Proceedings of SECON 2020: Structural Engineering and Construction Management [1st ed.] 9783030551148, 9783030551155

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Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering

Kaustubh Dasgupta · T. K. Sudheesh · K. I. Praseeda · G. Unni Kartha · P. E. Kavitha · S. Jawahar Saud   Editors

Proceedings of SECON 2020 Structural Engineering and Construction Management

Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering Volume 97

Series Editors Marco di Prisco, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy Sheng-Hong Chen, School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China Ioannis Vayas, Institute of Steel Structures, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece Sanjay Kumar Shukla, School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia Anuj Sharma, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA Nagesh Kumar, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Chien Ming Wang, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

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Kaustubh Dasgupta T. K. Sudheesh K. I. Praseeda G. Unni Kartha P. E. Kavitha S. Jawahar Saud •

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Editors

Proceedings of SECON 2020 Structural Engineering and Construction Management

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Editors Kaustubh Dasgupta Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati, Assam, India K. I. Praseeda Department of Civil Engineering NSS College of Engineering Akathethara, Kerala, India P. E. Kavitha Department of Civil Engineering Federal Institute of Science and Technology (FISAT) Angamaly, Kerala, India

T. K. Sudheesh Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad Palakkad, Kerala, India G. Unni Kartha Department of Civil Engineering Federal Institute of Science and Technology (FISAT) Angamaly, Kerala, India S. Jawahar Saud Department of Civil Engineering Federal Institute of Science and Technology (FISAT) Angamaly, Kerala, India

ISSN 2366-2557 ISSN 2366-2565 (electronic) Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering ISBN 978-3-030-55114-8 ISBN 978-3-030-55115-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55115-5 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Preface

Construction, maintenance, rehabilitation and demolition are the four phases in the life cycle of a structure. Development and implementation of eco-friendly and cost-effective practices in every phase of this life cycle is the key to creating a sustainable future of the planet. The focus of the first International Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction Management (SECON 2020) was “Innovative Practices in Construction, Rehabilitation and Demolition of Structures” as its main theme and intended to become a platform for researchers to discuss the current directions in research and development in this broad domain. This proceedings comprises the papers presented at SECON 2020 as book chapters in lecture notes in civil engineering published by Springer. This is the fourth edition and the first international edition of SECON series of conferences organised by Federal Institute of Science and Technology (FISAT), Angamaly, Kerala, India. SECON series of conference has always enjoyed good acceptance and excellent participation from researchers from all across the country. There was an overwhelming response to SECON 2020 also but the pandemic forced the organisers to host the event online, over two days, in the month of May on 14th and 15th. The hard hours put in by the organisers had a grand outcome—SECON 2020 became the first international conference to be hosted completely online in India. The conference was successful in providing a platform for research scholars, students, academicians and practicing engineers for meaningful exchange of ideas and deliberations at an international level. The papers presented spread across current and future technologies, experimental investigations and research findings in the areas related to the conference themes and were presented in 20 parallel sessions spread over the span of two days. We believe that the deliberations of the conference helped us achieve the purpose of dissemination and passing on the innovative methodologies and practices in place globally. This two-day International Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction Management (SECON 2020) had extensive support and participation from across the world, with papers from two international universities, 25 national institutions and four R&D divisions of industries. More than 300 abstracts were screened and double blind reviewed to shortlist 85 papers for presentation. v

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The quality of the papers presented, almost 70% rejection rate are indicators of the standard the conference was able to accomplish. On behalf of the organising committee, I express sincere thanks to Ms. Anitha P., Chairman, Governing Body—FISAT, Dr. George Issac, Principal and Dr. K. S. M. Panicker, Director (Academics), whose constant guidance helped us to organise the conference. I would like to express my gratitude to each and every advisory committee members, reviewers, session chairs and the contributors of research for their constant support and efforts at making the conference a grand success. I extend my sincere gratitude to Prof. Ir. Serge Vandemeulebroecke and Prof. Ir. lic. Bart Van Zegboreck for their valuable time and input as the international advisory committee and keynote speakers. Their diligence and enthusiasm to be part of the event helped overcome the challenges of time zones at the peak of the pandemic. The conference also had support from industry, professional organisations both at national and international levels. I would like to place on record the heartfelt thanks to PARADIGM, ASCE Student Chapter, IEI Kochi Local Centre, ICI Student Chapter and ISTE-FISAT chapter for the unrelenting support for the conduct of the conference. I extend my whole hearted thanks to Dr. Unni Kartha G., General Convenor, SECON 2020 and Head of Department, Department of Civil Engineering, Mr. Jawahar Saud S., Co-Convenor, SECON 2020 and Ms. Rinu J. Achison, Treasurer, SECON 2020, for their constant encouragement and reason of keen interest in the various stages of the planning and execution of the event. I also take this opportunity to thank all our management committee members and executive committee of PTA who have shown great belief in us and urged us towards excellence for the growth of the institute and the students. Last but not least, I would like to thank the entire team of faculty members, non-teaching staff and student volunteers for the untiring support for the smooth conduct of the event. This conference would not have been possible without the incredible help and support of all our colleagues and scholars of the department. Wishing you all very best and looking forward to the next edition of the event. Angamaly, India

