Progress in Mycology: An Indian Perspective 981162349X, 9789811623493
Indian mycologists have extensively studied various groups of fungi such as soil fungi, aquatic fungi, marine fungi, end
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English Pages 677 [660] Year 2021
Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part I: History and Developments in Indian Mycology
1: Historical Developments in Indian Mycology
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Post-Colonial Period (Post-Butler Period)
1.3 Basidiomycota
1.3.1 Agaricales
1.3.2 Polyporales
1.4 Ascomycota
1.5 Anamorphic Fungi
1.6 Lower Fungi
1.7 Plant Pathology
1.8 Miscellaneous Groups of Fungi
1.8.1 Marine Fungi
1.8.2 Thermophilic Fungi
1.8.3 Deep-Sea Fungi
1.8.4 Fossil Fungi
1.8.5 Medical Mycology
1.8.6 Keratinophilic Fungi
1.8.7 Lichenized Fungi
1.8.8 Aerobiology
1.8.9 Endophytic Fungi
1.8.10 Entomopathogenic Fungi
1.8.11 Trichomycetes
1.8.12 Vesicular and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
1.8.13 Yeasts
1.9 Conclusions
References
2: History of Marine Mycology in India
2.1 Introduction
2.2 History of Marine Mycology in India
2.2.1 Diversity of Lower Marine Fungi
2.2.2 Diversity of Higher Marine Fungi
2.3 Role of Marine Fungi in Ecology and Their Potential Biotechnologies
2.4 Future Perspectives
2.5 Concluding Remarks
References
3: History and Developments of Plant Pathology in India: Fungal Aspects
3.1 Concept of Plant Pathology
3.2 Ancient Indian Literature on Plant Pathology
3.3 Plant Pathology in India During Colonial and Post-Colonial Periods
3.4 Historical Expansions in Disease Control
3.5 Historic Famines that Triggered Systematic Research
3.6 Establishing Plant Pathology as a Subject
3.7 Current Developments and Future Directions
References
4: Study of Indian Fossil Fungi: An Odyssey
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Fungal Spores
4.1.2 Fruiting Bodies or Ascocarps
4.1.3 Work on Indian Fossil Fungi
4.1.3.1 Systematic Description
4.1.4 Fungal Spore Stratigraphy
4.1.5 Fossil Ascocarp Stratigraphy
4.2 Palaeoclimatic Interpretations
4.2.1 Scope of Future Studies
References
5: Microbial Culture Collections in India: Historical Perspectives and Future Prospects
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Scenario of Microbial Culture Collections in the World
5.3 Culture Collections as Patent Depositories and Their Requirements
5.4 Scenario of Microbial Culture Collections in India
5.5 Conclusions
5.6 Future Perspectives
References
Part II: Symbiotic and Pathogenic Fungi
6: History and Development of Lichen Research in India
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Brief History of Development of Lichenology in the World
6.2 Studies on Indian Lichens During Pre-independence Period
6.3 Studies on Indian Lichens During Post-independence Period
6.3.1 Establishment of School of Lichenology at Lucknow University
6.4 Emergence of Lichen Research at CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow
6.5 Lichen Research at Agarkar Research Institute, Pune
6.6 Initiation of Lichen Research at Botanical Survey of India
6.7 Other Centres of Lichen Research in India
6.8 Role of CSIR-NBRI and Indian Lichenological Society (ILS) in Popularizing Lichen Research in India
6.9 Trends in Indian Lichen Research
6.9.1 Floristic and Revisionary Studies
6.9.2 Lichen Study in Antarctica
6.9.3 Air Pollution and Climate Change Studies
6.9.4 Biodeterioration Studies
6.9.5 Ethnolichenology
6.9.6 Bioprospecting Studies
6.9.7 Miscellaneous Studies on Lichens
6.10 Conclusions
References
7: History and Development of Ectomycorrhizal Research in India
7.1 Introduction
7.2 History of Ectomycorrhizal Research in India
7.3 Characterization and Identification
7.4 Mycorrhizosphere Associations
7.5 Physical and Chemical Status of Mycorrhizal Plants
7.6 Drought Resistance
7.7 Effect of Soil Fumigants/Biocides
7.8 Ectomycorrhizal Associates
7.9 Ecological Aspects of Ectomycorrhiza
7.10 In Vitro Mycorrhizal Synthesis
7.11 Introduction of Exotic Conifers
7.12 Nursery Management Practices
7.13 Field Performance of Seedlings
7.14 Future Strategies
References
8: History and Development of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Research in India
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Prehistory and History of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza
8.2.1 Prehistory
8.2.2 History: Global
8.2.3 History: India
8.3 Diversity and Distribution of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in India
