Queen's University: Volume II, 1917-1961: To Serve and Yet Be Free 9780773560802

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Queen's University

Volume II

Queen's University Volume II 1917-1961

to serve

and yet be free FREDERICK W GIBSON McGill-Queen's University Press

Kingston and Montreal

McGill-Queen's University Press 1983 Bibliotheque nationale du Quebec Legal Deposit 4th Quarter 1983

Publication has been assisted by the Canada Council and the Ontario Arts Council under their block grant programs. Generous aid was also received from Queen's University.

ISBN 0-7735-0376-5

Design Peter Dorn, RCA, FGDG Printed in Canada

Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Neatby, Hilda 1904-1975. Queen's University Contents: v. i. 1841-1917 / Hilda Neatby v. 2 1917-1961 / Frederick W. Gibson. Bibliography: p. Includes index. ISBN 0-7735-0336-6 (v.i) ISBN 0-7735-0376-5 (v.a) i. Queen's University (Kingston, Ont.) History. I. Gibson, Frederick W. II. Graham, Roger, 1919- III. Title. LE3.Q32N42

378.7i3'72

079-2578-7

To MARGARET ELEANOR GIBSON

whose devotion and support never faltered

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Qmtertfss ix

Illustrations

xiii

Foreword

xv

Preface

i

NINE

A Spreading

Disaffection

FOUR

83

A Rigid Economy

FIVE 109 "Principals Don't Carry Weight" 133 157

TEN Frantic Improvisation: The Years of the Veterans ELEVEN

273

The Cold War and the University: The Cases of Israel Halperin and Glen Shortliffe

297

TWELVE An Insistence on Quality

321

A New Vitality

THIRTEEN

FOURTEEN

353

Not at a Discount FIFTEEN

six A Fresh Stimulus

371

SEVEN

417

Prospect and Retrospect

439

Notes

501

Bibliography

505

Index

Larger Horizons EIGHT

179

243

TWO A Question of Priorities THREE

59

An Exercise in Planning

Introduction

ONE 11 "A Situation Full of Hope"

29

215

A Knowledge of Arms: Queen's and World War n

A Building Principal SIXTEEN

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^llustmtms

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Aerial view of Queen's University 1919 (photograph by Col. W.A. Bishop, vc, Queen's University Archives] / frontispiece Robert Bruce Taylor, Principal 1917-1930 (Queen's University Archives) / 16 James Cameron Connell, Dean of Medicine 1903-1929 (Queen's Alumni Office] / 20 Arthur Lewis Clark, Dean of Applied Science 1919-1943 (photograph by Blank and Stoller, Montreal, in the possession of Mrs. Mary Campbell) / 22 Oscar Douglas Skelton, Dean of Arts 1919-1924 (Queen's University Archives] / 25 Group of Queen's professors c. 1916 (Queen's Alumni Office] / 38 Douglas Library (photograph by Shepherd and Calvin, Architects, Queen's University Archives] / 41 Ban Righ Hall (Queen's University Archives] / 43 The first Ban Righ House Council 1925-1926 (Queen's University Archives] / 43 William Folger Nickle, Chairman of the Board of Trustees 1921-1930 (photograph by George Lilley, Kingston, Queen's Alumni Office / 45 Professor J.K. Robertson (photograph by Karsh, Queen's Alumni Office] / 49 Professor Norman Miller (Queen's News Department) / 49 B.K. Sandwell, Professor 1923-1925, Rector 1944-1947 (photograph by Karsh, Queen's Alumni Office) / 49 John Matheson, Dean of Arts 1924—1943 (Queen's Alumni Office] 749 Students' Memorial Union 1928-1947 (Queen's University Archives] / 63 Professor E.L. Bruce (photograph by Blackstone Studios, New York, in the possession of Mrs. Harold P. Davis) / 67 Miller Hall (Queen's News Department) 767 Freshman Initiations, Science '20 (Queen's University Archives) / 69 Arts Society Executive 1920-1921 (photograph by Marrison Studio, Kingston, Queen's Alumni Office] / 69

x Illustrations

19 Queen's Intercollegiate Football Champions 1923 (Queen's Alumni Office) / 73 20 Queen's Intercollegiate Debating Champions 1924-1925 (Queen's Alumni Office) / 73 21 A Science Formal in the 19205 (photograph by Marrison Studio, Kingston, Queen's Alumni Office] / 78 22 Cast of "The Frolic" 1928 (photograph by Marrison Studio, Kingston, Queen's Alumni Office] / 78 23 William Hamilton Fyfe, Principal 1930-1936 (from the painting by Lilias Torrance Newton, Agnes Etherington Art Centre] / 87 24 James Armstrong Richardson, Chancellor 1929-1939 (photograph by Underwood and Underwood Studios, New York, Queen's Secretary's Office] / 90 25 James MacKerras Macdonnell, Chairman of the Board of Trustees, 1930-1957 (photograph by Ashley and Crippen, Toronto, Queen's Secretary's Office] / 90 26 William Everett McNeill, Registrar and Treasurer 1920-1930, Vice-Principal and Treasurer 1930-1947 (photograph by Blank and Stoller, Montreal, Queen's Alumni Office] / 94 27 Professor Norman McLeod Rogers (photograph byKarsh, Queen's Secretary's Office] / 113 28 Jean Isabel Royce, Registrar 1933-1968 (photograph byK. Carey and R. Bowley, Kingston, Queen's Alumni Office] / 113 29 Professor Reginald G. Trotter (photograph by A.R. Timothy, Kingston, Queen's Secretary's Office] / 113 30 Professor Andre Bieler (photograph by Blank and Stoller, Montreal] / 113 31 Professor Joseph Alexander Gray (from the painting by Grant Macdonald, Agnes Etherington Art Centre] / 118 32 Dr. Hendry Connell with J.B. Holsgrove (photograph in the possession of Mrs. Robert Crothers] / 118 33 Robert Charles Wallace, Principal 1936-1951 (photograph byKarsh in the possession of Mrs. David Woodsworth] / 138 34 At the installation of Principal Wallace (Queen's Alumni Office) / 143 35 Craine Building (photograph byH. Lightfoot, Kingston, Queen's News Department] / 151 36 Alice Vibert Douglas, Dean of Women 1939— 1959 (Queen's Secretary's Office ) / 164 37 Dr. Ford Connell (Queen's Alumni Office] / 164 38 President Franklin D. Roosevelt at Richardson Stadium, August 18, 1938 (Queen's Alumni Office] / 177 39 Officers, Queen's Contingent, core, 1941-1942 (Queen's Review, May 1942) / 184 40 Group Captain Paul Y. Davoud, DSO, DFC, Science '34 (RCAF photograph, Queen's Review, August 1944) / 184 41 Lieutenant Douglas G. Buckley, Arts '44 (Canadian Army Overseas photo, Queen's Review, March 1944) / 192

42 43 44 45

Professor Douglas Jemmett (Queen's Alumni Office) / 195 Professor Guilford Reed (Queen's Alumni Office) / 195 Professor John Orr (Queen's Alumni Office) / 195 Professor George Humphrey (photograph by David G. Dewar, Queen's Alumni Office) / 195 46 At the opening of McLaughlin Hall (Queen's Alumni Office] / 227 47 McLaughlin Hall (Queen's Secretary's Office] / 227 48 Professor G.B. Harrison (Queen's Tricolor, 1947) / 231 49 Douglas Stewart Ellis, Dean of Applied Science 1943-1955 (photograph in the possession of Dr. John Ellis) / 231 50 Professor Ralph Jeffery (from the painting by Grant Macdonald, Agnes Etherington Art Centre) / 247 51 Professor Arthur Lower (from the painting by Elizabeth Harrison, Agnes Etherington Art Centre] / 247 52 R.O. Earl, Dean of Arts, 1951-1959 (Qtieen's Secretary's Office) / 247 53 Professor Malcolm Ross (photograph by Milne Studios, Queen's Alumni Office) / 247 54 "The Jaundiced Eye" (Queen's Journal, January 10,1947) / 254 55 Professor Roy Dorrance (photograph by Kingston Whig-Standard, Queen's Secretary's Office] / 254 56 Professor Israel Halperin (from a photograph in G. de B. Robinson, The Mathematics Department in the University of Toronto 1827-1978, [Toronto: University of Toronto, 1979]) / 276 57 Professor Glen Shortliffe (Queen's Alumni Office) 7276 58 William Archibald Mackintosh, Principal 1951-1961 (photograph in the possession of Mrs. W.A. Mackintosh] / 305 59 Professor Gleb Krotkov (Queen's Alumni Office] / 326 60 Professor Malcolm Brown (Queen's Alumni Office] / 326 61 Professor J.E. Hawley (Queen's Alumni Office)/ 326 62 Professor B.W. Sargent (photograph by Crawley Films, Queen's News Department) / 326 63 Harold Ettinger, Dean of Medicine 1949-1962 (Queen's Alumni Office) / 339 64 At the opening of Sir John A. Macdonald Hall (photograph by Wallace R. Berry, Kingston, Queen's News Department) / 349 65 Richardson Hall (photograph by Wallace R. Berry, Kingston, Queen's News Department) / 372 66 Ellis Hall (photograph by Wallace R. Berry, Kingston, Queen's News Department) / 372 67 The Reverend A. Marshall Laverty, Dr. Lome Pierce, and H. Pearson Gundy, Chief Librarian (Queen's University Archives) / 375 68 AbramskyHall (Queen's News Department) 7378 69 Dunning Hall (Queen's News Department) / 378 70 Agnes Etherington Art Centre (Queen's News Department) 7381

xi Illustrations

xii Illustrations

7 1 Three Science Freshmen in the 19503 (Queen's University Archives) / 399 72 Student Procession at the burial of the Lower Campus (Queen's University Archives) / 399 73 McNeill House under construction 1954-1955 (photograph by H. Lightfeot, Kingston, Queen's University Archives) / 407 74 Alfie Pierce with Lois Buckley and Norma England (Queen's Alumni Office) / 411 75 At the Faculty of Arts Convocation, May 1961 (photograph by Wallace R. Berry, Kingston, Queen's News Department) / 423 76 James Alexander Corry, Principal 1961-1968 (photograph by George Lilley, Kingston, Queen's News Department) / 425 ENDPAPERS : front, Queen's University in 1919; back, Queen's University in 1961 (Queen's Graphic Design Unit)

d Cfomvarid *^s This, the second volume of the history of Queen's University at Kingston, by Frederick W. Gibson, covers the years 1917 to 1961. It thus completes the project undertaken by the Board of Trustees in 1970 when Hilda Neatby, head of the Department of History at the University of Saskatchewan, was engaged to prepare a new and comprehensive history of Queen's, the first to be written by a professional historian. Readers of the first volume, which spanned the years 1841-1917, will know that Hilda Neatby died in 1975 after finishing chapters which covered the period ending with the retirement of Principal Gordon and the appointment of Principal Taylor in 1917. Volume i was edited and completed by Roger Graham and Frederick W. Gibson and published in 1978. At the same time, Professor Gibson was asked to prepare the second volume which is now presented. A major purpose in both volumes of the new history has been to place the development of Queen's squarely in the context of its relationships with a growing Canadian nation. In realizing this aim, Professor Gibson weaves together the impact of Queen's people on national affairs and the interaction of these activities with developments inside the university itself. As in the earlier Grant and Gordon eras, Queen's people played prominent parts on the national stage before, during, and after World War n - Skelton, Clark, Rogers, Wallace, Mackintosh, Corry, Deutsch, Richardson, Macdonnell, Dunning were some of the names familiar, not only in Ottawa, but across the land. As in Volume i, the tale that is told emphasizes the role of individuals: faculty, students, alumni, trustees, as well as principals, chancellors, board chairmen, and major benefactors. Yet it is also clear that by the time of her centenary in the early, dark days of World War n, Queen's had developed an organic institutional vitality which could transcend the vicissitudes occasioned by external fortunes or by internal tensions which surfaced from time to time in her own family. As one professor put it, Queen's had acquired "the stubbornness of all living things." Certainly patience and tenacity of purpose in the face of repeated

xrv Foreword

disappointment and frustration became the hallmark of those who pushed along p^fa mapped by O.D. Skelton and A.L. Clark towards making Queen's a research as well as a teaching institution in the social and natural sciences, the humanities, and medicine. The years covered in this volume saw a long, hard struggle for more adequate resources for research in terms of space, equipment, and, most importantly, faculty time; the gradual development of graduate work; and the building of library resources to match scholarly ambition. All of this was coupled with an emphasis upon the primary importance of excellence in undergraduate teaching and responsiveness to national needs. Although sometimes imperceptible, progress was made. Principal Wallace provided firm and creative leadership through the crises of the war and its aftermath and the second volume concludes with a renewal of optimism through the decade of the Mackintosh principalship, 1951-61. It is clear, however, that this renewed sense of sure achievement and selfconfidence represented a hard-won recovery from more than a decade of depression and war and before that from a lengthy period of uncertain leadership and misfortune which, by 1935, left in real danger the national reputation so visibly established by Grant and Grant's men before the turn of the century. Professor Gibson faces squarely and recounts carefully unhappy, unpleasant, and even unsavoury episodes which puncture any inflated image of Queen's as other than a human and humanly flawed institution. Yet his treatment of the darker parts of the story shows that, in the end, better instincts prevailed and that Queen's can hold its head high as a place of real liberty, its most cherished ideals unscathed by the pressures of a turbulent and unpredictable world. The portrait painted here of forty years in the development of a major Canadian university is one of institutional character gaining strength and confidence in its capacity to meet the needs of a rapidly changing society while holding to its own distinctive style and giving precedence to individual creativity. In short, Queen's found within herself during these troubled years a renewed determination to serve and yet be free.

tne

Ronald L. Watts Principal and Vice-Chancellor Queen's University

^Prefacee When, in 1969, the Queen's trustees decided to commission a new history of the university, one of the considerations that weighed with them in their choice of author was their knowledge that Dr. Hilda Neatby had had no previous connection with Queen's and might therefore be expected to bring to the task an independent judgment and a fresh view. As the author of the second and concluding volume of this study, I can claim no such detachment. As W.A. Mackintosh said of himself, Queen's University has been "rather bred in my bones." My mother was a member of the class of '07. Two of my uncles were Queen's graduates, and so are my wife and two of our children. I was brought up in Kingston in a house on the northern perimeter of the university; from my bedroom window I could look across the walled oval of the original George Richardson Stadium to the clock tower of Grant Hall rising in the centre of the campus. My earliest memories of Queen's are of sitting on my father's knee in the covered grandstand, about 1924, and watching Harry Batstone, "Pep" Leadlay, and "Red"' McKelvey lead Queen's football teams to "yet another victory"; a little later I cheered their successors from the more distant perspective of the north-end standing-room section to which children were admitted for ten cents. I suppose that at an early stage I began to assume that if my parents could afford to send me to university, I would go to Queen's. And so, indeed, it turned out. I enrolled as a freshman in the autumn of 1937, graduated in arts in 1942, and took a master's degree in history in 1944. I was fortunate to study history with R.G. Trotter, political science with J.A. Corn, and economics with Frank Knox and Clifford Curtis. After further graduate work at Harvard and several years of employment in the Public Archives of Canada, I was appointed in the fall of 1952 to the staff of Queen's Department of History. I am now completing my thirtieth year as a professor in that department, a period broken only by a stint of administrative work as vice-principal academic from 1966 to 1969.

xvi Preface

I can even claim a slight connection with the preparation of the first history Queen's, over forty years ago. In the summer of 1938, as my first summer job, I was employed by the Douglas Library as a part-time assistant to D.D. Calvin. My duties were to draw correspondence and other documents from the university's records and summarize them for Mr. Calvin; for these services I was paid five dollars a week and thus introduced both to historical research and to the legendary frugality of Queen's. Whether as student or professor, most of my life has been spent at Queen's, and the reader should not expect from me an absence of that strong loyalty to the university which has often been seen as a leading virtue and vice of Queen's people. At no stage, however, has my attachment been one of blind devotion. I hope it may be said of me, as I have written below about the late Chancellor James Richardson, that he was too loyal to be uncritical. As an historian, I have tried to view the history of Queen's dispassionately and to write about it candidly and fairly, believing that for a university, no less than for an individual, it is worth being reminded of failures as well as successes. In attempting a candid portrait, I have not been conscious of any serious obstacle with respect to the period covered by this volume. I know, however, that I would have found it very difficult indeed had I carried the story forward into the 19603 or beyond, when I would have been writing about individuals who were my colleagues and friends, some of them still active in the service of the university. I have received help from many quarters. Principal Watts, the Board of Trustees, and the Senate gave me access to the minutes and proceedings of the governing bodies and to the records of the university's administrative officers. The principal relieved me of one teaching course during part of the time when I was engaged in this study, and the trustees provided funds to pay research and publication costs. These research funds were supplemented by grants from the Canada Council and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada which I also gratefully acknowledge. The Queen's archivist, Anne MacDermaid, and her colleague, George Henderson, have been extremely helpful in bringing forward university records which are in their custody. Documents pertaining to Queen's are also to be found in other repositories, including the Public Archives of Canada, the Public Archives of Ontario, the University of Toronto Archives, McGill University Archives, the James A. Richardson and Sons Archives in Winnipeg, the archives of the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Rockefeller Foundation, the permanent archives of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in Ottawa, and the library of St. John's College, Cambridge. To the staffs of these institutions I tender warm thanks for efficient and courteous service. I have benefited from interviews with many Queen's people, some of whom have, in addition, read particular chapters. Five of them - J.A. Corry, R.L. Dunsmore, Roger Graham, John B. Stirling, and Principal Ronald L. Watts -

of

read the entire typescript. They gave helpful advice on matters of fact and form, while at the same time making no attempt to alter my interpretation of men and events. Errors that remain are my own. This volume is by no means a solo effort. The preparation of memoranda, from which a large part of the text was written, I entrusted to several research assistants who were employed for varying periods of time. They included Barbara Robertson, James Carruthers, Brian Smith, Peter G. Smith, and Ann Green. Mrs. Green also helped in the assembly of illustrations. Peter Greig prepared the index. Elizabeth Wagner typed cleanly each succeeding draft. David Wang and his staff in the circulation department of the Douglas Library photocopied important documents and successive drafts. Murray Gill made available photographs from the Queen's Alumni Office's collection. Members of the Agnes Etherington Art Centre also helped to supply illustrations. The university's maintenance department assisted in finding maps. Peter Dorn designed this volume, as he did its predecessor; and Larry Harris, also a member of the Queen's Graphic Design Unit, prepared the maps which appear in the endpapers. Charles Beer was a discerning and meticulous copy editor. By far my greatest obligation, however, is to my senior research assistant, Barbara Robertson. A graduate of the University of Toronto and of Queen's, an able professional historian in her own right, Mrs. Robertson gave invaluable assistance. She prepared memoranda, criticized successive drafts of the text, checked end-notes and compiled the bibliography, helped in the final selection of illustrations and in proof-reading, and could be relied on throughout for informed and cogent discussion of points of interpretation. It is a special pleasure to record my appreciation of Mrs. Robertson's collaboration. Frederick W. Gibson

xvn Preface

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introduction On March 7, 1842, Queen's College at Kingston opened in a small rented house on Colborne Street with two professors conducting classes in arts and theology for the education of fifteen students, seven of whom were preparing for the ministry. Seventy years later, on the eve of World War i, the college, renamed "Queen's University at Kingston," and standing on its own spacious campus, offered instruction to some i ,500 students in four faculties and schools and one affiliated college. Between the two dates lay an exceedingly chequered history, a full account of which is provided by Hilda Neatby in Queen's University, Volume I, 18411917: And Not To Yield. The present study carries the story forward into the 19603. Founded by Presbyterians, Queen's was established, in the terms of its charter, "in connection with the Church of Scotland for the education of youth in the principles of the Christian Religion; and for their instruction in the various branches of Science and Literature." Incorporated by royal charter on October 16, 1841, as a college "with the style and privileges of an University," it was legally empowered to educate "Youth and Students in Arts and Faculties" and to grant the degrees of Bachelor, Master, and Doctor. Queen's thus began, in Hilda Neatby's words, "not as a theological college but as a university, a university manned and staffed by members of the Presbyterian Church in communion with the Church of Scotland."1 For its government, modelled loosely on the universities of Edinburgh and Glasgow, the charter provided a board of trustees, a principal, and a senate. Between aspiration and reality a wide gulf at once opened. The authorities of church and state, from whom generous financial aid had been confidently expected, declined to endow the new college. The Church of Scotland agreed only to contribute £300 a year toward expenses; and the province of Canada, beginning in 1845, contented itself with an annual grant of £500. Efforts to secure an endowment by private subscriptions were scarcely more successful:

a Queen's

University

Queen's first campaign for funds yielded £11,000 - less than one-third of its objective. These combined resources produced a total income of less than £ 1,500, a sum insufficient to meet even the very modest expenses of the institution. Making matters worse, the "Great Disruption" which split the Church of Scotland in 1843, led to the withdrawal from Queen's of six of its seven theology students and effectively ended hope of financial help from the adherents of the new Free Church. The 18405 introduced Queen's to three decades of profound instability. As a series of disasters threatened the existence of the new college, the hopes of the founders gave way to bitter disappointment and deep humiliation. Nevertheless, during one interlude of reviving optimism engendered by the general economic prosperity of the 18505, Queen's undertook three new ventures. It founded a Faculty of Medicine; purchased one limestone building, Summerhill, together with an adjoining six acres of ground; and erected a second, now known as the Old Medical Building. The two buildings remained but the medical faculty, after a few years of rapid growth, fell off sharply and withdrew in the i86os into a separate corporation, the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons, whose students continued, however, to take their degrees from Queen's. Also in the sixties, an even more short-lived experiment in professional education, a Faculty of Law, ended in failure. The better fifties, following the bad forties, were thus succeeded by the terrible sixties, to use W.E. McNeill's terminology. For thirteen years, beginning in 1846, Queen's had lacked a full-time principal; for four of those years there had been no principal at all. Not surprisingly perhaps, the college fell a prey to intrigue and scandal. During the sixties three professors resigned, two were dismissed, and one went to jail for criminal libel. To disorder and disrepute there was added financial catastrophe. The failure of the Commercial Bank in 1867 carried away two-thirds of the college's endowment funds; and in the following year the government of the new province of Ontario, deciding that provincial funds were no longer to be used for the support of denominational colleges, ended its annual grant to Queen's. Under this notorious "double blow" more than half of Queen's annual income vanished within the space of two years. By then four Queen's principals had come and gone, leaving a fifth, supported by a staff consisting of Professor James Williamson and three of his former students, to educate a student body which, in the academic session of 1870-71. shrank to twenty-nine, precisely fourteen more than the number which had enrolled in the college's first session, nearly thirty years before. Queen's, it must have seemed, was a dying institution. Yet Queen's demonstrated "a strange illogical will to live in spite of all obstacles."2 Queen's fifth principal, the Rev. William Snodgrass, faced the accumulated catastrophes with a sort of tranquil competence. Energetic and

sagacious, Snodgrass possessed the very qualities needed. Under his steadying direction Queen's refused to expire and made instead a fresh start. Taking nil desperandum for his motto and and the eloquent classics professor, John MacKerras, as his companion, Principal Snodgrass went up and down the country canvassing for endowment funds. Together they raised $114,000, the interest on which nearly made up the losses from the Commercial Bank failure and the withdrawal of the provincial grant. Step by patient step, Snodgrass composed internal strife, restored harmony between trustees and senators, and won the confidence of colleagues and students. He thus brought order out of turmoil, and restored the confidence to act. Queen's under Snodgrass admitted women as students, the first university in central Canada willingly to do so. It created a new governing body, the University Council of Queen's College; made up of trustees, senators, and graduates, it was an innovation which recognized the alumni as a constituent element of the university. At the same time the Senate extended the curriculum beyond the traditional confines of classics, science, mathematics, and philosophy to include history and English literature as independent subjects and to begin the study of modern languages, specifically, French and German. To these signs of reviving life, two of Snodgrass's appointments added a note of real distinction. Nathan Dupuis, of French-Canadian and loyalist stock, a Queen's graduate with remarkable mathematical and mechanical talents, became in 1868 professor of chemistry and natural history; twenty-five years later he was to found the Faculty of Applied Science. Four years after Dupuis there arrived John Watson, a young scholar fresh from the University of Glasgow and the influence of the philosophic idealist, Edward Caird, to take up the chair of mental and moral philosophy; Watson was then on the threshold of a career which brought him an international reputation as an exponent of English philosophic idealism. Watson in the humanities and Dupuis in the sciences were to exercise a profound influence on the growth of Queen's. By these means William Snodgrass, the first genuinely competent manager to hold office of principal, saved Queen's from extinction. He later referred to the university as an institution of "marvellous vitality," but it seems that its continued existence owed much to his own indefatigable efforts. Still, it could not be claimed that Snodgrass left Queen's in a flourishing condition. His successor, Principal Grant, arriving in 1877, found awaiting him six professors and eighty students, working together in a single teaching building - Summerhill having been converted into residences for the principal and two professors and scraping along on an annual budget of $12,000. George Monro Grant, the first of Queen's Canadian-born principals, was also the first to rank as a national figure. Deeply religious and perhaps as deeply nationalistic, he believed that spiritual, not material, values make a nation great