Dr. P. E. Kavitha Convenor, SECON 2020

Contents

Performance Evaluation on the Properties of Metakaolin—Fly Ash Based Self Compacting Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K. Aswani and C. A. Abin Thomas

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Studies on Inclusion of Polypropylene (PP) Geo-fabric in Concrete . . . . K. S. Sreekeshava, A. S. Arunkumar, Manish S. Dharek, and Prashanth Sunagar

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Dual-Pipe Damper with Bracing System for Seismic Retrofitting . . . . . . V. Bincy and S. Usha

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Experimental Studies on Performance of Geo-synthetic Strengthened Brick Masonry Infill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K. S. Sreekeshava and A. S. Arunkumar

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Assessment of Governance Gaps in Landslide Risk Reduction—A Case Study from Kattippara Panchayath, Kozhikode District . . . . . . . . K. Sreerekha and S. Jawahar Saud

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Evaluation of Progressive Collapse Resistance of Steel Moment Resisting Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anjaly James and Asha Joseph

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Structural Performance of GFRP Deck Strengthened with Light Weight Ultra-High Strength Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K. Teena John, P. E. Kavitha, and R. Renjith

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Effect of Combination of Mineral Admixtures on the Properties of Self Compacting Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reya Grace Jacob and K. N. Resmi

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Evaluation of Sustainable SMA Mix Prepared Using Recycled Concrete Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. A. Ruksana, P. S. Sethulakshmi, Mariya Thomas, Midhun Joby, and Sharon Jacob

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Investigation on Performance of Fly Ash Based Self Compacting Concrete with Metakaolin and Quarry Dust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Elizabeth Jose and Anju Paul Feasibility Study of Plastic Granules and Alccofine in Fly Ash Based Self-Compacting Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Fiona Alias and Tellma John Effect of Magnetized Water with Coconut Fibre Reinforced Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 C. Nived, M. Sherin Babu, P. Adithya Das, Noble M. Babu, and P. E. Kavitha Seismic Performance of Oblique Columns in High Rise Building . . . . . . 131 Nikha Santhosh and Gayathri Krishna Kumar Experimental Investigation on the Performance of Self Compacting Concrete Using Copper Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Ajana Prince and M. Preethi Development of Metakaolin and Flyash Based Geopolymer Concrete at Ambient Temperature Curing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 S. Anjana Chandran and B. R. Beena Seismic Evaluation of High Rise Buildings Using Hybrid Configuration of Grid Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 K. N. Vaisakh and Neeraja Nair Sustainability Assessment of Terracotta Tile Waste Based Geopolymer Building Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 S. Usha, Deepa G. Nair, and Subha Vishnudas Study on Structural Performance of Non-prismatic Girders with Double Corrugated Stiffened Steel and Composite Webs . . . . . . . . 179 M. Saranya Radhakrishnan and P. Binu Structural Performance of Multi-sectional CFST Columns with Double Corrugated Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 P. A. Azna and Ranjan Abraham Experimental Study of Seismic Response Reduction Effects on Multi Storey Frames with Particle Damper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 N. Athulya Vijay and K. P. Saji Control Effectiveness of Wing with Elevon of a Typical Reusable Launch Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Nyle Nazar, P. Ashok Gandhi, S. Rajendran, and Manju George Analytical Study on Dynamic Behaviour of Bolted Beam Column Steel Connections with Reduced Beam Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Deepa P. Antoo and Asha Joseph

