp. Pomp. 4 and 14; cf. the fears of Philippus as early as 78, Sallust, Hist. i, 77M, 8), though the Senate was still prepared to vote 18,000,000 denarii to Lucullus (Plutarch, Luc. 13). Against this background, the sending of a Quaestor to Cyrene, Roman property since 96, but totally neglected, is best seen as an attempt to get money.” In 72 falls a bill to abolish remission of payment for goods of the proscribed purchased at auction (Sallust, Hist. iv M, 1; cf. | Gellius xviii, 4, 4; also Cicero, in Verr.? iii, 81 for earlier attempts). The evidence of the coinage suggests a slight easing of the situation from 71 or 70, with the defeat of Sertorius (see p. 705), but money continued to be short. There was not enough money to settle Pompeius’ soldiers (Dio xxxviii, 5, 1, reporting a speech of Pompeius in 59, cf. Cicero, in Verr. iii, 182) and in 67-66 another attempt was made to recover public money which had passed into private hands in the Sullan period (Asconius 73C; Cicero, Cluent. 94), this time from Sulla’s son; but one should not regard the Republic as bankrupt in this period ~ 36,000,000 denarii were set aside for Pompeius’ campaign against the pirates (Appian, Mith. 430; cf. Plutarch, Pomp. 25).

From 62 to 44 | Only with Rome’s final defeat of Mithridates were her finances restored; Pompeius’ settlement of the East not only more than doubled her annual revenues (see p. 695), but also produced a substantial amount of booty (Appian, Mith. 565 and 569-70). The new state of affairs made possible Cato’s increase in the number of recipients of the corn-dole in 62 (Plutarch, Cat. Min. 26; Caes. 8) and the abolition of portoria in Italy by the Lex Caecilia of 60; nor was there any shortage of money to finance-:the settlement of Pompeius’ soldiers (Dio xxxviii, 1, 5; 5, 2; Cicero, ad Att. i, 19, 43.cf. de domo 23). In these circumstances, it is difficult to believe that even the Lex Clodia abolishing all payment for the corn-dole seriously endangered the finances of the Republict or to give much credence to claims that the treasury was empty ; there were complaints in a session of the Senate in April 56 about inopia pecuniae (Cicero, ad Q. fr. iiy 6 (5), 1),® but the same session voted 10,000,000 denarii to Pompeius to finance 1 It is also possible that Sulla sold the Spanish mines for cash, T. Frank, ESAR i, 257. 2 §. I. Oost, CP 1963, 21; E. Badian, RJ, 34-s. 2 The assertion of Cicero, de leg agr. ii, 47 (cf. 10), that the bill of Rullus would ruin the treasury was clearly called forth by the need to deceive his audience. * Contra E. Badian, JRS 1965, 112-13; 120-1. 5 The complaints emphasise the loss of revenue resulting from the use of the ager Campanus for agrarian distribution ; I suspect that the complaints have largely sentimental reasons behind them, cf. Cicero, ad Att. ii, 16, 1~23 17, 13 18, 2.

638

“Inopia’

his cura annonae; in May 56, despite complaints of angustiae aerari (Cicero, Balb. 61; cf. de prov. cons. 115 de har. resp. 60; Plutarch, Caes. 21), the Senate agreed to take

over paying for the four legions raised by Caesar on his own authority and hitherto paid for by himself.1 And the size of the reserve in 49 was clearly substantial, at least the 15,000 bars of gold, 30,000 bars of silver and 7,500,000 denarii in cash removed by Caesar (Pliny, NH xxxiii, 55-6). Any attempt to reconstruct in detail the finances of the First Civil War would be a waste of time ;? we have no idea how large the bars of gold and silver taken by Caesar from the aerarium were, nor how much the aerarium originally contained,‘ nor how the total available was divided between Pompeius and Caesar.° Both sides were short of money ;° funds were raised in Italy for Pompeius in 49 (Caesar, BC i, 6, 8; Dio xli, 6, 33 9, 7), but in 48 he was borrowing from Cicero,’ and Caesar claimed that Asia was ruined by his exactions (BC iii, 32, 5; cf. iii, 3, 2); he himself was no better off; despite the 390,000,000 denarii carried in his triumph (Appian, BC ii, 421), he felt himself obliged partially to restore portoria in Italy and to reduce the number of people receiving the corn-dole; in 45 he sold public land (Dio xliii, 47, 4); he was also thought to have plans for introducing an inheritance tax (Dio lv, 25, 5). At his death, there were 175,000,000 denarii in the temple of Ops, soon all spent by Antonius and Dolabella (Nic. Dam., FGH 90, fr. 130 = Caes. 28, 1103; Velleius li, 60, 43 Obsequens 68; Cicero, ad Att. xiv, 14, 5-73; 18, 13 Phil. i, 17; ii, 35 and 92-3;

iii, 30; v, 11 and 15; etc.); Antonius was then obliged to resort to the sale of immunities to raise cash (Phil. i, 24; ii, 35 etc.). The revenues from the East due at the end of 45 had been kept by Octavian (p. 617 n. 3), those due at the end of 44 were diverted by Brutus (Asia - Cicero, Phil. x, 24; xiii, 32; Appian, BC iii, 259; iv, 18 and 316; Dio xlvii, 21, 3; Syria — Brutus in Cicero, ad Brut. ii, 3, 5; i, 11, 1; Plutarch, Brut. 25; cf. Velleius ii, 62, 3) and it seems that 43 opened with the treasury empty (Cicero, ad Att. xvi, 14, 4). Letters of Cicero in June and July 43 refer to the desperate state of the finances of the Republic (fam. xii, 30, 4; ad Brut. i, 18, 5; cf. Dio xlvi, 31, 3; 1 M. Gelzer, Caesar, 123-4. 4 Caesar apparently started without anything in hand, see Cicero, ad Alt. vi, 1,25, with commentary of D. R. Shackleton Bailey, for his debt to Pompeius; cf. vii, 12, 2. 8 There is a hopeless clash between Pliny and Orosius vi, 15, 5 (4,135 pounds of gold, 900,000 pounds of silver).

« The aerarium doubtless contained more than the proceeds of the vicesima libertatis, the distinctive source of income of the aerarium sanctius — we happen to hear that Caesar found 1,500 pounds of silphium in the aerartum (Pliny, NH xix, 40). ’ Pompeius was authorised to take money from the aerarium (Appian, BC ii, 135; Dio xli, 3, 4 and 6, 3; Caesar, BC i, 6, 3) and clearly took some (Ahenobarbus was provided with money at Corfinium, Caesar, BC i, 23, 4); when Rome was evacuated, the door of the aerarium was left open (Caesar, BC i, 14, 1), but soon closed (Cicero, ad Att. vii, 12, 2), apparently without using the keys; at this stage there was still money in the aerarium (Cicero, ad Att. vii, 21, 2), which was eventually taken by Caesar (Cicero, ad Att. x, 4, 8; 8, 6; Dio xli, 17, 1-2; Appian, BC ii, 164; Plutarch, Caes. 35; Pomp. 62; Florus il, 13 (iv, 2), 21; Orosius vi, 15, §; Pliny, NH xxxiii, 55-6; Lucan iii, 112-168 ; the incident is ignored in Caesar, BC i, 33, 3). * Cicero, ad Att. x, 14, 1, for fears of proscriptions to raise cash; see also Dio xlii, 50. 7 Cicero, ad Att. xi, 2, 3; 3, 33 cf. JRS 1970, 46-7 n. 66.

639 |

Coinage and finance

and 94-5). |

Appian, BC iii, 269; Cicero, ad Caes. tun. fr. 5).1 It is no wonder that no coinage was struck at Rome in the latter part of 44 and the earlier part of 43 (see Pp. 492-3

From 43 to 31

With the creation of the Triumvirate on 27 November 43, the history of the treasury of the Republic is effectively at an end. The proscriptions partly solved the immediate problems of the Triumvirs over money (see commentary on no. 495); more long-term measures were the complete restoration of portoria in Italy and the introduction of

direct taxation (Appian, BC iv, 19 and 132-146; Dio xlvii, 14, 2 - in the year 43; Appian, BC v, 282 and 540; Dio xlvii, 16-17; xlviii, 34; xlix, 15, 3; 1, 10, 4-in the years 42-31). Both Antonius and Octavian eventually found themselves in financial difficulties; the last gold issues of the latter were on a reduced weight standard, the Legionary issue of denarii of the former was debased (see p. 569). Only when

Octavian returned to Rome with the wealth of Egypt (to which Antonius had evidently not had full access) was the spectre of inopia pecuniae finally removed.

Summary

The treasury was empty in 213-212 and again at the end of 89; by the end of this period, therefore, all revenue accruing during it had been spent. Between 88 and 63, | revenue was sometimes inadequate to cover expenses and never large enough to build up a surplus. After 62, a surplus seems to have existed, but this had been exhausted by the end of 44; again, therefore, all revenue accruing during the period had been

spent by the end of it. II SIZE OF ISSUES OF COINAGE

If it is accepted that the coinage of the Roman Republic was issued in order to pay the expenses of the state, it is clearly desirable to know how large the various issues were. Since there is no ancient source which records this explicitly, the information must be extracted from those coins which survive. It is a fairly simple matter to count a sample of surviving coins from each issue. But it cannot be taken for granted that all issues are now represented by the same percentage of their original bulk.* Nor does this procedure give us any idea of the absolute size of an issue, since there is no agreed figure for the survival rate of ancient coinages. These are therefore the two basic problems which must be solved. 1 See Cicero, fam. xi, 10, 5, for D. Brutus using his own wealth. : 2 The deliberations de moneta in early 43 (see p. 617 n. 3) will have come to a negative conclusion ; a small

amount of ready cash was available to be decreed to Octavian early in the year (Cicero, Phil. v, 533 vii, 10) and to Brutus in mid-summer (Cicero, fam. xi, 24, 2). * M. Bahrfeldt, Goldmiinzenprdgung, pp. 185-6.

: « With the coinage of the Roman Republic from 211 onwards, however, I regard it as probable that the survival rate was fairly uniform; we are dealing with a coinage which circulated over a very wide area without interruption for a very long time.

640

Size of issues of coinage

Relative size of issues

The most obvious way to confirm or correct an estimate of the relative size of issues obtained by counting surviving coins is to count the dies used to produce them. If an issue surviving in x specimens used ¥y dies and an issue surviving in 2x specimens used 2y dies, there is clearly some likelihood that the first issue was half the size of the second. But we are still no nearer knowing what relation the number of dies from which specimens survive to be observed bears to the number of dies which were actually used. Fortunately, for the Roman Republic it is possible to solve this problem. A. Denarit and qunariu from c. 157 onwards

A number of Republican moneyers were considerate enough to use for denarii and quinarii numbered or lettered sequences of dies; and it is possible to observe without undue difficulty that in some cases a number or a letter never has more than one die.” Now although the sequences in question are rarely complete, it is clear, for instance, that a sequence which goes with occasional gaps from I to LXXX is unlikely ever to have extended very far beyond LXXX (cf. pp. 588-9). It is therefore possible to com-

pare, for the issues under discussion, the number of dies from which specimens survive to be observed with a theoretical maximum. It emerges from the available examples that the first figure is consistently some 90% of the second figure. We may

therefore assert with some confidence that if we count the number of dies used to strike the surviving specimens of an issue of denarii or quinarii during the Republic, the total will not be far from the theoretical maximum. Two problems remain, one practical, one theoretical. The practical problem is that to count all the dies used to strike during the Republic would be the work of several lifetimes. Tables L and 11 therefore display the occurrence, in a representative sample of hoards, of all issues of denarii and quinarii struck under the Republic from c. 157

onwards; it is then possible to estimate the numbers of dies used for issues where they have not been counted by comparing them with issues where the dies have been counted. The theoretical problem is how to explain the discrepancy between the theoretical maximum number of dies for an issue and the number of dies actually attested. There seem to exist three possibilities. Either the missing dies were never used, or they were used and broke immediately, or their whole product disappeared from circulation without leaving a trace. The last possibility seems unlikely for every case; we should have to envisage all coins from all missing dies being lost to us 1 My remarks in NC 1965, 153, are unduly pessimistic; the product of individual dies doubtless varied greatly, but these variations would average out in a large issue. 2 Lettered sequences of dies for bronze are unfortunately never of this type; for the different systems see p. §84. Dies used for plated coins are of course irrelevant in this connection, since the coins in question are to be regarded as ancient forgeries (see p. 560).

641 ,

[cont. on p. 693]

Coinage and finance TABLE L. Size of denarius issues, 157-31 B.C.

e) 3 "ew i] o 3 «3 Yu aS ae pg ws Z, 2 ” QA «£i§Sbbiae oyeosom h& A3g 197/1 Anonymous with Victory 1§7- 10 24 30 6 96 13 10 10 9

198/1 Anonymous with Dioscuri 156 ? ? 7 3 ? 7 ? 3 ?

199/1 Saranus 155 54 83 8 3 11 29 200/1 Natta 155 33#410 £13 22 1. 22 201/1 C.C. Scribonius 154 6 .2.924 1 439£12 6 5. 4: 202/1 Talna 154 3 2 203/1 C, Maianius152 153.697514 9 12 47 #11 64 79 48 204/1 L. Saufeius 69 422 205/1 P. Sula 154 4 3 9 4 #54 15 § 3 3

206/1 Safra 150 1502723693635 39#410 10 166. 77 207/1 Flaus 208/1 149149 8 7 13 209/1Natta L. Itius 1 .3.69 . . 82313. 9.

210/141 C. Iunius 149 6 3 5 1 26 7 4 3 3 214/1 M. Saranus 148 43 25 64 235 3019 16632. 4 7; 215/1 Q. Libo 148 9 216/1 L. Pitio 148 147 9 3 66 2- 35 #426 22 54 74 217/41 C. Lucanus 6 26 13 218/1 L. Cupiennius 147 4 1 7 2 47 20 3 11 4 219/1a-b C, Antestius 146 . . 2 . ft 4 4 . . 219/1d—-e C, Antestius 146 . 4 8 1 §5 32 4 11 6 220/1 M. IuniusRufus 145 .144 ~ 15. .3466 14118 1163 75 221/14 Annius 1 9 222/1 Anonymous 143 . . 6 . 21 6 : 4 2

223/1 C. Trigeminus 142 . .14 2 -«2412 38 12 1 1 33 1° 224/1 L. Iulius 141 : . 1 225/141C.L.Titinius Nomentanus 226/1 141 .141 . . 1. .6. 1. 11. 4. .1.

227/41 M. Rusticus 140 . . . . 2 . . . 1 228/41C.C.Flaccus Flaccus140 140. .. .. .. .4015 { .226. 2 13 228/2 229/1 M. Cota 139 . . . . 6 2 . . . 1 The Syracuse hoard contains also three uncertain pieces of the Narbo issue.

642 ,

Size of issues of coinage

OSC

° eo fo “SY peda Pi gag epegiaed 2 E] ot )

62 & g E2q2E& os& 4g=e «a 33 4Be ss a ¢ES zs € A244 § ge 0 HF @< A & ZB

26 4 3 . 9 2: § 3 . : . : . . . 260 §? 4. 1 14 63 [59] [42] . 2.64), 3 :‘ .. ‘. .. 2. .?. :. .: 89

8 4.2 2.402068. 14 . 1 4 3. .:11. .2. 12 ,:::24. .@~=4[16] ant [74] 38 2 3 1 6 9 @F . : . : . 1 . » 134 [89]

11 2 214§52 FJ 1444 4. 4142 31 .. ;. .. .. .1...-»176 125[417] [83] 133 &#[61] [76} 9 2.3 -3 2. 4714: 2: ‘. ..: ‘. .1. .1. :414 : 92

er : : . . . : . . . 4 [ 41 . 2 2 FY . . . 4 . . ? : . 136 [91] 12 6 . . 2 3 41 4 . 1 . . . . . 84 #8=[56] 5 24 .3.233246«1. .. .1 .. .. .2.: .. 92 = [61] 11 ~ 112 [75] 11 3 2 . 3 9 : : . . : : 2 . » 123 [82] 74141414 2 14 . 3. =2 85 82 [73] [55] 4 1. .:11:..‘. :. .: :. :110 24. 3. 24 3~~ . 41. :. :: .. .:4. .:. .157 : 23[105] 15 146 4 4 24662 2 2 6 9 4 . : . ; . . 1 ~ 181 = [124]

21 4a4@ . . . 2 a4... . 1 :1. .. .:1. ..... :. 36 . 44[24] [29] . 2.42.. 2. 1. ... .. 1. 1. .. .41 65[27] [43] 334.14 2.. 42. 2... 2.:..:.....45

1. : - 2.2he : ....:.::. .. .. .. :16 4124. . 516 6

re4. 4@ . .:. ... ..... ..: ..»~. :(72) (14) 7 71 4ir. 4.2.4. :2), [48] . : 12 10 2 The Avvetrana hoard contains also two pieces of no. 299/1a or 1b, one piece of no. 317/3 or no. 318/14 and one piece of no. 393/1a or 1b. * In the case of all hoards which have been published and for which inspection has led me to correct the published record, the correct figures have simply been used for the Table without explicit note. For bibliography see Coin hoards, nos. 131-2, 149, 157, 161-2, 227, 233, 249, 252, 311, 309, 351, 365, 417, 440, 456, 475, 488, 493, 505-6, 522-3.

643

Coinage and finance

| TABLE L (cont.)

2 » 43 o ma 3 a © | E 3 w g ° g IS 3 g 3 e 5 os ma 7 vo)Q 5 rs} Eo Z v2q 1—_, m SteiGnm

230/1 A. Renius Spurilius 139 1 17 231/1 C. 138 . . .. .8:94 19 5114 51 63 232/1 Cn. Gellius138 138. :: .. 2: 34339£17 18 22 10 12 35 233/1 P. Paetus 234/1 Ti. Veturius 3 4713 235/1 Sex. Pompeius137 137 .: .. :. §. 60 91 21 10 46 236/1 M. Tampilus 137 . . - 12 #170 = 58 $8 23 11

237/1 L. Cn.Gragulus Trio 136136 . . .: 8: :1214 237310101126«11 238/1 7 162 12 239/1 C. Serveilius 136 . . . 4 §2 29 4 13 12 240/1 C. Trigeminus 135 . . . 1 6 3 . 2 2

241/1 L. Trebanius 135 . . . 1 20 6 4 2 4 242/14Ti, C.Augurinus Augurinus134 135. .: :. .2246 2413 8 24 37 34 243/1 244/1 134. .. .. 3. 269282111 3 2115 245/21C. M.Geminus Marcius 134 8 10

246/1 C. Numitorius 133 . . . . 1 1 . . :

247/41L. P.Minucius Calpurnius133 133: .. .: -. »3923158 41 3 5 58 248/1 | 249/1 P. Maenius 132 . . . 7 63 «15 3 4 11

250/141 Geminus 131 132 .., .. .- .6428 2542310813 252/1 L.M,Albinus 6

253/1 L. Opeimius 134 :. :. .. -- 30 43 14 56 46 254/1 M. Opeimius 131 32 255/1 M.Metellus Acilius 130 .. .. :. 2. 41 25771. 66 32 256/1 Q. 130 257/1 M. Vargunteius 130 . . : . 6§ 17 4 28 5

258/1 Sex. Caisar 129 . . 73 27 .101 31 259/1 Q. Pilipus 129 . . .. .. 78

260/1 T. Cloulius 128 2. ..... 42 §0 51 8420 6 94 261/1 Cn. Domitius 128 262/1 Anonymous 128 . . . . 4 3 4 12 6 263/1 M. Metellus‘ 127 . . .. — 36 4. 42 66 2 3 264/1 C. Serveilius 127 . . . 1 265/141 Q. Maximus 127 . . . : . 1 4 2 3 ‘ The 36 specimens of this issue in the Riccia hoard are clearly a freak — the issue was doubtless struck from rather less than 44 obverse dies.

644

Size of issues of coinage

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I have tried to illustrate all pieces of which a picture is necessary to the argument of the book and all pieces which are of historical importance; the working of this criterion may be seen in the fact that I illustrate all the Triumviral portrait gold of 42 B.c. and only a selection of the denarii of Q. Pomponius Musa. Almost all aes grave is illustrated from photographs, almost all struck pieces from casts; I have occasionally found it necessary to use photographs for the latter and I have even more occasionally inserted a reference to an illustration elsewhere for a coin which I have not been able to illustrate. Plates A and B and the first two pieces on PI. c are one-third of their actual size. The rest of Pl. c and Pls. p-1 are one-half actual size. PLATE I (Aes grave on PLATES A-F)

1/1 Apollo/Bull bronze Vienna

2/1 Minerva/Bull bronze. Naples, F113828 3/1 Cornuacopiae/Branch bar Berlin Santa Marinella hoard 4/1a Eagle/Pegasus bar BMCRR Aes signatum 2

5/1 Bull/Bull bar BMCRR Aes signatum 1

6/1 Corn-ear/Tripod bar Miinzen und Medaillen 47,8

7/1 Shield/Shield bar BM 8/14 Sword/Scabbard bar BM

9/1 Elephant/Sow bar BM . 10/1 Anchor/Tripod bar BM 11/1 Trident/Caduceus bar Berlin 12/1 | Chickens/Tridents bar Paris

didrachm (rev.)

13/1. Mars/Horse’s head ROMANO BM 1949-4-11-967 (obv.), 1946-1-1-33

14/1 Dioscuri/Mercury series BM 1906-11-3-2806

14/2 ,BMC Italy, p. 48, no. 6 14/3 BMC Italy, p. 48, no. 8 14/4 BMC BMC Italy, Italy, p. p. 49, 49, no. no. 17 12 14/5 14/6 14/7 BMC BMC Italy, Italy, p. p. 49, 49, no. no. 20 21 15/1b Apollo ROMAN O/Horse didrachm Paris, Luynes

16/1a Goddess/Lion bronze BMCRR Romano-Campanian 26

17/12 Vatican 23 18/2 BMC Italy, p. §2, no. 11 18/3 BMC Italy, p. §2, no. 13 18/4 BMC Italy, p. §2, no. 20 18/5 Birmingham 18/6 BMC Italy, p. 53, no. 33 17/1a Minerva/Horse’s head bronze Vatican 6

18/1 Apollo/Apollo series BMC Italy, p. 51, no. 6

19/1 Dioscurus/Apollo series Santa Marinella hoard

19/2 Santa Marinella hoard 757

Key to the plates

20/1 Hercules/She-wolf ROMANO Moscow didrachm

21/1 |Roma/Roma series BM 1919-11-20-138

21/2 BMC Italy, p. 4§, no. 2 22/1 Roma/Victory ROMANO didrachm BM 1935-6-19-61

22/1 Moscow

23/1 Minerva/Eagle bronze Fallani

24/4 Wheel series BMC Italy, p. §4, no. 6 (obv.), no. § (rev.) 24/5 BMC Italy, p. 54, no. 13 8 (obv.) 24/6b BMC Italy, p. 54, no. (obv.) 24/7 BMC Italy, p. 54, no. 18 (obv.) 25/1 Mars/Horse’s head ROMA didrachm BMCRR Romano-Campanian 59

25/2 drachm BMCRR Romano-Campanian 63 25/3 bronze BMCRR Romano-Campanian 67

26/1 Apollo/horse ROMA didrachm BMCRR Romano-Campanian 68 26/2 drachm Paris, AF 26/3 bronze BMCRR Romano-Campanian 70

26/4 Roma/Dog ROMA bronze BM 1946-1-1-36 27/1 Mars/Horse ROMA didrachm Naples hoard

27/2 bronze BMCRR Romano-Campanian 53 27/3 Hercules/Pegasus bronze with club Oxford (obv.), Bari (rev.)

27/4 with bow Paris, A3389 (obv.), A3388 (rev.) PLATE II

28/3 Quadrigatus BM 1931-12-7-1

28/3 BM BM Naples Naples hoard hoard 47 26 28/3 28/3 BMCRR Romano-Campanian 88 28/3 Paris= RN 1934, pl. i, 11 28/3 BM Naples hoard 42 28/3 BM Naples hoard 28/3 Capitol hoard 12

28/3 Capitol hoard 28/1 Stater BMCRR Romano-Campanian 76 28/1 BMCRR Romano-Campanian 75 28/2 Half-stater BMCRR Romano-Campanian 77 28/4 Half-quadrigatus BMCRR Romano-Campanian 111

28/3 Quadrigatus BM Naples hoard 14

28/3 Turin 28/3 BM Naples hoard 20 28/3 Siena 28/3 Paris= RN 1934, pl. i, 12 28/3 Moscow PLATE III

28/3 Paris= RN 1934, pl. i, 10

28/3 BM 1930-6-22-31 28/3 BMCRR Romano-Campanian 78 28/3 RN 1934, pl. ii, 13 28/3Paris= BM 1934-3-12-70

28/3 BMCRR Romano-Campanian 91 32/2 Quadrigatus BMCRR Romano-Campanian 80 758

Key to the plates PLATE IV

28/3 Quadrigatus BM 1931-5-2-2 — 28/3 BM1939-5-11-31 1930-6-19-3 28/3 BM

28/3 BMCRR Romano-Campanian 101 28/3 BM 1931-5-2-1 28/5Quadrigatus Litra Naples $1520 28/3 Moscow

28/3 hoard 28/3 Salve BM (Nott)

31/1 Quadrigatus BMCRR Romano-Campanian 100

31/1 BM

31/1 RN 1934, pl. ii, 10 31/1Paris= BM 1934-5-19-1

33/1 Quadrigatus BMCRR Romano-Campanian 81

34/1 Quadrigatus BM (Pierfitte) PLATE V

29/3 Quadrigatus Moscow 29/3 Romano-Campanian 90 29/3BMCRR BM 1950-11-6-9

29/3 Oxford 29/1 Stater Paris (Bf., Gold., pl. i, 5)

29/2 Half-stater Paris (Bf., Gold., pl. i, 15) 29/3 BMCRR Romano-Campanian 93

29/3 Cambridge 29/3 Naples $1489

29/3 Paris= RN 1934, pl. ii, 6 29/4 Half-quadrigatus BMCRR Romano-Campanian 112

29/4 Oxford

40/1b Quadrans with corn-ear Syracuse 31950 PLATE VI

30/1 Quadrigatus BMCRR Romano-Campanian 95 30/1 Romano-Campanian 30/1BMCRR Paris= RN 1934, pl. i, 16 94

30/2 Half-quadrigatus Berlin

30/1 Quadrigatus BM Naples hoard 53 30/1 Selinunte hoard 30/1 Selinunte hoard56 30/1 BM Naples hoard

30/1 BM Naples hoard 22 30/1 BM Naples hoard 52 30/1 BM Naples hoard 18 30/1 Naples Paris=RN 1934, pl. i, 9 30/1 (Campanian hoard)

30/1 BM 1935-6-8-1

PLATE VII (Aes grave on PLATES G~—I)

35/1 Series with prow r. BMCRR Aes grave 9

35/2 BMCRR Aes grave 27 759

Key to the plates | 35/3a BMCRR Aes Aes grave grave 46 35 35/4 BMCRR 35/5 BMCRR Aes grave 55 35/6 BM 36/1 As with prow I. BM 1919-12-22-41

37/1a Minerva/Bull as BMCRR Italy (Aes grave) 1 (obv.), 2 (rev.)

38/1 Semilibral series BMCRR Aes grave 19 38/2 BMCRR Aes grave6431 38/5 BMCRR Rome 38/6, BMCRR BMCRR Rome 98 38/7 Rome 131 38/8 ] BMCRR Rome 170

:

39/1 Collateral series Paris, I, 21-22 39/2 BMCRR Romano-Campanian 119 39/3 Paris, AF 88A 39/4 BMCRR Romano-Campanian 129 39/5 BM 1946-1-1-39 (obv.), RomanoCampanian 137 (rev.)

41/3a Post-semilibral series BMCRR Rome 20 41/4 Rome 41/Sa BMCRR BMCRR Aes grave2221

41/6e Rome, Capitol 241 PLATE VIII (Aes grave on PLATE 1)

41/7b BMCRR BMCRR Rome Rome 57 44 41/8b 41/9 Cambridge 41/10 BMCRR Rome 109 41/11 BMCRR Rome 167 42/1 Quadrigatus with corn-ear BMCRR Romano-Campanian 108

42/2 Quadrans with corn-ear BMCRR Romano-Campanian 139

42/3 Sextans with corn-ear Paris, A2107

42/4. Uncia with corn-ear Oxford 42,5 Semuncia with corn-ear BMCRR Italy 87 43/1 As with Lb BMCRR Italy (Aes grave) 3 43/2a Semis with L BMCRR Italy (Aes grave) 4 43/3a Triens with L BMCRR Italy (Aes grave) 6 43/§ Uncia with L BMCRR Italy (Aes grave) 9 PLATE IX

44/1 Anonymous victoriatus NC 1970, pl. iv, 1

44/1 NC 1970, pl. iv, 96 44/1 NC 1970, pl. iv, 97 44/1 NC 1970, pl. iv, 98 | 44/1 NC 1970, pl. iv, 99

44/1 Bastianelli 214 = Crawford 44/2 Anonymous 60-as gold piece BMCRR Rome 185 44/3 Anonymous 4o-as gold piece BMCRR Rome 188 44/4 Anonymous 20-as gold piece BM (Clark)

44/5 Anonymous denarius Hannover 30 44/6 Anonymous quinarius Hannover 86 44/7. Anonymous sestertius BMCRR Italy 9

44/5 Anonymous denarius Copenhagen (4.49 gr.) 760

Key to the plates

44/6 Anonymous quinarius BMCRR Rome 207 44/7 Anonymous sestertius BMCRR Rome 13 44/5 Anonymous denarius BMCRR Italy 90 - 44/6 Anonymous quinarius BMCRR Rome 205 44/7 Anonymous sestertius BMCRR Rome 214 44/5 Anonymous denarius BMCRR Italy 89 44/6 Anonymous quinarius NC 1972, p. 80, no. 80 44/5 Anonymous denarius BMCRR Rome 6 44/6 Anonymous quinarius BMCRR Rome 9 44/5 Anonymous denarius BMCRR Italy 3 | 45/1 Anonymous denarius BMCRR Italy 91 45/2 Anonymous quinarius Oxford 45/3 Anonymous sestertius Hannover 1911/253

44/6 NC 1972, pl. 8, 57

PLATE X

46/1 Anonymous denarius BMCRR Italy 2 47/1a Anonymous quinarius Locri hoard 48/1 Anonymous quinarius Vatican 192 §0/1 60-as gold piece with anchor BMCRR Italy 19 50/2 Denarius with anchor BMCRR Italy 22

47/1b BMCRR Italy 5

50/3 As with anchor BM 1968-10-4-1 §0/8 Uncia with anchor Hannover 403 §1/1. Denarius with M Paris, A3423

§2/1 Denarius with apex BMCRR Italy 41

53/1 Anonymous victoriatus BMCRR Rome 296 53/2. Anonymous denarius Haeberlin 109 = BM

§3/1 NC 1970, pl. iv, 171 53/2 BMCRR Rome Italy 114 53/2 BMCRR 359 53/2 BMCRR Rome 364 53/2 BMCRR Rome 361 53/2 BMCRR Rome 290 53/2 BMCRR Rome 291 §4/1. Anonymous denarius ANS

53/2 Paris

§5/1. Anonymous denarius A. pl. 1, 7

56/3 Anonymous semis (var.) Paris, A1093

56/4 Anonymous triens (var.) Paris, A1106 (A. pl. Ix, 17) PLATE XI

56/5 Citta Ducale hoard 56/5 BMCRR Italy 292 (A. pl. Ixi, 15)

§6/5§ Anonymous quadrans (var.) Vierordt 1923, 85 (not illustrated here)

56/6 Anonymous sextans (var.) Paris, AF

56/2 Paris

56/1 Anonymous dupondius BM 1912-7-14-27 (A. pl. lv, $)

56/2, Anonymous as Paris 56/2 BMCRR Rome 222 (A. pl. liv, 9) 56/3 Anonymous semis Citta Ducale hoard (A. pl. !vii, 13-14) 56/3 Paris,Ducale A931hoard (A. pl. 15) 1-2) 56/3 Citta (A.Ivii, pl. lviii, 761

Key to the plates

56/4 Anonymous triens Paris, AF (A. pl. lx, 13 (sextantal), 16 and 18 (uncial)) |

56/4 BMCRR Rome 253 (A. pl. Ix, 12) PLATE XII

56/5 Anonymous quadrans Paris, A1006 (A. p. Ixi, 8 (sextantal), 11-13 (uncial))

, 14 (uncial))

56/5 : Paris, A1007 (A. pl. Ixi, 7 (sextantal), 56/6 Anonymous sextans BMCRR Rome 266 (A. pl. xiii, 13 and 15)

56/2 Anonymous as BMCRR Rome 219

56/3 Anonymous semis Citta Ducale hoard (A. pl. lviii, 4 and 6-9

56/3 Paris, AF (A. pl. lviii, 5) 56/4 Anonymous triens BMCRR Rome 248 (A. pl. Ix, 8-11 and 14 (sextantal), 12-13 and lix, 3-4 (uncial)) (sextantal), 19-20 and lIxi, 1-3 (uncial))

56/5 Anonymous quadrans BMCRR Rome 258 (A. pl. 1xi, 9-10

56/5 BMCRR Rome 255 56/6 Anonymous sextans BMCRR Rome 411 (A. pl. Ixiii, 11-12 (sextantal), 16-18 and lxvi, 8 (uncial))

(sextantal), Ixiv, 1-2 (uncial), 5-6 (allegedly semuncial))

56/7. | Anonymous uncia , BMCRR Rome 271 (A. pl. lxiv, 7-8 (sextantal), 9—10(uncial), 12 (allegedly semuncial))

56/8 Anonymous semuncia Paris, AF (A. pl. lxiv, 13-17) 57/1 Victoriatus with crescent BMCRR Rome 436

57/2, Denarius with crescent Oxford 57/4 Semis with crescent BMCRR Rome 339 PLATE XIII

§8/1 Victoriatus with cornucopiae BMCRR Rome 422

§8/2. Denarius with cornucopiae BM 1928-6-7-2 §8/7a Sextans with cornucopiae Hannover 768a

59/1a Denarius with apex and hammer Oxford §9/1b BMCRR Italy 42 59/4 Triens with apex and hammer Paris, A1578

60/1¢ Paris, A1720

60/1a Denarius with caduceus BM 1928-6-7-1 60/6 Sextans with caduceus BM 1968-10-4-2

61/1 Denarius with Victory BMCRR Italy 24

61/4. Triens with Victory BMCRR Italy 33 62/1 Denarius with rostrum tridens BMCRR Italy 23 63/1 Quinarius with C Haeberlin 291 = BM

63/6 Sextans with C BMCRR Italy 188

64/1 Quinarius with \A Paris, AF ,

64/6a Sextans with AA BMCRR Italy 122 65/1 Quinarius with A? Paris, A4958 bis

65/6 Sextans with A? Cambridge

67/1. Anonymous victoriatus NC 1970, pl. iv, 174

| 762

68/1a Denarius with corn-ear Oxford

68/1b 251472 = BM 68/1bBastianelli Hannover

Key to the plates

PLATE XIV 68/2b Hannover 475 68/2a Quinarius with corn-ear Voirol 109 = BM

68/3 Anonymous sestertius Hannover 88

69/1. Dupondius with corn-ear BMCRR Italy (Appendix) 23

69/2a As with corn-ear Birmingham 69/6a Sextans with corn-ear Oxford

70/1 Anonymous victoriatus NC 1970, pl. v, 177 71/1a Victoriatus with C/M BMCRR Italy 254

71/1b BM 1926-1-16-999 71/1C NC 1970, pl. v, 183 92/1 | Victoriatus with corn-ear BMCRR Italy 338 A Silver coin of Agrigentum of Second

Punic War period BM

72/2 20-as gold piece with corn-ear Copenhagen

72/3 Denarius with corn-ear BMCRR Rome 283 92/4 Quinarius with corn-ear BMCRR Rome 284 72/5 Semis with corn-ear Berlin 72/7 Quadrans with corn-ear Cambridge PLATE XV

73/1 Denarius with adze Paris, A1591

73/2 Quinarius with adze BMCRR Rome 286

74/1 Denarius of C. Var Oxford

74/2 Quinarius of C. Var Paris, A15424 75/16 Denarius of C. Al BMCRR Rome 287*

7§/1¢ BMCRR Italy 107 76/1a Denarius with branch BMCRR Italy 112

76/2. ~As with branch Paris, A1704 77/1 |Denarius with corn-ear and crooked Hannover 476a , staff

78/1 Denarius with staff BMCRR Rome 302 79/1 Denarius with wheel BMCRR Italy 308 80/1a Denarius with dolphin Hannover 1284 80/1b BMCRR Rome 289 80/2 As with dolphin Paris, A1984

81/1 Asof Cn. Co Yale 82/1 Semis with Ceres/Hercules Turin F192 PLATE XVI

83/1a Victoriatus with spearhead BMCRR Rome 321

83/1b NC 1970, pl. v, 185 83/2 Denarius with spearhead BMCRR Italy 54 83/3 Quinarius with spearhead BMCRR Italy 55

84/1 Denarius with kX Haeberlin 247 = BM 84/2 Quinarius with R& Vatican 416 84/3 Sestertius with R& BMCRR Italy 192 84/4 As with RR BMCRR Italy (Appendix) 22 85/1a Quinarius with H BMCRR Italy 197 85/4 Triens with H BMCRR Italy 210 86a4/1 Quinarius with Q BMCRR Italy 217 86A/3 Quadrans with Q BMCRR Italy 222 763

Key to the plates | 86B/2 Semis with Q and anchor BMCRR Rome 538

87/5 Sextans with V BMCRR Italy 241

88/1 60-as gold piece with spearhead Paris, A2213

88/2a Denarius with spearhead Paris, A2245 88/2b Rome 318 88/2bBMCRR Paris, A2247

88/2b Cambridge

88/8 | Uncia with spearhead Berlin

89/1a Victoriatus with club BMCRR Rome 310 89/1b Hannover 716

, PLATE XVII 89/2 Denarius with club Cambridge

89/2 Masera hoard 292

89/3 As with club Cambridge

go/1 Anonymous double-victoriatus Paris, XV1/23

90/2. Anonymous victoriatus NC 1970, pl. vi, 190 (cf. C and D)

91/1a Victoriatus with torque BMCRR Italy 337 91/1b BMCRR Italy 147 92/1a Victoriatus with CROT BMCRR Italy 245 92/1b | BMCRR Italy 143 93/1a Victoriatus with /V\ BMCRR Italy 248 93/1b Hannover 604189 93/1¢ NC 1970, pl. vi, 94/1 + Victoriatus with /J BM 1934-12-7-1 9§/1a Victoriatus with BMCRR Italy 233 95/1b Italy 235 95/1¢BMCRR Hannover 665

95/2. Half-victoriatus with & BMCRR Italy 236 96/1 Anonymous victoriatus Copenhagen

, 97/1a Victoriatus with L BMCRR Italy 160

97/16 | BMCRR BMCRR Italy Italy 157 161 97/1C 97/1 var. Bastianelli 209 = Crawford 97/2 Quinarius with L BMCRR Italy 152 PLATE XVIII

97/56 Quadrans with L Oxford 97/7a Uncia with L BMCRR Italy 167 97/8 Semuncia with L Vienna 97/11 Quincunx with L Paris, A3265 97/12 Triens with L BMCRR Italy 163

97/7b Hannover 553

97/13a Quadrans with L BMCRR Italy 164 97/17. Semis with L Bari 1945 (Table xvill, 77)

97/13d Paris, A3314

97/22a As with L Paris, A3228

97/22b Hannover 1592 (obv.), Naples 116044 (rev.)

97/23 Dextans with L BMCRR Italy 169 97/28 As with L Paris, A3234 (Table xvurr, 87)

| 764

Key to the plates PLATE XIX

98a/1a Victoriatus with L/T BMCRR Italy 176 98a/1b ~BMCRR Italy 178 98A/1c BM 1938-3-13-1 Q8A/1var. var. Paris, 98A/1 NC 1970,A3637 pl. vi. 195

98A/1 var. | Oslo 98a/2 Hialf-victoriatus with L/T Hague 270

98A/3. Quinarius with L BMCRR Italy 154

98a/4a Sestertius with L Paris, A3210 98a/6 Sextans with L/ T Paris, A3411

98B/1 | Anonymous quinarius Hannover 333 , 99/1a = As with P° BMCRR Italy 257 100/1a As with C/A BMCRR Italy 265

99/10 Paris, A3549

100/3. Triens with C/, BM Rome 0057 (obv. — mint-mark off flan), BMCRR Italy 270 (rev.)

101/1 | Victoriatus struck on Corcyra BMCRR Italy 227 1001/2 MQuinarius struck on Corcyra Oxford

102/1 Victoriatus with Q BMCRR Italy 219 102/2a Quinarius with Q BMCRR Italy 214

102/2b BMCRR Italy 135

102/2d Oxford

102/2¢c Copenhagen (cf. NC 1972, p. 81, no. 157) PLATE XX

103/1a Victoriatus with /V\ Brussels 11, 49.184 103/1b 1970,A3523 pl. vi, 197 103/1¢NC Paris,

103/2a Quinarius with \V\ BMCRR Italy 229

104/1a Denarius with B BM 1928-6-7-4

104/1b BM 1920-5-10-1 105/1 Victoriatus with pentagram BM 1934-5-22-7 105/2 60-as gold piece with pentagram BMCRR Italy 76

105/3 Denarius with pentagram BM 1928-6-5-7

106/1 Victoriatus with staff Paris, A2393 106/2 60-as gold piece with staff BMCRR Italy 60 106/3a Denarius with staff Hannover 275

106/3b BMCRR HannoverItaly 279a 106/3c 62 106/4 As with staff Paris, A2399 106/7c Quadrans with staff BM 107/1a Denarius with C Oxford 107/1b BMCRR Italy 185 107/ic BM 1928-6-7-6 107/1d BM 1933-4-14-0 108/1 Denarius with caduceus BMCRR Italy 48 109/1 Denartus with knife BM

PLATE XXI

110/1b Crawford

110/1a Denarius with wreath Cordova hoard = BM 765

Key to the plates | 110/2 As with wreath BMCRR Rome 326 2111/1 Denarius with A BMCRR Italy 116 112/1 Victoriatus with staff BMCRR Rome 441 112/2a Denarius with staff BMCRR Rome 440

112/2a Berlin 112/2b Paris, AF

112/3. +s with staff Hannover 1016a

112/6b Hannover

112/6a Quadrans with staff Paris, A2366 113/1 Denarius with star BMCRR Rome 459

113/1 Paris, A1599 | 113/2 As with star Paris, A1604

114/1 Denarius with rostrum tridens BMCRR Rome 449

114/4 Triens with rostrum tridens BMCRR Rome 456 ,

115/1 Denarius with trident Paris, A2839 115/21 , Paris, A2838 PLATE XXII

116/1a Denarius with bull BMCRR Italy 319 116/1b Paris, A2802 116/2 As with bull Paris, A2726

117A/1 Denarius with rudder Paris, A2293 1178/1 As with bird and rudder Paris, A2304

118/5 Sextans with helmet Hannover 928a

119/1 Victoriatus with thunderbolt BMCRR Rome 472

119/2 Denarius with thunderbolt Paris, A2260

119/8 Uncia with thunderbolt Hannover 780 -120/1 Victoriatus with knife Paris, A2403 120/2 Denarius with knife BMCRR Rome 474 120/4 Semis with knife BMCRR Rome 477 121/1 Victoriatus with sow BMCRR Rome 481 121/2 Denarius with sow BMCRR Rome 479 121/4 Semis with sow Rochetta 4a Volturno hoard

123/1 Denarius with ram Berlin

123/2 As with ram Vatican 6182 PLATE XXIII

122/1 Victoriatus with dog Hannover 907 122/2 Denarius with dog Paris, A1774 bis 122/3 As with dog BMCRR Rome 489 124/1 Victoriatus with meta Paris, A1670 124/2 Denarius with meta Paris, A1667 124/4 Semis with meta Rochetta 4 Volturno hoard 1425/1 Denarius with OLC BMCRR Italy 350 126/1 Denarius of Varro BMCRR Italy 351 127/1 Denarius with female head Vatican 2988

128/1 | Denarius with shield and carnyx BMCRR Italy 312

129/1 Denarius with pentagram Paris, A2695

130/1a Denarius with staff and feather BMCRR Italy 307 131/41 Denarius with staff and wing BM 1922-1-10-1

132/1 Vatican 1120 132/2 Denarius of Metellus Paris, AF

132/1 Victoriatus of Metellus Paris, AF

1132/3. As of Metellus Paris, A3492 766

Key to the plates

132/5 Triens of Metellus Paris, A3505

133/1 Victoriatus of Tampilus Hannover 1106 133/3. Denarius of Tampilus Paris, A5084

, PLATE XXIV

133/4 As of Tampilus Rochetta a Volturno hoard

134/1b Denarius of L. Plautius Hypsaeus Hannover 1115

134/2 As of L. Plautius Hypsaeus BMCRR Rome 555

135/12 Denarius with owl Paris, A1814 136/14 Denarius with A/ Paris, A3014 136/3. Semis with A/ Rochetta 4 Volturno hoard

135/1 BMCRR Italy 324

136/1 Vatican 1073 1437/1 Denarius with crescent Paris, A1909 137/41 Hannover 1256 137/1 Paris, A 1906 137/1 Montecarotto hoard 137/3 Semis with crescent Paris, A1939

138/1 Hannover 1222 139/1 Anonymous denarius BMCRR Rome 570 139/1 Petacciato hoard 140/1 Anonymous denarius BMCRR Rome 574

138/1 | Denarius of P. Maenius BMCRR Rome 630

140/1 Vatican 233a 141/1 Denarius of Todillus Hannover 1069

141/1 BMCRR Rome 5§91 PLATE XXV

141/2a_ As of Todillus Rome, Capitol 141/5b Quadrans of Todillus Paris, A2645

142/5 | Sextans with bull and /V\V Hannover 994 143/5 | Sextans with shield and Nx BM 1931-4-8-13

144/6 Uncia with Victory and 1 BM 1931-10-7-9

145/5 Sextans with Victory and spearhead Rochetta 4 Volturno hoard

146/1 Paris, A5054 147/1 Denarius of Cn. Domitius Paris, A9127 146/1 Denarius of Autronius Paris, A5051

147/1 Cambridge 147/2. As of Cn. Domitius Berlin

148/2 Semis of Q. Marius Rochetta a Volturno hoard 149/1b As of L. Mamilius Bonazzi 833 (not illustrated here) 149/56 Sextans of L. Mamilius BMCRR Rome 726 1§0/4 Quadrans of M. Titinius Paris, A15646

11/1 Triens of S. Furius Rome, Capitol 3000 1§2/1a Denarius of Sx.Q Paris, A14593

1§2/1b BMCRR77Italy 416 152/1c Sydenham = Birmingham 1§3/1 Denarius of Cn. Calpurnius Hannover 1601 153/1 BMCRR Rome 621 PLATE XXVI

154/1 Denarius of L. Coilius Paris, A7767 154/41 Paris, A7769 767

Key to the plates

155/14 Vatican 2859

1§5/1 Denarius of Purpureo Hannover 1336 155/2. As of Purpureo Bf. ii, pl. iii, 62 (not illustrated here) 1§6/1 Denarius with prawn BMCRR Rome 585 156/2 As with prawn A., pl. 1xxxxiv, 9 (not illustrated here)

156/141 Paris, A2788

156/3. Quadrans with prawn A., pl. Ixxxxiv, 10 (not illustrated here) 1§7/1 Denarius with cornucopiae Paris, A1820

157/1 BMCRR Rome §83

15§8/1 Vatican 229 1§9/1 Victoriatus with fly Hannover 1044 1§9/2 Denarius with fly BMCRR Italy 377 1§9/2 Paris, A2581 1159/3 ~As with fly Paris, A2597 158/14 Anonymous denarius Hannover 1060

159/4 Semis with fly Rochetta a Volturno hoard

160/14 As with dolphin Paris, Ai992 160/§ Semuncia with dolphin Vatican 6330

161/1 Denarius of Talna Hannover 1055 161/1 Vatican 3818 }

, PLATE XXVII 161/2 Asof Talna Sydenham 94= BM 161/3. Semis of Talra Paris, A11800

162/1b Hannover 605 162/2b Hannover 1296 162/2a BMCRR Italy 401 162/1a Victoriatus cf Matienus Paris, A12627

162/2a Denarius of Matienus BMCRR Italy 406

162/2b ANS 162/2b Hague 282 162/2b Milan 352

162/4 Semis of Matienus Rochetta 4 Volturno hoard

163/1 Denarius with feather BMCRR Italy 394 (obv.), 397

163/1 | , Oxford (rev.)

164/1a Anonymous denarius _ BMCRR Italy 281

164/1b BMCRR Italy 283 165/1a Denarius with anchor Masera hoard

— 165/1b BMCRR Italy 295 166/1 Anonymous victoriatus BMCRR Italy 368 167/1. Anonymous denarius BMCRR Italy 366 168/1 | Victoriatus with helmet BMCRR Italy 372 168/2. Denarius with helmet BMCRR Italy 371

169/14 Denarius with GR Hannover 1249 PLATE XXVIII

170/1 Denarius with ear - Hannover 1260

171/1 Denarius with D BMCRR Italy 355 1472/1 Denarius with AA Masera hoard

171/1 Hannover 501 172/1 Hannover 1207 172/2 As with AA Fontanarosa hoard

: 768

| Key to the plates 172/3 Semis with AA Vatican 6304 173/1 As of C, Saxula Paris, A7713 173/4. Quadrans of C. Saxula Munich

174/1 As of A. Caecilius Paris, A$324 1474/2 Semis of A. Caecilius Paris, A5353 175/1 Asof C. Saenius BMCRR Rome 810 176/1 As of Paetus Paris, A4811 176/4 Quadrans of Paetus Paris, AF PLATE XXIX

177/1 As with | Paris, A3641

4177/3, Triens with ( Paris, A3663 178/3. Triens of Cina Paris, A8298 179/1 As of Balbus Paris, A3805 179/5 Sextans of Balbus BMCRR Rome 617 180/1 As of Saxula Paris, A7689 180/5 Sextans of Saxula Paris, A7707

181/1 As with caps of Dioscuri Paris, AF 1481/2 Semis with caps of Dioscuri Paris, A1662 1482/1 Denarius with gryphon BMCRR Italy 331 1482/2 As with gryphon Paris, A2341 1482/5 Quadrans with gryphon Turin

183/2 Semis with wolf and twins Rochetta a Volturno hoard PLATE XXX

4183/1 As with wolf and twins Munich

vine-branch : 185/5 Sextans of Varo Hannover 1331

184/1a As with butterfly and vine-branch Paris, A2672

1484/4 Quadrans with butterfly and BMCRR Rome 512

186/2 Semis of Murena Paris, A11862

1487/1 Denarius of Purpureo BMCRR Italy 422

187/7. Uncia of Purpureo Hannover 2294a 188/1 As of Opeimius Paris, A13385 4188/5 Sextans of Opeimius Berlin

189/5 Sextans of P. Blasio BMCRR Rome 792 189/1 Asof P. Blasio Paris, A8242 190/1 As of Opeimius RIN 1964, 23 (not illustrated here)

190/6 Uncia of Opeimius Paris, A13384 191/1 As of Valerius Malignano (AFA 1968, 281) 191/2, Semis of Valerius Rochetta a Volturno hoard PLATE XXXI

192/1 As withA Paris, A2993 192/2 Semis with A Rochetta 4 Volturno hoard

193/2. Semis of Turdus Rochetta 4 Volturno hoard 193/4 Quadrans of Turdus , Cambridge 1494/1 As with anchor Paris, A1511_ 194/2 Semis with anchor Rochetta 4 Volturno hoard

195/1 As with ass BMCRR Rome 521 195/3. Triens with ass Paris, A2630

196/21 As with star Munich : 769

Key to the plates

196/4 Quadrans with star Paris, A1640

197/1b Paris, A693

197/1a Denarius with Victory in biga BMCRR Italy 429

198/21 Denarius with Dioscuri BMCRR Italy 390 PLATE XXXII

197-8B/1b Anonymous as Hannover, 1516

199/1b Denarius of Saranus Rome, Capitol 1131

199/2 As of Saranus Paris, A4923,

199/5 Quadrans of Saranus Paris, A4941 200/1 Denarius of Natta BMCRR Rome 761

200/2. As of Natta Paris, A13766 200/3 Semis of Natta Paris, A13777 201/14 Denarius of C. Scribonius ANS

201/2 As of C. Scribonius BMCRR Rome 735 201/4 ‘Triens of C. Scribonius Paris, A15090 202/1a Denarius of C. Talna BMCRR Rome 769

202/1b BMCRR Rome 771 203/1a Denarius of C. Maianius BMCRR Italy 434

203/2 Asof C. Maianius Paris, A12050 ,

203/4 Triens of C. Maianius Sydenham 117=BM PLATE XXXIII

204/12 Denarius of L. Saufeius BMCRR Rome 834

204/2 As of L. Saufeius Cambridge | 204/4 Triens of L. Saufeius Paris, A15050

205/14 Denarius of P. Sula Paris, A8548 ,

2055/2 Asof P. Sula Paris, A8557

205/3 Semis of P. Sula Paris, A8570

206/1 Denarius of Safra BMCRR Rome 674

206/7 Uncia of Safra Vatican 6377 207/1 Denarius of Flaus Paris, AF

208/1 Denarius of Natta BMCRR Rome 847 209/1 Denarius of L. Itius BMCRR Rome 724 210/21 Denarius of C. Iunius BMCRR Rome 662 210/5§ Quadrans of C. Iunius BMCRR Rome 669 212/1 As with crescent Paris, A1966 213/12 As with mast and sail Paris, A2571 213/4 Quadrans with mast and sail Paris, A2577

211/1 As of Q. Metellus Hannover 1834 PLATE XXXIV

214/1a Denarius of M. Atilius Saranus BMCRR Rome 686

214/2a As of M. Atilius Saranus BMCRR Rome 693 214/5b Quadrans of M. Atilius Saranus Paris, A4899

215/1 Denarius of Q. Marcius Libo BMCRR Rome 701

215/2a As of Q. Marcius Libo Paris, A12183

215/4 Triens of Q. Marcius Libo BMCRR Rome 708

216/1 Denarius of L. Sempronius Pitio BMCRR Rome 711

216/2b As of L. Sempronius Pitio Paris, A15178

216/4b Triens of L. Sempronius Pitio Paris, A15§179 217/1 Denarius of C. Terentius Lucanus Oxford 77°

Key to the plates

217/2, AsofC, Terentius Lucanus BMCRR Rome 784

217/3. Semis of C. Terentius Lucanus Rochetta 4 Volturno hoard

218/12 Denarius of L. Cupiennius BMCRR Rome 852 219/1a Denarius of C. Antestius BMCRR Rome 856

219/1e Paris, A4109

219/2 As of C. Antestius Paris, AF

219/3 Semis of C. Antestius Rochetta 4 Volturno hoard PLATE XXXV

220/1 © Denarius of M. Iunius Paris, AF 221/1 Denarius of Annius Rufus Paris, A4985 222/1 Anonymous denarius Masera hoard 385 223/1 Denarius of C. Curiatius Trigeminus Birmingham 224/1 Denarius of L. Iulius BMCRR Rome 900 225/1 Denarius of L. Atilius Nomentanus Paris, A4945

226/1a Denarius of C. Titinius BMCRR Rome 907

226/1b BMCRR Rome 909

226/2 Semis of C. Titinius Hannover 1866

227/1d Denarius of M. Aufidius Rusticus BMCRR Rome 925

228/1 Denarius of C. Valerius Flaccus BMCRR Rome 903

228/2 7 BMCRR Rome 881 228/3 Semis of C. Valerius Flaccus Paris, A15941 229/1a Denarius of M. Aurelius Cota ANS 229/1b BMCRR Rome 917 230/1 Denarius of A. Spurilius BMCRR Rome 912 231/1 Denarius of C. Renius Oxford

231/2 Semis of C. Renius Naples 113863 ,

231/3 Quadrans of C. Renius Hannover 1857 (obv.), 1856 (rev.)