3 Introduction

44 QQueen's

University

y

and he rejected any separation of spiritual and temporal affairs. Indeed, he thought religion should penetrate every aspect of national life. In this conviction, Grant saw an enlarged role for the nation's churches and universities. Though a leader in the Presbyterian Church, Grant was no narrow sectarian. He felt that all Canadian churches must turn aside from their preoccupation with sectarian distinctions and individual salvation, and take up together the work of Christian mission and social service, making of the west a Christian, orderly society helpful to immigrants, endeavouring in the cities to infuse industrial relations with a religious spirit, and striving everywhere to purge public life of the corrupting influences of what he termed "a vulgar and insolent materialism." Against the reality of narrow, denominational rivalry Grant held up the ideal of a practical, ecumenical Christianity. By speaking up forcefully on public issues, he appeared ever more prominently as a Christian reformer and a moral guardian, an early apostle in Canada of that large body of liberal, evangelical Protestantism which came to be known as the social gospel movement. Believing it essential that religious principles should be applied effectively to social problems, Grant considered that Christians needed to be better informed, better educated. It should therefore be a prime function of the universities to help the church reconcile itself "with all that is best in modern thought," joining moral and scientific education, sacred and secular knowledge, into a single transcendent whole, so as to produce graduates who, in their several professions and callings, would go out and build up the country in a spirit of dedicated service, rather than one of material gain. It was his vision of the universities as a vital force in national development which gave focus to Grant's conduct of affairs at Queen's. To the task of making that small struggling college a fitting instrument for these larger purposes, Grant brought a decisive and resourceful mind, a compelling personality, boundless energy, and the most persuasive gifts in the management of men. Principal Grant's energy and persuasive powers were evident from the beginning. Within ten years, in two endowment campaigns, he succeeded in raising over $400,000, to which the new Queen's Endowment Association added a further $50,000 from the graduates. With these resources the trustees built two new buildings - the Old Arts Building for arts and biology and Carruthers Hall for science - and established new academic chairs. It was in the quality of his appointments that Grant, with the assistance of Dupuis and Watson, firmly established his right to be considered the definitive principal of Queen's. In the wake of his first endowment campaign there appeared one outstanding classicist, John Fletcher, and three promising scientists, James Fowler in botany, W.L. Goodwin in chemistry and mineralogy, and D.H. Marshall in physics - three who extended the teaching of "natural philosophy" and enabled Queen's to take advantage of the new ideas of Lyell and Darwin, of Huxley and Spencer. The Jubilee campaign of 1887 led on to a more illus-

trious group: James Cappon in English literature, John Macgillivray in modern languages, John Macnaughton in Greek, and S.W. Dyde in mental philosophy; and, at the junior level, Adam Shortt, like Dyde a former student of John Watson. Shortt's appointment in 1889 to a lectureship in political and economic science marked the beginning in Canada of political economy as an independent subject of study. To these were added, despite the financial stringency of the 18905, a final and notable half-dozen: T.R. Glover in classics and W.G. Jordan in Old Testament theology; A.P. Knight in animal biology and physiology, and W.T. Connell in pathology and bacteriology; Willet G. Miller in geology and William Nicol in mineralogy and metallurgy. Taken as a whole, it was an altogether remarkable assemblage. Made up of able scholars, men of forceful and diverse personalities, drawn from Queen's, Toronto, and the universities of Scotland and England, its members formed an exhilarating society, a small galaxy of intellectual power and moral force. Of its most prominent element President Falconer of the University of Toronto remarked: "It is safe to say that no Canadian university has ever had at one time greater teachers in the humanities."3 It was this happy band, infused by Grant with a conviction that together they were building a national university, which lifted Queen's to the plane of a first-class teaching institution, confirming in the process those peculiarly strong bonds among professors, students, and graduates that have come to be known as the Queen's spirit. Not surprisingly, in this atmosphere, innovation flourished. A more flexible curriculum, introduced in arts, combined an increasing array of options with new specialized honours courses taught in the seminar system. The Senate, in 1889 and on the initiative of John Watson, drew up formal courses of graduate instruction leading to the PH.D. and D.SC. degrees. The library, though fallin short of these aspirations, grew to 25,000 volumes by 1892 and acquired, thanks to the labours of Adam Shortt, Queen's first card catalogue. The Alma Mater Society, officially incorporated in 1898 and given a new constitution, attained primacy over all other student societies; it was made fully responsible for representing the views of students to the Senate and for maintaining student discipline in all nonacademic matters. New faculties and schools appeared or reappeared, not all of them destined to become permanent additions. A second experiment with a Faculty of Law quickly foundered on Osgoode Hall's legal monopoly of the right to prepare students for admission to the bar of Ontario. A Women's Medical College, established in 1884 and persisting vigorously for ten years, obtained affiliation with Queen's, its students like those of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons receiving their degrees from the university. In 1892 the Royal College was brought back into the university, becoming once again the Queen's Faculty of Medicine, though retaining a large measure of academic and financial autonomv under its own dean.

5 Introduction

6 Queen's U mversi y

Also in the 1892-93 session Queen's undertook two other large enterprises [n the field of practical science. It founded the Faculty of Applied Science. At ^ same t j me Principal Grant and the trustees, acting in concert with leading citizens of Kingston, obtained provincial approval for the creation of the Kingston School of Mining and Agriculture. The school, maintained on the Queen's campus and conducted by professors from Queen's scientific departments, was nonetheless described officially as "independent of but affiliated with Queen's University" and thus entitled, through Premier Oliver Mowat's generous interpretation of its actual independence from a denominational university, to receive provincial financial aid. By this device a nimble and resourceful Grant contrived to obtain, almost entirely at the province's expense, two new science buildings - Ontario Hall and Fleming Hall - together with successive additions to the staff in those departments of science and applied science which were officially transferred from the university to the Mining School. Grant's men shared their principal's intense interest in public affairs. They believed a university should make itself an active social force in the life of the nation. They therefore joined enthusiastically with him in promoting three pioneer experiments in university extension. Queen's began in 1887 to offer courses by correspondence in a program of extramural studies which was intended to offer the opportunity of university education to students in western Canada; and a year later the Senate announced that Queen's would also provide summer classes. In 1893 Grant launched the Queen's Quarterly as a periodical for the enlightened discussion of public questions; the first of its kind in Canada, he saw it ambitiously as "a medium through which the best thought in Canada can find its way into every home." Even more important, in Grant's judgment, were the annual Theological Alumni Conferences which, beginning in 1893, brought together graduates in theology in company with Queen's staff and students for the free discussion of modern biblical criticism, theories of evolution, recent economic and political ideas, and current social problems. "He guided Queen's," Hilda Neatby wrote of Grant, "as a Canadian who saw for the university a unique and essential place in the greatness of his country."4 In twenty-five years as principal he transformed it into a vigorous, selfconfident national institution, impressing it with a sense of mission and imparting to it a clearer awareness of its own identity. One great problem persisted. At no time was Principal Grant able to place Queen's on a footing of financial independence and security. The large sums which he raised were rapidly consumed by ambitious expansion of buildings and staff. Income rose but in spite of the most rigorous economies, deficits accumulated all through the 18905. The student body grew rapidly, but student fees covered only a fraction of the costs of education. Queen's graduates, though loyal and generous, were neither a large body nor people of large means; and Queen's in Grant's day found no great private benefactor. The support of the

Presbyterian Church was slight and was directed solely to theological studies. By the end of the century, however, social needs called less urgently for ministers than for teachers, engineers, doctors, and lawyers; and Queen's, founded to educate ministers for the church, was now devoting most of its energies and resources to other purposes. Queen's had succeeded, it was true, in obtaining financial assistance from the government of Ontario but only for the "independent" School of Mining. No broader measure of government support, to include the Faculty of Arts, the largest and most central element in the university's operations, could be expected so long as Queen's remained, legally and officially, a denominational institution. The arts faculty with neither Presbyterian nor provincial support seemed destined to sink in importance and achievement. Principal Grant decided, therefore, that the time had come to sever the historic legal connection between the nontheological faculties and the church. Ending the denominational connection would make it possible for the university to get provincial aid. To this project Grant devoted the final two years of his life, opening negotiations with the Presbyterian Church and pressing them forward with his customary vigour and persuasiveness until university and church committees had apparently agreed, in May 1902, on two draft bills to be presented to the Parliament of Canada as amendments to Queen's royal charter. At this critical stage Grant died, denied victory in his final fight and leaving the whole complex problem to his successor. His successor, Daniel Miner Gordon, like Grant a leading Presbyterian minister, a Nova Scotian, and an ardent Canadian nationalist, was in other respects a very different man. More patient, more tactful, undoubtedly more likeable, seemingly a natural conciliator, Gordon was nonetheless conspicuously lacking in Grant's dynamic force. Principal Gordon, taking up the secularization project, but failing to keep his own Board of Trustees unitedly behind him and to reassure anxious churchmen, was rebuffed, not once but three times within a space of seven years, by the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, which, though it had shown little interest in the university during recent decades, proved stubbornly reluctant to give up the connection or surrender the appearance of church control. Not until 1911, after a decade of frustrating and exhausting constitutional controversy, was the General Assembly finally prevailed upon to cooperate in the necessary legislation, which, a year later, Parliament enacted into law. One act changed the name of the institution to "Queen's University at Kingston" and removed from all its offices any denominational requirement.5 A second act incorporated Queen's Theological College as a separate but affiliated college with its own board of management appointed by the Presbyterian Church, and endowed it according to the terms agreed upon, by which the university undertook to provide physical accommodation for the college and to transfer to it $200,000 of endowment funds.

7 Introduction

8 Queen's

University

For the university the consequences of the prolonged delay were serious. Queen's, officially a denominational institution until 1912, failed to qualify for participation in the pension scheme for university professors set up by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching in 1905. By the time the denominational hurdle was finally cleared, the foundation's funds were all committed, so that Queen's was put on a waiting list where it remained until after World War i. This setback aroused strong resentment among the older members of the Queen's staff; it was also seen as a definite handicap to the university in retiring aging professors and in competing for new staff with McGill and Toronto, both of them more handsomely endowed and now adequately pensioned. Worse still, while the constitutional controversy dragged on, provincial support of Queen's remained limited to the Mining School, medicine, and a new Faculty of Education; and secularization, when it finally came, did not lead at once to the eagerly anticipated general grants from which the Faculty of Arts would have benefited. In 1913 the Ontario government, feeling the effects of a prewar economic depression, deferred action on a Queen's application for a general grant; the war prolonged the postponement. As a result Queen's under Principal Gordon lost momentum. Expansion of staff and facilities continued but principally in the small professional faculties. Continuing provincial support of the School of Mining produced a new science building - Gordon Hall - to which the generosity of Professor William Nicol added a second - Nicol Hall - and that of Andrew Carnegie a third, in the form of a new astronomical observatory. A special Ontario capital grant "for the promotion of medical education" led to the construction of the New Medical Building, equipped with laboratories for medicine and biology. And, although a Queen's project for a school of forestry failed to obtain provincial approval and funding, the province did provide funds for the establishment of a faculty of education. There were other, less conspicuous, signs of progress. Queen's found a private benefactor in the person of James Douglas of New York, a graduate, trustee, and eventually chancellor of the university. In 1909 Douglas endowed a chair in Canadian and colonial history - the first in Canada - and a few years later he gave $100,000 for a new library, which, however, was not erected until after the war. Some of Principal Gordon's staff appointments offered a definite promise of extending the Grantian galaxy: O.D. Skelton and W.C. Clark in political and economic science; J.L. Morison in history and A.L. Clark in physics. Gordon also fostered Grant's projects of national extension. Alumni groups were formed in the four western provinces. Summer school, after an uncertain beginning, revived strongly in the decade before World War i. Extramural studies, bringing to Queen's growing recognition in the west, were expanded

at the initiative of O.D. Skelton, Adam Shortt's successor, to include correspondence courses in banking. Increasingly, nevertheless, the emphasis of university policy shifted from innovation to consolidation. The growing numbers of students necessitated more system and order in the conduct of affairs. Academic discipline tightened and academic regulations multiplied. For their enforcement every faculty, by 1906, was furnished with its own dean and, beginning in 1913, its own faculty board. The Faculty of Medicine, by successive stages culminating in 1913, was fully reintegrated into the university. Two years later Queen's, taking full possession of the Kingston School of Mining, incorporated it into the Faculty of Applied Science. These changes were accompanied, in 1913, by a more general reorganization of governing bodies. The Senate, ceasing to include the entire academic staff, became a representative body of professors; it retained its position as the supreme academic body, but its functions were more clearly defined and certain of its previous duties pertaining to admissions and curriculum were assigned to new faculty boards. By the outbreak of World War i Queen's was equipped with a structure of academic administration more suited to the needs of a modern university. A larger university than it had been at the beginning of the century, one more diversified in its academic studies and administratively more efficient, Queen's nonetheless had lost something of the elan, the bold and energizing spirit, imparted to it by George Monro Grant.

9 Introduction

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ONE

i95l-52, P- 3i, and 1959-60, pp. 47-4880 Ibid., 1955-56, pp. 28-29. 81 Mackintosh's concern came to be widely shared. At Queen's students were not admitted to the honours program until the end of their first year of arts studies. Vernon Ready, an honours graduate in history and later the founding dean of the Queen's Faculty of Education, speaking in 1960 in the University Council, asked whether a growing congestion in the first-year classes was discouraging some students from going on into the honours program. Council, May 22, 1960. 82 PR, i954-55> PP- 26-27. 83 Ibid., 1960-61, p. 10. 84 In 1960-61 Queen's offered diploma, as distinct from degree, courses in anaesthesia, medical radiology, business administration, nursing, civil engineering, and nuclear engineering. 85 PR, 1960-61, p. 13. 86 Even so, the student body was less heavily provincial than it had been thirty years before. The Queen's Student Directory for 1927-28 listed the names and home ad-

475

Notes to pages 314-18

476 Notes to pages 318-23 87

88 89 90 91

dresses of 1,396 full-time intramural students; 90.6 per cent of them came from Ontario and only 7.1 per cent from the other provinces. In this respect, at least, Queen's subsequently came to justify W.E. McNeill's oft-repeated description of it as the "least local" of Canadian universities. The numbers from outside Canada nearly tripled over the decade, and by far the greater part of the increase came from the Commonwealth. The actual figures of the increase are: Commonwealth countries, from 17 to 117; the United States, from 43 to 46; other nations, from 24 to 51. Queen's University, Volume 1,1841-1917, pp. 184-85. PR, 1955-56, p. 54. Ibid., i957~58> P- 58Ibid., i959-6o, p. 13.

THIRTEEN 1 PR, 1960-61, p. 15. 2 Ibid. 3 4 5 6

See above, chap. 5, n.?5. PR, I952-53. P- '5Ibid., 1960-61, p. 16. In the 1958-5,9 fiscal year the NRC budgeted $5,900,000 for direct support of research in the universities. It was made up of $4,900,000 for 700 research grants to members of university staffs and $1,000,000 for 400 postgraduate scholarships. 7 The external sources of funds for research in the sciences and engineering at Queen's were the National Research Council, the Defence Research Board, the Atomic Energy Control Board, the Geological Survey of Canada, the Ontario Research Foundation, the McLaughlin Trust Fund, and several voluntary associations and foundations with special research interests. One senior member of staff reflected on the improvement with somewhat rueful satisfaction. B.W. Sargent had joined the Queen's physics department in the 19303, a young man with a reputation still to make and with no claims, he felt, to a research grant from the National Research Council. For several years his sole research support had been an annual grant of $200 from the university's Science Research Committee. "It required six years," Sargent recalled in 1960, "to build an automatic cloud chamber with which to undertake some investigations in nuclear physics. Each year as the fund was exhausted the construction had to stop. If $1,200 had been available at the beginning, the cloud chamber would have been built in one year, and the subsequent years would have been spent doing physics with it. Conditions have of course greatly improved. My annual grant from the Atomic Energy Control Board is now $55,000. Nevertheless, those five years lost cannot be brought back." Trustees, Feb. 5, 1960, report of B.W. Sargent, "Research in the Sciences and Engineering at Queen's University." 8 The total did not include grants supporting research chairs or graduate scholarships and fellowships, additional sums which the committee estimated would raise the reported total to about $500,000. PR, 1954-55, P- 599 Interview with Dr. Ford Connell, Oct. 26, 1979. Not a penny of the more than $6,000,000 which the Rockefeller Foundation bestowed on Canadian medical schools from 1920 to 1934 had ever reached Queen's University. For many years the only Canadian sources of funds for medical research were the Banting Research Foundation, established in 1925 and able to distribute $30,000 a year; and the National Research

10 11 12 13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

24 25 26 27

28

Council's Associate Committee on Medical Research, set up in 1938 with a budget of $53,000. Trustees, Feb. 5, 1960, Dean Harold Ettinger's "Report to the Trustees from the Faculty of Medicine." PR, 1952-53, p. 56; Trustees, Feb. 5, 1960, Ettinger report. PR, 1960-61, p. 54. Trustees, Feb. 5, 1960, Ettinger report. PR, 1957-58, p. 14. Arthur R.M. Lower, My First Seventy-five Years, p. 300. G. Malcolm Brown, "Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research in Canada," p. 160. Brown's denial was prompted not by Lower but by the severe comments on the medical research scene in Canada made by another former colleague, John Basmajian, an able pathologist who left Queen's in 1969 for a post in the United States. "Afraid of innovation," Basmajian had written, "we Canadians seem to relish the manner in which we can 'keep our cool'. This prevents wasteful experimentation; it is better to imitate or duplicate American research (always on a more modest scale, of course) than to take risks. Oh, yes, we've had our Banting and Best, but let us be honest: Banting burst on the scene a half-century ago and he wouldn't have been able to get near a laboratory today without first extracting a grant from the Medical Research Council - an almost degrading procedure for a beginner ... the ultimate Canadian epithet [is] 'idealistic', which is practically a death knell in this country ... [but] good ideas never die; they go south." "Moving South: Some Thoughts on Leaving Canada," Appl. Therap. 11 (1969): 427. QPOR, Mackintosh to Fyfe, Jan. 12, 1961. PR, 1952-53, P- 56Trustees, Feb. 5, 1960, B.W. Sargent's report. QSOF, W.A. Mackintosh, Submission to the Trustees of the R. Samuel McLaughlin Trust Fund, May 5, 1959. QPOR, Mackintosh to G. Edward Hall, Mar. 7, 1955. Ibid., G.P. Gilmour to John Howard, draft memorandum dated Apr. 15, 1959, enclosed in Gilmour to Mackintosh, Mar. 26, 1959. The bulk of the Ontario research grant was applied to scientific research in the conservation and development of natural resources. The external research fellowships awarded to Queen's professors in the humanities and social sciences between 1940 and 1960 included one Guggenheim, one Rockefeller, one Ford, six Nuffields, and one Government of Canada Overseas Fellowship. During the same period four Queen's professors in the physical and biomedical sciences were awarded two Guggenheims, one Rockefeller, and one Nuffield. PR, 1952-53, pp. 44-45; QSOF, Mackintosh to J.H. Willits, Feb. 20, 1953; Trustees, May 19, 1956. PR, iQS1^, P- 19QPOR, Mackintosh to Sir Edward Peacock, Dec. 3, 1951. Senate, Dec. 14, 1951; QSOF, Mackintosh to J.C. Fraser, Nov. 8, 1951; Queen's University, Treasurer's Vault, Trust Agreement between R. Samuel McLaughlin, Robert C. Wallace and the R. Samuel McLaughlin Foundation, Nov. 9, 1951, and the Letters Patent incorporating the R. Samuel McLaughlin Foundation, Aug. 8, 1951. McLaughlin, at the suggestion of Dr. W.E. Gallic of the University of Toronto, had previously set up a system of travelling fellowships for postgraduate study in medicine, open to graduates of any Canadian medical school. QPOR, Mackintosh to Sir Edward Peacock, Dec. 3, 1951.

