Quantum communication, computing, and measurement [2]

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QUANTUM COMMUNICATION, COMPUTING, AND MEASUREMENT 2 Edited by P.Kumar, G.M.D'Ariano, O.Hirota KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK, 2000

Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Quantum Communication, Measurement, and Computing, held August 22-27, 1998, in Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois CONTENTS PART I. QUANTUM INFORMATION AND QUANTUM COMMUNICATION Quantum Robots Plus Environment. P. Benioff 3 Just Two Nonorthogonal Quantum States. C. A. Fuchs 11 On Maximum Mutual Information without Coding. M. Osaki, M. Ban, and O. 17 Hirota Aspects of Quantum Information Compressionfor Pure States. R. Jozsa 27 Group Covariant Signals in Quantum Information Theory. T. S. Usuda and I. 37 Takumi Optimization of a Symmetric Quantum Channel and its Optical Realization 43 Scheme. M. Sasaki, S. M. Barnett, and M. Izutsu Manipulation of Entangled States for Quantum Information Processing. S. Base, 49 S. F. Huelga, D. Jonathan, P. L. Knight, M. Murao, M. B. Plenio, and V. Vedral Decoherence Control in Quantum Information Processing: Simple Models. L. 59 Viola and S. Lloyd Entanglement of Formation. W. K. Wootters 69 Sending Quantum Information with Gaussian States. A. S. Holevo 75 Quantum Communication with Imperfect Means: Entanglement Purification 83 and the Quantum Repeater. G. Giedke, H. J. Briegel, W. Dur, J. I. Cirac, and P. Zoller On Quantum Channel Capacity for Squeezed States. M. Sohma, A. S. Holevo, 93 and O. Hirota Asymptotic Quantum Estimation Theory for the Thermal States Family. M. 99 Hayashi The Asymptotic Efficiency of the Consistent Estimator, Berry- Uhlmann's 105 Curvature, and Quantum Information Geometry. K. Matsumoto Optimal Signal-To-Quantum Noise Ratio in Squeezed Displaced Number 111 States. Y. Feng and A. I. Solomon PART II. QUANTUM MEASUREMENT AND TOMOGRAPHY Dual Classical and Quantum Descriptions of a Measuring Apparatus. O. Hay 117 and A. Peres Generalized Measurements, Retrodiction, and State Manipulation. S. M. 125 Barnett, A. Chefles, D. T. Pegg, and L. S. Phillips Latest Developments in Quantum Tomography. G. M. D'Ariano 137 Measuring the Quantum Polarization State of Light. M. G. Raymer, A. C. Funk, 147 and D. F. McAlister

Measurement of Joint Photon-Number Distribution of a Twin-Beam State by Means of Optical Homodyne Tomography. M. Vasilyev, S.-K. Choi, P. Kumar, and G. M. D'Ariano Homodyning Bell's Inequality. G. M. D'Ariano, L. Maccone, M. F. Sacchi, and A. Garuccio Hydrodynamical Quantum State Reconstruction. L. M. Johansen Quantum Tomography: Renormalization of Incompatible Observations. Z. Hradil, R. Myska, J. Summhammer, and H. Ranch Accuracy in Quantum Homodyne Tomography. G. M. D'Ariano, C. Macchiavello, and N. Sterpi Probing Quantum States of Rydberg Electrons by Half-Cycle Pulses. G. Alber and O. Zobay Non-Markovian Quantum Trajectories for Open Systems W. T. Strunz, L. Diosi, and N. Gisin Maximally Robust Unravelings of Quantum Master Equations with Applications to the Atom Laser. H. M. Wiseman and J. A. Vaccaro Quantum Noise and Dynamic Chaos in Opto-Electronic Laser Light Transformer. S. V. Larin, A. V. Masalov, A. N. Oraevsky and A. A. Putilin Quantized Phase-Difference J. Soderholm, A. Trifonov, T. Tsegaye, and G. Bjork Relativistic Quantum Theory with a Physical State Vector and Hypothetical Laws of Reduction. B. A. Berg PART III. QUANTUM COMPUTING Teleportation of General Quantum States, Squeezing and the Decoherence Problem in Quantum Computers. L. Accardi Quantum Turing Machines: Local Transition, Preparation, Measurement, and Halting. M. Ozawa A New Approach to Quantum Computation. H. P. Yuen Hypersensitivity to Perturbation on anNMR Quantum Computer. R. Schack and T. A. Brun Quantum Networks for Distributed Quantum Information Processing. H. J. Kimble Quantum Phenomena of Trapped Ions H. Walther Progress Towards Using a Calcium Ion Trap to Perform Quantum Logic Operations. M. S. Gulley, J. J. Gomez, M. H. Holzscheiter, D. F. V. James, P. G. Kwiat, S. K. Lamoreaux, C. G. Peterson, V. Sandberg, M. M. Schauer, C. Simmons, D. Tupa, P. Wang, A. G. White, and R. J. Hughes Quantum Computation with "Hot" Trapped Ions. D. F. V. James, S. Schneider, and G. J. Milburn Novel Quantum Effects in Light Scattering from Cold Trapped Atoms. A. Orlowski, M. Gajda, P. Krekora, R. J. Glauber, and J. Mostowski Preparation of Highly Excited Motional Energy Eigenstates with a Trapped Atom. S. Wallentowitz, W. Vogel, and P. E. Toschek Optical Implementation of Graver's Algorithm: It's all Done with Mirrors. P.