232/1 Denarius of Cn. Gellius BMCRR Rome 919 | 232/4 Quadrans of Cn. Gellius BMCRR Rome 923 233/1 Denarius of P. Paetus BMCRR Rome 877 234/1 Denarius of Ti. Veturius BMCRR Italy 550

234/2a Quadrans of Ti. Veturius Copenhagen (obv.), Hannover 2207 (rev.) PLATE XXXVI

235/1c Denarius of Sex. Pompeius BMCRR Rome 927

235/3 Quadrans of Sex. Pompeius Hague

236/1a Denarius of M. Baebius Tampilus Masera hoard 646

236/1e BMCRR Rome 936 237/1a Denarius of Cn. Lucretius Trio BMCRR 934 238/1 Denarius of L. Antestius Gragulus BMCRR 977 238/36 Quadrans of L. Antestius Gragulus Hannover 2014

238/3f | Paris, A4132 239/1 Denarius of C. Serveilius BMCRR Italy 540 239/3 Quadrans of C. Serveilius Turin

240/1b Masera hoard 753 240/2a Semis of C. Curiatius Trigeminus Copenhagen 240/1a Denarius of C. Curiatius Trigeminus Paris, A9028

241/1b Denarius of L. Trebanius Glasgow

241/3 Triens of L. Trebanius Copenhagen

242/1 Denarius of C. Augurinus BMCRR Rome 953

242/3 Triens of C. Augurinus BM

243/1 Denarius of Ti. Minucius Augurinus Glasgow 771

Key to the plates 2443/3. ‘Triens of Ti. Minucius Augurinus BMCRR Rome 1007

244/1 Denarius of C. Aburius Geminus BMCRR Rome 999 244/3 Quadrans of C. Aburius Geminus Paris, A3739

245/11 Denarius of M. Marcius BMCRR Rome 1008

245/3 Quadrans of M. Marcius BMCRR 1018

246/1 Denarius of C. Numitorius BMCRR Rome 971 PLATE XXXVII

246/§ Sextans of C. Numitorius Paris, A13307 247/1 Denarius of P. Calpurnius BMCRR Rome 969 247/3 Quadrans of P. Calpurnius Paris, AF 248/1 Denarius of L. Minucius BMCRR Rome 963 284/4 Quadrans of L. Minucius Paris, A12974 249/1 Denarius of P. Maenius Antiaticus BMCRR Rome 988

249/4 Uncia of P. Maenius Antiaticus Paris, A12032 250/1 Denarius of M. Aburius Geminus BMCRR Rome 996 250/2. Quadrans of M. Aburius Geminus Oxford

251/1 Semis of M. Fabrinius BM

251/3 Quadrans of M. Fabrinius BMCRR Rome 983

252/1 Denarius of L. Postumius Albinus BMCRR Rome 1130

253/1 Denarius of L. Opeimius BMCRR Rome 1133 253/3. Quadrans of L. Opeimius Birmingham 254/1 Denarius of M. Opeimius BMCRR Rome 1139 . 255/14 Denarius of M. Acilius Cambridge >

255/2 Semis of M. Acilius BMCRR Rome 1120 256/1 Denarius of Q. Metellus BMCRR Rome 1053 256/2a Semis of Q. Metellus Paris, A5243

2§6/2b Copenhagen

257/1 Denarius of M. Vargunteius BMCRR Rome 1069

257/2, Semis of M. Vargunteius Oxford 259/1 Denarius of Q. Pilipus BMCRR Rome 1143

258/1 Denarius of Sex. Iulius Caisar Paris, AF PLATE XXXVIII

260/1 Denarius of T. Cloulius BMCRR Rome 1180 261/1 | Denarius of Cn. Domitius BMCRR Rome 1025 261/2 Semis of Cn. Domitius BMCRR Rome 1028

_261/4 Quadrans of Cn. Domitius BMCRR Rome 1031

- 262/1 Anonymous denarius BMCRR Rome 1044 262/4 Anonymous quadrans Paris, A5162 263/1a Denarius of M. Metellus BMCRR Rome 1145 263/5a Quadrans of M. Metellus Oxford 264/1 Denarius of C. Serveilius Oxford 264/2 Semis of C. Serveilius Paris, A15278 265/1 Denarius of Q. Maximus BMCRR Rome 1157 265/3 Quadrans of Q. Maximus Paris, A9432 266/1 Denarius of C. Cassius | Licodia hoard 266/2 Dodrans of C. Cassius Copenhagen 266/3. ~+Bes of C. Cassius Copenhagen 267/1 Denarius of T. Quinctius BMCRR Rome 1040 | 267/2, Semis of T. Quinctius BMCRR Rome 1042 268/1b Denarius of N. Fabius Pictor Masera hoard 783

269/1 Denarius of C. Metellus BMCRR Rome 1182 772

Key to the plates

269/4 Quadrans of C. Metellus BMCRR Rome 1184 270/1 Denarius of M. Porcius Laeca BMCRR Rome 1023 271/1 Denarius of Mn. Acilius Balbus BMCRR Rome 1019 271/2, Semis of Mn. Acilius Balbus Rome, Capitol 888 PLATE XXXIX

272/141 Anonymous semis Turin

272/22, Anonymous quadrans Hannover 1008

273/1 Denarius of Q. Fabius Labeo BMCRR Italy 494 273/2 Quadrans of Q. Fabius Labeo Hannover 1931

274/1 Denarius of C. Cato BMCRR Italy 461 274/3 Quadrans of C. Cato Rome, Capitol 2496 275/1 Denarius of M. Fannius BMCRR Italy 468 275/2 Semis of M. Fannius Turin 276/1 Denarius of M. Carbo BMCRR Italy 473

277/1. Denarius of Q. Minucius Rufus BMCRR Italy 464 277/2, Quadrans of Q. Minucius Rufus Rome, Capitol 2203

278/14 Denarius of C. Plutius BMCRR Italy 454 278/2 Quadrans of C. Plutius Paris, A14086

279/1 Denarius of Carbo BMCRR Italy 449

279/2 Quadrans of Carbo Berlin

280/1 Denarius of M. Tullius BMCRR Italy 504

281/1 Denarius of M. Fourius Philus BMCRR Italy 555

282/4 Denarius of L. Pomponius BMCRR Rome 1191 283/1a Denarius of Q. Marcius, etc. BMCRR Italy 480 284/1b Denarius of M. Calidius, etc. BMCRR Italy 477

285/1 Denarius of Cn. Domitius BMCRR Italy 492

285/2. Denarius of Q. Curtius, M. Silanus BMCRR Italy. 485 (obv.), 488 (rev.)

285/5b Quadrans of Cn. Domitius, etc. Copenhagen

286/1 Denarius of M. Sergius Silus BMCRR Italy 517 PLATE XL

287/1 Anonymous denarius BMCRR Italy 565 288/1 Denarius of Cethegus Paris, AF 289/1 Denarius of M. Cipius BMCRR Italy 522 289/4 Quadrans of M. Cipius Hannover 2196 290/1 Denarius of C. Fonteius BMCRR Italy 599

290/3 Semis of C. Fonteius Turin

291/1 | Denarius of Mn. Aemilius Lepidus BMCRR Italy 590

292/1 Denarius of P. Nerva Corpus Christi College, Cambridge 292/4b Quadrans of P. Nerva Rome, Capitol 2003 293/1 Denarius of L. Philippus BMCRR Italy 532 293/2 Quadrans of L. Philippus Paris, A12461 (obv.) A12463 (rev.)

294/1 Denarius of T. Deidius Oxford

295/1 Denarius of L. Torquatus BMCRKR Italy 519

296/1a Denarius of Cn. Blasio BMCRR Italy 620 296/4 Quadrans of Cn. Blasio Copenhagen 296/2 As of Cn. Blasio Cambridge (see also Quadras y Ramon 258) 297/1b Denarius of Ti. Q BMCRR Italy 571 298/1 Denarius of L. Caesius BMCRR Italy 585

296/th BMCRR Italy 631

299/1a Denarius of Ap. Claudius, BMCRR Rome 1291 T. Manlius

773

Key to the plates

300/14 Denarius of C. Pulcher Cordova hoard ,

3021/1 Denarius of P. Laeca BM 1926-10-2-32 (obv.), BMCRR Italy 651 (rev.) PLATE XLI

302/1 Denarius of L. Flaminius Cilo Paris, A9619

303/14 Denarius of Mn. Aquillius Oxford 304/1 Denarius of L. Memmius BMCRR Italy 643

305/1 Denarius of Q. Lutatius Cerco BMCRR Italy 636

305/2. Uncia of Q. Lutatius Cerco Copenhagen

306/1 Denarius of L. Valerius Flaccus BMCRR Italy 647

307/1a Denarius of Mn. Fonteius BMCRR Rome 1230

307/1b BMCRR Rome 1208

308/1b Denarius of M. Herennius BMCRR Rome 1259

308/3 Quadrans of M. Herennius Paris, A10250

308/4a Uncia of M. Herennius Vatican 6673 308/4b Rome, Capitol 1557 308/5 Semuncia of M. Herennius Rome, Capitol 1558 309/1. Denarius of A. Manlius BMCRR Italy 510 310/1 Denarius of Cn. Cornelius Sisena Paris, AF 311/1d Denarius of L. Scipio Asiagenus Vienna

312/1 Denarius of C. Sulpicius Oxford 312/2. As of C. Sulpicius Bf. i, pl. xi, 257 (not illustrated here) 313/1c Denarius of L. Memmius Oxford 313/2. Asof L. Memmius Vatican 6804 313/3 Semis of L. Memmius Rome, Capitol 2187 313/4 Quadrans of L. Memmius Rome, Capitol 2188

PLATE XLII :

314/1d Denarius of L. Cota BMCRR Rome 1312 315/1 Uncia of L. Hostilius Tubulus Paris, AF

315/2 Semuncia of L. Hostilius Tubulus Rome, Capitol 316/1 var. Denarius of L. Thorius Balbus Vienna 3921 316/2 Semuncia of L. Thorius Balbus Vatican 7004

317/1 Denarius of L. Saturninus BM 1950-10-6-305

317/3b BMCRR Rome 1532

318/1a Denarius of C. Coilius Caldus Paris, A7924

319/1 Denarius of Q. Thermus BM (Clark) 320/1 Denarius of L. Iulius Caesar Oxford

321/1 Denarius of L. Cassius Caeicianus BMCRR Rome 1738

322/1b Denarius of C. Fabius BM 1949-4-3-31 322/2 Asof C. Fabius Paris, AF 323/1 Denarius of L. Iulius BMCRR Rome 1679 324/1 Denarius of M. Lucilius Rufus BMCRR Rome 1614 325/1a Denarius of L. Sentius BMCRR Rome 1645

326/1 Denarius of C. Fundanius Oxford , 326/2 Quinarius of C. Fundanius ~ BMCRR Rome 1699 327/1 Denarius of M. Serveilius BMCRR Rome 1662

328/1 Denarius of P. Servilius Rullus BMCRR Rome 1674 329/1b Denarius of Lentulus Marcelli f. ANS

330/1b Denarius of Piso, Caepio BMCRR Rome 1218

774

Key to the plates PLATE XLIII

329/2 As of Lentulus Marcelli f. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge

331/1 Quinarius of P. Sabinus BMCRR Rome 1565 332/1b Quinarius of T. Cloulius BMCRR Rome 1102 333/1 Quinarius of C. Egnatuleius BMCRR Rome 1077 334/1 Denarius of L. Pomponius Molo BMCRR Italy 735 334/3b Semis of L. Pomponius Molo BMCRR Italy 741 335/1b Denarius of C. Malleolus etc. BMCRR Italy 731

335/3c Denarius of C. Malleolus BMCRR Italy 700

335/3f . BMCRR Italy 703 335/9 Denarius of A. Albinus BMCRR Italy 716 335/10b BMCRR Italy 722 336/1b Denarius of C. Allius Bala BMCRR Rome 1744

337/2d AF 337/2eParis, Oxford

337/1a Denarius of D. Silanus Haeberlin 1359

337/2f Carbonara ANS, HSA hoard 24799 337/3 337/4 Sestertius of D. Silanus Berlin

337/5 Asof D. Silanus BMCRR Rome 1857 335/5b Semis of C. Malleolus BMCRR Italy 710 PLATE XLIV ,

338/14 Aswith L.P.D.A.P. Bonazzi 357 (not illustrated here)

339/1a Anonymous as BMCRR Rome 2195 340/1 Denarius of L. Piso Frugi BMCRR Rome 1862

340/1 : BM 1949-4-3-153

340/2c Paris, A6301 340/3a Sestertius of L. Piso Frugi BMCRR Rome 2177

340/2a Quinarius of L. Piso Frugi BMCRR Rome 2176

340/4 As of L. Piso Frugi Oslo

341/1 Denarius of Q. Titius BMCRR Rome 2220 341/3 Quinarius of Q. Titius , BMCRR Rome 2229

341/2 BMCRR Rome 2226 341/4a As of Q. Titius BMCRR Rome 2231 341/5 Semis of Q. Titius Paris, A15613 341/6 ‘Triens of Q. Titius Rome, Capitol 2810

341/7. Quadrans of Q. Titius Rome, Capitol 2811

342/1 Denarius of C. Vibius Pansa BMCRR Rome 2310 342/2 BMCRR Rome 2309 342/3a Style A-c BMCRR Rome 2242

342/3b Style A BMCRR Rome 2241 342/5b Style c BM 1926-10-2-28 342/5b Style B BMCRR Rome 2251 342/5b Style D Pontecorvo hoard 1209

342/5b Style E Paris, A16228 PLATE XLV

342/6a Denarius of C. Vibius Pansa BMCRR Rome 2308

342/7b As of C. Vibius Pansa Oxford

342/9a Quadrans of C. Vibius Pansa BMCRR Rome 2321

343/1a Denarius of M. Cato ANS 775

Key to the plates |

343/2b Quinarius of M. Cato BMCRR Italy 693

344/1a Denarius of L. Titurius Sabinus BMCRR Rome 2323

344/2cBMCRR , BMCRRRome Rome 2330 2327 344/3 344/4d As of L. Titurius Sabinus BMCRR Rome 2361 344/6 ‘Triens of L. Titurius Sabinus Berlin

345/1 Denarius of Cn. Lentulus BMCRR Rome 2440 , 3445/2 Quinarius of Cn. Lentulus BMCRR Rome 2443

345/3 As of Cn. Lentulus BMCRR Rome 2445

345/4a Semis of Cn. Lentulus BM

346/1a Denarius of C. Censorinus BMCRR Rome 2383 346/2a BMCRR Rome 2414 346/3 As of C. Censorinus BMCRR Rome 2420

348/2 Oxford

348/21 Denarius of L. Rubrius Dossenus BMCRR Rome 2449

348/3 BMCRR Rome 2458 PLATE XLVI

348/4 Quinarius of L. Rubrius Dossenus Crawford

348/6 BM 1931-4-8-4

348/§ As of L. Rubrius Dossenus -~ BMCRR Rome 2461

349/1 Denarius of L. C. Memies BMCRR Rome 2428

350A/1e Denarius of Gargonius etc. BMCRR Rome 2620

350A/2. Anonymous denarius BMCRR Rome 2624

350A/3a As of Gargonius etc. Cambridge 350B/3c Anonymous quadrans Paris, A10012

351/1 Denarius of M. Fannius, BM 1926-10-2-23 L. Critonius

352/1a Denarius of L. Iulius Bursio BMCRR Rome 2501

352/1b BMCRR Rome 2603 352/1¢ BMCRR Rome 2549 3§3/1a Denarius of Mn. Fonteius BMCRR Rome 2476 353/1d BMCRR Rome 2482

353/2 ANS

353/3 As of Mn. Fonteius BMCRR Rome 2484 354/1 Denarius of C. Licinius Macer BM (Clark)

354/2. As of C. Licinius Macer BMCRR Rome 2470 PLATE XLVI!

355/1e As of L. Salinator, C. Cassius Turin, F3989

356/1a Denarius of P. Fourius Crassipes BMCRR Rome 2604

357/1a Denarius of C. Norbanus BMCRR Rome 2827 357/1b BMCRR Rome 2782 358/1 Denarius of Laterensis Berlin ,

359/1 Aureus of L. Sulla BMCRR East 1

359/2. Denarius of L. Sulla BMCRR East 4

360/1b Denarius of P. Crepusius etc. BMCRR Rome 2646

361/1c Denarius of P. Crepusius BMCRR Rome 2670

362/1 Denarius of C. Mamilius Limetanus BMCRR Rome 2728

363/1a Denarius of L. Censorinus BMCRR Rome 2663

364/1d Denarius of Q. Antonius Balbus BMCRR Rome 2750 365/1c Denarius of C. Valerius Flaccus BMCRR Gaul 4

366/1a. Denarius of C. Annius Oxford 776

366/2a BMCRR BMCRR Spain Spain 32 26 366/3a 366/4 Cambridge

Key to the plates

367/1 Denarius of L. Manlius Pontecorvo hoard 672

367/2. Aureus of L. Manlius Glasgow

367/5 Denarius of L. Manlius BMCRR East 12 368/1 As of L. Sulla Hague (22.47 gr. - obv.), (14.75 gr. — rev.)

PLATE XLVIII

369/1 Denarius of M. Metellus BMCRR Rome 1148 370/1a Denarius of C. Serveilius BMCRR Rome 1168 371/1 Denarius of Q. Maximus BMCRR Rome 1154

372/1 Denarius of A. Postumius Albinus BMCRR Rome 2836

372/2 BMCRR Rome 2842 373/14b Anonymous quinarius Oxford 374/1 Denarius of Q. Caecilius Metellus Oxford

374/2 BMCRR Spain 49 375/1 Aureus with Q Paris, AF Pius

375/2. Denarius with Q Naples, $6511

376/1 Denarius with EX.S.C BMCRR Rome 2892

377/1 Berlin 377/1 BMCRR 377/1 BMCRR Rome Rome 3142 3144 377/1 Denarius of L. Volumnius Strabo Berlin

377/1 2589 377/1 Haeberlin Paris, A16965

378/1c Denarius of C. Marius Capito BM 1950-10-6-323

379/1 Denarius of L. Procilius , BMCRR Rome 3148

379/2 BMCRR Rome 3151 380/1 Denarius of C. Poblicius BMCRR Rome 2901 381/1a Aureus of A. Manlius Vatican 2350

382/1b Denarius of C. Naevius Balbus Paris, A13074

382/1b , BMCRR Rome 2930 PLATE XLIX

383/1 Denarius of Ti. Claudius Oxford 384/1 Denarius of L. Papius Oxford 385/1 Denarius of M. Volteius Oxford

385/2 Oxford 385/3 Oxford 385/4 Oxford 385/5 BMCRR Rome 3207 386/1 Denarius of L. Cassius Cambridge 387/1 Denarius of L. Rutilius Flaccus Oxford

388/1b Denarius of P. Satrienus Pontecorvo hoard 983

388/1b BMCRR Rome 3222 389/14 Denarius of L. Rustius Cambridge

390/2 Oxford 391/2 BMCRR Rome 3278 (obv.), 3283 (rev.) 390/1 Denarius of L. Lucretius Trio Cambridge 391/1a Denarius of C. Egnatius Maxsumus Oslo 777

Key to the plates :

391/3 Oxford

392/16 Denarius of L. Farsuleius Mensor Cambridge

393/1a Denarius of Cn. Lentulus Oxford

394/1a Denarius of C. Postumius Oxford 7 394/14 , BMCRR Rome 3238 | 395/1 Denarius of L. Cossutius Sabula Cambridge 396/1b Denarius of L. Plaetorius BMCRR Rome 3316

397/1 Denarius of P. Lentulus BMCRR Rome 3329 PLATE L

398/1 Denarius of Q. Pomponius Rufus BMCRR Rome 3333 399/1a Denarius of Q. Crepereius Rocus BMCRR Rome 3337

400/1a Denarius of L. Axsius Naso BMCRR Rome 3353

401/1 Denarius of Mn. Aguillius Oxford

401/1 Rome, Capitol 1112

402/1b Aureus of Magnus BMCRR East 20 403/14 Denarius of Kalenus, Cordus Oxford

405/2 ANS 405/36 Oxford 405/4a Glasgow

404/1 Denarius of T. Vettius Sabinus BMCRR Rome 3370 405/1b Denarius of M. Plaetorius Cestianus Cambridge

405/5 Cambridge 406/1 Denarius of P. Galba Cambridge 407/2 Cambridge 408/1b Paris, A6668 409/2 Cambridge

407/1 Denarius of C. Hosidius Geta BMCRR Rome 3386

408/1a Denarius of C. Piso Frugi Cambridge

409/1 Denarius of M. Plaetorius Cestianus Oxford

410/8 Oxford

410/1 Denarius of Q. Pomponius Musa BMCRR Rome 3604

411/1b Denarius of L. Torquatus Cambridge

412/1 Denarius of L. Roscius Fabatus Oxford PLATE LI

413/1 Denarius of Longinus BMCRR Rome 3931 414/1 Denarius of L. Furius Brocchus Cambridge 415/1 Denarius of Paullus Lepidus Oxford

416/1a Denarius of Libo Oxford 417/1a Denarius of Paullus Lepidus, Libo Oxford

419/2b Oxford

418/1 Denarius of M. Piso BMCRR Rome 3637 419/1e Denarius of M. Lepidus Rome, Capitol 954

419/2 BMCRR Rome 3648 419/3b BMCRR Rome 3652 420/1a Denarius of P. Ypsaeus Cambridge

420/2a Cambridge 421/1 Denarius of Sufenas Oxford 422/1b Denarius of M. Scaurus, P. Hypsaeus Glasgow

423/1 Denarius of C. Serveilius Cambridge 424/1 Denarius of C. Considius Nonianus Oxford

425/1 Denarius of Philippus Cambridge 778

Key to the plates

426/1 Denarius of Faustus Oxford 426/2 Rome 3828 426/3, BMCRR Cambridge

426/46 Oxford A Bronze of Amisus BM

427/2 Oxford 428/3 Rome, Capitol 3003 428/2 Oxford 427/1 Denarius of C. Memmius Oxford PLATE LII

428/1 Denarius of Q. Cassius BMCRR Rome 3868

429/2a Oxford

429/1 Denarius of P. Fonteius Capito Cambridge

430/1 Denarius of P. Crassus Oxford 431/1 Denarius of A. Plautius Oxford

432/1 Denarius of Cn. Plancius Cambridge

433/2 Cambridge 434/2 Cambridge 435/1 Denarius of Messala Oxford 433/1 Denarius of Brutus Cambridge

434/1 Denarius of Q. Pompeius Rufus Cambridge

436/1 Denarius of L. Vinicius Oxford

437/1a Denarius of Caldus Cambridge 437/2a Oxford 438/1 Denarius of Ser. Sulpicius Oxford 439/1 Denarius of Marcellinus Oxford

440/1 Denarius of Q. Sicinius Oxford 441/1 Denarius of Nerius Oxford 442/1a Denarius of Mn. Acilius Oxford

443/1 Denarius of Caesar Oxford

444/14 Oxford 444/1a Denarius of Q. Sicinius, C. Coponius Oxford

PLATE LIII

444/1c Denarius of Q. Sicinius, C. Coponius BMCRR East 30

445/1a Denarius of L. Lentulus, C. Oxford

445/2 Oxford 445/3b Oxford 447/1a Denarius of Varro Oxford 448/2a Oxford 448/3 Oxford 449/2 Oxford 449/3a BMCRR Rome 3973 449/4 Oxford 450/3bOxford Oxford 450/2 Marcellus

446/1 Denarius of Cn. Piso Oxford

448/1a Denarius of L. Hostilius Saserna BMCRR Rome 3989

449/1b Denarius of C. Vibius Pansa Oxford

449/5 Sestertius of C. Vibius Pansa BMCRR Rome 3986

450/1a Denarius of Albinus Bruti f. Oxford 779

Key to the plates

451/14 Denarius of C. Pansa, Albinus Oxford Bruti f.

452/2 Denarius of Caesar Oxford

452/3 Quinarius of Caesar BMCRR Rome 3961 452/4 Denarius of Caesar BMCRR Rome 3959

452/5 BMCRR Rome 3960 453/1c Denarius of L. Plautius Plancus Oxford 454/1 Denarius of A. Licinius Nerva Oxford 454/2 BMCRR Rome 4002 454/3 Quinarius of A. Licinius Nerva Paris, A12635 PLATE LIV

454/4 Sestertius of A. Licinius Nerva BMCRR Rome 4003 455/1a Denarius of C. Antius Restio BMCRR Rome 4030

455/2a BMCRR Rome 4032 455/3 Quinarius of C. Antius Restio BMCRR Rome 4033

455/5 Paris, A4150 455/6 BMCRR Rome 4036

455/4 Sestertius of C. Antius Restio BMCRR Rome 4034

456/1a Aureus of Caesar BMCRR East 36

457/1 Denarius of A. Allienus BMCRR Sicily 1

458/1 Denarius of Caesar Oxford 459/1 Denarius of Q. Metellus Pius Scipio Oxford 460/2 Denarius of Q. Metellus Pius Scipio Oxford

460/3 BMCRR BMCRR Africa Africa 86 460/4 461/1 Denarius of Q. Metellus Scipio Oxford

461/1 Oxford 463/2 463/3 Oxford Oxford

462/1b Denarius of M. Cato Oxford

462/2 Quinarius of M. Cato _ ANS, HSA 10500 463/1a Denarius of Mn. Cordius Rufus Oxford

463/4b Quinarius of Mn. Cordius Rufus BMCRR Rome 4044 463/5a Sestertius of Mn. Cordius Rufus BMCRR Rome 4048

463/6a Berlin 986/1920 464/1 Denarius of T. Carisius Oxford

464/2 BMCRR Rome 4058 464/3a Oxford

464/4 464/5 Oxford Oxford PLATE LV

464/6 Quinarius of T. Carisius Paris, A7108 464/7a Sestertius of T. Carisius Berlin 205/1917

464/8a BMCRR Rome 4077 465/2a BMCRR Rome Rome 4088 4084 465/3 BMCRR 465/4 BMCRR Rome 4090 465/5 BMCRR Rome 4091 465/7b Quinarius of C. Considius Paetus BMCRR Rome 4095

465/1a Denarius of C. Considius Paetus Oxford

465/8a Sestertius of C. Considius Paetus _BMCRR Rome 4097 780

,

Key to the plates

466/1 Aureus of A. Hirtius Oxford 467/1a Denarius of Caesar Oxford 468/1 Denarius of Caesar Oxford

468/2 BMCRR Spain 87 469/1a Denarius of M. Poblicius BMCRR Spain 72 470/1a Denarius of M. Minatius Sabinus Oxford 470/1b 470/1cBMCRR Naples, Spain F206080

471/1 As of Cn. Magnus BMCRR Spain 84 472/1 Denarius of L. Papius Celsus Oxford

472/2 Oxford

472/3 Quinarius of L. Papius Celsus BMCRR Rome 4025 472/4c Sestertius of L. Papius Celsus Berlin 654/1912

473/3 Quinarius of Palicanus BMCRR Rome 4016 473/4 Sestertius of Palicanus BMCRR Rome 4017 PLATE LVI

473/1 Denarius of Palicanus Birmingham 473/1 Berlin (Sandes) 473/2a BMCRR Rome 4015

474/2a Oxford 474/3a BMCRR Rome 4115 4109 474/4 BMCRR Rome 474/1b Denarius of L. Valerius Acisculus Bari

474/5 Oxford

474/6 Quinarius of L. Valerius Acisculus BMCRR Rome 4116 474/7 Sestertius of L. Valerius Acisculus BMCRR Rome 4117

475/1a Aureus of L. Plancus BMCRR Rome 4118 476/1a Bronze of C. Clovius BMCRR Rome 4125 477/10 Denarius of Sex. Magnus Pius Oxford

477/2 BMCRR Spain 94 480/1 Denarius of L. Aemilius Buca BMCRR Rome 4161

478/1a As of Eppius BMCRR Spain 104

479/1 As of Magnus Pius BMCRR Spain 95

480/2b Hague 480/3 Oxford

480/2a Denarius of M. Mettius BMCRR Rome 4135

PLATE LVII

480/4 Denarius of L. Aemilius Buca Oxford

480/5b Denarius of P. Sepullius Macer Oxford 480/6 Denarius of L. Aemilius Buca BMCRR Rome 4158

480/8 Oxford

480/7b BMCRR Rome 4155 480/9 Denarius of P. Sepullius Macer BMCRR Rome 4172 480/14 BMCRR Rome 4175 480/15 Denarius of C. Cossutius Maridianus Oxford 480/17. Denarius of M. Mettius Oxford

480/18 Denarius of P. Sepullius Macer BMCRR Rome 4164 480/19 Denarius of C. Cossutius Maridianus Oxford

480/20 Denarius of P. Sepullius Macer Paris, AF

480/21 BMCRR BMCRR Rome Rome 4129 4176 480/22 781

Key to the plates

480/23 Quinarius of M. Mettius Vienna

480/24 Quinarius of L. Aemilius Buca BMCRR Rome 4162 480/25 Quinarius of P. Sepullius Macer Berlin 480/26 Sestertius of L. Aemilius Buca Paris, A3937 480/27 Sestertius of P. Sepullius Macer BMCRR Rome 4183

480/28 Sestertius of M. Mettius Paris, A12932

481/1 Aureus of Caesar BMCRR Rome 4131 482/1 Denarius of Caesar BMCRR Gaul 70 483/1 Denarius of Q. Nasidius Copenhagen 484/1 Denarius of C. Antonius BMCRR East 37

483/2 BMCRR Sicily 21

485/2 Denarius of L. Flaminius Chilo Oxford PLATE LVIII

485/1 Oxford 485/1 BMCRR Rome 4202 485/14 Oxford 485/1 Denarius of L. Flaminius Chilo Lawrence

486/1 | Denarius of P. Accoleius Lariscolus BMCRR Rome 4211

487/2a Cambridge 488/1 | Denarius of M. Antonius BMCRR Gaul 54 487/1 Denarius of Petillius Capitolinus Cambridge

489/2 Denarius of M. Antonius, M. Lepidus BMCRR Gaul 31

489/5BMCRR BMCRR 40Gaul 50 489/6 Gaul Gaul 49(rev.) (obv.), 489/4 Quinarius of M. Antonius BMCRR Gaul 36

490/1 Denarius of Octavian BMCRR Gaul 82 490/2. + Aureus of Octavian Oxford 490/3 Denarius of Octavian BMCRR Gaul 64

490/4 | Hersh 491/2 BMCRR Rome 4193 491/1a Aureus of L. Cestius, C. Norbanus § BM (Clark)

492/1 Aureus of M. Antonius BMCRR Gaul 47 —492/2 BMCRR Gaul 46 493/1b Aureus of Octavian BMCRR Gaul §9 494/1 Aureus of L. Livineius Regulus BMCRR Rome 4259 494/2a 494/3a BMCRR BMCRR Rome Rome 4255 4254

494/4 Aureus of P. Clodius Berlin PLATE LIX

494/6b Vienna

494/5 Aureus of P. Clodius BMCRR Rome 4276* 494/7b Aureus of L. Mussidius Longus BMCRR Rome 4228

494/8b BMCRR Rome 4226 494/9a , BMCRR Rome 4227 494/10 Aureus of C. Vibius Varus Paris, AF 494/11 BM 1913-4-10-1 494/12 BMCRR Rome 4292 494/13 Aureus of L. Mussidius Longus BMCRR Rome 4232 494/14 BMCRR Rome 4230 4231 | 494/15 _BMCRR Rome 782

Key to the plates

494/16 Denarius of P. Clodius BMCRR Rome 4280

494/17 BMCRR Rome 4278 494/18 BMCRR Rome 494/19 — BMCRR Rome 4279 4282 494/20a Aureus of P. Clodius Athens

494/23 Denarius of P. Clodius Cambridge

494/25 Cambridge 494/29 .Cambridge Cambridge 494/30 494/31 Cambridge 494/24 Denarius of L. Livineius Regulus Oxford

494/26a Aureus of L. Livineius Regulus Paris, AF 494/28 Denarius of L. Livineius Regulus BMCRR Rome 4267

PLATE LX

494/33 Oslo 494/35 Paris, AF

494/32. Denarius of C.Vibius Varus BMCRR Rome 4294

494/34 Aureus of C. Vibius Varus Cambridge

494/37 Oxford 494/38 BMCRR Rome 4304

494/36 Denarius of C. Vibius Varus . Cambridge

494/40 Cambridge 494/41 BMCRR Rome 4236

494/39a Denarius of L. Mussidius Longus Cambridge

494/42c 494/43a Cambridge Cambridge

494/46 Cambridge 495/2a Denarius of M. Lepidus BMCRR Africa 30

494/44a Aureus of L. Mussidius Longus BMCRR Rome 4233

496/1 Denarius of M. Antonius BMCRR Gaul 60

496/2 BMCRR Gaul 88 496/3 BM 1904-2-3-22 A Bronze of Buthrotum Oxford 497/1 Aureus of Octavian BMCRR Gaul 95

497/2a Denarius of Octavian BMCRR Gaul 77 , 497/3 Oxford 498/1 Aureus of C, Cassius BMCRR East 71 PLATE LXI

500/3 Oxford 500/6 Aureus of Brutus Paris, AF 01/1 Denarius of Brutus Oxford

g00/1 Denarius of C. Cassius BMCRR East 79

§02/1 Aureus of Brutus Paris, AF

502/4 Cambridge

02/3 Quinarius of Brutus BMCRR East 46 §03/1 Denarius of Brutus BMCRR East §3

§04/1 BMCRR East §5 505/14 Aureus of C. Cassius BM (Clark) 505/3. Denarius of C. Cassius BMCRR East 84

505/§ Denarius of Brutus BM

506/1 Aureus of Brutus BMCRR East 58 783

Key to the plates

§06/z Denarius of Brutus Cambridge §06/3 Quinarius of Brutus Cambridge §07/1b Aureus of Brutus BMCRR East 62 §07/2 Denarius of Brutus Paris, A11569 §08/1 Aureus of Brutus Paris, AF §08/3 Denarius of Brutus BMCRR East 68

509/4 Berlin 698/1911 509/5 BMCRR Africa 27 , §10/1 Denarius of Murcus BMCRR East 86 §09/2. Denarius of Q. Cornuficius BMCRR Africa 26

§11/1 Aureus of Sex. Pompeius BMCRR Sicily 14 PLATE LXII

§11/3a ,Oxford Oxford 511/4c §11/2b Denarius of Sex. Pompeius Oxford

512/14 Aureus of C. Clodius Vestalis BMCRR Rome 4195 §13/1 Aureus of M. Arrius Secundus BMCRR Rome 4209 §13/2 Denarius of M. Arrius Secundus BMCRR Rome 4210

§13/3 , Rome, Capitol 1117 514/1 Aureus of C. Numonius Vaala BMCRR Rome 4215

§14/2 Denarius of C. Numonius Vaala BMCRR Rome 4216

§15/1 Aureus of L. Servius Rufus BMCRR Rome 4204 §15/2. Denarius of L. Servius Rufus BMCRR Rome 4205

516/1 Aureus of M. Antonius BMCRR Gaul 69 §16/3. Denarius of M. Antonius Berlin 516/4 Aureus of M. Antonius BMCRR Gaul 65 §17/1a Aureus of M. Antonius BMCRR East 98 517/5c Denarius of M. Antonius Oxford §17/8 Denarius of M. Antonius BMCRR East 109 518/1 Denarius of Octavian BMCRR Gaul 85 §19/1 Aureus of Cn. Domitius BMCRR East 93 §19/2 Denarius of Cn. Domitius BMCRR East 94 §20/1 Denarius of M. Antonius BMCRR East 114 §21/1 Aureus of M. Antonius BMCRR East 111

517/4a BMCRR East 106

518/2 BMCRR Gaul 80 PLATE LXIII

§22/4 Denarius of M. Antonius Cambridge

§23/1a Denarius of Octavian Cambridge

§24/2 Denarius of Q. Labienus Parthicus BMCRR East 132

25/1. Aureus of Ti. Sempronius Graccus BMCRR Rome 4313 525/46 Denarius of Ti. Sempronius Graccus Oxford

§26/1 Aureus of Q. Voconius Vitulus Oxford §26/2 Denarius of Q. Voconius Vitulus Oxford

§27/1 Aureus of M. Antonius Berlin

§28/1b Aureus of M. Antonius BMCRR East 120 §28/3 Denarius of M. Antonius BMCRR East 123 §29/1 Aureus of Octavian BMCRR Gaul 91 §29/2c Denarius of Octavian BMCRR Gaul 92

§29/3 BMCRR Gaul 94 §29/4b Quinarius of Octavian BMCRR East 130 784

Key to the plates

530/1 As of M. Antonius Willers, pl. x, 1 (not illustrated here) §31/1a Denarius of M. Antonius BMCRR Gaul 73 §32/1 Denarius of Domitius BMCRR Spain 109 §33/2. Denarius of M. Antonius Cambridge §33/3a Aureus of M. Antonius BMCRR East 144 §34/1 Aureus of Octavian BMCRR Gaul 102 534/2 Denarius of Octavian BMCRR Gaul 101

534/3 Oxford §35/1 Bronze of Octavian Oxford 535/2 Willers, pl. ix, 10 (not illustrated here) PLATE LXIV

536/4 Denarius of M. Antonius BMCRR East 147

537/1. Denarius of Octavian BMCRR Gaul 113 §38/1 Denarius of Octavian BMCRR Gaul 116

§37/2 BMCRR Gaul 115 538/1 BMCRR Gaul 118 5383/2 Mazzini §539/1 Denarius of M. Antonius BMCRR East 172

540/1 Aureus of Octavian BMCRR Africa 32 §41/1 Aureus of M. Antonius BMCRR East 173 541/2 BMCRR East 174 542/1 Denarius of M. Antonius BMCRR East 176

§42/2 Crawford

543/1. Denarius of M. Antonius BMCRR East 181 544/12 Denarius of M. Antonius BMCRR East 185 §45/1 Denarius of M. Antonius BMCRR East 227

546/2a BMCRR Cyrenaica 3 §46/1 Denarius of Scarpus Oxford 546/4 BMCRE Augustus 690 546/6 BMCRE Augustus 689 546/8 Quinarius of Scarpus BMCRE Augustus 688

§48/1a Gold stater of T. Quinctius BM 549/1 Gold stater of Cn. Lentulus BMCRR Spain 61 550/1 Bronze of Q. Oppius Bf. iii, pl. v, 145 (not illustrated here)

550/2d Oxford PLATE LXV

1 Hannover 2431 (specific gravity 10.57)

2 Hannover 2432 3 JING 1967, pl. 6, no. 7 4 Maccarese hoard 1082 5 BM (see Addenda) PLATE LXVI

Control-marks on denarii of L. Papius

I here illustrate all combinations of control-marks known to me; I think the list is nearly complete. I should like to stress the fact that supplements to this list must be published with

a photograph or drawing in order to be of any use. 1. Grueber 1 = Babelon 19 Amphora/Amphora 2. Grueber 2 Amphora/Hydria 785

Key to the plates

3. Grueber 3 = Babelon 24 Amphora/Amphora stand

4. Grueber 4=Babelon 94 Anvil/Tongs

5. Grueber § Aplustre/Prow

6. Grueber 6= Babelon 37 ?/Horn

7. Grueber 7=Babelon 42 Basket of fruit/Bowl of fruit 8. Grueber 8=Babelon 93 Basket/Shopping bag

9. Grueber 9=Babelon 5 Boot/Shoe

10. Grueber 10 (misdrawn) Dolium/Hydria 11. Grueber 11 (misdrawn) Tall cup/Jug

12. Grueber 12 = Babelon 83 Cooking pot/Half carcass 13. Grueber 13 = Babelon 35 Hanging cooking pot/Three hooks

14. Grueber 14=Babelon 78 Bull’s head/Axe 15. Grueber 15 Butterfly/Fly 16. Grueber 16= Babelon 129 ?/?

47. Grueber 17 ?/?

18. Grueber 18 = Babelon 7 Phrygian cap/Sword 19. Grueber 19 = Babelon 100 Hunter’s net/Two spears 20. Grueber 20= Babelon 70 Sheaf of corn/? 21. Grueber 21 = Babelon 81 Column base/Capital 22. Grueber 22 = Babelon 60 Comb/Hair-pin 23. Grueber 23 = Babelon 4 Comb/? 24. Grueber 24=Babelon 103 Furnace/Cupel 25. Grueber 25 = Babelon 84 Cornucopiae/Bunch of grapes 26. Grueber 26 = Babelon 36 Crab/Fish

27. Grueber 27 Dolium/Round amphora

28. Grueber 28 Prawn/Octopus 29. Grueber 29 = Babelon 141 Crocodile/Pig 30. Grueber 30 Chisel/Hammer 31. Grueber 31 = Babelon 32 Crow-bar/Dolabrum 32. Grueber 32 = Babelon 146 Oil-lamp/Oil-lamp

33. Grueber 33 = Babelon $0 bis (also = 13) Shallow cup/Rhyton

34. Grueber 34 = Babelon 124 Subsellium|/Sella 35. Grueber 35 ?/? 36. Grueber 36 = Babelon 107 Ball/Whip and hoop

_ 37. Grueber 37 = Babelon 89 Distaff/T wo reels 38. Grueber 38 = Babelon 45 Hound/Capricorn 39. Grueber 39 (reversed) = Babelon 74 Fat fish/Thin fish 40. Grueber 40= Babelon 137 Plasterer’s float/Trowel

41. Grueber 41 o/? 42. Grueber 42 ?/? 43. Grueber 43 = Babelon 4 Egg/Bird

44. Grueber 44= Babelon 11 Feather/Peacock’s feather

45. Grueber 45 = Babelon 86 Mattock/Tall basket with strap hanging down.

46. Grueber 46 = Babelon 109 Two flutes/Pan-pipes 47. Grueber 47 = Babelon 138 Foot/Hand holding surgical instrument 48. Grueber 48 = Babelon 92 Pick-axe/Dolabrum 49. Grueber 49 = Babelon 123 Sack/Water bottle

50. Grueber 50 Head of nanny-goat/Head of billy-goat 51. Grueber §1 (misdrawn) = Babelon 98 Cup/Wine-jug 52. Grueber 52 =Babelon 96 Cup/? 53. Grueber 53 = Babelon 102 Chopper/Sickle 54. Grueber 54 Simpulum/Knife 55. Grueber 55 = Babelon 30 Hand in caestus/Torch

56. Grueber 56 Hand holding plectrum/Harp 786

Key to the plates

57. Grueber 57 = Babelon 90 Rabbit/Hound 58. Grueber §8 (misdrawn) Harp/? 59. Grueber 59= Babelon 43 Harpa/Dragon’s head 60. Grueber 60 -Helmet/Shield 61. Grueber 61 = Babelon 10 Apex/Culullus

62. Grueber 62 = Babelon 20 Hook for raising timber/Pulley-block 63. Grueber 63 = Babelon 59 Aspergillum|Simpulum 64. Grueber 64 = Babelon 77 Forepart of horse/Forepart of cow

65. Grueber 65 Jug/Feather 66. Grueber 66 = Babelon 82 Jug/Cradle 67. Grueber 67 Knife/Block 68. Grueber 68 = Babelon 46 Lantern/Tongs 69. Grueber 69 = Babelon 2 Crook/Mask 70. Grueber 70= Babelon 61 Lock/Key

71. Grueber 71 = Babelon 128 Lotus/Poppy-head

72. Grueber 72 Lyre/Quiver 73. Grueber 73 = Babelon 122 ?/? 74. Grueber 74 Mirror/Mirror 75. Grueber 75 = Babelon 8 Modius/Modius 76. Grueber 76= Babelon 12 Owl/Eagle

77. Grueber 77 Cooking pan/Cooking pan 78. Grueber 78 = Babelon 140 Pentagram/Set-square

79. Grueber 79 = Babelon 121 Spear/?

80. Grueber 80= Babelon 101 ?/?

81. Grueber 81 = Babelon 91 Pump/Pail with cup attached

82. Grueber 82 Finger-ring/? 83. Grueber 83 Rudder/Anchor 84. Grueber 84 (misdrawn) = Babelon 17 ?/Sandal

85. Grueber 85 = Babelon 64 Tanner’s knife/Scraper 86. Grueber 86 = Babelon 132 Sceptre/Curved sword 87. Grueber 87= Babelon 4o Sceptre/Radiate crown 88. Grueber 88 = Babelon 14 Whelk-shell/Scallop-shell

89. Grueber 89 Shovel for use with bread-oven/Breadoven

90. Grueber 90= Babelon 21 Sickle/Basket with two handles 91. Grueber 91 = Babelon 56 Sistrum/Bowl of fruit

92. Grueber 92 = Babelon 75 Spear/? 94. Grueber 94 = Babelon 34 ?/? 95. Grueber 95 = Babelon 6 Spur/Nosebag

93. Grueber 93 = Babelon 28 Spearhead/Deformed foot

96. Grueber 96= Babelon 44 ?/?

97. Grueber 97 Staff with double hook/? 98. Grueber 98 = Babelon 87 Standard/Snake

99. Grueber 99 Funnel/Hydria 100. Grueber 100= Babelon 143 Sword in scabbard/Carnyx

101. Grueber 101 = Babelon 73 Tablet recording vote for [L.] P[apius] (reference to Lex Papia rightly rejected by Th. Mommsen, RMuw, 616, still held by E. Costa, BIDR 1903, 71 n. 8; compare no. 335/3e)/Voting urn

102. Grueber 102 = Babelon 39 Thyrsus/Ivy-branch , 103. Grueber 103=Babelon 50 | -‘Seed/Egg , 104. Grueber 104=Babelon 41 Trident/Dolphin

105. Grueber 105 = Babelon 142 Butcher’s block/Chopper 106. Grueber 106 = Babelon 148 Tripod/Hanging hydria’ 787

Key to the plates

107. Grueber 107= Babelon 115 Beetroot/Carrot

108. Grueber 108 = Babelon 18 ?/?

109. Grueber 109 Oil-jar/Oil-lamp

110. Grueber 110 Water-bottle/Water-bottle

111. Grueber 111 = Babelon 105 Oil-flask/Strigil 112. Grueber 112=Babelon §8 Writing tablet/Stilus 113. Grueber 113 = Babelon 110 Tap/Water-pipe

114. Grueber 114=Babelon 106 ?/?

115. Grueber 115 = Babelon 79 Wheel/Wheel

116. Grueber 116=Babelon 144 Head of lioness/Head of Lion

117. Grueber 117 = Babelon 119 Wreath/Lituus ,

] 118. Grueber 118 = Babelon 126 Wreath/Torque 119. Grueber 119= Babelon 63 Bit/Chariot PLATE LXVII

Control-marks on denarii of L. Papius (continued)

120. Babelon 1 Square pennant/Spear

121. Babelon 93 Snake/Dog Pelta/Axe 122. Babelon 123.Babelon Babelon1615 ?/Flute 124. Pileus/Pileus 125. Babelon 22 Fasces /Axe

126. Babelon 23 Palm-branch/Wreath 127. Babelon 25 Lyre/Lyre-key 128. Babelon 26 Chopper/Scissors 129. Babelon 27 Helmet/Helmet 130. Babelon 29 Poppy-head/Poppy-head 131. Babelon 31 Plumb-bob/Level

132. Babelon 33 ?/Snail

133. Babelon 38 , Duck’s head/Duck’s head

134. Babelon 47 Aplustre/Prow-stem 135. Babelon 49 Vine-leaf/Ivy-leaf 136. Babelon 51 Shell/Shell 137. Babelon 52 Ham/Boar’s head

138. Babelon5453?/Whip 2/? 139. Babelon 140. Babelon §557 Shovel/? 141. Babelon 142. Babelon 62 ?/? ?/?

143. Babelon 65 Headdress of Isis/Headdress of Isis

144. Babelon 66 Torch/Goat’s head 145. Babelon 67 Jug/? 146. Babelon 68 Eagle/Thunderbolt 147. Babelon 69 Altar/Lighted altar

148. Babelon 71 Three hooks/Cooking pot 149. Babelon 72 Seed-head/Poppy-head 150. Babelon 149 _ Harpa/Petasus 151. Babelon 80 Caduceus/Wing 152. Babelon 85 Stag’s head/Stag’s head

153. 154. Babelon Babelon88 95?/Jug ?/?

155. Babelon 97 ?/? 788

Key to the plates

156. Babelon 99 Plough/Yoke

157. Babelon 104 ?/Double torch 158. Babelon 108 Legionary standard/Altar 159. Babelon 112 111 Arrow/Club Stilus/Hand 160. Babelon 161. Babelon 113 Plane/Plane 162. Babelon 114 Saw/Saw 163. Babelon 116 Calipers/Dividers

164. Babelon 117 Knife with rounded point/Patera

165. Babelon 118 Spear/Winged foot 166. Babelon 120 2/? 167. Babelon 125 Corn-ear/Locust

168. Babelon 127 Hound’s head/Rabbit’s head

169. Babelon 130 ?/?

170. Babelon 131 Comb/Shears

172. Babelon 135 Jar/? , 173. Babelon 139 Sword/Helmet 171. Babelon 134 Y-shaped stick/Ladder

174. Babelon 145 Ladle/Tankard

175. Babelon 147 ?/Cock 176. Babelon 150 ?/? bottle 177. Berlin Tankard/Leather 178. Haeberlin 2017 = Vatican CCXLVI/CCXLVI

179. Berlin Bell/Yoke 181. Berlin Bologna ?/Plane 182. Star/Crescent

180. Pontecorvo hoard 766 Peahen/Peacock

183. Haeberlin 1968 Crook/Sickle

184. Turin, Sinbolh, 8 Bucket/Dolabrum 485. Turin, Simbolt, 679 Spade/Fork 186. Turin, Simboli, 633 ?/? 187. Turin, Simboli, 614 Bow/Arrow 188. Turin, Simbolt, 477 Snake/Frog 189. Turin, Simboli, 468 Spear/Elephant’s head 190. Turin, Simbolt, 458 Acorn/Hog 191. Turin, Simboh, 454 Ram’s head/Jug

192. Turin, Simboli, 439 Large cloven hoof/Small cloven hoof 193. Turin, Simboli, 438 Horse’s head/Donkey’s head 194. Turin, Simbolt, 423 Hen’s head/Cock’s head 195. Turin, Simboli, 232 ?/? 196. Turin, Simbolt, 225 Mask of Pan/Mask of Silenus

197. Turin, Simboli, 194 ?/Bucket 198. Turin, Simbolt, 193 Altar/?

199. Turin, Simbol1, 180 ?/Cooking pot 200. Turin, Simboli, 166 Loutrophoros/Oil-jar 201. Turin, Simbolt, 162 Simpulum|Jug 202. Turin, Simbolt, 119 Candelabrum/Oil-lamp 203. Turin, Simbolt, 100 Piercer/Shears

204. Turin, Sumbol, 68 ?/?

205. Turin, Simbolt, 58 Tongs/Hammer

206. Turin, Simbolt, 48 Key/Lock

207. Turin, Simbolt, 45 ?/? 208. Turin, Simboli, 36 ?/?

209. Turin, Simbolt, 10 Bucket/Bidens 789

Key to the plates

210. Quadras y Ramon 455 Boot/Mask

211. Babelon 76 Capital/Head capital Babelon 136 is barbarous PLATE LXVIII

Control-marks on denarii of L. Roscius Fabatus I here illustrate all combinations of control-marks known to me; I do not think the list is as complete as for L. Papius. I should like to stress the fact that supplements to this list must be published with a photograph or drawing to be of any use. The rule that the same obverse die is always paired with the same reverse die is broken in three cases — nos. 72-3, nos. 178-9 and nos. 194-5.

