Principles of conservation biology [3rd ed. /] 9780878935185, 0878935185

Table of contents :
Cover......Page 1
Endpapers......Page 2
Front Matter......Page 6
Copyright page......Page 9
Contents......Page 12
Contributing Chapter Authors......Page 21
Preface......Page 22
UNIT I: Conceptual Foundations for Conservation Biology......Page 26
Expanding Human Demands on Earth......Page 28
Responding to Global Change: The Field of Conservation Biology......Page 31
A Brief History of Conservation Biology......Page 32
Conservation in the United States......Page 35
Modern conservation biology: A synthesis......Page 37
Guiding Principles for Conservation Biology......Page 40
Some postulates of conservation biology......Page 44
A multidisciplinary science......Page 45
An inexact science......Page 47
A value-laden science......Page 48
A Final Word......Page 49
Questions for Discussion......Page 50
What Is Biodiversity and Why Is it Important?......Page 52
Population-level diversity......Page 55
Diversity of species......Page 56
How Many Species Are There?......Page 58
Diversity of Higher Taxa......Page 59
Diversity of Biological Communities......Page 61
Ecosystem and Biome Diversity, and the World’s Ecoregions......Page 62
Species Richness over Geological Time......Page 64
Rates of species formation......Page 65
Current patterns of species richness......Page 66
Patterns of Endemism......Page 68
Latitudinal Gradients in Species Richness......Page 72
Species Richness–Energy Relationships......Page 73
Disturbance and Species Richness......Page 76
Interactions between local and regional species richness......Page 77
The importance of biodiversity......Page 78
The Future of Biodiversity Studies......Page 80
Summary......Page 85
Questions for Discussion......Page 86
Chapter 3 Threats to Biodiversity......Page 88
Major Threats to Biodiversity and Their Interaction......Page 89
Anthropogenic Extinctions and Their Community and Ecosystem Impacts......Page 95
Indirect impacts of extinctions on animal and plant communities......Page 97
Current Patterns of Global Endangerment......Page 99
Globally threatened species......Page 100
What factors are most threatening to biodiversity globally?......Page 103
Endangered species in the United States......Page 106
Threatened species in other countries......Page 108
Species vulnerability due to specialization......Page 111
Vulnerability of rare species......Page 112
Bad luck”: Extrinsic causes of extinction due to human activities......Page 113
Responses to the Biodiversity Crisis......Page 114
Identifying driving factors and trends in species endangerment......Page 115
Summary......Page 133
Questions for Discussion......Page 134
Instrumental value......Page 136
Intrinsic value......Page 138
Monetizing the Value of Biodiversity......Page 140
Anthropocentrism......Page 144
The Judeo–Christian stewardship conservation ethic......Page 145
Traditional non-Western environmental ethics......Page 146
Biocentrism......Page 149
Ecocentrism......Page 152
Summary......Page 159
Questions for Discussion......Page 160
Why Do We Need Ecological Economics?......Page 162
Cost–Benefit Analysis and its Application to Conservation......Page 165
Project definition......Page 167
Conversion into monetary terms......Page 168
What Kind of Values Does Biodiversity Have?......Page 169
Conventional market approaches......Page 171
Hypothetical market......Page 172
Examples of monetary values placed on biodiversity......Page 173
Controversy surrounding the use of CVM......Page 175
Project Assessment in CBA......Page 176
Net present value (NPV)......Page 180
Objections to CBA......Page 182
How can we best use CBA in conservation?......Page 183
Risk assessment and management......Page 184
Adding nonsubstitutability to CBA......Page 186
Summary......Page 193
Questions for Discussion......Page 194
UNIT II: Focus on Primary Threats to Biodiversity......Page 196
Chapter 6 Habitat Degradation and Loss......Page 198
What Constitutes Habitat Degradation and When Is Habitat “Lost”?......Page 199
Patterns of Habitat Transformation on Land and In the Sea......Page 201
Forest systems and deforestation patterns......Page 202
Loss of and damage to grassland, savanna, and shrubland habitats......Page 204
Degradation of freshwater systems......Page 205
Degradation of marine ecosystems......Page 206
Human Activities That Cause Habitat Degradation......Page 207
Agriculture......Page 209
Extractive activities......Page 210
Urbanization and infrastructure development......Page 212
Light pollution......Page 213
Air pollution and acid rain......Page 214
Solid waste and plastics......Page 216
Chemical pollution......Page 217
Habitat degradation due to excessive nitrogen inputs......Page 218
Eutrophication......Page 219