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Experimental Study of Self-cleaning Concrete by Using Various Photocatalysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Geethu Benny and Gayathri Krishna Kumar Thermo Structural Optimisation Study on Slim Floor Beam with Hollow Core Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Athul Deepak Krishna and Neeraja Nair Study of Geo-polymer Concrete with Replacement of Fine Aggregate Using Bottom Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Sweety Viswanath and Nincy Jose Effect of Waste Carpet Fibres and Palm Oil Fuel Ash on Self Compacting Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Minnu P. Alias and Tellma John Elemental Approach to Design a Worker Profile as a Selection Tool in Last Planner System© . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 C. Mrinal Raja, Vinay Mathews, and Grace Mary Abraham Development of Optimum Mix for Laterite Soil Brick by Adding Clam Shell Powder and Metakaolin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Devika Sudhakaran and Emy Poulose Analytical Assessment on the Behaviour of Conical Shell Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 T. Lamya and M. K. Sheeja Experimental Investigation on Packing Density of Concrete Using Wet Packing Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Mariya Jacob and K. N. Resmi Influence of Alkali Resistant Glass Fiber on the Reduction of Plastic Shrinkage Cracking of Self Compacting Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Anju George and C. A. Abin Thomas Development of Bricks Using Plastic Wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Gouri S. Kumar and S. Sreerath Stabilization of Lateritic Soil Using Natural Fibres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 B Krishnendu and Anjana Bhasi Clogging Resistant Pervious Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 M. V. Akshara and M. Preethi Analytical Study of Timber-Concrete Composite (TCC) Beam Using Different Interlocking Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 K. S. Sandra and P. R. Reshmi

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Analytical Study of GFRG Laminated Beam with Internally and Externally Strengthened with Cold Formed Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Meera Haridas and Chippy M. Rajan Shear Strengthening of Concrete Block Masonry Walls Under In-Plane Diagonal Loading Using Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 P. Akhil kumar and S. Unnikrishnan Structural Performance of Innovative Multi Cellular Corrugated Steel Column (MCCSC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 Agnes Davis Thuluvath and Reshma Prasad Study of Fly Ash Based Light Weight Concrete with Plastic Waste Aggregate as a Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Thasni Kaseem and S. Sreerath Modified Magnetized Water Concrete Using Nanosilica . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 Punya Lal and P. E. Kavitha Optimisation of Multistoried Building Using Outrigger System . . . . . . . 433 Jeslin C. Johnson and Reshma Prasad Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of City Regions Based on Building Typology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Dharsana Satish, E. Lalith Prakash, and K. B. Anand Development of Reinforced Concrete Beam with Plastic Balls in Neutral Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 Milu Reji and V. V. Anu Progressive Collapse Analysis of RC Buildings Using Linear Static and Non-linear Static Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 A. Salman and K. I. Praseeda Effect of Magnetized Water on the Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash Based Self Compacting Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 P. P. Magida Ruby and R. Vasudev Effect of Immersion Time on the Mechanical Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete with Glass Powder Immersed in Water . . . . . . . . . 481 K. Sana and Anju Paul Assessment of Fraction Effects on Flow Characteristic of Cement Mortar Using Natural and Manufactured Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 Chintan Vohra and Parth Thaker A Comparative Investigation on the Utilization of Marble Dust and Granite Dust in the Cement Mortar Against the Sulphate Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 PL. Meyyappan and M. Jemimah Carmichael

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An Effective Replacement of Granite and Marble Powder on Cement Mortar Subjected to Chloride Ion Penetration Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 PL. Meyyappan and M. Jemimah Carmichael An Experimental and Analytical Investigation on the Characteristics of Light Weight Concrete Using Waste Burnt Ash and Pumice Stones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543 PL. Meyyappan, M. Pallikonda Rajasekaran, and R. Sathya Soroopan Applications of Functionally Graded Materials in Structural Engineering—A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 S. L. Akshaya, Amar Prakash, and J. Bharati Raj Efficient Utilization of Recycled Concrete Aggregates for Structural Applications—An Experimental Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 Jagan Sivamani, T. R. Neelakantan, P. Saravana Kumar, C. Mugesh Kanna, H. Vignesh Harish, and M. R. Akash Evaluation of Strength and Diffusion Capability of High Volume Fly Ash Based Engineered Cementitious Composites Incorporating Powder Scrap Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 Abhishank Kumar, Shashi Kant Sharma, and Davinder Singh A Probabilistic Approach for Predicting the Fatigue Life of Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593 D. R. Renju and Keerthy M. Simon Convergence Study of Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joints Under Impact Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 Jhuma Debnath and Hrishikesh Sharma Evaluation of Cementitious Mixes for Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611 M. Vishruthi, S. Raghavendra, Y. Ravi Teja, and K. B. Anand Review of Performance of Existing Vertical Irregularity Indicators for Steel Framed Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625 Brij M. Shah, Robin Davis, C. G. Nandakumar, and Pradip Sarkar Modelling the Rheological Properties of Fly Ash Incorporated Superplasticized Cement Paste at Different Temperature Using Multilayer Perceptrons in Tensorflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635 Rogin C. Robert, Nelvin Mani Kuriakose, K. Gopikrishnan, Dhanya Sathyan, and C. B. Rajesh Study on Shear Strength of Corrugated Webs with Artificial Corrosion Pits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647 M. V. Rahul and V. I. Beena