8.4 Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Crop Productivity in India
8.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
9: Developments in Endophytic Fungal Research in India
9.1 Introduction
9.2 History and Developments
9.2.1 Biodiversity
9.3 Potential Applications
9.3.1 Applications of Endophytic Fungi
9.3.2 Bio-actives from Endophytic Fungi
9.3.2.1 Anticancer Activity
9.3.2.2 Antimicrobial Activity
9.3.2.3 Other Activities
9.3.2.4 Fungal Extracellular Enzymes
9.3.2.5 Fungal Pigments
9.3.2.6 Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
9.3.3 Genomic Studies and Plant Interactions
9.3.4 Enhanced Production of Bioactive Compounds
9.4 Conclusions
9.5 Future Perspectives
References
10: Fungal Endophytes of Mangroves: Diversity, Secondary Metabolites and Enzymes
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Mangrove Habitats in India
10.3 Mangrove Fungi
10.4 Mangrove Endophytes
10.5 Adaptations of Mangrove Foliar Endophytes
10.6 Bioactive Compounds of Mangrove Endophytes
10.7 Enzymes of Mangrove Endophytes
10.8 Mangrove Endophytes: Not an Insignificant Biotic Component
10.9 Conclusions
References
11: Insect Pathogenic Fungi and Their Applications: An Indian Perspective
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Research on Entomopathogenic Fungi in India
11.3 Fungus-Insect and Fungus-Fungus Interactions
11.4 Production of Infective Propagules of Entomopathogens
11.4.1 Isolation of Entomopathogens
11.5 Strain Improvement of Entomopathogenic Fungi
11.6 Entomopathogenic Fungi as Endophytes
11.6.1 Mission Mode Collection of Entomopathogenic Fungi
11.7 Entomopathogenic Fungi from Laboratory to Field: Practical Considerations
11.8 Future Perspectives
References
12: Historical Perspectives of Rusts in India
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The Background
12.3 Milestones of Rust Research in India
12.3.1 Before Butler´s Era (Prior to 1900)
12.3.2 Butler´s Era (1902 to 1928)
12.3.3 Post-Butler´s Era (1930 Onwards)
Box 12.1: Studies Carried Out on Rusts by M.J. Thirumalachar
Box 12.2: Studies Carried Out on Rusts by T.S. Ramakrishnan
Box 12.3: Studies Carried Out on Rusts by M.S. Pavgi
12.4 Important Rusts in India
12.4.1 Wheat Rusts
12.4.2 Soybean Rusts
12.4.3 Coffee Rusts
12.4.4 Groundnut Rusts
12.4.5 Forest Tree Rusts
12.4.6 Reviews and Articles on Rusts
12.5 Recent Rust Research in India
12.5.1 Rust Resistance Through Breeding
12.5.2 Knowledge Gap in Rust Research
12.6 Future Perspectives
References
13: Biocontrol Research in India
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Necessity for Biological Control in India
13.3 History and Development of Biological Control: An Indian Perspective
13.4 Present Status
13.4.1 Success Stories of Biological Control in India
13.5 Current Status of Biocontrol Laboratories in India
13.6 Potential Applications and Future Prospects
13.7 Conclusion
References
14: Fungal Aerobiology and Allergies in India: An Overview
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Earlier Aerobiological Studies
14.2.1 Aerial Fungal Diversity
14.2.1.1 Monitoring Airborne Fungi
14.3 Sampling Devices
14.3.1 Gravimetric Samplers
14.3.2 Impaction Samplers
14.3.2.1 Rotorod Sampler
14.3.3 Suction Samplers
14.3.3.1 Burkard Seven-Day Sampler
14.3.3.2 Burkard Personal Slide Sampler
14.3.3.3 Burkard Petri Plate Sampler
14.3.3.4 Andersen Sampler
14.3.4 Filtration Devices
14.3.5 Immunochemical Assays
14.4 Analysis of Exposed Samples
14.4.1 Direct Microscopy
14.4.2 Culture Analysis
14.4.3 Immunochemical Assay
14.5 Aerobiological Surveys in India
14.6 Outdoor Aerial Fungal Diversity
14.7 Prevalence of Indoor Fungi
14.8 Occupational Indoor Fungi
14.8.1 Bakeries
14.8.2 Granaries
14.8.3 Poultries
14.8.4 Sugar Industries
14.8.5 Libraries
14.8.6 Cattle Sheds
14.8.7 Residential Houses
14.8.8 Fungi of Allergenic Significance
14.8.9 Occupational Fungal Allergens
14.8.10 Fungi of Crop Fields
14.9 Conclusions
14.10 Future Priorities
14.11 Prevention of Fungal Allergens
References
15: Keratinophilic Fungi: Diversity, Environmental and Biotechnological Implications
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Distribution of Keratinophilic Fungi
15.3 Keratin Degradation: Environmental Implications
15.4 Distribution Patterns and Potential Biotechnologies
15.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Part III: Different Groups of Fungi
16: Taxonomy and Ecology of Soil Fungi in India: Aspects and Prospects
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Taxonomy of Soil Fungi