1. Grueber 1 = Babelon 75 Lighted altar/Egg

2. Grueber 2 Amphora/Amphora stand 3. Grueber 3 = Babelon 35 Amphora/?

4. Grueber 4 (misdrawn) = Babelon 80 Axe-head/Dolabrum

5. Grueber § Apex|Apex

7. Grueber 7 ?/? 8. Grueber 8 = Babelon 93 Axe/Sceptre

6. Grueber 6=Babelon 32 Four knucklebones/Staff with double hook

9. Grueber 9 Bucket/Bidens

10. Grueber 10= Babelon 40 Bee/Flower 11. Grueber 11 = Babelon 67 Bench/Tessera nummularia 12. Grueber 12 = Babelon 82 Cradle/? 14. Grueber 14=Babelon 87 Shadoof/Well-head

13. Grueber 13 Sword/?

15. Grueber 15 =Babelon 56 Camel/Donkey } 16. Grueber 16 (incomplete) = Babelon 95 Sack and column/Sella

17. Grueber 17=Babelon 27 ?/Strigil

18. Grueber 18 Pileus/Pileus

19. Grueber 19 Radiate crown/Helmet

20. Grueber 20= Babelon 13 (misdrawn) ?/? 21. Grueber 21 Case for scrolls/?

22. Grueber 22 = Babelon 89 Chair/Altar 23. Grueber 23 Modius/Box 24. Grueber 24=Babelon 117 _ Bird on box/Bagpipes 25. Grueber 25 ?/Simpulum 26. Grueber 26 = Babelon 29 Column with crescent/Column

27. Grueber 27=Babelon 54 Cornucopiae tied with fillet/Rudder

28. Grueber 28 = Babelon 46 Double cornucopiae/Cornucopiae | 29. Grueber 29 = Babelon 119 Bull/Calf

30. Grueber 30 Cuirass/Helmet 33. Grueber 34. Grueber 33 34 Squid/Shrimp ?/Two flutes

31. Grueber 31 = Babelon 83 Curry-comb/Horse’s foot 32. Grueber 32 = Babelon 111 Curule chair/Subsellium

35. Grueber 35 ?/? 36. Grueber 36 = Babelon 149 Water-bottle/Amphora with strap

37. Grueber 37 = Babelon 77 Two flutes/Two lyre-keys .

38. Grueber 38 Goat’s head/Duck on column 39. Grueber 39 (reverse uncertain) Fist/? 40. Grueber 40 Single-headed axe/Bipennis 41. Grueber 41 = Babelon 132 Head/? 42. Grueber 42 = Babelon 125 Mask/Ham

43. Grueber 43 Helmet/Harpa 790

Key to the plates

44. Grueber 44= Babelon 42 Helmet/Head 45. Grueber 45 = Babelon 92 Helmet/Helmet 46. Grueber 46=Babelon 94 , Helmet/Dagger 47. Grueber 47 ?/Cooking-pot 48. Grueber 48 = Babelon 55 Stork/Egg 49. Grueber 49 = Babelon 138 Stork/Bee 50. Grueber 50 (misdrawn) = Babelon 123 Headdress of Isis/Peacock

51. Grueber 51 = Babelon 140 Headdress of Isis/Sistrum 52. Grueber §2= Babelon 90 Jug on bench/Jug on block

53. Grueber 53 = Babelon 73 Jug/Patera 54. Grueber 55 54 Key/? Jug/? 55. Grueber 56. Grueber 56 Lizard/Tortoise 57. Grueber §7= Babelon 109 Lyre/Lyre-key

58. Grueber 58= Babelon 3 Mask/?

59. Grueber 59 Shield/Bird

60. Grueber 60= Babelon 5 Laurel-branch/Cup 61. Grueber 61 Spade/Rake 62. Grueber 62 = Babelon 45 Quill/Writing tablet

63. Grueber 63 = Babelon 63 , Palm-tree/Palm-tree 64. Grueber 64 Bowl/Jug 65. Grueber 65 = Babelon 17 Peacock/Crescent 66. Grueber 66 Petasus/? 67. Grueber 67= Babelon 57 Petasus/Petasus

68. Grueber 68 = Babelon 145 Phalerae/? 69. Grueber 69= Babelon 61 Pygmy with shield/Crane 70. Grueber 70=Babelon 16 Plane/Plane 71. Grueber 71 = Babelon 100 Cooking-pot/Two hooks 72. Grueber 72 = Babelon 76 Prow-stem/Aplustre 73. Milan 1820 Prow-stem/Aplustre 74. Grueber 74=Babelon 147 Scales/Box of weights

75. Grueber 75 =Babelon 91 Wreathed sceptre/Bucket hanging from branch

76. Grueber 76 (incomplete) = Babelon 68 Scorpion/Crab , 77. Grueber 77 =Babelon 112 Chopper/Chopper 78. Grueber 78 = Babelon 60 Squid/Fork with four prongs 79. Grueber 79 = Babelon 70 Scissors/Comb

80. Grueber 80= Babelon 72 Shield/Sword 81. San Giuliano hoard Patera/Torch 82. Grueber 82 = Babelon 101 Shield/?

83. Grueber 83 ?/Stool with three legs 84. Grueber 84= Babelon 135 Stag’s head/Stag’s head

85. Grueber 85 = Babelon 143 2/?

86. Grueber 86 (incomplete) = Babelon 152 Chandelier/Oil-lamp

87. Grueber 87 Duck on column/Altar 88. Grueber 88 Animal standard/Carnyx 89. Grueber 89= Babelon 49 Stork/?

90. Grueber 90 Curved sword/Curved scabbard

gi. 91 Thyrsus/Cup 92.Grueber Grueber 92 ?/?

93. Grueber 93 = Babelon 122 Torque/Ear-rings 94. Grueber 94=Babelon 18 Tortoise/Lyre 95. Grueber 95 = Babelon 48 Trident/Dolphin

96. Grueber 96 = Babelon 11 Tripod/Lyre

97. Grueber 97 (misdrawn) = Babelon 81 Curved trumpet/Straight trumpet 791

Key to the plates 98. Grueber 98 (incomplete)=Babelon 108 Oil-jar/Loutrophoros

99. Grueber 99 = Babelon 30 Vine-branch/Ivy-branch

100. Grueber 100 Vine-leaf/Bunch of grapes

101. Grueber 101 = Babelon 4 Folded writing-tablet/Stilus 102. Grueber 102 ?/? 103. Grueber 103 (misdrawn) Well/? 104. Grueber 104=Babelon 15 (misdrawn) ?/?

105. Grueber 105 Sack/Oil-jar 106. Grueber 106 (misdrawn) ?/?

107. Grueber 107= Babelon 43 Wing/Palm-branch

108. Grueber 108 = Babelon 124 Wreath/Poppy-head

109. Grueber 109 = Babelon 12 Yoke/Bell

110. Grueber 73 Rhyton/Shallow cup PLATE LXIX

Control-marks on denarii of L. Roscius Fabatus (continued)

111. Babelon 1 Wreath/Bird 112. Babelon 2 Standard/Finger-ring

113. Babelon 6 Bird/Two flutes 114. Babelon 7 (misdrawn) Elephant’s head/Crown 115. Babelon 8 Sheep’s skull/Bucranium 116. Babelon 9 Star/Crescent 117. Babelon 10 Star/Set-square 118. Babelon 14 Forepart of animal/Forepart of animal 119. Babelon 19 , Hand holding snake/Hand holding?

120.Babelon Babelon 20 ?/?head/? 121. 21 Wolf’s 122. Babelon 22 Scales/Modius

123. Babelon 23 (misdrawn) ?/Bird

124. Babelon 24 Crescent/Bipenntis 125. Babelon 25 Hook/Y-shaped stick

126. 26 28 Altar/Bird 127.Babelon Babelon ?/?

128. Babelon 31 Winged caduceus/? 129. Babelon 33 Trophy/Palm-branch 130. Babelon 34 Right hand/Left hand

131. Babelon 36 Head of billy-goat/Head of nannygoat 132. Babelon 37 Insect/Insect 133. Babelon 38 Dragon’s head/Harpa

134. Babelon 39 ?/? 135. Babelon 41 Club/Bow and quiver of arrows 136. Babelon 44 Chicken-coop/Chickens feeding 137. Babelon 47 ?/? 138. Babelon 50 Winged thunderbolt/Thunderbolt

139. Babelon 51 Hand with surgical instrument/Foot

140. Babelon 52 Three sea-horses/Squid 141. Babelon 53 Crocodile/? 142. Babelon §8 Modius/Modius with measure 143. Babelon §9 Horse’s head/Donkey’s head

144. Babelon 62 ?/Quiver with baldric 145. Babelon 64 Egg/Lotus 146. Babelon 65 Tanner’s knife/Piercer and ? 792

Key to the plates

147. Babelon 66 Snail/? 148. Babelon 69 Head of lion/Head of lioness

149. Babelon 71 (incomplete) Sea-horse/Sea-horse 150. Babelon 74 ?/? 151. Babelon 79 Hammer/Piercer

152. Babelon 84 ?/Spear 153. Babelon 85 Mask/Bag-pipes 154. Babelon 86 ?/Arrow 155. Babelon 88 Wreath/Scales 156. Babelon 96 ?/Tripod 157. Babelon 97 Poppy-head/Corn-ear

158.Babelon Babelon 98 ?/? 159. 99 Sandal/Shoe 160. 102103 Sword/Staff 161.Babelon Babelon ?/?

162. Babelon 104 Sickle/Sheaf of corn 163. Babelon 106 105 Wreath/? Harp/? , 164. Babelon 165. Babelon 107 ?/?

166. Babelon 110 , Hand/? 167. Babelon 113 Curry-comb/?

168. Babelon 114 ?/?

169. Babelon 115 Cooking-pot/? 170. Babelon 116 Rabbit/Duck

171. Babelon 118 Crescent/? 172. Babelon 120 Pegasus/Head of Medusa 173. Babelon 121 Head/Bunch of grapes 174. Babelon 126 ?/? 175. Babelon 127 (misdrawn) Dolium/Piercer 176. Babelon 128 ?/? 177. Babelon 129 Axe/Arrow-head

178. Vienna | Fish/Large cup 179. Babelon 130 Fish/Small cup

180. Babelon 133 Mask/Boot 181. Babelon 134 Snake in dish/Branch 182. Babelon 136 Mask of Pan/Crook 183. Babelon 137 ?/Grasshopper 184. Babelon 139 Duck on globe/Cup , 185. Babelon 141 Table-leg/Table-leg 186. Babelon 142 Shield/Sword 187. Babelon 144 Capstan/? 188. Babelon 146 Hoop/Whip 189. Babelon 148 Radiate crown/Wreath 190. Babelon 150 Spear and axe/? 191. Babelon 151 Winged caduceus/Sack 192. Babelon 154 Shield/Helmet

193. Babelon 155 Butterfly/? 195. Hague , Shield/Long sword in scabbard 196. Babelon 131 Seal/Finger-ring 194. Babelon 153 Shield/Short sword in scabbard

197. Platt 1930, 1054 Shield/Spear 198. Bari Cup/? 199. San Giuliano hoard Cooking-pot/?

200. Brussels Bucket/Bucket 201. Bologna ?/? 793

Key to the plates

202. Athens ?/? ?/? 203. Athens 204. Bologna Wine-jar/Spade 205. Turin, Simboli, 660 Wreath/?

206. ANS, HSA 10493 ?/?

207. BolognaChopper/Chopper ?/Lyre-key 208. Moscow

209. Bologna o/? 210. Hague ?/? 211. San Giuliano hoard Lotus/Ivy-branch , 212. Haeberlin 2570 Limpet/? 213. Sustinenza hoard ?/??/Crab | 214. Haeberlin 2556 215. Helbing 20/6/1929, 4065 ?/? 216. Turin, Simboli, 717 ?/Bird

217. Moscow Plumb-bob/? 218. Turin, Simboli, 579 Figure-of-eight shield/Spear 219. Turin, Simbolt, 499 Locust/Corn-ear

220. Grazzanise hoard ?/?

221. Turin, Simboli, 302 Hog/? 222. Turin, Simbolt, 637 Wheel/?

223. Bari Dolabrum|? 224. Bologna Dolabrum/Staff —

225. Bologna ?/? 226. Bologna ?/? 227. Turin, Simboli, 243 Pan-pipe/Pedum

228. Turin, Simboli, 118 Candelabrum/? 229. Turin, Simboli, 148 Wine-jar/Cup 230. Turin, Simboli, 95 Foot/? 231. Turin, Simbohi, 76 Pump/Well-head 232. Turin, Simboli, 30 Modius/Modius

233. Madrid?/Tanner’s Shield/Piercer 234. Madrid knife 235. Madrid Shield/Helmet 236. Madrid Hand pointing/? 237. Madrid Curved sword/Curved sword 238. Madrid Helmet/Helmet 239. Madrid , Snake on staff/Decempeda

240. MadridWreath/S Wreath/? : 241. Madrid 242. Milan 1814 Ladder/? PLATE LXX

Miscellaneous control-marks

4. 10. 5. 11. 6. 12.

1. Knife 7. Strigil8. and vase 2. Spear 3. Sword 9.

Quinarii of L. Piso Frugi Denarii of L. Titurius Sabinus

794

Key to the plates

14. 62. Knife 15, Denarii of M. Plaetorius Cestianus 16. (405/3-4) 17. 64.Dagger Cup 18. 65.

13. Denarii of M. Plaetorius Cestianus (405/1) Denarii of C. Censorinus 63. Knife

19. 66. strap 20. 67.Vase Tallwith vase 21. Arrow69. 68.(Not Arrow 22. Knife used) 23. Spear 70. Arrow Denarii of C. Marius Capito 71. Hanging fruit

Denarii of C. Annius Denarii of M. Plaetorius Cestianus (405/5)

26. Bit 74. 27. 75. 28. 76. 29. Fibula 77. 30. Fibula 78. 31. 7934. Boot 82. 36. Foot 84. 37. 85. 38. Shovel 86. 39. Comb 87. 40. Bipennis 88. 43.Plectrum Hook 91. 44. 92. 45. 93. 46. 94. 4795. 49. Lecythus 98.

24. Altar 72. Pail with downwards lid and strap 25. Flabellum 73. Spear

Denarii of M. Volteius (385/3) 80.

32. Dolabrum 81. 33. Lecythus Denarii of C. Piso Frugi , 35. Lighted altar 83.

41. Long boot 89. 42. Helmet without crest go.

Denarii of M. Volteius (385/4) 96. 48. Dolabrum 97.

50. Piercer 99. 51. Boot 100. §2. Perfume-jar 101, 53. Lighted altar 102. 54. Axe 103. 55. Stove §6. Short boot104. 105.

§7. Foot 106. 58. 107. 60. Comb 108. Hammer

59. Shovel Denarii of M. Plaetorius Cestianus (409/2)

61. 110. Spearhead Denarius of L. Plaetorius Cestianus 109. Hammer 795

Key to the plates

113. 118. 114. 119. 115. 120. 111. Straight Straight wing wing 117. 116. 112.

796

BIBLIOGRAPHY’ D. Adamesteanu and M. Torelli, ‘Il nuovo frammento della Tabula Bantina’, ArchClass 1969, 1-17. Baron d’Ailly, see P.-P. Bourlier. J. Y. Akerman, A descriptive catalogue of rare and unedited Roman coins from the earliest period of Roman coinage, to the extinction of the Empire under Constantinus Paleologus i, London, 1820.

M. Albert, Le culte de Castor et Pollux en Italie, Paris, 1883. P. V. Aldini, ‘Sul tipo primario delle antiche monete della romana repubblica’, Memorie della reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino 1841, 199-208. A. Alféldi, ‘Caesars Tragdédie im Spiegel der Miinzpragung des Jahres 44 v. Chr.’, SMzB 1953-4, 1-11. ‘Commandants de la flotte romaine stationnée 4 Cyréne sous Pompée, César et Octavien’, Meélanges d’archéologie, d’épigraphie et d’histoire offerts a J. Carcopino, Paris, 1966, 25—43.

‘Les deniers de C. Valerius Flaccus frappés 4 Marseille et les derniéres émissions de drachmes massaliotes’, RN 1969, 55-61. Early Rome and the Latins, Ann Arbor, 1963. ‘Der Einmarsch Octavians im Rom, August 43 v. Chr.’, Hermes 1958, 480-96. ‘Die Erklarung des Namens “‘ Caesar’”’ in den spatr6mischen Kompendien (zu v. Ael. 2, 3-5)’; Antiquitas, Reihe 4 Bettrdge zur Historia-Augusta-Forschung, Band 4, Bonn, 1968, 9-18. Der friihrémische Reiteradel und seine Ehrenabzeichen, Offenburg, 1952. ‘Die Geburt der kaiserlichen Bildsymbolik’, MH 1950, 1-13 and 1951, 190~215. ‘Hasta summa imperii. The spear as embodiment of sovereignty in Rome’, AFA 1959, 1-27.

‘Die Herrschaft der Reiterei in Griechenland und Rom nach dem Sturz der Ko6nige’, Gestalt und Geschichte: Festschrift K. Schefold, Bonn, 1967, 13-47. ‘Insignien und Tracht der r6mischen Kaiser’, MDAI(R) 1935, 1-171. ‘Tsiskult und Umsturzbewegung im letzten Jahrhundert der romischen Republik’, SMzB 1954-5, 25-31. ‘Juba I und die Pompeianer in Afrika’, SMzB 1958, 103-8 and 1959, 1-5. ‘Komplementiare Doppeltypen in der Denarpragung der rémischen Republik’, SMzB 1951-2, 1-7. ‘The main aspects of political propaganda in the coinage of the Roman Republic’, Essays in Roman coinage presented to Harold Mattingly, Oxford, 1956, 63-95. ‘Der neue Weltherrscher der vierten Ekloge Vergils’, Hermes 1930, 369-84. ‘La pit: antica rappresentazione del porto di Ostia’, Numismatica 1964, 99-104. ‘The portrait of Caesar on the denarii of 44 B.c. and the sequence of the issues’, Centennial volume of the American Numismatic Society, New York, 1958, 27-42. *Portratkunst und Politik in 43 v. Chr.’, Nederlands Kunsthistorisch FJaarboek in honorem A. W. Buvanck 1954, 151-71. 1 The purpose of this Bibliography is to give full details of works cited by author’s name and abbreviated

title or periodical reference; it also includes a number of works which I have read, but not cited. It should in no way be regarded as a recommended reading-list on the Republican coinage; important work on this is cited at appropriate points throughout the book, both to support my argument and to draw attention to areas of disagreement. I have not listed again here the works listed on pp. 123-5 or mentioned on pp. 126-30 in connection with the collections cited in the Catalogue, unless their interest goes beyond the study of

the content of an issue or group of issues or the publication of material; nor have I included works | cired in a Appendix to the Catalogue which do not go beyond the publication of a particular group of material. Abbreviations are basically those of L’ Année philologique and of the list in Coin hoards, 148-55.

797

Bibliography “Studien tiber Caesar’s Monarchie I’, Bulletin de la Société royale des lettres de Lund 1952-3, 1-86.

‘Studien zur Zeitfolge der Miinzprigung der rémischen Republik’, SNR 1954, 5-30. ‘Symboles syllaniens et propagande pompéienne’, REL 1950, 54-5. *Timaios’ Bericht tiber die Anfainge der Geldprigung in Rom’, MDAI(R) 1961, 64-79. Die trojanischen Urahnen der Romer, Basle, 1957. ‘Das wahre Gesicht Casars’, AK 1959, 27-31.

‘Zum Speersymbol der Souverdnitét im Altertum’, Festschrift Percy Ernst Schramm i, Wiesbaden, 1964, 3-6. ‘Zur Auswertung der Miinzquellen der Geschichte des Jahres 44 v. Chr.’, J7BM 1961-2, 275-88 and SMzB 1964, 29-33, 65-763 1965, 29-41; 1966, 4-17, 145-9; 1968, 57-74; 1969, 1-7, and SNR 1968, 51-103. ‘Zur romischen Miinzprigung im zweiten punischen Kriege’, JNG 1965, 33-47. /[Review of] K. Pink, The Triumviri monetales and the structure of the coinage of the Roman Republic, New York, 1952, Gnomon 1954, 381-91. D. F, Allen, ‘Monnaies-a-la-croix’, NC 1969, 33-78. M. Almagro Basch and M. Almagro Gorbea, ‘EI tesorillo de Valeria. Nuevas aportaciones’,

Numisma 1964, 25-47. |

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A. R. Anderson, ‘Heracles and his successors’, HSCPh 1928, 7-58. P. E. Arias, ‘Nuovi contributi all’iconografia di Ottavia minore’, MDAI(R) 1939, 76-81. T. Ashby, The aqgueducts of anctent Rome, edited by I. A. Richmond, Oxford, 1935. E. Assmann, ‘Zur Kenntnis der antiken Schiffe’, JDAJ 1889, 91-104. A. E. Astin, Scipio Aemilianus, Oxford, 1967. R. G. Austin, Cicero: Pro M. Caelio, 3rd ed. Oxford, 1960. E. Babelon, ‘Bacchius, Judaeus’, RBN 1891, 5-24. “La loi Plautia—Papiria et la réforme monétaire’, RN 1884, 36-66. ‘Moneta’, Mémoires de Il’? Académie des inscriptions, 1914, 241-92.

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‘Symbols of the augurate on coins of the Caecilii Metelli’, AFA 1944, 352-6. The voting districts of the Roman Republic, Rome, 1960. E. Thevenot, ‘La figuration du Génie de Lyon’, RAE 1959, 94-107. G. Thiele, Antike Himmelsbilder, Berlin, 1898. H. Thiersch, ‘Zum “Zeus Zichy”’, NGG 1928, 93-134. D. B. Thompson, Troy. The terracotta figurines of the Hellenistic period, Princeton, 1963. M. Thompson, The Agrinion hoard, New York, 1968. The new style silver coinage of Athens, 2 vols. New York, 1961. W.E. Thompson, ‘The golden Nikai and the coinage of Athens’, NC 1970, 1-6. R. Thomsen, Early Roman coinage, 3 vols. Copenhagen, 1957-61. ‘Quadrigatus’, RE xxiv, 686-708. Th. Thomson, ‘Mémoire sur les monnaies d’argent’, Annales de Chimie Ixxi 1809, 113-38. G. Tibiletti, ‘Le leggi de iudiciis repetundarum fino alla Guerra Sociale’, Athenaeum 1953,

5-100.

‘Marsyas, die Sklaven und die Marser’, Studi in onore di Emilio Betti iv, Milan, 1962, 349-59. G. Tomassetti, ‘I1 musaico marmoreo colonnese’, MDAI(R) 1886, 3-17. J. Tondriau, ‘Romains de la république assimilés 4 des divinités’, SO 1949, 128-40. J. M. C. Toynbee, The art of the Romans, London, 1965. ‘Picture-language in Roman art and coinage’, Essays in Roman coinage presented to Harold Mattingly, Oxford, 1956, 205-26. G. Traversari, Museo Archeologico di Venezia. I ritratti, Rome, 1968. M. Treu, ‘Zur clementia Caesars’, MH 1948, 197-217. M. Troussel, ‘L’éléphant céleste’, RSAC 1957-9, 3-24. V. Vazquez Queipo, Essat sur les systémes métriques et monétaires des anciens peuples, Paris, 1859. A. Vercoutre, ‘Un denier de Lucius Cassius Caecianus’, CRAI 1890, 246-7. ‘Les types des monnaies frappées par Manius Aquillius et par Publius Clodius a l’effigie du soleil’, RN 1890, 377-84.

‘Les types du denier frappé par L. Cassius Coecianus’, ASFN 1891, 21-6. , C. C. Vermeule, A bibliography of applied numismatics in the fields of Greek and Roman archaeology and the fine arts, London, 1956. Some notes on ancient dtes and cotning methods, London, 1954.

O. Vessberg, ‘A new portrait of Cato the Younger,’ Kunsthistorisk Tidskrift 1952, 1-5. Studien zurKunstgeschichte der rémischen Republik, Lund, 1941. P. Veyne, ‘Le Marsyas colonial et l’indépendance des cités’, RPh 1961, 87-98. O. Viedebantt, Antike Gewichtsnormen und Muiinzftisse, Berlin, 1923. Forschungen zur Metrologie des Altertums, Leipzig, 1917 (see also E. J. Haeberlin). ‘Semis’, RE ii A, 1348. L. Villaronga Garriga, Las monedas de Arse-Saguntum, Barcelona, 1967. F. de Visscher, Les foutlles d’ Alba Fucens (Italte centrale) de 1951 a 1953, Brussels, 1955. A. Vives y Escudero, La moneda hispdnica, Madrid, 1926. H. Volkmann, ‘Caesars letzte Plane im Spiegel der Mtinzen’, Gymnasium 1957, 299-309.

817

Bibliography H. M.-L. Vollenweider, ‘Das Bildnis des Scipio Africanus’, MH 1958, 27-45. “Un épisode de la vie du général Pompée le Grand’, Hommages a Marcel Renard iii, Bruxelles— Berchem, 1969, 655-61 (Collection Latomus 103).

“Die Gemmenbildnisse Casars’, AK 1960, 81-8 = Gymnasium 1964, 505-18. Die Stetnschneidekunst und thre Kiinstler in spdtrepublikanischer und augusteischer Zeit, BadenBaden, 1966.

‘Der Traum des Sulla Felix’, SNR 1958~9, 22-34. “Verwendung und Bedeutung der Portraétgemmen fiir das politische Leben der rémischen Republik’, MH 1955, 96-111. W.-H. Waddington, ‘Un voyage en Asie-Mineure au point de vue numismatique’, RN 1853, 245-54. F. W. Walbank, A historical commentary on Polybius, 2 vols. Oxford, 1957-67. Political morality and the friends of Scipio’, #RS 1965, 1-16. “The Scipionic legend’, PCPhS 1967, 54-69. G. Walser, ‘Die Victoria des L. Munatius Plancus’, QEWPIA. Festschrift fiir W.-H. Schuchhardt, Baden-Baden, 1960, 217-23. L. Bonfante Warren, ‘Roman triumphs and Etruscan kings: the changing face of the triumph’, FRS 1970, 49-66. A. Watson, ‘The development of the praetor’s edict’, JRS 1970, 105-19. G. R. Watson, ‘The pay of the Roman army: the Republic’, Historia 1958, 113-20. P. H. Webb, ‘The beginnings of Roman coinage’, The President’s Address, NC 1934. C. Weickert, ‘Ein rémisches Relief aus der Zeit Caesars’, Festschrift Arndt, Munich, 1925, 48-61. S. Weinstock, Divus Julius, Oxford, 1971. ‘Nonae caprotinae’, RE xvii, 849-59. ‘Pax and the *‘Ara pacis”’’, JRS 1960, 44-58.

“Two archaic inscriptions from Latium’, JRS 1960, 112-18. ‘Victor’, RE viii A, 2485-500. ‘Victor and invictus’, HThR 1957, 211-47. [Review of] A. Alféldi, Die trojanischen Urahnen der Romer, Basle, 1957, JRS 1959, 170-1. [Review of] H. Erkell, Augustus, Felicitas, Fortuna, Goteborg, 1952, JRS 1955, 187-8. [Review of] K. Latte, Romische Religionsgeschichte, Munich, 1960, JRS 1961, 206-15. N.-W. Weissmiiller, Caesars Vorstellung von seiner Regierungsform, Idee und Wirklichkett, Diss.

Minster, 1969. A. B. West, ‘Lucilian genealogy’, A¥Ph 1928, 240-52. L. C. West, Gold and silver coin-standards in the Roman Empire, New York, 1941. R. West, Rémische Portrdtplastik, 2 vols. Munich, 1933-41. K. D. White, Agricultural implements of the Roman world, Cambridge, 1967. L. T. White, Medieval technology and soctal change, Oxford, 1962. H. B. Wiggers, ‘Zur Geschichte und Deutung des Dreibeins’, Festgabe Peter Berghaus, MinSter, 1969, 5-21. H. Willers, Geschichte der rémischen Kupferprdgung vom Bundesgenossenkrieg bts auf Kaiser Claudius, Leipzig and Berlin, 1909. ‘Die Miinzen der rémischen Kolonien Lugudunum, Vienna, Cabellio und Nemausus’, NZ 1902, 79-138. ‘Das Rohkupfer als Geld der Italiker (etwa 1000-343 v. Chr.)’, Z{N 1924, 193-283. ‘Die rémische Goldpragung vom Jahre 209 v. Chr.’. Corolla Numismatica: Numismatic essays in honour of Barclay V. Head, London, 1906, 310-24. R. Winkes, Clipeata imago. Studien zu einer rémischen Bildnisform, Bonn, 1969. Ch, Wirszubski, ‘ Libertas’ as a political idea at Rome during the late Republic and early Principate, Cambridge, 1950. T. P. Wiseman, ‘The census in the first century B.c.’, ¥RS 1969, 59-75. ‘The definition of ‘‘Eques Romanus” in the late Republic and early Empire’, Historia 1970,

67-83. ,

‘Lucius Memmius and his family’, CQ 1967, 164-7. New men in the Roman senate, 139 B.C.-A.D. 14, Oxford, 1971. ‘Prosopographical notes’, NC 1964, 157-8. 818

Bibliography ‘Roman Republican road-building’, PBSR 1970, 122-52. ‘Some Republican senators and their tribes’, CQ 1964, 122-33. “T. Cloelius of Tarracina’, CR 1967, 263-4. ‘Two friends of Clodius in Cicero’s Letters’, CQ 1968, 297-302. ‘Two more senators’, CQ 1965, 158-60. G. Wissowa, Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur rémischen Religions- und Stadtgeschichte. Erganzungsband zu des Verfassers ‘Religion und Kultus der Romer’, Munich, 1904.

Religion und Kultus der Romer, 2nd ed. Munich, 1912. J. de Witte, ‘L’arc de Triomphe d’Orange’, RA 1887, 2, 129-37. ‘Camée représentant Octavie, soeur d’Auguste’, Gazette Archéologique 1875, 121-4. ‘La conquéte de la Gaule méridionale par les Romains’, Mémoires de la Société Nationale des Antiquités de France 1882, 342 and 348. P. Wolters, ‘Das alteste Bild der Roma’, Festschrift H. Wolffin. Beitrdge zur Kunst- und Geistesgeschichte, Munich, 1924, 9-18. B. Wosnik, Untersuchungen zur Geschichte Sullas, Diss. Wurzburg, 1963. E. Wiist, ‘Odysseus’, RE xvii, 1905-96. Z. Yavetz, Plebs and Princeps, Oxford, 1968. P. Zazoff, [Review of] M.-L. Vollenweider, Die Steinschnetdekunst und thre Kiinstler in spdatrepublikanischer und augusteischer Zeit, Baden-Baden, 1966, Gnomon 1969, 198-200. H. Zehnacker, ‘L’iconographie pompéienne et les styles monétaires a la fin de la République romaine’, Congresso Internazionale di Numismatica 1961, Atti, Rome, 1965, 283-92. ‘Le monnayage de L. Rubrius Dossenus et la victoire d’Esculape’, Hommages a Fean Bayet, Bruxelles—Berchem, 1964, 739-48 (Collection Latomus 70). ‘Premiers portraits réalistes sur les monnaies de la république romaine’, RN 1961, 33-49.

‘Quadrans ratitus’, Hommages a Marcel Renard iii, Bruxelles-Berchem, 1969, 695-707 (Collection Latomus 103).

G. Zinserling, ‘Studien zu den Historiendarstellungen der rémischen Republik’, WZJena 1959-60, 403-48.

819

1. Sydenham—Crawford

Sydenham Crawford Sydenham Crawford

1 13/1 37 21/7 23a 13/2 38 27/5 3 17/1a-b 39 27/7 27/6 17/1d 40 3b 17/1e 41 27/8 3c 17/1g 42 27/9 p. 565, no.44 306* 25/4 43 27/10 43d 15/1 56 16/14 45 25/5 5a 16/1b 46 25/6 20/1 47 25/7 79814/2 27/3 48 25/8 14/1 49 25/9 50 does not exist | 10 14/3 51 26/5 1114/5 14/4 52 26/6 | 12 53 does not exist

p. 10% 42/2 36a p. §66, no. 308*

13 14/6 54 26/7 14 14/7 55 26/8 15 18/1 56 does not exist 16 18/2 57 24/1 17 18/3 58 24/2 18 18/4 59 24/3 19 18/5 | 60 24/4 20 18/6 61 24/5 21 22/1 62 24/6a 21a 22/4 63 24/7 22 26/4 63a 24/7 23 27/1 64-5 and 67-70 pp. 103-5 23a 27/2 66 42/1 24 25/1 71 35/1 24a p. 565 n.1 72 35/1 25 25/2 73 35/2 26 25/3 74 35/3 27 26/1 75 35/4 ) 2829 26/2 76 —635/5 26/3 77 35/6 30 23/1 78 36/1 31 21/14 79 36/2

32 21/2 79a 36/2 var. 33 21/3 80 36/3a 3421/5 21/4 36/3b 35 8ob80a Pp. 553, no. 126*

36 21/6 81 36/4 820

Sydenham—Crawford

82 36/5 133 98/2 83 53/1 134 98/6 83% 90/1 135136 98/7 84 Pp. §§4, no. 130* 98/8 85 38/5 137 98/1b 86 38/6 139 138 37/1¢ 37/1a 87 38/7 88 38/8 140 44/5 89 38/1 144 44/6 90 38/2 142 44/7 91 38/3 143 56/2 92 38/4 143a 56/3 93 39/1 143b 56/4 94 39/2 143¢ 56/5 95 39/4 39/3 143¢ 143d 56/7 56/6 96 97 39/5 143f 56/8 98 41/1 144 50/2 99 41/3a 145 50/3

Sydenham Crawford Sydenham Crawford

99a 41/3b 145a 50/4 100 41/4 146 62/1 101 41/§a 147 61/1 101a 41/5b 148 61/2 102 41/6a 148a 61/3 103 41/7a 148b 61/4 104 41/8a 148c 61/5 105 41/7b 148d 61/6 106 41/8b 148e 61/7 107 41/10 41/9 148f 61/8 108 149 59/1 109 41/14 150 59/2 110 does not exist 150a 59/3 111 93/1a—b 150b 59/4 112 71/14 150C 59/5 113 95/1a-b 150d 59/6 114 95/2 150€ 59/7 115 102/14 15183/2 52/1 116 94/1 152 117 103/14 154 153105/3 83/3 118 101/41

120 92/1a 156 63/1 121 97/1a-b 157 63/2 121a 97/1¢ 1574 63/3 122 43/1 157b 63/4 123 43/2a 157¢ 63/5 124 43/2b 157d 63/6 125 43/38 158 106/3 126 97/5897/5c 15916064/1 127 (misread) 64/3 128 43/4 160a 64/4 129 43/5 160c 160b64/6a 64/5 130 43/6 131 27/4 161 65/1

119 Pp. $55, no. 139% 1§5 107/1a-c

132 98/1a and ic 162 65/2 821

Concordances

Sydenham Crawford Sydenham Crawford

162a 65/3 190a 84/5 162b 65/4 190b 84/6 162c 65/5 191 68/1b 162d 65/6 191a 44/5 163 108/1 192 44/6 164 60/2 193 72/3 164a 60/3 194 72/4 164b 60/4 195 72/11 164c 60/5 195a 72/12

164d 60/7 60/6 195C 195b 72/13 164e 72/14 165 109/1 195d 72/15 166 45/1 195e does73/1 not exist 167 44/5 196 16844/6 44/5198 197 73/2 169 75/1a—b 170 60/1a and ic 199 74/1

171 51/1 200 74/2

172 P. 554, no. no. 132* 201 76/1 173 p. 562, 245* 202 76/2 174 85/1a 203 76/3

174a 85/1b203b 203a 76/6 76/5 175 85/2 175§a 85/3204a 204 104/1b 175b 85/4 104/1a 175C 85/5 2046 104/14 — 175d 85/6 205 129/1 175e 35/7 206 130/1 176 n. 80/1b 131/1 176a97/2 98/3206 207

, | 177(inadequately 98/4a described) 207a 53/2 178~-178f cf. 97 208 78/1 209 106/1

178g97/11 97/8210a 210 106/4 179 112/4 180 97/7b , 211 89/2 181 86A/1 212 89/1a 181a 102/2a 213 89/3 182 does not exist 213a 89/4 1822 86a/2 213b 89/6 182b 86A/3 213C 89/7 182¢ 86A/4 213d does not exist 182d 86a/5 214 80/1a 183 103/2a~—b 21580/3 80/2 184 103/2c 2158 185 101/2 80/4 186 87/1 215b 216 58/2

186a 87/2 217 58/1 186b 87/3 218 58/3 186c 87/4 218a 58/4 — 186d 87/5 218b 58/5a 187 84/1 218c (wrongly described) 188 84/2 218d 58/7a 189 84/3 218e 58/8 190 84/4 219 — «§7/2 822

Sydenham-Crawford

Sydenham Crawford Sydenham Crawford

220 57/1 247 119/1 224 57/3 248 221a 57/4 248a119/3 119/4

221b 57/5 248b 119/5 221C 57/6 248c 119/6 221d 57/7 248d 119/7 221e88/2 57/8 249 248e122/2 119/8 222 223 83/1a 250 122/1 224 88/3a 251 122/3 224a 88/4 251a 122/4 224b 88/5 251b 122/5 224c 88/6 251¢c 122/6 224d 88/7 251d 122/7 224e 88/8 252 121/2

225 77/1 253 121/1 226 44/2 254 121/3 227 44/3 2546 254a 121/4 228 44/4 121/5 229 53/2 254¢ 121/6 230 §3/1 254d 121/7 231 56/2 255 120/2 231a 56/3 256 120/1

231b 56/4 257 120/3 | 231C 56/5 257a 120/4 231d 56/6 257b 120/5

231e 56/7 257C 120/6 232 88/1 258 124/2 233 105/2 259 124/1 233a 105/1 260 124/3 234 72/2 260a 124/4 235 72/1 260b 124/5 236 50/1 260c 124/6 237 165/14 260d117A/1 124/7 238 194/1 261 238a 194/2 262 263 Pp. 556, no. 152* 238b 194/3 113/1 238c 194/4 264 4113/2 and 196/1 238d 194/5 264a 113/3 and 196/2 238e 194/6 264b 113/4 239 112/2a 106/2 264c 196/3 240 264d 196/4 241 112/2b 264e 242 1412/1 265 196/5 57/2 243 266 137/2 57/1 243adoes does not not exist exist 267

243b 112/6a 267a 137/3 243C 112/7b 267b 137/4 244 114/1 267¢ 137/5

245 114/2267e 267d 137/6 245a 114/3 does not exist 245b 114/4 268 115/1 245C 114/5 268a 115/14

17 823 CRC II

245d does not exist 269 p. 556, no. 150*

246 119/2 270 168/2

Concordances

Sydenham Crawfora Sydenham Crawford

271 168/1 297d. 183/5 272 118/41 297e 183/6 272a 118/2 298 195/1 272b 118/3 298a 195/2 272C 118/4 298b 195/3 272d 118/5 298c 195/4 273 does not exist 298d 195/5 274 125/1 298e 195/6 275 126/1 299 142/1 276 1141/1 299a 142/2 277 127/1 299b 142/3 278 110/1a 299Cc 142/4 279 110/2 299d 142/5 279a 110/3 299e 142/6 280 — 116/1b 300 144/1 281 116/1a 300a 144/2 282 182/1 135/1300Cc 300b 144/3 283 144/4 284 — 182/2 300d 144/5 284a 183/3 3ooe 144/6 284b183/5 183/430148 301 86B/1 284c 86B/2

285 171/121 and

284d 183/6 301b Pp. 549, no. 37* 286 170/1 301C Pp. 555, no.no. 140* 287 15§2/1b Pp. §49, 37* 289 169/1301d P. $55, no.no.140* 290 128/41 Pp. §49, 37*

288 1§2/1c and 290a 128/1 and 291 172/14 , Pp. 555, 292 117B/1 302 no. 56 140*

292a 117B/3 303 56/1 292¢ 117B/5, 305 97/23 293 145/14 306 99/1 293a 145/2 306a 99/3 293b 145/3 306b 99/5 293¢ 145/4 306c 99/6 293d181/1 145/5 306e 306d 99/8 99/7 294 294a 181/2 306f 99/9 294b 181/3 307 99/2b 294Cc 181/4 309 308 99/2a 295 184/1b 99/4 296 184/1a 309a 100/1 296a 184/2309Cc 309b 100/2 296b 184/3 100/3 296c 184/4 300d 100/4b 296d 184/5 309e 100/4a 296e 184/6 300f 100/5 297 183/1 309g 100/6a 2974 183/2 309h 100/7 297b 183/3 310 297C¢ 183/4 310a69/1 69/2

292b 117B/4 304~304e (inadequately described)

824

Sydenham—Crawford

Sydenham Crawford Sydenham Crawford

310b 69/3 331b 331a 155/3 310¢ 69/4 155/4 310d 69/6 332 134/14 310e P. 555, no, 136* 332a 134/1b 310f P. 555, no. 136* 333 134/2 311 167/1 333a 134/3 312 158/1 333b 134/4 313 166/1 333¢ 134/5 314 137/1 333d 134/6 315 57/1 334 133/2b 316 137/2 334a 133/2a 316a 137/3 335 133/3 316b 137/4 336 133/1 316c 137/5 337 133/4 316d 137/6 337a 133/5 317 132/2 337b 133/6 318 132/3 132/1 337d 337¢ 133/8 133/7 319 319a 132/4 337¢ 133/9 319b 132/5 338 139/1 319¢ 132/7 132/6 340 339 157/1 140/1 319d 320 162/2 341a 341 146/1 321 162/1 146/1 3214 162/3 342 Dp. $49, no. 44*

321b 342a 343 Pp. §56, no. 160* 321C162/4 162/Sa 156/1

321d 162/6a344a 344 156/3 321e 162/74 156/4 321f 162/5b 345 141/1 321g 162/7b 162/6b 346a 346 141/2a 321h 141/3a 322 159/2 346b 141/4a 323 159/1 346c 141/5a 324 159/3 346d 141/6 324a 159/4 346e 141/3b — 324b159/6 159/5346g 346f 141/5b 141/4b 324c 324d163/1 159/7 347 154/14 325 348 153/1 326 136/1 349 147/1 327 136/2 350 147/2 327a 136/3 351 138/1 327b 136/4 352 137/1 327¢ 136/5 353 177/14 327d 136/63536 353a1977/3 177/2 327e 136/7 328 161/14 353¢ 177/5 177/4 329 161/2 353d 329a 161/3 353e does not exist 329b 161/4 354 179/14 329¢ 161/6 161/5 354b 354a 179/3 179/2 329d 330 155/2 155/1 354d 354c 179/4 331 179/5

825 17-2

Concordances

Sydenham Crawford Sydenham Crawford

355 174/1 366a 193/2 355a 174/2 366b 193/3 | 355b 174/3 366c 193/4 355c174/5 174/4 366d 193/5 355d 367 148/1 and 215/2c 356 191/14 367a 148/2 356a 191/2 367b 148/3 356b 191/3 367¢ 148/4 356c 191/4 367d 148/5 356d 191/5 367¢ 148/6 356e 196/6 368 178/1 357 175/12 368a 178/3 178/2 358 176/1 368b 358a 176/2 368c 178/4 358b 176/3 368d 178/5 358c 176/4 369 149/14 358d 176/5369b 369a 149/3a 149/2b 359 187/2 359a 187/3 369¢ 149/4a 359b 187/4 369d 149/5a 359¢ 187/5 370 189/1 360 173/14 370a 189/2 360a 173/2 370b 189/3 360b 173/3 370¢ 1189/4 360c 173/4 370d 189/5 360d 173/5 371 Pp. 549, no. 47* 361 180/1 3714 151/41 361a 180/2 372a 372 192/1 361b 180/3 192/2 361¢c 180/4 372b 192/3 361d 180/5 _ 372¢c 192/4 362 1838/1 373 186/1 362a 188/2 373a 186/2 362b 188/3 373b 186/3 362c 188/4 373¢c 186/4 362d 188/5 373d 186/5 362e does not exist 373¢ does not exist 363 190/14 374 211/14 3634 190/2 375 143/1 363b 190/3 375a 143/2a 363¢ 190/4 375b 143/3 363d 190/6 375¢ 143/4 364 185/1 375d 143/5 364a 185/2 376 197/14 364b 185/3 377 199/1a 364c 185/4 378 199/2 364d 185/5 378a 199/3 364e 185/6 378b 199/4 365 150/14 378c 199/5 365§a150/3 150/2379a 379 202/1b 202/1a 365b 365¢ 15§0/4 380 201/2 201/1 365d 150/5 381 36Se 150/6381b 381a 201/4 201/3 366 193/1

826

Sydenham-Crawford

Sydenham Crawford Sydenham Crawford

381¢ 201/5 399b 214/4 381d 201/6 399c 214/5 381e 201/7 399d 214/6 382 200/14 399e 214/7 383 200/2 400 (plated hybrid) 383a 200/3 401 (plated hybrid) 383b 200/4 402 216/1 383c 200/5 402a 216/1 383d 200/6 403 216/2a 383e does not exist 403a 216/3 384 204/1 403b 216/4a 385 204/2 403¢ 216/5 385a 204/3 403d 216/6 385b 204/4 404 218/1 385¢ 204/5 405 P. 549, no. 48* 385d 204/6 406 219/1a 386 205/41 406a 219/1b 387 205/2 407 219/2 387a 205/3 407a 219/3 387b 205/4 407b 219/4 387¢ 205/5 407¢ 219/5 388 206/1 408 220/1 389 206/2 409 221/1 , 389a 206/3 410 278/1 389b 206/4 411 219/1e 389c 206/5 412 220/1 380d 206/6 413 221/41 390 208/1 414 278/1

391 207/14 415 279/1 392 210/141 416 Pp. §48, no. 21* 393 210/2 416a 279/2 393a 210/3 417 274/14 393b 210/4 418 274/3 393¢ 210/5 419 275/14 393d 210/6 419a (plated hybrid) 393¢ 210/7 420 275/2 394 209/1 420a 275/3 394a 209/1 421 277/1 395 215/14 422 277/2 396 215/2a 423 276/14 396aPp.215/2b 424425187/1 396b 550, no. 59* 217/1 396c 215/3 426 217/2 396d 215/5 215/4 426b 426a 217/4 217/3 396e 396f 215/6 426c_ 217/5 396g 215/7 426d 217/6 397 (plated hybrid) 427203/2 203/14 398 214/1b 428 398a 214/1a 428a 203/3 398b 214/1b 428c 428b 203/5 203/4 398c 214/1c 398d 214/2 214/1¢ 429 428d229/1 203/6 399

399a 214/3 430 P. 557, no. 185* 827

Concordances

Sydenham Crawford Sydenham Crawford

430a 557, no. 460d 185* 460c 240/5 431Pp. 197/1b 240/6

432 231/2 231/1461a 461 235/1a 433 235/1¢ 433a 231/3 462 235/2 434 232/1 462a 235/3 434a 232/1 463 242/1 435 232/2 464 242/2 435a 232/3 464a 242/3 435b 232/4 464b 436 223/1 464c does242/4 not exist

437 437aPp. Pp.557, 557,no. no.182* 182*464d 465 242/5 238/1

438 222/1 466 439 197/1b 467 246/1 246/2

440 2238/2 4674246/4a 246/3 441 228/1 467b 442 228/4 467¢c 246/5 443 224/1 467d Pp. $50, no. 69% 444 225/1 467e 246/4b 445227/1a-C 226/1 468 247/1 446 469 ~~ 247/2 446a 227/1d 469a 247/3 447 Pp. §50, no. 62* 470 248/1 4478 p.230/1 557, no.4714 184” 471 248/2 448 248/3 448a Pp. §63, no. 251* 471b 248/4

449 does not exist 472 252/1 450 237/1 473 253/1 451 238/1 474 253/2 452 238/2 , 474a does not exist 452a 238/3a 474b 253/3 452b not exist476 475258/1 254/1 452¢cdoes 238/3b-d

452d 238/3¢ 477 265/1 259/1 452¢ 238/3f 478 452£ does not not exist exist479a 479 265/2 452g does 265/3 453 251/1 480 263/1a 453a 251/3 251/2480b 480a263/1b 263/1b 453b var. 453¢ 251/4 481 263/2 454 233/1 228/2 482a 482 263/3a 455 263/4 456 241/14 482b 263/5a 457 241/2 482c 263/5b 4578 241/3 483 264/1 457b 241/4 483a does not exist 457¢ 241/5 484 264/2 458 227/1a-c 484a264/4b 264/3 459 240/1a 484b 459a240/2 240/1b486 485269/2 269/1 460 460a 240/4 240/3486b 486a256/2b 269/4 , 460b 828

Sydenham-Crawford

Sydenham Crawford Sydenham Crawford

486c 256/4b 515a 486d does not exist 515b261/3 261/4

487 250/1 §1§¢ 261/4 488 250/2 516 260/1 488a236/1 250/35178 517 268/1a 489 268/1b 490 244/14 518 P. 547, no, 1* 491 2.44/2 519 79/1 491a 244/3 520 282/5 491b 244/4 521 282/2 491c 244/55§22a 522 282/4 492 249/1 282/4 493 249/2 523 282/1 493a 249/3 523a 282/1 493b 249/4 524 282/3 494 243/1 525 239/1 495 243/2 526 239/2 495a 243/3 526a 239/3 495b 243/4 526b 239/4 496 262/1 527 234/1 497 262/2 527a 234/1 497a 262/3 528 234/2a 497b 262/4 528a 234/2b 497¢ 262/5 529 281/14 498 271/2 271/1 531 530 280/1 287/1 499 499aP. 558, 271/3 532533 273/1 499b no. 198% 273/2 500 245/1 533a P. 547, no. 18* 501 245/2 534 286/1 501a 245/3535a 535285/1 285/14 §02 266/1 var. 503 536 (plated hybrid) 504266/2 266/3 $37 285/2

505 §37a285/3 285/2 506267/141 267/2 538

506a 267/3 538a 285/4 506b 267/4 538b 285/5 507 257/1 538¢ , 285/6 508 257/2 538d 285/7 508a 257/3 539 , 284/1a 508b 257/4 5394 284/1b 508c 257/5 540 302/1 509 256/1 540a 302/1 var. 510 256/2a 541 283/1a 5108 256/3 541a 510b 256/4a §41b 283/1b 283/1b

510c p.255/41 §§0, no. 71* 542309/1 310/41 511 543 512 255/2 544 286/1 $12a 255/3 545 295/1 §12b 255/4 545a p. $63, no. 262% $13 270/1 546 289/1 oe 514 261/1 547 289/2 515 261/2 5478 289/3 829

Concordances

Sydenham Crawford Sydenham Crawford

547b 289/4 576b 311/1c-d 547¢ 289/5 576c 311/1¢€ 548 292/1 5774 577 314/1b 549 292/2 314/1c 5494 292/3 5776 314/1id 549b 292/4a 578a 578 317/38 549¢ 292/4b 317/3b 550 294/1 579 317/12

551293/2 293/1 580 317/2 552 581 p. 551, no. 83% 552a 293/3 581a p. 551, no. 552b does not exist 582 318/1a83*

553 288/1 582a 318/1b 554 291/1 583 326/1 555 290/14 584 326/2 556 290/2 585 323/1 556a 290/3 586a 586 332/18 556b 290/4 332/1b §56c 290/5 , 586b 332/1c 556d 290/6 587 331/14 557 304/1 303/1 589 588322/14 333/1 558 559 305/1 |590 322/1b 560 305/2 591 322/2 561—S561e 296/1 592 319/1 562 296/2 593 320/1 562a 296/3 593a 320/1

562b 296/4595 594336/1b-c 321/1 563 2977/1 564 298/1 596 343/1a-b 565 306/1 596a 343/1¢ - §66-566a 307/1b-d 597 343/2b 566b 307/14597b 597a 343/2b 343/2b 567 308/1a 5674 308/1b 598 597¢ 316/1 343/2b 568 302/2

568a 302/4a 302/3 599 324/1 568b 600 325/1b 569 299/14 300/1 600a 325/1a 570 601 328/41 570a 299/1b603 602330/1a 327/1 571 301/1

571a312/1 301/1603b var.Pp. 603a 330/1b 572 559, no. 209* 573 312/2 604 329/14

5738 312/3 604b 604a 329/1b 573b 312/4 329/18 573Cc does not exist 604c 329/1b 574 313/1b 605 329/1¢ 574a 313/1¢ 606 605a 329/2 329/1d 575 313/2 5758 575b 313/3 313/4607 608334/12 334/2

| 576576a 311/1a 334/3 - 311/1b608a 608b — 334/4 830

Sydenham-Crawford

Sydenham Crawford Sydenham Crawford

608c 334/5 676b677 does340/4 not exist 608d -334/6 609 373/14 6774 340/5a 609a 373/1b 677b 340/5b 609b 373/1b 677¢ 340/6a 609¢ 373/1b 677d 340/6c 610 373/1b 678 338/1 611 335/1a 678a 338/2