Biodiversity hotspots......Page 222
The “Global 200” ecoregions......Page 223
Crisis ecoregions......Page 224
Other habitat conservation priority-setting approaches......Page 225
Conservation of Habitats: The How......Page 226
Summary......Page 236
Questions for Discussion......Page 237
Chapter 7 Habitat Fragmentation......Page 238
Fragmentation and Heterogeneity......Page 241
The Fragmentation Process......Page 244
Insularization and area effects......Page 248
Isolation......Page 251
Edge effects......Page 253
The special problem of roads......Page 255
Effects on ecological processes......Page 257
Nested Species Distribution Patterns......Page 259
Fragmentation versus Habitat Loss, and Regional Differences......Page 260
Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 264
Summary......Page 275
Questions for Discussion......Page 276
History of, and Motivations for, Exploitation......Page 278
Impacts of Exploitation on Target Species......Page 279
Tropical terrestrial ecosystems......Page 280
Temperate terrestrial ecosystems......Page 283
Aquatic ecosystems......Page 285
Tropical terrestrial ecosystems......Page 287
Temperate ecosystems......Page 288
Aquatic ecosystems......Page 289
Biological Theory of Sustainable Exploitation......Page 290
Constant quota exploitation......Page 292
Threshold exploitation......Page 293
Open access and the tragedy of the commons......Page 294
Surplus production......Page 297
Full demography......Page 298
Demographic rules of thumb......Page 299
Sustainable Use Meets Biodiversity......Page 301
Summary......Page 315
Questions for Discussion......Page 316
Chapter 9 Species Invasions......Page 318
What Are the Conservation Implications of Introduced Species?......Page 319
Population and community impacts......Page 320
Genetic and evolutionary impacts......Page 327
Ecosystem impacts......Page 328
Measuring invader impacts......Page 329
What Factors Determine Whether a Nonnative Species Becomes Invasive?......Page 331
Propagule pressure......Page 332
Invading species characteristics......Page 334
Invaded community characteristics......Page 336
Unintentional pathways......Page 339
Species-based control......Page 341
Invasion prevention......Page 343
Summary......Page 355
Questions for Discussion......Page 356
Chapter 10 Biological Impacts of Climate Change......Page 358
Climate change through the ages......Page 359
Human enhancement of the greenhouse effect......Page 361
Mechanisms regulating the global energy budget......Page 362
Temperature and precipitation changes......Page 363
Oceans: Change in sea level and circulation......Page 365
Responses to extreme weather......Page 367
Evolutionary and morphological changes......Page 369
Phenological shifts......Page 370
Abundance changes and community reassembly......Page 371
Range shifts......Page 373
Sea level rise......Page 374
Ecosystem process changes......Page 375
The global picture: A synthesis of biological impacts......Page 376
Extinctions......Page 377
Responses to climate change by resource managers......Page 379
Climate change and conservation policy......Page 380
Major themes in climate change negotiations......Page 381
The future of climate change policy......Page 384
Summary......Page 398
Questions for Discussion......Page 399
Chapter 11 Conservation Genetics......Page 400
Variation within individuals......Page 402
Variation among individuals......Page 405
Variation among populations......Page 406
Variation at the level of metapopulations......Page 408
Why Is Genetic Diversity Important?......Page 409
The genetically effective population size......Page 410
Genetic drift......Page 412
Gene flow......Page 415
Inbreeding depression......Page 416
Outbreeding depression......Page 417
Natural selection......Page 418
Identifying and Prioritizing Groups for Conservation......Page 419
Analyses of Parentage and Systems of Mating......Page 426
Understanding Effects of Population Exploitation on Levels of Genetic Diversity......Page 427
Limitations of Using Genetics in Conservation Planning......Page 428
Summary......Page 439
Questions for Discussion......Page 440
UNIT III: Approaches to Solving Conservation Problems......Page 442
Chapter 12 Species and Landscape Approaches to Conservation......Page 444
Populations and How They Change......Page 445
Mechanisms of population regulation......Page 446
Special problems of very small populations......Page 448
Source–sink concepts and their application to conservation......Page 449
Metapopulation concepts, threshold responses, and conservation......Page 452
The value of hierarchical analysis for understanding population change......Page 457
Landscape models for conservation......Page 465
Spatially explicit population models......Page 467