16.3 Some Noteworthy Fungi from Soils of India
16.4 Fungi in Diversified Soils and Semi-aquatic Habitats
16.4.1 Soil Profile
16.5 Rock Soils and Rock Crevices: Fungi
16.6 Soil Fungal Ecology
16.7 Fungi in Semi-aquatic Habitats (Muds)
16.8 Marine and Mangrove Mud Fungi
16.9 Usar and Desert Soil Fungi
16.10 Rhizosphere Soil Fungi
16.11 Soil Fungi in Amended and Unamended Soils
16.12 Mycorrhizal Fungi in Soil
16.13 Soil and Mushrooms
16.14 Techniques of Isolation
16.15 Significance of Soil Fungi
16.16 Ecology of Soil Fungi
16.17 Soil Fungi and pH
16.18 Soil Fungi and Soil Moisture
16.19 Soil Fungi and Organic Matter
16.20 Soil Fungi and Vegetation
16.20.1 N, P, K and Soil Fungi
16.21 Calcium, Total Soluble Salts and Chlorides in Relation to Soil Fungi
References
17: Five Decades of Research on the Freshwater Hyphomycetes in India
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Historical Perspectives
17.2.1 Background
17.2.2 Indian Scenario
17.2.3 First Attempts
Box 17.1: Studies Carried Out on Aquatic Hyphomycetes for the First Time in India
17.3 Literature Source
17.3.1 Reviews and Articles
17.3.2 Books and Theses
17.4 Methods of Examination
Box 17.2: Studies Carried Out on the Molecular Phylogeny of Aquatic Hyphomycetes (Source: 2002-2012 - Duarte et al. 2013)
17.5 New Species from India
17.6 Habitats, Diversity, and Distribution
17.6.1 Habitats
17.6.2 Richness and Diversity
17.6.3 Distribution
17.7 Ecological Perspectives
17.7.1 Seasonal Studies
17.7.2 Diurnal Studies
17.7.3 Decomposition
17.7.4 Physiology
17.8 Ecosystem Services and Applications
17.8.1 Enzymes
17.8.2 Food Web
17.8.3 Endophytes
17.8.4 Environmental Monitoring
17.9 Human Interference
17.9.1 Deforestation and Urbanization
17.9.2 Pollution
17.10 Future Perspectives and Conclusions
References
18: Progress of Mushroom Research in India
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Systematics and Mycorrhizal Studies
18.3 Biochemical Studies
18.4 Studies on Mushroom Cultivation, Diseases, and Other Aspects
18.5 Studies on Sociobiology and Ethnomycology of Mushrooms
18.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
19: Developments in Thermophilic Fungal Research
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Thermophilic Fungal Research in India
19.3 Ecology and Distribution
19.4 Nutrition and Physiology
19.5 Structure and Function of Thermophilic Fungal Genomes
19.6 Potential Biotechnologies
19.6.1 Role in Composting and Mushroom Technology
19.6.1.1 SCP Production
19.6.1.2 Environmental Management
19.6.1.3 Soil Amendment
19.6.1.4 Biotransformation
19.6.1.5 Antimicrobials and Bioactive Compounds
19.6.1.6 Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Materials
19.6.1.7 Intracellular and Extracellular Thermostable Biocatalysts
19.7 Future Perspectives
19.8 Conclusions
References
20: Yeast Research in India: A Perspective on Taxonomy and Applications
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Yeast Taxonomy Research in India
20.3 Yeast Diversity Research in India
20.4 Yeast from Fermented Foods and Beverages of India
20.5 Yeast as Probiotics
20.6 Yeasts in Plant Growth Promotion
20.7 Yeasts in Biosorption and Bioremediation
20.8 Biosurfactant and Pullulan Production
20.9 Yeasts in Xylitol Production
20.10 Yeasts as Source of Valuable Enzymes
20.11 Biodiesel or Lipid Production by Yeasts
20.12 Yeasts in Bioethanol Production
20.13 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
21: History and Development of Myxomycetes Research in India
21.1 Introduction
21.2 History of Research on Indian Myxomycetes
21.3 Biodiversity Explorations of Indian Myxomycetes
21.3.1 Period I (up to 1951)
21.3.2 Period II (1952-1980)
21.3.3 Period III (From 1980 Onwards)
21.4 Systematic Treatment of Class Myxomycetes
21.4.1 Subclass: Ceratiomyxomycetidae
21.4.2 Subclass: Myxogastromycetidae
21.4.2.1 Order Liceales
21.4.2.2 Order Echinosteliales
21.4.2.3 Order Trichiales
21.4.2.4 Order Physarales
21.4.3 Subclass: Stemonitomycetidae
21.4.3.1 Order Stemonitales
21.5 Experimental Studies on Indian Myxomycetes
21.6 Sporophore Development
21.7 Ecological Aspects
21.7.1 General Observations
21.8 Corticolous Myxomycetes
21.9 Future Perspectives
References
Index
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Tulasi Satyanarayana Sunil Kumar Deshmukh Mukund V. Deshpande Editors
Progress in Mycology An Indian Perspective
Progress in Mycology
Tulasi Satyanarayana • Sunil Kumar Deshmukh • Mukund V. Deshpande Editors
Progress in Mycology An Indian Perspective