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Collapse and Buckling Behavior of Octagonal Concrete Filled Steel Column Connected to a Beam Under Cyclic Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657 Silia Mary Silbi and Sajan Jose Comparative Study on Effect of Different Mineral Admixtures on Plastic Fiber Reinforced Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667 K. S. Somiya and Vidya Jose Shear Behavior of Joints in Precast Prestressed Concrete Segments-A Finite Element Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679 Sheela J. George, A. K. Farvaze Ahmed, S. Maheswaran, and Mathews M. Paul Structural Performance of Innovative Lean Duplex Stainless Steel Built-Up Columns Under Various Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691 M. S. Hima and Samithamol Salim Blended Cement Using Calcined Clay and Limestone for Sustainable Development—A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701 Ranjan Abraham, T. R. Neelakantan, Ramesh Babu Chokkalingam, and Elson John Seismic Performance Improvement Techniques for Infill Frames—A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 A. Athira Nair and Keerthy M. Simon Analysis of the Concrete Filled Steel Tubes with Diagonal Ribs . . . . . . 719 K. P. Ansa and S. Keerthi Seismic Pounding Between Adjacent RC Buildings with Asymmetric Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735 P. Ambili, V. N. Krishnachandran, and Katta Venkataramana Performance Characteristics of Self-cured Recycled Aggregate Concrete with SCM’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745 Lakshmi Thotakura, Sankar Kumar Reddy Pullalacheruvu, Ganesh Babu Kodeboyina, and V. Krishna Rao Mupparisetty Experimental Investigation on Hydrophobic Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755 Ahallya Raveendran and Jiji Antony Study of the Behavior of Air Entrained Concrete Containing Mineral Admixtures with the Addition of Coal Bottom Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 Shashi Kant Sharma, Kanish Kapoor, Sandeep Singh, and K. P. Marisala Chaitanya Investigation on the Effect of Steel Fibers in Self Curing Concrete . . . . 779 Annamol Sunny and Elba Helen George

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Effect of Communication Patterns in Safety Performance of Construction Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789 Reshma Geordy, M. B. Sridhar, and J. Sudhakumar Development of Pavement Quality SCC Having High Early Strength Under Site Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803 Shashi Kant Sharma, Kanish Kapoor, Dadi Rambabu, and Mohit Kumar Hybrid Model Based on PPP and EPC Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819 Rahul Rajasekharan and Shibi Varghese AHP Model for Performance Improvement in LSGD Projects . . . . . . . . 835 Ammu David and Shibi Varghese Prevention of Flutter Instability in Control Surface of a Test Vehicle Through Parametric Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851 Bilpriya, S. Rajendran, P. Ashok Gandhi, and Manju George Experimental Investigations on Using Distributed Fiber Sensing for Monitoring Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865 Shika George, B. Arun Sundaram, and Mathews M. Paul Performance Assesment of GGBS and Rice Husk Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875 Maria Eldho, V. Srinivasan, and Sarah Anil Analysis of Strains in Brick Masonry Prism Using ABAQUS . . . . . . . . 883 Agnus A. Mathew, S. Saibabu, Vimal Mohan, and Deepa Varkey Machine Learning Approach to Failure Mode Prediction of Reinforced Concrete Infilled Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899 J. Ashish Manoj, A. Asiya, Dasari Navya, G. Ganesh Kumar, and P. Robin Davis Punching Shear Strengthening of Flat Slabs with External Bonded CFRP on Grooves (EBROG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909 Jijo P. George and Roshini T. Mohan Study on Performance of Concrete Made with Copper Slag and Mineral Admixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917 E. Lalith Prakash, Prakash Chinnayan, K. Siva Kavinesh, Ambrish Adithiya, G. Sarath Sanjeev, Sriram Gnanaprakasam, and Gautham Sukumar Effect of Size and Shape of Concrete Column Elements Exposed to High Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929 Y. K. Guruprasad

