Public Life in Toulouse, 1463–1789: From Municipal Republic to Cosmopolitan City 9781501746239

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Public Life in Toulouse 1463-1789

Public Life in Toulouse 1463-1789 From Municipal Republic to Cosmopolitan City

RoBERT

A.

ScHNEIDER

CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS

Ithaca and London

THIS BOOK IS PUBLISHED WITH THE AID OF A GRANT FROM BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY.

Copyright © 1989 by Cornell University All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, 124 Roberts Place, Ithaca, New York 14850. First published 1989 by Cornell University Press. International Standard Book Number o-8014-2191-8 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 89-42880

The paper in this book is acid-free and meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources.

For my parents

Contents

ix xiii

Acknowledgments Abbreviations pART 1.

1:

INTRODUCTION

Prelude Early Modern Toulouse

3 12

PART II: PUBLIC LIFE IN THE MUNICIPAL REPUBLIC

A Renaissance City 3· A Holy City

45

2.

90

INTERLUDE

4· A Libertine Moment

1 35

PART III: PuBLIC LIFE AND THE CouNTER-REFORMATION

5· The Background to Lay Activism 6. Devotion-Spiritual and Social 7· Spiritual Kinship PART IV: THE EMERGING CosMOPOLITAN CITY

8. Cultural Absolutism 9· Elites between Versailles and the People 10. A Divided City 11. The Cosmopolitan City Conclusion Selected Bibliography Index vii

167 188 220

Figures and Tables

FIGURES

Enrollments in two sixteenth-century confraternities, 1572-1600 Occupations of godparents of the laboring class, parish of Dalbade, 1630-1720 3· Occupations of godparents of the laboring class, parish of Saint-Etienne, 1630-1720 4· Occupations of godparents of the laboring class, parish of Daurade, 1625-1700 5· Decline of three confraternities in eighteenth-century Toulouse 1.

113

2.

247 248 249 305

TABLES

Affiliations of craft confraternities with religious orders and parish churches in the sixteenth century 2. Memberships of sixteenth-century confraternities 3· Lay confraternities founded or renewed, 1590-1700 4· Occupations of confraternity members 5· Status of godparents of children of craftsmen and laborers, parish of Saint-Etienne 6. Status of godparents among coworkers, parish of Saint-Etienne 7· Elites serving as godparents for laboring class, parish of Dalbade 8. Elites serving as godparents for laboring class, parish of SaintEtienne 1.

ix

108

112 226 231 243 244 244

245

X

FIGURES AND TABLES

9· Occupations of godparents of children of tailors, parish of Saint-Etienne 10. Occupations of parents of godchildren of several presidents of parlement, parish of Saint-Etienne, 1640-1670 11. Occupations of parents of godchildren of the Bertier clan, parish of Saint-Etienne, 163o-166o 12. Godparents of children of artisans, domestics, and workers in the parishes of Saint-Etienne and Dalbade, 1750 and 1775 13. Collective violence in Toulouse, 1690-1789 14. Contributors to the annual exposition of the Royal Academy of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture of Toulouse, 1751-1791 15. Books announced in the Toulouse Affiches in seven years, 1775-1784

246 250 251 308 317 328 335

Acknowledgments

I am happy to acknowledge the people and institutions that aided in the research and writing of this book. Funding for research in France came from several sources: the French government (Bourse Chateaubriand); the Center for Western European Studies and the Department of History, both of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; a grant-in-aid from the American Council of Learned Societies; and Brandeis University (Mazar and Sachar grants). Like so many other historians, I am indebted to the services of several archives and libraries in Toulouse, whose staffs I have burdened over the years. My heartfelt thanks go to them, especially Genevieve Maillard and Christian Cau, of the Archives Municipales de Toulouse; Robert Nadal, of the Archives Departementales, HauteGaronne; and Christian Peligry, of the Bibliotheque Municipale de Toulouse. Frequently, a quiet day in the archives turned into a freewheeling historical seminar, and I would like to acknowledge those confreres who turned the lonely enterprise of research into a pleasant collective endeavor: Barbara Beckerman-Davis, M. Genestie, Remy Papillaut, Sister Marguerite-Marie Shibano, Kay and Paul Solon, Jack Thomas, and others. The Thomas family, Annie, Jack, and Laura, opened their Blagnac home to me summer after summer, for which I am eternally grateful. An earlier version of this book was read by Raymond Grew and the late James Vann. Charles Tilly was an important intellectual influence on and a helpful reader of that first version. It was also read by Barbara Diefendorf. Several colleagues at Brandeis offered their comments on the book in manuscript, and I here acknowledge their help: Rudolph Binion, Samuel Cohn, James Kloppenberg, and Bernard Wasserstein. I also thank students in my spring 1987 graduate seminar for commenting on the manuscript. Robert Forster was kind xi

xii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

enough to read it on short notice and offered much-needed support. John Ackerman of Cornell University Press has been all that a firsttime author could wish for in an editor. I thank Joanne S. Ainsworth for her diligent copyediting. My greatest debts are to two historians whose advice and support have been unstinting and invaluable. David Bien has been a part of this project from inception to completion. To him I owe what thoughtfulness I have managed to bring to bear on the study of early modern history, although I am well aware that the product falls far short of his example. Philip Benedict has shared with me his encyclopedic knowledge of the ancien regime, prodded me to reconsider many issues, and extended his support at several crucial moments. Needless to say, none of the readers of the manuscript is responsible for any of the book's errors or excesses. My friends and family, though generally mystified as to what I have been up to these years, have played an important role in the book's development. A displaced Gascon, Fran