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163 169 175 181 187 195 201 207 215 221

229 241 249 257 263 271 283

289 295 301 307

Kwiat, J. Mitchell, P. Schwindt, and A. White Quantum State Protection in Optical Cavities. P. Tombesi and D. Vitali Control of Dynamical Localization by Additional Quantum Degrees. K. Riedel, P. Torma, V. Savichev, and W. P. Schleich Two-Photon Interactions for Use in Quantum Computing. J. D. Franson and T. B. Pittman Decoherence and Quantum Error Correction in Frequency Standards. C. Macchiavello, S. F. Huelga, J. I. Cirac, A. K. Ekert, and M. B. Plenio Transition Phenomena in Networks of Quantum Systems. B. Kraus and P. Torma Experimental Demonstration of Coherent Quantum Feedback. R. J. Nelson, Y. Weinstein, S. Lloyd, and D. G. Cory Classical Behavior of a Macroscopic Schrödinger Cat. C. Presilla PART IV. QUANTUM TELEPORTATION AND CRYPTOGRAPHY Free-Space Quantum Cryptography. R. J. Hughes, W. T. Buttler, P. G. Kwiat, S. K. Lamoreaux, G. L. Morgan, J. E. Nordholt, and C. G. Peterson Parametric Schrödinger Cat with No Decoherence. S. Branca, F. De Martini, G. Di Giuseppe, and F. Mariani Quantum Cryptography via Parametric Downconversion. G. Brassard, Tal Mor, and B. C. Sanders Dim Coherent States as Signal States in the Bb84 Protocol: Is It Secure? N. Lutkenhaus Practical Aspects of Quantum Cryptography. M. Dusek, O. Haderka, and M. Hendrych Quantum versus Classical Noise Cryptography. H. P. Yuen Quantum Cryptography with Femtosecond Parametric Down-Conversion. A. V. Sergienko, M. Atature, B. M. Jost, J. PerinaJr., B. E. A. Saleh, and M. C. Teich Generation of Narrow-Band Two-Photon State with Doubly Resonant Cavity in Parametric Down-Conversion. Z Y.Ou PARTY QUANTUM STATE ENGINEERING From Entangled Photons to Entangled Atoms. E. S. Polzik, J. Hald, andJ. L. Sorensen Single Photon Quantum Control via High-χ3. Media M. Dunstan, S. Rebic, S. Tan, S. Parkins, M. Collett, and D. Walls Experimental Realization of Popper's Experiment: Violation of Uncertainty Principle? Y.-H. Kirn, R. Yu, and Y. Shih Soliton Photon Number Squeezing: An Overview. S. R. Friberg and M. J. Werner Amplitude Soliton Squeezing Using an Asymmetric Sagnac Fiber Loop D. Krylov and K. Bergman Time Domain Correlations and Gated Detection of Quantum Solitons. D. Levandovsky, M. Vasilyev, and P. Kumar Observation of Squeezing in Free-Space Phase-Dependent Resonance