47 7 Notes to pages 324-29

4.78 Notes to pages 329-32

29 Mackintosh had begun by consulting the vice-principal, the deans of the faculties, the chairman of the board of graduate studies, the registrar, and Professors Guilford Reed and J.A. Gray. Senate, Dec. 14, 1951. 30 Ibid. 31 QSOF, W.A. Mackintosh, "Recommendations on the use of the R. Samuel McLaughlin Trust Fund for Graduate Study and Research for the Session 1952-53," n.d. 32 Questioned on this point in the Senate, Mackintosh stated that "it would probably be possible to arrange for members of staff engaged on special research projects to be relieved from teaching duties for a period. He added that he was inclined to think that more effective research was likely to be done by someone engaged in teaching as well as in research rather than by someone giving full time to research." Senate, Dec. 14, 1951. His meaning was made clearer in a letter to a former dean of applied science who had urged that holders of research chairs should not be permitted to be "too much absorbed" in teaching or administration. "I wholly agree with you," Mackintosh replied, "in the danger of allowing teaching and administrative work to encroach on research time. I have, however, I may say, some qualifications in my mind about increasing the number of research chairs to which people should be appointed permanently. I should like to find a way to introduce more flexibility into the arrangement, partly because I think that a man is not necessarily a good research man at all stages of his career, and partly because I expect that research people in many cases work in bursts and might well spend some intervening periods in teaching or administrative work while somebody else has his turn." QPOR, A.L. Clark to Mackintosh, Oct. 31, 1951, and Mackintosh to Clark, Nov. 6, 1951. 33 The normal value of a McLaughlin resident fellowship was $1,200, supplemented by a further $800 to award-holders who extended their studies into the summer months after the university terms was completed. The value of a McLaughlin travelling fellowship, initially set at $1,500, rose to $2,400 before the end of the 19505. 34 QSOF, W.A. Mackintosh, "Submission to the Trustees of the R. Samuel McLaughlin Trust Fund for 1954-55," n-d35 Intermittently, during the 19505, McLaughlin funds were also used to meet particular needs and opportunities arising in research and graduate studies. These included: travel grants for professors on sabbatical leave; two fellowships to members of the mathematics department who participated in the summer research institute of the Mathematical Congress; and special grants to the university library for the purchase of books, periodicals, and other materials. 36 QSOF, Mackintosh, "Submission to the Trustees of the R. Samuel McLaughlin Trust Fund for i954~55>" n-d37 Canadians in the Making: A Social History of Canada was published in 1958. Lower's Colony to Nation: A History of Canada, a sparkling general history, had previously brought him both a Tyrrell medal and the Governor General's Award for academic non-fiction. A third book, This Most Famous Stream, an eloquent exposition of the liberal democratic tradition, published in 1954, won for him a second Governor General's Award. 38 QSOF, "A Report on the R. Samuel McLaughlin Travelling and Research Fellowships, 1952-1965," enclosed in J.A. Cony to the Trustees of the R. Samuel McLaughlin Trust Fund, June i, 1965. 39 PR, 1960-61, p. 15. 40 Mackintosh Papers, Mackintosh to G.H. Steer, Dec. 27, 1941. One of the contributors to the original Skelton fund was Mackenzie King, who had brought Skelton into the

41 42

43

44 45

46 47 48 49

50 51

52

53

public service and made him his deputy in the Department of External Affairs. "Queen's University has given to the public service of Canada many eminent public servants," King wrote to Principal Wallace. "Of the number, I can think of no one whose services to the administration have meant more to our country - and indeed have had a wider effect on international relations - than those of Dr. Skelton." QPOF, King to Wallace, Aug. 8, 1949. Trustees, Executive Committee, Feb. 7, 1953. Trustees, May 22, 1954. The Skelton-Clark Foundation became a monopoly of economics and political studies, to the exclusion of "other social studies which underlie problems of public policy." History was evidently shut out from the beginning; commerce was dropped; and three more recent academic departments and divisions, to wit, geography, sociology, and law, have not been admitted. Hodgetts's researches, during his year as a Skelton-Clark fellow, also laid the groundwork for an article, "The Civil Service and Policy Formation," published in 1957, which won for him the President's Medal awarded by the University of Western Ontario for the best scholarly article published in Canada during the year. CJEPS 23, no. 4 (November 1957): 467-79. J.A. Cony, interview with the author, Nov. 20, 1979. A Party Politician: The Memoirs of Chubby Power, ed. Norman Ward (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1966); Dalton Camp, Gentlemen., Players and Politicians (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1970). The Public Purse: A Study in Canadian Democracy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962). QPOR, Mackintosh to T. Callander, Sept. 13, 1955. Ibid., Mackintosh to McLaughlin, Sept. 5, 1956. PR, 1950-51, pp. 12-13. The new Queen's scale thus became: lecturer, $2,ooo-$3,50o; assistant professor, $3,500-4,250; associate professor, $4,250-5,000; professor $5,0006,000; head of department $6,000-6,500. Deans were to receive an additional $r,ooo. Trustees, May 17, 1952; Trustees, Executive Committee, Dec. 8, 1951. The minutes of the Board of Trustees make no mention of this episode. It made, however, an indelible impression on the mind of J.A. Corry, who was present in his capacity as vice-principal and who recounted it to the author on several occasions and in precisely these terms. The message, it appears, hit home. J.M. Macdonnell, the chairman of the board, writing to Mackintosh in 1953 about a long list of merit increases in salary proposed by the principal, said: "I think we have been working together long enough for you to know that I believe that we should rely to a very, very great extent on your judgment, but I think it right to bring this point to your attention." QPOR, Macdonnell to Mackintosh, May 5, 1953. A year later Macdonnell evidently felt it necessary to supply further reassurance. "I would think it extremely unlikely," he wrote to Mackintosh, "that any recommendation from you would ever be turned down." Ibid., Macdonnell to Mackintosh, Feb. 8, 1954. Ibid., Mackintosh to C.A. Dunning, Ma 29, 195,2. "It appears to me," J.A. Gray wrote to the principal, "to be the first really constructive effort to deal with what has been a pressing problem for years." QPOF, Gray to Mackintosh, May 26, 1952. "I don't think it would be possible," Arthur Lower told Mackintosh, "to find dissent from the proposition that during your difficult first year you have done a good job." QPOR, Lower to Mackintosh, May 21, 1952. Trustees, Salaries and Finance Committee, Apr. 29, 1955. Increases proposed at Queen's tended to fall somewhat short of those at the University of Toronto, "the advantages

479 Notes to pages 332-34

480 Notes to pages 334-37

54 55

56 57

58 59 60

61 62 63 64 65 66 67

of living in Kingston over the larger centre," the trustees' minutes record, "being considered adequate compensation." Ibid. Trustees, Feb. 1-2, 1957; Trustees, Executive Committee, Mar. 30, 1957; Trustees, May 18,1957; Trustees, Executive Committee, Apr. 25, 1959. To these were added merit increases amounting to 5 per cent of the total payroll. As well, salary increases of 10 per cent were made retroactive to 1956-57, to take into account the increased federal grant which became effective that year. Trustees, Aug. 18, 1957, Memorandum and Recommendations of the Principal on Salaries. Trustees, Executive Committee, Apr. 12, 1958; Trustees, May 3, 1958, Principal's Memorandum on Promotions and Salary Changes; Trustees, Executive Committee, Apr. 25, 1959. Trustees, May 21, 1960. The new Queen's scales, established in 1960, were: lecturer, $5,200-6,800; assistant professor, $6,700-8,800; associate professor, $8,700-11,500; professor, $11,500-15,000; head of department, $12,000-15,000. For each rank the minimum salary was within $500 of the corresponding minimum at the University of Toronto. PR, 1960-61, p. 14. Trustees, May 17, 1952. The role of the salaries and finance committee of the Board of Trustees was to determine the amount available for salary increases, not to recommend individual increases. During the 19503 the sum made available for merit increases amounted to between 3 and 5 per cent of the total payroll. Trustees, May 16, 1953, Mackintosh to the Board of Trustees; Trustees, Salaries and Finance Committee, May 17, 1953. It was not, Mackintosh later acknowledged, a perfect system. "There is one defect in our arrangements which I have tried without complete success to eliminate," he wrote in 1959 to the head of the English department. "The period when matters of salary and promotion are considered is a very crowded period. A review has to be made of the entire staff and it is very difficult to go back in all cases and consult again the Head of a department in the light of the general considerations which have become clear. I fully agree that this ought to be done, and I endeavour to do but I am far from being completely successful. I would, however, make the limited claim that there have been improvements. Some years back, Heads of departments were not even asked for an assessment or recommendation. The Dean was not consulted about appointments and the Head of the department was not regularly informed as to what salary changes had been made. I fully admit that there is room for much improvement still." QPOR, Mackintosh to Malcolm Ross, Feb. 14, 1959. Trustees, May 22, 1954; Trustees, Salaries and Finance Committee, Apr. 29, 1955. PR, 1960-61, p. 17. QPOR, J.M. Macdonnell to Mackintosh, n.d.; Mackintosh to Macdonnell, Apr. 28, 1953. Trustees, Executive Committee, Dec. 7, 1957; QPOR, Mackintosh to George P. Gilmour, Dec. i, 1960. PR, 1960-61, p. 14. QPOR, Mackintosh to J.M. Macdonnell, June 24, 1953. Ibid., Mackintosh to D.O. Notman, Mar. 13, 1956, and Feb. 22, 1961. Principal Mackintosh saw excellent opportunities for chemistry at Queen's. "I am quite satisfied that we should push chemistry here," he wrote to a prominent industrial chemist and friend of Queen's, "not only because the industrial demands are so great, but because the establishment of the Du Pont laboratories here and the conversion of the Defence Research Board laboratory at Barriefield from bacteriology to chemistry, plus the

68

69 70 71

72

73

74 75

76

77

development of chemical plants in the vicinity of C.I.L.'s Terylene Plant on the Bath Road, mean, I think, that we are bound to have a relatively large community of chemists and a stimulating atmosphere for them to work in." Ibid., Mackintosh to D.O. Notman, Mar. 13, 1956. It was a phrase that Mackintosh had used, many years before, to dismiss the claims of some individual supported by J.M. Macdonnell as an alternative to J.A. Cony, whom Mackintosh, as a department head, had recommended for appointment to the Department of Economics and Political Science. QPOR, Mackintosh to J.M. Macdonnell, Apr. 28, 1953. The Wounded Prince and Other Poems (London: Chatto and Windus, 1948), and The Net and the Sword (Toronto: Clarke Irwin, 1953). In May 1945 Lepan had served as secretary to a delegation of Canadian officials, headed by Mackintosh as acting deputy minister of finance, which met at King's College, Cambridge, with a group of British officials, led by Lord Keynes, to open negotiations for a postwar Canadian loan to Great Britain. An account of the proceedings appears in Douglas Lepan, The Bright Glass of Memory (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1979), pp. 55-108. Subsequently, Lepan's work as secretary and director of research for the Royal Commission on Canada's Economic Prospects brought him further to the attention of Mackintosh. QPOR, Lepan to Mackintosh, May i, 1957, and Mackintosh to Lepan, Jan. 23, 1959. "As you know," Malcolm Ross, the head of the English department, wrote to the principal shortly before Lepan's appointment was announced, "I welcomed his appointment - even though I had nothing to do with initiating it. I like him personally, I am very much aware of his earlier promise as a poet, and I have given a great deal of thought as to how his talents can be most happily and fruitfully employed (and developed) at Queen's." To which Mackintosh replied: "In the case of Mr. Lepan, his rank was determined after consultation and while I made the proposal, no offer was made to him until you had agreed to the appointment." Ibid., Ross to Mackintosh, Feb. 9, 1959, and Mackintosh to Ross, Feb. 14, 1959. Douglas Lepan remained warmly grateful to his principal mentor at Queen's. "For it was he more than anyone else," Lepan recounted, "who 'sprung' me from the civil service and found a place for me as a Professor of English at Queen's University in Kingston, of which he had by then become the Principal. I am so indebted to him that I can hardly allow him any faults at all, although I suppose that others might think differently. To me he always seemed the salt of the earth, honest, responsible, tolerant, pithy, wise." Bright Glass, p. 74. See also QPOR, Lepan to Mackintosh, Jan. 12, 1959. QPOR, Mackintosh to Sir Edward Peacock, Sept. 20, 1951. "We did quite a careful canvass of possibilities before reaching this conclusion," Mackintosh told the chairman of the board, "and I took the precaution to have a committee which included the President of the Alumnae Association and also Dr. Douglas." Ibid., Mackintosh to E.G. Gill, Apr. 13, 1959. Ibid., W.E. McNeill to R.C. Wallace, June u, 1936; Mackintosh to Wallace, Mar. 9, 1938, Mar. 27, 1939, and Apr. 30, 1941. Principal Wallace shared Mackintosh's opinion of Cony. "With reference to members of the department [of Economics and Political Science]," Wallace wrote to Mackintosh in 1941, "my proposal [to the trustees] for Cony was full professorship. He has been Associate Professor for two years, and I consider Vlastos and Corry the two ablest men on our staff below the rank of full professor." Ibid., Wallace to Mackintosh, May 5, 1941. QPOF, Mackintosh to J.M. Macdonnell, Oct. 9, 1951.

4^ J Notes to pages 337-38

482 Notes to ^ages 340-41

78 Macdonnell Papers, Macdonnell to Mackintosh, Oct. 22, 1951. 79 QPOF, Price Waterhouse and Company to E.G. Gill, Dec. 8, 1958, "Queen's University: Summary of the Review of the Administrative Organization and the Accounting and Administrative Practices." 80 The Price Waterhouse report identified these departments as follows: "Buildings and Grounds which includes the operation of all service departments, for example, central heating plant, heating and plumbing, electrical, ventilation, carpentry, decorating and painting, cleaning, janitor, watchmen, and trucking and transportation; those of the chief construction engineer; and personnel relations." Ibid. 81 These remaining administrative functions Price Waterhouse described as: "chiefly purchasing; investments, general secretarial duties; insurance; real estate; trusts, wills and bequests; patents; and municipal taxes." Ibid. 82 Trustees, Feb. 6-7, 1959. 83 QPOR, Mackintosh to J.M. Macdonnell, June i, 1959. Deutsch was not entirely certain, after his conversation with Mackintosh, that he was being offered the job, but he began at once to consider it seriously. "Bill and I had only a brief moment to discuss your new plans at Queen's," Deutsch wrote to J.A. Corry. "I was not quite sure whether Bill wished me to be included among those to be considered for the new post but I gathered that the idea was not uncongenial to him. We did not have any time to discuss it. The possibility intrigued me because of my fondness for Queen's and the people there. Frankly, I am torn. My basic problem is whether I should go over entirely to administration or try to continue in more purely academic work for which I have a great liking. Even now I am being constantly pushed toward administration. I will have to make up my mind one way or the other." Corry Papers, Deutsch to Corry, Jan. 3, 1959. 84 QPOR, Mackintosh to N.A.M. MacKenzie, Dec. 22, 1955. 85 Ibid., Mackintosh to R.O. Campney, Feb. 23, 1959, Campney to Mackintosh, Feb. 27, I95986 Faced with the choice, as he viewed it, between academic and administrative work, Deutsch decided in favour of the latter - and at Queen's. "He is very fond of you and Alec Corry," Ralph Campney wrote to Mackintosh from Vancouver, "and is greatly impressed with the status of Queen's and the way in which the University is developing. He is also not unmindful of the fact that being in the East he would have a better opportunity to occasionally do some outside work on a more selective basis than here." To Campney, a Queen's trustee and former minister of national defence, Deutsch also confided a concern that his being a Roman Catholic might make it difficult for him to succeed at Queen's. "I assured him," Campney told Mackintosh, "that while Queen's still retains basic elements of Covenanting Presbyterianism, she has long since outgrown hostility to any man's religion! I think I satisfied him entirely on this point." Ibid., Campney to Mackintosh, Mar. 13, 1959. 87 Trustees, Apr. 25, 1959; QPOR, Mackintosh to R.O. Campney, Feb. 23,1959. 88 QPOR, Mackintosh to Fyfe, May 26, 1959. 89 Acting on Vice-Principal Deutsch's recommendations, the trustees authorized the purchase of machine-accounting equipment; appointed a budget officer who was to exercise closer budget control and provide periodic budget forecasts; set up a personnel office for nonacademic employees; and established a central purchasing department and stores. Trustees, Oct. 17,1959, and Oct. 21,1960. 90 Ibid., Apr. 25, 1959. The Price Waterhouse inquiry, though focused on the financial and other nonacademic aspects of the university's operations, did not stop there. Finding that too many university officers were reporting directly to the principal, their report

91 92 93

94 95 96 97

98 99 100 101 102

103 104

105

106

recommended that the librarian and the registrar be placed under the authority of the vice-principal. They also proposed a new office of director of student affairs, the appointment of a dean of men, and "in due time," a dean of graduate studies. Price Waterhouse, "Summary of the Review." None of these recommendations was implemented during the remainder of Mackintosh's principalship. Cony Papers, Cony to the Secretary of the Canada Council, Jan. 6, 1959. QPOR, Mackintosh to J.M. Macdonnell, Nov. 28, 1955. Those were the days when Arthur Lower was telling audiences that in the history of Canada wars had always paid and that "What Canada Needs Is Ten New Provinces." His delight in the provocative idea, the arresting phrase - the quality that made him an invigorating teacher - brought him numerous inflamed letters. "One man," Lower recounted, "then president of the Toronto branch of the Queen's Alumni, implored me to 'keep quiet' because, he alleged, I was spoiling alumni contributions, but really because he was an intolerant Tory who could not stand drastic analysis." Lower, My First Seventy-five Years, pp. 312-17. QPOF, Mackintosh to J.E. Coyne, Dec. 8,1960. The Fisherman, Vancouver, July 8, 1960. QPOR, J.N. Hyland to Mackintosh, July 15, 1960, and D.I. McLeod to Mackintosh, July 31, 1960. Ibid., Mackintosh to J.N. Hyland, July 19, 1960, and Mackintosh to D.I. McLeod, Aug. 17, 1960. "On full consideration of the matter," McLeod replied a few weeks later, "I agree with you that this particular case is water over the dam and that there would be no object in discussing it at the forthcoming Board meeting." Ibid., McLeod to Mackintosh, Sept. 16, 1960. Ibid., Mackintosh to Rosenbluth, July 19, 1960. Alexander Pope, Imitations of Horace, Satire n. i. 69-70. QPOF, Mackintosh to W.N. McLeod, Dec. 22, 1952. Trustees, 1960-61, p. 14. Ibid. These percentages - and those that appear subsequently - are based on a calculation of faculty numbers which excludes the clinical departments in the Faculty of Medicine. Members of those departments varied so widely, during the 19505 and 1960$, in their titles and in the terms and conditions pertaining to their appointments, as to defy categorization. The faculty calendars, drawn up by the faculty boards and published by the Senate, have been used as the principal source of information. The degree of Master of Laws, the highest earned degree in law, is treated here as the equivalent of a PH.D. It went from 70 to 71 per cent in the 19505. This was precisely where it had been in 1930. In that year Principal Taylor, reckoning the total Queen's faculty, in the rank of lecturer and above, at eighty-seven, reported that it was made up of sixty-one Canadians, twenty-four persons of British birth, and two citizens of the United States. QPOR, Taylor to Sir Robert Falconer, Apr. 29, 1930. The largest increases in foreign-born staff at Queen's occurred in applied science and medicine with respect to staff of British origin, rising from 5 to 14 per cent in applied science and from zero to 7 per cent in medicine (the clinical departments once again excluded), and remaining constant at 15 per cent in arts. American-born staff hi arts fell from 8 to 6 per cent and in medicine from 18 to 14 per cent, but in applied science rose from zero to 8 per cent. These descriptions of national origin are based on the location of the university where a faculty member took his first academic degree. In 1972 Kathleen Morand was appointed head of the Department of Art.