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Diagrid Structural System for Tilted Steel Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939 Archana Joy Eluvathingal and G. Unni Kartha Investigation on the Suitability of Jarofix as a Fine Aggregate Replacement in Concrete Building Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949 Robert V. Thomas and Deepa G. Nair

Performance Evaluation on the Properties of Metakaolin—Fly Ash Based Self Compacting Concrete K. Aswani and C. A. Abin Thomas

Abstract Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is concrete which is proportioned in such a way that it is compacted by its weight assuring complete filling of formwork even when access is hindered by narrow gaps between reinforcing bars. The rheology properties were determined by the test as filling ability, passing ability, and segregation resistance. Strength properties were determined by compressive, split tensile, flexural strength. The successful utilization of fly ash and metakaolin in SCC mixes not only lower the cost of SCC but also provide a solution to the disposal and environmental problems connected with these materials. Keywords Self-compacting concrete · Flyash · Metakaolin

1 Introduction Self-compacting concrete can be defined as fresh concrete that flows under its weight and does not require external vibration to undergo compaction. Self-compacting concrete has been used in bridges and even on pre-cast sections. SCC is ideal to be used in the following applications such as drilled shafts, columns, earth retaining systems, areas with a high concentration of rebar and pipes/conduits. In the journal of J. M. Khatib studied properties such as workability, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (V), absorption and shrinkage and the results indicate that high volume FA can be used in SCC to produce high strength and low shrinkage. Replacing 40% of PC with FA resulted in the strength of more than 65 N/mm2 at 56 days [1, 2]. In the journal of Rahmat Mandanoust, S. Yasin Mousavi studied the fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete containing metakaolin (MK) and the result shows that 10% MK can be considered as a suitable replacement regarding the economic efficiency, fresh and hardened properties of MK concrete [3, 4]. In the journal of P Dinakar, S N Manu evaluated the self K. Aswani (B) · C. A. Abin Thomas Department of Civil Engineering, Federal Institute of Science and Technology (FISAT), Ernakulam 68377, India e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 K. Dasgupta et al. (eds.), Proceedings of SECON 2020, Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 97, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55115-5_1

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compactability and strength characteristics and the results indicate that high strength SCC of about 120 MPa is obtained [5, 6]. In this journal V. Kannan, K. Ganesh studied about the durability properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) containing rice husk ash, Metakaolin (MK) and a combination of MK and RHA were studied and the result showed that SCC blended with RHA and a combination of RHA and MK showed a considerable improvement in durability than unblended SCC [7]. In this paper Frank Cassagnabere investigate the compressive strength of cement-based materials at both early (1 day) and later (28 days) ages under steam curing conditions and the results showed that metakaolin (MK) is a very promising solution at a clinker replacement rate of 12.5–25% by mass [8]. This paper studied the replacement of cement using metakaolin and flyash undergoing various tests in fresh and hardened properties.

2 Experimental Investigations Cement OPC of grade 53 conforming IS 4031: part2,3 is used. Physical properties of cement are given in Table 1. Fine Aggregate The fine aggregate used is Msand as per IS specifications IS 2386-Part3. Physical properties of fine aggregate are tabulated on Table 2 and gradation curve are given in Fig. 1. Table 1 Physical properties of cement

Table 2 Physical properties of fine aggregate

S. No.

Properties

Value

Limits

1

Specific gravity

3.13

3.10–3.25

2

Standard consistency

30%

26–33%

3

Initial setting time

73 min

Not less than 30 min

4

Fineness

5.8%

Should not exceed 10%

S. No.

Properties

M-Sand

Limits

1

Specific gravity

2.74

2.5–2.9

2

Water absorption

1.30%

0.3–2.5%

3

Fineness modulus

2.86

2–3.5

Performance Evaluation on the Properties of Metakaolin …

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120 100

% passing

80

% passing

60 40

lower limit

20

upper limit

0 0.01

0.1

1

10

100

sieve opening(mm) Fig. 1 Gradation curve of FA

Table 3 Physical properties of coarse aggregate

S. No.

Properties

Coarse aggregate

Limits

1

Specific gravity

2.69

2.5–3

2

Water absorption

0.93%

0.1–2%

Coarse Aggregate The maximum coarse aggregate size used was 12.5 mm. Tests on coarse aggregate are done conforming to IS 2386-1963 (Part 3). Physical properties of coarse aggregate are given in Table 3. Flyash and Metakaolin Class F flyash used based on IS 3812:1981. The chemical properties of flyash and metakaolin are tabulated in Table 4. Polycarboxylate Ether Superplasticizer Remix HP 20 is poly-carboxylate ether-based superplasticizers (PCEs) which allow a water reduction up to 30%. Table 4 chemical properties of FA and MK