Challenges and Opportunities of Conservation at the Landscape Scale......Page 469
Summary......Page 489
Questions for Discussion......Page 490
Chapter 13 Ecosystem Approaches to Conservation......Page 492
Key Elements of an Ecosystem Approach......Page 493
Examples of ecosystem approaches......Page 494
Ecosystem management......Page 496
Using ecosystem approaches to meet the goals of the Convention on Biological Diversity......Page 497
Biophysical Ecosystems as Appropriate Management Units......Page 498
Understanding Ecosystem Dynamics and Resilience......Page 505
Adaptive Management: Preparing for Change in Conservation Practice......Page 506
Analytic approaches used in adaptive management......Page 508
Should Ecosystem Approaches Mimic Natural Processes?......Page 509
The Critical Role of Participatory Decision-Making Processes......Page 510
Future Directions in Ecosystem-Based Conservation......Page 514
Questions for Discussion......Page 532
Chapter 14 Protected Areas......Page 534
The Current State of Protected Areas......Page 535
Types of Protected Areas......Page 536
National parks (Category II)......Page 537
Biosphere Reserves, Ramsar Wetlands, and World Heritage Sites......Page 538
Strict protection versus multiple use......Page 539
Management Effectiveness of Protected Areas......Page 540
The Need for Reserve Systems......Page 542
Approaches to Planning Reserve Systems......Page 546
Systematic conservation planning......Page 547
The use of surrogates for reserve system planning......Page 549
Tools for systematic conservation planning......Page 551
Designing a reserve system for the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa......Page 554
Confronting Threats in Protected Areas......Page 556
Dynamics and uncertainty......Page 558
Incorporating Social and Cultural Contexts......Page 559
Questions for Discussion......Page 576
Ecological Restoration......Page 578
Role of restoration ecology in conservation......Page 580
Steps in designing and implementing ecological restorations......Page 581
Restoration challenges......Page 587
Animal Reintroduction......Page 590
Restoration in Marine Environments......Page 591
Regulations in the United States......Page 593
International regulations......Page 595
Concluding Thoughts......Page 596
Questions for Discussion......Page 614
What Is Sustainable Development?......Page 616
Sustainable “growth” is not equivalent to sustainable “development”......Page 617
How are sustainable development projects structured?......Page 618
How Successful Are Sustainable Development Projects at Conserving Biodiversity?......Page 619
How Can We Best Promote Sustainability?......Page 622
Summary......Page 647
Questions for Discussion......Page 648
Chapter 17 The Integration of Conservation Science and Policy......Page 650
The Need for Translational Scientists at the Interface of Science and Policy......Page 651
Policy-relevant science is different from ecologically relevant science......Page 652
Constraints and opportunities for conservationists......Page 653
Policymakers and the public respond to scientific information differently......Page 654
What Is Conservation Policy?......Page 655
Who Makes Conservation Policy? Breaking the Science–Policy Barrier......Page 656
The best available science: Quality and quantity of scientific information for conservation decisions......Page 658
Scientific uncertainty and risks......Page 659
Dealing with Uncertainty and Risk through Adaptive Management......Page 662
Working with the policy process......Page 668
Contributing to conservation policy as a conservation scientist......Page 669
Summary......Page 683
Questions for Discussion......Page 684
Countering the Impacts on Biodiversity from Poverty in Many Countries and Over-Consumption in a Few Countries......Page 686
Indicators needed to describe trends and guide policy......Page 689
Research approaches needed to inform decision-making......Page 692
How do we overcome uncertainties that hinder decision-making?......Page 696
Responding to intensification of threats......Page 697
Are Conservation Efforts Succeeding and How Can We Improve?......Page 698
Enhancing conservation under the U.S. Endangered Species Act......Page 699
Limited implementation and funding of conservation programs globally......Page 700
Improving assessment of conservation efforts......Page 701
Influencing People’s Habits: Reducing Destructive Impacts......Page 704
Making sustainable choices more attractive......Page 705
Encouraging conservation through incentives......Page 708
Fostering sustainable use......Page 709
Our Decisions Will Determine the Fate of Biodiversity......Page 712
Summary......Page 723
Questions for Discussion......Page 724
Glossary......Page 726
Bibliography......Page 736
Index......Page 800