4^3 Notes to pages 342-44

484 Notes to pages 344-45

io7 Trustees, Executive Committee, June 12, 1948. Dr. Florence Dunlop of Ottawa, a past president of the Alumnae Association and a member of the University Council, regretting her inability to attend the meeting, conveyed to the trustees a view of the matter which was fully endorsed by the alumnae representative who appeared. "I should not want any woman appointed or promoted simply because she is a woman," Dr. Dunlop wrote, "nor would I want any woman to be denied an appointment or promotion simply because she is a woman. ... I believe that the best person, man or woman, should be selected or promoted, for the positions under consideration. We must consider academic qualifications, teaching ability, professional attitude, personality, and character in making appointments or promotions." Ibid., letter of Florence Dunlop, June 8, 1948. 108 Ibid. Hilda Laird remembered that when she was promoted, in 1950 and on the recommendation of Principal Wallace, to be head of German, there was at least one other competitor for the post. He was a senior member of the German department in a western Canadian university, where he became, a few years later, the head of that department. Interview with the author, Jan. 5, 1980. 109 A full explanation of Queen's record on the appointment of women to the faculty would require evidence which I have been unable to find. There is, apparently, no systematic information about the numbers of women who graduated, during the period under consideration in this study, with advanced degrees from graduate schools in Canada, Great Britain, the United States, or elsewhere and who formed part of the pool of eligible candidates for faculty positions. Nor is there information about the numbers of such graduates who applied to Queen's or whose names were otherwise brought to the attention of those responsible for academic appointments. Queen's academic departments - the level on which such appointments are usually initiated have been generally negligent of their history; and their records, prior to 1970, are slender to the point of emaciation. no PR, 1960-61, p. 14. in During the 19505 the Department of English increased the number of its honours courses from seven to nine and of its graduate courses from three to ten. In psychology, honours courses went from eight to ten and graduate courses from three to four; in history, honours courses went from eleven to thirteen and graduate courses from one to six; and in philosophy, honours courses went from ten to thirteen and graduate courses from three to four. 112 QPOR, Mackintosh to J.M. Macdonnell, Oct. 12, 1960. 113 Anthropology, suggested by Arthur Lower as a desirable innovation, Mackintosh thought should be postponed. "I should like very much to have a Department of Anthropology," he replied to Lower, "little as I know about selecting anthropologists. However, we have quite a bit to do in extending our work in Geography and Russian, not to mention a number of other departments, and I doubt whether we can take up Anthropology right now." Ibid., Mackintosh to Lower, Dec. 15, 1959; Lower to Mackintosh, Oct. 28, 1959. 114 Principal Wallace, in the late 19405, had favoured the introduction of geography and had held back only because of a want of money. Principal Mackintosh, introducing it in 1953, encountered a want of sympathy from J.M. Macdonnell, chairman of the board, who always leaned toward classical studies and away from any new arts subject in which he detected the taint of vocationalism. "I know that we have rather opposed views on the subject of Geography," Mackintosh wrote to Macdonnell. "While it is

by no means the most important subject in the University, it has become, I think, a necessary one, and the modern subject is a much more integrated field of knowledge than school Geography used to be. Both Oxford and Cambridge have had chairs for many decades and we were until recently the only Canadian university which had not given attention to it." Ibid., Wallace to R.G. Trotter, Aug. 3, 1949; Macdonnell to Mackintosh, Oct. 15, 1953; Mackintosh to Macdonnell, Oct. 14, 1953. The rapid advance of geography at Queen's in the 19503 was a result of its growing importance in the high schools of Ontario where it had become one of the subjects in which teachers could qualify for a specialist's certificate. Senate, Mar. 19, 1960. 115 Senate, Oct. 30, 1959; Trustees, Feb. 5-6, 1960. The admission requirement was to be a bachelor's degree in arts, science, or engineering; and it was provided that those with the degree of bachelor of commerce from an approved school could complete the course in one year. 116 The creation of the Angada Children's Hospital at the Kingston General Hospital enlarged the facilities for teaching paediatrics; and a grant of $50,000 from the J.E. Atkinson Foundation enabled the university to establish a chair of paediatrics in the Faculty of Medicine. PR, 1950-51, p. 36; Trustees, Executive Committee, Feb. 3, 117

118

119 120 121 122 123

124 125

'951Hilda Neatby, Queen's University, Volume I, pp. 106-7. Both attempts had been undermined by persistent uncertainties about the requirements of the Law Society of Upper Canada for admission to the Ontario bar. PR, 1957-58, p. 45. In 1947 the treasurer of the Law Society wrote to Principal Wallace to inform him of proposals emanating from a joint committee of benchers and members of the University of Toronto law faculty. These presented a mode of cooperation in which legal studies at Osgoode and the University of Toronto would be treated as a single academic program leading to the degree of bachelor of laws, with Toronto teaching the preliminary subjects and Osgoode the advanced ones. QPOR, G.W. Mason to Wallace, Dec. 7, 1947. Later suggestions contemplated a more general "horizontal plan" whereby the universities would offer courses in law in their faculties of arts, enabling students to save a year at Osgoode. Trustees, Feb. 1-2, 1957. J.A. Cony, My Life and Work: A Happy Partnership, p. 152. Globe and Mail, Sept. 16 and 19, 1952. QPOR, J.M. Macdonnell to Mackintosh, Nov. 28, 1955, enclosing a copy of a letter from R.A. Bell to C.F.H. Carson. Ibid., Mackintosh to J.M. Macdonnell, Nov. 29, 1955. Ibid., Mackintosh to G.W. Mason, July 21, 1952; QPOF, Mackintosh to J.M. Macdonnell, Sept. 26, 1952. In 1955 Mackintosh reported conversations with "Mr. Justice McLennan, a former student who is here on the assizes, and with a graduate practising in Toronto, Roy Sharp," in which he had discussed the keen interest of some benchers "in abandoning the monopoly of Osgoode Hall" and their "serious misgivings ... about Carson's policy." C.F.H. Carson was now treasurer, and thus the official head, of the Law Society. QPOR, Mackintosh to J.M. Macdonnell, Nov. 29, 1955. Cony, My Life and Work, p. 153. "The only point on which we had any extended discussion," Corry wrote many years later, "was whether an applicant for admission to a law school should have a university degree in hand in, say, Arts, Science, or whether completion of two years' university work in some field would be sufficient. Seeing that they were proposing an extension of strictly legal studies by more than a year, I thought two years of university

485 Notes to pages 345-48

486 Notes to pages 348-54 126 127 128 129 130

131 132 133 134 135

preparation before a student entered on his legal studies was enough. The gains to be expected from an additional year of preparation were not enough to justify putting more obstacles in the way of students of limited means." Ibid., p. 154. Trustees, Feb. 1-2, 1957. Cony, My Life and Work, p. 153. Mackintosh's words, as quoted by W.R. Lederman in "A Statement Concerning the Establishment of the Faculty of Law at Queen's University," submitted to the Board of Trustees, Feb. 6, 1959. Faculty of Law Papers, D. Park Jamieson to Mackintosh, Apr. 17, 1957. The trustees asked only about costs and were satisfied by a four-page memorandum on the whole project prepared by Vice-Principal Corry. His estimates, predicated on a minimum of five full-time teachers and, after several years of operation, a total enrolment of no more than 150 to 175, added up to $388,000 for staff and library spread over the first six years, and $337,500 for a suitable building. Trustees, Executive Committee, Apr. 24, 1957, "Memorandum for Board of Trustees Concerning the Establishment of a Faculty of Law." His projected costs were seriously underestimated, Cony later acknowledged, both because he based them on the scale with which he had been familiar at the University of Saskatchewan and because he failed to take sufficiently into account the expansionist pressures of the 19605 which pushed law enrolment above 350. Corry, My Life and Work, p. 155. PR, 1957-58, p. 45Corry, My Life and Work, p. 155. Corry Papers, Corry to Horace Read, Oct. 14, 1958. Cony, My Life and Work, p. 156. PR, 1960-61, p. 15.

FOURTEEN 1 2 3 4

Trustees, May 17, 1952. PR, 1960-61, p. 17. Trustees, Oct. 10, 1953. The 1951 increase raised student fees, on the average, by 15 per cent; the increases of 1954 and 1957 amounted to 20 per cent in each case; and the 1959 increase added a further 10 per cent. Out of the $120,000 in additional revenue which the 1954 increase was expected to produce, the sum of $14,577 was to be used to establish new scholarships or to supplement the value of existing scholarships; and further allocations of $24,850 and $20,000 were made to scholarships and bursaries from the additional revenues produced by the increases of 1957 and 1959 respectively. Ibid., Oct. 10, 1953, and May 21, 1960; Trustees, Executive Committee, Nov. 21, 1953, Dec. 8, 1956 and Apr. 25, 1959. 5 PR, 1960-61, p. 17. 6 QPOF, Mackintosh to Douglas Fullerton, May 4, 1959. 7 Trustees, May 19, 1951, Oct. 10, 1953, and May 19, 1956; Trustees, Executive Committee, Dec. 8, 1951, and May 4, 1960; Trustees, Oct. 25, 1958, Report on Investments. Queen's endowment fund investments were restricted to securities lawful for life insurance companies, which meant that only 15 per cent could be invested in common stocks. Mackintosh, who regarded the improved yield as "respectable but not high," thought there was room for further improvement. "Actually, eight or nine years ago," he explained to the treasurer of the Canada Council in 1959, "we had almost no com-

mon stocks other than odds and ends of gifts. Since then, we have been buying on a dollar averaging plan about $400,000 a year, at least half of them in United States stocks. I am not sure how far our Investment Committee would be prepared to go but I would hope that gradually they would go considerably higher. ... I am always a little suspicious, however, that all of us are buying a great many of yesterday's growth stocks and missing tomorrow's." QPOF, Mackintosh to Douglas Fullerton, May 4, 1959. 8 The proportion of student fees to total operating revenues fell from 47.4 per cent in I 95°~5I to 35 Per cent m 1960-61; and the proportion produced by endowment income declined from 13.8 per cent in 1950-51 to 11 per cent in 1960-61. 9 Statistics Canada, Historical Compendium of Education Statistics: Confederation to *975, P- 250. 10 "It was evident in all their dealings with the Department of Labour," reported the Wartime Bureau of Technical Personnel, "that the universities' attitude was one of simple readiness to carry out any task which they might be called upon by government to undertake." Canada, Department of Labour, Wartime Bureau of Technical Personnel, Annual Report, Mar. 31, 1944, cited in Gwendolyn Pilkington, "A History of the National Conference of Canadian Universities, 1911-1961" (D.ED, thesis, University of Toronto, 1974), p. 304. 11 Ontario, Journals of the Legislative Assembly, Budget Address, Hon. Leslie M. Frost, Mar. 16, 1944, p. 17. From the special research grants of 1944 the University of Toronto received $816,000, and Queen's and Western each received $250,000. 12 The Massey Commission estimated that 55,000 Canadians of undergraduate age benefited from federal assistance for educational purposes to war veterans, and that of these at least 45,000 pursued university studies for one or more years. Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences, Report, p. 152. 13 The Ontario government still held, officially and precariously, to the policy of denying provincial funding to denominational universities. Carleton University, nondenominational from the beginning, presented no difficulty. McMaster in 1949, like Queen's in 1893, managed to circumvent the policy by setting up an affiliated nondenominational institution, Hamilton College, to offer programs in science. In the case of the University of Ottawa, however, the Oblate Order proved very reluctant to give up even nominal control of any part of the university; and the provincial government, desiring to help the university finance its new programs in medicine and applied science, "put the telescope to its blind eye," as Premier Frost later acknowledged, justifying provincial funding on the dubious ground that the teaching of these subjects could scarcely be influenced by religious control of the institution. E.E. Stewart, "The Role of the Provincial Government in the Development of the Universities of Ontario, 1791-1964" (D.ED, thesis, University of Toronto, 1970), pp. 374-75 and 408-9. 14 Report, p. 141. 15 Ibid., p. 155. 16 Ibid., pp. 355 and 357-62. "The development of our country from every point of view," wrote the commissioners, "is dependent on our ensuring that through adequate training our ablest young people are equipped to carry out the tasks which they will be called upon to perform." Ibid., p. 155. 17 For an interesting analysis of the economic imperatives underlying the expansion of higher education in Ontario during the 19505 and 19605, see Paul Axelrod, Scholars and Dollars: Politics, Economics, and the Universities of Ontario 7945-1980. 18 E.F. Sheffield, "Canadian University and College Enrolment Projected to 1965," National Conference of Canadian Universities, Proceedings (1955), pp. 34-36. Sheffield's

487 Notes to pages 354-56

488 Notes to pages357-58

19 20

21 22

23

24

25

estimates allowed for a 6.5 per cent margin of error. In addition, his projections were made solely on the basis of demographic pressures and excluded several factors affecting the proportion of the 18-21 age group which might subsequently decide to enrol in university, that is, the participation rate. "No account has been taken," Sheffield wrote, "of the possibility of drastic changes in social or economic conditions, of possible modification of university admission policies or academic standards, of possible changes in tuition fees or of the amount of financial aid available to students, nor of possible additions (or lack of additions) to university facilities." National Conference of Canadian Universities, 1956, Proceedings, "Resolutions Adopted at the Conclusion ... " See also Claude Bissell, ed., Canada's Crisis in Higher Education. This, at any rate, was the conclusion of an officer of the Carnegie Corporation of New York who attended as an observer. Carnegie had financed the conference and its officers had previously been critical of Canadian university heads for being "somewhat slow" to come to grips with the prospective enrolment bulge. "Time will tell," Stephen H. Stackpole wrote after the conference in a memorandum to his Carnegie colleagues, "but this could easily be the most fruitful $25,000 we have ever spent in Canada in higher education." Carnegie Corporation Archives, file entitled "National Conference of Canadian Universities - Expenses of Conference on Problems of Expanding University Enrolment," SHS, memorandum to Staff, Nov. 15,1956. PAD, RG 2, Department of Education, "Colloquium held in the Senate Chamber of the University of Toronto, Jan. 17, 1958, with the Principals and Presidents of Ontario Universities and the heads of mathematics departments," p. 3. In fiscal terms it continued to be a decidedly unequal family. Of the $66,000,000 in provincial capital grants during the 19505, one-third went to the University of Toronto; nearly a third was divided in roughly equal proportions among Queen's, Western, and McMaster; nearly a third was assigned to Carleton, Ottawa, Windsor, and Waterloo; and small grants were made to York and Lakehead. On the operating side the disparities were even more striking. In 1950-51 the University of Toronto, obtaining 80 per cent of the total provincial appropriation for university maintenance, received four times as much as Queen's and Western combined; and these two received three times as much as McMaster, Ottawa, and Carleton combined. Ten years later the University of Toronto's share of the maintenance grants had fallen to 66 per cent; Queen's, Western, and McMaster received 21 per cent; Carleton, Ottawa, Windsor, and Waterloo divided ii per cent among them; and the final 2 per cent went to York, Lakehead, and Laurentian. Stewart, "Role of the Provincial Government," p. 562, table 4, Provincial Assistance to Higher Education in Ontario 1948-1964. Queen's had complained not only of inadequacy but of ill-usage. In 1949, for example, Vice-Principal W.E. McNeill, in claiming a slightly higher maintenance grant than that given to the University of Western Ontario, told the minister of education that Queen's "feels that the magnitude of its work as the second largest University in the Province is not fully recognized." QPOF, W.E. McNeill, "Supplementary Brief, presented to the Minister of Education in support of the 1950-51 requests for grants, Dec. 21, 1949." QPOF, Mackintosh to J.M. Macdonnell, Sept. 22, 1955. Mackintosh, anticipating a desire on the part of the province to make larger capital grants so as to allow the universities to prepare for the enrolment bulge, had requested $750,000, as opposed to the $600,000 of the previous year. The Ontario government had responded with a special grant of $1,000,000. PAD, Leslie Frost Papers, Frost to Mackintosh, Mar. 19, 1954. W.M. Nickle, whose father was W.F. Nickle, had personal ties with the university. "I am very fond of

26 27

28

29 30 31 32 33 34

35 36 37 38 39 40

41 42

Queen's," he told Mackintosh, "and anything I can do for the University through you will always be a pleasure." QPOF, W.M. Nickle to Mackintosh, Mar. 5, 1956. QPOF, Mackintosh to W.J. Dunlop, Nov. 7, 1957. See also "Submission of Queen's University at Kingston to the Government of the Province of Ontario in Respect of University Grants for 1958-59." Ibid., "Memorandum re Annual Maintenance Grants to Ontario Universities by the Province of Ontario with special reference to Queen's University at Kingston," 1958. Principal Mackintosh had previously recognized that some degree of discrepancy existed - see, for example, his submission of Oct. 13, 1952, for the 1953-54 grants - but there is no evidence that he had explored its extent before his memorandum of 1958. Mackintosh's statistics of increased full-time enrolments in the Ontario universities indicated that in terms of percentages, between 1957-58 and 1958-59, Queen's accepted relatively more than the University of Toronto, Western, and McMaster, very slightly more than Ottawa, and less only than Carleton, Assumption, and Waterloo - all three of them small institutions where large percentage increases could be accomplished with relative ease. In terms of absolute numbers, Queen's increase was second only to that of the University of Toronto, which had 324 additional students as compared to 251 at Queen's. QPOF, Mackintosh to C.F. Cannon, Jan. 26, 1959. Ibid., W.J. Dunlop to Mackintosh, Oct. i, 1958. Ibid., "Memorandum on Annual Maintenance Grants to Ontario Universities by the Province of Ontario with special reference to Queen's University at Kingston," 1959, PP- 4-5Ibid., pp. 7-8. Ibid. Ibid., G. Edward Hall to Mackintosh, Mar. 11, 1960. It does not appear that the government made any reasoned response to Mackintosh's memoranda of 1958 and 1959, leaving aside Dunlop's simple statement of agreement with the arguments presented in the 1958 memorandum. At least, no such response survives in the records of Queen's University. Ontario, Debates, Mar. 25, 1952, p. H-2. Stewart, "Role of the Provincial Government," p. 562, table 4. York University Archives, J.R. Kidd Papers, "Notes on a meeting of Premier Frost with members of the organizing committee, York University, Dec. 18, 1958," cited in Axelrod, Scholars and Dollars, p. 64. QPOF, "Submission of Queen's University at Kingston to the Government of the Province of Ontario in respect of University Grants for 1954-55," pp. 6-7. PAO, RG 2, J.G. Althouse, "Memorandum to Minister on Higher Education in Ontario, 1955-65," Oct. 28, 1955. In the 1960-61 grants the University of Toronto remained on top by a very wide margin. McMaster was rapidly approaching the second tier, occupied by Queen's and Western; Carleton had moved up to join Ottawa on the third; Waterloo joined Assumption on the fourth; and York and Laurentian now shared the lowest tier with Lakehead. Stewart, "Role of the Provincial Government," p. 562, table 4. QPOF, Mackintosh to G. Edward Hall, Mar. 14,1960. Queen's was not alone in this respect. Every Ontario university except Western suffered a shortfall in the maintenance grant it requested for 1959-60. PAO, RG 2, Leslie M. Frost Papers, "University Grants - Report of the Committee on University Affairs 1959," enclosed in W.J. Dunlop to Frost, Jan. 28, 1959. "Our trouble started in 1958," the chairman of the board of governors at the University of Toronto wrote to Premier

489 Notes to pages 359-63

49° Notes to pages 363-64 43

44

45 46 47 48

Frost in 1960, "and the last three-year period has been characterized by increasing shortfalls between the amounts we requested and the actual Government grants." Ibid., "General Correspondence, University of Toronto," Eric Phillips to Frost, May 20, 1960. Beginning in 1958, the chairman was C.F. Cannon, chief director of education (i.e., deputy minister) in the Department of Education. The other members were H.H. Walker, comptroller of finance in the Department of Education; H.A. Cotnam, provincial auditor in the Treasury Department; and George Gathercole, deputy minister of the new Department of Economics. J.R. McCarthy, assistant superintendent in the Curriculum Branch of the Department of Education, was appointed secretary; and Samuel Beatty, chancellor of the University of Toronto, was retained as a part-time adviser to the committee. In 1961 the committee was enlarged to include individuals from outside government; its terms of reference were broadened; and it became known as the Advisory Committee on University Affairs. From the beginning Premier Frost viewed the committee, in its successive manifestations, as a watch-dog of the provincial treasury. "Our job," he wrote to the provincial treasurer in 1958, "is to appraise the whole problem on the basis of what is necessary, what they [the universities] should get, and where our dollars will count the most. I think we should cut off all of the funny frills they add to these things and get down to the essentials." PAO, RG 3, Leslie M. Frost Papers, "General Correspondence - University of Toronto," Frost to James N. Allan, Aug. 11, 1958. From October 1958 to December 1960 the Committee on University Affairs met twenty times, usually on a monthly basis and for two or three hours at a time. A part-time committee, whose members were burdened with other duties, it never visited any of the universities during these years and, according to one member, "the information provided varied from one institution to another and was so incomplete that it was difficult to make any estimate of need." PAO, RG 2, "Memorandum to the Chief Director for the Information of the Minister, Re: Committee on University Affairs," Nov. 22, 1960, cited in Axelrod, Scholars and Dollars, p. 91. PAO, RG 32, General Submissions for Grants by Universities - Queen's, Department of Economics, "Comments on Queen's University's Submission Regarding Provincial Grants," Jan. 7, 1960, p. 2. The 1958-59 allocation to reserves included $200,000 for maintenance; $130,000 for pensions; $40,000 for contingent loss on securities; and $30,000 toward the purchase of an electronic computer. The accumulated surpluses on current operations prior to 1957-58 appeared in Queen's audited statements under "Allocated to Land, Buildings and Equipment from Unappropriated Revenue." They were clearly intended for expenditure on capital projects. It was far from easy, in those years, for a university treasurer to make accurate budgetary forecasts. More students enrolled than were expected and this affected not only the amount of fee revenues but the size of the federal operating grant. The federal grant was also influenced by changes in provincial population and in the per capita sum on which the grant was based. Income from equity investments was on the rise but the actual receipts could not be foretold several months in advance. On the expenditure side there were other variables. Some professors were hired at salaries below the amounts provided for in the budget. In other instances a stiffening competition for staff, especially marked in the second half of the decade, meant that not all of the new positions for which budgetary provision had been made in a given year were actually filled in that year. Trustees, Oct. 10, 1953, Oct. 16, 1954, Oct. 25, 1958, and Trustees, Executive Committee, Oct. 3, 1958, and Apr. 25, 1959.