Parameters

FA (%)

MK

SiO2

63.8

52

Al2 O3

21.29

40

Fe2 O3

0.39

3.6

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K. Aswani and C. A. Abin Thomas

Table 5 Trial mix design of fly ash Trial no.

w/b ratio

Binder (C + FA)

Fine aggregate (kg/m3 )

Coarse aggregate (kg/m3 )

Superplasticizer

Slump (mm)

1

0.38

448

1250

698

3.58

632

2

0.40

425

1288

610

3.40

655

3

0.42

405

1200

647

3.24

695

4

0.43

395

1212

650

3.16

650

5

0.45

378

1263

662

3.024

644

Table 6 Trial mix design of metakaolin Trial no.

w/b ratio

Binder (C + MK)

Fine aggregate (kg/m3 )

Coarse aggregate (kg/m3 )

Superplasticizer

Slump (mm)

1

0.40

425

1288

620

3.4

680

2

0.42

405

1200

654

3.24

700

3

0.43

395

1212

659

3.16

685

3 Mix Design The mix composition is chosen to satisfy all performance criteria for the concrete in both the fresh and hardened states. Trial mix design of flyash and metakaolin are given in Tables 5 and 6. water is taken as 170 kg/m3 In the above trials we get good result of slump flow at a w/b ratio of 0.42. So combined replacement of MK and FA taken at a w/b ratio of 0.42.

4 Test Procedures 4.1 Casting and Curing of Specimen The following mould was used to cast the concrete specimens for various studied as per IS: 516-1956 • 150 * 150 * 150 mm moulds were used to cast cubes to determine the compressive strength of concrete. • 150 * 300 mm moulds were used to cast cylinders to determine split tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of concrete. • 100 * 100 * 500 mm moulds were used to cast beams to determine flexural strength in concrete.

Performance Evaluation on the Properties of Metakaolin … Table 7 List of tests on SCC

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Characteristic property

Test method

Measured unit

Filling ability

Slump flow (mm)

Total spread

Cohesiveness

T500

Flow time

Viscosity

V funnel

Flow time

Passing ability

L box

Flow time

Fig. 2 Slump flow

The specimens in their mould were covered and kept at room temperature for 24hrs. These were then kept submerged in water for curing they remained in the tank until for testing after 7 and 28 days.

4.2 Fresh Properties of SCC A wide range of test methods have been developed to measure and asses the fresh properties of SCC, Table 7 lists the most common tests conducted on SCC. All the test is conducted based on IS 10262: 2019. Figures 2, 3 and 4 shows the slump test, L box test, and V funnel test.

4.3 Properties of Hardened Concrete To determine the mechanical properties, the test specimens were removed from the water bath and surface water was removed using a dry cloth, immediately before testing. This was to ensure that the test specimens were tested at a saturated—surface

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Fig. 3 L box test

Fig. 4 V Funnel test

dry condition (SSD) conditions. All the tests were conducted based on IS. Various tests to be carried out on hard concrete are: • Compressive strength • Split tensile • Flexural strength. Figures 5, 6 and 7 shows the compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength of SCC.

Performance Evaluation on the Properties of Metakaolin … Fig. 5 Compressive strength

Fig. 6 Tensile strength

Fig. 7 Flexural strength

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5 Result and Discussion 5.1 Properties of Fresh Concrete The higher the slump flow value, the greater is its ability to fill formwork under its weight. A minimum slump value of 660 mm and maximum slump value of mm750 is recommended by guideline as per IS Code IS 10262: 2019. A tolerance of ±50 mm is accepted. A minimum T500 flow of 2 s. Table 8 shows slump flow and T500 values. The test result satisfies the minimum requirement. Viscosity can be assessed by the V Funnel flow time as per IS 1199(Part 6). The viscosity is divided into two classes that is V1 and V2. V1 has the good filling ability even with congested reinforcement. V2 class viscosity is more likely to exhibit a thixotropic effect, which helps to improve segregation resistance. For V1 class, time taken to pass the concrete from V Funnel shall be ≤8 s and V2 class between 8 sans 25 s. L box test is performed to check passing ability. The minimum ratio for the test is taken as 0.8. Test conducted the three optimized samples of MK replacing 10% of cement, FA replacing 30% of cement and a combination of MK and FA at 15% and 25%. The test result satisfies the IS 10262.2019. The obtained values are tabulated in Table 9. Table 8 Slump flow test