6114335/10a 335/1b-c678c 678b 338/4 338/3 612 612a 335/10a 612b 335/10b 679a679 339/2339/1 and 350B/1

612¢ 335/10b 679b 339/3and and350B/3 350B/2 613 335/9 679¢ 339/4

613a 335/9 679d p. 559, no, 213* 614 335/2 679¢€680 P. 559, no, 213% 615 335/3a—b — p. 566 615a 335/3c-e 681 Pp. 566

615b 335/38 335/3f 683 682 342/3b p. 566 615¢ 616 335/4 683a 342/3b 616a 335/5 683b 342/3a 616b 335/6 684 342/5b 616c 335/7 684a 342/5b 616d 335/8 684b 342/5b 644 337/1b 684c 342/5b 6448 337/1a 685 342/4b 645 337/2¢c 685a 342/4b 645a 337/2c 685b 342/4b 645b 337/2d 686 342/4a 645¢ 337/2e-£ 687 342/6a 645d 337/2a 688 342/2 646 337/3 689690 342/14 646a 337/3 var. 342/76 647 3371/4 690a 342/7b 648 Pp. 559, no. 212* 690b 342/7d

649 337/5 690c described) 649a Pp. $59, no.(wrongly 212* 690d 342/7d 650-671d 340/1 690e (wrongly described)

672 340/2e 690f 342/8b 672a 340/2f 690g 342/9a 672b 340/2e 691 341/1 672¢ 340/2f 692 341/2 672d 340/2e 693 341/3 672¢€ 340/2f694a 694 341/4a 672f 340/2¢e 341/4b 672g 340/2g 694b 341/4d 672h 340/2g696 695 341/6 341/5 673 340/2b 673a 340/2d 698 697 344/1a 341/7 673b 340/2d 674 340/2a 698a 344/1b 675 240/2c 698b 344/1c 676 340/3a 699 344/2b 676a 340/3b 699a 344/2¢ 831

Concordances

Sydenham Crawford Sydenham Crawford

JOO 728-728f and c 700a344/3 344/3 729 352/1a 352/1b

7oob 344/3 731 730355/1¢ 352/3 701 344/4¢ 701a 344/4a 7314 355/1a

701b (wrongly described) 731b 355/1d

7O1C 344/4b731d 731C355/1h 355/1f qoid 344/5c

7o1e 344/7 733 732 354/2 354/1 702 345/1 703 345/2 734 354/3b 704 345/3 735 356/1a 704a 345/4 735a 356/1b 705 348/1 735b 356/1c 706 348/2 736a 736 360/1a 707 348/3 360/1b 708 348/4 737 363/1d 709 348/5 737a-f 363/1a-c 710 348/6 738 361/1b 711 Pp.348/7 559, no. 217* 738a 361/1c 7i1a 739 357/1b 711b Pp. 559, no, 217* 740 357/1a

712 349/1 741 362/1 713-7138 346/1 742 364/1b 714-714f 346/2 742a 364/1c 715 346/4 742b 364/1d 715a 346/4 744 743 377/14 716 346/3 378/1a 716a 346/5 74448 378/1b 717 351/14 744b 378/1¢ 7174371/1 351/1 745 372/14 718 746 372/2 719 369/1 747 365/1c 720 370/1 7474 365/1a

721 350A/1a 7476 365/1b 7218 350A/1b 748 , 366/1a 721b 350A/1ic 748a 366/1b 721¢ 350A/1d 748b 366/1¢c 97210 350A/1€ 748C 366/2a 721e does not exist 748d366/3¢ 366/2b 722 350A/3a 748¢

(7224 — 3504/36748g 748f 366/3b 366/3a 722b 350A/3¢ 722C 350A/3d 749 366/4

722d 350A/3€ 750 374/14 722€ 350A/3f 751 374/2 723 350A/2 752 393/14 724 353/148 7248 353/1¢7§2a 753 393/1b 549/1

724b353/3 353/1d755 754375/2 375/1 725 725a does not not exist exist756a 756 367/4 725b does 367/4 726 353/2 757 367/5 727 does not exist 757a 367/5 832

Sydenham-Crawford

Sydenham Crawford Sydenham Crawford

758 367/2 799 798405/1b 401/1 759 367/3 760 760a359/1 359/1 800 800a405/1b 405/1b

761 359/2 800b 405/1b 761a 359/2 801 405/2 762 381/1a 802 Pp. §59, no. 222* 762a 381/1b 803 405/4b 763 376/1 803a 405/4b var. 764 p. 000 804 405/4a 765 p. 000 805 405/36 766 308/4b 806 405/3a 767 368/1 807 405/5 768 380/1 808 409/2 769 382/1a 809 409/1 769a 382/1b 810 410/1 769b 382/1b 811 410/2a 770 383/1 812 410/2b 7704 383/1 813 410/3 771 379/1 814 410/6 772 379/2 815 410/5 773 384/1 816 410/4 774 385/1 817 410/102 775 385/2 818 410/10b 776 385/3 819 410/7b 777 385/4 819a 410/7a 778 385/5, 820 410/7¢ 779 386/1 820a 410/7d 780 387/1 821 410/9b 780a388/1a 387/1 821a 410/9c 781 822 410/9a 781a389/1 388/1b824 823418/2a 410/8 782 783 390/1 | 826 825 418/2b 784 390/2 418/1 785 394/1a 827 419/14 785a 391/1a 394/1b — 828419/1e 419/1d 786 828a 786a 391/1b829 828b419/1a 419/1c 787 391/3 787a391/2 391/3830a 830 419/1b 788 789 392/1b 830b 419/1c 419/1d

789a 392/1a 831 830c 419/2 419/1¢ 790 395/1

791 397/1 832 419/2

7914 564, no. 834 284% 833 419/3a 792Pp. 396/1a 419/36

792a 396/1b835a 835 411/1b 411/1b 793 398/1 194 400/1a 836 411/1b 795 400/1b 837 411/1a 796 399/14 8374 796a 399/1b 838 411/1a 406/1

797 403/1 839 406/1 833

Concordances

Sydenham Crawford Sydenham Crawford

840-878 408 919 425/1 425/1 879 426/1 919a 880 426/2 var. 919b919c¢ does 425/1 not exist 881 426/2 881a 426/2 920 427/1 882 426/4a 921 427/2 883 426/4b 922 442/1 884 426/3 923-5 (non-Roman) 885 424/1 421/1926a | 926 415/1 886 415/1 var. 887 424/1 926b 415/1 var. 888 barbarous 424/14 927 417/1 889 928 416/1 889a Pp. 564, no. 289* 929 430/1 | 890 423/14 930930a 436/14 890a 423/1 var. 436/1

891 437/148 931431/14 438/1 892 437/1b 932 893 Pp. 559, no. 223* 933 432/14

894 437/2a 934 435/1 894a 437/2a var. 935 413/14 895 437/2b 936 p. 564, no. 287* 896 437/3a 937 441/1 897 437/3b 9374 P. 559, no. 224* 898 437/4a 938 440/14 899429/1 437/4b 939 444/1a 900 9394 Pp. 559, no. 225* 901 429/2a 939b 444/1b goia 414/1 429/2b941 940 450/1a 444/1¢ 902 go2a 414/12 942 941a 450/2 450/1b 903 407/2 903a 407/2 var. 943450/3b 450/3a 904 407/1 9434 905 404/1 943b 450/3¢ 906 433/1 944 451/1 906a 433/1 945 449/3 907 433/2 947 946449/14 449/2 908 434/1 909 434/2var. 948 449/1b 909a 434/2 948a 449/1c 910 420/148 949 449/4 9108 420/1b951 950448/1a 449/5 911 420/2a Qi1a 420/2c 951a 448/1b 911b 420/2d 952 448/2a 911C 420/2b 952a 448/2b 912 422/14 953 448/3 913 422/1b 954 454/1 914 954a454/14 454/14 915422/1b 412/14var. 954b

916 428/3 955 454/2 917 428/1 956 454/3 9174 428/1 956a 454/3 918 428/2 957 454/4 834

Sydenham-Crawford

Sydenham Crawford Sydenham Crawford

958 453/14 454/5 991 465/2a 959 991a 465/2b 959a 453/1b 992 465/3 959b 453/1¢ 993 465/4 960 473/1 994 465/5

960a 473/1 var. 995465/6c 465/6a 961 473/2 995a

962 473/3 996996a 465/7a 962a does not exist 465/7b 963 473/4 996b 465/6d 964 472/19974 997 465/8a 965 472/2 465/8a

966 472/3 997b 465/86 966a 472/3 var. 997¢ 465/8b 967 472/4b 998 474/14 968 472/4¢ 998a 474/1b 969 472/4a 999 474/2a 970 455/1a 999b 999a 474/2b 971 455/2a 474/2c 972 455/3 1001 1000 474/3b 474/3a 973 455/4 974 455/5 1002 474/5 975 455/6 1003 474/4 976 463/1b 1004 474/6 976a 463/1b 1005 474/7 976b 463/16 1006 443/1 976c 463/1a 1007 (non-Roman) 977 463/3 1008 452/1 978 463/2 1009 452/2 979 463/4b 1010 452/4 9798 463/4d 1011 452/5 979b 463/4a 1012 452/3 980 463/sb 1013 458/1 980a 463/Sa 1014 468/1 980b (wrongly described) 1015 468/2 981 463/6a 1016 482/1 981a (wrongly described) 1017 466/1 982 1018466/141 466/1 982a 464/2 464/2 1018a

982b 464/210198 1019 475/18 983 464/1 475/1a 983a 464/1 1019b 475/ib 983b 464/1 1020 475/2 984 464/3 var.1022 1021457/14 481/1 984a 464/3a 984b464/5 464/3a1024 1023467/1b 467/1a 985 986 464/4 1025 476/14 987 464/6 1026 476/1b 988 464/7a 1027 457/1 988a 464/7b 1028 402/41 989 464/8a 1029 445/1b 989a 464/8b 1029a 445/1a 990 465/1a 1030 445/2 990a 465/1b 1031 445/3b 835

Concordances

Sydenham Crawford Sydenham Crawford

1031a does not exist 1081 515/1 1031b 445/3a 1082 §15/2. 1032 446/21 1083 §13/1 1033 447/14 1084 513/2 1034 447/1b 1085 513/3 1035 469/1a-c 1086 §14/1 1035a 469/1d 1087 §14/2 1036-1039 470 1088485/1 485/2 1040 471/1 1089 1041-1043 4771090a 1090 494/448 1044 479/21 494/45 1044a 479/14 1090b 494/44b 1044b 479/1 1092 1091 494/41 494/46 1045 478/1a 1045a 478/1a1093a 1093 494/42b 494/424 1046 459/1 1047 460/14 1093b494/43a 494/42 1048 460/2 1094 1049 460/3 10904a 494/43b 1050 460/4 1095 494/40 1051 461/141096a 1096 494/394 10§2 462/1c 494/39a 1053 462/1a 1096b does not exist

1053a 462/2 462/1b 1097 1096c 494/8b 494/39a 1054 1054a480/17 462/2 1098 494/9a 1055 1099 494/76 1056 480/2a 480/3 1100 494/14 1057 1101 494/15 1058 480/23 1102 494/13 1059 480/28 1103 494/2a 1060 480/4 1103a 494/2b 1061 480/8 1104a 1104 494/3b 1062 480/7b 494/38 1063 480/6 1105 494/1 1064 480/1 1106 494/24 1065 480/24 1107 | 494/25

1066 480/26 1108 494/26a 1067 480/16 1109 494/27 1068 480/15 1110 494/28 1069 480/19 1111 494/29 1070 480/18 1112 494/30 1071 480/5b 1113 494/31 10718 480/5a1114a 1114 494/20b 1072 480/11 494/20a 1073 480/10 1115 494/21 1073a 480/9 1116 494/22 1074 480/13 1117 494/23 10748 480/141119 1118494/6a 494/5 1075 480/20 1076 480/21 1121 1120494/17 494/4 1077 480/22 1078 480/25 | 1122 494/18 1079 does not exist 1123 494/16 1080 480/27 1124 494/19 836

| Sydenham-Crawford Sydenham Crawford Sydenham Crawford

1125 not exist 1169 496/3 1126does §25/1 1170 496/2

1127 §25/211714 1171 516/4 1128 §25/3 516/4 1128a (= B. Sempronia 11 var., 1172 516/5 which is really S. 1129a) 1173 516/41 1129 525/4a 1174 516/2 1129a 525/4¢ 1175 531/1 1130 526/1 1176 5§19/1 1131 526/3 1178 1177 §21/1 519/2 1132 §26/2 1133 526/41179a 1179 §21/2 1134 §12/1 §21/2 1135 §12/2 1180 §17/1a 1136 494/35 1181 517/2

1137 494/34 1182 517/3 1138 494/36 1183 517/6 1139 494/37 1184 517/4a 1140 494/38 1185 517/5a 1141 494/11 1186 517/5c 1142 494/12 1187 517/7 1143 494/10 1188 517/8 1144 494/32 1189 520/14 1145 494/33 1190 5§22/2 1146 (plated hybrid) 1191 522/4 1147 439/1 1192 528/1b 1148 486/1 1193 528/2a 1148a 486/1 1193a 528/2b 1149 487/1 1194 528/3 1150 487/2a 1195 529/4b 1151487/2c 487/2b 1196 §27/1 1152 1197 (non-Roman) 1153 491/1a 11981199 (non-Roman) 1154 491/1b 533/2 1155 491/2 1200 533/3a 1156 489/2 1201 §33/3b 1156a does not exist 1202 536/4 1157 489/1 1203 536/1 1157a p. 565, no. 296* 1204 5 36/3 1157b does not not exist exist1206 1205541/41 539/1 1157¢ does 1158 489/3 1207 §41/2 1158a 489/3 1208 542/1 1159 489/4 1209 542/2 1160 489/5 1210a 1210 543/1 1161 492/2 543/1 1162 492/1 1210b 543/1 1163 489/6 1211 545/1 1164 Pp. 551, no. 103* 12114 545/2 1165 488/1 1212 544/1 116Sa 488/14 1213 544/8 1166 488/2 1214 544/12 1166a493/1 488/21216 1215 544/14 544/13 1167 1168 496/1 1217 544/15 837

Concordances

Sydenham Crawford Sydenham Crawford

1218 544/2 1297 507/1b 1219 544/17 12974 507/14 1220 544/16 1298 507/2 1221 544/18 1299 508/1 1222 544/3 1300 §08/2 1223 544/19 1302 1301 498/1 508/3 1224 544/20 1225 544/21 1303 499/1 1226 544/22 1304 500/4 1227 544/23 1305 500/5 1228 544/24 1306 500/2 1229 544/251308 1307500/14 500/3 1230 544/26 1231 544/9 1309 500/6 1232 544/5 1310 500/7 1232a 544/27 1311 505/1 1233 544/28 1312 505/2 1234 544/29 1313 505/3 1235 544/30 1314 505/4 1236 544/31 1315 510/14 1237 544/10 544/32 1317 1316 518/2 490/3 1238 1239 544/33 1318 490/1 1240 544/14 1319 497/1 1241 544/34 1320 497/3 1242 544/35 1321 490/2 1243 544/361322 1321a 490/2 | 1244 544/37 497/2 1245 544/39 544/381323a 1323 495/2 1246 495/2 1247-1253 p. 552, no, 117* 1324 490/4 1254 §30/1 1325 Pp. §52, no. 112* 1255-1276 (non-Roman) 13254 518/41

1277 450/2b 1326 §23/1b 127748 450/2d 1326a 523/1b 1278 450/3 1326b §23/1a

1279 546/141327a 1327 §29/2a 529/1 1280 546/2 1280a 546/3 1327b §29/2b

1281 546/6 546/4 1329 1328 534/1 529/3 1282 1283 546/7 1330 534/2 1284 546/8 1331 534/3 1285 does not exist 1332 §37/1 1286 484/14 1333 §37/2 1287 §01/1 1333a 538/2 1288 506/3 1334 538/1 1289 502/1 1335 §35/1 1290 502/2 1336 535/2 1291 502/3 1336a Pp. 566, no. 310*

1292 503/12 502/4 1337 540/14 1293 1338 540/2 1294 504/1 1339 (Imperial) 1295 506/1 1340-1343 (non-Roman) 1296 §06/2 1344 §11/3a 838

Sydenham—Crawford

Sydenham Crawford Sydenham Crawford

1345 511/3b 1352 509/1 1346 511/12 1353 §09/2 1346a p. 560, no. 239* 1354 509/5 1347 §11/2 1355 509/4 1348 511/4a 1356 §24/1 1349 511/4d 1357 524/2 1350 483/1 483/2 1359 1358 547/14 532/14 1351 2. Babelon—Crawford

Babelon Crawford Babelon Crawford

B.p. i, p. 32, no.101 50 308/4b 3 176/3 176/2 67, no. 222/1 4 p. 72, no. no. 226 176350A/2 287/1 56 176/4 P. 77) 176/5 P. 77,0. 227 = 3373/1 7 291/14

8 422/1a 422/1b ABURIA 4 244/141 9 2 244/2 10 415/41

244/3 12 11480/141 4177/1 43 244/4 5 2.44/5 13 480/4

250/1 15 14480/7b 480/8 76 250/2 8 250/3 16 480/7a 480/6 ACCOLEIA 1 486/1 1817 480/24 19 480/26 ACILIA 1 271/41 20 419/1d 23 271/3 271/2 22 21 419/14 419/1c 465 255/1 23 419/2 255/2 24 419/2 255/3 25 419/3 789 (non-Roman) 255/4 27 29 489/2 442/1 28 489/2 489/3

10 (non-Roman) (non-Roman) 31 30 489/1 489/3 14 32 Pp. 565, no. 296*

AELIA 1 1411/4 492/2 2 75/1a-b 3433 495/14

233/1 36 35 494/1 495/2 435 (non-Roman) 336/1 37 494/13 6 (Imperial) 78 (Imperial) (Imperial) 38 39 494/7b 494/10 910 (Imperial) AFRANIA 1 206/1 (Imperial) 23206/2 206/3

18 839 CRC

AEMILIA 1 176/14 54 206/5 206/4 2 (non-Roman)

Concordances

Babelon Crawford Babelon Crawford

206/6 9 206/7 p. 565, no. 296* (ii p.6§92) 6 bis 10 489/2 44 489/2

ALLIENA 1 457/1 12, 13489/3 489/3

ANNIA 1 366/4 14529/3 §29/1 23 366/2 366/1 15 45 366/3a-b 366/3¢ 16 1718|529/2a 529/26 67 (Imperial) (Imperial) 20 19§29/2c 494/5 494/17 8 (Imperial) 21 22 494/2a 494/2b

ANTESTIA 1 219/1¢ 494/14 2 219/1a 24 23 494/8a

25 494/32 494/8b 435 219/1b 219/2 26 219/3 27 494/11 67219/4 28 (wrongly described) 219/5 29 496/2 219/6 30 Pp. $52, no. 106* 9810 238/1 31 496/3 238/2 32 14 238/3a 33 489/6 527/1 12 does not exist 34 496/1 13 238/3f 35 520/1 14 does not exist 36 492/2

15 does not exist 37 §28/1b 16 (plated hybrid) 38 §28/2b 17 (Imperial) 39 492/1

18 (Imperial) (Imperial)41 40493/14 §28/3 19 20 21 (Imperial) (Imperial)42435§29/4b §16/1

22 (Imperial) 44 516/2 23 (Imperial) 45 516/4 24 (Imperial) 4647§16/5 517/4a ANTIA 1 455/1 , 48 §17/Sa 2 455/2 49 517/3

455/3 50 517/14 4563 455/6 455/4 51 517/2 455/5 52 517/6 53 5197/7 7 does not exist 54 §17/8

55 521/14 ANTONIA 1 364/41 56 §21/2 2 480/22 57 522/4

§§1, no. 59 103*522/2 58 §22/1 4635 Pp. 488/1 488 /2 61 60 (non-Roman) (non-Roman) 488/2

78 489/4 489/162| (non-Roman) 63 §31/1 840

Babelon—Crawford

Babelon Crawford Babelon Crawford

64 (non-Roman) 119544/9 544/26 65 530/1 | 120 66 (non-Roman) 121 544/27 67 (non-Roman) 122 §44/28 68 533/1 123 544/29

69 533/3a 125 124 544/30 544/6 70 533/36 71 (non-Roman) 126 544/31

12 (non-Roman) 127 544/32 73 (non-Roman) 128 544/10 74 (non-Roman) 129 544/33 75 (non-Roman) 130 76 § 36/1 131 P. 552,544/11 no. 117*

77 536/4 132 544/34 78 536/3 133 544/35 79 does not exist 134 544/7 80 533/2 135 544/36 81 (non-Roman) 136 544/37

82 (non-Roman) (non-Roman) 138 137 544/39 544/38 83 84 (non-Roman) 139-145 Pp. 552, no. 117* 85 (non-Roman) 146 545/1 86 (non-Roman) 147 87 (non-Roman) 148 545/2 484/1 88 (non-Roman)

89 (non-Roman) APPULEIA 1 317/3 90 (non-Roman) 2 317/1 91 541/2 3 317/2 92(non-Roman) 541/1 4 Pp. no. 93 | 5 $51, Pp. $51, no.83* 83*

94 539/1 APRONIA 1 (Imperial) 95 543/1 96 §42/2 2 (Imperial)

97 542/1 34(Imperial) 98 5§46/2 (Imperial) 99 100546/3 546/1 AQUILLIA 1 303/1

101 544/13 2(Imperial) 401/1 102 544/8 , 103 104 §44/12 4 (Imperial) 544/13 5 (Imperial) 105 544/14 67 (Imperial) 106 544/15 (Imperial) 107 544/16 8 (Imperial) 108 544/17 9 (Imperial) 109 544/2 10 (Imperial) 110 544/18 14 (Imperial) 111 544/19 12 (Imperial) 112 544/3 13 (Imperial) 113 544/20 14 (Imperial) 114 544/21 15 (Imperial) 115 544/22

116 544/23 ARRIA 1513/2 513/21 117 544/24 2 118 544/25 3 513/3 841 18-2

Concordances

Babelon Crawford Babelon Crawford

ASINIA 1 (Imperial) AXIA 1 400/14 2 (Imperial) 2 400/1b

3 (Imperial) 3 (non-Roman) 4 (non-Roman) ATIA21§24/1 (non-Roman) 5 (non-Roman) 3 524/2 6 (non-Roman) BAEBIA 1 133/2

2 199/1b 3 133/3 3 199/2 4 133/12 45 199/3 199/4 56 133/1 133/4

ATILIA 1 199/1a 2 p. 556, no. 1§7*

6 199/5 7 133/5

(ii p.7$93) 6 bis 199/6 8 133/6 (non-Roman) 9 133/7

214/1¢ 10 133/8 9810214/1b 11 133/9 214/2 12 236/1 11 214/3 13 (non-Roman) 12 214/4 14 (non-Roman) 13 214/5

15 214/7 23 517/2 16 225/1 517/3 AUFIDIA 1 227/1 BETILIENA 1 (Imperial) 14 214/6 BARBATIA 1 §17/1a

2 Pp. 550, no. 62* 3 Pp. §57, no. 184* CAECILIA 1 132/2

4 p. 548, no. 20* 23 132/1 132/3 AURELIA 1 136/41 4 132/4 2 136/2 5 132/5

345 136/3 6 132/6 136/4 7 132/7 136/5 8 174/1 68 Pp.136/7 136/6 9 174/2 79 10 174/3 562, no. 246* 41 174/4 65/1 12 175/5 10 (wrongly described) 13 does not exist 11 65/3 14 269/1 12 65/4 15 256/2b 13 65/5 16 14-15 65/6 17256/4b 269/2

16 18 (wrongly 17 229/1 Pp. 557, no. 185* described) 19 269/4

19 221/1 21 256/41 20 282/1 22 21 314/1 23 256/2a 256/2a 24 256/2a

18 Pp. §57, no. 185* 20 (does not exist)

AUTRONIA 146/1 256/3 2 Pp. 549,1no. 44* 25 26 256/4a

3 p. 556, no. 160* 27 Pp. $50, no. 71* 842

Babelon-Crawford

Babelon Crawford Babelon Crawford

28 263/14 34 (non-Roman) (non-Roman) 29 263/1a 35 30 369/1 36 (Imperial)

31 263/2 37 (Imperial) 32 263/3a 38 (Imperial) 33 263/4 39 (Imperial) 34 263/5a 40 (Imperial) 35 284/14

36 284/1b CANIDIA 1 (non-Roman) (non-Roman) 37 Pp. §58, no. 202* 2 38 262/1 39 262/2 (for 39 var. CANINIA 1 (Imperial)

cf. Bf. 1, §9) 2 (Imperial) 40 262/3 3 (Imperial) 41 262/4 4 (Imperial) 42 262/5

43 374/1 CARISIA = 4 464/2 44 374/2 2 464/4 45 335/1b 34 464/5 46 335/1¢ 464/3 47 459/1 5 464/3 48 460/1 6 464/6 49 460/2 7 464/8a 50 461/1 8 464/8b

54 460/4 10 9 464/8b 52 460/3 464/1 464/1 CAESIA 1 298/41 1211464/7a

13 464/7b CALIDIA 1 284/1a 14 (Imperial) 2 Pp. 558, no. 202* 15 (Imperial)

3 284/1b 16 (Imperial) 17 (Imperial)

CALPURNIA 18 (Imperial) 2 247/11 15§3/1 19 (Imperial)

247/2 21 20 (Imperial) (Imperial) 453 247/3 330/1 2223(Imperial) 6-12 340/1 (Imperial)

13 340/2¢ 340/2d 25 24 (Imperial) (Imperial) 14 15 340/3a 26 (Imperial) 16 340/3b 27 (Imperial) 17 Pp. 559, no. 214% 28 (Imperial) 18 340/4 29 (Imperial) 19 340/S5a 30 (Imperial)

20 340/6c 21 CASSIA 1 266/1 22340/6a 418/141 2 266/2

23 418/2 34 266/3 24-29 408/1 321/41 30 446/1 5 355/1¢ 31 (non-Roman) 67 386/1 32 (non-Roman) 33 (non-Roman) 8 428/3 428/2 843

Concordances

Babelon Crawford Babelon Crawford

10 413/1 2 332/1 12 498/1 CLOVIA 1 180/1 13 499/121 2 180/2 14 500/1 3 180/3 15 500/2 4 180/4 16 500/3 5 180/5 17 500/4 6 173/1 18 500/5 7 173/2 19 505/3 8 173/3 20 505/1 9 173/4 21 505/2 10 22 (Imperial) 11173/5 476/1

9 428/1 CLOULIA 1 260/41 11 Pp. 564, no. 287*

23 (Imperial)

24 (Imperial) COCCEIA 517/4 2 1517/5

CESTIA 1 491/1a 3 517/6 2 491/1b

3 491/2 COILIA 21 318/1a 154/1

CIPIA 1 289/1 34318/1b 23 p.289/2 550, no. 77* 437/148 5 —-437/1b 4 289/3 6 Pp. 559, no. 223*

5 289/4 7 437/2a 6 289/5 8 437/38 437/2b CLAUDIA 1 300/1 109 437/36 23 299/1b 299/14 12 11 437/4b 437/4a 4 373/1b

6 3833/1 2 465/2a 7 441/1 3 465/1b 5 383/1 | CONSIDIA 1 424/1

910 445/1 5 465/5 445/2 6 11 439/1 7 465/3 465/4

8 p. 559, no. 224* 4 465/1a

12 §12/1 89 465/7 13 512/2 465/6 14 494/22 10 465/8a 15 494/23 11 465/8b

16 494/204 17 494/21 COPONIA 1 444/14 18 494/16 2 444/1b 19494/5 494/17 3 444/1¢ 20 21 494/18 CORDIA 1 463/1b

22 not exist 463/1a 23does 494/6a 3 2463/3

24 494/19 45463/2 25 (Imperial) 463/4 26 (Imperial) 6 463/5 27 (Imperial) 7 463/5 844

Babelon-Crawford

89 463/6 463/6 54 53393/14 345/4 55 393/1b CORNELIA 1 205/1 56 (barbarous) 2 205/2 57 549/1 3 205/3 58 397/1 465 189/1 205/4 59 426/1 205/5 60 426/2 61 426/4a 78 189/2 62 426/4b 189/3 63 426/3 910189/4 , 64 189/5 65 445/1 445/2 Babelon Crawford Babelon Crawford

11 178/1 66 445/3b 12 1783/2 67 445/3a 13 178/3 68 441/1 14 178/4 69 439/1 15 Pp.178/5 556, no. 71 169*500/7 70 500/6 16 17 310/1 72 500/4 18 288/1 73 500/5 19 296/1 74 500/2 20 296/1 75 500/3 21 296/2 76§§2, 500/1 22 296/3 77 Pp. no, 112* 23 296/4 78 §18/1 24 311/1 79 (Imperial) 25 329/1a—b 80(Imperial) (Imperial) 26 329/1c-d 81 27 329/2 82 (Imperial)

28 359/1 83 (Imperial) 29 359/2 84 (Imperial) 30 359/2 85 (Imperial) 31 Pp. §59, no.87 220* 86 (Imperial) 32 375/1 (Imperial) 33 375/2 34 368/41 CORNU35 p. 566 FICIA 1 509/1 36 p. 566 2 509/2

37 308/4b 3 509/4 509/5 38 367/4 4 39367/4 367/5and § COSCONIA 1 282/2 40 41 367/2 COSSUTIA 1 395/1 42 367/3 43 367/2 and33 480/16 2 480/19 44 376/1 45381/1a 354/3 4 480/15 46

48 434/1 2 399/1b 49 434/2 50 345/1 CREPUSIA 1 361/21 51 345/2 2 360/14 52 345/3 3 360/1b

47 381/1b CREPEREIA 1 399/1a

845

Concordances

Babelon Crawford Babelon Crawford

mperi CUPIENNIA 1 218/1 3 42 (Imperial) (Imperial) CURIATIA 1 223/1 5 (Imperial) 2 240/14 6 (Imperial)

CRITONIA 1 351/1 DURMIA 1 mesial

3 240/3b 240/2b 87 (Imperial) (Imperial) 45 240/4b 9 mperia

678 240/3a 240/61110(Imperial) mperi 240/2a

240/4a EGNATIA 1391/3 391/1 (li p.910594) 9 bis 240/5 2 p. 548, no. 21* 3 391/2

3 285/3 |

2 285/2 LEIA 4 333/1 45 285/4 EPPIA 4 461/1 285/5 2 478/14 3 P. no, 99* 76 285/6 285/7 4 551, 478/1b

CURTIA 1 (plated hybrid) EGNATU-

DECIA 1 128/1 FABIA 273/4 2 Pp.1555, no. 199. DECIMIA 1 207/14 3 (non-Roman) 5 2605/1 DIDIA 1 2

4 has 371/14

2 ole 6 8 265/2 DOMITIA 1 147/1 9 p. 558, no. 196* 23147/2 6 10 265/3 261/2 11 268/1 4 28 3 12 283/1a

7 p. 558, no. 196*

‘ A 13 283/1b 72 386 4 14 322/1b g (plated hybrid) "3 322/12 285/ 16 322/2 *0 28s "4 17 366/2 -13 ane285/7 FABRINIA 1 251/41 : 2534/2 14 282/14 261/14 43 251/4 251/3 15 16 17 282/2 282/3 FANNIA 1 275/21

18 282/5 282/4 32 275/3 275/2 19 20 519/14 4 351/1 21 519/2 22 FARSULEIA 1 392/14 23§21/1 521/2 2 392/1b 846

Babelon~Crawford

Babelan Crawford Babelon Crawford

19356/1b 356/1a FLAMINIA 1 302/1 20 2 485/2 21 (non-Roman)

3 485/1 22 (non-Roman) 23 414/1

FLAVIA 1 504/141

GALLIA 1 (Imperial) FONTEIA 1 290/1 2 (Imperial) 23 290/3 290/2 3 (Imperial)

;6ore GARGILIA 1 350A/1a 290/6 2 350A/1b

78 307/1b-d 3 35onts 307/1a 4 350A/1d 910 353/14 ° 350A/t4¢ 6 does not exist 353/1¢ u‘2353/1d 7 350A/3a 8 350A/3b 353/2 9 350A/3C 13 559, no. 3504/3 219% 10 d 14p.353/3 15 Pp. 559, no. 219* i 3s oNee 16 Pp. 559, no. 219* 17 48 429/1 429/2 GELLIA 1 232/1

19 (non-Roman) (non-Roman) 32 232/2 232/1 20 4 232/3 FUFIA 1 403/1 5 6232/3 232/4 FULVIA 1 284/1b 7 517/7

23 p. 284/1a 8 517/8 558, no. 202* FUNDANIA 1 326/1 2 308/2 2 326/2 3 308 /3 4 308/4a FURIA 1 144/1 HIRTIA 1 466/1 23144/2 144/33 (non-Roman) 2 466/14 45 144/5 144/4 HERENNIA 1 308/1

76 144/6 155/1HORATIA 14 127/14 510ella HOSIDIA 12 407/2 does not exist 407/1 14 155/4

13 187/1 2 448/2 |

42 Dp. 555, no. 136* HOSTILIA 1 315/1

14 no.no. 47*47* 3 P. 4 564, no. 290% 15Pp. Pp.549, 549, 448/3

16 Pp. 549, no. 47* 5 448/1 17 151/1

18 281/1 ITIA 1 209/14 847

Concordances

Babelon Crawford Babelon Crawford

JULIA 1 224/1 488/2 2 258/1 5655 494/16

323/1 58 57 494/39a 494/24 43 320/1 and60 c 59 529/3 657 352/1a 352/1b §29/2a 352/2 61 529/2b 8 355/1¢ 62 529/1 910 443/1 63 490/1 458/1 65 64 490/3 490/2 i1 468/1 12 468/2 66 497/12 13 482/1 67 497/3 14 457/1 68 529/4b 1§ 456/1 697O does495/1 not exist 16 467/1 17 476/1 71 495/2 18 475/14 72 §28/1b 19 475/1b 73 528/2a 528/2b 20 475/2 74 24 Pp. $51, no.76 99* §28/3 75 492/1 22 466/1 23p.466/1 77 78493/1 24 551, no. 98* 494/18 25 452/1 719 does not exist 26 452/2 80 494/6a 27 452/5 81 494/19 28 452/4 82 494/25 29 452/3 83 494/3a 30 481/1 84 494/15 31 480/2a 85 494/9b 32 4800/3. 86 494/33 33 480/17 87 (plated hybrid) 34 480/4 88 494/12 35 480/8 89 497/2 36 480/7b gO Pp. §§2, no. 112* 36 var. 480/7a 91 §18/1 37 480/6 93 92 523/1b §23/1a 38 480/1 39 480/26 480/24 95 94517/14 517/6 40 41 480/15 480/16 97 96 518/2 §17/2 42 43 480/19 98 535/14 44 485/2 99 535/1 45 485/1 100 p. 566, no. 310* 46480/18 480/5b 101 535/2 47 102 p. 566, no. 310* 48 480/10 103 (Imperial) 49 480/11 104 (Imperial) 50 480/13 105 (Imperial) $1 480/20 106 (Imperial) $2 480/21 107 (Imperial) 53 p. 551, no. 103% 108 (Imperial)

54 488/1 109 (Imperial) 848

Babelon-Crawford

Babelon Crawford Babelon Crawford

110 165 does not 411(Imperial) (Imperial) exist

112 (Imperial) 166-354 (Imperial) 113 (Imperial)

114 JUNIA 1 210/1 115(Imperial) (Imperial) 2 210/2

116 (Imperial) 34 210/3 117 (Imperial) 210/4 118 (Imperial) 5 210/5 119 (Imperial) 6 210/6 120 (Imperial) 7 210/7 121 5§26/4 8 220/1

122 §26/210 9 285/2 123 526/1 285/3

124 526/3 11 285/4125 525/4 12 285/5 126 §25/3 13 285/6 127 525/1 14 285/7 128 525/21615337/3 337/3 129 534/2 var. 130 534/1 17 337/2f 131 534/3 18 337/2¢

132 (Imperial) 19 337/1a 133 (Imperial) 20 337/1b 134 (Imperial) | 21 135 537/1 22 P. 559,337/4 no. 212*

136 537/2 23559, 337/5 137 538/2 24 p. no. 212* 138 540/14 25 450/2 139 540/227 26451/12 450/1 140 538/1 141546/6 546/4 28554, 450/3 142 29 Pp. no. 95* 143 546/7 30 433/2 144 546/8 3132433/1 145 (Imperial) 433/1 146 (Imperial) 33 506/3 147 (Imperial) 34 501/1 148 (Imperial) 35 §03/1 149 (Imperial) 36 §02/1 150 (Imperial) 37 §02/2 151 (Imperial) 38 502/3 152 (Imperial) 39 502/4 153 (Imperial) 40 500/6 154 (Imperial) 41 500/7 155 (Imperial) 42 506/2 156 (Imperial) 43 §06/1 157 (Imperial) 44 507/2 158 (Imperial) 45 §07/1a 159 (Imperial) 46 §07/1b 160 (Imperial) 47 505/4 161 (Imperial) 48 505/5 162 (Imperial) 49 504/1 163 164 (Imperial) (Imperial) 50 51 §08/1 §08/2

| 849

Concordances

, 52 508/3 1112494/28 | 53 542/1 494/30 13 494/29 Babelon Crawford Babelon Crawford

JUVENTIA 1 161/1 14 (Imperial) 2 161/2 15 (Imperial)

161/3 17 16 (Imperial) (Imperial) 435 161/4 161/5 19 18 (Imperial) (Imperial) 67 202/1 161/6

LOLLIA 1 473/2 LICINIA 1 186/1 2 473/1 2 186/2 3 473/3

186/3 4 473/4 43 186/4 5 186/5 LUCILIA 1 324/1 6 DP. 557, no. 171%

292/2 2 390/1 9810 292/3 3 390/2 292/4a 11 282/1 LURIA 1 (Imperial) 7 292/1 LUCRETIA 1 237/1

12 282/3 282/2©23(Imperial) 13 (Imperial) 14 282/4 4 (Imperial) 15 354/1 282/5 LUTATIA 1 125/41 16

17 354/2 2 305/1 18 430/1 3 p. 558, no. 206* 19 460/1 4 Pp. 551, no. 20 460/2 5 305/279*

21 460/4 MAECILIA 1 92/1 22 460/3 23 454/2 2 (Imperial)

24 454/1 34 (Imperial) 25 454/3 (Imperial) 26 454/4 5 (Imperial) 27 454/5 6 (Imperial) 28 (Imperial) 29 MAENIA 1 138/1 30(Imperial) (Imperial) 2 143/1

31 (Imperial) 43 143/3 143/2 32 (Imperial) 33 (Imperial) 56143/4 143/5

LIVINEIA 1 494/24 249/14 2 494/2za 8 7249/2

494/2b 9 249/3 43 494/25 10 249/4 5 494/34 67494/36 MAIANIA 14 203/14 494/1 2 203/2 494/31 34 203/3 98 494/26a 10 494/27 5 , 203/4 203/5 850

Babelon-Crawford

Babelon Crawford Babelon Crawford

6q (Imperial) 203/6 2728360/1b 425/14

29 425/1 MALLIA 1 299/14 30 (Imperial) 2 299/1b 31 (Imperial) 32 (Imperial)

MAMILIA 1 149/1a

23149/2b MARIA 1 148/1 149/3a 2 148/2

46 149/4a 3 148/3 5 149/Sa 4 148/4 362/1 5 148/5 q98 360/1b 360/1a 786 378/1a 148/6 360/1a 378/1b 9 378/1¢

MANLIA 1 309/1 (Imperial) 2 295/1 11 10 (Imperial)

367/4 13 12 (Imperial) (Imperial) 435 367/4-5 367/5 14(Imperial) (Imperial) 67 367/2 15 367/3 16 8 367/2-3 17(Imperial) (Imperial) in eb MATIENA 1 162/2

41 411/14 4362/3 tela 12 411/1b 215/14 5162/Sa 162/4 MARCIA ; ie 6 215/3 78 162/6b 435 215/5 215/49 P. 162/7a $47; no. 2.

8 245/15 313/4 3*3 313/2 43 313/3

: 6 215/6 MEMMIA 304/1 7 215/7 2 113/1 910 245/2 245/3

11 12 259/1 293/1. 89 3409/1 427/2

13 293/2 10 427/1 14 293/3 15 P. 558, no. 205* MESCINIA 1 (Imperial) 16 283/18 23 (Imperial) 17 283/1b (Imperial) 18 346/1 4 (Imperial)

19 346/3 346/2 56 (Imperial) 20 (Imperial) 21 346/4 22 346/4 METTIA 1 480/23 23 346/5 2 480/28 24 363/1 3 480/2a 25 360/1a | 4 480/3 26 360/1a 5 480/17 851

Concordances

Babelon Crawford Babelon Crawford MINATIA 1-5 470/1 9 (Imperial) 10 (Imperial)

4 242/2 |

MINUCIA 1 277/1 11 (Imperial) 2 277/2 12 (Imperial)

! 3 242/14 13 (Imperial) 5 242/3 NASIDIA 1 483/2 6 242/4 2 483/2 78does not exist 3483/1 (barbarous) 242/5 4 910243/1 243/1 var. NERIA 1 441/21 11 Pp. 558, no. 191* 2 445/2 12 243/2 13 243/3 NONIA 1 421/1

14 243/4 23 (Imperial) 15 248/1 (Imperial) 16 248/2

18 248/4 32 491/1a 357/2 19 319/1 491/1b MUCIA 1 403/14 54 491/2 MUNATIA 1 475/1b NUMITORIA 41 246/1 2 475/1a 2 246/2 3 475/2 3 246/3 456 5§22/2 522/4 546246/4b 246/4a 522/1 246/5 MUSSIDIA 1 494/44a NUMONIA 1 §14/1 17 248/3 NORBANA 1 357/1

2 494/44b 2 514/2 3 494/45 3 p. 581 n. 7 4 494/40

5 494/41 OGULNIA 1 350A/1c 6 2350A/1€ 350A/1d 78 494/42a-c 494/43a 3 not exist 9 494/39 494/134 5does 350A/1a

10 494/7b 6 7—350A/3d 350A/1b 11 494/14 12 494/8a 89 350A/3¢ 13 494/8b 14 494/15 10 350A/3a 350A/3b

15 —- 494/9b 14 350A/3e 12 350A/3f NAEVIA 1 179/1 2 179/2 OPIMIA 1 188/1

35 179/4 179/3 2 188/2 46 3 1838/3 179/5 54 188/5 188/4 382/1

78 (Imperial) 6 does not exist (Imperial) 9 190/1 852

Babelon—Crawford

190/2 9 546/2 98 190/3 10 546/3 10 190/4 114 546/1 11 190/6 12 5456/6

Babelon Crawford Babelon Crawford

12 253/2 253/1 14 13 546/8 546/7 13 14 253/3 15 does not exist

15 Pp. 558, no. 193*

16 254/1 PLAETORIA 1 P. 5475 no. 5*

2409/2 396/1 OPPIA 1 450/2 3 2 450/3 4 409/1

(non-Roman) 56 405/5 453 (non-Roman) 405/3 (non-Roman) 7 405/4 6 (non-Roman) 8 (plated hybrid) 78 (non-Roman) (non-Roman)10 9 405/1 405/2 11 §08/1 PAPIA 1 3384/1 12 §08/2 2 472/1 13 508/3 472/2PLANCIA 1 432/1 43 472/3 56 472/4c 472/4bPLAUTIA 1 134/14

7 472/4a 2 134/1b 134/2 PAPIRIA 1 193/1 43134/3

2 193/2 5 134/4 3 193/3 6 134/5 465 276/1 193/4 987422/1b 134/6 193/5 422/1b

7 279/1 1c 422/14 9 279/2 12 420/2 2 §06/1 15 453/1 16 (non-Roman)

8 Pp. 548, no. 21* 11 420/41 431/1 PEDANIA 1 506/2 1413453/1

PETILLIA 1 487/1 (Imperial) 2 487/2a 18 17 (Imperial)

487/2b 20 19 (Imperial) (Imperial) 43 487/2c 21 (Imperial)

PETRONIA 1-21 (Imperial) 22 (Imperial)

PINARIA 1 208/1 PLUTIA 1. 278/1 2 200/1

3 200/2 POBLICIA 1 282/3 46 200/3 2 335/1b 5 200/4 3 335/1c 200/5 4 335/2 7 200/6 5 (barbarous)

8 does not exist 6 335/3d 853

Concordances

Babelon Crawford Babelon Crawford

2 274/3 9810335/3f 380/1 3 270/1 469/1 4 301/1 5 343/1a—-b POMPEIA 1 235/1 6 343/1c 2 235/2 7 343/2 235/3 8 282/5 43 434/14 9 462/1¢ 5 434/2 10 462/1a-b 7 335/38 PORCIA 1 274/14

6 402/1 11 462/2 POSTUMIA 1 252/1 98is446/1 469/ 4 2 335 jib 4704 3 335/t¢ 7 447/14

4 335/9 16-18 477/1 5 335/10a *9 ph 6 335/10b

21 §11/2 H las 22 511/48 9 304/1 2/4

a25ae 10 450/2 —-§11/3b42O/1 4it

26 28 ae313 450/3a we 2 14 450/3b 30 i PROCILIA 1 379/1 31 Pp. $52, 2 379/2 no. 109*

2 334/3 , 47 334/5 2 267/14 | 34/0 3 267/2 334 t 4 267/3 798 410/2 282/4 5 267/4 410/176(Imperial) 297/14

1 (non-Roman) POMPONIA 1 334/2PROCULEIA 2 (non-Roman) 3 334/4 QUINCTIA 1 548/1

10 410/2 98 (Imperial) (Imperial) if 410/3

12 410/6 10 (Imperial) 13 410/5 11 (Imperial) 14 410/4 12 15 410/10 13(Imperial) (Imperial)

16410/7 410/10 14 (Imperial) 7 ‘9 4 lobe QUINCTILIA 1 15§2/1a-b

20 410/9b—c 21 410/9a RENIA 4 231/14

22 398/14 410/8 23 231/2 23 231/3 854

Babelon-Crawford

Babelon Crawford Babelon Crawford ROSCIA 1 283/1 SEMPRONIA 1 169/1

23 412/14 283/2 23216/41 216/2a 4 216/2b

RUBELLIA 1 (Imperial)65216/4a 216/3

RUBRIA 1 348/14 78216/4b 216/5 23 348/2 9 216/6 4348/3 348/4 *0 525/4

5 348/6 348/5 12 14 §25/1 525/3 6 7 Pp. 559, no. 217* 13 525/2

8 348/7 44 an x 15 non-Roman g 17 , (non-Roman)

9 P. 559» No. 247 16 (non-Roman) RUSTIA 1 389/1 . 18 (non-Roman) 2 (Imperial) aq ‘al 19 (non-Roman)

, 3 (Imperial) 20 (Imperial) 21 (Imperial) RUTILIA 1 387/1

SENTIA 1 325/1 SALVIA 1 §23/1a 2 Pp. $51, no. 85* 23 (Imperial) §23/1b SEPULLIA 1 480/5b

45 (Imperial) 23 480/18 (Imperial) 480/10 6 (Imperial) 4 480/11 56480/13 SANQUINIA 1 (Imperial) 480/20 23 (Imperial) (Imperial),78 480/21 480/22 45 (Imperial) (Imperial) 9 480/25 10 does not exist 6 (Imperial) 14 12 480/27 480/27

SATRIENA 14 388/1 13 p. 548, no. 21* SAUFEIA 1 204/1

SERGIA 1 286/1

3 204/ 3 2 239/2 45 304! 3 239/4 239/3 415 4 56 264/1 SCRIBONIA 1 201/1 264/1 2 201/2 7 370/141 201/3 8 264/2 43 201/4 9 264/3 5 201/6 201/5 10 264/4b 6 11 264/4a 7 201/7 12 330/1 8 416/1 13 327/1 9 417/1 14 328/1 2 204/2 SERVILIA 1 2390/1 204/4

855

Concordances

Babelon Crawford Babelon Crawford

15 423/1 (Imperial) 16 p. 551,STATILIA no. 95* 21(Imperial) 419433/1 433/1 SULPICIA 1 312/1

7 33" 3 (Imperial) 20 506/3 2 312/2 21 §01/1 3 312/3 22 503/1 4 312/4 23 oa, 5 p. ee no. 207* 24 502/2 406/1 25 502/3 7 406/1 26 502/4 8 438/1 27 500/6 9 515/1 28 506/2 §00/71110(Imperial) 515/2 29 30 506/1 12 (Imperial)

31 soa 13 (Imperial) 32 508/141 33 508/2 TARQUITIA 1 366/4 34 507/2 508/3 TERENTIA 1 126/1 35

36 507/14 23 74/1 37 507/1b 74/2 38 505/4 4 185/14 39 505/5 5 185/2 40 505/3 6 185/3 41 505/14 7 257/4 42 505/2 8 185/5 9 185/6 SESTIA 1 502/14 10217/2 2417/1 2 502/2 11 502/3 13 12 217/4 217/3 | 43 502/4

14 we 15 447/1 SICINTA 3 ‘aai 16 (non-Roman) hybrid) 17 fnon- Roman) 43 (plated 444/1¢ 18 (non-Roman)

5 440/t THORIA 1 316/1

SILIA51(Imperial) (Imperial)

TITIA341/2 1 341/1 3 (Imperial) 341/3 43 341/4

SOSIA 4 (non-Roman)65341/6 341/5 2 (non-Roman)

(non-Roman) 7 341/7 43(non-Roman) TITINIA 1 150/1

SPURILIA 1 230/1 2 150/2 2 does not exist 3 308 4 150/4 STATIA 4 510/14 56 150/5 2 (non-Roman) 150/6 856

Babelon-Crawford

Babelon Crawford Babelon Crawford

7 226/2 226/1 31 30 (Imperial) (Imperial) 8 9 Pp. 557, no. 183* 32 (Imperial)

TITURIA 1 344/14

33 (Imperial)

23 344/1b VARGUN344/1¢ TEIA 1

257/41 257/2

46 344/2b 2 5 344/2c 3 257/3 344/3 4 257/4 7 344/4 5 257/5

TREBANIA 1 241/1 VENTIDIA 1 §31/1

23 241/3 241/2VERGILIA 1 350A/1e

45 241/4 not exist 241/52 3does 350A/1a

4 350A/1b TULLIA 1 280/1 5 350A/1C 6 350A/1d

TURILLIA 1 344/5b 7 350A/3e 2 344/5¢ 8 350A/3f

cf.559, 187/7 9 350A/3a 43Pp. no, 215* 10 350A/3b

5 545/14 if 350A/3d 12 350A/3C

VALERIA 1 191/1

23191/2 VETTIA 1 331/1 191/3 | 2 404/1 45 191/5 191/4VETURIA 1 234/1 q8 228/2 Not 95/1 9 228/1 228/3VIBIA numbered

6 191/6 2 234/2

10 228/4 12 342/5b 11 306/1 342/5b 12 365/1 3 342/4b 13 435/14 4 342/6a 342/4a 14 474/3a 5 15 474/36 67 342/3b 16 474/1b 342/3a 17 474/14 8 342/1 18 474/2 9 342/2 19 474/2 10-12 342/7 20 474/5 13 342/8 21 474/6 474/4 15 14 342/9b 342/9a | 22 23 474/7 16 449/2 24 (Imperial) 18 17449/1a 449/3 25 (Imperial) 26 (Imperial) 19 449/1b 27 (Imperial) 20 449/4 28 (Imperial) 21 449/5 29 (Imperial) 22 451/1

, 857

Concordances

Babelon Crawford Babelon Crawford

23 494/37 3 534/3 24 494/36 4 (Imperial) 25 494/35 5 (Imperial)

26 494/38 67 (Imperial) 27 494/34 (Imperial) 28 494/10 8 (Imperial) 29 494/3210 9 (Imperial) 30 494/11 (Imperial) 31 494/33

33 494/12 2 526/2 3 526/1

32 (plated hybrid) VOCONIA 1 526/4

VINICIA 1. 436/1 4 526/3 2 (Imperial) VOLTEIA 1 385/1 435(Imperial) (Imperial) 2 385/2 (Imperial) 3 4385/3 385/4

VIPSANIA 1 534/2 5 385/5 2 534/1 6 377/1

858

I. INDEX OF TYPES (a) Substantive types This index is to the catalogue only and the numbers given are those of the catalogue; the order of the entries is sometimes logical rather than strictly alphabetical; an asterisk indicates that

the type in question is an attribute or adjunct. I have taken advantage of the opportunity offered by this index to give a certain amount of bibliographical information not easily presentable elsewhere. This index should be used in conjunction with the index of persons.

Accensus, 433; see also Attendant Plutarch, Ant. 18-wrongly from 43 B.C.