49 PAO, RG 32, General Submissions for Grants by Universities - Queen's, Department of Economics, "Queen's University: Summary of 1960-61 Submission," Jan. 7, 1960, p. 6. 50 "The policy of financing for substantial surpluses," Mackintosh had told the trustees in 1952, "which were added to endowment or used in new construction, has strengthened the University financially. It is now seriously affecting staff relations, the strength of our appeal to the Provincial Government, and it will soon affect the contributions of our graduates." Trustees, May 17, 1952. 51 Ibid., Oct. 21, 1960. 52 The term was Mackintosh's. "The Government has been rather inclined to apply a means test to us," he wrote to Colonel McLaughlin, "and to give proportionately more to newer places like McMaster and Carleton and even some of the denominational institutions." QPOR, Mackintosh to R.S. McLaughlin, Dec. i, 1958. 53 Trustees, May 21, 1960, and Trustees, Executive Committee, May 4, 1960. The three principal reserve funds were the maintenance reserve, a special pensions reserve, and the contingent loss on securities reserve. The maintenance reserve had been fixed by the trustees in 1950 as a 7^2 per cent charge on operating revenues, designed to provide funds for repairs and other minor capital expenditures. In 1952 the basis was changed to a percentage of the insured value of the buildings and equipment to which it applied; and the percentage was set at i per cent. Though the new basis produced less money than its predecessor would have, the large additions to buildings and equipment in the 19505 caused a steady climb in maintenance reserve funds. By the end of June 1960 the unspent balance was $1,698,000. From that sum Deutsch proposed to spend $476,870 during the 1960-61 fiscal year, leaving a balance of about $1,200,000 to which he proposed to add nothing at all. Trustees, Executive Committee, Jan. 12, 1952; Trustees, May 17, 1952, and May 21, 1960. 54 Trustees, Executive Committee, July 10,1954. 55 Trustees, May 17, 195.2. 56 Ibid., Oct. 16, 1954. In 1954, when the average alumni gift to ten Canadian universities reporting to the American Alumni Council was $18.49 a"d tne percentage of alumni contributing was 17 per cent, the average alumni gift to Queen's was $50.62 and the participation rate among Queen's graduates was 20.6 per cent. PR, 1954-55, P- 9557 During the ten years from 1944 to 1953, when Queen's graduates gave a total of $1,146,496, the Endowment Office reported another $4,793,386 in gifts from "others," a category which included wealthy individuals and business corporations. Trustees, Executive Committee, July 10, 1954. 58 QPOR, Mackintosh to Sir Edward Peacock, Oct. 22, 1956. 59 QPOF, "Submission of Queen's University at Kingston to the Government of the Province of Ontario in respect of University Grants for 1952-53." 60 Trustees, Feb. 11-12, 1955. 61 Ibid., May 21, 1955. 62 The Brakeley firm was hired for a fixed fee of about $100,000. Trustees, Executive Committee, Dec. 17, 1955. 63 Ibid. 64 QPOR, J.M. Macdonnell to Mackintosh, Mar. 7,1956. 65 Ibid., Mackintosh to J.M. Macdonnell, Feb. 22, 1956. 66 Trustees, Executive Committee, Apr. 7, 1956; QPOR, Mackintosh to R.S. McLaughlin, Nov. 9, 1956. E.G. Gill was gratified to note that the literature described Queen's as completely nondenominational and as "an independent institution with no Government appointees on the Board." "These two basic facts," he assured the principal,

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492 Notes to pages 368-74

67 68 69 70 71 72 73

74

75

76

"are going to be very important in the minds of certain firms that will be called on for contributions." QPOR, Gill to Mackintosh, Apr. 17, 1956. QPOR, Mackintosh to J.K. Robertson, Jan. 27, 1956. PR, 1957-58, p. ii. QPOR, Mackintosh to E.G. Gill, Jan. 6, 1958. Five other centres - Winnipeg, Ottawa, London, Sudbury, and Quebec City - raised sums ranging between $50,000 and $100,000. QPOR, Mackintosh to Dunning, June 20, 1957; Trustees, May 18, 1957. Trustees, Executive Committee, Sept. 21, 1957. Trustees, May 21, 1955, an(^ May 18, 1957. The problem was by no means confined to Queen's. Carleton University, its president noted, "had no greater success than other Canadian universities in persuading corporations with head offices in the United States to respond to its appeal." Carleton University, President's Report, 7956-57, p. 7. The Industrial Foundation on Education reported in 1958 that only 12.8 per cent of all corporate contributions to Canadian universities came from companies controlled outside of Canada. Industrial Foundation on Education, The Case for Corporate Giving to Higher Education, 1959 report, cited in Axelrod, Scholars and Dollars, pp. 5051QPOR, Mackintosh to N.A.M. MacKenzie, Sept. 5, 1957. Mackintosh had decided that Col. R.S. McLaughlin, in view of his munificence to Queen's over the preceding ten years, should not be asked for a contribution. The principal did, however, invite McLaughlin's intervention on Queen's behalf in several companies which were being solicited. Ibid., Mackintosh to McLaughlin, Nov. 19, 1956. PR, 1957-58, pp. 114-16. Nearly half the subscriptions were in the form of pledges, spread over a period of two or three years or even longer. The trustees were reassured to learn, in May 1962, that 93 per cent of the subscriptions had been paid in and that only $66,000 was considered to be in arrears. Trustees, May 17-18, 1962. Ibid., May 17, 1958.

FIFTEEN 1 Of the Queen's buildings standing in 1961, 40 per cent had been erected in the previous decade. 2 PR, 1955-56, p. n; 1957-58, p. 12; and 1958-59, P- T 33 Ibid., 1956-57, P- 12. 4 QPOR, Mackintosh to Sir William Fyfe, Apr. 13, 1959. 5 Graham Papers, McNeill to Graham, Aug. 4, 1954. 6 Ibid., McNeill to Graham, June 13, 1955. 7 Ibid., McNeill to Graham, Aug. 4, 1954. 8 QPOR, Mackintosh to Peacock, Nov. 3, 1952. 9 "In the imaginativeness of your gift," Principal Mackintosh wrote to Lome Pierce, "your continuing interest in it and the care you have shown for its perpetuation and maintenance, you are a model to all our benefactors." Ibid., Mackintosh to Pierce, Mar. 10, 1958. 10 PR, 1958-59, P- 6411 Board of Library Curators, Minutes, Dec. 2, 1958, F.W. Gibson, "Report on University Archives." 12 PR, 1950-51, p. 55. In 1945 Queen's ranked fourth, behind Toronto, McGill, and Laval,

in a list of four Canadian universities with libraries containing over 200,000 volumes. Cited in Watson Kirkconnell and A.S.P. Woodhouse, The Humanities in Canada, pp. 154-56. 13 W.A. Mackintosh, "Adam Shortt, 1859-1931," p. 169. 14 Gundy defined departmental libraries as "self-contained units each with a three-fold card catalogue which indexes holdings under author, title and subject. Deposit libraries are smaller collections normally signed out to the department to serve as 'reserved books' for specific courses." PR, 1960-61, p. 75. 15 Ibid.; Board of Library Curators, Minutes, Dec. i, 1958. The centre block of Summerhill, traditionally the home of Queen's principals, ceased to be used for that purpose in 1951 when Mackintosh, on his appointment as principal, decided to remain in the west wing which he had occupied as vice-principal.

16 PR, 1958-59, P- 62.

17 Ibid., 1960-61, pp. 17 and 20. 18 Trustees, Apr. 26, 1952; May 16, 1953; Oct. 16, 1954; Apr. 30, 1955; Feb. 3-4, 1956; May 19, 1956; and Trustees, Executive Committee, Apr. 12, 1958. 19 Ibid., Dec. 18, 1954. 20 The trustees required Abramsky to enter into an agreement with the university and the Bank of Montreal by which his contributions to a physiology building were to be deposited in a Queen's escrow account in the bank. Trustees, Executive Committee, July 16, 1955. See also QPOR, J.M. Macdonnell to W.A. Mackintosh, Feb. 14, 1955, and Mackintosh to Macdonnell, Feb. 17, 1955. 21 Trustees, Feb. 11-12, 1955; Trustees, Executive Committee, July 16, 1955. 22 Trustees, Executive Committee, July 16, 1955. 23 In addition to the $200,000 donated by Abramsky, $450,000 was allocated from university funds, including the Medical Centenary Fund, and a final $125,000 was provided by the federal government. Ibid., July 16, 1955, and Apr. 12, 1958. 24 Principal Watts's recommendation followed upon strong representations from the Department of Physiology. "All of us in the Department," J.D. Hatcher wrote to the principal, "are greatly indebted to Harry and Ethel Abramsky whose generous gift to the University about twenty years ago permitted the erection of our current building and the development of an exemplary department of Physiology at Queen's University." Trustees, Oct. 26, 1974. 25 PR, 1960-61, p. ii. 26 QPOR, J.M. Macdonnell to Mackintosh, Dec. 28, 1955; Mackintosh to Macdonnell, Jan. 3, 1956; Mackintosh to E.G. Gill, July 3, 1956. 27 Trustees, Feb. 7-8, 1958. Since commercial studies and correspondence courses were not eligible for Canada Council capital grants, only half of Dunning Hall qualified for this assistance which thus amounted to distinctly less than the anticipated 50 per cent of the cost of the building. Trustees, Executive Committee, May 3, 1958; Trustees, Feb. 6-7, 1959. 28 Trustees, Oct. 17, 1959. 29 Agnes Etherington Art Centre Papers, Andre Bieler to Pearl McCarthy, Oct. 3, 1957. 30 Whig-Standard, Oct. 16, 1957. 31 PR, 1960-61, p. 17. 32 Trustees, Feb. 1-2, 1957. 33 Ibid34 QPOF, Mackintosh to Nickle, Feb. 6, 1957.

493 Notes to pages 37'4-83

494 Notes to pages 383-87

35 Ibid., memorandum from J.C. Bell of the Department of Planning and Development, enclosed in Nickle to Mackintosh, Mar. 12, 1957. 36 Ibid., Cunningham to Mackintosh, Mar. 29, 1957. 37 Trustees, Executive Committee, Sept. 21, 1957; Trustees, Oct. 12, 1957. 38 QPOF, Mackintosh to Nickle, Nov. 4, 1957. 39 This was Nickle's explanation as communicated by Mackintosh to the executive committee of the Board of Trustees on Dec. 7, 1957. 40 Nickle's explanation for his change of front scarcely constituted grounds for preventing Queen's from acquiring general expropriation powers slightly in advance of a general bill applicable to all universities. Waterloo, at the same time that Queen's was applying for limited powers, sought and obtained from the legislature a general power of expropriation. 41 Trustees, Executive Committee, Dec. 7, 1957. 42 Ibid. 43 Whig-Standard, Dec. 12, 1957. 44 Ibid. 45 Ibid., Dec. 27,1957. 46 A copy of Mackintosh's talk appears in QPOF, attached to a note from J.A. Edmison to W.M. Nickle, Dec. 28, 1957. 47 J.B. Stirling, Queen's trustee from Montreal, subsequently put the matter to his old acquaintance, Col. Leroy Grant of Kingston: "Sensible citizens of Kingston, and they are in the vast majority, without a doubt, must realize that the power of expropriation is wanted only to protect themselves and their own subscriptions against the greed of out-and-out speculators who regard the necessity of Queen's to purchase certain properties as an opportunity to make a killing." Ibid., copy of Stirling to Grant, Feb. 5, 1958. 48 Whig-Standard, Jan. 14, 1958. 49 PAO, Frost Papers, D'Esterre to Frost, Feb. 26, 1958. 50 Whig-Standard, Jan. 8, 1958. 51 Ibid., Dec. 26, 1957. 52 Ibid., Jan. 8, 1958. 53 Ibid., Jan. 9, 1958. 54 Ibid., Jan. 15,1958. 55 Ibid., Jan. 24 and 25, 1958. A memorandum on expropriation, prepared for a meeting of the executive committee of the Board of Trustees on December 7, 1957, clearly states that "Queen's University has made an offer to each of the owners" and gives the offers made (based on appraised value plus 20 per cent) and the counter-offers, where these existed. It appears, however, that these were informal offers,' for at the end of December Principal Mackintosh wrote to Nickle: "Steps are being taken to define more precisely the properties which we need, to determine the assessment on them, have fair valuations made ... and make a formal offer of purchase to each of the propertyowners." QPOF, Mackintosh to Nickle, Dec. 30, 1957. It seems clear that the university had made informal offers, and was slow to frame formal ones. 56 QPOF, Mackintosh to Trustees, Jan. 21, 1958. 57 Ibid., Memorandum from the Principal to Members of Faculty and Administration Officers, Feb. 28, 1958. Queen's subsequently purchased for Miss Austin a house on Barrie Street, facing the Cricket Field and Macdonald Park. On this subject her nephew, Peter Austin, was quoted by J.A. Edmison in a memorandum to the principal as saying in part: "I must say that what I have heard from my Aunt is nothing but the highest praise for the way she has been treated by Queen's University. She says the house is

simply lovely, full of historical background, and much too good for her." Ibid., Edmison to Mackintosh, July 8, 1958. 58 Ibid., Mackintosh to Trustees, Jan. 21, 1958. 59 Ibid., Edmison to Mackintosh, Jan. 20, 1958; Mackintosh to Trustees, Jan. 21, 1958. 60 Ibid. 61 Trustees, Feb. 7-8, 1958. 62 Whig-Standard, Feb. 21, 1958. 63 PAD, Frost Papers, L.F. Grant to W.J. Stewart, Feb. 20, 1958, and to Robert Herbert, Mar. 3, 1958; J.C. D'Esterre to Frost, Feb. 26, 1958; J.I. McAskill to Frost, Feb. 27 and Mar. 6, 1958. 64 Whig-Standard, Feb. 26, 1958. 65 Ibid. See also PAO, Frost Papers, J.I. McAskill to Robert Herbert, MPP, Feb. 27, 1958, in which McAskill wrote: "Our own member, the Hon. W.M. Nickle, has encouraged us by stating, that in view of the sharply divided opinion of the Committee, the bill still stands a chance of being rejected." The Queen's trustees also noted that "although normally, when a Bill is passed by the Private Bills Committee, it goes through the House without opposition, a statement by the Honourable W.M. Nickle to the effect that there was a possibility that the Bill might be defeated, led the opposition to renew efforts to defeat the Bill in the House, including the sending of letters opposing the Bill to Provincial Members of Parliament." Trustees, Executive Committee, Mar. 8, 1958. 66 Ontario, Debates, 1958, pp. 622-26. 67 T.J. McKibbin, the clerk-comptroller of Kingston, had drawn attention to this phenonenon in January. Referring to his own experience of handling land purchases for the city, McKibbin wrote: "A majority of land purchases were settled without passing an expropriation by-law; but until an expropriation by-law was passed and, in spite of several letters and personal calls explaining why their property had to be acquired, some owners would insist that the City choose some other route and inconvenience some other property-owner rather than them. There have been at least six parcels of land in the past two years that the City needed to acquire for sewers which could not have been acquired without the mechanism of an arbitration procedure, since the parties could not agree on the values." QPOF, T.J. McKibbin to W.M. Nickle, Jan. 24, 1958, with copies to W.A. Mackintosh, Britton Smith, J.W. Bannister, and D.G. Cunningham. 68 Whig-Standard, Mar. 8, 1958; Trustees, Executive Committee, Mar. 8, 1958. 69 QPOF, Mackintosh to Nickle, Oct. 16, 1958. See also ibid., Mackintosh to D.G. Cunningham, Apr. 18, 1958. 70 Ontario, Debates, 1958, pp. 622 and 626. 71 QPOF, Mackintosh to N.A.M. MacKenzie, July 18, 1956. 72 QPOR, Mackintosh to J.A. Roy, June 3, 1958. 73 QPOF, J.A. Corry to J.R. McCarthy, Dec. 4, 1963. 74 Trustees, Executive Committee, Apr. i, 1950. Edmison was also given an assistant who was to work on publicity. Even so, Edmison later recalled, "the very idea of a public relations office at Queen's was repugnant to some ... when the project was first broached. It was thought that the 'crudities of modern publicity' would 'swamp' the campus." QPOF, Edmison to Mackintosh, "Memorandum on Job Evaluation," Jan. 27, 1959. 75 QPOF, Mackintosh to A.G. Markle, University Press Bureau, University of Alberta, Nov. 28, 1955. The trustees, in a rare rebuke to Mackintosh, suggested that, "though the Principal was averse to personal publicity, he should make every effort to keep the Public Relations Office informed of his activities." Trustees, May 16, 1953.

495 Notes to pages 387-92

496 Notes to pages 392-400

7& QPOF, Edmison to Mackintosh, "Memorandum on Job Evaluation," Jan. 27, 1959. 77 Ibid., "Preliminary Study of Public Relations Aspects of Queen's University"; Trustees, Executive Committee, May 4, 1960. 78 QPOF, Mackintosh to Davies, Apr. 26 and 29, 1960, and Davies to Mackintosh, Apr. 28, 1960. 79 Ibid., D.S. Swain, "Report on Meeting with Heads of Civic Departments in Mayor's Office," Apr. 26, 1961; Mackintosh to Swain, May 12,1961. 80 Ibid., Sargent to Mackintosh, Feb. 18, 1957, "The Developing Shortage of Space for the Physics Department"; Sargent to Mackintosh, Sept. 26, 1958, "Present Deficiency of Space in Ontario Hall"; QSOF, "Proposal for a New Physics Building," 1959. 81 QPOR, E.G. Gill to Mackintosh, July 8,1960; Trustees, Feb. 2-3,1962. 82 The physics department's fourth choice was the Lower Campus; its fifth the field immediately west of Richardson Stadium on the corner of Union and Lower Albert streets. 83 Trustees, Executive Committee, May 4,1960. 84 Ibid. The other five sites, examined by the architects and found wanting, are not identified. 85 Trustees, May 21, 1960. 86 Trustees, Executive Committee, June 23, 1960. The firm had recently designed three Queen's buildings - Ellis Hall, Morris Hall and Leonard Hall - and Principal Mackintosh said: "Those working with this firm have found them most imaginative in their ideas and always ready to co-operate in making changes to meet the wishes of the University." 87 Ibid., Oct. 6, 1960. 88 Ibid. 89 QPOR, Mackintosh to J.M. Macdonnell, Oct. 12, 1960. 90 Ibid., Mackintosh to Corry, Mar. 10, 1961. 91 Trustees, Feb. 3-4, 1961. Five trustees who were absent had all sent letters favouring the site that was chosen. 92 QPOR, Mackintosh to Corry, Feb. 6,1961. 93 Ibid., Mackintosh to Corry, Feb. 13,1961. 94 Ibid., Lower to Mackintosh, Feb. 11, 1961. 95 Ibid., Mackintosh to Lower, Feb. 13, 1961, and Mackintosh to Corry, Mar. i, 1961. 96 Ibid., Mackintosh to Corry, Feb. 15, 1961. 97 Trustees, Feb. 3-4, 1961. 98 Journal, Feb. 14, 1961. 99 Ibid., Feb. 17,1961. 100 Ibid., Feb. 21, 1961. 101 Ibid., Feb. 24,1961. 102 Trustees, Executive Committee, Mar. 21, 1961. The principal's statement, which appeared in the Journal of Feb. 28, 1961, emphasized that the decision "was not taken hi haste or on the basis of expediency." The Board of Trustees, he said, "had examined every possibility from the standpoint of aesthetic considerations, functional location, long-term need, alternative uses, traffic patterns and availability within the time required." 103 Trustees, Executive Committee, Mar. 21 and Apr. 21, 1961. 104 Ibid., Mar. 21, 1961. 105 Macdonnell Papers, Macdonnell to Gill, Feb. 17, 1961. 106 Ibid., Macdonnell to Gill, Mar. 14, 1961.