Table 9 L box and V funnel test

Mix

Slump flow (mm)

T500 slump flow (sec)

MK5

680

4.2

MK10

698

4.3

MK15

705

4.5

MK20

690

4.8

FA10

670

4.5

FA20

684

4.6

FA30

695

4.7

FA40

680

4.8

MK5 FA35

688

4.5

MK10 FA 30

692

4.6

MK15 FA25

708

4.6

MK20 FA20

710

4.7

MK25 FA 20

690

4.8

Mix

L Box

V Funnel

MK 10

0.95

7.1

FA 30

0.92

7.51

MK15 FA25

0.98

7.94

Performance Evaluation on the Properties of Metakaolin … Table 10 Compressive strength

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Mix

Compressive strength at 7th day (MPa)

Compressive strength at 28th day (MPa)

MK 5

28.96

37.59

MK 10

29.43

40.15

MK 15

28.75

37.48

MK 20

27.64

36.27

FA 10

28.39

35.40

FA 20

28.97

36.64

FA 30

29.14

38.08

FA 40

28.15

36.04

MK5 FA35

27.4

35.07

MK10 FA 30

28.5

36.47

MK15 FA25

30.4

42.04

MK20 FA20

29.8

39.4

MK25 FA 20

27.2

35.4

Table 11 Splitting tensile strength and flexural strength Mix

Splitting tensile strength (N/mm2 ) at 28 day

Flexural strength (N/mm2 ) at 28 day

MK 10

4.51

4.85

FA 30

4.58

4.90

MK15 FA25

4.98

5.2

5.2 Properties on Hardened Concrete Cube specimen were tested after 7 and 28 days of curing. The failure load was noted for each mix three cubes were tested and the average value is reported. The obtained values of compressive strength at the 7th and 28th day are given in Table 10. Split Tensile Strength and Flexural Strength were conducted on the three optimized samples of MK replacing 10% of cement, FA replacing 30% of cement and a combination of MK and FA at 15 and 25%. The test result was given in Table 11.

6 Conclusion • The inclusion of MK and FA can improve the fresh and hardened properties because both the mineral admixtures contain a high amount of alumina and silica. This helps to the production of excess C–S–H gel and result in increasing compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength.

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• The successful utilization of fly ash and metakaolin in SCC mixes not only lower the cost of SCC but also provide a solution to the disposal and environmental problems connected with these materials.

References 1. Mahalingam B, Nagamanib K, Kannan LS, Haneefaa KM, Bahurudeend A (2016) Assessment of hardened characteristics of raw fly ash blended self-compacting concrete. Perspect Sci 8:709–711 2. Khatib JM (2008) Performance of self-compacting concrete containing fly ash. Constr Build Mater 22:1963–1971 3. Abouhussien AA, Assem AA (2015) Hassan optimizing the durability and service life of selfconsolidating concrete containing metakaolin using statistical analysis. Constr Build Mater 76:297–306 4. Madandoust R, Yasin Mousavi S (2012) Fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete containing metakaolin. Constr Build Mater 35:752–760 ˇ 5. Vejmelkova E, Koppert M, Grzeszczyk S, Skalin B, Cerný R (2011) Properties of self-compacting concrete mixtures containing metakaolin and blast furnace slag. Constr Build Mater 25:1325– 1331 6. Dinakar P, Manu SN (2014) Concrete mix design for high strength self-compacting concrete using metakaolin. Constr Build Mater 60:661–668 7. Kannan V, Ganesan K (2014) Chloride and chemical resistance of self compacting concrete containing rice husk ash and metakaolin. Constr Build Mater 51:225–234 8. Cassagnabère F, Mouret M, Escadeillas G, Broilliard P, Bertrand A (2010) Metakaolin, a solution for the precast industry to limit the clinker content in concrete: mechanical aspects. Constr Build Mater 24:1109–1118

Studies on Inclusion of Polypropylene (PP) Geo-fabric in Concrete K. S. Sreekeshava , A. S. Arunkumar, Manish S. Dharek, and Prashanth Sunagar

