Radiation Exposure: Sources, Impacts and Reduction Strategies: Sources, Impacts, and Reduction Strategies [1 ed.] 9781621008958, 9781621008699

Citation preview

Copyright © 2012. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved. Radiation Exposure: Sources, Impacts and Reduction Strategies : Sources, Impacts, and Reduction Strategies, Nova Science

Copyright © 2012. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved. Radiation Exposure: Sources, Impacts and Reduction Strategies : Sources, Impacts, and Reduction Strategies, Nova Science

POLLUTION SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ABATEMENT

RADIATION EXPOSURE

Copyright © 2012. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

SOURCES, IMPACTS AND REDUCTION STRATEGIES

No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information Radiation Exposure: Sources, and Reduction Strategies : Sources, Impacts, Reduction Strategies, Scienceis not engaged in contained herein.Impacts This digital document is sold with the clearand understanding that theNova publisher

POLLUTION SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ABATEMENT Additional books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the Series tab.

Additional E-books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the E-book tab.

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH - PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FACTOR

Copyright © 2012. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

Additional books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the Series tab.

Additional E-books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the E-book tab.

Radiation Exposure: Sources, Impacts and Reduction Strategies : Sources, Impacts, and Reduction Strategies, Nova Science

POLLUTION SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ABATEMENT

RADIATION EXPOSURE

Copyright © 2012. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

SOURCES, IMPACTS AND REDUCTION STRATEGIES

DAMIJAN BALENOVIC AND

EMILIJE STIMAC EDITORS

Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York

Radiation Exposure: Sources, Impacts and Reduction Strategies : Sources, Impacts, and Reduction Strategies, Nova Science

Copyright © 2012 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com

NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works.

Copyright © 2012. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book. In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS.

Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Radiation exposure : sources, impacts, and reduction strategies / editors, Damijan Balenovic and Emilije Stimac. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-62100-895-8 (E-Book) I. Balenovic, Damijan. II. Stimac, Emilije. [DNLM: 1. Environmental Exposure. 2. Radiation Effects. 3. Radiation Protection. WN 600] 363.17'99--dc23 2011039237

Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York

Radiation Exposure: Sources, Impacts and Reduction Strategies : Sources, Impacts, and Reduction Strategies, Nova Science

CONTENTS Preface Chapter 1

Copyright © 2012. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

vii Natural and Man-Made Radionuclides in Soil as Sources of Radiation Exposure Snežana D. Dragović, Ljiljana J. Janković-Mandić, Ranko M. Dragović, and Milan M. Đorđević Radiation Exposure and Protection in Conventional Pediatric Radiology of Thorax Vera Garaj-Vrhovac, Goran Gajski, Đurđica Milković, Mária Ranogajec-Komor, Saveta Miljanić, Natko Beck, Željka Knežević, and Marko Gerić Hemopoiesis in Residents of the Techa Riverside Villages after Long-Term Low-Dose Rate Radiation Exposure Alexander Akleyev, Tatyana Varfolomeyeva, Ludmila Krestinina, and Georgiy Dimov The Current State of Terrestrial Ecosystems in the Eastern Ural Radioactive Trace V. N. Pozolotina, I. V. Molchanova, L. N. Mikhaylovskaya, E. V. Antonova, and E. N. Karavaeva Radiation Exposure in Pregnancy: Appropriateness, Risks, Dose Reduction Strategies Mahesh K. Shetty

Radiation Exposure: Sources, Impacts and Reduction Strategies : Sources, Impacts, and Reduction Strategies, Nova Science

1

43

75

113

141

vi

Contents

Chapter 6

Pharmaceuticals Photochemical Reactions Cecilia M. Peralta and Liliana P. Fernández

Chapter 7

Ultraviolet Exposure Measurements on a Coral Reef by Application of Polyphenylene Oxide Film Dosimeters Nathan J. Downs, Peter W. Schouten, and Alfio V. Parisi

Chapter 8

199Radiation Exposures in Medical Imaging Márcio Sommer Bittencourt and Henrique Lane Staniak

Chapter 9

How to Use UV Radiation to Monitore the Photostability of Pharmaceutical Products Clayton Anderson de Azevedo Filho, Daniel de Filgueiras Gomes and Beate Saegesser Santos

Copyright © 2012. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

Index

Radiation Exposure: Sources, Impacts and Reduction Strategies : Sources, Impacts, and Reduction Strategies, Nova Science