107 Trustees, May 18-19, 1961, Report of the Faculty Association Committee, "Site for the New Physics Building." The chairman of the committee was Stewart Fyfe and its other members were G.M. Brown, F.W. Gibson, D.M. Jemmett, D.M. Mathers, H.R.S. Ryan, and A.S. West. 108 Trustees, Executive Committee, Mar. 21, 1961. The principal saw to it that all members of the board were provided with copies of the Faculty Association committee's report. 109 This Thomson did on learning of the board's decision to build on the Lower Campus, a decision he opposed the more fervently because he had understood, in negotiating for properties for the women's residences and the Faculty of Law, that "the University would never place a building on the Lower Campus." Ibid., Mar. 21,1961. 110 Ibid. in QPOR, Mackintosh to Corry, Apr. 7, 1961. 112 Trustees, May 18-19, T 96i. 113 QPOR, Mackintosh to Corry, June 9, 1961. r 14 Ibid., Mackintosh to Corry, Apr. 7, 1961. 115 Ibid., Mackintosh to D.I. McLeod, Dec. i, 1959. 116 Ibid., Earl to Mackintosh, May 6, 1961. 117 E.G. Gill Papers, Gill to Corry, June 5, 1961. ir8 Trustees, Oct. 25, 1952. 119 QPOR, Mackintosh to Dunning, Feb. 12, 1953. 120 Ibid., Dunning to Mackintosh, Dec. 2, 1952. 121 Trustees, Executive Committee, Apr. n and May 2, 1953; Trustees, May 17, 1953. 122 In addition to Corry and Orr, the working committee now included Professor Arthur Jackson of the Faculty of Applied Science, J.B. Stirling as chairman of the trustees' building committee, and five recent graduates, all of them members of the university council: P.E.H. Brady, G. Roderick Cameron, John R. Matheson, Dr. James Melvin, and David McGinnis. 123 J.A. Corry, My Life and Work, p. 150. 124 A poll of Queen's students, taken in the autumn of 1953, disclosed that 97 per cent of the replies favoured stone construction. Trustees, Executive Committee, Nov. 21, 1953125 Corry, My Life and Work, p. 150. 126 Trustees, Executive Committee, Apr. 2, 1955. For the thirty-week academic session of 1955-56 residence rates were set at $6.16 per week for double rooms and $6.60 for singles, yielding income of $35,000 which was expected to cover all but $1,000 of operating costs. Senate, July 27, 1955. 127 QPOR, Mackintosh to Ronald L. Watts, Aug. 19, 1955. An interesting expression of Watts's subsequent experience and the prevailing Queen's thinking on the subject of student residences is to be found in an article entitled "The Residence Hall and the University - an Adjunct to a Liberal Education," which Watts and T.H.B. Symons, then dean of Devonshire House at the University of Toronto, published in QQ 64 (Winter 1958): 558-67. 128 Trustees, May 21, 1955. 129 McNeill deplored the indiscriminate structural designations of Queen's buildings: some called buildings, others given functional names and most termed halls, without any regard to the diverse uses being made of them. "I am getting a bit tired of calling nearly any structure a hall," he wrote to Principal Mackintosh, " ... I suggest we forgo Halls on the Leonard Field and have either Residences or Houses. Nevertheless,

497 Notes to pages 400-6

498 Notes to pages 406-14

130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141

142 143

144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152

153 154 155

not my will but that of the Trustees be done. I am quite aware that there is no settled usage." QPOR, McNeill to Mackintosh, May 31, 1955. McNeill's plea was heeded but not for long. The first Leonard Field residence was called McNeill House. It was followed by Morris Hall, Leonard Hall, and, in the 19605, by Gordon-Brockington House. All the other Queen's buildings erected in the sixties were called halls. Journal, Sept. 27,1955. Trustees, Feb. 3-4, 1956. Leonard Hall, furnished and equipped, ran to $1,800,000, nearly as much as the cost of McNeill and Morris combined. Trustees, May 17, 1958. Journal, Mar. n, 1955. Daniel Bell, The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties (Glencoe, 111.: Free Press, 1960). Journal, Oct. 29, 1957. Ibid., Nov. 6, 1956. QPOF, Mackintosh to Sidney Smith, Nov. 3, 1955. Journal, Dec. 4, 1957. Ibid., Feb. 24, 1956. Like every imaginative prank, this one was repeated with variations. Two years later a group of Queen's students, perhaps impatient at the deliberate progress in choosing a new Canadian flag, raised their own distinctive nomination on the flagpoles of Kingston's city hall and post office. It consisted of a inverted St. George's Cross and a maple leaf on a white background; and, as the Journal described it, "a gold crown in the centre of the cross represents the Crown on the flag, and a beehive in the middle of the maple leaf symbolizes the unparalleled industry of Canadians, especially Canadian pranksters." Ibid., Mar. 4, 1958. QPOF, Mackintosh to J.A. Corry, Oct. 31, 1960. These words appear on the plaque which the class of Arts '53 placed to Alfie's memory in the gymnasium. Over his grave in Cataraqui Cemetery the class of Meds '34 erected a stone with the inscription: "Alfie Pierce, 1874-1951, A faithful servant of Queen's University." QR 25 (March 1951): 71. Journal, Feb. 16, 1951. Ibid. QR 25 (March 1951): 73. Journal, Feb. 2, 1954. Ibid., Jan. 19, 1951. Ibid., Mar. 9, 1951. PR, 1957-58, p. 13Ibid., p. 28. Three years later Principal Mackintosh reported an interesting talk with John Coleman, the new head of the mathematics department, about the quality of students in that department: "I was gratified to have him tell me the other day that he found his honours students equal to, if not a bit better than, the students in the Mathematics and Physics course at Toronto. He tells me that of the top i per cent of the Mathematical Association's school contest, we got about one-quarter in our freshmen year." QPOR, Mackintosh to R.O. Earl, Dec. 5,1960. PR, 1958-59, P- 32- • QPOR, Mackintosh to Corry, Apr. 7, 1961. PR, 1960-61, p. 13.

15,6 Ibid., p. 8. 157 The full text of Glen Shortliffe's remarks is to be found in the Cony Papers, "W.A. Mackintosh file file."

SIXTEEN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

QPOR, Mackintosh to Fyfe, May 26, 1959. Cony Papers, W.B. Francis to Cony, June 18 and 26,1958. QPOR, Mackintosh to Peacock, June 9,1961. Ibid., Mackintosh to Gill, June 10, 1958. Ibid., Mackintosh to Dunning, June 19, 1958. 45 Viet., c. 123, sec. n. QPOR, Mackintosh to C.A. Dunning, Sept. 8, 1958. Mackintosh also endeavoured to arrange a meeting for Cony with Chancellor Dunning in Montreal, but Dunning fell ill before it could take place and died on October i. 8 J.A. Cony, interview with the author, Jan. 26,1981. 9 Cony Papers, Stirling to Corry, Oct. 10, 1958. 10 Trustees, Oct. 25, 1958, "Memorandum of Understanding re the Principal and ViceChancellor," signed by E.G. Gill on Feb. 21, 1959, and by W.A. Mackintosh and J.A. Corry on Feb. 24, 1959. The memorandum was placed in a sealed envelope and interleaved with the Board of Trustees' minutes for the meeting of Oct. 25,1958. 11 QSOF, W.R. Lederman, "Memorandum Concerning the Method of Changing the Royal Charter and Statutes Constituting Queen's University at Kingston," Nov. 23, 1959. "Queen's University," Lederman argued, "started as a Royal Charter corporation that entered the Confederation period with interprovincial or national character and objects. This character and these objects meant that only the Parliament of Canada could amend or reconstruct the corporation in its internal organization and government. The enactment of such statutes, starting in 1882, impressed on Queen's University the character of a Dominion Company which was, as a corporation, beyond the reach of the Ontario legislature." Lederman supported his argument by reference to the judgments of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in Dobie v. Temporalities Board, (1881-82) 7A.c. 136 and John Deere Plough v. Wharton (1915) A.C. 330. 12 Statutes of Canada, 1961, c. 85, sec. i, "An Act respecting Queen's University at Kingston." 13 Gill Papers, Corry to Gill, Feb. 12, 1961. Corry made the same point in a letter to Principal Mackintosh, QPOR, Corry to Mackintosh, Feb. 24, 1961. 14 Gill Papers, Gill to Corry, Mar. 9,1961. 15 A copy of Mackintosh's letter to the members of the Queen's faculty, dated April 20, 1961, is included in the minutes of the Board of Trustees for April 21, 1961. 16 Corry was appointed principal at a salary of $30,000, the same amount that Principal Mackintosh received before his retirement; Mackintosh's salary as vice-chancellor was set at $18,000. Principal Corry, like his predecessors, also received a rent-free house, in his case the east house of Summerhill; after Cony's retirement it was assigned in turn to each of his successors. 17 Trustees, Apr. 21, 1961. The specific duties to be assigned to the vice-chancellor were described as: keeping in touch with private foundations in Canada and the United States; planning a method of encouraging more testamentary bequests to Queen's; improving the university's pension plan; codifying the by-laws of the Board of Trustees and the duties of its committees; visiting branches of the Queen's alumni; giving con-

499 Notes to pages 415-24

500 Notes to pages 424-36

sideration to building and financial plans; keeping in touch with generous benefactors; and, finally, "public relations and government relations." Corry, when the list was forwarded to him, questioned only the final item and then solely as to the method of working it out. "My only point here," he wrote to Gill, "is that we shall have to watch so that the two figures of Vice-Chancellor and Principal do not get confused in the public mind." E.G. Gill Papers, Corry to Gill, May 1i,1961. 18 Star, Apr. 24, 1961; Telegram, Apr. 29, 1961. 19 Mackintosh Papers, H.P. Gundy to Mackintosh, Apr. 24,1961. 20 Gill Papers, Corry to Gill, May 29,1961. 21 Ibid., Cony to Gill, May 11,1961. 22 J.A. Corry, My Life and Work, p. 168. 23 "The University and Social Change," in J.A. Corry, Farewell the Ivory Tower, pp. 2-3. 24 J.A. Corry, "The Changing Conditions of Politics," the first of two lectures delivered at Carleton University, Mar. 28,1963. 25 Ibid. 26 Ibid. 27 "The University and Social Change," pp. 6-7. 28 Ibid., pp. 8-io. 29 "The University and Student Initiative," Farewell the Ivory Tower, p. 49. 30 "University Education: Prospect and Priorities," ibid., p. 61. 31 Gill Papers, Corry to Gill, Feb. 4,1961. 32 Corry, My Life and Work, p. 185. 33 "The University and Social Change," p. i. 34 QPOF, Mackintosh to R.H. Common, Aug. 6,1958. 35 Ibid36 Ibid. 37 "I have not arrived at any confident views," W.A. Mackintosh wrote in 1958, "as to the advantages of overlapping membership on these bodies. Our present arrangement has the advantage that the Board leaves academic matters strictly to the Senate. I would have some fears that if professors involved themselves in the financial and property problems of the university, they might also carry academic problems into the Board of Trustees with the result that the Board might occasionally take the initiative. On the other hand, the Principal is at times a very narrow isthmus between these bodies and carries a heavy responsibility." Ibid. 38 See above, p. 264. 39 Hilda Neatby, Queen's University, Volume 1,1841-1917, p. 117. 40 Ibid., p. 311, n. 25. 41 See above, p. 56. 42 See above, p. no. 43 See above, p. 366. 44 Neatby, Queen's University, Volume I, p. 124. 45 Ibid., p. 30. 46 See above, p. 313. 47 See above, p. 163. 48 Neatby, Queen's University, Volume I, p. 240. 49 See above, p. 311. 50 See above, p. 230. 51 PR, 1967-68, p. 9. 52 "The University and the Canadian Community," Farewell the Ivory Tower, p. 28.

^ibliombhy V—J

^M.

*s

UNPUBLISHED SOURCES

McGill University Archives F. Cyril James Papers and Diary Public Archives of Canada, Department of Labour Files W.L. Grant Papers Mackenzie King Papers Adam Shortt Papers F.H. Underbill Papers Sir John Willison Papers Public Archives of Ontario Committee on University Affairs Papers Department of Education Papers Department of University Affairs Papers G. Howard Ferguson Papers Leslie M. Frost Papers Queen's University Archives Ernest C. Gill Papers Queen's University Records: J.A. Gray Papers Board of Library Curators: Minutes Daniel M. Gordon Papers Board of Trustees: Executive Committee Gerald S. Graham Papers minutes; Minutes and Proceedings J.A. Hannah Papers Board of Trustees Letters and Memoranda A.R.M. Lower Papers of J.C. Connell J.M. Macdonnell Papers Council: Minutes and Proceedings W.A. Mackintosh Papers Faculty of Arts: Minutes W.F. Nickle Papers Faculty of Law Papers Glen Shortliffe Papers Principal's Office Files Adam Shortt Papers Senate: Minutes and Proceedings Other Collections: R.G.H. Smails Papers George Herbert Clarke Papers R. Bruce Taylor, memoirs J.A. Corry Papers Reginald G. Trotter Papers Grant Dexter Papers R.C. Wallace Papers Charles A. Dunning Papers Charlotte Whitton Papers

502

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Other collections at Queen's University Queen's Personnel Office Records Queen's Secretary's Office Files fames A. Richardson and Sons Archives, Winnipeg James A. Richardson Papers Mrs. James A. Richardson Papers St. John's College Library, Cambridge University T.R. Glover Papers University of Toronto Archives Harold A. Innis Papers Other archives containing papers related to Queen's University CBC Permanent Archives in Ottawa Carnegie Corporation Archives Rockefeller Foundation Archives Franklin D. Roosevelt Library at Hyde Park Doctoral theses Pilkington, Gwendoline. "A History of the National Conference of Canadian Universities, 1911-1961." University of Toronto, 1974. Stewart, E.E. "The Role of the Provincial Government in the Development of the Universities of Ontario, 1791-1964." University of Toronto, 1970. PUBLISHED SOURCES

Principal's Report. Queen's University, Kingston, Canada. 1918-19 to 1967-68 Newspapers and Periodicals Commentator Queen's Journal Queen's Quarterly Queen's Review Whig-Standard, Kingston Books and Articles Axelrod, Paul. Scholars and Dollars: Politics, Economics, and the Universities of Ontario 7945-1980. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1982. Bindon, Kathryn M. Queen''smen, Canada's men: The Military History of Queen's University at Kingston. Kingston: Trustees of the Queen's University Contingent, COTC, 1968. Bissell, Claude, ed. Canada's Crisis in Higher Education. Toronto: Univerity of Toronto Press, 1957. Brebner, J.B. Scholarship for Canada: The Function of Graduate Studies. Ottawa: Canadian Social Science Research Council, 1945. Brown, G. Malcolm. "The Growth of the Medical Profession in Ontario, 1946-1956." Presidential Address. Annual Meeting, Council of College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario, April 12, 1957. . "Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research in Canada." Bulletin of the Post Graduate Committee in Medicine 26, no. 9 (December 1970): 150-64. University of Sydney, Australia.

Buchanan, Hugh. "Harvesting." QR 16 (December 1942): 263-66. Calvin, D.D. Queen's University at Kingston: The First Century of a Scottish Canadian Foundation 1841-1941. Kingston: Queen's University, 1941. Clark, A.L. The First Fifty Years: A History of the Applied Science Faculty at Queen's University, 1893-1943. n.p., n.d. Corbett, P.E. "The Function of the University." QQ 40 (February 1933): 14-27. Cony, J.A. Farewell the Ivory Tower. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1970. . My Life and Work: A Happy Partnership. Kingston: Queen's University, 1981. Dewar, David G. Queen's Profiles. Kingston: Queen's University, 1951. Falconer, Robert. "Scottish Influences in the Higher Education of Canada." Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada 21, sec. 2. Ottawa: King's Printer, 1927. Pp. 7-20. Financing Higher Education in Canada. Being the Report of a Commission to the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Toronto, 1965. (Bladen Report) Fyfe, William Hamilton. Inaugural Address of William Hamilton Fyfe on the Occasion of his Installation as Principal and Vice-Chancellor of Queen's University. Friday, October 24th 1930. . Sir William Hamilton Fyfe: Commemoration at Christ's Hospital, Horsham, 1967.

n.p. Granatstein, J.L. Canada's War: The Politics of the Mackenzie King Government, 1939• 1945. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1975. Harris, Robin S. A History of Higher Education in Canada 1663-1960. Toronto and Buffalo : University of Toronto Press, 1976. Harrison, G.B. "The Department of English." QQ 51 (Winter 1944-45): 378-89. Industrial Foundation on Education. The Case for Corporate Giving to Higher Education. n.p., 1957Kirkconnell, Watson. A Slice of Canada: Memoirs. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1967. and A.S.P. Woodhouse. The Humanities in Canada. Ottawa: Humanities Research Council of Canada, 1947 Lewis, W.B. "J.A. Gray, 1884-1966." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society of London 13 (November 1967): 89-107. Lower, Arthur R.M. My First Seventy-Five Years. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1967. Macgillivray, J.C. "Fraternities at Queen's." QR 4 (May 1930): 163-65. Mackintosh, W.A. "Adam Shortt, 1859-1931." CJEPS 4, no. 2 (May 1938): 164-76. . "O.D. Skelton." CJEPS 7, no. 2 (May 1941): 270-78. . "William Everett McNeill, 1876-1959." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Canada, 3rd ser., 53 (1959): 105-10. -. "O.D. Skelton." In Canada's Past and Present: A Dialogue, edited by R.L. McDougall. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1965: 59-78. McNeill, W.E. The Story of Queen's. Kingston: Queen's University, 1941. . "Wallace of Queen's." QR 23 (August 1949): 167-76. Neatby, Hilda. Queen's University, Volume I, 1841-1917: And Not To Yield. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1978. The Proceedings on the Occasion of the Installation of William Archibald Mackintosh as Principal of Queen's University. Kingston, 1951. Province of Ontario. Report of the Royal Commission on University Finances. Toronto: King's Printer, 1921. Queen's University: A Centenary Volume 1841-1941. Kingston: Queen's University, 1941.

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504 Bibliography

Robertson, J.K. "Arthur Lewis Clark, 1873-1956." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Canada, 3rd ser., 52 (1958): 71-76. Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences. Report. Ottawa: King's Printer, 1951. Sargent, B.W. "John Kellock Robertson, 1885-1958." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Canada, 3rd ser., 53 (1959): 123-29. . "Joseph Alexander Gray, 1884-1966." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Canada 6 (1968): 107-119. Statistics Canada. Historical Compendium of Education Statistics: Confederation to 1975. Ottawa, 1970. Stewart, H.H. "The Origin and Development of CFRC." Proceedings of the Engineering Society of Queen's University 28 (September 1938): 30-40. Taylor, Principal R. Bruce. "Inaugural Address ... October i6th, 1919." QQ 27 (December i 9 J 9 ) : 135-46. Tracy, C.R. "The Future of the Faculty of Arts." QQ 50 (Summer 1943): 175-88. Urquhart, M.C., and K.A.H. Buckley. Historical Statistics of Canada. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1965. Wallace, R.C. "The Canadian Universities in the War." QR 17 (March 1943): 59-64. . "The University Carries On." QR 16 (June 1942): 163-66.

"Index NOTE : italicized page numbers indicate an illustration Abitibi Chair in Engineering Mathematics, 346 Abramsky, Harry, 377 Abramsky Hall, 377, 373, 382 Academic freedom, 285, 289, 291-92, 296, 343, 47on46, 471^8 Accounting courses, 37, 39 Adams, W.G.S., 14 Adelaide Hall, see also Ban Righ Hall, Residences, 266, 382, 403 Administration building, see also Richardson Hall, 158, 222, 223, 266 Advisory Committee on Reconstruction, 221 Advisory Council on Scientific and Industrial Research, 21 Aesculapian Society, 77 Agnes Etherington Art Centre, 379,381, 394, 396 Alice, Princess, 216 Allibone, T.E., 125 Alma Mater Society (AMS), 99, 188, 228, 404; Arts Inquiry Committee, 413; Colour Night, 146; constitution, 106, 255, 464^2; fraternities, 106-7, 448ngi; initiations, 74, 105, 145, 181; lectures, 147, 309-10; Open Houses, 188; role, 5, 70, 74, 75, 81, 129, 132, 409, 410; constable system, 146; student discipline, 75-77, 145, 182, 186-87, 253, 255, 257-58, 398, 455nio, 4641132; War Aid Commission, 181-82, 185, 187 Althouse, J.G., 361 Aluminum Company of Canada, 196, 249-50

Alumnae Association, 27, 40, 344-45 Alumni, 3, 8, 60-6 1, 366, 369, 400, 433, 49^56-57, 492^5 Alumni Association, 60, 62, 107, 198, 444119 Alumni Maintenance Fund, 265, 271, 367, 466n70

American Medical Association, 19, 33, 163 Anglin, Mary, 241 Angus, William, 147 Anthropology, 484nii3 Applied Science, Faculty of, 6, 9, 12, 190, 228-29, 241-42; admission standards, 50, 443n49, (women), 191; buildings, see also names of buildings, 35, 59-60, 64-66, 22223, 377, 379; curriculum, 18, 232, graduates, 319; enrolment, 65, 205, 232-33, 24344, 315, 475n77; research chairs, 34-35 Arnup, John, 347 Aroutunian, A.A., 310 Arts, Faculty of, see also Arts and Science, Faculty of, 7, 8, 12, 39, 50, 191, '93, 4*3; admission standards, 50, 202, 203, 233-34, 316, 443n49, 461058; buildings, see also names of buildings, 64; Committee on the Improvement of Students' Work, 51; curriculum, 3, 5, 36, 1 11, 233-34, 46*n57 & 59; enrolment, 205, 315-16; graduate fellowships, 36; publications, 26, 35; role 159, 202-3, 206-7, 209, 458nioi & in; staff, 46-47,48,51,85, 111-12, 114, 222; student failure rate, 50-51, 315,, 443n47, 475078 Arts and Science, Faculty of, see also Arts, Faculty of, 317

506 Index

Arts and Science Undergraduate Society, 348 Arts Research Committee, 36, 117,166-67, 259, 328, 331 Arts Society executive, 69 Assumption University, 359-364 passim, 488n22, 489^0 Atheism, 100-101 Athletic Board of Control, 64-65, 75, 106, 413 Athlone, earl of, 215-16 Atkinson Foundation, 376, 485nn6 Atomic Research Laboratories, 196 Austin, Margaret, 386, 387, 494^7 Auxiliary Battalion, 185, 455ni4 Bachelor of Arts degree, 316, 317, 475n8i Bachelor of Science degree, 317 Baconian Society, 98-99, 166 Baker, Manley, 260 Baker, Newton 4., 1 72 Baker, W.C., 141 Balmoral cap, 74 Ban Righ Hall, 40, 43, 60, 62, 248, 382, 403, 442n27; extension, see also Adelaide Hall, 158, 222-24, 249 Ban Righ House Council, 43 Banking courses, 8-9, 24, 37, 47 Bannister, John, 386, 388 Barker, Jim, 25,6 Barott, Marshall, Merett and Barott, 394, 395-96, 4 OI > 496n86 Basmajian, John, 477ni5 Bateman, G.C., 162 Batstone, Harry, 71, 412 Beatty, E.W., 46 Beer, E. Charles, 374 Bell, J. Mackintosh, 65, 83, 86 Beveridge, J.M.R., 245, 317, 325 Biehn, Don, 146 Bieler, Andre", 1 12, 113,115, 379 Bingham, D.L.C., 245 Biochemistry, Department of, 152 Bishop, Morris, 285, 293 Bishop, W.A., 124 Blackburn, Julian, 245 Bloc universitaire, 182 Board of Graduate Studies, 318 Board of Library Curators, 374