Abstract The concrete is a composite material made by proper proportions of fine aggregates, course aggregates along with proper water to cement ratio. This composite in hard state very strong in compression and having ability to take more gravity loads. Concrete members are weak in tension hence commonly steel is adopted as reinforcement in all over the world. Several researchers tried to enhance the tensile reinforcement by various alternative materials and also successfully showed the importance of various fibres and alloy materials in concrete. The materials used for enhancing tensile strength must possess good bond strength, thermal resistance, corrosion resistance and recyclable. In this present paper, an experimental work has been conducted to know the behaviour of polypropylene (PP) Geo-fabric as partial replacement for reinforcement in concrete for non-importance small scale structural members. Different tests like compression, split tensile, flexure tests have been conducted with the presence of PP Geo-fabric and results shown better performance compared with normal conventional test specimens. Keywords Geo-fabrics · Reinforcement · Polypropylene · Construction · Brittle failure · GI wires

K. S. Sreekeshava (B) Department of Civil Engineering, Jyothy Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, India e-mail: [email protected] A. S. Arunkumar Department of Civil Engineering, BMS College of Engineering, Bengaluru, affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, India M. S. Dharek Department of Civil Engineering, BMS Institute of Technology and Management, Bengaluru, affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, India P. Sunagar Department of Civil Engineering, Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, India © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 K. Dasgupta et al. (eds.), Proceedings of SECON 2020, Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 97, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55115-5_2

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1 Introduction Beams are one dimensional horizontal structural members predominantly subjected to transverse loads and negligible axial loads. These are mainly designed to resist shear and flexural loads. The reinforcement plays a major role to resist against different failures but transverse reinforcements are provided to resist against shear failure and longitudinal reinforcements are provided to resist flexure failure of beams [1, 2]. In general, the shear failure is controlled by providing closed transverse stirrups and flexure failure are controlled by providing tensile and compression reinforcements along longitudinal directions. Production of steel affects the environment adversely by emitting CO2 to environment and also steel having certain drawbacks when it is used as a construction material similar to concrete [3]. Proper care should be taken by providing sufficient cover to protect steel from corrosion. The hardened concrete exhibits better compressive strength and week tensile strength. The reinforcement acts like better skeletal support in structural members [4, 5]. But in case of non-structural importance small scale structures steel reinforcement would be economical, in such cases the alternative for steel reinforcement become essential. In case of non-structural significance works the only focus is to provide nominal safe minimum reinforcement to improve the ductility of the members. In recent past several researchers focusing on this intent to replace steel partially or fully by proper alternative reinforcing material. The Geo-fabrics are used as alternative to reinforcement in small scale non-structural importance works because of its better interlocking behavior with cement concrete and imparts better tensile strength [6, 7]. Geo-fabrics are usually made of synthetic polymers such as polypropylene, polyesters, polyethylene and polyamides, varying polymers and manufacturing process results in array of geotextiles suitable for a variety of civil construction applications. Basically these Geo-fabrics are classified as Uniaxial, Bi-axial and Tri-axial Geo-fabrics represented in Fig. 1 [8–10]. Recently the importance of Geo-fabrics is explored by several researchers in the application of concrete works [1, 9]. Geo-fabrics reinforcement provides better alternative solution for small scale structural works. The prime objective of this study

Fig. 1 a Uniaxial geo-fabric; b biaxial geo-fabric; c tri-axial geo-fabric

Studies on Inclusion of Polypropylene (PP) Geo-fabric in Concrete

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is to investigate the flexural behavior of polypropylene (PP) Biaxial Geo-fabrics with and without reinforcement.

2 Experimental Sequences 2.1 Basic Material Characterisation The tests specimens were casted using different materials. Behavior of individual material plays a significant role in the strength and durability of structural members. In this experimental work an ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade and coarse aggregate pertaining sieve size less than 20 mm were considered. Fine aggregates are locally available having less than 4.75 mm size was considered as per code of practice. The 3 and 2 mm Galvanized iron (GI) wires were used as reinforcements because, the alternative reinforcement Polypropylene (PP) Geo-fabrics are 2 mm thick Bi-axial grids hence for the compatibility of replacement GI wires were considered. Experimental tests were conducted on materials and results were tabulated in Tables 1, 2 and 3. Table 1 Properties of cement Experiment name

Relevant code of practice

Test results

Permissible value as per code

Fineness

IS 269

7.2%

Maximum 10%

Normal consistency

IS 4031-part 4

31%

26–33%

Soundness

IS 4031-part 3

6.8 mm