Actsculus, 474 only), 480, 488, 492, 493, 494, 496, 516,

Acisculus*, 474 517, 520, $521, 527, 528, 529, 531, 533, 536;

Acorn, 14, 21 539; 541; 542, 543, 545 Acorn*, 26 M. Antonius junior, head r., §41

Aegis, 285, 463 Anvil*, 416 Aegis*, 328, 348, 465, 494 Apex (see K. E. Esdaile, JRS 1911, 212), 443, Aemilia, Vestal, 494 489, 532

?Aemilia, head r., 419 Apex*, 52, 59, 252, 267, 268, 306, 480, 494,

M. Aemilius Lepidus, Cos. 187, 419 502

M. Aemilius Lepidus, head 1., 494 Aplustre, 505; see also Trophy, naval

495 Apollo in biga r., 254

M. Aemilius Lepidus, head r., 492, 494, Aplustre*, 426, 505, 511

L. Aemilius Paullus, 415 Apollo in quadriga r., 236

Aeneas carrying Anchises, 458, 494 Apollo, bust |., wearing diadem, 408

Africa (see F. Salviat, RAN, 1972, 21), bustr., Apollo, bust r., 504

491, 509 Apollo, bust r., wearing diadem, 408 terrae Africae bolt in r. hand, 298, 354

Africa, head r., 402, 461; see also Genius Apollo, bust seen from behind, with thunder-

Alexandria, head r., 419 Apollo, head r., 445

Altar, 334, 372, 445, 455, 478, 494 Apollo, head 1., hair tied with band, 18, 19, 26

Altar*, 540 Apollo, head r., hair tied with band, 18, 26, Altar with snake coiled round top, 348 346, 369, 444

Altar with snake coiled round top*, 348 Apollo, head 1., wearing diadem, 408 Amphitrite, bust seen from behind, 399 Apollo, head r., wearing diadem, 285, 408,

Anchises, 458, 494 410, 474 Anchor, 10, 340, 506 Apollo, laureate head 1., 15, 408

Anchor*, 50, 86B, 194, 258, 290; see also Apollo, laureate head r., 1, 26, 97 (on quin-

Trophy, naval cunx), 99 (on quincunx), 333, 334, 335, 340, Ancile*, 452 341, 342, 344, 353, 361, 363, 369, 370, 371,

Ancus Marcius, head r., 346, 425 373, 385, 408, 410, 454, 465, 494, 503, 506

Anguipede figure, 405; see also Giant Apollo, head r., wearing oak-wreath, 350A

Ankh*, 460 ?Apollo, head r., wearing oak-wreath, 304; C. Antius Restio, head r., 455 see also Male head L. Antonius, head r., 517 Aqueduct, 291, 425 M. Antonius as Augur, 533 Aquila, see Eagle M. Antonius as soldier, 533 Aretas kneeling, 422 M. Antonius, head r. (for his beard see Argus*, see Dog 859

Indices Armenian tiara, §39 Branch*, 76, 236, 256, 257, 262, 276, 288, 367,

Armenian tiara*, 543 494, 531; see also Laurel-branch, Palm-

Arrow, see Bow branch Arrow*, 434, 444 Branches, two*, 229

Artemis of Ephesus, 445 Bucranium®, 296, 372

Artemis of Massalia, 448 Bull 1., 5, 24

?Artemis, bust r., 508; see also Diana Bull r., 5, 37, 474

Aspergillum (standard numismatic term, not Bull charging r., 39, 42, 69, 72, 494 actually attested, but a falsa lectio at CGL Bull galloping 1., 377 li, 404, 22, see TLL, s.v.; R. von Schaeven, Bull*, 116, 142, 372 Rémische Opfergerdte, 45-6), 372, 443, 467, Bull, man-headed r., 2

489, 492, 532, 537, 538 Bull, man-headed, forepart r., 1 Ass*, 195 ?Buteo, 322 Ass’s head*, 220 Butterfly*, 184 , Attendant of magistrate, 292, 301 Butterfly and vine-branch*, 184 Axe (see A. B. Cook, Zeus ii, 631-5), 406, 443,

456, 466, 480, 484, 489, 500, 508, $32 Caduceus (symbol of Mercury, q.v., also

Axe*, 452, 502 symbol of Felicitas, RE vi, 2165-6, or signum pacis, Aulus Gellius x, 27, 3, com-

Bacchius Iudaeus, 431 pare Servius on Vergil, Aen. iv, 2423 viii, Ballot*, 292; see also Tablet 138), 14, 25, 285, 357, 480, §22, 529

Barley-grain, 18 Caduceus tied with fillet, 11

Barley-grain*, 414 Caduceus, winged, 405, 440

Barley-grains, two, 14, 25 Caduceus between two cornuacopiae on globe,

Basilica Aemilia, 419 520 Battle between two gladiators, 294 Caduceus*, 37, 60, 108, 296, 335, 348, 366,

Battle on horseback, 264, 370 367, 403, 449, 450, 460, 470, 472, 485, 494

429 Calf 1., $26

Battle between horseman and warrior on foot, Caestus*, 396 Battle between Roman soldier and barbarian Calydonian boar, see Boar

soldier, 319 Camel r., 422, 431

Battle between two soldiers, 327 Capis = Simpulum, see Varro, LL v, 213 Battle between man and lion*, 261 Livy x, 7, 10; Arruntius in Priscian, GLK

Bellerophon on Pegasus, 395 ii, 251

?Bellona, helmeted bust r., 385 Capitoline temple, 385, 487 Bench, see Sella, Subsellium Capitoline triad, see Jupiter

Bird*, 141, 292, 322 Capricorn®, §50

Bird and rudder*, 117B Captive, 232, 326, 332, 427, 429, 438, 452,

Boar I., 18, 26 468, 503 , Boar r., 18, 26 Carnyx*, 128, 281, 326, 332, 333, 337; 437, Boar, Calydonian, 407 448, 450, 452, 468, 482

Boar, Erymanthian, 385 Catanaean brothers, 511

Boar’s-head helmet*, 281 Catanaean brothers, one of, 308

Boar-standard*, 437 Causia*, 432, 484

Bocchus, 426 Centaur fighting Hercules, 39 Bonus Eventus, head r., 416 Centaurs, biga of, 229

Bow*, 27, 444 Ceres walking r., torch in each hand, 341, 342, Bow and arrow with club, 285 449

Bow and arrow*, 236, 254, §39 Ceres seated r., holding torch in 1. hand, cornBow and quiver*, 380, 391, 432, 494; see also ears in r. hand, 427

Diana Ceres in biga of snakes r., 385, 449 Boxer r., 396 Ceres, bust r., 351, 378 Bow-case and quiver*, 524 Ceres, bust l1., 321

Boy, half-length figure facing, 405 Ceres, head r., 82, 97 (on quincunx), 99 (on

Boy, winged, on dolphin r., 390 quincunx), 414, 427, 467, 494

Branch, 3 | Chariot*, 482 860

Types

Chickens, two, apparently feeding, 12 Cupid on shoulder of Venus, 391, 463, 468 Cista, for voting, 292; see also Voting-urn Cupid on dolphin, 463

Claudia, Vestal, 512 Cupid on goat, 353

M. Claudius Marcellus carrying trophy into Cupid breaking thunderbolt over knee, 352

temple, 439 Cupid, bust r., 391, 465

M. Claudius Marcellus, head r., 439 Cupid holding palm-branch*, 359

Clementia, temple of, 480 Cupids, biga of, 320 Cleopatra, bust r., 543 Curule chair, 356, 397, 409, 414, 428, 434, Club, 253, 5183 see also Bow and arrow 435, 460, 465, 473, 491, 494, 497 (on 491

Club on which hangs lion’s-skin, 444 and 497, front legs decorated with sculp-

Club*, 27, 39, 82, 89, 106, 229, 255, 348, 380, tured eagles, note Suetonius, Galba 18

410, 455, 461; also frequent adjunct of for a curule chair placed the wrong way

Head of Hercules round)

Cock*, 293 Cybele in biga of lions, 385, 491 C. Coelius Caldus, head r., 437 Cybele, bust r., 322

Column, see Victory on column Cybele, head r., 356, 409, 431

Columna Minucia, 242, 243 Cypress grove*, 486 Concordia, head r., 415, 417, 429, 436, 494,

529 Dagger*, 296; see also Knife, Sword

Corn-ear, 6, 357 Daggers, two, 508

Corn-ear*, 13, 40, 42, 68, 69, 72, 245, 252, Dancer, female*, 292 253, 260, 261, 264, 296, 306, 323, 330, 351, Decempeda, 525

404, 414, 426, 427, 445, 460, 461, 473, 494 Decempeda*, 78 |

Corn-ear and crooked staff*, 77 Dei Penates, jugate heads r., 312, 4553 see also

L. Cornelius Sulla, dream of, 480 Dioscuri, cf. p. 369

L. Cornelius Sulla receiving surrender of Desultor, 297, 346, 480

Jugurtha, 426 Diadem (see H. W. Ritter, Diadem und Konig-

L. Cornelius Sulla, head r., 434 herrschaft, Munich and Berlin, 1965), 39, Cornucopiae, 308, 376, 494 223, 240, 291, 293, 308, 336, 346, 348, 357, Cornucopiae on globe, 464; 494 359, 360, 366, 374, 375, 376, 382, 391, 392, Cornucopiae superimposed on thunderbolt, 396, 403, 413, 415, 417, 419, 424, 425, 426,

265, 371 429, 430, 440, 446, 447, 448, 452, 455, 4575

Cornucopiae, double, 308, 375, 474 458, 463, 465, 468, 473, 480, 481, 485, 498, Cornucopiae, double, on globe, 465 499, $00, §05, 506, §11, 513, 529, 543, 550

Cornucopiae*, 58, 157, 218, 296, 329, 397, Diadem tied with fillet*, 507 403, 405, 409, 460, 480, 494, 516, §25 Diadem, laureate*, 494

Cornuacopiae, two, 3, 520 Diadem, turreted*, 419

Q. Cornuficius standing 1., 509 Diadem, winged*, 341, 405, 418, 449

Crab, 505 | Diana standing facing, 494

Crescent, 39 Diana in biga r., holding reins in 1. hand,

Crescent*, 57, 137, 204, 212, 222, 292, 296, fituus in r. hand, 426

309, 310, 335, 346, 426, 470, 480, 494, 550 Diana in biga of stags r., 222, 336, 400

Crescent and five stars, 494 Diana, bust r., wearing diadem, 426

Crescent and seven stars, 390 Diana, bust r., bow and quiver over shoulder,

Crow*, 509 464

Crook*, 410 160, 308, 315, 335, 372, 383, 394, 407, Cuirass*, 430, 494, 533 Diana, head r., wearing diadem, bow and Culullus, 406, 443, 456, 467, 484, 500, 508 quiver over shoulder, 455 Culullus*, 452, 480, 512 Diana Nemorensis, statue, 486 Cupid walking r., holding palm-branch in 1. Diana Nemorensis, bust r., 486 hand, wreath in r. hand, 463 Dies, two, 464

Cupid flying with wreath, 313, 349 Dioscuri galloping r., standard reverse type Cupid placing wreath on prow-stem, 313 of denarius from 44 to 133/2, quinarius

Cupid crowning Venus, 258 from 14 to 103, sestertius from 44 to 98B,

Cupid flying above shoulder of Venus, 391, also 97 (on quincunx), 98A (on sextans), 99

494 (on quincunx), thereafter 134, 135, 137, 138, 861

Indices .

Dioscuri (cont.) Q. Fabius Pictor, 268

139, 146, 147, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 162, Fasces, 357, 372, 414, 480 164, 165, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 182, Fasces*, 403, 494 198, 201, 209, 210, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, Faustulus, shepherd, 235

515 469

219, 224, 233, 237, 267, 277, 278 Feather*, 130, 163

Dioscuri riding apart, 239 Felicitas, head r., 473 Dioscuri standing facing, each holding spear, Female figure giving palm-branch to soldier,

Dioscuri standing facing, between horses, Female figure, leading horse 1., 430

each holding spear, 304 Female figure, seated 1., holding culudlus in r.

Dioscuri watering horses at fountain of hand, 512 Juturna, 335; see also Horses Female figure, kneeling, 510

Dioscuri, jugate heads r., 98 A, 307, 463, 515 Female figure*, see Dancer, female* Dioscuri, Janiform head, hair tied with band, Female bust |., wearing winged diadem, 405

14, 25 Female bust r., 343, 462

Dioscuri, laureate Janiform head, 28, 29, 30, Female bust r., wearing causia, 484

31, 32, 33, 34, 42, 290 Female bust r., laureate and wearing diadem, Dioscuri, one of, r., 98A Female bust r., wearing diadem, 366

Dioscuri, caps of *, see Pilei 291

Dioscuri, one of, head 1., 18, 19, 26 Female bust r., wearing turreted diadem, 39

Dioscuri, one of, head r., 18, 26 Female head 1., 14, 16, 19, 25

Dish*, 418, 419 Female head r., 16 Dog 1., 24 Female head r., laureate, 316

Dog r., 24, 26; see also Hound Female head r., with long hair, 448

Dog*, 122, 293, 298, 362; see also Puppy Female head r., wearing causia, 432

Dolabella*, 73, 81 Female head r., wearing diadem, 39, 336, 366

Doliolum*, 307 Female head r., wearing diadem, sometimes Dolphin I., 14 laureate, 419 Dolphin r., 14, 25, 390, 447, 463 Female head r., wearing oak-wreath, 448 Dolphin*, 80, 160, 206, 247, 296, 483 Female head r., wearing veil, 452, 466

Dolphins, two*, 12 Female head r., laureate and wearing veil, 419

Dot*, 296 Female head*, 127

Dragon, 443 | Female head, wearing turreted crown*, 460

Dragon’s head*, 460 Female head, decorating prow-stem*, 205 Ficus Ruminalis, 235

Eagle, 447, 463, 472 Fides, head r., 454

Eagle on sceptre, 398 Fillet*, 11, 507, 544, 545, 546

Eagle on thunderbolt, 4, 23, 44, 50, 72, 88, Flora, head r., 423, 512

105, 106, 314, 409, 428, 487, 549 Flower*, 39, 293, 410, 425, 512

Eagle r., holding flower in beak, 39 Flutes, two*, 410 Eagle, legionary, 365, 372, 441, 497, 511, 525, Fly*, 159

544, $46 Foedus, see Oath-taking scene

Eagle*, 296, 445, 491, 494, 497 Foot, deformed*, 356 Eagle on thunderbolt*, 348 Fortuna, 480, 494 (/32 and probably /4), 516,

Eagle’s head*, 460 bust §25 r., 405 Ear*, 170 Fortuna, Elephant, 9, 374; 459 | Fortuna populi Romani, bust r., §13

Elephant trampling dragon, 443 Fortuna populi Romani, head r., 440 Elephants, biga of, 269

Elephant’s head*, 262, 263, 269, 369 Gallic warrior, 448; see also Warrior Elephant’s skin*, 402, 461, 491, 509 ?Genius populi Romani, standing crowning

Epulum, 437 Roma, 329

Erymanthian boar, see Boar ?Genius populi Romani, seated facing, 397

Eryx, 424 Genius populi Romani, bust r., 393 Europa on bull galloping I., 377 Genius populi Romani, head r., 428

Europa on bull r., 474 Genius terrae Africae, 460; see also Africa 862

Types Giant, anguipede, 310, 474; see alsoAnguipede Helmet, triple-crested*, 37, 329

figure Helmet*, 118, 168, 429, 464

Girl and snake, 412, 472, 480 Helmet with goat’s horns*, 259, 293

Gladiators, two, 294 _ Helmet, boar’s-head*, see Boar’s-head Globe, 393, 426, 464, 465, 480, 520 helmet*

Globe*, 397, 403, 409, 449, 480, 494, Hercules standing facing, 461, 494

546 Hercules seated facing, 494

Globe on tripod*, 410 Hercules fighting centaur, 39 Goat, 288, 353, 432 Hercules fighting stag, 82 Goats, biga of, 231 Hercules strangling Nemean lion, 380

Goat*, 231, 334 Hercules walking r., holding trophy in 1. Goddess standing |., holding caduceus in 1. hand, club in r. hand, 455

hand, sceptre in r. hand, 485 Hercules in biga of centaurs r., holding reins

Goddess in biga r., holding sceptre and reins in 1, hand, club in r. hand, 229

in 1. hand, branch in r. hand, 262 Hercules in quadriga r., holding reins and

Goddess in biga r., holding whip in 1. hand trophy in 1. hand, club in r. hand, 255

and reins in r. hand, 247 Hercules, bust seen from behind, club over

Gorgoneion*, 476, 494; see also Medusa, head shoulder, 296, 297, 329

facing* Hercules, bust r., 426

Grasshopper*, 335 Hercules, head 1., 35, 36, 38, 40, 42

Gryphon, 384 Hercules, head r., 20, 27, 39, 40, 41, 42 (on Gryphon®*, 17, 23, 25, 182 39 and 42 wearing boar’s-skin); standard obverse type of quadrans from 56 to 350B

Hammer*, 59, 335, 416, 417, 464 (except for 97/5c and 13d, 98A, 340, 341,

Hand, 1., 21, 27 342, 344; on 69 and 72 wearing boar’s-skin) ;

Hand, r., 14, 21, 25, 275 546 also 289 (on uncia), 385, $32 Hands, clasped, 480, 494 Hercules, bearded head r., 397

451, 494, 529 494

Hands, two, clasped round caduceus, 450, Hercules, head r., wearing laureate diadem,

Harbour, see Ostia Hercules Musarum, 410

Hare’s head*, 182 Hercules and Mercury, Janiform heads, 348

Harpa, 285 Hispania, head r., 372 Harpa*, 293, 313, 317: 330, 349, 421, 441, Honos, head r., 403, 473

445 Horse galloping 1., 24, 26

Hasta pura, 513 Horse galloping r., 15, 27, 28, 340

Helmet, Attic*, 35, 38, 41, 42, 43; and see Horse galloping r., wearing bridle, 346

entry for Roma and p. 721 Horse, see also Parthian horse

Helmet, Attic, decorated with sea-horse*, 2 Horse*, 292 Helmet, Corinthian*, 13, 14, 17, 21, 25, 27; Horses, two, 327 standard helmet of Mars as obverse type Horses, two, galloping r., 98A of Mars/Eagle gold, 44, 50, 72, 88, 105, Horse, head 1., 17, 18 106; standard helmet of Minerva as ob- Horse, head r., 13, 17, 18, 25 verse type of triens from 35 to 350B; Horseman I., 98A, 295, 340, 408 standard helmet of Minerva as obverse Horseman 1., holding sword and severed head type of dupondius on 41, 56, 69; also 98A in 1. hand, 286 (on half-victoriatus), 287, 296, 328, 345, Horseman r., 39, 340, 408, 454

348, 455, 463, 474, 491, 494 Horseman r., holding reins in 1]. hand, spear

Helmet, Corinthian, helmet of Roma®*®, 281, in r. hand, 259

287, 305, 309, 381, 435, 449, 469 Horseman r., brandishing spear, 361 Helmet, Corinthian, decorated with gryphon*, Horseman r., carrying trophy, 419 ,

17, 23 Horseman r., dragging warrior, 454

Helmet, Corinthian, decorated with sea- Horseman, see also Statue, equestrian, Battle

horse*, 17 Horsemen, three, charging 1., 335

Helmet, Phrygian*, 19, 21, 22, 24, 26, 27, 41, Hound, running r., 394, 464, see also Dog

97, 98A, 102, 269, 282, 288, 380, 464; see Hound*, 407

also 128 Hounds, three*, 400

863 ,

Indices |

Isis, bust r., 409 Jupiter in quadriga r., holding thunderbolt in

Italia clasping hands with Roma, 403 l. hand, branch in r. hand, 285

C. Iulius Caesar, head r., 480, 485, 488, 490, Jupiter in quadriga r., holding reins and

494, §25, §26, 534, 535 thunderbolt in 1. hand, sceptre in r. hand,

C. Iulius Caesar Octavianus, see Octavian 325 L. Iunius Brutus, Cos. §09, walking r., 433 Jupiter in quadriga r., holding reins and L. Iunius Brutus, Cos. 509, head r., 433, 506 thunderbolt in |. hand, branch in r. hand, M. Iunius Brutus, Liberator, head r., 506, 507, 256, 257

508 Jupiter in quadriga r., holding sceptre and

Ivy-leaf*, 377 reins in 1. hand, thunderbolt in r. hand, 221, Ivy-wreath as border, 288 227, 238, 241, 248, 273, 276, 279, 310, 311

Ivy-wreath*, 266, 341, 343, 385, 386, 411, Jupiter in quadriga r., driven by Victory,

449, 462, 494 holding sceptre in 1. hand, thunderbolt in r. hand, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 42 Jackdaw*, 238 Jupiter in quadriga r., driven by Victory,

Janus, bearded laureate head, standard ob- holding spear in 1. hand, thunderbolt in r. verse type of as from 35 onwards (except hand, 271 for 346, 348); also 281, §47 (on dupondius) Jupiter, bust r., wearing diadem, 460 Jug (for Augurs and sacrifice see G. Wissowa, Jupiter, terminal bust r., 447 RE ii, 2330; J. Marquardt, Staatsverw. iii, Jupiter, head r., 358, 445, 487

408), 466, 467, 475, 489, 522, 537, 538 Jupiter, laureate head r., standard obverse Jug*, 235, 402, 426, 428, 460, 488, 511, 517 type of victoriatus from 44 to 168, also on Jug and htuus, 374, 456, 500; see also Lituus 95 (on half-victoriatus), 311, 326, 331, 332,

and jug 345, 364, 377, 379, 385, 398, 459, 474, 549

Jug and lituus*, 359 Jupiter, laureate head r., sceptre over shoulder,

Jug and torch, 405 348 Jugurtha, 426 Jupiter Ammon, head r., 509, 546

Junostandingr., holding sceptre inr.hand,296 Jupiter Libertas, 391 Juno in biga of goats r., holding sceptre and Juturna, fountain of, 335

reins in 1. hand, whip in r. hand, 231 Juno in quadriga r., holding sceptre inl. hand, Knife, 406, 418, 500; see also Dagger, Sword

reins in r. hand, 223, 240 Knife*, 109, 120

Juno, head r., wearing diadem and veil, Knucklebone, 14, 20, 25, 27 sceptre over shoulder, 348

Juno Moneta, bust r., 396 Q. Labienus, head r., §24 Juno Moneta, head r., 464 Lares Praestites seated facing, 298 2Juno Regina in biga r., 262 Laurel-branch, 501

Juno Sospita, with crow on shoulder, 509 Laurel-branch*, 293, 326, 434, 474, 494, 498,

Juno Sospita, standing r., 379 499, 500

Juno Sospita in biga r., 379, 480 Laurel-wreath binding pileus or cap or helmet, Juno Sospita, head r., 316, 379, 384, 412, 472; 98A, 263, 266, 314, 385, 463, 515

480 Laurel-wreath as border, 232, 253, 263, 271;

Jupiter standing facing, holding thunderbolt 290, 324, 336, 341, 342, 358, 411, 418, 464,

in r. hand, eagle in 1. hand, 445 474, 481, 535, 537, 538

296 Leuconoe, bust r., 420

Jupiter standing between Juno and Minerva, Laurel-wreath*, 314, 353, 376, 448

Jupiter seated I., 449 Liber, head r., 266, 341, 343, 385, 386, 449, Jupiter in biga of elephants 1., 269 494 Jupiter in quadriga I., holding reins inl. hand, Libera, head r., 386, 462

thunderbolt in r. hand, 420, 422 Libertas in biga l., 391

Jupiter in quadriga 1., driven by Victory, 28, Libertas in quadriga r., 266, 270

29, 30 Libertas, bust r., 391, 392, 500

Jupiter in quadriga r., holding reins inl. hand, Libertas, head r., 428, 433, 449, 473, 498, 499,

thunderbolt in r. hand, 350A 500, §01, 502, 505, 506

Jupiter in quadriga r., holding sceptre in 1. Lictors, two, 433

hand, thunderbolt in r. hand, 285 Lion standing 1., $33 864

Types

Lion walking r., 16, 489 Male head, severed*, see Horseman 1. Lion, Nemean, 380 Mars standing facing, 494 Lion*, 264, 409; see also Battle* Mars standing r., 494

Lion’s-skin, 444 Mars walking 1., 306

Lion’s-skin*, 461 Mars in quadriga r., holding spear and shield

Lituus, 466, 467, 489, §37; 538 in 1. hand, reins in r. hand, 290

Lituus and jug, 522; see also Jug and lituus Mars in quadriga r., holding spear, shield and Lituus*, 242, 243, 264, 285, 334, 359, 402, reins in |. hand, trophy in r. hand, 244, 252 423, 425, 426, 428, 434, 460, 468, 480, 488, ?Mars in quadriga r., holding shield in 1. 492, 496, 497, 509, $11, 516, $17, $21, $26, hand, 232

533, 540 Mars, helmeted bust seen from behind, 345

L. Livineius Regulus, head r., 494 Mars, helmeted bust r., 234, 429, 497

Luna appearing to Sulla, 480 Mars, helmeted head |., 13, 21, 27, 319, 320

Luna in biga r., holding reins in ]. hand Mars, helmeted head r., 13, 21, 25, 27; stan(horses prancing), 133, 136, 158, 159, 161, dard obverse type of Mars/Eagle gold, 44, 50,

163 72, 88, 105, 106; also on 296, 335, 400, in r. hand (horses galloping), 140, 141, 156, Marsyas walking 1., 363 187, 230 Mask, see Pan, Silenus Luna in biga r., holding reins in]. hand, whip Mask*, 494

Luna in biga r., holding reins in |. hand, goad 450

in r. hand, 207, 474 Mask, comic*, 410

Luna in biga r., holding reins in both hands, Mask, tragic*, 410

303 Mast with pennant*, 239

Luna, head r., 480 Mast and sail*, 213

Lyre, 285, 472, 501 Medusa, head 1., 395

Lyre*, 320, 371, 410, 494, 504 Medusa, head facing, 453

Lyres, two*, 416, 417 Medusa, head facing*, 445, 463; see also

Lyre-key*, 410 Gorgoneton* Mercury, terminal statue, 418

Macedonia, 432, 484 Mercury, terminal bust r., wearing winged Macedonian shield decorated with elephant’s diadem, 418

head, 263, 369 Mercury, bust r., caduceus over shoulder,

Macedonian shield*, 263, 267, 437 362, 480 (Male) figure, togate, 372 Mercury, bust r., wearing winged diadem, 449 (Male) figure, togate, in biga l., 404 Mercury, head 1., 14, 25, 35, 36

(Male) figure, togate, entering biga, 392 Mercury, head r., 38, 41, 42, 43; standard ob(Male) figure, togate, crowning Ptolemy V, verse type of sextans from §6 to 219; see

419 alsonext entry (except for 98A); standard ob-

Male figure wearing radiate crown, 494 verse type of semuncia from 38 to 106 (ex-

Male figure standing facing, holding sceptre cept for 39 and 98A; note also 160, 308, 315

in r. hand, branch in ]. hand, 531 and 316); obverse type of quadrans on 97,

Male figure on goat r., 288 98A; also on 405

Male figure looking at captive, 438 Mercury, head r., caduceus over shoulder, Male figure raising kneeling female figure, 510 variant obverse type of sextans, 134, 142,

Male figure, see also Provocatio scene 145, 149, 179, 180, 199, 214; standard ob-

Male figure, holding staff*, 354 verse type of sextans from 239 to 335

Male figures, two, standing facing each other, (except on 246 and part of 335); also on 472

312 Mercury, see also Hercules, Male head

Male figures, two, seated on bench, 330, 351 Meta*, 124 |

Male bust r., 448 Minerva standing 1., crowning Jupiter, 296

Male head r., §13, 514, §155 519 Minerva standing 1., holding trophy, 476

Male head r., wearing winged diadem, 341 Minerva standing r., holding Victory, 494 Male head r., with attributes of Apollo and Minerva in quadriga 1., holding spear and

Mercury, 352 reins in r. hand, trophy in 1. hand, 342

Male head r., with attributes of Apollo, Mer- Minerva in quadriga r., holding shield and

cury and Neptune, 352 reins in 1. hand, spear in r. hand, 354 | 865

Indices

Minerva in quadriga r., holding spear and reins in 1. hand, trophy in r. hand, 342 ?Palaemon, 390

Minerva in quadriga r., holding spear in 1. Palladium*, 458 , hand, reins in r. hand, 341 Palm-branch, 22 Minerva, helmeted bust 1., 328 Palm-branch tied with fillet, 440

Minerva, helmeted bust r., 348, 465, 494 Palm-branch*, 249, 296, 312, 326, 342, 343, Minerva, helmeted head 1., 14, 17, 23, 25, 35; 344, 358, 359, 396, 419, 421, 436, 453, 463,

36, 38, 41 464, 469, 477, 480; see also Branch, Cupid,

Minerva, helmeted head r., 2, 17, 35, 36, 41; Victory 43, 44 (on dupondius), 69 (on dupondius); Palm-branch tied with fillet*, 464

standard obverse type of triens from 56 to Pan, bearded mask r., 341, 342, 449, 451, 464 350B (except for 341); also on 98A (on half- Pan-pipe*, 449

victoriatus and sextans), 389, 454 Panther, 464, 494 Minerva, helmeted head facing, 37 Parthian horse, 524

Modius, 494 - Patera, 418 Modius*, 242, 243, 245, 502 Patera*, 343, 385, 449, 460, 462, 491

Murex-shell*, 187 ?Pax in biga r., holding sceptre and reins in

Muses, nine, 410 l. hand, branch in r. hand, 262

Pax, head r., 480 ,

Nemean lion, see Lion, Nemean Pedum*, 449

Nemesis standing r., 494 Pegasus I., 18, 26

Neptune standing 1., 511 Pegasus r., 18, 26, 27, 341, 395 Neptune, statue of, surmounting Pharos of Pegasus flying r., 4

Messana, 511 Penates, see Dei Penates

Neptune in biga of sea-horses r., 399 Pentagram*, 105, 129

Neptune, head r., 420, 507 Perseus of Macedon and sons, 415

Neptune, head r., hair tied with band, trident Phalerae, 497, §13

over shoulder, 511 Pharos of Messana, 511

Neptune, head r., trident over shoulder, 510 Philip V of Macedon, head r., 293

Neptune, laureate head r., trident over Pietas standing 1., 477, 494, 516

shoulder, 348, 390 Pietas, head r., 308, 374, 450

Neptune, see also Male head Pig*, 341, 342; see also Sow*

Numa Pompilius standing holding lituus, 334 Pileus (see W. Helbig, SBAW 1880, 487), 508

Numa Pompilius, head r., 346, 446 Pileus*, 266, 270, 391, 392

Pilet*, 98A, 181, 278, 342, 353 Oak-spray*, 13 Plectrum, §01 Oak-wreath as border, 305, 506, §11 Plectrum*, 410

452 Plough*, 337, 449, 461

Oak-wreath*, 304, 305, 315, 316, 350A, 448, Plough, 525

Oath-taking scene, 28, 29, 234 Ploughman with yoke of oxen I., 378 Octavian (the coins do not substantiate the Polos*, 508 remark of Dio xlviii, 34, 3 that Octavian Cn. Pompeius Magnus triumphing, 402 shaved his beard off in 39), head r., 490, Cn. Pompeius Magnus, head r., 470, 477, 483, 492, 493, 494, 495 497; 517, 518, 523, 525, 5113; see also 479

526, 528, 529, 534, 535, 538; 540 Cn. Pompeius junior, head r., 477, 511

Octavia, head r., §27, 533 Sex. Pompeius, head r., 511 Oil-jar, 234 Q. Pompeius Rufus, head r., 434 Olive-branch*, 422, 426, 431 Pons, for voting, 292

Olla, 473 Poppy-heads*, 405 Ostia, harbour of, 346 A. Postumius, head r., 450

Owl on Corinthian helmet, 463 Prawn*, 156 Owl on shield, 455 Proserpina, bust r., 405 Owl, human-headed, 474 Provocatio scene, 301

Owl*, 135 Prow 1., 36, 38, 40, 41, 350A, 350B, 353

Ox’s head, 455 Prow r., 355 38; 41) 42, 43; standard reverse Oxen, yoke of 1., 3215; see also Ploughman type of bronze coinage from §6 to 530 (ex866

Types

Prow (cont.) to 250 (except for 97/7b, 98A/7; note also cept for part of 69, part of 72, 82, part of 97, 285, 289, 293, 308 — various types; 305 —

part of 98a, part of 99, 234, 247, part of Corinthian helmet) and on 290, 315; stan253, 285, part of 289, part of 290, part of dard obverse type of denarius from 44 to 293, part of 296, 305, part of 308, 315, 316, 286 (except for 234, 281 — various types; part of 340, part of 341, part of 342, part of 269, part of 282, 288, part of 464 — Phrygian

346, part of 348, 350, 353, 476, 535, 550); helmet, see also 128); standard obverse

also on 446, §21 type of quinarius from 44 to 156 (except for

Prow r., on which stands trophy, 519 97, 98A, part of 102 —- Phrygian helmet);

Prow r., stem decorated with female head, standard obverse type of sestertius from 44

205 to 98B (except for 98A — Phrygian helmet);

Prow*, 335, 457, 469, 507, 511, $33, 536, 543 also on 289, 294, 295, 299, 300, 301, 302, Prow-stem, 357, 506; see also Trophy, naval 310, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 337, 367, 387,

Prow-stem*, 296 388, 464 (plumed)

Prows, three, r., 342 Roma, helmeted head r. (Corinthian helmet),

Ptolemy V, 419 281, 287, 305 (plumed), 309 (plumed), 381, Puppy*, 219, see also Dog 435, 449, 469 Puteal Scribonianum, 416, 417 Roma, helmeted head r. (Phrygian helmet),

19, 21, 22, 24, 26, 27, 41, 97, 98A, 102, 269,

Quaestors, two, 330 282, 288, 464 (plumed); see also 128

T. Quinctius Flamininus, head r., 548 ?Roma, laureate bust r., wearing diadem, 291

Quirinus, laureate head r., 427 ?Roma, bust r., 343, 462

Diana Rostra, 473

Quiver*, 222, 254, 336, 494; see also Bow, Rose*, 505

Rostrum tridens*, 62, 114, 273, 460, 497

Radiate crown*, 494 Rudder, 289, 340, 393 Ram r., 389 Rudder*, 117A (see also 117B), 289, 464, 480,

Ram*, 123 494, 511, 516, 525 Ram’s head*, 550 Rudder on prow*, 391

Rampart, 514 Ruminalis Ficus, see Ficus Ruminalis Rat*, 297

Raven, 489 Sabine women, rape of, 344

Rod*, see Scipio*, Staff*, Vindicta* Sagum*, 28, 29, 381

Roma standing facing, holding spear in r. Salus, head r., 337, 442

hand, 329 Sandal*, 410

Roma standing facing, holding sword in 1. Saturn in quadriga r., holding reins in |. hand,

hand, 1. foot on wolf’s head, 391 harpa in r. hand, 317

Roma standing |., holding sceptre in 1. hand, Saturn, head r., 421, 441

281 Saturn, laureate head 1., 35, 36, 38, 41, 313,

Roma clasping hands with Italia, 403 349

Roma seated |., holding sceptre in |. hand, Saturn, laureate head r., 41, 43; standard ob-

sword in r. hand, 464 verse type of semis from 56 to 350B (except

Roma seated 1., holding sword in |. hand, for 82 and 341); also on 293 (on uncia), 330

sceptre in r. hand, 421 Scabbard, 8

Roma seated |., holding sword in 1. hand, Scales*, 366, 463

spear in r. hand, 335 Scales balanced on cornucopiae*, 460

Roma seated r., holding spear in 1]. hand, 287 Scallop-shell, 14, 21, 25, 27 Roma, helmeted bust |. (plumed Attic helmet), Sceptre, 398, 447, §11

292, 494 Sceptre*, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 42, 221,

Roma, helmeted bust r., 380 (plumed Phryg- 223, 227, 231, 238, 240, 241, 248, 262, 273, ian helmet), 381 and 435 (plumed Corinthian 276, 279, 285, 296, 310, 313, 320, 325, 336,

helmet) 343, 348, 361, 393, 397, 410, 421, 426, 428,

Roma, helmeted head 1. (Attic helmet), 35, 38, 449, 460, 463, 464, 468, 470, 477, 480, 485,

317, 318 494, 507, 531, 544

Roma, helmeted head r. (Attic helmet), 41, 42, Sceptre with wreath, 393, 435 43; standard obverse type of uncia from 56 Scipito*, 106, 112, 130, 131 867

Indices

Scorpion*, 392, 420, 422 Spear* (A. Alféldi, AZA 1959, 1 produces

Scroll*, 410 no certain example from the Republic of Scylla, 511 the spear as a symbol of tmperium), 271,

Scylla, two heads of, §11 291, 292, 304, 306, 312, 329, 335, 341, 342,

_ Sea-battle, 483 345, 354, 361, 379, 392, 394, 395, 400, 407, Sea-horses, biga of, 399 429, 430, 435, 448, 469, 470, 474, 476, 482,

Sella, §02, see also Subsellium 494, 497, 505, 506, 507, 509, 513, 515, 519,

Sella curulis, see Curule chair 533, 536

C. Servilius Ahala, head r., 433 Spearhead*, 83, 88, 145, 296

Shell, see Scallop-shell Sphinx r., 464 She-wolf 1., 388 Sprinkler, see Aspergillum

She-wolf r., suckling twins, 20, 39, 235, Staff*, 298, 502; see also Decempeda*, Scipio*

287 Staff, crooked*, see Corn-ear and crooked

She-wolf suckling twins*, 183 staff *

Shield, 7; see also Macedonian shield Staff, magistrate’s*, 242, 243, 326, 354, 404 Shield*, 128, 143, 271, 329, 401, 429, 430, Stag, 82, 455 437, 448, 450, 452, 454, 455, 468, 469, 470, Stag*, 448 474, 476, 480, 482, 494, 503, 504, 505, 506, Stags, biga of, 222, 336, 400

507, 509, 510, 519, 536 Standard, manipular, 365, 441, 497, 525, 544,

Shield inscribed M*, 264, 370 546

Shield inscribed QVIRIN*, 268 Standard, of cohort, 544

Shield*, see also Macedonian shield* Standard inscribed HIS*, 437

Ship 1., 290, §11 Standard®*, see also Boar-standard* Ship r., 247, 305, 307, 483, 544 Standards, two*, 335, 513

Ships, two, r., 547 Star, 480; see also Crescent

Ships, see also Harbour, Sea-battle Star*, 1, 2, 15, 17, 113, 196, 247, 281, 296,

Shrine, from which protrudes prow, 348 335, 410, 444, 445, 468, 474, 476, 480, 483,

Shrine, see also Venus Cloacina 494, §21, 528, $33, 534, 5353 540, §50

Sibyl, bust r., 491 Star in crescent*, 344, 550

Sibyl, head r., 411, 464, 474 Stars, two*, 12, 39, 98A, 309, 310, 411

Sicilia, 401 Stars, four*, 303, 426

Sickle*, 25 Statue, equestrian, 291, 293, 381, 425, 490,

Silenus, bearded mask r., 337, 341, 342 497, 518; see also Desultor

Simpulum, 489, 532, $37, 538 Statue, see also Jupiter, Mercury, Neptune

Simpulum*, 419, 492, 494, 502 Stork*, 374, 516

491 Sword, 8

Snake, 412, 472, 480; see also Altar, Ceres Strigil, 234

Snake*, 39, 42, 69, 72, 379, 427, 442, 453,476, Subsellium, 330, 351, 473, see also Sella

Sol in quadriga facing, 309 Sword*, 23 et passim

Sol in quadriga r., holding reins in 1. hand, Syrinx, see Pan-pipe*

whip in r. hand, 250 :

Sol, bust facing, 39, 494 Tablet for telling fortunes, 405

533head*, Tanit, head 1.,killing 509 of, ; 344 Sol, 310 Tarpeia, Sol, temple of, 496 Tatius, bearded head r., 344, 404 Sol, head r., 303, 390, 437, 463, 474, 494, 496, Tablet*, 335, 413, 428, 437

Soldier attacking rampart, 514 _ Temple, 391, 424, 439, 519, 540; see also Soldier receiving palm-branch, 469 Capitoline temple, Clementia, Sol, Venus, Soldier taking standard from second soldier, Vesta

§13 , Temple, pediment of, 405 Soldiers, see also Battle, Horseman, Warrior Thunderbolt, 14, 21, 25, 27, §22, §233 see also Sow 1., 9 Cornucopiae, Eagle Sow lying down, 312 | Thunderbolt*, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 42, Soldiers, two, facing each other, 423 Tessera nummularia, 473

Sow*, 121 , 119, 221, 227, 238, 241, 248, 256, 257, 269, Spanish cities, personified, 470 271, 273, 276, 279, 285, 296, 298, 310, 325, 868

| Types Thunderbolt (cont.) Venus standing 1., holding Victory in r. hand, 348, 350A, 352, 353, 354, 377, 391, 420, sceptre in I, hand, 480 422, 437, 445, 474, 550 Venus seated facing, Cupid flying above Thyrsus*, 296, 353, 386, 464, 494 shoulder, 494 , Tiara, Armenian, see Armenian tiara Venus in biga r., holding reins in r. hand, goad

Togate figure, see (Male) figure, togate and reins in |. hand, 360

Tongs*, 263, 266, 298, 314, 416, 417, 464 Venus in biga r., holding reins in 1. hand, whip

Torch*, 222, 296, 336, 341, 342, 385, 427, in r. hand, 258

449, 494 Venus in biga r., holding sceptre and reins in

Torque as border, 295, 337 1, hand, reins in r. hand, 313, 349

Torque*, 91 Venus in biga of Cupids 1., 320

Tortoise, 24, 449 Venus, bust 1., wearing diadem, star in hair,

Tortoise*, 410 468 Trident tied with fillet, 11 Venus, bust r., wearing diadem, 391, 457, 458, Trident, see also Trophy, naval 481

507, 511 360

Trident*, 115, 296, 348, 390, 399, 420, 483, Venus, bust r., wearing diadem and veil,

Tridents, two, 12 Venus, laureate bust r., wearing diadem, 424,

Trinacrus, 457. 426, 430

Tripod, 6, 10, 385, 411, 498, 499, 500, 502, Venus, head r., 482

537 538 Venus, head r., wearing diadem, 357, 359, 375; Triskeles, 445 ?Venus, head r., wearing diadem, sometimes Triskeles*, 329, 439, 457 laureate, 419

Tripod*, 254, 296, 410, 514 376, 382, 463, 465, 468, 480, 485

Triumphal quadriga r., 348 Venus, head decorating prow-stem”*, ?205, 313 Triumphator in quadriga 1., holding palm- Venus Cloacina, shrine of, 494 branch in r. hand, trophy and reins in 1. Venus Erycina, temple of, 424

hand, 358 Vesta, head 1., 413

Triumphator in quadriga r., holding reins in Vesta, head r., 406, 428

1, hand, caduceus in r. hand, 367 Vesta, temple of, 428

Triumphator in quadriga r., holding laurel- Victimarius leading goat, 334

branch in ]. hand, staff in r. hand, 326 Victory facing, holding wreath in r. hand,

Triumphus, ?438, 472 | palm-branch in 1. hand, 550

Trophy, standard reverse type of victoriatus Victory facing, leading four horses, 453 from 44 to 168; also on 281, 415, 427, 439, Victory standing I., holding caduceus in r. 452, 460, 468, 482, 503, 504, 505, 506, §10, hand, patera in 1. hand, 460

519, 536; see also Victory Victory standing 1., holding wreath in r. hand, Trophy, naval, 438, 507, §11, 536 palm-branch in 1. hand, 545, 548

Trophy*, 244, 252, 255, 306, 335, 342, 358, Victory walking I|., holding palm-branch in r.

419, 429, 455, 470, 472, 476, 497 hand, bow! of fruit in 1. hand, 550

Trophies, two, 359, 437 Victory walking |., holding trophy, 465 Trophies, three, 426 Victory standing r., holding wreath in r. hand,

Turibulum*, 516 palm-branch in 1, hand, 340, 494, 546 Tusculum, 515 Victory standing r., holding wreath in r. hand,

Tympanum*, 491 sword and spear in J. hand, 340

Victory standing r., holding wreath and palm-

Ulysses standing r., 362 branch in |. hand, raising r. hand, 348

Ulysses holding staff*, 149 Victory walking r., carrying palm-branch decorated with four wreaths, 436 Valetudo standing l., 442 Victory walking r., holding trophy, 465

Venus standing facing, Cupid flying above Victory walking r., holding trophy in |. hand

shoulder, 391 and caduceus in r. hand, 448

Venus standing 1., Jooking at herself in mirror, Victory walking r., holding wreath in r. hand,

494 palm-branch in 1. hand, 454, 502

Venus standing |., holding scales in r. hand, Victory walking r., holding palm-branch in 1.

sceptre in 1. hand, 463 hand, ebreaking diadem with both hands, 507 869

Indices

Victory appearing to Sulla, 480 Victory in quadriga r., holding reins in 1. Victory on column, 346, 363 hand, wreath in r. hand, 246, 253, 275, 283,

Victory on globe r., 546 352, 464

Victory seated r., holding patera in r. hand, Victory in quadriga r., holding reins and

palm-branch in 1. hand, 343, 462 palm-branch in ]. hand, wreath in r. hand, Victory crowning Juno in biga, 223, 240 249, 364, 465 Victory crowning Roma, 335, 421 Victory, bust r., 306, 341, 342, 365, 464, 472, Victory flying, crowning seated figure, 397, 449 474, 475, 476, 480, 489, 494, 514 Victory driving quadriga of Jupiter, 28, 29, 30, Victory flying, crowning figure in chariot*,

31, 32, 33, 34, 42, 271 247, 269, 270, 342, 367, 391

Victory attaching helmet to trophy, 296 Victory in biga*, 348

Victory attaching wreath to palm-branch, 22 ‘Victory with palm-branch*, 340 Victory inscribing shield attached to Gallic Victory with wreath*, 61, 144, 217, 240, 247,

trophy, 333 344, 348, 402, 470, 494

Victory crowning trophy, standard reverse Victory with wreath, and spearhead*, 145 type of victoriatus from 44 to 168; also on ——~“Villla Publica, 429

331, 332 (Gallic trophy), 345, 373, 489 Vindicta*, 266, 270 Victory, holding palm-branch in 1. hand, Vine-branch*, see Butterfly and vine-branch*

crowning trophy with r. hand, 504 Vine-leaf *, 550

Victory, holding palm-branch in 1. hand, Vine-wreath*, 386 crowning Gallic trophy with r. hand, 326 Virtus, helmeted bust r., 401

318 Voting scene, 292, 413

Victory in biga |., holding reins in both hands, __ Virtus, head r., 403

Victory in biga r., holding reins in both hands, Voting-urn, 266; see also Cista

260, 300, 323, 3375 494 Vulcan, bust r., 263, 266, 314

Victory in biga r., holding reins in 1. hand, Vulcan, bust*, 298

goad in r. hand, 197, 322 Victory in biga r., holding reins in 1. hand, Warrior standing |., holding spear in r. hand,

whip in r. hand, 197, 199, 200, 202, 203, 335

204, 205, 206, 208, 225, 226, 228, 245, 261, Warrior raising up fallen figure, 401

274, 324, 480 Warrior, fallen, 335

Victory in biga r., holding reins in 1. hand, Warrior in biga r., holding carnyx in 1. hand,

palm-branch in r. hand, 289, 366 282

Victory in biga r., holding reins in 1]. hand, Warrior in biga r., assisting togate figure into

wreath in r. hand, 284, 302, 344, 346, 387, biga, 392

464, 473 Warrior in quadriga r., holding shield in 1.

Victory in biga r., holding palm-branch in I. hand, 232

mentary) Wheel, 24

hand, reins in r. hand, 328, 337 (see com- Warrior, see also Gallic warrior, Soldier

Victory in biga r., holding palm-branch and Wheel*, 79 | , reins in 1. hand, whip in r. hand, 337 Wild beast fight, 494

Victory in biga r., holding palm-branch and Wing*, 131 reins in 1. hand, wreath in r. hand, 383 Wolf r., placing stick on fire, 472 Victory in biga r., holding wreath in 1. hand, Wolf, see also She-wolf

reins in r. hand, 485 Wolf’s head*, 391 hands, 299, 382 Wreath of corn-ears, 450, 494

Victory in triga r., holding reins in both Wreath, 393, 435, 513

Victory in quadriga 1., holding wreath in r. Wreath of fruits as border, 265, 371 hand, palm-branch and reins in 1]. hand, Wreath*, 110,239, 253,260, 280, 285, 291, 296,

465 313, 329, 387, 398, 410, 418, 419, 434, 440,

Victory in quadriga r., holding goad in 1. 452, 463, 465, 473, 480, 497, 5443 see also

hand, reins in r. hand, 97, 99 Cupid, Laurel-wreath, Minerva, Victory

Victory in quadriga r., holding reins inl. hand, Wreaths, four, 426

palm-branch in r. hand, 366 Wreaths, four*, 436

Victory in quadriga r., holding reins in both

hands, palm-branch in 1. hand, 280 w, 316 870

Types (b) i. Symbols as die-marks This index does not cover the issue of C. Piso Frugi, for which see Index I (6) ii, nor those of L. Papius and L. Roscius Fabatus, for which see Plates Lxvi-Lx1x, nor those of L. Piso Frugi,

C. Vibius Pansa and L. Iulius Bursio, of which I hope eventually to publish die-studies; I include, however, a reference in brackets to the symbols on that part of the issue of C. Censorinus, no. 346/1, which is discussed in NC 1971, 143. Nor does this index cover those symbols in other issues for which I have not been able to find an adequate description and which are illustrated on Plate Lxx. The numbers given are those of the catalogue; it should be noted that in view of

the difficulty of describing the tiny symbols used as die-marks I have found it much more difficult than in the case of substantive types to achieve anything like consistency ; it should also be noted that within one issue there may occur several variants of the same basic symbol and even the same symbol several times.

Acorn, 405 Chopper, (346) Acrostolium, 405, 409 (346) Club, 22, 340, 343, 344, 346, 378, 385, 405

Altar, 343, 361, 378, 385 Cock, 385 Amphora, 378, 385, 396 Column, 346

Anchor, 22, 336, 343, 344, 378, 385, 405 Comb, 346, 366, 385

Anchor and dolphin, 344 Compasses, (346)

Ant, 342, 343, 363, 378, 409 Corn-ear, 22, 336, 343, 344, 346, 361, 363,

Antelope, head of, 346, 378 365, 378, 405, 409 (346) Anvil, 343, 409 (346) Corn-grain, 340, 405, 409 Apex, 340, 405, 409 Cornucopiae, 22, 340, 341, 342, 343, 346, 361, Arrow, 330, 340, 343, 344, 346, 363, 366, 405 365, 378, 385 (346)

(346) Cornucopiae, double, 346

Arrow with thong, 344 Crab, 336, 363, 366, 378, 385, 399 Arrow-head, 378 (346) Crescent, 22, 330, 340, 341, 343, 346, 361, Arrows, two, 344, 346 (346) 365, 378, 385, 405

Ass, 346 Crescent and star, 346, 366, 409 (346)

Ass, head of, 341 Crescent and two stars, 346

Axe, 378, 385 Cricket,Crook, 405 343, 405 Ball, 343 Cuirass, 343, 344, 378 Bee, 398, 405 Cup, 340, 378, 405

Beetle, 378 Cupid, 346 Bell, 378 Cymbals, 342 Bells, two, 342

Bidens, 343, 361, 378 Dagger, 385, 405

Bipennts, 340, 343, 378, 385, 405 Decempeda, 409 Bird, 346, 361, 398, 405 (346) Dioscuri, caps of, 341, 366 (346)

Birds, two, 346 (346) Discus, 396 Bit, 378385 Dividers, Boot, Dog,385, 22 405 Bow, 330, 340, 343, 344, 346, 405 (346) Dog, head of, 378

Bow and arrow, 344 Dolphin, 22, 336, 340, 341, 343, 378, 385, 399;

Bow and quiver, 344, 385 405, 409 (346) Branch, 344, 361, 363 (346) Duck, 336

Bucranium, 340, 343, 346, 405, 409 (346) Duck, head of, 340, 385 Bull, head of, 344, 378

Butterfly, 340, 343, 378, 385, 405 (346) Eagle, 343 Eagle, head of, 342 Caduceus, 22, 336, 340, 341, 343, 344, 346, Ear, human, 3375 340; 343, 346, 361, 378, 405 365, 385, 405, 409 (346)

Candelabrum, 385, 405 Fasces, 363, 405

Capricorn, 343 Feather, 361, 378 Carnyx, 343, 366 Fibula, 343, 378 871

Indices Fish, 344, 366, 378, 385, 398, 399, 409 (346) Oil-lamp, 385

Flabellum, 378 Olive-branch, 378 Flail, 340, 405 Owl, 340, 342, 385

Flute, 342 Pail, 405 Fly, 336, 343, 346, 378, 405 Palm-branch, 22, 340; 341, 342, 343; 344; 346, Flower, 342, 361, 363, 378, 405

Foot, human, 378, 385 361, 363, 365, 378, 385, 405, 409

Frog, 336, 378, 385, 398 Palm-branch tied with fillet, 344, 346

Fruit, 378, 405 Pan, mask of, 343, 385 Peacock, 385, 405

Goat, head of, 340, 342 Pedum, 342, 343, 405

Grapes, bunch of, 22, 344, 361, 378, 385 Pelta, 22, 366, 378, 385 Grasshopper, 336, 337, 342, 344, 361, 378, Pentagram, 22, 385, 405

409 (346)336 Perfume-jar, 385 Gryphon, Petasus,Piercer, 378 385

Hammer, 340, 344, 378, 409 (346) Pileus, 340, 378, 385 (346)

Hare, 330, 346, 378 Plectrum, 385 Harpa, 344 Plough, 23, 336, 343, 344, 366, 409

Hat, 22 Plumb-bob, 385 Head, human, 346 Poppy-head, 343, 344, 361, 378, 385, 405, 409

385 hing 3 398

Helmet, 22, 23, 342, 343, 344, 346, 366, 378, Foppy-heads, two, 346

Heron, 38 TOW, Hoe 6 *99378, Prow-stem, 343, 365, 378, 409

Hook, 38 .