Board of Trustees, 30, 99, 106, 107,139, 242; building, 383, 387, 394'97,4°I'3> 496n86; Building Committee, 221; endowment funds, 95-97, 367-69; faculty appointments, 52-55, 57-58, 235; faculty salaries, n, 12,30-31,44,46, 148, (Salariesand Finance Committee), 267-70, 48on6o; Halperin case, 282-84,429,469^7,469^0, 47on31; Investment Committee, 354, 486n7; Jewish student issue, 199-202; members, 62, 102; "Memorandum of Understanding," 421, 426; "The Needs of Queen's University," 158; principal selection committees (Taylor), 13-15, 17, 46, 81-82,44on6, (Fyfe), 83-89,446n2, (Wallace), 133-34, ^7, I41545on3, (Mackintosh), 298-99, 303-4, 306, 472ng, 473n3i, (Cony), 419-22, 424; Queen's charter, 421, 422; research support, 23, 26, 119-21, 124-27, 166-68, 45on37; residences, 27,404, 405,497ni22; role, 131-32, 429-31, 50on37; Shortliffe case, 289,429 Borden, Sir Robert, 46, 89 Bowell, Gary, 146, 187 Boyd, Eldon, 196 Bracken, John, 139 Bradfield, R.D., 117, 196 Brakeley (George A.) Limited, 367, 368 Broadbent, Alan, 68 Brock, W.R., 83, 321 Brockington, Leonard W., 284, 397 Brown, E.K., 235-36 Brown, George A., 306 Brown, Malcolm, 146, 246, 324, 326, 327 Bruce, E., 34-35, 60, 67,117,119, 228, 260, 322,434 Bruce, Geoffrey, 258 Bruce, Lou, 412 Bryce, Beatrice, 338 Buchan, John, se-e Tweedsmuir, John Buchan, ist baron Buchanan, Hugh, 204 Buckley, Douglas C., iga Burton, E.F., 209 Business courses, see Commerce, School of Byng of Vimy, Lady, 40 Callender, George, 98 Calvin, D.D., 89, 91,128,131,135,144, 215

Cameron, J.C., 150, 194 Cameron K.M. 221 Camp, Dalton, 333 Campbell, Sir Alexander, 33, 350 Campbell, J.M., 120, 124-25 Campney, Ralph, 295 Canada (Government) educational grants, 263, 264, 255-58 Canada Council, 328, 357, 358 Canada-United States relations, 172-73 Canadian Army University Course, 214 Canadian Association for Adult Education, 194 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 258, 259; Shortliffe broadcasts, 286, 287-90, 292 Canadian Congress of Labour, 356 Canadian history summer school, 36,48 Canadian Institute for Adult Education, 259 Canadian Legion, 194, 207, 208 Canadian Mathematical Congress, 328-29 Canadian Officers' Training Corps (COTC), 11, 181,184,185, 188, 190, 191, 204, 216, 395. 455nI4 Canadian Student Assembly, 182, 455^-10 Canadian Women's Army Corps, 250 Canadian Youth Congress, 182 Cappon, James, 5, 37, 52 Cappon Chair in English Literature, 96, 338 Cardio-pulmonary department, 324 Carleton University, 355, 359-64 passim, 483H22, 4891140 Carnegie, Andrew, 8 Carnegie Corporation grants, 17-18, 98, 168, 328; fine arts grant, 102, 114-15; library grant, 117; music grant, 114-16 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 172 Carnegie Foundation pension scheme, 8, 30 Carnegie studies on Canadian-American relations, 172 Carruthers Hall, 4, 377, 379 Carson, Cyril, 347, 485ni23 Carson, Orrin, 196 Cassels, Hamilton, 12, 14, 15, 46 Cave, H.M., 34, 112,122, 168,196,434 CFRC, 171-72

Chaplain to the University, 246 Chemical Engineering, Department of, 34, 218

Chemistry, Department of, 66, 327,48on67 Chipman, R.A., 196 Chitty, Willes, 279, 282-83 Cholesterol research, 325 Chown, G.Y., 17, 30, 34,52 Chown, May L., 89, 403-4 Chown Hall, 403 Chown research chair, 34, 327 Church of Scotland, 1-2 Citizens' Forum, 259 Civic Hospital (Ottawa), 31-32, 232 Civil Engineering, Department of, 163, 376 Clark, Arthur Lewis, 8, 21,22, 34,60, 92, 140-41, 180, 197, 306; faculty salaries, 42, 44,62; Japanese-Canadian student issue, 198; scientific research needs, 21, 23, 35, 64-66, ii6-:7, 123,430; students, 48,103, 104, 185, 4431147 Clark, W. Clifford, 35-37,38,56,86,112, 131, 169, 226, 300, 302,434; faculty role in administration, 431; Industrial Relations Section, 149; School of Commerce, 37, 39; Skelton-Clark Memorial Foundation, 332 Clark Hall, 371, 382 Clarke, George Herbert, 55, 215, 235 Cody,H.J.,85,2i2 Cold war, 273-74 Collins, E.A., 119, 126 Commentator, 256, 465^8 Commerce, School of, 24, 26,35, 36, 379; accounting courses, 37, 39; building, 265; business administration courses, 149, 315, 345, 485ni 15; curriculum, 37; enrolment, 39, 47, 3*5-rf Commerceman, 256, 465^8 Commercial Bank, 2 Committee on University Affairs, 363-65, 490043-44 Communism, 274-75, 309-10 Compton, A.H., 123 Compton, Arthur, 293 Conacher, W.M., 48 Conn, Hugh, 338 Connell, Ford, 163,164, 165, 323, 325,434 Connell, Hendry, 118, 119-21, 126-27 Connell Research Foundation, 120, 121 Connell, James Cameron, 20,85,89,91, 144; cancer research, 120, 121,127; Faculty of Medicine, 19, 32; Kingston General

507 Index

508 Index

Hospital, 19, 21 Council, W.T., 5,141,163, 165,321,430, 432 Conscription issue, 182-83 Convocation, 66, 68, 72, 99 Convocation Hall, 240, 248 Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) club, 257 Corey, A.B., 172 Correspondence courses, see Extension courses Cony, James Alexander, 112,114, 169, 258, 259. 261, 309, 310,425; Faculty of Law, 347-49, 485ni25, 486ni3o; men's residences, 405-6,408; principal, selection, 171, 417-22, 424,426; universities' role, 426-29, 436; vice-principalship, 338, 340, 341 Craine, Agnes, 150, 152 Craine Building, 157, 152, 221 Crawford, Grant, 229-30 Creighton, D.G., 170 Cross, Eric, 68 Crump, Norris Roy, 368, 369 Culham, Gordon, 380, 382 Cunningham, D.G., 383,387, 388, 390, 422 Curran, H.W., 112, 229 Currie, A.W., 98 Curtis, Clifford, 169, 302 Curtis, George, 304 Curtis, Guy, 412 Curtis, Lionel, 124

Douglas, James, 8, 12,14,17,19, 32 Douglas Chair in Canadian and Colonial History, 8 Douglas Library, 5, 26, 39,41, 128,158,188, 222, 262, 373-74, 376; appropriations, 42, 60, 167,413,414; archives, 374; building, 8, 26, 30, 39-40, 223; Carnegie Corporation grant, 117; departmental, deposit libraries, see also names of departments and faculties, 374, 376,493ni4; Edith and Lome Pierce Collection of Canadiana, 40, 374; English literature resources, 238-40, 463^2; government documents, 374; library school course proposed, 39,40; music room, 116; special collections, 374; Tweedsmuir Library, 374 Drama Guild, 147, 216, 240 Dramatic Society, 68 Drew, George, 229, 355 Drummond, A.T., 14, 27, 30 Duncan, A.R.C., 245, 317, 338 Dunlop, W.J., 359, 360 Dunning, Charles Avery, 215, 216, 226, 257, 298, 383, 392,4°4,4 r 9> 429; fund-raising, 226, 228, 262, 266,329,367,369,46on35; Halperin case, 282-84, 470^4; reserves policy, 465^4 Dunning Hall, 378, 379 Dupuis, Nathan, 3 Dwyer, J.G., 88 Dyde,S.W.,5

Dafoe, John W., 139, 307 Davies, Arthur, 391, 393 Davies, W.R., 422 Davis, Elmer, 120 Davis, Margaret, 146 Davoud, Paul Y., 146,184 Debating Union, 147, 160, 257,409, 465^8 d'Esterre, J.C., 386-88 Deutsch, John J., 169, 171,180, 340-41,423; physics building issue, 394-96, 398,400; vice-principal (administration), 338, 340, 341, 365,482n83 & 86 Dexter, Grant, 301-2 Diefenbaker, John G., 34g, 350 Dorrance, Roy, 254 Douglas, Alice Vibert, 163, / 64, 185,191, 338, 344

Earl, R.O., 48,119, 229,247, 252, 294,316, 338, 403, 414, 434 Economics and Political Science, Department of, 26, 39, 64, 168, 170-71; headship issue, 55-58; Industrial Relations Section, 149, 150; Institute of Local Government, 229-30 Edmison, J. Alex, 68, 105, 366, 388, 392, 4!3> 495n74 Education, Faculty of, 8, 12, 14 Eggleston, Wilfred, 169 Eichner, Hans, 246, 328 1851 Exhibition Scholarships, 34, 122, 414 Einstein, Albert, 282 Electrical Engineering, Department of, 193 Ellis, C.D., 167-68

Ellis, Douglas Stewart, 231, 232, 252, 260, 338, 434 Ellis Hall, 37s, 377, 382, 396 Emergency Powers Act, 256-57 Employment Service, 103, 315 Engineering mathematics courses, 345-46 Engineering physics program, 34 Engineering Society, 371 English, Department of, 218, 237-40; graduate courses, 239, 484ni 11; headship issue, 5: -55 English Club, 70 Ensol cancer research, 119-21, 126-27 Estall, Martyn, 98, 471^8 Etherington, Agnes, 115, 379 Etherington, Frederick, 117, 119, 121, 14041, 185, 189-90 Etherington Hall, 376, 382 Ettinger, Harold, 315, 324, 338,339,434 Evans, Hugo, 245 Extension courses, 158, 171, 194, 239; correspondence courses, 6, 8-9; enrolment, 47, 317, 47sn84 Faculty, 9, 46-48, 51, 110-11, 160, 249, 25960; administrative role, 134, 299, 306,422, 424, 430-31,50on37; appointments, 5, 31, 42,44,46,114, 148-49,154,161-64, 245-46, 336-38, 343-45,434-35; association, see Faculty Association; Boards, 9, 230-35; discontent, 100, 261; Halperin case, 282, 46gn27; lecture series, 171; Mackintosh, relations, 306, 342-43, 4731*39, 479n5*; merit increases, 335; pensions, 8, 60, 97, 148, 158, 452^5; professor emeritus rank, 336; research, 166-67, X70, 259, 321-22, 328, 330-31, 477n23; role, 160; sabbatical leave, 148, 167, 260,452^7; salaries, 1112, 30-31,42,44,47, 60, 62, 89,97-99, 117, 119-24, 147-48, 153-54, J58) 260-71 passim, 333-36, 358-59, 432,44^5,442H35, 443n44,444H57; women, 344-45,484nio7 & 109; World Warn, 180,193-97,221,244, 456ns6 & 5,7 Faculty Association, 261, 334, 400-401, 432, 467n86, 479^2 Faculty Players, 240 Fairbank, Henry, 288, 4701145 Falconer, R.A., 75, 84-85

Farrell, J.M., 139-41 Fay, C.R., 56-57 Fellowships, 26, 35, 330, 332 Ferguson, Howard, 65-66, 83,92 Financial Post poll on universities in wartime, 206 Findlay, John, 76-77, 79 Fine, Charles, 257 Fine Arts, School of, 102, 114-15, 158, 219, 379 Fisher, Douglas, 3 74 Fleming, Sandford, 12 Fleming Hall, 6 Fletcher, John, 4 Football, 71, 73, 107, 160, 186-87, 252-53, 255, 409-10; "McGill riot," 145 Foote, John, 256 Ford Foundation, 329 Forestry, School of, 8 46th Battery Royal Canadian Artillery, 11 Fortye, W.T., 369 Founder's Walk, 223 Fowler, James, 4 Fox, A.M., 246 Franklin Institute, Biochemical Research Foundation, 119, 121 Fraternities, 105-7, 448^1 "Frolic," 68, 72, 76-77, 78,445^36 Frontenac County Law Association, 348 Frost, Grenville, 228, 336-37 Frost, Leslie: expropriation issue, 388-90; university grants, 228-29, 355, 358, 360-61, 3^3, 4611142 Fyfe, William Hamilton, 87, 91-92, 99-102, 107, 128, 133-36, 139, 142; Board of Trustees, 102; cancer research project, 120; faculty administrative role, 114,431; fine arts courses, 114-15; Gray research project, 123-27; music courses, 115; principalship, 88-89, 100-102, 127-30; final report, 128-32, r 44'45; salary, 88-89; students and, 104, 109-10, 128-29, T46; university role, 109-11, 117 Garbutt, Gordon C., 392-93 Geography, Department of, 345, 484ni 13 & 114 Geology library, 376 German Club, 70

5°9 Index

5 IO Index

Gibsone, Derrick, 246 Gill, Ernest C., 267, 268, 367, 369, 388-90, 393, 400, 403, 419-22, 423 Gillies, David, 280-81, 283 Glover, T.R., 5, 83 Goodwin, W.L., 4 Gordon, Daniel Miner, 7, 13, 26-27, 52, 53 Gordon, Donald, 332 Gordon, Walter, 304 Gordon, Wilhelmina, 215 Gordon Hall, 8, 64, 66, 92, 222-24, 248, 265, 266, 377 Gouzenko, Igor, 275, 277, 279 Graduate studies, 5, 160-61, 166, 238-39, 245-46, 318-19, 321, 322; admission standards, 319; enrolment, 197, 317-19, 325; fellowships, 26, 35 Graham, Gerald S., 112, 306, 434 Graham, Stanley, 162 Grant, George, 146 Grant, George Monro, 3-7, 27, 435 Grant, Leroy, 386-88 Grant, W.L., 13, 14, 55, 81-83, 88-89 Grant Hall, 12, 188, 193, 248, 249 Gray, Alexander 86, 88 Gray, Joseph A., 34, 48, 117, 118, 121-22, 322, 325; expertise inventory, 194; research projects, 122-27, 167-68, 196, 265-66; university role, 230, 430, 436 Greene, Lome, 147 Grey, Rodney, 257 Gundy, H. Pearson, 373, 375, 376 Gymnasium, see also Old Gymnasium, 60, 64-65, 92-93, 95, 193, 249, 465n55 Hadaka, Kunio, 199 Hall, G. Edward, 360, 362 Halperin, Israel, 275, 276, 277, 328; case, 277-84, 429, 468ng & 20, 46^127 & 30,

470n31

Hamilton, H.J., 397 Hamilton, John, 260-61 Hannah, Jason A., 75, 76, 79 Hardy, A.C., 102, 124, 125 Harkness, R.D., 168, 223, 367, 420 Harrison, Frank Llewellyn, 1 16, 215 Harrison, G.B., 231, 235-37, 261, 462^5 & 73; Department of English reforms, 237-41, 430, 463n82 & 90

Harty, Jock, 40 Hawley, J.E., 119, 197, 228,326, 327 Hay, M. Neil, 223, 249-50, 288 Haydon, Andrew, 84,86 Healey, Kathleen, 98 Health and Welfare, Department of, 323 Heating costs, 98-99 Heating plant, 28, 30, 33, 98, 265, 380 Heaton, Herbert, 5,7, 58 Hebb, D.O., 196 Henel, Heinrich, 114, 261 Henry, George S., 92 Hicks, R.K., 48 Hilborn, H.W., 245 Hinton, Ralph, 98 Hodgetts, J.E., 246, 332, 479IH3 Hooten, Frank, 256 Hotel Dieu Hospital, 232 Housing Office, 249 Housing shortage, 248-51 Howarth, Mike, 258 Hughes, Arthur L., 34, 35 Hughes, "Billy," 71 Humanities, role, 21 o, 217-20, 458ni 11 Humanities Research Council of Canada, 212, 327-28 Humphrey, George, 173, 795, 196, 260, 4^41138 Hydraulic laboratory, 64, 66 Industrial Relations Section, 149-50, 194 Inman, G.J., 75 Innis, Harold, 170, 210, 307, 309 Institute of Local Government, 229-30 Insull, Samuel, 33, 102 Institute of Advanced Studies (Princeton), 277, 280, 282 Institute of Chartered Accountants of Ontario, 37, 39 International Relations Club, 147, 257, 274, 409, 46^38 International Union of Students, 275 James, F. Cyril, 207-9, 21 1-12, 221, 253, 304, 459ni2i Jamieson, Park, 347 Japanese-Canadians: deportation issue, 257, 465n4i; student admission issue, 197-99

Jeffery, Ralph L., 245, 247, 319, 328-29 Jemmett, Douglas M., 171, 193, 795, 434 Jews, student admission issue, 199-202,

457n73

Jock Harty Arena, 40, 222, 394-97 Jolliffe, R.O., 79 Jones, Frank, 83 Jones, J.K.N., 196, 327, 336, 337 Jordan, Dennis, 413 Jordan, W.G., 5 Jorgensen, Eric, 256 Journal, 147, 160, 256, 397-98, 413 Kennedy, R.J., 246 Kent, H.A., 180 Keppel-Jones, A.M., 332 King, Alice, 98, 114 King, Mackenzie, 86, 169, 173-75, 2 I 2 > 478040 King, Tony, 408 Kingston, 72, 222; expropriation issue, 37980, 382-91, 393, 495n67; housing shortage, 248-5 1 ; Roosevelt visit, 1 73, 1 75 Kingston Art and Music Association, 115 Kingston Art Association, 114 Kingston City Council, 32, 386, 388 Kingston Council of Social Agencies, 250 Kingston General Hospital, 19, 21, 30-34, 223, 232, 266, 46on25; cancer research, 1 19-20, 124; Walter T. Connell Wing, 376 Kingston Hall (New Arts Building), 12,38, 64, 186-87, i93» 395 Kingston Heating and Maintenance Workers Union, 467^6 Kingston School of Mining and Agriculture, 6-8 Kirkconnell, Watson, 210, 211, 274, 289, 458nm Kiwanis Club of Kingston, 171 Klugh, A.B., 48 Knight, A.P., 5 Knox, Frank A., 48, 68, 169, 205, 269, 27071,434 Krotkov, Gleb, 1 12, 1 14, 119, 326, 327, 331 Kydd, Winnifred, 1 14, 163 Kyte, E.G., 373 Labour, Department of, 39, 193-94, 2O9 Labour-Progressive Club, 274

Laird, D.H., 93, 201 Laird, Hilda, 40, 103, 104, 1 14, 344, 434,

484n108

Lakehead University, 361, 362, 488022, 4891140 Lansbury, John, 68 Lasalle Barracks, 250 Laurentian University, 362, 488n22, 4891140 Laverty, A. Marshall, 246, 375 Law, Faculty of, 2, 5, 346, 348, 350, 379, 434, 486ni3o; enrolment, 314; faculty appointments, 338; library, 350, 376 Law Society of Upper Canada, 246-48,

485n118

Leadlay, "Pep," 71, 412 Lederman, William R., 338, 349, 350, 422, 499nl I Lemieux, R.U., 331 Leonard, R.W., 89, in, 124, 224, 380, 408 Leonard Field, 224, 382, 385, 386, 405 Leonard Hall, see also Residences, 408 Lepan, Douglas, 331-32, 337-38, 481071-73 Levana Society, 77, 106, 185, 188, 398, 445"44 Lewis, Gary, 412 Lindsley (Thayer) Fund, 376 Little, Walter, 68 Lord, T.V., 162-63 Love, H.M., 332 Lowell, Abbott Lawrence, 43 1 Lower, Arthur, 245, 247, 274, 324, 331, 335-36, 337, 342, 373, 4781137, 483193; physics building issue, 397, 398, 400, 491 Lower Campus, 223-24, 380, 386, 394-98, 400-403 Lunan, David Gordon, 277-81 passim, 283, 468011 & 16 McArthur, Duncan, 36, 48, 98, 1 12, 434 McAskill, J.I., 388 Macbeath, Alexander, 86, 88 MacCallum, H.R., 48 McClelland, Peter, 414 McCurry, H.O., 114, 115 MacDonald, J.F., 52-54 passim, 58 Macdonald Hall, 349, 350, 379 Macdonnell, G.M., 12 Macdonnell, James MacKerras, go, 91, 143, '53, 157, 176, 178, 200-201, 226, 283, 298,

5 11

Index

512 Index

367> 369, 4°°, 422,434; Board of Trustees, 102, 139; English headship, 55, 236, 237; faculty research, 124, 126, 127, 170; Fyfe and, 100-101, 130-31; principal selection committee (Fyfe), 81, 84-85, 88-89, (Wallace), 133-42 passim, 144, 297, 45ini4, (Mackintosh), 298-99, 303-4 Macdonnell, Kate, 258 Macdonnell, Peter, 187 McDougall, A.G., 279, 280 Macfarlane, J.C., 102, 288 McGill University, 199, 200, 208, 245, 253, 258, 274, 366 Macgillivray, John, 5 McGinnis, T.A., 64, 65, 223 Mclntosh, Robert L., 337 Mclver, R.M., 139-40 MacKay, George, 103, 162 McKelvey, Gilbert, 75 McKelvey, "Red," 71 MacKerras, John, 3 McKerrow, George, 124 Mackintosh, William Archibald, 35,48, 56, 117, 166,169-70, 180, 294, 299-303,305, 307-10,322,349, 365,373,377,415,41722,423,424,426,434,443^5,4?2ni4 & 17; administrative appointments, 338, 34041; Board of Trustees, 59; economics headship issue, 56-58; endowment campaign, 366-69; expropriation issue, 382-91; faculty, 259. 342-43, (appointments), 336-38, 34345, (research), 322, 324, 325, (salaries), 270, 333-36 passim, 479^1; Faculty of Law, 347-48; McLaughlin Trust, 329, 47gn32; men's residences, 404-6; Ontario provincial grants, 358-64,498^8; physics building issue, 395-98,400-403; principalship, 136, 142, 171, 298-99, 303-4, 306-7, 350-5i, 353,434-55; Public relations, 392, 393, 495n75; School of Commerce and Business Administration, 149; Skelton and, 307-9; Skelton-Clark Memorial Foundation, 33, 333; students and, 51,316,409-10, 414-15, 4751181; university role, 310-14, 474n6o & 63 McLaughlin, Adelaide, 403 McLaughlin, R. Samuel, 150, 226, 227, 228, 266,433; Tweedsmuir library, 374 McLaughlin Trust, 329-33,478^2-33 & 35