Editors Tulasi Satyanarayana Department of Biological Sciences & Engineering Netaji Subhas University of Technology New Delhi, Delhi, India
Sunil Kumar Deshmukh Nano-Biotechnology Centre The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) New Delhi, Delhi, India
Mukund V. Deshpande Research & Development Greenvention Biotech Pvt. Ltd. Uruli Kanchan, Maharashtra, India
ISBN 978-981-16-2349-3 ISBN 978-981-16-2350-9 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2350-9
(eBook)
# The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore
Preface
Mycology is the branch of biology that deals with the systematic study of fungi, including their biology, genetic and biochemical features, taxonomy and phylogeny, and their uses to humans as a source of medicine, food, and psychotropic substances, and their role in poisoning or infection. They are essential for nutrient cycling because of their ability to degrade cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and lignin, which are major components of plant organic matter. On the other hand, they cause serious human, animal and plant diseases and thus have numerous negative impacts on human life. Fungi are, however, also relatively understudied, but are an essential, fascinating and biotechnologically useful group of organisms with an incredible biotechnological potential for industrial exploitation. Fungi are a unique group of organisms, different from all others in their behaviour and cellular organisation. The uniqueness of fungi is reflected in the fact that they have the status of a kingdom, equivalent to the plant and animal kingdoms. Extensive efforts have, therefore, been made to estimate the number of fungal species. According to Hawksworth and Lucking (2017), Blackwell (2019) and Wu et al. (2019), 3.8, 5.1 and 12.0 million species, respectively, are present on Earth. Among them, approximately 140,000 have so far been characterised and named [Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 74: 291–313(2020)]. It may take long time to describe all the extant fungal species. Moreover, big chunk of this fungal diversity is non-culturable which can be detected from the sequences of 18S rRNA genes and internal transcribed spacers (ITS). Wu et al. (2019) suggested physical type based on specimens and gDNA type (genome DNA or digital type). Culture-independent methods for species discovery have emerged in the recent years, which provide new insights into fungal diversity. Developments in the next-generation sequencing technologies and bioinformatics permit detection of fungal species from metagenomes/microbiomes. Currently, phylogenetic classification divides the kingdom Fungi into eight phyla/ divisions: Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mucoromycota, Entorrhizomycota, Zoopagomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Chytridiomycota and ophisto-sporidia [Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 74:291–313(2020)]. The exploitation of filamentous fungi will contribute significantly to the realisation of a secure, sustainable and bio-based future. To achieve this, the following key questions and challenges may need to be answered:
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Preface
1. How do we exploit filamentous fungi in more efficient and sustainable ways in biotechnological, pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries? 2. What is the best way to develop new antifungals and sustainable strategies to fight plant and human pathogens? 3. How can synthetic biology contribute to the design of optimised fungal genomes? 4. What are the optimal approaches to analyse and provide access to fungal-omics data to realise their full potential? 5. What are fungal model organisms good for? 6. Which technologies need to become developed and integrated to better understand fungal growth and development? 7. Which training programs are key for the next generation of fungal scientists? Attempts are being made globally to understand the diversity of culturable and non-culturable fungi in a great variety of environments. Fungi were cultured from samples collected from 174 m deep Soudan iron ore mine (Minnesota, USA). The ITS region was sequenced for identification and phylogenetic analysis. Ascomycota are the dominant fungi followed by Basidiomycota and Mucoromycota. Out of 164 identified taxa, 108 belong to the Ascomycota and 26 and 31 to Basidiomycota and Mucoromycota, respectively. There are also 46 taxa that do not match (