167

189

199

207

229

Copyright © 2012. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

PREFACE Soil is the main source of continuous radiation exposure to humans. It also acts as a medium of migration for transfer of radionuclides to the biological systems and hence, it is the basic indicator of radiological contamination in the environment. In this new book, the authors present current research in the study of the sources, impacts and reduction strategies to radiation exposure. Topics discussed include radiation exposure and protection in conventional pediatric radiology of the thorax; natural and man-made radionuclides in the soil; the current state of terrestrial ecosystems in the Eastern Ural radioactive trace; pharmaceuticals photochemical reactions and radiation exposure in pregnancy and in medical imaging. Chapter 1 - Soil is the main source of continuous radiation exposure to human. It also acts as a medium of migration for transfer of radionuclides to the biological systems and hence, it is the basic indicator of radiological contamination in the environment. Radionuclides in soil take part in several biogeochemical processes that eventually determine their mobilization and availability for ecological processes. Knowledge of their distribution in soil is very important in radiation protection research because it forms a baseline for impact assessments in the environment wherever there is radioactive contamination from practices or releases from accidents. The soil radioactivity is important for the purposes of establishing baseline data for future radiation impact assessment, radiation protection and exploration. Natural environmental radioactivity and the associated external exposure due to gamma radiation depend primarily on the geological and geographical conditions, and appear at different levels in the soils of each region in the world. In addition to natural radionuclides, radiocaesium is a radiologically important contaminant of the soil environment. Radiocaesium was introduced

Radiation Exposure: Sources, Impacts and Reduction Strategies : Sources, Impacts, and Reduction Strategies, Nova Science

Copyright © 2012. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

viii

Damijan Balenovic and Emilije Stimac

into the atmosphere through nuclear weapons testing and nuclear accident especially that in Chernobyl. Due to its long physical half-life, high fission yield and very low migration velocity in soil environment, this radionuclide is very hazardous in the radioecological context. In many soil conditions it is readily available for uptake to plants resulting in potential contamination of the human food chain. In this chapter the characteristics of radionuclides commonly present in soil and factors influencing their distribution in soil are summarized. The results of extensive studies conducted in Serbia on spatial distribution of radionuclide activity concentrations in soil, their mutual relationships and assessments of radiation exposure of population are presented. Chapter 2 - Radiation protection depends on many factors that can be divided on the ground of technical and human factors that are both equally relevant for the radiation protection. To provide the best care for the young patients the effects of radiation should be minimized in accordance with ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principle. Chest radiograms represent the basic radiological examination of thorax as they provide diagnostic information on the lung and heart status, and the skeletal system. To provide the best care for the young patients the effects of ionizing radiation should be minimized. Dosimetry is an indispensable part of every investigation related to the optimization and improvement of radiation protection. This study is dealing with the significance of different dosimetry systems that are applied in X-rays diagnostics, determination of doses received by patients and with the role of human factor during the radiological examination. Also the impact of ionizing radiation on cytogenetic status of children exposed to X-rays, since understanding the risks of low doses of radiation is an important aspect in the risk benefit analysis in pediatric populations. The study comprised child population that had a clinical indication for chest X-ray examination. Absorbed dose measurements were conducted on the forehead, thyroid gland, gonads, chest and back of the patients as well as on the phantom for radiological examinations of thorax. In this work doses were measured using various thermoluminescence (TL) and recently radiophotoluminescence (RPL) dosimetry systems. RPL and TL dosimeters were placed on the patients at the entrance of the beam in the centre of the X-ray field to measure the entrance dose. For comparison, during chest radiography, the dose in anthropomorphic child phantom was measured with TL dosimeters. The results on patients with both dosimetry systems showed a good correlation of measured dose. Also dose values on phantom were comparable with the results obtained on patients. If all technical

Radiation Exposure: Sources, Impacts and Reduction Strategies : Sources, Impacts, and Reduction Strategies, Nova Science

Copyright © 2012. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

Preface

ix

malfunctions are excluded equal responsibility is on radiology technicians that are responsible for the patient’s dose. Depending on their education and experience, technicians perform X-ray examination with various end results. In this study doses measured by two technicians were in a good agreement, for the third one doses were significantly higher. Following the analysis of the dosimetry results and the education of the personal the doses measured on children for all of them were in very good agreement and lower than before education. For the cytogenetic monitoring comet assay and micronucleus test were applied as a sensitive biomarkers for the detection of DNA damage and chromosomal instability after irradiation. Results demonstrated that there is significant potential of inducing genetic instability with even the low level diagnostic X-ray procedures. Radiological examination of children is extremely significant since it stands for the sole and most accurate investigation method. Radiation protection depends on many factors and a suitable cooperation of all medical doctors especially radiologists would be recommended. In conclusion, this work shows the importance of continues education and good teamwork for dose reduction to minimize the potential damage and maintain the optimal benefit for the young patients. Chapter 3 - This Chapter focuses on the analysis of data resulting from almost 60 years of studies aimed at assessment of the hemopoiesis status in Techa riverside residents exposed to low-dose rate (LDR) radiation in the range from low to high doses. The red bone marrow (RBM) doses (individual values: 0.01-6.69 Gy; mean value - 0.89 Gy) were due to intakes of 90Sr in drinking water and local food products, and also to external γ-exposure. The status of hemopoiesis (cellular composition of the RBM and peripheral blood, incidence of leukemia and RBM hypoplasia) was monitored from 1951 through 2008. Peripheral blood cell counts performed for exposed riverside residents during the period of maximum radiation exposures (1951-1953) displayed a significant (p