McLaughlin Hall, 222-26 passim, 227, 228, 248, 266 McLaughlin research chairs, 331 McLeod, D.I., 85 McLeod, Norman, 367 McMaster University, 199, 355, 359-64 passim, 488n22, 4891140 MacNamara, Arthur, 210-12 passim Macnaughton, John, 5 McNeill, William Everett, 52, 53, 84, 94, 126, 131, 143, 157, 262, 373, 406; Board of Trustees, 102; Cappon Chair of English Literature, 96; endowment (campaign), 59, 60, 1 01, 102, (funds, use), 65, 157; English headship issue, 52-53; faculty salaries, 97, 267-70; financial reserve policy, 42, 65, 93, 95-98, 101, 152-55, 225, 262-72, 365, 432, 4471145; principal selection committee (Wallace), 133-36, 139-41,4511111, Mackintosh), 298, 299, 306-7; Queen's University centenary, 2 1 6; Roosevelt visit, 174-76 passim; students (admission standards), n, (debates), 68; treasurer, 100, 101, 142 McNeill House, see also Residences, 406, 407, 408 MacPhail, Alexander, 241, 163 Macpherson, L.G., 315-16 McQuarrie, James, 253 MacRae, Alex E., 284, 402 Machine shop, 248 Manske, R.G.H., 34 Marrison, W.A., 44 in 14 Marsh, Leonard, 221 Marshall, D.H., 4 Marshall, Lome, 396 Massey, Vincent, 237 Massey Commission, see Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences Mathematics, Department of, 379, 414,

498n152

Matheson, John, 44, 49, 50-51, 60, 104, 141, 166, 180, 191, 203 Medical Centenary Fund, 366, 376 Medicine, Faculty of, 2, 5, 8, 9, 12, 19, 158, 163, 165, 346; admission standards, 19, 50, 443n49; American Medical Association rating, 19, 33, 163; buildings, see also

names of specific buildings, 376-77, (curriculum), 19, 30-32, 166, 230, 232, 319; clinical instruction, 19, 314, 475^5, (wartime accelerated program), 189-90, 4561137; enrolment, 33, 205, 314-15, women, 191, 456^4; library, 376; research, 323-24, 476ng, 477ni5, cancer research project, 119, 121 Meighen, Arthur, 83 Meisel, John, 246, 328 Mergler, Leo, 256 Merriman, R.O., 308, 474^1 Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Company, 123-26 passim Michell, Humfrey, 38 Miller, James, 48, 119 Miller, Norman, 48,49,434 Miller, Willet G, 5, 34-35 Miller research chair, 34-35, 327, 44ini7 Miller Hall, 66, 67, 92,93,95 Mining and Metallurgy, Department of, 162 Minnes, James A., 32 Missionary Association, 68 Mitchell, Humphrey, 203 Mock Parliament, 25,8, 409 Moir, R.Y., 331 Montgomery, Bennett, 386 Morand, Kathleen, 483nio6 Morrison, J.L., 8, 36 Morris Hall, see also Residences, 408 Mulock, Sir William, 139 Municipal government courses, 229-30 Munitions and Supply, Department of, 190 Munro, H.F., 85-86 Munro, W.B., 84-85 Murray, John, 86, 88-89 Music courses, 114-16, 158 Mylks, G.W., 163 National Conference of Canadian Universities (NCCU ), 244; arts faculties in wartime, 206, 207-13, 45gni2i; "Crisis in Higher Education" conference, 356-57, 488n2O National Defence, Department of, 189-90, 193, 208, 250, 295, 323 National Employment Commission, 169, 300, 454n29 National Federation of Canadian University Students (NFCUS), 182, 275

National Research Council of Canada, 34, 194, 196, 265-66, 323, 328,414,476n6 National Resources Mobilization Act, 183, 455n13

National Selective Service Regulations, 2047, 209, 213,458^7,459™ 24 National Service Advisory Committee, 181 National War Services, Department of, 183, 208 "Naughty Nine," 410 "The Needs of Queen's University," 157-58 New Arts Building, see Kingston Hall New Medical Building, 376 Nickle, William Folger, 45,46, 62, 82-88 passim, 91, 348 Nickle, W.M., 358, 382-84, 387-90,4941140, 495n65 Nicol, William, 5, 8, 321 Nicol Hall, 8,12, 64-66, 222-24, 248,377 No. 2 Canadian Army University Group, !93 No. 5 Queen's Stationary Hospital, 11 Nuclear physics research, 167-68 Nursing, School of, 194, 314

Observatory, 8 Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of, 163 Official Secrets Act, 277, 279 Old Arts Building, 4, 12, 185, 376, 396 Old Gymnasium, see also Gymnasium, 6466,92, 124-25,377 Old Medical Building, 2, 376 Oliver, Farquhar, 389 Ontario (Province): Japanese-Canadians, 198; Kingston General Hospital grant, 3334; Queen's College grants, 2, 6-8; Queen's University grants, 14, 29, 33-34,42,59-6o> 65-66, 92-93,95, '53, J57, 262-63, 358-65, (faculty salaries), 44, 269, 270, (library), 39, (research), 355, 357-64, $1^13, 488n22; Royal Commission on University Finances, 31-33; university grants, 355, 357-64, 487ni3, 488n22 Ontario Hall, 6, 64, 66, 92,167, 248, 393 Ontario Racial Discrimination Act, 201, 457n77 Ontario Research Council awards, 414 "Operation Happy Birthday," 410, 498^1

513 Index

514 Index

Opinicon (Lake) biological research station, 228-29 Orr, John, 119,195,196,266, 269,405,434 Osgoode Hall, 5, 346-48 Pathology laboratory, 19, 33 Parkin, George, 14 "The Paths of Learning," 216 Peacock, Edward R., 13-14,53-55, 61, 8188 passim, 124, 135-36, 236 Petri, Eduardo, 115-16 Physical and Health Education, Department of, 260, 315,413 Physics, Department of, 21, 162; building site issue, 393-98,400-402,4g6n82 Physiology Building, see Abramsky Hall Physiology laboratories, 324 Pickersgill, J.W., 304 Pierce, "Alfie," 71,411,412-13 Pierce, Lome, 40, 374, 375 Porter, Dana, 270 Power, Charles G., 333 Presbyterian Church, 7 Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Department of, 33 Price Waterhouse and Company, 340, 341, 482n8o & 89-90 Prince, A.E., 252 Principal, see also names of incumbents, 2, 84-85; role, 134,421,429-31,45on8; title, 311,47^64 Principal's Fund, 125,447n6i Pritchett, Henry, 17 Professional education: aims, 37, 159,161, 217-20, 428, 44in22; enrolment, 317 Public administration courses, 24, 158 Public Affairs Club, 257,409,465^8 Public Archives of Canada summer school, 36,48 Public health and preventive medicine chair, 102 Public Relations and Endowment Office, 366 Public Relations Office, 391-93,4951174-75 Purvis, A.B., 300 Putnam Mathematics Prize, 414 Queen's College, 1-2,3,4, 6-7 Queen's Endowment Association, 4

Queen's history summer school, 99 Queen's Intercollegiate Debating Champions, 68, 73 Queen's Quarterly, 6, 60,117,338 Queen's "spirit," 5, 105-7, 248-49,406, 432-33, 435 Queen's Theological College, 7 Queen's University, 15 8-89, 161,216-18, 245,439n5; administration, see also offices and officers, 130-32; buildings, see also names of buildings, 26-28, 221-23, 225-26, 241-42, 246, 248, 263, 264, 353, 371-79; campus expansion, 23-24, (expropriation), 380,382-91,393,494n55 & 57, 495n67; centenary, 215-16; charter, 7,421-22,424, 499ni i; crest, 99; Depression, effects, 9293, 100, 116-17,447n4°> endowment, 1-2, 93,157, 1 5%, 353-54, 359,365-66> 392, 486n7, (campaigns), 12-13, 17-18,59-62 passim, 101-2, 264-66, 288-89, 291-92, 36669,466n6g-7o, (committee), 157, (office), 157, (use), 29, 30,40, 65,93, 95, 225, 442n28; finances, 12, 29, 31-34,42,59-61, 65-66, 92-93,95, 152-55,157, 226, 262-72, 353-55,358-65,432,433,46(^35,465^364,467n79,488n22,489^0,490^6 & 48, (reserves policy), 42, 93,95-97,154, 365, 49r-53, (system reorganized), 340-41, 482n8o-8i & 89-90; national service tradition, 13, 23, 112,157, 171,43S-36; World Wars, effects, 11, 179,189, 207 Radiological physics courses, 34 Ralston, J.L., 300 Red Cross, 11,181,185,456^6 Reed, Guilford B., 48,119, 795,196,32122,327 Reeve, Ted, 107 Research, 26,42,116-17,158,160,161,16670 passim, 194, 196, 262, 321-25, 327-33 passim, 476n7 Residences, see also names of residences, 27, 30,40, 158, 221-24, 248, 249, 380, 382-86 passim, 403-6,408,497ni26 & 129 Rettie, R.S., 146 Rhodes Scholarships, 146, 414 Richardson, George Taylor, 40 Richardson Memorial Fund, 115 Richardson, Mrs. H.W., 33

Richardson, James Armstrong, 40, 61, 62, 89> 9, 9i, 92, ioo, 131, 143, 226,434; Gray research project, 124-27 passim; Industrial Relations Section, 150; McNeill's financial policies, 99,153; principal selection committees (Fyfe), 81-82, 84-86, 89, (Wallace), 133-37, 139-42; Roosevelt visit, 176 Richardson, Mrs. James (Muriel), 166, 259, 328, 379; principal selection committee (Mackintosh), 298, 303-4, 472^0 Richardson (James) and Sons, 150 Richardson Hall, see also Administration building, 369, 371,372, 373, 382; Collins Room, 369,371 Richardson pathology laboratory, 376-77 Richardson Stadium, 40, 174, 176,178, 222 Riches, Dorothy, 194 Rigney,TJ.,348 Roberts, Goodridge, 115 Robertson, Edwin, 163 Robertson, J.K., 34,48,49, 322 Rockefeller Foundation, 31, 32, 102, 328, 329; theatre proposal, 240, 241,463^0 Rogers, Norman McLeod, 112,113,114, 117, 146, 169, 175, 449ni4 Rogov, Colonel, 278 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 173-76, 177, 178 Root, Elihu, 17-18 Rose, D.C., 34 Roselawn, 250 Rosenbluth, Gideon, 333, 342-43 Ross, Malcolm, 245, 247, 328, 338 Rowland, Mary, 169 Roy, James A., 117,4&2n62 Royal Canadian Air Force, 193, 233, 249, 465155 Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps, 189 Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 199, 295 Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons, 2,5

Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations, 169-71 Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences, 271, 328, 355,356,357 Royal Commission on Price Spreads, 169 Royal Commission to Investigate ... the

Communication... of Secret and Confidential Information, 275, 277, 279-81, 283, 468n7 & u, 16 Royal Military College, 250, 294-95 Royal Society of Canada, 99, 215 Royce, Jean Isabel, 98,1/3,114 Russian courses, 345, 484nr 13 Rutherford, Ernest, 122-26 passim Ryan, Frank, 68 Ryan, Stuart, 350 St John's Ambulance Corps, 182, 185 St. Laurent, Louis S., 89, 306,357 Sanderson, Hugh, 304 Sandwell, B.K., 49,54,80-81, 257 Sargent, B.W., 112,122,168,196,326,327, 331, 393, 434, 476n7 Saunders, Lois, 26 Schmidt, Gerhard, 98 Scholarships, 111,158, 316, 353, 486114 Schreider, Gary, 412 Schwartz, Maurice, 204 Science Research Committee, 23, 35, 117, 119,123,166, 230, 259,323-25,331,476n8 Scott, F.R., 236 Seccombe, Thomas, 53-54 Secretary to the University, 340, 341, 482n8i Sedgewick, G.G., 235, 236-37 Senate, 11, 18, 83, 158,453n2; Board of Graduate Studies, 318; Committee on Fine Arts, 114; Committee on Public Lectures, 99; Japanese-Canadian student issue, 198, 199; Jewish student issue, 200-201; McLaughlin Trust Committee, 329-30, 478n32; reorganization, 9, 72, 130, 132, 430,445H27; role, 72,166, 242,430; student discipline, 72, 74-77, 79-82, 104, 1067, 129,132,145, 253, 255 445n36,448n9192, 464n32 Shannon, David, 405 Sheffield, Edward, 356, 487n18 Shortliffe, Glen, 259, 261, 276, 285-86,415; CBC broadcasts, 275, 284-96 passim, 429, 47on47; RMG incident, 294-95 Shortt, Adam, 5,13,14, 23,31,83,88,322, 434; faculty appointments, 54-57 passim Shotwell, James T., 139-40 Simonds, Guy, 306

515 Index

516 Index

Sinclair, R.G., 152 Sisco, Gordon A., 68 Skelton, Alex, 169 Skelton, Oscar Douglas, 8, 13, 23-24,25, 34, 38,39, 55-56, 62, 226, 322, 332,434,436; commerce courses, 24, 26, 37, 39; faculty, 42, 44,47, (appointments), 52, 57; Mackintosh and, 56,302, 307-9,443n64; principal selection committees, 15, 83, 85-86, 89, 136, 139-41 passim; research proposals, 24, 35, 116-17, 430; Roosevelt visit, 173-74; Skelton-Clark Memorial Foundation, 33233, 478n4o, 479^2; student failure rate, 48,50.51 Skelton-Clark Memorial Foundation, 33233, 366, 478n40, 479^42 Skeoch, Lawrence, 333 Slater, David, 246 Smails, R.G.H., 39, 213, 315 Smethurst, Eric, 245 Smith, A.J.M., 236,462n6g Smith, Britton, 386, 388, 389 Smith, E. Russell, 68 Smith, Gordon, 158, 225, 262, 365 Smith, Nichol, 236 Smith, Sidney, 207, 211-12, 253, 304, 307, 409 Snodgrass, William, 2-3 Soberman, Daniel A., 350 Social Problems Club, 147 Social Science Research Council of Canada, 210, 211, 327-28 Social sciences, 210; building, 382-84 passim; research, 24, 26, 35 Socialist study group, 257, 274 Sociology, 345 Soldier-student relations, 187-88 Sororities, 106 Sports, see also Football, Gymnasium, 40, 71, 180, 181, 186-87,252,413 Stackpole, Stephen H., 488n2o Stalford, Samuel, 60, 61 Stamping Mill, 34, 64 Stanley, Carleton, 211 Stanley, John, 114, 119 Steacie, E.W.R., 336 Stevenson, K.L., 64, 81 Stewart, Bryce, 149 Stewart, H.L., 55

Stewart, Ron, 412 Stewart, W.J., 388 Stinson, W.G., 246 Stirling, John Bertram, 223, 288,349, 367, 369,388,400,420,423,47on47,4941147 Stone Frigate, 250 Stoner, Gerry, 256 Student Christian Movement, 147 Students, 72, 74, 103-4, l6o > l82, 253, 255, 408-10, 455nio, 498ni4i; academic standards, 48,50-51, 129-30, 204-6, 315,413-14, 443n47, 458ng7, 475^8; achievements, 146-47,414; admission standards, see also names of departments and faculties, 109, in, 129, 132, 201-2, (Japanese-Canadians), 197-99, (Jews), 199-202, 457*173; church attendance, 68, 147; clubs, see also names of clubs, 70,409; dances and dancing, 66, 68, 72, 75-76, 84, 104,180, 188-89, 409; drinking, 68, 74, 76, 255; employment, 103-4; enrolment, see also names of faculties, 2, 3, 31,42, 242, 249, 267, 314-17 passim, 44in6, 466^4, 475^74, (depression), 92, 96, 102-3, (Jews), 199-201, (projections), 312-14, 356,474^1,487ni8, (veterans), 243-44, 463113, (World Wan), 11-12, (World Warn), 180, 191; fees, 6, 29,4°, 42, 59, 95-96, 153, !57, 262-65 passim, 271, 353, 4471143, 4651157, 466^4, 486n4; fraternities, 70, 105-7, 448^1-92; government, 70, 80, 105, 129, 145; housing, see also Residences, 248-51; initiations, 68, 69, 7o-7i, 74, 75, !05, H5-46, 181, 186, 187, 252, 253; Japanese-Canadian deportation issue, 257, 465n4i; origins, 42, 103, 317-18,442n29,448n64,475n86-87; physics building issue, 398, 400-402 passim; political interests, 256-59, 274-75; smoking, 68, 74-75, 255; soldiers, relations, 187-88; strike, 66, 75-77, 79-81; veterans, 251-52, 255-56; World War I enlistment, 11; World Warn, 180-81,183, 185-86, 189-91,193, 203-5, 455nI4, 4561136, 457n93, (enlistment), 256 Students' Memorial Union, 27-28, 30, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 193, 222-24 passim, 249, 266, 444ni2; Wallace Hall, 266 Summer school, 6, 8,47-48, 60; Canadian history, 36, 48; faculty salaries, 47, 443n44;

mathematics, 328-29 Summer-hill, 2, 3, 376, 493n15 Swain, Donald S., 393 Swan, Frank, 68 Sweezey, R.O., 61, 80, 82 Sydenham Ward Property Owners Association, 386 Tait, M.D.C., 48 Taussig, F.W., 37 Taylor, Kenneth W., 299, 304 Taylor, Robert Bruce, 15, 16, 17, 29, 31-34 passim, 46-48 passim, 66, 81-83, 88, 91, 92; educational priorities, 29-30, 44, 46; endowment campaign, 17-18; faculty appointments, 52-58; faculty salaries, 44; students and, 71-72, 74, 75, 77, 79, 80, 82, 146 Technical Supplies, 371 Theatre, 222, 239-40, 241, 463^0 Theological Alumni Conferences, 6 Thomas, Harold, 253 Thompson, W.P., 209 Thompson, W.R., 246 Thomson, Graham, 390, 401, 403, 497nio9 Tillotson, Morley C., 262, 340, 341, 365, 386, 394, 401 Tindall, Frank, 252, 410 Tirol, Marcel, 294 Todd, H.G., 224, 380, 382 Tracy, H.L., 98, 112, 199, 200, 202 Trades and Labour Congress, 356 Tricolor Society, 146 Trotter, Reginald G., 36, 48, 98, 112, 113, 114-15, 172, 199.322 Tweedsmuir, John Buchan, ist baron, 172; library and papers, 374 Universities, 312, 355-65; role in wartime, 207, 208, 213, 458nioi University Council, 3, 132, 145, 162, 226, 433-34 University of Ottawa, 355, 359-64 passim,

487n13, 488n22

University of Toronto, 32, 75, 199, 200, 245, 2 53> 274, 346, 347, 383, 390; admission standards, 50, 1 1 1 ; faculty salaries, 268-70 passim, 334, 359, 466076; Ontario provincial grants, 351, 361, 364, 488n22, 489^0 University of Waterloo, 359-63 passim, 389,

390, 488n22, 489040 University of Western Ontario, 33, 199, 355, 359-64 passim, 383, 390, 488n22, 4891140 Urquhart, M.C., 246, 406 Vallentyne, J.R.W., 332 Veterans, 18, 250-52, 255-56; education grants, 263, 264, 355-56, 463^8, 487ni2; enrolment, 232-33, 242-44, 46303 Veterans Affairs, Department of, 232-33, 243, 323» 463*17 Vice-chancellor, 424, 49gni7 Vice-principal (administration), 340, 341,

482n90

Vincent, C.J., 112,239 Vlastos, Gregory, 112, 114, 261 Walker, Alistair, 240 Walker, C.E., 39 Wallace, Malcolm, 211 Wallace, Robert Charles, 85, 89, 132, 13637, ^38, 139-42, i43> J44, 172-73, 189-90, 194, 196, 227, 240, 297-98, 358, 451033 & 36; academic freedom, 288, 291, 4701146, 47in58; faculty, 170-71, 259, (appointments), 148-49, 153-54, 161-64, 235-37, 245,462n62, (salaries), 147-48, 15,3-54, 267-71, 333; fund-raising, 157, 162, 171, (endowment campaign), 264-66, 466n6g70; Great Men of Queen's, 215; Halperin case, 280-83; humanities in wartime issue, 191, 193, 206-12 passim, 217-20; Industrial Relations Section, 149-50; Japanese-Canadian student issue, 198-99; Jewish student issue, 199-202 passim; "Looking Forward in Education," 216-18; Mackintosh and, 300-301; McNeill financial policies, 153-55 passim, 264, 270, 272, 465n63; "Planning for Canada," 215; postwar planning, 22123, 225; public relations, 171, 172; research support, 160, 161, 166-68, 228-29, 322, 32829, 461042; Roosevelt visit, 173-78 passim; Shortliffe broadcasts, 288-92; students and, 145-47, 186-87, 203, 205-6, 213, 251-5,8 passim; university role, 158-61, 432 Walsh, J.C., 289 Walters, Chester, 229 War Measures Act, 257, 275 Ward, Norman, 333

517 Index

518 Index

Wartime Bureau of Technical Personnel, 213,232 Watson, E.E., 112 Watson, John, 3,5, 11, 14, 15, 28,321, 44on9 Watts, J.R., 176, 178 Watts, Ronald L., 341-42, 377,406 West, A.S., 246 Whalley, George, 246, 328 Whitton, Charlotte, 62, 83, 88, 99, 133-35, : 39, 434, 466n68 Wilgar, W.P., 27, 163 Wilgress, Dana, 302 Williamson, James, 2 Willison, John, 67 Wilson, Cairine, 124 Women, n, 98, 182, 185, 205, 106; admission standards, 3, 191, 456^4; enrolment,

12, 103, 316; faculty appointments, 344-45, 484nio7 & 109; residences, see Residences and names of residences Women's Medical College, 5 Women's Voluntary Service Corps, 185 Wood, S.T., 281 Woodhouse, A.S.P., 219-20, 235-36 Woodrow Wilson Fellowships, 414 World War i, effect, 11 World Warn, effect, 179-81, 185-86, 196-97, 201, 207, 256 Wynne, W.H., 57 Yamaka, Huroji, 198 York University, 362, 488n22, 4891140 Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA), 68