Hoop, aes, 396 Quiver, 336, 366, 405 Horse, 378

Horse, ead of, 341 Ram, head of, 336, 344

Horse, leg of, 405 Rectangle, 344 Ring, signet, 378

Ibis, 378 Rudder 6, 365, 385, 40 Ivy-leaf, 343, 361, 405, 409 “G46) 22, 340, 343, 344, 349, 305, 395, 409

Jelly-fish, 378 Sandal, Jug, 405 Scales, 378,378 405

Sceptre, 343, 344; 378

Key, 385, 405 Sceptre tied with fillet, 409 Knife, 336, 340, 343, 344, 346, 366, 378, 495 Scorpion, 336, 343, 344, 366, 378, 385, 398, Knife-blade, 378, 385 409 (346) Knife, tanner’s, 340 Scroll, 405 Sea-anemone, 378, 399

Ladder, 343, 378, 385, 405 Sea-horse, 405 Laurel-branch, 405, 409 Sheaf of corn, 378

Leaf, 346, 363, 378, 385 Shell, 361, 378 , Lecythus, 385 Shield, 22, 346, 363, 378, 385, 405 Lituus, 343, 344, 346, 405 Shield (Macedonian), 385

409 Shoe, 346, 378

Lizard, 340, 344, 346, 361, 366, 378, 385, 405, Ship, 344

Lotus-flower, 340, 363, 378, 405 Shovel, 385

Lyre, 343, 344, 346, 363, 378 Sickle, 366, 405

Lyre-key, 378, 385, 409 Silenus, mask of, 385

Simpulum, 378, 385, 405, 409

Mask, 343 (346) Sistrum, 342 | Mouse, 378 Snake, 343, 346, 366, 378, 385, 398, 409 (346) 872

Types

(346) Top, 378

Spear, 340, 343, 344, 346, 365, 366, 405, 409 Tongs, 343, 385

Spear, winged, 346 Torch, 22, 343, 344, 346, 378, 385, 396, 405, 409

Spear-head, 385, 409 Torque, 378 Spears, two, 346 Tortoise, 336, 343, 385

Sponge, 399 Tree, 409 (346) Squid, 399, 409 Triangle, 342, 343

Staff, 405, 409 | Trident, 22, 330, 336, 340, 343, 344, 346, 363;

Staff with double hook, 344, 366, 378, 385, 365, 366, 378, 405, 409 (346)

405, 409 (346) Trident and dolphin, 344

Staff with hook, 344, 361 Trident tied with fillet, 346

Stag, 344 Tripod, 22, 365, 385

Stag, head of, 346 (346) Triskeles, 344

Stag, forepart of, 342 Trophy, 343, 344, 366, 378, 384, 405 Standard, 343, 366, 405, 409 Turtle, 361, 399 Star, 22, 330, 340, 341, 342, 346, 361, 365,

378, 385, 405, 409 Vase, 378, 405 Stork, 23, 363 Victory and wreath, 342 Stilus, 344, 378, 385, 405 Vase with handles, 22

Stove, 385 Vine-branch, 344 Strigil, 344, 346, 378, 385, 396, 405 Vine-leaf, 378, 405, 409 Strigil and oil-jar, 346

Strigil and vase, 344 “Water-bottle, 378

Sword, 340, 343, 344, 366, 378 Wedge, 346 Sword in scabbard, 343, 366 Wheel, 344, 385, 405 Sword in scabbard with belt, 22 Wheel and two stars, 346 Syrinx, 342, 346, 366 Wing, 22, 337, 340, 343, 344, 346, 361, 363, 366, 405, 409 (346) Tessera, 378 Wolf, head of, 378 Thunderbolt, 342, 343, 344, 346, 361, 365, Wreath, 22, 342, 343, 346, 363, 365, 378, 385, 366, 385 (346) 396, 405 (346) Thyrsus, 342, 343, 344, 346, 361, 366, 378,

385, 409 , 330

Thyrsus tied with fillet, 344, 346 Pl. XLII, 22, 330

S 37 © 24 lLetters 42 TI 6 x 43 ®Y 3 Y 32 49 (6) ii. Control-marks on issue of C. Piso Frugi

On 1a:

Numerals Obverse die TT (with long stem) 36

(ore) 29 B23 Symbols |QR47 Anchor 22 M 14 Apex 4S 1§ Arrow upwards 46 , 325s Bee 39 S 2 Butterfly 4 xX 48 Caduceus 30 Corn-ear i1 Greek letters Cornucopiae 28 r 26 Crescent 44 873

Indices

Eagle 1 A, horseman r., whip 17, 46 Feather 52 &, horseman r., palm 27 Fly 34 TT, horseman r., palm 38

Foot 24 +P,50horseman r., palm Grasshopper ©, horseman r., palm134

Head-dress of Isis 12

Jug 31 Symbols Lituus 40 Arrowr., horseman r., Phrygian cap,

Lizard 27 palm 57 Pedum 13 conical cap, palm 26 Olive-branch 9 Arrow-head downwards, horseman r.,

Quiver 41 Basket with strap, horseman r., whip 41

Sceptre Club, horseman Scorpion 54 48 Corn-ear, horsemanr.,r.,palm palm 48 11 Scorpion with butterfly 10 ~©6Fish, horseman r., conical cap, palm 15

Snake on caduceus 8 Grasshopper, horseman r., whip 50

Snake on staff 25 Ivy-leaf, horseman r., palm 33

Squid =8©Lituus, horseman whip21 5 Stork 20 5 Lizard, horseman r., r., whip

Thunderbolt 7 Lotus, horseman r., conical cap, palm 16 Tongs 38 Mallet, horseman r., palm (Pl. Lxx, 86) 44 Vine-leaf 35 Palm-branch with fillet above, torch Voting-tablet with V 33 below, horseman r., whip 36

Wheel horseman r.,r.,wing Pl. LXx,17. 103Quiver, 19 Scorpion, horseman wing4. 3

r., torch 37

Pl. LXx, 102 16 Shield above, sword below, horseman Numerals Reverse die Spear with knobs, horseman r., palm 24 (marks above unless Staff with hook, horseman r., whip 47 otherwise stated) Staff with double hook, horseman r.,

§, horseman r., whip 25 conical cap, palm 53

ll, horseman r., palm 31 Star, horseman r., torch 52 >, horseman r., palm 14 Strigil, horseman r., whip 28

Sword, horseman r., palm 18 Letters Curved sword, horseman r. 43 B, horseman r., palm 46 Torch, horseman r., palm 49

‘B, horseman r., palm 35 Torque, horseman r., whip 29 E, horseman r. 6 Whip, horseman r., palm 2 F, horseman r., wing 9 Wreath, horseman r., whip 39

G, horseman r., palm 55 Pl. LxXx, 107, horseman r., palm 54

|, horseman r., whip 10 palm 22 H, horseman r., palm 42 PI. Lxx, 105, horseman r., conical cap,

L, horseman r., palm 40 PI. Lxx, 104, horseman r., whip 20 M, horseman r., palm 8 Pl. Lxx, 106, horseman r., whip §1

R, horseman r., palm 56 2, horseman r., whip 7 On 1b: S, horseman r., palm 30 No control-mark Obverse die S, horseman r., whip 32 Bust 1. with caduceus 34

‘T, horseman r., whip 23 Bust r. with bow and quiver 144

V, horseman r., palm 34 Bust 1., laureate with bow and quiver 111 “V, horseman r., whip 19 X, horseman r., palm 58 Numerals (Head with hair tied with

: band unless otherwise stated) Greek letters Head 1.,°£ 71 [, horseman r., palm 34° Headl.,: 80

A, horseman r., palm 12 = «00» Head r. 70 874

Types

:-L£, Head r.68602,Head 1.,2 21 -tt, Head r. Head r. 118 Head 1.,1., S-L£ 6956 -c, Laureate head r. 85 Head S: Head 1., S:.- 67. Monograms and double letters S::, Head r.r.81 A, Head r. 130 S::Head 46 13, Head r. 32 ‘|, Head r. 57 1|5, Head r. |-O, Head r. Ir 76 61 ‘\S, Head r. 83 Head 1., |:, Head r. 50 Letters with hooks l:., Head r. 44 A, Headr.r.128 43 l:-; Head r. 63 , Head Head L., |S: 47 Bs Head r. 120

=, Head r. 4 H, Head r. 89 Me Medo - Greek letters

X|-£, Headr. 96 XI1S,Head Head r. r. 112 87 A,‘»Head r. 136

X\|1:: (upwards), Head r. 18&-, [", Head Head r. r. 62 97 VI (upwards), Head r. 107 X X| (upwards), Head r. 6 Y, Head r. 134

11, Head r. 14 +, head r. 127 LX, Head r. 12 i XX| (upwards), Head r. 1 A, Head r. 93 XXX (upwards), Head r. 84 Greek letters with hooks

OX (upwards), r. 5 7, Head r. 91 X| (upwards), Head r.Head 27

C XX (upwards), Head r. 29 8, Head r. 92 C XX] (upwards), Head r. 26 Symbols

CX1LV (upwards), Head r. 10 Apex, Head r. 125 Ci X (upwards), Head r. 33 Arrow downwards, Head r. 417 CX), Head r. 94 Arrow-head upwards, Head r. 139 CC X (upwards), Head r. 9 Head 1., Arrow-head upwards 54

CCXV (upwards), Head. r. 141 Aspergillum, Head r. 138 CCI (upwards), Head r. 8 Axe, Head r. 100 DX X (upwards), Head r. 16 Bidens, head r. 88

@CC (upwards), 11.Bucranium Bow, Head r.143 53 (A, Head r. 116Head Headr.1.,

G, Head r. 2 Caduceus with club as handle, a), 30 Club, HeadHead r. 123 hy» Head Head r. r. , 103. r. 90

wv, Head r. 121 Club, r. 74 Head |.,Head Crescent 77

Letters r. r.24 Head 1., D Dolphin, 73 Eagle, headHead of, Head 79

CQ), head r. 66 Ear,Head Headr.r. 122 114 HeadLaureate 1., 3 102 Hammer,

‘J, Headr.r. 19 58 Head Head 1., 1., Hand 142 I, Head Harpa Laureate head 1., | 55 Ivy-leaf, Head r.82 72

Head 1., | 99Knucklebone, Key, Head r.r.15 —, Head r. 133. head 45 N, Head r. 115 Ladder, Head r. 126 P, Head head r.r. 140 59 Leaf, Head 5, Lituus, Headr. r.108 98 875

Indices ,

Lizard, Head r. 48 . between horse and palm, Head 1., Lizard 22 Horseman r., palm 121 Lotus, Head r. 39 . below, Horseman r., causea, palm

Lyre, Head r. 119 with fillet 171

Mallet, Head r. 132 .. above, Horseman r., palm 92, 119

Head 1., Mallet 105 : above, Horseman r., palm 161 Meta, Head r. 124 .. below, Horseman r., palm 97 Oil-jar and strigil, Head r. 35. above, . below, Horseman r., palm

Palm-branch tied with fillet, Head r. 109 7) 115, 126, 160 Pennant, Head r. 13... below, Horseman r., conical cap 86

Pileus, Head r. 41,104 . above, .. below, Horseman r.,

Ram’s head, Head r. 78 palm 46 Scales, Head r. 86 .. above, . below, Horseman r., Head !., Sceptre 95 palm 31, 123 Simpulum, Head r. 64 . above, *: below, Horseman r., palm 58 Snake, Head r. 49 _ ::: below, Horseman r., palm 79

Staff with double hook, Head r. 42 ‘| below, Horseman r. 51

Star, Head r. 75 + below, Horseman r., palm 133

Head 1., Stove 101 ‘Il above, Horseman r., palm 146

Strigil, Head r. 23 +1|-! below, Horseman r., conical cap, Thyrsus, r. 37Horseman palm r.29 Torch, Head r.Head 51 VI below, 95

Tortoise, Head XIIbelow, below,Horseman Horseman r. Whip, Head r. r.2052XV r. 67 68

Wing, Head r. 137. % below, Horseman r., palm 103 Curly wing, Head r. 110 %€ XVI below, Horseman r. 1 Small wing, Head r. 106 XVII below, Horseman r. 70

Wreath, Head r. 40 IL below, Horseman r. 94 Wreath with fillet, Head r. 113. {| below, Horseman r. 93 Pl. Lxx, 88, Head r. 32 w above, Horseman r., palm 155 Pl. Lxx, 90, Head r. 65 Pl. -xx, 87, Head r. 31 Letters

Pl. Lxx, 85, Head r. 25 A below, Horseman r., palm 81

Pl. Lxx, 84, Head r. , 17. A below, Horseman r., palm with Pl. Lxx, 98, Head r. 129 fillet 88 Pl. Lxx, 99, Head r. 431 above, Horseman r. 106

fillet 132, 164

Pl. Lxx, 100, Head r. 135 © below, Horseman r., palm with

There are two reverse dies with Horseman ™ above, Horseman r., palm 129 r., palm, where the specimens known to me J below, Horseman r., palm 89 do not permit of the identification of acon- Jj above, Horseman r., palm 111

trol-mark above, 3, 173 F below, Horseman r., palm 170

There are two reverse dies with Horseman 41 below, Horseman r., palm 135

r., palm, where the specimens known to me = -LJ above, Horseman r., palm 71

trol-mark below, H62, 128 fillet 99 above, Horseman r., palm 162 do not permit of the identification of acon- : below, Horseman r., palm with

No control-mark Reverse die H below, Horseman r., palm 63 Horseman |., torch, whip 38 H below, Horseman r., whip 56 Horseman |., torch, wing 127. — above, Horseman r., palm 125 Horseman l|., causea, torch, wing 122 -— above, Horseman r., conical cap,

Horseman 1., torch, whip, wing 116 palm 148

Horseman r., palm 149 | below, Horseman r., palm 64

Numerals palm with fillet 72 . above, Horseman r., palm 113. +) above, Horseman r., palm 136 | below, Horseman r., conical cap,

876

Types

J below, Horseman r. 84 A below, Horseman r., whip 36

_| below, Horseman r., palm 147 3° above, Horseman r., palm 47 VA below, Horseman r. 69 A above, Horseman r., palm 20, 45 O above, Horseman r., petasus, palm 118 A below, Horseman r. 53 O below, Horseman r. 85 = below, Horseman r. 174 O below, Horseman r., palm 16 TT below, Horseman r., palm 14

N below, Horseman r. 91 _] below, Horseman r. 400

O below, Horseman r., conical cap, ~< below, Horseman r., palm 166

palm 145 © below, Horseman r. 82

‘| above, Horseman r. 73

[ below, Horseman r., palm with Greek double letter and monogram

palm 59

fillet 130, 163 |A above, Horseman r., palm 11

‘) below, Horseman r., conical cap, J\ above, Horseman r., palm 25 « below, Horseman r., palm 55 Symbols

—) below, Horseman r., palm with Anchor below, Horseman r., palm 54

fillet 52 Arrow above, Horseman r., palm 109

J below, Horseman r., palm 107. Arrow above, Horseman l., torch 167

~ Q above, Horseman r., palm 450 : and arrow above, Horseman r., palm 155 R below, Horseman r., palm with fillet 139 Arrow-head above, Horseman r. 35

S above, Horseman r. 110 Arrow-head above, Horseman r.,

~™ above, Horseman r., palm 152 palm 144, 168

™ above, Horseman r., conical cap 131 Arrow-head below, Horseman r.,

-e above, Horseman r., palm 151 conical cap, palm 4 ‘ec above, Horseman r., petasus 165 Bird above, Horseman r., palm with S below, Horseman r., palm with fillet 61 fillet 75,137 Bird flying above, Horseman l.,

¢ below, Horseman r., palm with whip, wing 17 90 =o Butterfly above, Horseman r., palm Tfillet above, Horseman r., palm 114 with fillet 98

— above, Horseman r., palm 24 Club above, Horseman r., palm 32 -- above, Horseman r., palm 43 Cross above, Horseman r., palm 44 T below, Horseman r. 48 Cross below, Horseman r., palm 37 T below, Horseman r., palm 50 Dagger below, Horseman r., palm 13 V above, Horseman r., palm 57. Dolphin above, Horseman r., conical V below, Horseman r. 83 cap, palm 158 V below, Horseman r., conical cap, Dolphin below, Horseman r., palm 8 palm with fillet 87 Figure-of-eight above, Horseman r., < below, Horseman r., palm 40 palm 26 X below, Horseman r. 66 Fish below, Horseman r. 49

X below, Horseman r., palm 80 ~=Flail above, Horseman r. 141

Flail above, Horseman r., palm 28, 153 Greek double letter and monogram Fork, three-pronged, 1., above, Horse-

EN above, Horseman 1., conical cap, man r., palm 169 V_ above, Horseman r., palm 23 Fork, two-pronged, r., below, LP ]

Horseman r., palm 42, 108

Letter and numeral Hook above, Horseman r., palm with

— above, .. below, Horseman, r., fillet 12 palm 145 Leaf below, Horseman r., palm 9 Lituus above, Horseman r., palm 104

Greek letters Lituus above, Horseman r., conical

d& below, Horseman r., palm 2 cap, palm 101 [ above, Horseman, r., palm 33 Lizard above, Horseman 1., torch 78

— above, Horseman r., conical cap 60 Mace above, Horseman r., palm 157 877

Indices ,

LXX, 86) 21 cap, palm 159

Mallet above, Horseman r., palm (PI. Wing above, Horseman r., conical

Pedum above, Horseman r., palm 22 , below, Horseman r., Phrygian cap,

Pedum below, Horseman r., palm 65 palm 17 Rudder below, Horseman 1., torch 140 ? below, Horseman r., palm 96 Spear below, Horseman r., palm 41 Pl. Lxx, 82, Horseman r., palm 6 Spearhead below, Horseman r. 102 PI. £xx, 83, Horseman r., palm 10 Staff with double hook above, Horse- Pl. Lxx, 89, Horseman r., conical cap 74

man r., palm 112 Pl. LxXx, 91, Horseman r., conical

Star above, Horseman r., palm 134 cap, palm with fillet 76 Strigil above, Horseman r., palm 154 Pl. Lxx, 92, Horseman r., palm with

Strigil below, Horseman r., causea 18 fillet 105

Torch above, Horseman r., palm 34 Pl. Lxx, 93, Horseman r., causea 117 Torch r. above, Horseman r., whip 39 ~=6©P I. Lxx, 94, Horseman r. 120

Torch 1., below, Horseman r., palm 30 ~=©6©P 1. Lxx, 95, Horseman r., palm 124 Voting-tablet with L above, Horseman Pl. LXX, 106, Horseman r., causea,

r., palm 19 palm with fillet 138

Whip with three thongs above, Pl. Lxx, 97, Horseman r., palm 143

Horseman r., palm § PI. Lxx, 101, Horseman r., palm 172

It emerges with great clarity that the numerous small variants in particular of the reverse type

are an extension of the system of control-marks, if one can dignify it with such a name; there are, however, still a number of cases where the same variant and control-mark have more than one die.

878

Legends

II. INDEX OF LEGENDS This index is to the catalogue only and the numbers given are those of the catalogue; it covers whole legends and such parts of legends as aré separate on the coins; therefore it does not include, for instance, all occurrences of the word Imperator; the index does not cover minor variants or marks of value. At the end I have added a list of legends which are notable for grammatical, orthographical Or Onomastic reasons, what appear to be engravers’ errors being excluded; variations in the nomenclature used on the coinage of the Roman Republic seem to be without much significance (despite the unsupported assertions to the contrary of A. Blanchet, RN 1954, 1).

(a) Latin Retrograde inscriptions are at end

A, 465 AV. NG.IMP.AIIV.R.P.C, 516 A.A.A.F.F, 480 ANT. AVGV (or AVG or AVGV or

A.ALB.S.F, 335 AVGVR) IIIVIR.R.P.C, 536 A.A.BINVS orA.ALBINVS S.F, 335 ANT.IMP.ATIVIR.R.P.C, 524

A.ALLIENVS PRO.COS, 457 ANTON.AVG.IMP.11].COS.DES. III. AC, 428 541,529 542 A.CA, 174HIV.R.P.C, ANTON.IMP,

A.HIRTIVSFR(or A TIIRTIVS PR), 466 ANTONI ARMENIA (or ARMENTA)

A.LICINI, 454 DEVICTA, 543

A.LICINIVS, 454 ANTONIIMP.HIVIR.R.P.C, 489 A.LICIN (LICINI, LICINIV) or ANTONIO AVG, 546 LICINIVS) NERVA, 454 ANTONIVS AVG.IMP. HII, 542

A.MANLI.A.F.Q, 381 ANTONIVS AVGVR COS.DES.ITER. A. AAUI.Q.F.SER, 309 ET TERT—IMP.TERTIO IIVIR. A.PLAVTIVS AED.CVR, 431 R.P.C, §39 A.POST.A.F.S.N.A BIN, 372 ANTONIVS IMP, 529, 530 A.POSTVMIVS COS, 450 A, 298, 353 A.PV (Argento publico), p. 605 AP.CL.T.AAL.Q.¥, 299

A.SP\MI, 230 AQVA AAC, 425 (and variants) A.XL, 489 AG (or ARG) PVB, p. 605

A.XLI, 489 ARMENIA (or ARMENTA) DEVICTA, ACISCVLVS, 474 543 AD FRV.EMV, 330 A, 192, 344, 394 AE.CVR, 406 A/, 136 AED.CVR, 356, 406 AV RV, 221

AED.PL, 351 AVG.PONT, 546

AHALA, 433 AVGVRPONT.MAX, 467 AHENOBAR, 519 AVGVRPONTIF, 546

A, 111 AR, 65

AIMILIA REF.S.C, 419 AVGVRINI, 243 ALBIN (ALBINV or ALBINVS) AR, 146 BRVTI.F, 450, 451

ALEXANDREA or ALEXSANDREA, |B, 104, 477

419 BACCHIVS IVDAEVS, 431 A/, 136 BA , 179 AN.XV.PR.H.O.C.S, 419 BALA, 336 AV RV, 221 BA_BVS, 274

ANCVS, 425 BALBVSPRO.PR, 518 ANCVS MARCI, 346 (and many variants) BON.EVENT, 416

ANT.AVG.HUIVIR.R.P.C, 544 BROCCHI.INVIR, 414 879

Indices

BRVT.IMP, 508 C.C\M.F, 240

BRVTVS, 433, 500 C.CV.F.TRIG (or TRIGE), 240

BRVTVS IMP, 505, 506, 507 C.CM.TRIGE, 223

BVCA, 480 C.EGNATIVS (or EGNAIVS or EGNAVS) CN.F.CN.N. C, 63, 69, 71, 107 MAXSVMVS, 391 C.AMI.GEM, 244 C.EGA \LEI.C.F.Q, 333

C.AN,75 C.F.L.R.Q.M, 283 C.ALLI.BALA, 336 C.FABI.C.F, 322 —

COS, 366 C.FON , 290

C.ANNI (or ANNIVS) T.F.T.N.PRO. C.FLAV.HEMIC.LEG.PRO.-PR, 504

C.AéE STI, 219 C.FVNDA or C.FVNDAN.Q, 326

C.ANTIVS C.F, 455 C.HOSIDI.C.F.GETAIIIVIR, 407

C.ANTIVS C.F.RESTIO, 455 C.HYPSAE.COS.PREIVE.CAPTV, 422

C.ANTIVS RESTIO, 455 (and innumerable variants) C.ANTONIVS M.F.PRO.COS. C.IVNI, 210

PONTIFEX, 484 C.IVNI.C.F, 210

C.AVG, 242 C.LICINI (or LICINIVS) L.F.MACER, C.CAESARCOS.PON (or PONT) 354 A/G (or AVG), 490 C.LIMEA, 360 C.CAESAR COS.TER, 466 C.LIMETA(N), 360 C.CAES.DIC.TER, 475 C.MIAI, 203

490 C.MALLE.C.F, 282

C.CAESAR DICT.PERP.PON .AAX, C.MA or C.MALL, 335

C.CAESARIIIVIR.R.P.C, 490, 492,494, C.MAMIL.LIMEAN, 362

| 518, 523 C.MARC (or AARC) COS, 441, 445 C.CAESAR IMP, 482, 490 C.AACI.CENSO, 346 C.CAESAR IMP.COS.ITER, 457 C.MARI.C.F.CAPIT, 378

C.CAESAR IMV.HIVIR.R.P.C, 495 C.MARIDIANVS, 480 C.CAESAR IMP.HIVIR.R.P.C.PON. C.MEMMI.C.F, 427

AV(G), 493 C.MEMMIVS IMPERATOR, 427

C.CALDVS IMP.A (or A/) X, 437 C.MEE or C. NCE, 256

C.CASSEI.IMP, 500, 505 C.METE or C.METEL or C.VETELLVS

C.CASSI, 266 : or C.NVEELLVS or C.A4TELL or C.CASSI.IMP, 499, 500, 505 C.NCELL, 269

C.CASSI.PR.COS, 498 C.NA.BA.B, 382 C.CASSIVS.L.SALINA, 355 (and many C.NORBA, 491

variants ) C.NORBANVS, 357, 491

C.CATO, 274 C.NVM or NVMITOR or NVMITR or

C.CENSO (CENSOR, CENSORI or NVMITRI or NVMITORI, 246

CENSORIN), 346 C.NVMONIVS VAALA, 514 C.CLOVI.PRAEF, 476 C.PANSA C.F.C.N, 449 C.COEL.CALDVS COS, 437 C.PASA, 342 C.COIL.CALD, 318 C.PIS.L.F.FRVGI, 408 C.CLODIVS C.F.VESTALIS, 512 C.PANSA, 342, 449, 451

C.CONSIDILNONIANI, 424 C.PISO FRVGI, 408 C.CONSIDI.PAETI, 465 C.PISOL.F.FR (FRV, FRVG or FRVGI),

C.CONSIDIVS (CONSIDIV or 408

CONSIDI) PAETI, 465 C.PLVTI, 278

C.CONSIDIVS PAETVS, 465 C.POBLICI.Q.F, 380 C.CONSIDIVS (C.CONSIDI or C. C.POSTVMI, 394

CONSID), 465 C.PVLCHER, 300

C.COPONIVS PR, 444 C.REN or C.RENI, 231

C.COSNVS, 465 CROT, 92

F.F, 480 C.RWI, 244

C.COSSVTIVS MARIDIANVS A.A.A. C.RRI, 244 880

Legends

C.RMI, 244 CEST, 405 C.SA, 175 CESTIANVS, 409 C.SX, 173 CETEGVS, 288 C.SCR, 201 CHILO, 485 C.SERVIL, 264 CHORTIS SPECVLATORVM, 544

C.SERFIL.C.F, 423 CHORTIVM PRAETORIARVM, 544

C.SERV ILI, 264, 370 CILO, 302 C.SERVEILI.M.F, 239 CINA, 178 C.SV.P1, 312 CLEMENTIAE CAESARIS, 480

C.SVBICI.C.F, 312 CLEOPAT (or CLEOPATRAE) C.A, 202 REGINAE REGVMFILIORVM ~C.TARQVITI.P.F.Q, 366 REGVM, 543

C.ER.LVC, 217 CLOAC or CLOACIN, 494

C.TITINI, 226 CN.ASIO, 296

C.W.C.F, 228 CN.BLASIO CN.F, 296

C.V..C.F.FLAC, 228 CN.CA,, 153

C.\VAL.FLA.IMPERAT, 365 CN.CO, 81 C.\R, 74 CN.CORNEL.L.F.SISENA, 310 C.VEIBIVS VAARVS, 494 CN.DO, 147 C.VIBIVS C.F.C.N.PANSA, 449 CN.DOM, 147, 261

C.VIBIVS (or C.VBIVS) C.F.PANSA, CN.DOM or CN.DOMI, 261

342 (and innumerable variants) CN.DOMI or CN.DMI, 285

C.VIBIVS VARVS, 494 CN.DOMIT.AHENOBARBVSIMP, 524 C.YPSAE.COS.PRIV.CEPIT, 420 CN.DOMITIVS IMP, 519

C /\, 100 CN.DOMITIVS L.F.IMP, 519

CAICIA, 321 CNM OVW.M.CA..Q.NE, 284 CAEPIO BRVTVS PRO.COS, 501 CN.GEL or CN.GELI, 232

CAES.DIC.QVAR, 4814 CN.LEN, 345 CAESAR, 320, 443, 452, 458, 468 CN.LEN.Q, 393 CAESAR DIC, 488 CN.LEN (LENT, LENTV, LENTVL or CASA DIC.PER, 497 LEN VL), 345 CAESAR DIC.TER, 476 CN.LEN VL, 549 CAESAR DICT.IN PERPETVO, 480 CN.LVCR.TRIO, 237

CAESAR DICT.ITER, 456 CN.AAG.IMP, 474

CAESAR DICT.PERPETVO, 480 CN.MAGN.IMP, 470 CAESAR DICT.QVART, 480 CN.MAGNVS IMP, 469, 470

CAESAR DIVIF, 535 CN.MAGN (or MAGNVS) IMP.F, 470 CAESAR IHIVIR.R.P.C, 494, 497 CN.PISO FRVGI, 547

CAESAR IM.P.M, 480 CN.PISO PRO Q, 446

CAESAR IMP, 480, 482, 494, $29 CN.PLANCIVS AED.CVR, 432 CAESAR IMP.HIIVIR.R.P.C, 495, 528 CONCORD, 417

CAESARIM.HIVIR.R.P.C, 495 CONCORDIA, 415, 429, 494

517, 528 | 436

CAESAR IMP.PONT.IHVIR.R.P.C, CONCORDIAE or CONCORDIAI,

CAESAR IMPER, 480 CORDI, 403

CAESAR PARENS PATRIAE, 480 COS, 434, 437, 441, 445

CAESARI DIVIF, 546 COS.DESIG.(DESG orDESIGN)ITER.

CAISAR, 258 ET TER (or TERT) IIVIR.R.P.C, 533 CALD, 318 COS.DUSIG.ITHR.UT.THRT.UIVIR. CALDVS (or CA VS) HIVIR, 437 R.P.C, 533 CAPIT, 378 COS.ITER.AESIGN.TERT.IIIVIR.

CAPITOLINVS, 487 R.P.C, 541

CARB or CARBO, 279 COS.ITER.ETTER. DESIG, 537, 538, 540

CASCA LONGVS, 507 COS.ITER.ET TERT.DESIG, 538 CELSVS, 472 COS.QVINQ, COS.QVINC, 481 CERCO, 305 439 881

Indices

COS.TERT.DICT.ITER, 467 GAR. R.OC \V., 350

COSTA LEG, 506 GEM, 244, 250

COTA, 229 GETAIIIVIR, 407 CRASS.IVN.LEG.PRO.PR, 460 GR, 169 CRASSIPES or CRASSVPES, 356 GRACCVS, §25

GRAG or GRAGV, 238

D.P.P, 312 H, 85

D, 171, 467

D.S.S, 297 HERCVLES MVSARVM, 410

D.SILANVS L.F, 337 HIS or HS, 437 D.V\, 545 HISPAN, 372 DEIPENATES, 455 HO, 403

DICT, 456 |

DEOMI, 261 HONORIS, 473 DICT.ITER, 467 IC, 69316 DIC.TER, 475 I.S.M.R, DICT. (IN) PERPETVO, 480 HIVIR, 454

DIVIF, 526, 534, 535, 546 HIVIR.R.P.C, 489, 494, 496, 497, 520, 529,

DIVIIVLI, 526 544, cf. COS ete, DIVIIVLI.F, 525, 526 HHIVIR, 525 DIVOIVL, 540 HIIVIR.A.P.F, 494 DIVOS IVLIVS, 534, 535 HIIVIR.PRILFL, 485

DOM.COS.ITER.IMP, 532 INIVIR.Q.D(ESIG), 525

DOMIT, 261 IMP, 429, 459, 471. 477, 479, 482, 489, 494, DOS (DOSSE, DOSSEN, DOSSENI or 496, 499, 500, 506, 507, 529, 530, 546

DOSSI), 348 IMP.A (orIMP.CAESAR AV) X, DIVIF, 437 546

E.L.P, 337, 340 IMP.CAESAR DIVI F—COS.ITER.ET EID.MAR, 508 TER.DESIG, 537 EPPIVS LEG, 478 IMP.CAESAR DIVI F.INVIR.ITER. EPPIVS LEG.F.C, 461 R.P.C.—COS.ITER. ET TERT.

ERVC, 424 DESIG, 538 EX A.P. (Ex argento publico), p. 605 IMP.CAESAR DIVI F.UIVIR.ITER. EX A.PV. (Ex argento publico), p. 605 R.P.C.—COS.ITER.ET TER.DESIG,

EX S.C, 376 and p. 606 538, 540

F.P.R, 513 537 FABATI, 412 IMP.CAESAR DIVIIVLI F, 534

IMP.CAESAR DIVI F.UIVIR.R.P.C,

VAS, 426 IMP.ITER, 544 FAVSTVS, 426 IMP.CAESARI—DIVI F.AVG.PONT,

FEELIX (FELIX), 426 546 FELICITATIS, 473 IMP.DIVE IVLI F.TER.UIVIR.R.P.LC, FLAC, 228, 387 IMP.TER, 536

FIDES, 454 534

FLACCI, 306 IMP. TERTIOIHVIR. R.P.C, 539

FLAVS, 207 IMPE, 368 FLORAL. PRIMVS, 423 IMPER, 374

FORT.P.R, 440 IMPER.ITERV (or ITERVM), 359

FOSTLVS, IMPERAT, 365 FRVGI, 340235 IMPERATOR, 427

F.S, 487 IOVIS AXVR, 449

G.P.R, 393IVDAEVS, ITER, 456431 G.T.A, 460 (AL, 403

GAL, 313, 349 IVDEX, 404 GAR.OC\L.VR, 350 IVLI.F, §25, $26 882

Legends

R, 69 - L.MVSSIDI (or MVSSIDIVS) LONGI KALENI, 403 (or LONGVS), 494 L.MVSSIDIVS T.F.LONGVS TIIVIR.

L, 43, 97, 98 A.P.F, 494 :

L, 408/1b (rev. die 19), 507 L.OPEIMI, 253 L.AEMILIVS BVCA, 480 L.P.D.A.P, 338 L.AEMILIVS BVCA IIIIVIR, 480 L.PAPI, 384

L.AZS or AAES.GRAG, 238 L.PAPI.CELSVS, 472

L.ANTONIVS COS, 517 L.PAPIVS, 472

L.AILI.NOM, 225 L.PAPIVS CELSVS, 472

L.ATRATINVS AVGVR, 530 L.PAPIVS CELSVS HIIVIR, 472

L.AXSIVS L.F.NASO, 400 L.PHILIPPVS, 293 L.BRVTVS PRIM.COS, 506 L.PISO, 340

L.BVCA, 480 L.PISOFRV.VU, 340 L.C.MEMIES L.F.GAL, 349 L.PISO FRVG or FRVGI, 340

L.CASI, 298 L.PISO L.F, 340 L.CALDVS VIIM EP (or EP\L), 437 L.PISOL.F.FRVGI, 340 L.CASSI.CAICIA, 321 L.PLAET.CEST, 508

L.CASSI.Q.F, 386 L.PLAETORIL.F.Q, 396

L.CENSOR (CENSORI or L.PLANC.PR (or PRAEF) \B (or VRB),

CENSORIN), 360, 363 475 L.COIL, 154 L.PLANCVS PRO.COS, 522

L.CESTIVS, 491 L.PLANCVS IMP.ITER, 522

L.COSCO.M.F, 282 L.PLAVTIV(S) PLANCV(S), 453 L.COSSVTI.C.F.SABVLA, 395 PBOMY, 334

L.COT, 314 L.POMPONI.C L.POMPON.MOLO, 334 L.CV’, 218 NF, 282

L D, 437 L.PORCI.LICI, 282

L.FABI.L.F.HISP.Q, 366 L.POST.AB, 252

L.FARSVLEI.MENSOR, 392 L.PROCILI.F, 379

L.FLAMIN.CHILOTHIVIR.PRI.FL, 485 L.REGVLVS, 494 L.FLAMINI or L.FLAMNI.CILO, 302 L.REGVLVS PR, 494

L.FLAMINIVS IHIVIR, 485 L.REGVLVS HIIIVIR.A.P.F, 494

L.FVRI.CN.F.BROCCHI IIIVIR, 414 L.ROSCI.FABATI, 412

L.H., 315 L.RVBR, 348 L.HOSTILIVSSASERN (orSASERNA), L.RVBRI. DOS (DOSSE, DOSSEN, 447 DOSSENI or DOSSI), 348 L.IT!, 209 L.RVSTI, 389 L.IWLI, 224 L.RVTILI.FLAC, 387

L.IVLI, 323 L.SALINA.C.CASSIVS, 355 (and many

L.IVLI.BVRSIO, 352 variants )

L.IVLI.L.F. CAESAR, 320 L.SA, 317

L.LEN .C.AARC.COS, 441, 445 L.SATVRN, 317 L.LENTVLVS C.MARC COS, 445 — L.SAV, 204

L.LENTVLVS AA.COS, 445 L.SCIP.ASIAG, 314 L.LIC.CN.DOM, 282 L.SEAN.PITIO, 216 L.LIVINEIVS REGVLVS, 494 L.SEAAR.PITIO, 216

L.LVCRETI.TRIO, 390 © L.SENTI.C.F, 325

L.MAMILI, 149 | L.SERVIVS RVFVS, 515

L.MANLI.PRO Q, 367 L.SESTI.PRO.Q, 502 L.MANLI-A.PRO Q, 367 L.S\L(A) IMPE, 368 L.NVEMMI, 313 L.SVLLA FELI (or FEL!X) DIC, 381 L.MEMMI, 304 L.SVLLA IM (IMP or IMPE), 367 L.VEMMI.GAL, 313 L.SVLLA—IMPER.ITERV (or

L.METEL, 335 ITERVM), 359 L.MINVCI or MINVCIV, 248 L.HORI, 316 883

Indices

L.THORIVS BALBVS or RALBVS, 316 M.A .IMP, 489 L.TITVRILL.F.SASINVS, 344 (and ine M.ANT.IM.AVG.IHIVIR.R.P.C.

| numerable variants) M.BARBAT.Q.P, 517 L.TITVRILSABIN, 344 M.ANT.AMY.AG.UIVIR.R.P.C. L.TORQVA.Q, 295 L.GELL.Q.P, 517 L.TORQVAT.IINVIR, 411 M.ANT.LAMA.AVG.IIVIR.R.P.C.

L.REBAVI or RERAVI, 241 M.NERVA.PROQ.P, 517

L.V.SAB, 344 M.ANT (AN or A )IAXHIVIR.R.PLC, L.VALERI.FLACCI, 306 §20

L.VALERIV(S) ACISCVLVS, 474 M.ANTO.COS II.IMP.II, 546 L.VINICI, 436 M.AN O.IMP, 488 L.LO.L.F.SRA, 377 M.AN O.IMP.R.P.C, 488 A, 298 M.ANTON.C.CAESAR (IMP), 529 LABEO, 273 M.AN ON.COS.IMP, 489 LAECA, 270 M.AN ON.IMP, 488, 489 LARISCOLVS, 486 M.ANTON.IMP.AVG.IIVIR.R.P.C,

LACRENS, 358 522 LEG, 505, 506 M.ANTON.IMP.INVIR.R.P.C, 528 LEG.HI—LEG. XXIII, 544 M.ANTON.IMP.HIVIR.R.P.C.AVG, LEG.VIII, 546 ] 528 LEG.PRI, $44 M.AN ON.IMP.R.P.C, 488 LEG.XITANTIQVAE, 544 M.ANTONI.I/AWY (or IMP) HIVER.

LEG.XVII CLASSICAE, 544 R.P.C, 496

LEG. XVIII LYBICAE, 544 M.ANTONI.M.F.M.N.AVG.IMP.

LEG.F.C, 461 TERT—COS.ITER.AESIGN.TERT.

LEG.PRO.PR, 460 HIVIRR.P.C, 541

LEIBERTAS, §00, 501, 506 M.ANTONIO COS.IHH.IMP.IIHI, 546 LEN .CVR.XEF (or FL), 393 M.ANTONIVS AVG.IMP.HI. COS,

— LEN .AA.COS, 445 TERT.UIVIR.R.P.C, 545 LEN .AA.F, 329 M.ANTONIVS HIVIR.R.P.C, 492, 494,

LENTVLVS SPINT, 500 496 LEP, 291 M.ANTONIVSIMP.IIVIR.R.P.C, 516,

LEP.IMP, 489 527 495 A/G, 493 oyR.P.C, 144 M.ANTONIVS M.F.F, 541

LEPIDVS PON’. AAX.IIV (or HIM) M.ANTONIVS IM(P) HIVIR.R.P.C.

LIBERT, 428 M.ANTONIVS M.F.M.N.AVGVR LIBERAS, 498, 499 IMP.TER—COS.DESIGN.ITER. LIBERTAS, 433 ET.TER.UIVIR.R.P.C, 533 LIBERTATIS, 449, 473 M.ANTONIVS M.F.M.N.AVGVR. LIBO, 215, 416, 417 IAN. TER—IIVIR.R.P.C.COS. | Lil (=§2), 452 DESIG.ITER.ET TERT, 533 LONGIN, 413 M.ANTONIVS M.P.M.N.AVGVR LONGVS, 494, 507 IMP. THRT—COS.DIISIG.ITHR. UT

EY, 134 THRT.AVIR.R.P.C, 533

LVGVDVNI, 489 M.AQVINVS LEG, 498, 499

M.ARRIVS SECVNDVS, 513

M, 51, 64, 71, 264, 370 M.ATIL (or ATILI), 214 M.A MI.GEM, 250 M.ATIL (or ATILI) SARA, 214 M.AMI.A4.GEM, 250 (and a variety of M.A“. or AV.RVS, 227

blundered legends) M.ARELI.COTA, 229

M.ACILI or M.ACIL or M.ACLI, 255 M.AVELI.SCARI, 282

M.ACILIVS M.F, 255 M.BAEBI.Q.F.TAMPIL, 236 M.AGRIPPA COS.DESIG, 534 M.BRVTVS IMP, 506

M.ANT.AVGVRIIHVIR.R.P.C, 536 M.CA..Q.ME.CNEONV, 284

M.A IAW. IIIV.R.PLC, 5331 M.CALID.Q,.ME.CN L, 284 884

Legends

M.CARBO, 276 NV ..CORDI (or CORDIVS) RVF (RVFI,

M.CAO, 343 RVFV or RVFVS), 463

M.CAO (or CATO) PROPR, 462 MW .CORDI (CORDIV or CORDIVS) M.CIPI.M.F, 289 RVFVS ILVIR, 463 | M.FABRINI or M.FABRNI or M. AW.FON, 353

FARINI or M.FABR, 251 MW.FON.TR.MIL, 429

M.FA.C.F, 275 MW .FON El, 307

M.FAN.L.CRT (or CRI), 351 AWV/.FON EI.C.F, 353

M.FOVRI.L.F.RAALI, 284 MACER, 354, 480

M.FERENNI, 308 AAG (or MAG) PIVS IMP.ITER, 511 M.IVNI, 220 MAGN.PROCOS, 446, 447 | M.LEPID.COS.IMP, 489 NAGN (AAGNVS or AAGNYV) PIVS IMP, M.LEPID.IMP, 489 479 M.LEPIDVS, 419 AAGNVS (MAGNVS, MAGNV_ or M.LEPIDVS HIIVIR.R.P.C, 492, 494 MAG N) PIVS IMP.F, 478

, M.LVCILI.RVF, 324 MAGNVS PROCOS, 402

M.AAC, 245 MARC.COS, 445

M.AAK Cl. MW .F or MW, 245 AA.COS, 445

M.MCTELLV(S) or M. ME ELLVS, 263 MARCELLINVS, 439

M.METELLVS Q.F, 263, 369 MARCELLINVS COS.QVINQ, 439 M.METTI (or METTIVS), 480 © MARIDIANVS, 480 M.MINAT.SABI (or SABIN) PR.Q, AX, 162

470 MAXSVMVS, 391 M.OPEIMI, 254 MW, 142 M.PISO M.F.FRVGI, 418 MN, 132

M.PLAETOR (PLAETORI, MEMMIVS AED.CERIALIA PLAETORIV or PLAETORIVS) PREIMVS FECIT, 427 CEST, 405 MENSOR, 392 M.PLAETORIVS AED.CVR— MESSA..F, 435

CESTIANVS, 4o9 METEL.PIVS SCIP.IMP, 460

M.PLAETORIVS M.F.AED.CVR— MONETA, 396, 464

CESTIANVS, 409 M., 93

M.POBLICI.LEG.PROPR, 469 NX, 103, 162

M.POR(C) LAECA, 270 M, 103 M.RORC.LAECA, MVRCVS M.SCAVR.AED.CVR, 270 422 (and variants) IMP,510 NENA, 186 M.SERGI.SILVS Q, 286 MVSA, 410 M.SERVEILI.C.F, 327

M.SERVILIVS LEG, 505 , 94 M.SIA, 285 N.FABI.PICTOR, 268

M.SILA, 285 NASO, 400 M.SILANVS AVG.Q.PRO.COS, 542 NAT, 200

M.TITINI, 280 150 NEPT, NATA,519 208 M.TVLLI, M.\AG or M.\VAGV or M.VARG or NEPTVNI, 483 M.\A, 257 NERI.O.WB, 441 M.VOLTEIM.F, 385 NERVA, 454

NX, NERVA AA,64, 64,143 172 NOM,IHVIR, 225 454

Nx , 143° , NVMA, 446 WV .ACI or W.ACIL, 271 NVAA POMIL, 334 . WV ..ACILI.BALBVS, 271 NVMA POMPILI, 346 (and many vari-

MANY ACILIVS ep 442 ants ) MV .AEMILIO LEP, 291

WV .AQVIL, 303 OC\L.GAR.‘ R, 350

WV .AQVIL. MW .F.AV.N.IIVIR, 401 OC\L.VER.GAR, 350 , , —— «885

Indice

OPEI, PISO, 340 Q, 330 OMWV, 190 188 PISO CAEPIO OSCA, 532 PISO FRVGI, 340 PITIO, 216

",292, 97,335, 99337 PIVS, 459479 P, PIVS IMP,

P (Publice), p. 605 PIVS IMP.F, 478

P.A (Publico argento), p. 605 PLANCV or PLANCVS, 453

P,ACCOLEIVS LARISCOLVS, 486 PON-.MAX, 419 A, 176 189 PON .IMP, 531 P.BLAS, PONT.MAX, 467

P.CALP, 247 PONTIF.AVGVR, 546 P.CLODIVS M.F, 494 PONTIFEX, 484 P,.CLODIVS M.F.INIVIR.A.P.F, 494 POPVL.IVSSV, 518 P,CRASSVSIVN.LEG.PROPR, 460 PR, 444, 491, 494

P.CRASSVS M. F, 430 PRAEF, 476 P.CREPVS, 360 PRAEF.CLAS. ET ORA AAI EX S.C, P,.CREPVSI, 360, 361 514 P.E.S.C, 329 PRAF.CLAS.ET ORA AALIT(EX)S.C, P.FON EILVS (or FONTEIVS) CAPITO 511

HIVIR, 429 PRAF.ORA AAI ET CLAS.S.C, 511

P.FOVRIVS CRASSIPES (or PRAF.ORA AALIT.ET CLAS. (EX) CRASSVPES) AED.CVR, 356 S.C, 541 P.GALB.AE (or AED) CVR, 406 PR.VRB, 475 PLHYPSAE.AED.CVR, 422 (and in- PRAEF.VR, 494

numerable variants) PRAEF.\UB, 475 P.LACCA, 301 PRILFL, 485 P.LEN .P.F.L.N.Q, 397 PR(O) COS, 402, 446, 498 PAX AT 249 PR(O) Q, 470, 502 PAZ.AT.A, 249 (and a variety of PROVOCO, 301 blundered292 legends) DP, 177p. 605 P.NERVA, PV (Publice),

PA, 138 PROPR, 518 | P.P, 307 WR, 155 P.PAETVS, 233 PVR or PVR, 187

P.SABIN.O, 331 PVTEAL.SCRIBON, 416, 417 P.SATRIENVS, 388

P.SEPVLLIVS, 480 Q, 86, 102, 375

P.SEPVLLIVS MACER, 480 Q.A’ O.BA_B.PR, 364 P,SERVILILM.F.RVLLI, 328 Q.C.M.P.1, 374 P.S\WLA (or SVLA), 205 Q.CAEP (or CAEPIO) BRVT (or P.VENIDI.LPON.IMP, 531 BRVTVS) IMP, 503, 505

P.YPSAE, 420 Q.CAEPIO BRVTVS PRO COS, 502 PAETI or PAETVS, 465 Q.CASSIVS, 428

PALIKANI or PALIKANVS, 473 Q.CORNVFICI.AVGVR IMP, 509

PANSA, 342, 449 Q.CREPER.M.F.ROCVS, 399

PARE COS, 435 Q.CREPEREI.ROCVS, 399 PAVLLVS LEPIDVS, 415, 417 Q.CVRT or Q.CVRTI, 285

PAVLLVS, 415 Q.DESIG, §25

PAXS, 480 DEA487BIT Ae: 273273 PETILLIVS CAPITOLINVS, Q.FABI.LABEO,

ALI, 281 QLC, 125 PHILIPPVS, 425 Q.LABIENVS PARTHICVS IMP, 524 PICTOR, 268 Q.LV ATI, 305

PIEAS or PIETAS, 308, 450, 477 Q.LVATI.Q—CERCO, 305

PIEAS (or PIETAS) COS, 516 OMA, 215 886

Legends

Q.AA.C.F.L.R, 283 ROMANO, 2, 13, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 23

Q.AARC.LIBO, 215 ROMANOM, 3, 4 Q.MARI, 148ROMNAO, ROMAO, 17 O.MxX, 371 17 Q.MX or Q.MAX or QO.M/X, 265 RVF, 277, 324, 463 Q.Me, 211 RVFl or RVFV, 463 Q.NE.CN.L.M.CALID, 284 RVFVS, 398, 463, 515 Q.ME or Q.N& or Q.MET or Q. NET, RVEVS COS, 434

Q.ACE or Q.MEE or Q.NETE or RVLLI, 328

Q. MEL, 256 RVS, 227

Q.METEL.PIVS SCIPIO IMP, 459, 460 «

Q.METELL.SCIPIO IMP, 461 Sree! 506

Q.MINV.RVF, 277aR SCOT. 3 Q.MX, 265 CF 1 395 Q.NASIDIV(S), 483. ¢ 497 Q.OPPIVS PR, 550 5.V, 154 Q.PILIPVS, 259 SAB, 344 Q.POM.RVFI, 434 SABIN, 344

Q.POMPEI.Q.F.RVFVS (or RVRVS) SABINVS, 344, 404

COS, 434 SABVLA, 395

Q.POMPEI.RVF, 434 SAFRA, 206

Q.POMPONI.MVSA, 410 SA... 477 Q.POMPONI.RVEVS, 398 SAL, 477

Q.SALVIVS IMP.COS.DESG (or SA-VS or SALVS, 337

Q.SICINIVS THVIR, 440, 444 SAR or SAL, 199

Q.HERM.MX, 319 SAR A/, 214 Q.TITI, SASERN(A), QVAR,341 481 5/X, 180 447

Q.VOCONIVS VITVLVS,. 526 SCARPVS IMP, 546 Q.VOCONIVS VITVLVS Q.DESIG (or SCARI, 282

DESIGN),268 526 SCIPIO SCIP.IMP, 460 459, 461 | QVIRIN, IMP, QVIRINVS, 427 SECVNDVS, 513 SER, 309

REGVLVS, 494 SEX.INLI.CAISAR, 258

REGVLVS F.PRAEF.VR, 494 SEX.MAGN.PIVS IMP, 477

REGVLVS PR, 404 SEX.MAGN (or MAGNVS) IMP, 477

RESTIO, 455 SEX.NONI.PR.L.V.P.F, 424

REX ARETAS, 422 SEX.PO or POM or PMO, 235

RO, 403 satan or SIBYLLA, 411

aren #99 SILVS, 286 ROMA, 25-34, 37-39, 41-224, 226-296, 2ISENA, 310 , 401

301-303, 305, 308-310, 312-313, 315- ORS, 405 317, 322, 329, 333-335, 337, 339-340, eveee AS 342-343, 346, 350, 369-371, 373, 380, CVLLAC Oe,

388, 462, 464 1152 434 ROMAAC, 17 SX.Q, ROMAAN, 17 ROMAAO, 17 T, 98, 141 ROMAAOC, 17 T.CA(CAR, CARIS, CARISI, CARISIV ROMAMO, 17 or CARISIVS), 464

ROMANC, 17 T.CARISIV (or CARISIVS) IIIVIR, 464 887

Indices | T.CLOVLI, 260 TRIVMPVS, 472

T.CLOVI.Q, 332TWD, TT’, 177 T.DEIDI, 294 193

T.DIDI.IMP.VIL.PVB, 429 TVSCVL, §15 T.AMAL.AP.CL.Q.V , 299 TVTOR REG.S.C, 419

T.Q, 267

T.QVINCTI, 548 V , 87, 408/1a (obv. die 33), 413

T.VETTIVS SABINVS, 404 VAALA, 514 , A, 192, 344, 394, 404 VAARVS, 494

Av,, 161 VV, 191 AN 133 VALEV, 442 TAMPIL, 236 VR, 126

TER, 415 \AO, 185 TILAVGVRINI, 243 VARRO PROQ, 446

TIL.CLAO.TI.F.A .N, 383 VARVS, 494 | TIL.MINVCI.C.F.AVGVRINI, 243 \8, 95 T1.Q, 297 \FER.GAR.OC VL, 350 TILSEMPRON.GRACCVSIIIVIR.Q.D VER.OC\L.GAR, 350 (or DESIG), 525 VEST or VESTA, 428

TILSEMPRONIVS GRACCVS Q. VESTALIS, 512

DESIG, 525 VICRIX, 343, 462 TI. , 234 234 VIL.PVB, 429 TIMER, VIR, 403 TILVEVR, 234 VIRTVS, 401

TOD, 141 VITVLVS, 526 TRIG or TRIGE, 223, 240 VNI, 373 TRIO, 237, 390

Retrograde inscriptions

gAe. v.14, 344 17 ITIT.O, 341JOMAOAR, UAMOA,

17

(b) Greek

A, 101 POMAION, «, 101 DM, 293 1 (c) Notable Legends

A. Alb(inus) S.f. Caisar Ad fru(mentum) emu(ndum) Cetegus Aid(ilis) Cur(ulis), 422 Chortis Aimilia (Basilica) ref(ecta) Cilo

Albinus Bruti Cina Alexandrea Cn. f.Dome(itius)

Alexsandrea Cn. Magnus Imp.f. Concordiai

C. Cassei Cos. diisig. etc. C. Coil(ius) Cald(us) Cos. iter(um) design(atus) tertio (Greek A) C. Cur(iatius) f. (Trigeminus) Cos. quinc(uies)

C. Malle(olus) C.f. Cota C. Pansa C.f.C.n. Crassupes C. Pasa

C.Veibius (Vaarus) D. Silanus L. f.