313 321 331 337 347 353 359 367 375 381 387 393 399 405

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423 433 443 453 463 469 475

Fluorescence. Z. H. Lu, S. Bali, andJ. E. Thomas Observation of Noiseless Image Amplification by an Optical Parametric 481 Amplifier. S. -K. Choi, M. Vasilyev, and P. Kumar Traveling-Wave Noiseless Amplification of Optical Images. M. I. Kolobov, I. 487 V. Sokolov, and L. A. Lugiato Quantum Noise Reduction in Singly Resonant Optical Devices. C. Cabrillo, J. 493 L. Rolddn, and P. Garcia-Fernandez Influence of Dissipation Effects on Polarization-Squeezed Light Formation at 499 Frequency Doubling. V. V. Volokhovsky and A. S. Chirkin Degenerate Optical Parametric Amplification with Focused Gaussian Beams. K. 505 G. Kopriilu and O. Ayttir Eigen State Transmission of Birefringent Optical Fibers Using Entangled Two 511 Photons. T. Ozeki and A. Masubuchi Four-Photon Partition at Beamsplitter in Parametric Down-Conversion with 515 Pulsed Pumping. Z. Y. Ou, J.-K. Rhee, and L. J. Wang Energy Transfer in Parametric Down-Conversion. A. Bandilla, G. Drobny, and 521 I. Jex A Realistic Interaction-Free Resonator. M. Pavicic 527 Index 533 INDEX Adiabatic approximation, 433 Dissipation effects, 499 Amplifier, 207,481 Doppler cooling, 284 Asymptotic efficiency, 105 Doubly resonant cavity, 413 Atom laser, 201 Downconversion, 381, 413, 515, 521 Authentication, 389 Dressed state, 331 Bayesian approach, 176 Dynamical localization, 321 Bell state, 52, 514 Eavesdropping, 370 Bell's inequality, 163 Elliptic function, 523 Berry-Uhlmann's curvature, 105 Entangled state, 49, 339, 444, 511 Binary signal, 20 Entropy exchange, 76 Birefringent optical fiber, 511 Error correction, 337 Bloch vector, 475 Fisher information, 100, 109 Bunching, 335 Floquet solution, 323 Cassegrain telescope, 369 Fock state, 390 Channel capacity, 93 Fokker-Planck equation, 360 Chaos, 207 Frequency doubling, 499 3 X medium, 433 Frequency standards, 337 Cloning, 133 Gate, 291,333, 339 Compton scattering, 300 Gaussian beam, 508 Controlled-NOT gate, 293, 309, 339 Gaussian state, 75 Decoherence, 60, 337, 375 GHZ state, 52, 515 Degenerate parametric amplification, Gram matrix, 39 505 Group covariant detection, 20 Dim coherent state, 387 Group covariant signal, 37

Grover's algorithm, 307 Haar's measure, 144 Hadamard transform, 308 Halting, 241 Hanbury-Brown-Twiss effect, 335 Hydrodynamical moments, 170 Hypersensitivity to perturbation, 257 Image amplifier, 488 Induced transparency, 433 Interaction-free resonator, 527 Ion-trap laser, 274 Ionization spectra, 187 Kerr nonlinearity, 457 Kicked rotator, 321 Lamb shift, 332 Lamb-Dicke regime, 285, 294 Lie Group, 144 Light scattering, 295 Linear pointer, 120 Loop mirror, 453 Louivillian transformation, 182 Lorentz covariant hypersurface, 222 Mach-Zender interferometer, 393 Markov approximation, 195 Master equation, 195, 201, 259, 314 Maximum entropy principle, 176 Maximum likelihood estimation, 176 Measuring apparatus, 117 Modulation based amplifier, 207 Multimode homodyne tomography, 142, 158 Mutual information, 17, 44 NMR, 60, 257, 355 Noise figure, 483, 492 Non-Markovian system, 195 Nonorthogonal states, 11 Number-squeezing, 453 Optical pumping, 302 Oracle, 310 Parametric effects, 521 Parametric oscillation, 493 Pellin-Broca prism, 529 Phase-difference, 215 Photon blockade, 434

Poincare sphere, 147 Polarization state, 147 Polarization-squeezing, 499 Popper's experiment, 443 POVM, 43, 99, 126 Privacy amplification, 388 Projection synthesis, 127 Quantum bus channel, 284 control, 433 cryptography, 367, 381, 387, 367, 393, 399 estimation theory, 99 feedback, 313, 353 field theory, 221 image amplification, 481 information, 37, 59, 75, 261 compression, 27 geometry, 105 processing, 49 injection, 375 machine, general, 252 network, 263, 348 noise, 207 non-demolition measurement, 217 nonseparability, 380 parallelism, 250 phase gate, 264 processing, 59 robot, 3 state reconstruction, 169 tomography, 138, 147, 157, 163, 169, 175, 181 conditioned, 145 trajectory, 195 Qubit, 60, 316, 381 Raman effects, 455, 463 Ramsey pulse, 339 Relativistic quantum theory, 221 Resonance fluorescence, 271, 475 Retrodiction, 125 Rydberg electrons, 187 Sagnac interferometer, 457, 463 Schroedinger cat, 145, 359, 375

Second harmonic generation, 493 Singlet state, 384 Soliton, 453,469, 463 Spectral filtering, 453, 463 Square-root detection, 20 Squeezed state, 93, 112 amplitude, 453, 463, 469 spin, 424 Squeezing, 453,475, 487, 499, 508 State preparation, 129, 301, 438 protection, 313 purification, 78 reduction, 223 separation, 131 Stern-Gerlach experiment, 144 Stochastic golden rule, 233 Sudden-ionization approximation, 188 Telecloning, 54 Teleportation, 50, 229, 267 Ternary signal, 21

Thermal state, 99 Three-wave interaction, 522 Trapped atom, 265, 295, 301 ion, 271,283, 289 Trapping, 303 Travelling-wave amplifier, 488 Two-photon state, 413 Two-photon interaction, 331 Turing machine, 241 Type-I downconversion, 415 Type-II downconversion, 416 Universal compression, 29 Void detection, 527 Von Neumann entropy, 93 measurement, 125, 118 Whispering gallery modes, 266 Wigner function, 123, 314, 363, 378, 522