, 888

C.Ypsae(us) Deomi(tius) Caeician(us) Divos Iulius :

Flaus

Legends

Eid(ibus) Mar(tiis) Ocul(nius) Opei(mius)

Feelix Opeimi(us)

Fostlus P. Crassus M.f. Graccus P. Mae(nius) Ant(iaticus) M.f. P. Lent(ulus) P.f.L.n.

Gragu(lus) Paullus Paxs

Imp. Divi Iuli f. ter(tio) | Preiver(num), 422 Iovius Axur(is) Q. Pilipus L. C. Memies Q. Salvius L. Coil(ius) Q. Therm(us) M.f,

L. Piso. Fru(gi) n. Quireinus, 427 L. Procili(us) f.

Lariscolus (long i) Romanom, Romano (sing. nom. neutr. et masc.) Leibertas

Sisena

M. Anto(nius) Imp. R. P. C. Sx. Q. M. Antonius M.f.f.

M. Calidius (long i) T. Clouli(us), dis

M. Four T. M. Metellus Q.f.Deidi(us) Triumpus

Maxsumus Vaala

M. Piso M.f. Frugi

Memmius Aed(ilis) Cerialia preimus fecit Vaarus

889

Indices

Il. INDEX OF SOURCES The numbers given are page numbers.

1.ii,Papyri Cret. iv, 1469 327 521 P, Osl. 14, line 9I.740 (IG ii-i?, - 693

P. Tebt. Oxy. 33 1411 561 1471 693 P, 315 V, 2, 146 W. Chrest. 3 315 Xil, 9, 233 268 544

916 538

2. Inscriptions Inscr. Del. 1433 A (Col. i), line 141 632

AE 1933, 99 521 1449 Aab (Col. ii), line 12 632

1934,119 258 521 1450 A, 1, line 97 |632 1939, 521 Inscr. It. xili, p. 183 494 1967, 107 494 1, p. 565 83

1968, 536-8 474 599 1,2,p.Pp. 568 101, 742 1968, 521 439-40 290 Annuario Atene 1961-2, pp. 317-18, 3, no. 69 626 , no.BCH 170 1904, 521 3,271 no.196 70 313, 599,8 709 IJLLRP 225 1964, 569 and 607 544 55 724

1965, 101-10 Bull. Epig.302 1950,544 68 725 126 396,418 727

1964,1971, 573167 521544 170 323 Cinron 187 715 CIL i?, p. 214 373 192 311, 363 Pp. 245 373 224 374

2806 735 265 311 li, 4962 591 346 387 111, 846 449 351 387 6076 599 352-6 397 14386d | 511 363 326 lV, 3340, cliv 561 365 403 Vil, 791 617 366 84 1145 579 392 441 1518 599 407-8 494

8455 617 409 742 8456 617 411 442 8463 579 414 474 9953 617 417 481 Ix, 705 447 421 349 4673 311 429 534 5904 736 431 , 743 x, 16 725 439 519 5689 561 461 294 6493 264 464 632 Xi, 3310a §21 465 632

3311 §21 46$a 632 XIV, 2862 418 475 320 3642 | 617 485 328 Corp. Inscr. Sem. 336 735 504 632 Corinth viii, 3, 125 599 515 248, 313 EE ix, 599 497 517 629 FIRA, i,8no. 7 71, 259, 313, 632 518 632 no. 313, 632 562a 743 no. 10 | 313 567-8 442 890

Sources

674 632 767 538 777 325 Vetter 2 632 807 366 233 | 632

ILLRP (cont.) 688 617, 624

987-8 310 994-5 310 3. GreekNA, authors 997-8 310 Aelian, 1, 38 718 1019 412 x1, 16 440 1025 483 Agathocles, FGH 472, fr. 5 = 840, 1034 396 frr. 18-19 723

1110 743 fr. 12 723 1113 743 Antiochus, FGH 555, fr. 5 439 719 1116 742 Apollodorus, Bibl. i, 3, 1 1120 743 11, 7, 8 471 1148 377. Appian, BC i, 131 605 1260 293 188 629 ILS 73 742 253 388 73a 742 271 78 108 510 275 452 1104 739 Alcimus, FGH 560, fr. 4 = 840,

251 450 340 374 886 743 352 388 904 §21 410 629 1570 472 415 629 1634-5 579 418 629 1635 578, 582 422 629 1636-7 579 431 335 1636 579 439 81 1638 578 451 397 1639 579 453-5 373

4999 455 464 446 6631 735. 474-5 637-8 8302 623 549 705 8629-35 591 il, 92 696 8890 349 129 696 8891 521, 739 135 608, 639 9349 736 164 639 9460 515 92,281 389 G. Marini, Git atti e197 monumenti 735

de’fratelli arvali, 61-2 264 284735 451 OGIS 480 627 319 451, Praktika 1953, 271 123 421 639 REA1935; 1964,1 309 544735» 424 735 RN 80 430 739 Seconda misc. Greca e Romana, 381 494 442 494 SEG iti, 451 521 240, 262 443495 495 IX, 152 602 Sherk 4 240, 262 60 iii, 39 617 9 617, 624 510

10, B 617, 624 72 510 16 293, 363 105-7 741 18 387 197 92 19 328 259 639 27 447, 483, 517 269 640 SIG 617 196 iv, 18 639 674 617, 624 19 640 891

Indices

107 412 19,3 609 132-46 640 xl, 45, 4-5 456 167 470 xli, 3, 4 608, 639 171 419 6, 3 608, 639 181 470 9,7 639 300-5 741 17, 1-2 639 316 639 39, 2 510 5638 741$19 xiii, 18, 3 373, 450 v, 59 639 17-18 636 xlili, 14, §742 478 120 526 14, 6 207 516 21, 2 742 208 100 22, 1 735 282 640 22, 2 735 416 739 43, 3 727 463 476 44,2 494 540 640 45,2 619 Celt. 6 727 47,4 639 Mith. 84 637 48,1 619 131 697 48, 3 619 152 637 xliv, 4, 2 494 217 637 4,4 493, 494 226 697 4,5 494 259 637 5»2 510 430 638 6, 3 741 478 451 4 495 565 638 11,2 488 569-70 638 48, 1 494 582 83 48, 3 494 Aristotle, Pol. 1308a 35 6223,2 xlv, 2,617 3 725 Rhet. 1, 4 617 FGH 840, fr. 13a6, 72356,741 4 495 13¢ 723 Athenaeus, 108 624 744 Xil, 534€vi,369 7927,1741 Appian, BC, iv (cont.) XXxix, 16, 2 45§

XV, 202a719 73517,3 17, 1714 349 692d-e

Callias, FGH 564, fr. § = 840, fr.14 723 xlvi, 31, 3 639

Callimachus, Epigr. 56 Pfeiffer 718 38, 1 740 Cephalon, FGH 45, frr. 8-10 = 840, xIvii, 10, 6 419

fr. 21,FGH cf. 819, fr. 40b 723 14, 2 640 Clinias, fr. 1 723 16-17 640 Damastes, FGH 5, fr. 3 =840, fr. 9 723 21, 3 639

Dio also 452 Zonaras 741 fr. see 5, 5-6 25 25 2 741

fr. 104 637 40, 8 741 XXXVii, 8, 2 135 42, 3-43, 741 21,2 450 xIvill, 5, 4 1742

XXX-XXxxv, fr. 100B 262 33, 3 741

21, 3 83 19, 1 521 21,4 450 19, 2 739 XXXVILl, 1, 5 638 26, §739 529 5» 1 638 315 5 5,2 345640 17,5 638 714 48, 739 892

Dio (cont.) 80~1 447 xlix, 15, 3 640 228 89 1,751 541 232 89 Sources

10, 4 640 234 89 li, 35 5 728 236 89 19; 3 499 240 89 22, 5 554 BF i, 159 447

liti, 13, 3 314 Lycophron, Alexandra, 1232-4 714

13, 64314 Melinno, Hymn Caes. to Rome 722 32, 523. Nic. Dam., §51 617 lvi, 10 623 Sibyll. 215740 740 Ixvii, 10,Orac. 4 289 xi, xi, 290

liv, 26, 56639 599110 80 494 lv, 255 639

Diodorus vii,25 5, 8636, 735 Pausanias ix, 7 7, 4373 637 XXXV, 697 40, XXXVI, 13 327 Plutarch, 201a-b 636 XXXVvii, 10 616Mor. 314d 485

XXXVili-—Xxxix, fr. 7 637 de fort. Rom, 318c-d 373

XXXVili-Xxxix, fr. 14 637 320d 268

Dionysius, FGH 840, frr.¥10-11 123 praec. rei p. ger. 806d 450

D.34, Hal.1i,719 18, 2272€-273b 719 OR 268f727 268

34) 5 719 274e-£ 719 353 3 719 276f 312 59, 4-5 482 278d 268 67, 4 (Timaeus) 716 Alc. 16 369 68, 2 320 Ant. 4 510 79; 4 735 9 740 79s 8 267, 714 16 741 ili, 62 274 36 510 iv, 16, 2 623 60 510 17,2 625 73-4 499 45,1 220 Brut. 1 456 Vi, 13 715 24 741 13, 1-4 335 25 639 94; 3 326 30 741 Vil, 71, 2 2-5 615, 623, 627 34741 741 Xli, 4, 275 39 4, 617:(20, 2739) 40 XX, 43 51741 516

fr, 20 723 8 75

Eratosthenes, FGH 241, fr. 45 =840, C. Gr. § 636, 697

13 595 21 639 fr. 111 719 48 735

Eustathius Homer,7Od. 249 719811 75 Galen, deonpond. 595v, Caes. 638

Galitas, FGH 818, fr. 1 723 28 696 Hellanicus, FGH 4, fr. 84=840, fr. 8 722 35 639 Heraclides Lembos, FGH 840, fr.13b 723 57 495

fr. 40d Erga 723 Cato Maior 4 621 Hesiod, 109-20 719 10 623 166-73 719 Cato Minor 18 633 Theog. 285-6 716 26 638

34-6 454 31 714

Josephus, Ant. xiv, 3, 2 454 Cic. 17 409 893

Indices

Plutarch (cont.) 22-3637 637 Cor. 1 361 25 3 715 29 454 Crass. 2 388, 630 398, 30 454

6 454 35 450 Fab. 4 627 41 637 7 630 Comp. Lys. et Sull. 3 638 22 33 Ti. Gr. 6 633

Flam. 12 291 13 624 13 630 Polyaenus viii, 23, 5 735 16 | 725 23, 34 397 Luc, 2 80, 697. + Polybius i, 1, 5-6 721 4 637 16, 9 634

13 638 20, 840,and 13287 41 Mar. 10 450 6-16 17 327 58, 9 634

27 730 59, 6 634 30 630 62,9 32 450 63, 4 634 36 452 li, 12, 3 634 38 623 15,1 624 Marc. 910305 630 23, 11 46 Numa vi, 12, 8 616 13 266 13,14 616 21 333 19, 1 71 22 738 19, 3 625

Otho 4 721 22, 3 449 Paul, 25 715 23, 15 623 31, 2 289 24, 6 522 31, 624 38 5-6 635289 39,39,1512697

Pob. 11 624 53-5 730 13 715 53, 7-8 522 Pomp. 1 451, 637 58,5-8 5 624, 630 413637 ix, 42, 460 83 X, 59 § 310

14 735 19 33 25 638 19, 1-2 33 45 450, 695, 707 19, 2 52 456, 696 xi, 3 696 33

55 696 xli, 4b (Timaeus) 722 714 62 639 4b, 1 (Timaeus) 68 451, 736 XVill, 35 4 631, 635

80 743 xxi, 18, 1 263 Pyrrh, 11 285 37, 5-6 327 Rom, 2 510, 723 XXIll, 14, 5 313, 617

4,1 268 14, 8 633 12 740 XXXi, 28, 5-6 , 623 Sert. 4 629 Strabo xiv, 2, 26 529 7 386 Suidas, s.v. Movita 41

Sull, 2, 1 250 ‘Timaeus, see D. Hal. and Polybius 713 3 450 Xenagoras, FGH 240, fr. 29 =840, fr. 17 723

450 Zomnaras vil, 9, 11634 335 9612 450, 493 Vili, 16 637 26, 14 569

| 894

19 . 373, 637

Sources

4. Latin authors 144,2§621 621 Aetna 603 318 145, Carmen de ponderibus 62 591 Celsus, ad Pulliam Natalem 594 de vir. ill. 7, 9-14 335 | de medicina v, 17, 1° 594 16 715 Censorinus 18, 11 514 16, 2 335 Cicero, ad Att. i. 14, § 440, 609 Laus Pis. 3 738 18, 6 450 15 738 18,7 609

3,1 719 li, 6, 2 618 354 719 792 374 12,5 320 12,2 374 20, 4 268 16, 1-2 638 Anthol. Lat. 197, 17 Riese 720 17,1 638

origo gent. Rom. 1, 3 719 19,4 638 Corp. Gloss. Lat. iv, §7, 23 335 18, 2 638

Ammierus Marcellinus xxix, 2, 18 735 24, 2-3 456

Arnobius 111, 40707 369 lil, 17,1 1617 510 Asconius 8C 24, 17C 74 IV, 141, 1 633

28C 461,15, 493 15,4 396 33C456, 456 6 453

65C 77 16, 2 72 68C 636, 697 16, § 396 68-69C 616 17,2 374

73C 638 18, 3 456 78C 452 V, 14, 1 695 Ps.-Asconius 217St 615, 623, 627 20, 8 418 247St 623 Vi, 1, 25 639 Caesar, BC 639 i, 4, 2Vil, 4093,7,2 633 6, 3 608, 3 714 6, 8 639 12,2 639 14, 1 639 21,2 639 22, 3-6 735 Vill, 9, 4 466 22, 5 465 1x, 7C, 1 735 23,4 639, 696 X, 8, 4, 8 6 639, 735 33> 3 639 639 li, 44 459 13, 1 740 lii, 3, 2 639 11, 5 547 4,1 89 14, 1 639 32, 639 X1, 639 835735 3.32, 3639

98, 2 735 6, 3 92 10, 2 247 17 391 BAfr. 83, 1 7356. xiii, 40, Cassiodorus, Var. iii, 51, 6 720 42,1 3456 510 BG iii, 7, 3 247 Xi, 12, 2 93

sub anno 158fr.1P 74 Xiv, 14, 1 495 Cassius Hemina, _ 719 14, 5-7 639 Cato, Origines, frr. 8-11P 715 1733 495 Agr., 14, 3 621 18, 1 639

14; § 621 19, 3 495 15, 14 629 22, 1 21, 5 621 XV, 3,2 495 741

22, 3-4 621 XV1,i,14, 44 639 106 613 ad Brut. 6, 516 144, 3 621 11, 1 639 895

Indices

Cicero, ad de Brut. (cont.) 1753 516 prov. cons. 80 11 637 639

18,35 § 639 =639 div. inFlac. Caec. 63 270, 299 li, 5 80 635 ad Caes. iun. Font. i, 7 510185418 414 fr. 5 640 fam. 4, 12 609 637 Vil,1,13, 5991-5 2 633

24, 1 304 5 361 Vili, 6, 3 609 19 629 ix, 18, 4 483 in Cat. i, 24 720 21, 3 295 ii, 13 720 Xi, 10,2 §608, 640, 697 lil,9 6409 727 24, 640 28,3,21 735 1015727 xil, 494 Iv, 441 25, tn Pris. 633 30,1 4714639 8661696

Xiii, in Vat. 633 29,749489 25 5441

Xili, 60, 1 510 29 633 XV, 4, 2 441, 695 = tn Verr.', 85 299 20, 1 441 in Verr.?, i, 36 697 ad6Q. fr. ii, 3, 1 609 108 561 (5), 1 638 ii, 5 637 714(6), 1 396 ili, 81 12 638 636 (13), 5 456 ill, 4, 1 456 163 705 676 (8), 4 456 164 705 (8), 6 456 168 414 (9), 3 456 173 705 Balb. 9 450 181638 561 16 450 182

61 639 Vv, 52 | 795 Cael. 34 §21 114 414 Cluent. 94 638 141-2 632 127 412 161-2 314 135 406 Lig.7 92, 494 140 72 Mur. 15 237 148 Phil.24 i, 17639 639 152602441

165 408 li, 26 456 182 403 31 494 de domo 23 638, 707 35 639

41 616 85 488 50 87 492 52 618 92-3 639 144 744 93 635 de har. resp. 604 639 11630| 495 de imp. Pomp. 638 ili, 639 14 638 V, 11 639 45 460 15 639 de leg. agr. li, 10 638 53 640 19 329 Vil, 1 617 35 638 10 640 47 638 ix, 12 459 896

Sources

Cicero, (cont.) 603 X, 24Phil. 639 8073620

xii, 27 387 91 561 25 494 40 625

32 639 95 494 50 739 I, 17 623 xiv, 28 740 iv, 7 Planc. 19 728 Vi, 10-29 634 , 730

xiii, 22 494,740 dere p. ii, 26 634

§1 372 ND iy, 82 396 58 602 li, 6 715 Rab. perd. + 523 $1 511 Rab. Post. 45 623 Mii, 11 715,719 721 Rosc. Am. 64 285 61-4

Rosc. Com. 28 623. Tusc. disp. iii, 48 636 Sest. 55 695, 707. [Cicero], ad Herennium i, 21 636

66 496, 599 Schol. Bob. 90707 St 631 14 609 132 St 103 636 129 450 149 1§7 St St 441 636

Brutus 62 441 [Q. Cicero], Comm. Pet. 11 602 81 292,294 Columella v,Att. 1, 18, 12 3591 135 281, 316 Cornelius Nepos, 45613 159-60 71-2 Donatus Vit. Verg.

180 366 117V 452 269 447Euhem. 122~4V 331 456 5V447 719 178 302f. Ennius, Ann. 25V 719

121 72 381] 164 li, 88 72 var. 6~-8V 170 72 + Eutropius iv, 22 —725 299

de or. i, 40 72 Scaenica 67J 164

223 72 23 71 101 72 Caeculus 288

acad. pr. ii, 84 271 Festus 508L 623 de amic. 39 75 Festus, s.v. Apollinares ludt 402

de 34 418 Centenariae 519 624 1i,div. 85i,418 Corniscarum

98 740 Dispensatores 590 de fin. ii, 63 323 Grave aes 37, 612 de24 leg. ii, 14 616 Infra classem 631 440 Mamilorum familia 220 31 616 Mamuri veturi274 266 42 714 Minucia ili, 599 Minotauri 38 6 307 Minucia Porta 718 274

4177617 Nancitor ~ ° 621 42 Non omnibus dormio 304 de off. i, 33 294 Oscines aves 739 li, 47 72 Porct effigies 718

49 72Ratitum Praefecturae 602 72 636 quadrantem 717, 744 74 Ratumenna porta613 715 76635 635 Sestertius

78-84 Sesterti notlam] lii, 61-4 441 719 Sextantart asses 30,613 611 897

623

Festus (cont.) 4,5 268 Todi 215 9 355 Tributorum conlationem 33 11, 5-9 355

Indices

Trientem tertium 62221, 164451 Florus i, 5 (i, 11), 2-3 335 744 5 (i, 11), 4 715 24, 4 260

28 (ii, 14), 14 721 24, 4-9 715 38 (ili, 3), 19 335 26, 13 260 3), 19-21 li,381 (iil, (ili, 13), 6 633,721 636 33,9 43, 1 361 623

513(iil, 17), 3 633 43,7 625 (iv, 2), 21 539 45, 1 497 17 (iv, 7), 4 494 45,3 335 Frontinus, Ag. i, 7 306, 449, 624, 699 45,4 389 Strat. i, 11, 8 715 49,9 220 44, 11 388 53, 3 626 ili, 2, 1 286 55, 8 626 6, 5 222 li, 12-13, 5 413 Gaius ii, 252 623 20, 12 715 274 623 41, 10 326 ili, 42623 623, 631 42, 5 715 223 IV, 16, 2 274, 621 iv, 14 623 16, 2-4 273

95 623 39; 3 590, 621 Gellius i, 12, 16 250 v, 46, 1-3 727 ii, 10, 3 599 Vill, 11, 16 630

24, 2 , 624 X 23 714 24, 3 624 23, 11-12 267 245 7 624 23, 12 715 24, 13 470 29, 14 715 V; 12, 11 312 46, 15 621 vi, 11,9 624 47,3 714

Vi (Vili), 13,624 1 631 41, Xxi, 16, 3-6 43 xi, 1, 2 6 630 Xili, 6 314 XXil, 627 2312,265 23,10,67 615, 630

XV1, 10,625 8 62337, 23,12 6-8, 616 10, 10 352 XVili, 4, 4 638 38, 1-5 715 13, 3 623 52,2 630 XX, 1, 12 623 54, 2 630 Horace, AP 291-2 738 58, 4 630 Epod. 9, 7-8 739 59, 18 630 Od. ili,1, 27,4,2-3 482 XXill, 15,415604 630 Sat. 93 498 21, 10, 25 498 21, 5 33

Hyginus 80 357 31,12 1-233 33 123 591 38, 157 445 48, 4-8 33 254) 4 318 48,9 43 274, 19 725 48,9-49, 4 33 : Isidorus, Etymologiae xviii, 36, 1 720 XXiv, 11, 7 623 Lactantius, Inst. Div. i, 13, 6-7 719 11, 7-8 627 Licinianus 34-583, Bonn 63718, 11, 7-9 33 38-9 Bonn 735 2 33 Livy 1, 3, 10-4, 7 267 18, 10-11 33 898

Livy (cont.) 46, 10 16 630 617 18, 12 33 47, | 18, 13-14 33 51, 8 635 18, 15 33 xli, 13, 7 629 46, 6 623 18, 8 374 XXV, 7, 361, 5 33, 469 602 xlii, 28, 13 286 12, 15 xlili, 6, 5 725 12, 14 40233 Xliv, 5,94617 621 13, 8-11 16, XXv1, 14,xlv, 8 334,2759 7 23,3 344 1 631 Sources

35-6 33 5, 2 261 47,7 33 15, 2 631 XXVIl, 10, 11 34 17,2 10, 11-13 33, 604, 617 31, 14258 258 11, 18 617 33 39, 16-19 289 12, 40, 1 631, 16, 7 33 43, 56357

36, 12 696 43, 8 631 49, 6 33 44, 14 631 XXVIil, 16 631 lv Eprt.623, xlviii 621, 623 9, 179, 621 624

38, 5 33 vii 633 46, 4 33 Ixxx 603 Xxix, 10, 4-11, 8 327 CXV1 494 14, §-14 327. Oxy. Epit. 699 15,9 ili, 112-68 639 16, 621 1-3Lucan 635 V, 380 604

XXXi, 13, 2-9 vill, 800-2 451 13,7 621, 623.635 Lucilius 56M, 261 XXXii, 2, 1-2 569, 617 428-9M 617

20, 621327M 69M 261 49, 27 630 632

7) 3 635 440M | 632 17,2 630 500-1M XXXIl1, 23, 7 630 1172M632 624

27, 33630 1272M = Varro,1,LL v, 44321 717 42, 635 Lucretius 1-43 XXXIV, 50, 6 630 11, 600—1 402

52, 6 28 Macrobius, Sat. i,22 6, 26 196 XXxv, 9, 6 352 7 719 XXXVI, 30, 3 727 7s737727 719 40, 13 621 16, XXXV1i, 33, 2-3 28527 17,250, 25 361,361 469 50, 8 292 17, 51,5 29218, 18,8-9 1-6 741 741 52, 11-6 263

XXXVii, 60, 69294 ili, 4, 56 624 369 XXXVill, 18, 327 175 45, 14 616 17,9 624 47,5 294 17, 13 470 55, 6-12 626 Martial v, 19, § 450 722 XXXIX, 7, 4-5 635 1X, 43 22, 8 635 Naevius, Punica 19-20 Warmington 715

xl, 2, 3-4 2 720617 Nonius 167M (from Varro)311 268 35, 442M (from Varro) 899

Indices

Nonius (cont.) xix, 40 639 518M 719 XXVili, 16 Obsequens 68 639, 714 XXIX, 12715 461

7O 741 41 13 448 ORF:;, p. 37XXKI, 631 XXXili, 11

p. 187 636 16 637 8, no. 207 218 42-4 35 158, no. 16 456 43 631

Orosius v, 45 18,43,26-7 637622, 44 717 30 vi, 15, 5 639 612, 621, Ovid, Amores iii, 10, 11-14 326 46 7, 610, 616, 628f., 630 Fasti i, 335 229-35 719 47635, 34, 593 706-8 55-6 618, 639 ili, 37 267 132 569, 594, 620

54 267 138 635 379-92 266 141 636 438 312 XXXIV, 21 274 iv, 465-6 349 27 620 673-6 740 137 , 448 Vv, 137-8 312 161 Vi, 209-12 450 xxxv, 8572 441

801-3 361 13 444 Met. xiii, 146 377 22 749 Tristia iii, 7, §2 722 52 257 Persius, Sat. v, 105 561 63 735 Schol. vet. in Pers. Sat. ii, §9 719 108 468 Petronius 56 561 157 | 715 124 1. 270 451 XXXVI, 92 273

Plautus, Casina 10 28 121 449 Cist. 408 215 XXXVii, 8 450 Most. 357 624, 632 Pliny, Ep. i, 17 524

Persa 437 561 Priscian, de fig. num. 9 37, 612

Pseud. 809 632 Propertius iv, 4, 23 356

Trin.—tidle 3 440 Truc. §61 63228 10,8,20 449

Pliny, NH 81 ii, 93-4 744 Quintilian vi, 3, 44 72 iii, 68 Sallust, BF 31,9 633

vil, 86 335,106, 721 41,7 633 95 451 3 617 96 83 Cat. 31, 4 441 Vii, 104-6 302 47,2 409 205 267 59> 3 720

Vili, 4 73577M, Hist. i,862M 73 55 740 | 638

64 554 ii, 34M409, 82, 705 705 76 412 43M 96 554 46M 638 161 715 47M, 6-7 638 ix, 55 739 98M, 2 638 X, 5 326 718 98M, 9 82, 638, 705 21 ili, 48M, 6 633 xii, 62119 594§11 48M, 19 386 705 XV, 83M xvi, 7 735 iv,1M 638

900 |

XViii, 15 274,277 ([Sallust], Ep. ii, 1, 3 617 178 §91 Scribonius Largus, ad Callistum, praef. 594

Sources

Seneca, Epist. 94, 27 621 Tertullian, Apol. 6, 1 624

378 369Tibullus de spect. 9 720 398 326 i, 3, 11 418 li,325 296 369 ©Valerius Maximus i, 2, 3 388 369 3, 1 418 ili, 20 378 8,8, 1 715, 721 119 369 6 713 iv, 58 378 ill, 1, 4 444 V, 117 . 321 5,1 727 vii, 188 715 iv,4,3,108 621 635 637 388, 735 678 288 V, 1, 10 450

Servius on Vergil, Aen. i, 273 719 10, 7-8 719

684 95 2, 10 623 Vili, 357 719 Vi, 4, 5294 494 681 744 Vil, 3, 4 xi, 238 274 6, 1 604 306 722 6, 4 387, 608, 637 Xl, 841 720 Vili, 1, 13 285 Ecl. iv, 4 743 253 623

Vili, 75 741 11,2 534 ix, 46 744 14, 4 450 Sisenna, fr. 29P 629 ix, 4,299 1 603 52P 262 6, 3 72P 629 12, 6 318 iv, 6,85-8 59-60 450 LL44 v, 42 719 6, 450 717 9, 22 74 74 719 V, 3, 293 388 92 718 Suetonius, Caes. 6 361 169 37, 590 10 135 173 622, 632 37 735 174vi, 37,49 612,266 626 41 599 Statius, Silvae iii, 3, 102—5 §82 Varro, de vit. p. Rom. i, fr. 11R 718

54 626 68 452 59 510 90 311 75 735 92 76 494, 619 Vii, 45 447 81 534 X, 41 628 85 495 RR i, 10, 2 591

88 495 ii, 1,9 599, 718 Aug. 17 630 6, 1 311 9435 339 725 11,5 Cal. See also Nonius 268 Claud. 112 499735 Velleius i,23,250 3 250 Nero 6, 3710524 6, 5 i,250 Galba 720 ~=s[Vellleius] 6, 6 721

Vesp. 1212312 Velleius i,315 71 Gramm. 374, 456 li, 6, | 636 Vita Terenti 7 318 71 Tacitus, Ann. ii, 49,11257 326 7,2

iv, 56 725 10, 2 250 xvi, 7, 3 524 17, 2 250 Fist. i, 86 721 25 450 Terence, Heaut. tim. 606 632 28, 1 329 901

Indices

40, 4Volusius 450,Maecianus, 488 1, 84537 60, 4 639 Distr. 62, 3 639 65 621 Vergil, Aen. i, 275-6 449 73612 621 441-5 713 74 37, IN, 537-43 713, 74-5 621 Vi, 779-80 722 76 621 Vii, 178-80 719 678 288 5. Legal Texts592 688 449 Cx, 72,5 Vill, 322715 719CTh Xi, ix, 11,22 1 561 639-41 561

, 61, 3 740 46 3

Velleius (cont.) Vitruvius iii, 4 622

X, 543 288 715 Xi1,XV, 6, 9, 131592 Xil, 161-215 206-11 9715 Coll. Mos. Rom. ti, 5, §592 623

Ecl. iv, 744 4 143xlvili, Diy, 2,10, 2, 27-32 598 ix, 46 8-9 $61 Georgics ii, 136-76 719 = Inst. ili, 7, 2 623, 631 145 713 ~Paul., Sent. v, 25, 1 §61 Schol. Ver. on Vergil, Aen. vii, 688 288 Nov. Valent. 16 561

Vit. Prob. 623

902 |

Persons

IV. INDEX OF PERSONS I have been greatly helped in the compilation of this index by that of Broughton; I have not normally indexed lists of names occurring in Tables nor have I indexed merely casual references. The numbers in parentheses are those of RE. Monetary magistrates are set in bold type. Some of the most important references are taken up again in Index V. The numbers given are page numbers.

C. Aburius (1), 276 Antigonus Doson, 42 M. Aburius (2), 280 Antiochus III, 263

C. Aburius Geminus, 63, 276 T. Antistius (22), 89 M. Aburius Geminus, 62f., 280 C. Antius (4), 470 P. Accoleius Lariscolus (1), 497 C. Antius Restio (13), 92, 470 M. Acilius (13), 63, 65, 88f., 92, 282, 583,727. CC. Antonius (20), 496, 739

M?’. Acilius (Glabrio ?) (cf. 14), 461, 736 Iullus Antonius, 740

(Acilius) Balbus, 233? L. Antonius M.f.M.n. (Pietas) (23), 100, M?’. Acilius M?’.f.L.n. Balbus (26), 47, 63, 524ff., 742

65, 293 M. Antonius junior, 102, 538 Aelius, 22, 197 498ff., 569, 572, 595, 628ff., 630f., 671, C. Aelius, 16f., 172 739ff., 750 M’. Acilius C.f.L.n. Glabrio (35), 727 M. Antonius M.f.M.n. (30), 95ff., 493, 495,

(Aelius) Paetus, 231 Q. Antonius Balbus (41), 75, 79, 379, 732

P. (Aelius) Paetus (102), 62, 265 L. Appuleius Saturninus (29), 70, 72f., 75, Q. Aelius P.f.Q.n. Paetus (104), 266 323, 603, 629f., 636, 703 L. Aemilius Buca (37), 94, 487, 582f., 600, M’. Aquillius M’.f.M’.n. (11), 69, 314, 730

736 M’. Aquillius M’.f.M’.n. (9), 86, 412, 581

M’. Aemilius Lepidus, 68f., 305, 724 M. Aquinus (5, cf. 2), §13 M’. Aemilius M’.f. Lepidus (62), 305, 444 Aretas, 447

M. Aemilius M.f.M.n. Lepidus (68), 306, 444 Aristobulus, High Priest, 454 M. Aemilius M’.f.M’.n. Lepidus (70), 306 Aristonicus, 730

M. Aemilius Lepidus (71), 305 Q. Arrius (7), 522

M. Aemilius M.f.Q.n. Lepidus (73), 87f., Q. Arrius (8), 522 95, 443, 498ff., 628f., 733, 739ff., 749f. M. Arrius Secundus (34), 100, 522 L. Aemilius M.f.Q.n. (Lepidus) Paullus Arsinoe II, 39, 140

(81), 86f., 441f., §83, 734 | Ascanius, 284, 325

L. Aemilius L.f.M.n. Paullus (114), 441, 631, L. Atilius, 261

635 L. Atilius Nomentanus (44, cf. Nomen-

M. Aemilius Scaurus (141), 83, 86, 446, tanus), 261

461, 493, 734, 749 (Atilius) Saranus (57), 54, 245

Aemilia, Vestal, 444, 510 M. Atilius Saranus (67), 254 Aeneas, 284, 325, '373, 510, 735f. M. Atilius (Serranus?) (22), 255 Agathocles, 311, 749 Sex. Atilius M.f.C.n. Serranus (69), 245

Alcibiades, 369 Attalus ITI, 636

Alexander, 511, 544, 626, 735, 739, 743 M. Aufidius Rusticus (1), 47, 62, 262

Alexander Helios, 743 M. Aufidius Scaeva, 548

A. Allienus (1), 92, 389, 471, 736 Aurelius (1), 51?, 212? C. Allius Bala (2), 70, 77, 336 C. Aurelius L.f.C.n. Cotta (94), 322

Ancus Marcius, 361, 448 C. Aurelius M.f. Cotta (96), 263, 638

Annius, 51?, 212? L. Aurelius L.?f.C.n. Cotta (98), 72, 263 C. Annius T.f.T.n. (Luscus ?) (9), 80, 381, L. Aurelius Cotta (100 and 101), 321

694, 732 L. Aurelius M.f. Cotta (102), 263

T. Annius Rufus (78), 47, 54f., 259, 727 M. Aurelius Cotta (104), 263 C. Antestius (10), 47, 54, 257; 596, 625 M. Aurelius Cotta (105), 55, 62, 263

L. Antestius, 270 M. Aurelius M.f. Cotta (107), 263

L. Antestius Gragulus (33), 62, 264, 269 Au[relius] Ruf[us] (206), 259 (in fact T.

Antiades, 471 Annius Rufus) , 903

Indices

M. Aurelius Scaurus (215), 299 C. Calpurnius Piso (61, cf. 8), 344

M. Aurelius Scaurus, 298f. C. Calpurnius Piso (63), 87

M. Aurelius M.f.Vol. (Scaurus?) (216), 299 Cn. Calpurnius Piso (73), 222

C. Aurunculeius (1), 13, 32, 166 L. Calpurnius Piso (Caesoninus) (89), 47,

L. Autronius (1-2), 218 70, 72f., 330

L. Axius L.f. Naso (7), 82, 411 L. Calpurnius L.f.L.n. Piso Caesoninus (90), 331, 696

M.? Baebius (Tampilus) (17), 268 C. Calpurnius Piso Frugi (93), 86f., 419

Q. Baebius Q.f. (20a, Supb.1.235; or 53, Cn. Calpurnius Piso (Frugi) (95), 89, 463,

Supb.3.192), 268 543, 597, 737£.

(Baebius) Tampilus (42-3?), 51, 209 L. Calpurnius L.f.C.n. Piso Frugi (96), 701 Cn. Baebius Tampilus (42, cf. 43), 210 L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi (98), 75, 77, 340, M. Baebius Q.f.Cn.n. Tampilus (41, cf. 1, 369, 390, §81f., 617

16), 210 C. Campanius, 547

M. Baebius Q.f. Tampilus, 55, 62,210,268 TT. Carisius (2), 92, 475, 583, 736f.

L. Bantius, of Nola, 630 C. Carrinas (1), 390 Bituitus, 71, 286, 299 L. Cassius Caeicianus (32), 70, 325

M. Barbatius Pollio (1), 525 C. Cassius, 64, 290

Bocchus, 450 C. Cassius Longinus (§6), 290

Bursaeus, 369 C. Cassius L.f. Longinus (58), 78f., 370

C. Cassius Longinus (59), 513f., 516f., 523, A. Caecilius (10), 230 741 (Caecilius) Metellus, Sof., 208 L. Cassius Longinus (64), 403

L. Caecilius Metellus (74), 333 L. Cassius Longinus (65), 86f., 440, 583, L. Caecilius L.f.C.n. Metellus (72), 287, 390 584, 602 M. Caecilius Q.f.Q.n. Metellus (77), 64f., Q. Cassius Longinus (70), 452, 734

288 L. Cassius Longinus Ravilla (72), 440, 452

Q. Caecilius Q.f.Q.n. Metellus Balearicus Sp. Cassius Vicellinus (91), 326, 403

(82), 63ff., 283, 701 L. Cestius (4), 500

C. Caecilius Q.f.Q.n. Metellus Caprarius M. Cipius M.f. (2), 68f., 303ff.

(84, Supb.3.222), 62, 64f., 283, 292 Circe, 220, 377

Q. Caecilius C.f.Q.n. Metellus Creticus (87), Claudius I, 275

287, 723 Claudius II, 582

L. Caecilius L.f.Q.n. Metellus Delmaticus CC. Claudius Ap.f.C.n. Centho (104), 521

(91), 75) 287?, 335, 730°? C. Claudius M.f.M.n. Marcellus (217), 89,

L. Caecilius Q.f.Q.n. Metellus Diadema- 460, 462, 737f.

tus (93), 2872, 701, 730? M. Claudius M.f.M.n. Marcellus (220), 34,

Q. Caecilius Q.f.L.n. Metellus Mace- 43, 330, 460

donicus (94), 55, 208, 253, 287f., 699 M. Claudius Marcellus (226), 330

Q. Caecilius Q.f.Q.n. Metellus Nepos Ti. Claudius Nero (253), 398, 733

(95), 300? Ap. Claudius C.f.Ap.n. Pulcher (295), 521 cus (97), 300?, 390, 738 312, 398, 603 Q. Caecilius Q.f.L.n. Metellus Pius (98), C. Claudius Ap.f.C.n. Pulcher (302), 68, 81f., 388, 390, 705, 732 313, 599

Q. Caecilius L.f.Q.n. Metellus Numidi- Ap. Claudius Ap.f.C.n. Pulcher (296), 68f.,

Q. Caecilius Q.f.Q.n. Metellus Pius Scipio Claudia, Vestal, 521 Nasica (99), 471f., 593, 733, 735» 738 Claudia Quinta, 521

Caeculus, 288 Cleopatra, 95, 102, 539, 743

L. Caesius (4), 68f., 312 Cleopatra Selene, 743 M. Calidius (3), 68, 300 P. Clodius M.f. (10), 95, 502, 599f. Q. Calidius (5), 300 P. Clodius Pulcher (48), 453, 695

Caligula, 74 C. Clodius Vestalis (62), 100, 521

Cn. Calpurnius (11), 51, 222 T. Cloelius (Cloulius) (5), 63, 285, 729 Cn. Calpurnius (68), 222 T. Cloelius (Cloulius) (see 5), 70, 331, 595, P. Calpurnius (17), 64, 278 603, 730, 749 P. Calpurnius Lanarius (49), 278 T. Cloelius, 285 904

Persons

C. Clovius (4), 94, 486, 573, 597, 737 Faustus Cornelius Sulla (377), 88, 374,

C. Cluvius Saxula (14), 229 449, 638, 734 (Cluvius) Saxula, 233 P. Cornelius Sulla (384), 250

M. Cocceius Nerva (13), 525 P. Cornelius Sulla, 54, 249, 727, 730 L. Coelius (1), §1, 222, 602 L. Cornelius Sulla (379), 250

C. Coelius C.f.C.n. Caldus (12 and 13), 70, LL. Cornelius L.f.P.n. Sulla Felix (392), 64,

324, 459, 602 78, 80ff., 250, 313, 349, 367, 373ff., 381,

C. Coelius Caldus (14), 88, 457, 749 386ff., 392, 397f., 413, 446, 450, 456, 465,

L. Coelius Caldus (15), 459 492f., 569, 581, 593, 596, 601ff., 618, 637f., C. Considius Nonianus (12), 87f., 448, 734 694; 6975 7035 705, 709, 727, 732ff., 737

C. Considius Paetus (14), 92, 476, 736 Q. Cornificius (7, Supb.1.331), 100, 518,

_ C. Coponius (3 and 9), 89, 461, 737f. 604, 742 M’. Cordius Rufus (2), 92, 473, 736 L. Cosconius (6), 73, 298f.

| Cordus, see P. Mucius Scaevola M. Cosconius (8), 299

L. Cornelius L.f. Balbus (69), 100, 526, 742 C. Cossutius Maridianus (4), 94, 487, 600 Cn. Cornelius Blasio (75), 68f., 309, 311, L.Cossutius C.f. Sabula (6), 408, 603

584, 749 M. Crepereius (1), 411

P. Cornelius Blasio (cf. 76), 239 Q. Crepereius Rocus (8), 82, 410, 603

M. Cornelius M.f.M.n. Cethegus (92), 32 P. Crepusius (1), 79, 374f. (Cornelius) Cetegus (97), 69, 302, 730 L. Critonius (2), 78, 367, 603 (L. Cornelius) Cinna (103 and 105), 232 L. Cupiennius (3), 257 L. Cornelius L.f.L.n. Cinna (106), 603, 703 C. Curiatius (3, cf. 10, 11), 260

Cn. Cornelius Dolabella (131), 18, 175 C. Curiatius Trigeminus (10), 55, 260, 272 P. Cornelius P.f. Dolabella (141), 639 C. Curiatius Trigeminus filius (11), 63ff., L. Cornelius Lentulus (187), 13, 32, 165 260, 271 Cn. Cornelius Cn.f. Lentulus Clodianus Q. Curtius (11), 300, 313 (216), 78, 310, 356, 731

L. Cornelius P.f. Crus (218), 89, 409, 460, C. Decimius Flavus (9), 251

462, 737f. (Decimius) Flavus, 54, 251

Cn. Cornelius P.f. Lentulus Marcellinus TT. Didius T.f. Sex.n. (5), 68f., 308, 453 (228), 82, 310, 407, 544?, 593, 705, 733 Dionysius of Tripoli, 454 P. Cornelius Lentulus Marcelli f. (230), L.Domitius Cn.f. (Ahenobarbus), 286

70, 329, 730 Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, 286

P. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus (231), 83, Cn. Domitius Cn.f.L.n. Ahenobarbus (19),

409, 705 48, 51f., 218, 286

P. Cornelius Lentulus(Marcellinus) (232), Cn. Domitius (cf. 20, Supb.3.349), 286, 729

88, 460 Cn. Domitius Cn.f.Cn.n. Ahenobarbus (20,

P. Cornelius P.f.L.n. Lentulus Spinther Supb.3.349), 286, 299, 701, 735 (238, cf. 204), 82f., 409, 705, 733, 735 Cn. Domitius Cn.f.Cn.n. Ahenobarbus L. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther (239), 514, (21), 68, 71, 300, 313, 601

741 Cn. Domitius L.f.Cn.n. Ahenobarbus (23),

P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura (240), 409 100, §27f., 742f.

A. Cornelius Mammula (257), 32, 604 Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus (25), 250 P. Cornelius Cn.f.P.n. Rufinus (302), 250 L. Domitius Cn.f.Cn.n. Ahenobarbus (27),

P. Cornelius L.f.L.n. Scipio (330), 23 639, 696, 735

P. Cornelius P.f.P.n. Scipio Africanus Aemili- Domitius Calvinus (40), 286

anus (335), 72, 636, 699 Cn. Domitius M.f.M.n. Calvinus (43, cf.

P. Cornelius P.f.L.n. Scipio Africanus (336), 11; Supb.3.394), 533

33, 196, 310, 630, 696, 746 C. Duillius M.f.M.n. (3), 626

L. Cornelius L.f.L.n. Scipio Asiaticus

(Asiagenus) (338), 60f., 310, 319, 374 Cn. Egnatius Cn.f. (8), 406 Cn. Cornelius Scipio Calvus (345), 23 C. Egnatius Cn.f.Cn.n. Maximus (27), 82, P. Cornelius P.f.P.n. Scipio Nasica Serapio 405, 581, 733

(354), 624, 733 C. Egnatuleius C.f. (1), 70, 332, 595, 603,

Cn. Cornelius L.f. Sisenna (cf. 373), 69, 730f.

310, 318, 730 Eppius (1), 472, 487, 738 905

Indices

C. Fabius C.f. Hadrianus (15 and 82), 70, Gar[gonius] (4), 78f., 364

326, 730 Cn. Gellius (4), 62, 265

L. Fabius L.f. Hispaniensis (84), 381 L. Gellius L.f.L.n. Poplicola (18), 525 Q. Fabius Q.f.Q.n. Labeo (91), 258, 294

Q. Fabius Labeo (92), 65, 294 Hadrian, 81

Q. Fabius Labeo, 294 Hannibal, 20

Q. Fabius Maximus (107), 388 Hasdrubal, general in 250 B.c., 287, 390

Q. Fabius Q. Serviliani f.Q.n. Maximus M. Herennius M.f. (10), 317

(Eburnus) (111), 64f., 289, 701 Herennius Siculus, 318

Q. Fabius Q.f.Q.n. Maximus Verrucosus Hiero II, 30, 33, 634

(116), 34 Hieronymus, 29ff., 41, 46

C. Fabius C.f.M.n. Pictor (123), 35f., 714 A. Hirtius A.f. (2), 93, 478, 569, 593, 736

N. Fabius Pictor, 292 C. Hosidius C.f. Geta (4), 86f., 419, 581

N. Fabius Pictor (125), 63, 291, §78 L. Hostilius Saserna (23), 92, 463, 736

Q. Fabius Pictor (127), 292 L. Hostilius Tubulus (26), 322 M. Fabrinius (1), 63, 280 L. H[ostilius] Tub(ulus], 70, 322 C. Fannius M.f. (7), 295 C. Fannius C.f. (7), 295 L. Itei{us] or Itei[lius] (L. Itius), 252 M. Fannius C.f. (14), 75, 295 Iugurtha, 450, 727 M. Fannius (15), 78, 367, 603 L. Iulius (29), 55, 260 L. Farsuleius Mensor (1), 82, 406, 733 L. Iulius (30), 327, 730

Faustulus, 267 L. Iulius Bursio (126), 78f., 368, 578, 731f. Flaminius (1), 614 C. Iulius C.f.C.n. Caesar (131), 88ff., 457, C. Flaminius C.f.L.n. (2), 613 461ff., 510f., 523, 530f., 544, 599f., 604, L. Flaminius C[hjilo (6), 68, 314 617ff., 639, 695ff., 707, 709, 711, 727f., L. Flaminius Chilo (7), 95, 496, 600, 619, 734ff., 7409f.

739 C. Iulius C.f.C.n. Caesar (Augustus) (132),

C. Flavius Hemic[?] (11), 516 95ff., 481, 488, 495, 497, 499ff., 573, 597

Fonteius (2), 305, 316 602, 609, 617, 626, 628f., 639f., 693f., 739ff.

Fonteius, friend of Cicero, 453 L. Iulius L.f.Sex.n. Caesar (142), 70, 325, C. Fonteius (6 and ?2), 68f., 304, 316, 596, 730

T15 Sex. Iulius Caesar (150), 284, 730

M?’. Fonteius (8 and ?2), 305, 316 L. Iulius Salinator (453), see Lz. Livius M’. Fonteius C.f. (9), 78f., 369, 453, $78 Salinator

M’. Fonteius (10), 369, 453 Iulus, 735

M. Fonteius (12), 78, 361, 453 C. Iunius (14), 252

P. Fonteius P.f. Capito (25), 453, 734 L. Iunius (20), 259

Q. Fufius Q.f.C.n. Calenus (10), 83, 86, M. Iunius (22), 54f., 259

413, 733 L. Iunius M.f. Brutus (46a, Supb.5.356ff.), Cn. Fulvius (14), 300 456, 741, 749

M. Fulvius M.f.Q.n. Flaccus (58), 635 M.Iunius Brutus (Q. Servilius Caepio Q. Fulvius M.f.Q.n. Flaccus (59), 34 Brutus) (53), 88, 455, 514-18, 523f., 608, M. Fulvius M.f.Ser.n. Nobilior (91), 306 639f., 734, 741 C. Fundanius (1), 328, 595, 603, 730 D. Iunius Brutus Albinus (55a, Supb.5.369),

C. Fundanius C.f. (1), 328 92, 466, 547, 697, 711, 736 S. Furius (30), §2, 221 C. Iunius C.f.C.n. Bubulcus Brutus (62), 339

L. Furius Cn.f. Brocchus (39), 86f., 440 D. (Iunius) Silanus (160), 259 P. Furius Crassipes (57), 79, 371; 603 D. Iunius Silanus (Manlianus) (161), 259, 339

L. Furius Philus (77), 216 D. Iunius L.f. Silanus (162), 75, 77f., 259,

L. Furius Philus (78), 297 336, 578

M. Furius L.f. Philus (79), 65, 297, §81, 731. M. Iunius Silanus (167), 259

(Furius) Purpurio, 48, 54, 238 M. Iunius Silanus (168), 259

(Furius) Purpurio, 222 M.Iunius D.f.D.n. Silanus (169), 259, L. Furius Purpurio (86), 222 300?, 313 M. Iunius Silanus (172), 102, §38, 744 Galba, Emperor, 728 - (luventius) Laterensis, 79, 372, 732 | 906

Persons

M. Iuventius Laterensis (16), 372 P. Maenius M.f. Ant{ias] or Ant[iaticus]

M’. Iuventius L.f. Laterensis, 372 (18), 63, 213, 279 (Iuventius) Thalna (25), 52, 225 Mago, 339

C. duventius) Thalna (28), 54, 247 C. Maianius (1), 54, 248

P. Iuventius Thalna (31), 225 T. Mallius, 313

T. Maloleius, 313

Julia Domna, 721 L. Mamilius (2), §2, 219

C. Mamilius Limetanus (7), 377

Q. Labienus Parthicus (5), 529, 604, 742 C. Mamilius Limetanus (8), 79, 374f.,

C. Laelius C.f.C.n. (Sapiens) (3), 625 584

C. Licinius Crassus (§2), 307 Mamilia, 220

L. Licinius L.f.C.n. Crassus (55), 71f., 77, A. Manlius (12), 318

298f., 601 A. Manlius A.f. (13 and 70), 82, 397, 603,

M. Licinius Crassus (§6), 88 732

P. Licinius Crassus (63), 88, 454, 734 T. Manlius L.f.A.n. Imperiosus Torquatus M. Licinius P.f.M.n. Crassus Dives (68), 88, (57), 308

454, 705 T. Manlius Mancinus (61, cf. 16), 312?, (72), 624 A. Manlius Q.f. Ser[gianus ?] (63), 69f.,

P. Licinius P.f.P.n. Crassus Dives Mucianus 603?

P. Licinius P.f. Crassus Iunianus Dama- 73, 318, 730

sippus (65 and 75), 472 L. Manlius Torquatus (78), 68f., 308, 730

C. Licinius P.f. Getha (88), 701 L. Manlius L.f. Torquatus (79), 87, 386 L. Licinius L.f.L.n. Lucullus (104), 80, L. Manlius Torquatus (80), 87, 439

638 Cn. Manlius Cn.f.L.n. Vulso (91), 635

C. Licinius L.f. Macer (112), 78f., 370 P. Manlius Vulso (98), 13, 32, 165

(L. Licinius) Murena (120), 237 Marcius, seer, 361

L. Licinius L.f.L.n. Murena (123), 237, 407. M’. Marcius (17), 277

Licinius Nerva (130), 469 M. Marcius M’.f. (22), 63f., 277 A. Licinius Nerva (132), 92, 469, 736 Q. Marcius (30), 65, 68, 299

P. Licinius Nerva (135 and 136), 68f., 306, (Marcius) Censorinus (42), 377

596, 723, 725) 730 C. Marcius Censorinus (43), 78f., 357

P. Licinius Varus (175), 469 L. Marcius Censorinus (47), 79, 374; 377;

Licinia (181), 71 730 L. Livineius Regulus, 509 L. Marcius L.f.C.n. Censorinus (48), 377 L. Livineius Regulus (3), 95, 502, §81, 599f. Q.Marcius Libo (70), 255

M. Livius Drusus (18), 77, 569, 616 L. Marcius Q.f.Q.n. Philippus (75), 68f.,

L. Livius Salinator, 78f., 370 307, 449, 638, 703, 724

(L. Lollius) Palicanus (20), 482, 736 L. Marcius L.f.Q.n. Philippus (76), 88 M. Lollius Palicanus (21, cf. 8), 483 L. Marcius L.f.L.n. Philippus (77, cf. 74),

, M’, Lucilius M.f. Pompt. (11), 327 87f., 448

M. Lucilius (12), 327 Q. Marcius L.f.Q.n. Philippus (79), 285

M. Lucilius Rufus (31), 327, 730 Q. (Marcius) Philippus (82), 64f., 284 Cn. Lucretius Trio (32), 62, 269 Q. (Marcius) Philippus (83), 448 L. Lucretius Trio (33), 404, 578 Q. Marcius Rex (90), 306, 448

C. Lutatius C.f.C.n. Catulus (4), 315 C. Marcius L.f.C.n. Rutilus (97), 361 Q. Lutatius Q.f. Catulus (7), 315 Q. Marcius Q.f.Q.n. Tremulus (106), 308 Q. L{utatius}] Cierco] or Cfatulus], 50, C. Marius C.f.C.n. (14, Supb.6.1363), 78,

207 | 307, 327f., 332, 335, 361, 363, 372, 392, Q. Lutatius Cerco (14), 68, 315, 603, 724 413, 452, 569, 581, 602ff., 605, 608, 629f., 703, 720, 730f.

Sp. Maelius (3), 273ff., 289 C. Marius C.f.C.n. (15), 328, 637

C. Maenius P.f.P.n. (9), 279 Q. Marius (26), 52, 218 C. Maenius (10), 213 C. Marius C.f. Capito (33), 79, 82, 392 P. Maenius (12), 48, §1, 213, 279 M. Marius Gratidianus (42), 614 Q. Maenius (14), 213, 216 Matienus (1), §2, 74, 226

T. Maenius (15), 213 P. Matienus (6), 547 907

Indices

C. Memmius (5), 315 C. Numitorius (1), 64, 277

C. Memmius L.f.Gal. (6), 78f., 321, 363, C.Numonius Vaala (1), 522, 581 603

C. Memmius (8), 83, 451 M. Octavius (31), 275

C. Memmius (9), 83, 88, 451, 734 (Octavius) Balbus (43), see C. Naevius Balbus L. Memmnaius (12 and 13), 69, 315 Octavia, 531, 743 L. Memmius Gal. (cf. 14), 320, 364, 730 T. Ofidius (Aufidius) M.f.Pop., 262 L. Memmius L.f. Gal. (14), 78f., 321, 363, Ogulnius (1), 364

603 Cn. Oguinius (2), 714

L. Memmius Gal. (15), 250 Q. Ogulnius L.f.A.n. Gallus (5), 35f., 714

M. Mettius (2), 94, 487, 736 Opei[mius], 240 , M. Minatius Sabinus (3), 480 Opimi(us], 239 Minucius (7), 603 L. Opimius Q.f.Q.n. (4), 74, 281f.

L. Minucius (16), 64, 278, 603 M. Opimius (8), 65, 282

C. Minucius Augurinus (31), 64, 273 Q. Opimius (10), 239f., 282

M. Minucius Augurinus (32), 274 Q. Oppius (21), 545, 573, 597 P. Minucius Augurinus (33), 274 T. Otacilius Crassus (12), 604

Ti. Minucius C.f. Augurinus (35), 63ff.,

273f. Pamphilos, gem-cutter, §79

L. Minucius Basilus (37), 279, 603 C. Papirius Carbo (33), 71f., 75 L. Minucius P.f.M.n. Esquilinus Augurinus (Cn. Papirius C.f. Carbo (37), 75, 296

(40), 273ff. Cn. Papirius Cn.f.C.n. Carbo (38), 77, 390

M. Minucius Faesus (42), 274, 276 M. Papirius Carbo (39), 75, 295

M. Minucius Q.f. Rufus (54, cf. 48), 296 (Papirius) Turdus (75), 241

Q. Minucius Rufus (56), 75, 296 C. Papirius Turdus (76), 241 Q. Minucius M.f. Thermus (66), 70, 324 L. Papius (6), 398

Mithridates, 637f. L. Papius Celsus (10), 481, 736

P. Monetius soc.l. Philogenes, 617 (Pedanius) Costa (2), §17 Mucius, assassin of Porsinna, 413 M. Perperna M.f.M.n. (5), 703

C. Mucius, architect, 413 M. Perperna Vento (6), 413 P. Mucius Scaevola (18) (Cordus), 83, 86, Perseus, 441

413, 733 Petillius Capitolinus (7), 497, 592

Q Mucius Q.f.Q.n. Scaevola (Augur) (21), P. Petronius Turpilianus, 356

261 Philip V, 285, 307, 544, 724

L. Mummius L.f.L.n. (7a), 237 (Pinarius) Nat([ta] (14), 54, 246

L. Munatius L.f.L.n. Plancus (30), 100, (Pinarius) Natta (14), 54, 252

468, 485, 528, 736, 743 L. Pinarius Scarpus (27), 102, 542, 572; Murrius (1), 311 595» 744 Q. Murrius, 311 L. Plaetorius L.f. Pap. (6), 408

L. Mussidius T.f. Longus (3), 95, §02, §99f., Q. Plaetorius, §47

602 L. Plaetorius L.f. (Cestianus) (14), 408 L. Plaetorius Cestianus (15), 518

(Naevius) Balbus, 233? M. Plaetorius M.f. Cestianus (16), 83, 86f., C. Naevius Balbus (10), 397, 733 414, 436 Q. Nasidius (4), 94, 495, 739 Cn. Plancius (4), 83, 88, 455, 734 Cn. Nerius (3), 89, 460, 583, 603 Plautius (3), 454

Nero, 81 A. Plautius (8), 83, 88, 454, 734

Nicomachus, artist, 468 C. Plautius (9), 296 Nomentanus, 261 C. Plautius P.f.P.n. Decianus (18), 445 M. Nonius Sufenas (52), 87, 445, 732, 734 L. Pli{autius] H{ypsaeus], 48, 210

Sex. Nonius Sufenas (53), 445 L. Plautius Hypsaeus (19), 211 C. Norbanus (5), 372, 390, 603 P. Plautius Hypsaeus (23), 83, 86f., 444, C. Norbanus (6 and 9a), 79, 372, 500, 603, 446, 749

732 L. Plautius (Plotius) Plancus (Munatius

Numa, 333, 361, 410, 414, 447, 730, 749 26; Plotius 10), 92, 468, 711, 736

C. Numitorius (Nemetorius) C.f.Lem., 278 C. Plutius (1), 296 908

Persons

Cn. Pompeius Cn.f. Crust. (6), 278 C. (Publicius) Malleolus (18), 70, 299, 333;

Q. Pompeius A.f. (12), 268, 699 584, 729, 731

Sex. Pompeius (17), 62, 267, 278, 719 C. (Publicius) Malle[olus] C.f. (19), 298f. Cn. Pompeius Cn.f.Sex.n. Magnus (31), L. Publicius Malleolus (20), 447 83, 92, 412, 450f., 454ff., 457, 459, 463, M. Publicius L.f.L.n. Malleolus (22), 447 488, 604, 608, 638f., 695f., 705, 707, 727, Publicia L.f., 727

733ff., 735ff., 742. M. Pupius Piso (12), 87, 442

Cn. Pompeius Magnus (32), 94, 413, 479ff.. M.Pupius M.f. Piso Frugi Calpurnianus

578) 597 739s 742 (10), 87, 443 |

Sex. Pompeius Magnus Pius (33), 94, 102, Pyrrhus, 285, 713, 716, 718 486f., 520, 578, 597, 739, 742

Q. Pompeius Q.f. Rufus (39), 374, 456 Sex. Q[uinctilius ?] (3), 51, 221 Q. Pompeius Rufus (41), 88, 374, 456, 734 P. Quinctilius Varus (12), 221 Cn. Pompeius Sex.f.Cn.n. Strabo (45), 267f., Ti. Q{uinctius ?] (18), 68f., 310f.

299, 320, 325, 391, 703 T. Quinctius T.f.L.n. Flamininus (45), Pompo, 333 291, 544, 593, 731 Cn. Pomponius (3), 299, 410 T. Quinctius T.f.T.n. Flamininus (47), 294 L. Pomponius Cn.f. (5), 298f. T. Q{uinctius] (Flamininus) (48), 291, 311 L. Pomponius Molo (4 and 22), 70, 299, 332, Quuirinus, 451 7308.

Q. Pomponius Molo, §47 Rea Silvia, 740

Q. Pomponius Musa (23), 87, 437, 733 Remus, 267 Q. Pomponius Rufus (26), 82, 410 C. Rennius C.]. Laetus, 264

M. Porcius, 352 C. Renius (1), 62, 264 C. Porcius Cato (5), 65, 75, 294 Rhome, 722

M. Porcius M.f. Cato (9), 218, 352, 621, 631, Romulus, 267, 418, 449, 451f., 723, 733, 740

633 L. Roscius Fabatus (15), 86f., 439 M. Porcius Cato (not in RE), 77, 351, 579 572, 731 M. Porcius Cato (11), 352 L. Rustius (1), 404 M. Porcius M.f.M.n. Cato (10), 352 L. Rubrius Dossenus (17), 78f., 362, 569,

M. Porcius Cato (12), 352 L. Rutilius Flaccus (16), 403 M. Porcius Cato (Uticensis) (16), 352, 473,

524, 620, 638, 738 P. Sabinus (Sabinus 30), see P. Vettius

M. Porcius Laeca (17), 63, 65, 74, 293 Sabinus

P. Porcius Laeca (21), 68f., 313 C. Sae[nius], 231 L. Porcius L.f.M.n. Licinus (23), 299 Safra, 54, 251

L. Porcius Licinus (25), 298f. Q. Salvidienus Rufus Salvius (4), 101,

Porsinna, 273, 413 521, 528, 743

C. Postumius (12), 407 P. Satrienus (1), 403, 579

A. Postumius Albinus (31), 466 L. Saufeius (4), 54, 248

A. Postumius S.f. Albinus (35), 333, 731 C. Scribonius (4), 54, 246 A. Postumius A.f.S.n. Albinus (36), 81f., C. Scribonius Curio (8), 247

389 L. Scribonius Libo (19), 86f., 441f., 734

L. Postumius Albinus (43), 64, 281, 316,730 L. Scribonius L.f. Libo (20), 442

L. Postumius A.f.A.n. Albinus (41), 389 L. Sempronius Atratinus (26), 101f., 533, L. Postumius Sp.f.L.n. Albinus (42), 281 597 Sp. Postumius Albinus (45), 389 C. Sempronius Gracchus (47), 74, 634ff., 697, A. Postumius P.f. Albus Regillensis, 335 701

L. Procilius (1), 82, 396 Ti. Sempronius Gracchus (54), 266, 275,

Ptolemy ITI, 39 624f., 634ff., 699, 733

Prolemy V, 444 Ti. Sempronius Gracchus (56), 529, 600, Ptolemy Alexander I, 605, 637 742

C. Publicius Q.f. (9), 82, 396, 582, 727, L.Sempronius Pitio (74), 256

732 C. Sentius C.f. (3), 327

M. Publicius (12), 93, 479 L. Sentius C.f. (6), 327, 730 } Q. Publicius (13), 396 P. Sepullius Macer (1), 94, 487 909

Indices

L. Sergius L.f. Catilina (23), 302, 705, 720 C. (Terentius) Varro (76), 16f., 172

M. Sergius Silus (40), 302 M. Terentius Varro (84, Supb.6.1172), 89, 547

M. Sergius Silus (42), 68f., 302, 601, 730 P. Terentius Varro, 547 Q. Sertorius (3), 82, 92, 371, 381, 386, 409, M. Terentius M.f. Varro Lucullus (Licinius

413, 638, 733 109), 80

C. Servilius (Geminus?) (9), 270 Thorius Flaccus, 323 C. Servilius (12, cf. 11), 270, 447 L. Thorius Balbus (4), 70, 323 C. Servilius M.f. (14), 55, 62, 64, 270 Tigranes, 454, 545

C. Servilius C.f. (16), 87f., 447 Timaeus, 36f., 41

M. Servilius (18), 270 C. Titinius (6), 55, 62, 261

M. Servilius C.f. (19), 270, 328 C. Titinius (7), 262 M. Servilius C.f. (21), 447, 516 C. Titinius (8), 262

C. Servilius Ahala (32), 289, 456, 749 M. Titinius (12), §2, 220 Q. Servilius Caepio (50), 47, 70, 72f., 330, M. Titinius (13, cf. 20), 224

636 M. Titinius Curvus (20, cf.12, 13), 221

Q. Servilius Caepio Brutus, see M.Iunius’ C. Titinius Gadaeus (21), 261

Brutus (Iunius 53) Q. Titius (33), 75, 77, 344, 349

C. Servilius (Geminus) (§9), 270 731 C. Servilius C.f.P.n. Geminus (60), 270 Todus, 48, 52, 214 , P. Servilius Q.f.Cn.n. Geminus (62), 271 Trajan, 207f. 270, 289 Tryphon, 285 P. Servilius M.f. Rullus (79), 329, 730 M. Tullius (11), 65, 68, 70, 75, 297 P. Servilius Casca Longus (53), 517 L. Titurius Sabinus (2), 75, 77f., 355, 582f.,

M. Servilius C.f.P.n. Pulex Geminus (78), L. Trebanius (1), 64, 272

P. Servilius Rullus (81), 329, 638 M. Tullius M.f.M.n. Cicero (29), 361, 435; , C. Servilius Vatia (13 and 91), 64f., 270, 289 441, 453, 639, 697, 734 P. Servilius C.f.M.n. Vatia Isauricus (93), M. Tullius M.f.A.n. Decula (34), 297

270, 329, 388 | D. Turullius (1), $42, 744

L. Servius Rufus (6), 523, 742 L. Tur[ullius], 547 Servius Tullius, 35ff., 599

L. Sestius (2), 515, 741 Ulysses, 220, 377, 726

T. Sextius (13), 100 C. Urbinius, 313

Q. Sicinius (12), 89, 460, 461, 734, 737f. Q. Urbinius, 312

A. Spuri{us ?} or Spuri(lius ?] (Spurius 2),

62, 263 Val(erius] (4), 240

L. Staius Murcus (2), 519, 742 L. Valerius Acisculus (94), 483, 736f.

C. Sulpicius C.f. (9), 320 C. Valerius Flaccus (166), 263

Ser. Sulpicius (20, 21 and 96), 88, 459, 734 C.Valerius C.f. Flaccus (167), 62, 262

C. Sulpicius Galba (§1), 320 : C. Valerius C.f.L.n. Flaccus (168), 80, 263,

P. Sulpicius Galba (55), 87, 418 379, 732

| Ser. Sulpicius Galba (60), 320 | L. Valerius L.f.L.n. Flaccus (135), 281 P. Sulpicius Ser.f.P.n. Galba Maximus (64), L. Valerius L.f.L.n. Flaccus (175), 316

34, 459 L. Valerius L.f.L.n. Flaccus (176 and 177),

C. Sulpicius Q.f.Q.n. Paterculus (81), 460 316 Ser. Sulpicius Rufus (94, cf. 31), §23 L. Valerius Flaccus (178), 637 Ser. Sulpicius Q.f. Rufus (95), 88 M. Valerius P.f.P.n. Laevinus (211), 32, 192

M. Valerius Messalla (254 and 255), 88, Tarpeia, 355 457, 603, 734 C. Tarquitius P.f. (1), 381 M. Valerius Messalla (Rufus) (268), 457, 603

Tatius, 355f., 414, 749 M. Vargunteius (4), 63, 65, 283

Telegonus, 220, 377 Q. Varius Geminus, 602

Terence, 257 P. Ventidius P.f. Bassus (5), 533 C. Terentius Lucanus (56), 55, 256 Vercingetorix, 464, 467 (Terentius) Var[ro] (see 76), 50, 207 M. Vergilius (1 and 4), 364 (Terentius) Var[r]o (see 76, also 81), 236 C. Verres (1), 703

‘(Terentius) Varro (78), 89, 463, 737f. Vettienus, 547 910

Persons

P. (Vettius ?) Sabinus (Sabinus 30; Vettius C. Vibius C.f.C.n. Pansa Caetronianus

15), 70, 3315 595, 603, 730, 749 (16), 92, 464, 697, 711, 736

T. Vettius Sabinus (92 = 14 and 11), 86,414 C. Vibius Varus (20), 95, 502, 600

Mam. Veturius, 266 L. Vinicius (1), 88, 457, 734

Ti. Veturius (6), 62, 74, 264, 266, 749 M. (Vipsanius) Agrippa L.f. (2), 101, 535, | L. Veturius L.f.L.n. Philo (20), 34 744 Ti. Veturius Philo (22), 266 Q. Voconius Vitulus (5), 530, 742 T. Veturius Gracchi.f. Sempronianus (23), M. Volteius M.f. (2), 399, 594

266 L. Vol[umnius] L.f. Strabo (3 and 14), 82,

C. Vibius C.f. Pansa (15), 75, 77, 346, 465; 391 579, 583, 7315 749

911

Indices

V. GENERAL INDEX

Abruzzi, see Finds 744; and C, Cassius, 741; and M. Iunius

Acarnania, coinage of, as Roman booty, 21, 32 Brutus, 741; and L. Cornelius Sulla, 388 Accounts, 633 n. 1; see also Delos, Reckoning Apollonia, coinage of, 7; see also Mints

Acilii, and Hercules, 727 L. Appuleius Saturninus : agrarian programme

terms), 72 703

adulescens, Ciceronian use of (and similar of, 629~30; corn-distribution of, 73,

Aediles, issues of, 603, 607 Aqua Marcia, payment for, 699 ‘Aedilician’ coin-types, 729 Aqua Tepula, payment for, 701 Aegates Insulae, battle of, 315 Aqueducts, 305, 448

Aegina, 459-60 Archaeological evidence, 29, 32, 40, 41 (61s),

Aesculapius, in 87 B.C., 363 71 (bis), 74 (bts), 81, 94 Aes signatum: date and function of, 41-2; argentum publicum, 605

types of, 716-18 Aricia, 418, 497

Aetolia, treaty with Rome, 21 Aries, constellation, 404

Africa, victory of Pompey in, 413; see also Armenia, 743

Mints Arsenic, in Roman bronze coinage, 573 on coins, 499 Ephesus, 738; see also Diana

Age: of Caesar, on coins, 92; of M. Antonius, Artemis: wearing polos, 518, cf. 741 n. 63 of Agrarian programme, of L. Saturninus,629-30 Artists, for Republican coinage: numbers of,

Agrigentum, Punic coinage of, 16 578-9, 745-50; scope for, 728 n. 6, 730, Aion, not appearing on Republican coinage, 510 745-9; one signature known, 538, 579, 585; Alba Fucens, archaeological evidence from, 40 587, 747; see also Engravers, Hercules

Alexander motifs, in Republican coinage, Arverni, defeat referred to, 297

735, 740n. 1, 743, 747m. 5; see also Asia, see Mints

Gorgoneion Atella, coinage of, 31, 720 ,

Alexandria, artistic motifs from, no evidence Athenian new-style tetradrachms, Roman

for in Republican coinage, 290, 743; see imitations of, 80

also Egypt Attis, not represented on Republican coinage,

Allobroges, defeat referred to, 297 303 Anagnia, see Mints Augurate, symbols of: and Sulla, 373-4, 456;

Ancile, 266, 735 and Octavian, 741 n. 1

Anonymous issues, among signed issues, 12— Augustus, see Octavian

23 passim, 48, 50-3, 54 Aventine, see Diana

T. Antistius, reluctant to identify his coin- Axii, 260, 412 age, 89

Antium, 404 Bacchus, and Jehovah, 454-5; see also

M. Antonius: age of, on coins, 499; birthday Dionysus of, 499; celebrated in moneyers’ coinage, Ballot, secret, 290-1; see also Lex, Tessera, 494-5, 510-113 coin types of, 739-44; de- Voting basement by, 569; Dionysiac predilections BaotAeus, title refused by C. Cassius, 741 of, 743 n. 4; finances of in 448.C.and later, Bellona, 307 639-40; legions of, 541, 671; portrait of, Bells, cult associations of, 273

495, 747, 749-50; reconciliation with Bigati, 613-14, 630 Octavian, 531, $32, 743; titulature of, 538, Bitalemi, archaeological evidence from, 41 739-44; and Alexander, 740, 743, 747; and Booty: coinage produced from, 21, 32, 572;

Armenian victory, 743; and lions, 740, distribution of, 41-2, 45

743; and Octavian, ovatio of, issue cele- Brettii, coinage of, 30, 40-1 brating, 101, 743; and Sol, 740, 743; and Brockages, 583 Victory, 740; as Imperator, 740, 743; see Bronze coinage: composition of, 572-7;

also Engravers, Hercules, Mint weight of, 595-7; see also Ratios

Aphrodisias, Sullan dedication at, 373 Brundisium: coinage of, 42; see also Mints Apollo, 312, 714, cf. §10; and Jupiter, 312; Bursaeus, not alluded to on no. 352, 369

, 912

and Mercury, 435; and /ibertas, 388, 731-2, Buteo, 326

741; and [ulii, 325, 510; and Octavian, Buthrotum, see Mints :

General Index

Caeciae Insulae, 326 Corn-supply, 275, 331,440, 450-1, 466, 638~9, Caecilii Metelli, see Elephant, Vulcan 707

L. Caecilius Metellus Delmaticus, see Hoards, Cornelii, and Jupiter, 310, 319, 727

Zasiok L. Cornelius Balbus, and Hercules, 742

Calatia, coinage of, 31 P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus: legend of, 310-

Campania, see Mints 115 not portrayed on Republican coinage, Canusium, coinage of, 310; see also Mints 310

Capitoline: temple, 400, 497, 715; see also WL. Cornelius Sulla: augurate of, 373-4, 456;

Jupiter; triad, 310; wolf, 403 celebrated by contemporary moneyers,

Capua: coinage of, 21, 31, 43, 720; family 732-3; celebrated posthumously by

symbols at, 726 Q. Pompeius Rufus, L. Aemilius Buca and

Carthage, and Rome, 634, 720; see also others, 456, 493, 734; changes practice of

Punic coinage, Second Punic War mint over amount of coin struck, 705;

C. Cassius: coinage of in 43-42 B.C., 741-2; re- dedication at Aphrodisias, 373; dream of,

fusal of title of BaoiAeus, 741 n. 9; titulature 450, 493; imperium of, 373-4; Ludi

of, 741 n. 3; and Apollo, 741 Victoriae, 445-6, 732, 734; proscriptions of, Casting of Republican coinage, 589 349, 637-8; statue of, 397; supporters of, Castor, priority over Pollux, 136 | 387-8; titulature of, 80, 397; trophies of,

Caudine Forks, see Foedus 373, 450; and Apollo, 388; and Diana, Censors: and coinage, 42-3, 601-2, 616-17, 450, 733 n. 1, cf. 493 (Luna); and felicitas,

714; and abuse of right to choose coin- 387, 397; and Hercules, 450; and libertas,

types, 729 388; and res publica, 387, 7323; and sur-

Census: classes, 625, 627, 628, 631; of render of Jugurtha, 450; and Venus, 250,

Equites, 623 373, 398, 448, 493, 727, 732; and Victory,

Cerealia, 290; sce also Ludi 387, 398, 493, 732; see also Sibylla

403 742 Nn. 2

Ceres: as coin-type, 730, 736; temple of, 326, Corona: aurea, 488; civica, 315, 735, 741 N. 10,

Chaeronea, battle of, 373, 450 Cos, 741

Cilicia, see Finds, Mints Cosa, coinage of, 45

Cisalpine Gaul: agrarian ‘distribution in, Crete, referred to on no. 432, 455

629-30; currency of, 629-30 Croton, see Mints

Civitas: sine suffragio, incompatible with the Cura annonae, see Corn-supply

right of coinage, 31; and libertas, 407,

733 Debasement of silver coinage, 569-72, 616

Classes, census, see Census classes Decempeda, 174

Claudia, Vestal, 521 SeKGAitpos oTATHP, 28-9 Claudii, and Diana, 398 Delos accounts, coinage in, 632 Ap. Claudius, Cos. 79B.c., celebrated on Demeter, see Ceres coinage of 79 B.C., 398 Denarius: in Livy, 630; retariffing of, 73,

Clementia, 735 612-15, 621-5, 699

Clementia Caesaris, temple of, 495 Denarius system: composition of, 3 ff., 24 ff.;

Colonisation, see Eporedia date of, 28 ff.; financing of, 33; first period Columna Minucia, 274, 276 of, 8 ff., 596, 615-16; see also Dupondius Concordia, 457, 466, 494, 510-11, 743; and Diana: and Claudii, 398, cf. 733 n.1; and

Venus Cloacina, 511 Sulla, 450, 733 n. 1, cf. 493 (Luna); and Conturatio, 715 733 n. 13 of the Aventine, 497; temple of on

Concordia ordinum, 441, 453 Luna, 720~1 ; and Roma, 724-5 ; and Victory, Contracting out, not used for production of the Aventine, 335, 389; see also Artemis

Republican coinage, 617 Diana Nemorensis, 497 Control-marks, §84-9 Diana Planciana, not represented on no. 432, Corcyra: coinage of, 7, 192; production of 455

Roman coinage on, 21, 192; see also Mints Didrachm coinage: date of, 37 ff.; interrelaCorinth, archaeological evidence from, 74 tions within, 625-7; introduction of, 615 Corn-distributions, 73, 274-5, 277, 367, 414, Dies: for Republican coinage, 576-7; pre695, 703, 705, 707) 729; see also Leges paration of, 577-8; correction of mistakes

Srumentariae on, 578; re-cutting of, 578; in use, 641-94; 913

Indices

Dies (cont.) Floralia, 447, 524 numbers used for different issues, 640-94; Foedus, 715

numbers of coins struck by, 694 Foedus Caudinum, 266

Dionysiac coin-types, 303, 369, 730; of M. Foedus Numantinum, 266, 268, 728 Antonius, 743 n. 4; see also Bacchus, Liber Fontus, not represented on Republican Dioscuri: possible Egyptian iconography of, coinage, 305 315, cf. 730; and Luna, 720; and Sol and __s— Forgeries, 548-53

Luna, 719; and Penates, 317, 320, 715; Fortuna, 390-1, 476, 478, 485, 494, 510, 742, as patrons of Equites, 285; as protectors of 743; and Victory, 510; see also Evtuxia sailors, 718; at battle of Lake Regillus, 335, Fortuna Caesaris, 530 336 n. 1, 715, 720; at battle of Pydna, 721 Freedmen, registration of, 631 Dupondius, in first period of denarius coinage, Fregellae, destruction of, and dating of

12, 159 Roman coinage, 74

Dyrrhachium, coinage of, 7

Gades, 742

Eagle, symbolism of, 720 Gauls, victories over, 298-9, 302, 308, 328, Egypt: influence on Republican coinage, 140, 332, 335, 339s 409, 453, 459, 464, 466, 479,

315, 584, 730; see also Alexandria, Ptole- 730-1, 735

maic coinage Genealogies: legendary, 220; invented, 327,

Elephant: and Caesar, 735; and Victory, 7353 333, 361, 410, 413, 441, 445, 448, 471, 510,

head of, as badge of Metelli, 287, cf. 390 730; see also Venus

é.l.p., 611 | Genius: composite, 510; of Lugdunum, not

Embezzlement, 633-4, 695 appearing on no. 494, 510; populi Romani,

Emporiae, coinage of, 29 significance of, 409, 733

Engravers: additional, at work in mint, 50-1; Gentes, Roman, and favourite deities, 727 for coinage of M. Antonius, 95, 100; see also Gergis, coin types of, 476; see also Troy

Artists Gold coinage: Mars/Eagle, esp. 33-4, 626;

Entremont, archaeological evidence from, 71 Oath-scene, esp. 46, 548 (forgeries), 7153

Ephesus, see Artemis, Mints finds of, 691; possible use of gold by Eporedia, colonisation of, 629 weight at Rome, 635; purity of, 569; weight

Epulum, 459 of, $93; see also Ratios

Equester ordo, 285, 631; census of, 623; see Gorgoneion, as Alexander motif, 468; see

also Dioscuri also Alexander

Eryx, 478; temple of Venus at, 448; see also Gortyn, coinage of, 287

Venus Greece: influence on design of coin types, 408,

Etruria, see Mints 411, §79, 713, 725; stories about foundaEutuxia, temple of, 510; see also Fortuna tion of Rome, 722-3

Fabii, and Hercules, an Augustan fiction, 714, Helmet,assymbolof Macedonian king, 285, 307

727 Heraclea: coinage of, 149, 632; family sym-

Familiae Trojanae, 250, 476, 730 bols at, 726 Fausta Felicitas, 373 Hercules: and Juno, 720; and Acilii, 727; and

Felicitas, 335, 372, 373, 387, 397, 460, 466, L. Cornelius Balbus, 742; and Fabil, an 494, 496, 511, 732, 735 736, 738, 739» 743, Augustan fiction, 714, 727; and Poblicii,

cf. 510 727; and Rome, 714; and Sulla, 450; and Fides, 744 Pompey, 451; and Pompeians, 737-8; as Financial organisation, 617-18, 633-95; see ancestor of Antonii, 510

also Rome Hercules theme: artistic variations of, 263,

Finds (see also Archaeological evidence, Gold 266-7; perhaps Caesarian, 511 coinage, Hoards): Abruzzi, of Sullan gold Hercules Respiciens, 311, 330 piece, 80; Cilicia, of bronze of Q. Oppius, Hoards (indexed only where information 546; Maddaloni, of Sullan bronze piece, 80; supplementary to that in Roman Republican

Rome (Tiber), of Sullan bronze piece, 80; Coin Hoards is given) (see also Finds): Troad, of bronze coin of M. Antonius, 101 Agrinion, 72; Aidone (1909), 30; Alta-

Flamen Floralis, 447 mura, 86; Andalusia, 28 ; Apulia (of 50s), 88 ; Flare, 407, 496, 599 n. 2 (of 30s), 101; Azaila, 264; Beauvoisin, 292;

914 |

General Index

Hoards (cont.) Iusiurandum in legem, 605 Carife, 42; Catanzaro, 40-1; Cazlona, 181;

Cheste, 29; Citta Ducale, 30; Cordoba after Janus: as coin-type, esp. 718-19; and 1945, 67-8; Drieves, 10, 26; Grammichele, Pompey, 739 30; Greece, 86; Haluntium, 14; Italy, 38; Janus Curiatius, 260 Los Villares, 28; Mandanici, 16; Manfria, Jehovah, and Bacchus, 454-5 67; Marcianise, 24; Mesagne, 38; Min- Jugurtha, surrender of, 450

turno, 15; Montedoro, 580, 583, 676; Juno: exoratio from Carthage, 720; fertilisaMorgantina, 9; Morrovalle, 89; Nea Karvali, tion of, 308; and bull, 719; and goat, 264; 86; Oppido Lucano, 38; Paestum, 25; Pisa, and Hercules, 720 25; Rome (Capitol), 3, 36; Santa Maria di Juno Caprotina, not appearing on Republican Capua Vetere, 30; Serra Orlando, 25; Sicily, coinage, 264 30 n. 1, 46 n. 2; Surbo, 89; Sustinenza, 86, Juno Curritis, not appearing on Republican

674; ‘Taranto, 67, 679; Terranova di coinage, 260

Sicilia, 67; Thebes, 74; Tivisa, 26; Valde- Juno Regina, temple of, 287 salor, 79; Valera, 10; Valesio, 38; Zasiok, Juno Soraria, 260

and campaign of L. Delmaticus, 75 Juno Sospita, 303, 323, 396, 440, 482, 519; ‘Hubbing’, not used for Republican coinage, and crow, 519; and gryphon, 399

577-8, cf. 582 Jupiter: statue of on Capitoline temple, 715;

Hybrids, of pure silver, produced by mint, 63-4, and Apollo, 312; and Cornelii, 310, 319,

cf. 117 727; and Pegasus, 716; and Victory, 715, 720, 728, 730 n. 7, 732, 737-8

Imperium: alluded to on coinage, 728; Sullan Jupiter Frugifer, 290 claim to, 373-4; symbols of, 389, 452,732;see Jupiter Libertas, 290, 406 also C. Iulius Caesar, Lex Cassia of 104 B.c. Jupiter Victor, 290, §33, 715 Isis, 437, 584

Issues of coinage, size of, 640-94 Kore, see Proserpina

Italy: Punic coinage of, 10, 30-1, 40-1; and Rome, 404, 406-7, 413, 733; see also Mints Lake Regillus, battle of, 335, 336 n.1, 715,

Iulii: and Apollo, 325, 510; and Venus, 284, 720

325, 510, 727, 730 Lanuvium, 323, 396, 399, 440, 482, 493, $19;

C. Iulius Caesar: age of, on coins, 92; cele- confused with Lavinium, 482 brated by contemporary moneyers, 474, Laodiceia-ad-Lycum, coinage of, 546 476, 478, 482, 493-5, 496, 736-7; coin- Lavinium, 320, 470; confused with Lanu-

types of, 735; deification of, 742, 744; vium, 482

finances of, 639, cf. 619; portrait of, 94, Laws, dealing with coinage, 610-16; see also 493-5, 746-7, cf. 739-415 propaganda of in Leges, Lex Civil War, 466, 735-6; titulature of, 89,93, Legatus fisci castrensis, 472 494, 736 n.13; Trojan origin of, 476(Gergis); Leges: agrariae, 629-30; de ambitu, 729; trophies of, 464, 735-6; wreath of, 488; frumentariae, 636, 638, 705; see also cornand clementia, 495, 735; and organisation distributions ; sumptuariae, 624; Porciae de of mint, 619; and tribunicia potestas, 494; provocatione, 293, 314, cf. 352 and Rome, 737; and Salus, 461; and Venus, Leo, constellation, 740 n. i 474, 493-5, 727, 735—6,cf. 496; and Victory, Letters, to differentiate issues, 6, 725-6 461, 464, 468, 476, 478, 482, 483, 485, 493- Leucothea, 404

5» 735-6; as Imperator, 494; as Liberator, Lex, possible on coin-types, 729; see also 483, 494; as Parens Patriae, 494; as Salius, Plebtscitum 735; see also Elephant, Hercules theme Lex: Acilia, 293 ; Antia sumptuaria, 470; Cassia C. Iulius Caesar Octavianus, see Octavian tabellaria, 290, 403, 452; Cassia of 104 B.C., M. Iunius Brutus: celebrated by L. Servius 452; Clodia on Victoriatus, 610-11; Clodia Rufus in 41 B.C., §23, 742; coinage of, in frumentaria, 638; Coelia Tabellaria, 459; 43-42 B.C., 741-2; form of name, 511-12, Flaminia minus solvendi, 612-14; Gabinia,

741 n.3; Opposition to monarchic rule, and effect on coinage, 728; Livia on

455-6, 7413 portrait of, on coinage, 741, debasement, 616; Ogulnia Fabia de aere 748; titulature of, in 43-42 B.C., 741 n. 33 argento auro flando feriundo, 615; Papiria,

and ancestors, 456; and Apollo, 741 77-8, 610-11; Porcia frumentaria, 705; 915

Indices

Lex (cont.) Mines, 635 Rubria, 363; Rufrena, 742; Terentia Mint: moving of M. Antonius, 95; organisaet Cassia frumentaria, 705; Valeria, 621, tion of, 618-20; see also Artists, L. Cor-

637; Voconia, 623 nelius Sulla, Engravers, Hybrids, C. Iulius

Liber: and Sol, 730; see also Dionysus Caesar, Rome, Social War Libertas, 290, 378, 388, 403, 406, 452, 456, Mints

465, 494, 731-2, 733, 734, 741; and of pre-denarius coinage: Luceria, 45;

civitas, 407, 733; and Roma, 465; see also Messana, 40; perhaps Metapontum, 39 n. 5;

C. Iulius Caesar Neapolis, 37 n. §; Rome, 36, 43 n. 5, 104 f.;

M. Licinius Crassus, pays own troops, 705 Sicily, 43, 453; uncertain, 104 f.; in general, Lions, and M. Antonius, perhaps Alexander 600

motif, 740, 743 of early denarius coinage: Campamia,

Lipara: capture of, 322; coinage of, 322 23f.; Canusium, 21; Corcyra, 21; not

' Livy, Roman coinage in, 630 Croton, 23; Etruria, 34; Luceria, 19 ff., 45;

Locri, coinage of, 624-5 Rome, 8 ff.; Sardinia, 13; Sicily, 13 ff., 43;

AovuKovaAsia, 80 Spain, 22 f., 24; uncertain, 12f., 34; in l.p.d.a.p., 611 general, 600-1 Luceria, see Mints Italian, for later denarius coinage, no Ludi: Apollinares, 344, 361, 402, 469; evidence for, 47

Cereales, 402, 451, see also Cerealia; Cir- for later denarius coinage: Africa: not the

censes, 362-3, 729; Megalenses, 371, 402, mint of no. 443, 89, as mint, 93; Anagnia, not

437, 454; Plebeii, 402; Romani, 402, 615, a mint, 95; Apollonia, 89, 738; Asia, 89; 623, 627; Victoriae of Sulla, 445-6, 732, Brundisium, not the mint for no. 530, 101;

134 Buthrotum, perhaps as mint, 100; Cilicia:

Lugdunum, see Genius, Mints perhaps mint for no. §24, 101, perhaps

Luna: and Diana, 720-1; and Dioscuri, 720; mint for no. §50, 546; East, 93, 100, 101;

and Rome, 720; see also Sol Ephesus, 100; Greece, 92; Lugdunum, 499; Massalia, perhaps as mint, 94; Narbo, 35,

Macedonia, 285, 307; 455, 459, 496; mines in, 65, 71, 298, 600-1; Praeneste, not the 635; see also Helmet, Shield (in Index of mint for coinage of M. Antonius, 100;

Types) Puteoli, not the mint for no. 535, 102;

Maddaloni, see Finds Salpensa, 94; Sicily, 92, 94; Spain: not the

Magnus, Pompeian use of title, 83, 413 mint for nos. 446-7, 92, aS mint, 92, 94 Mamertini, coinage of, 40, 580, 584, 714 Moneta, 41 Mamilii: descent from Telegonus, 220, 377; Moneta castrensis, see Military issues

and Mercury, 377 Moneyers: origin of office, 601-2; office of,

C. Marius: celebrated by contemporary 598-603, 618-20; title of, 599; under moneyers, 730-1; trophies of, 730; and Empire, §99 n.1; recruitment of, 603;

settlement of vererans, 629-30; and Vic- careers of, 708-11, 729; see also C. Sem-

tory, 327, 328, 332, 730-1 pronius Gracchus

Mars: on early didrachm issue, 713-14; on ‘Monnaies 4 la croix’, 10 Second Punic War gold, 720; on no. 392, Months, symbols of, 310 406; not represented on no. 282,299; and Morgantina: archaeological evidence from,

Roma, 722; and Triumvirs, §10, 740 94; destruction of, 32 _

Marsyas, not a symbol of Jibertas under the Murex-shell, 238

Republic, 378 Mutunus Tutunus, not appearing on Re-

Massalia: captured by Caesar, 464; imita- publican coinage, 346

tions of coinage of, 629; see also Mints |

Memmii, and Venus, 250, 321, 730 Narbo, date of foundation of, 71 ff.; see also Mercury: and Apollo, 435; and Proserpina, Mints

418; and Mamilii, 377 Navalia, not appearing on Republican coinMessana, see Mamertini, Mints age, 482 Metal content of Republican coinage, 569-77. Neapolis, see Mints Metapontum, see Mints Nemesis, and Victory, 511 Military issues, 604 Neptune: temple of, 527; and perhaps Roma,

Minerva, 501 742; and Pompey, 739, 742 n. 2 916

General Index

265 Polos, see Artemis

Nerio, not appearing on Republican coinage, Pollux, secondary to Castor, 136

Norba, archaeological evidence from, 81 Pompeii, city, house of Caldus at, 459

Novi homines, 413, 453 Pompeii, family, and foedus Numantinum, 268 Novum saeculum, see Sol Cn. Pompeius Magnus: ambitions opposed by Numa, and Roman religion, 410, 447 M. Iunius Brutus, 455-6, cf. 457; cele-

Numantia, archaeological evidence from, 71; brated by contemporary moneyers, 450~1,

see also Foedus 454, 457, 733-4; finances of in Civil War, Nummi novi, 28 639; trophies of, 450; troops and finances Nummularii, 603; see also Tessera in 54-50 B.C., 696; victory in Africa, 413;

Nummus, 626 n. 2, 632 and augurate, 413; and Hercules, 451; and

Nundinum, 305 Venus, 448, 451, 733; and Victory, 4503 as Janus, 739; as Neptune, 739, 742 n. 23 see Octavian: celebrated by contemporary money- also Magnus ers, $30, 531, 742; not celebrated by Q. Cn. Pompeius junior, titulature of, 739 n. 1 Oppius, 546; coin-types of,739-44; finances Sex. Pompeius, titulature of, 739 of in 44 B.c. and later, 639-40;reconciliation Populares, 406, 409, 465, 605, 731-2, 733 with M. Antonius, 531, 532, 743; settle- Porticus Minucia, 275 ment of veterans after Perusine War, 530; Portraits: on Republican coinage, 734, 749~

titulature of, $30, 531, 533, 742-4; and 50; use of others’ to express political symApollo, 744; and augurate, 741 n.1; and pathy, 523; see also C. Iulius Caesar, M. Victory, 510; and M. Antonius, ovatio of, Iunius Brutus

, issue celebrating, 101, 743; as Imperator, Pound, Roman, 590

740 Praefectura socium, age at which held, 247

October equus, 713-14 Praeneste: 418, 446; see also Mints Oeniadae, coinage of, as Roman booty, 241, 32 praenomen 1mperatoris, 744

Oikoumene, 450, 739 N. 2, 742 Praetors, and coinage, 620

Orichalcum, as coinage metal, 573 pri. fl., 955 496, 619

Origo, reference to on Republican coinage, Privernum, capture of, 445

726-8; see also Gades Proscriptions: Sullan, 349, 637-8 ; Triumviral, ,

Osca, coinage of, §34 512, 640 Ostia: foundation of, 361; sack of in 878B.c., Proserpina, and Mercury, 418 361 Provincial government, see C. Sempronius Ovatio of 40 B.C., issue celebrating, 101, 743 Gracchus Overstrikes, esp. 31-2, 39, 105 ff., 573, 579, Provocatio, 293, 314, 352

582, 604, 618 n. 4 Ptolemaic coinage, 39-40, 437, 584; see also Egypt

Paestum, archaeological evidence from, 29 Publicani, see Contracting out

Palaemon, 404 Punic coinage of Spain, 29, 310, 720; see also

Parilia, 495 Italy

Palaestra, gods of, 363 Agrigentum, Sardo-Punic coinage, Sicily,

patre cos., 88 | Puteoli, see Mints Pax, 494, cf. 496 | Pydna, battle of, 721 Pecunia, etymology of, 718

Pegasus, and Jupiter, 716 Quadrigatus coinage: arrangement of, 103 ff.; Penates Publici, 317, 369; and Dioscuri, 317, date of, 46; mints of, 104-5; in Festus,

320, 715 613-14; in Livy, 630; in Varro, 626 n. 4

Perusine War, see Octavian Quaestors: insignia of, 741 n. 4; issues of, 601,

Phrygian helmet, 722 603, 607; organisation of college, 313, 3303

Pietas, 318, 739, 742, esp. n. 2 and coinage, 616-18, 619-20

Plated coins, §60, 572 Quinarius, history of, 628-30

Plebiscitum reddendorum equorum, 285; see also ‘T. Quinctius Flamininus, issue of, 544

Lex Quirinus, and Romulus, 451

Pliny, on Roman coinage, 7, 30, 34, 35 ff., 43,

569-72, 612-16 Ratios: gold: silver, 626; silver: bronze, 626

Poblicii, and Hercules, 727 ratitt quadrantis, 717, 744 917

Indices

Reate, 311-12 Sardinia, see Mints

Reckoning: Roman units of, 621-32; aberrant Sardo-Punic coinage, 10; see also Carthage

records of, Table xLvilin. (last sentence), Saturn, 718-19 624 n. 8, 625 n. 63 see also Accounts Sceptre, see Scipio, Staff, Triumphator Res publica, and Roma, 725 n.2; see also Scipio, 196

Roma, Rome Scorpio, constellation, 406, 445

Retariffing, see Denarius Seals, and coins, 727-8

Rhinoceros, not appearing on Republican Second Punic War, see Rome

coinage, 201 Selinunte, archaeological evidence and hoards Rhodes, 741 from, 41

Rhome, not portrayed on Republican coinage, C. Sempronius Gracchus, perhaps secures

722-3 election of supporters as moneyers, 75;

Roma, 306-7, 330; cult of, 725 ; head of, 721-5; provides expense allowances for provincial

and Diana, 724-5; and Libertas, 465; and governors, 697; and Roman treasury, 636 Mars, 722; and Neptune, 742; and res ‘T1. Sempronius Gracchus: tribunate of, 275, publica, 725 n. 2; see also Res publica 624; and Foedus Numantinum, 266, 268

Roma Victrix, 297 Senate, and coinage, 606-9, 610, 612, 614, Rome: foundation of, 722-3; caput rerum, 335, 616-18, 619-20; and Saturninus, 73 389; ‘Servian’ census, 36-7; naval power, Senatus consultum, possible on coin-types, 729 41, 718 n. 6; loss of control of Italy after VIIvir epulo, jug as possible symbol of, 743 216 B.c. reflected in coinage, 20, 23, 30, Serrati, 174, 247, 298, 319-21, 375, 379, 389, 600-1, 604, cf. 617; treaty with Aetolia, 21; 391, 392, 396, 397, 398, 405, 410, 412, 413, financial stress during Second Punic War, 414, 419, 439; significance of, 581 30, 32-3, 43, 634~5; financing of denarius ‘Servian’ census, see Rome coinage, 33; financing of resumption of Servilii, and Roman religion, 447-8 silver coinage in 150s B.C., 74; mint of, Sestertius: history of, 628; as unit of account,

divided into two workshops in second 614, 621-5; after Lex Papiria, 611; in Livy, century B.C., 65, 69; Senate of, and Satur- 631 ninus, 73; in 50S B.c., 609; and Carthage, Sibylla, not the origin of cognomen of Sulla, 634, 720; and Italy, 404, 406~-7, 413, 733; 250 and Sulla, 387, 732; and Pompeians, 739; Sicily: Punic coinage of, 30 n. 1; in slave war,

and Caesar, 737; and Triumvirs, 511; 412; see also Mints

and Genius populi Romani, 409; and Her- Sidus Iulium, 744 cules, 714; and Luna, 720; and Venus, 406, Signa, 716, 718 714; and Victory, 297, 344, 349, 356, 460, Signature, artist’s, see Artists 714-15, 718, 720, 721, 722 n. 2, 729, 730-1, Silver coinage: debasement of, 569-72, 616; 734; and wolf, 404, 406; see also Finds, weight of, 594-5; see also Ratios, Rome, also Fortuna populi Romani, Genius populi under different denominations Romani, Mint, Mints, Res publica, C.Sem- Social War coinage, 75, 77

pronius Gracchus, Senate Social War: effect on production of coinage,

Romulus: and Quirinus, 451; not a propa- 587, 608 n. 1; Causing reduction in weight

ganda motif in late Republic, 733 n. 2 standard, 596

Romulus and Remus, finding by Faustulus, Sol: 510; and imminence of new age, 743; and

267-8; see also Wolf and twins Liber, 730; and Luna, 730, and imminence

Rostra, shape of, 482 of new age, 511, 737, 740, and Dioscuri, L. Rubrius Dossenus, debasement by, 569-72 719, and Victory, 511; and M. Antonius,

Rumina, cult of, 268 740,Soldiers, 743pay of, 622—4, 671, 696-7

Sabinum, 311, 330, 398, 452-3, 485, 719, cf. Spain: province of C. Annius, 386, of C.

355, 414 Coelius Caldus, 459; Punic coinage of, 29,

Saeculum novum, see Novum saeculum 40; see also Mints

Salius, see C. Iulius Caesar Spolia opima, 460

C. Sallustius, anti-Triumviral sentiments of, Staff, magisterial, 196, 274, 414

524 Standards: see Signa, Weight-standards

Salpensa, see Mints Star, as indication of divinity, 297, 443, 485;

| Salus: temple of, 339; and Caesar, 461 493> 494, 737, 738 918

| General Index Striking of Republican coimage, 582; mis- Velleius: exclusive reckoning in, 250; reli-

takes in, 582-3 ability of, 71 ff.

Summanus, not represented on no. 310, 319 Venus, 291; temple at Eryx, 448; and con-

Survival rate, of Roman coinage, 640-93 stellation Taurus, 510; and Rome, 406, Symbols, to differentiate issues, 6, 725-6 714; in §0S B.C., 448; and Memmii, 250, Syracuse: capture of, 330, 460; coinage of, 321, 730; and Iulii, 284, 325, 510, 727,

29-30, 31-2, 349, 632 730; and Sulla, 250, 373, 398, 448, 493;

727, 7323; and Pompey, 448, 451, 733; and

Tarpeia, problems surrounding representa- Caesar, 474, 493-5, 727, 735-6, cf. 496

tions of, 355-6 Venus Cloacina, and Concordia, 511

Taurus, constellation: and Venus, 510; and Venus Erycina, 454; temple at Eryx, 448;

Victory, 510 see also Eryx

Technology, Greek and Roman, 569 Venus Genetrix, 474-5, cf. 478, 510 Telegonus, ancestor of Mamilii, 220, 377 Venus Victrix, 373, 444, 474, 478, 494, 496,

Tensae, not appearing on no. 348, 362-3 7325 7335 735

Terminus, not appearing on Republican coin- Vesta, temple of, 452

age, 443 Vestal Virgins, trial of, 440, 452

Terracina, 465 Via del Mare, triumphal relief from, 373, 450, Terra marique, 335, 363) 372, 497, 409, 476, 457, 468

510, 738 Via Praenestina, 306

Tessera: voting, 335, 440, 483; mwnmularia, Victoria Virgo, shrine of, 352 412, 483; see also Ballot, Lex, Nummularii, Victoriatus: not a peregrinus nummus, 7; origin

Voting-scene of, 7, 192; later history of, 610, 628-30

Timaeus: on Roman monetary system, 36;0n Victory, 510;and Diana, 733 n. 1; and Fortuna,

Roman coinage, 41 510; and Jupiter, 715, 720, 728, 730 n. 7,

Trabea, 285, 397, 453 732, 737-8; and Nemesis, 511; and Sol and

Trace elements in Republican coinage, 572 Luna, §11; and constellation Taurus, 510;

Tribes, initial letters of, 307, 335 and elephant, 735; and Rome, 297, 344, 349,

Tribunate, symbols of, 483 356, 460, 714~15, 718, 720, 721, 722 n. 2,

Trinummus, 28 729, 730-1, 734; and second-century

Triones, constellation, 404 moneyers, 728; and Marius, 327, 328, 332, Triumphal quadriga, 363 730-1; and Sulla, 387, 398, 493, 732; and ‘Triumphal relief from Via del Mare, 373, 450, Pompey, 450; and Caesar, 461, 464, 468,

457, 468 | 476, 478, 482, 483, 485, 493-5, 735-6; and

Triumphator: portrayal of, 308, 328, 413; Triumvirs, §11; and Antonius, 740; and wreath worn by, 488; sceptre of, 720 Octavian, 510; and Liberators, 741

Troad, see Finds Villa Publica, 453

Trojan families, see Familiae Trojanae Visor, shape of on early denarii, 162-3 Trophies: Sullan, 373, 450; Pompeian, 450; Volcei, coinage of, 31

Caesarian, 464, 735-6; Marian, 730 Volsinil, coinage of, 135

Troy: sacra from, 317, 716; and Roman Voting: scene, 307, 440; tessera, 335, 440, 483; origins, 714, 722, 730; see also Gergis, C. urn, 483; see also Ballot, Lex

Tulius Caesar Vulcan, as ancestor of Metelli, 288

M, Tullius Cicero: and coinage, 733-4; and concordia ordinum, 441, 453; use of Weight standards, Republican, 590-7; see also

adulescens and similar terms, 72 Pound; Pre-sextantal standards, dates of,

Tusculum, 220, 305, 370, 418, 474, 5235 727 43, 46; Semilibral standard, 615; Sextantal

728, cf. 317 standard: associated with denarius, 6 ff.,

Type-copying, 295, 305, 311, 322, 346, 349, 11—123; introduction of, 612; Uncial stand-

392, 398, 476, 519, 534, 546, 720, 745-9 ard: appearance of, 612-15; indistinguish: }Vacuna, able from sextantal standard in early period, not appearing on Republican coinage, 11-12; restored, 596; Semuncial standard,

437 in early denarius coinage, 13, 15, 19 ff.; in

Valeria Luperca, not appearing on Republican later period, 611

coinage, 485 Wolf and twins: representations of, 719, 729;

Valerius Antias, 631 see also Capitoline wolf, Rome, Romulus

Veiovis, 312 Wreath, see Corona, C. Iulius Caesar, Velia, coinage of, 135 Triumphator 919

€