Practice and Theory of Tibetan Buddhism. Introd by the Dalai Lama 0394179056, 9780394179056

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Practice and Theory o f Tibetan Buddhism

Practice and Theory o f Tibetan Buddhism GESHE L H U N D U P SOPA A N D JEFFREY H O PK IN S

With a Foreword by His Holiness The Dalai Lama

GROVE PRESS, INC. NEW YORK

Copyright © 1976 by Geshe Lhundup Sopa and Jeffrey Hopkins All Rights Reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, for any reason, by any means, including any method of photographic reproduction, without the permission of the publisher. ISBN: 0-394-17905-6 Grove Press ISBN: 0-8021-4006-8 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 75-42898 First Evergreen Edition 1976 First Printing Manufactured in the United States of America Distributed by Random House, Inc., New York GROVE PRESS, INC., 196 West Houston Street, New York, N.Y. 10014

CONTENTS

Foreword by His Holiness the Dalai Lama Preface Introduction and comments on the text of Part One

ix xi x iii

PART o n e : P R A C T I C E : M E D I T A T I O N IN T IB E T A N B U D D H IS M A translation o f the Fourth Panchen Lama’s

Instructions on the Three Principal Aspects of the Path I. Preparation for the session IL T h e session: develop in g an understanding o f the path and prom ising to cultivate it BI. T h e actual m editation: 1. H o w to cultivate a thou ght to leave cyclic existence

The means to cease looking forward to the appearances of this life The meaningfulness o f leisure and fortune The difficulty o f finding leisure and fortune

The means to cease lookingforward to the appearances of future lives Deeds and their effects The sufferings o f cyclic existence O f cyclic existence in general O f individual cyclic existences IV .

T h e actual m editation: 2. H o w to cultivate an altruistic aspiration to highest enlightenm ent

How to achieve even-mindedness

I 3

17

21 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 25

27 27

Contents

VI

How to cultivate recognition of all sentient beings as mothers How to cultivate a thought of the kindness of mothers How to meditate on repaying their kindness How to cultivate love How to cultivate great compassion and the unusual attitude How to cultivate an altruistic aspiration to highest enlightenment V.

T he actual m editation: 3. H o w to cultivate a correct v ie w

How to meditate so as to ascertain personal selflessness First essential: ascertaining the mode o f appearance o f what is negated in the theory o f selflessness Second essential: ascertaining invariable concomitance Third essential: ascertaining the absence o f true sameness Fourth essential: ascertaining the absence o f true difference

How to meditate so as to ascertain the selflessness of other phenomena To ascertain the absence o f inherent existence o f products To ascertain the absence o f inherent existence o f nonproducts VI.

part

T he end o f the session

t WD:

THEORY:

SYSTEMS

28 29 30 31 31 32

38 38 38 39 39 40 41 41 42 44

OF TENETS

A n annotated translation o f K ö n -ch o k -jik -m a y -w a n g -p o ’s

Precious Garland of Tenets Introduction: O ur o w n and others* presentation o f tenets I. O ur o w n and others’ tenets in general II.

C ondensed explanation o f Outsiders’ tenets

Vai&fika and Naiyayika Sarpkhya Mimätnsaka Nirgrantha Cärväka HI.

General exposition o f Buddhist tenets

49

51 53 56 56 58 62 62 63 65

Contents IV . T h e Vaibhäsikas

Definition, subschools and etymology Presentation of the basis Assertions regarding objects The two truths The contaminated and the non-contaminated Other ancillary topics Assertions regarding object-possessors [subjects] Persons Consciousnesses N ew valid consciousnesses Non-ncw valid consciousnesses Terms

Presentation of paths Objects o f the paths Objects abandoned by the paths Nature o f the paths

Presentation of thefruits of the paths V . T h e Sauträntikas

Definition, subschools and etymology Presentation of the basis Assertions regarding objects The two truths Specifically and generally characterized objects Negative and affirmative phenomena Manifest and hidden phenomena The three times The single and the different Assertions regarding object-possessors Persons Consciousnesses Terms

Presentation ofpaths Objects o f the paths Objects abandoned by the paths Nature o f the paths

Presentation of the fruits of the paths VI.

T h e Cittam ätrins

Definition, subschools and etymology Presentation of the basis Assertions regarding objects

-

vii 70 70 70 70 72 72

75 77 78 78 78 80 80 81 82 83 83 85 92 92 92 92 93 96 96 97 98 99 101 IOI IOI

103 104 104 104 104 105 107 107 h i

III

viii

Contents Assertions regarding object-possessors

Presentation of paths Objects o f the paths Objects abandoned by the paths Nature o f the paths

Presentation of the fruits of the paths VII. T he M ädhyam ikas: 1. T he Svàtantrikas

Definition, subschools and etymology of Mädhyamika The Svàtantrikas: definition, etymology and subschools (a) Tenets of the Yogäcara-Svätantrika-Mädhyamikas Presentation of the basis Assertions regarding objects Assertions regarding object-possessors

Presentation ofpaths Objects of the paths Objects abandoned by the paths Nature of the paths

Presentation of thefruits of the paths (b) Tenets of the Sauträntika-Svätantrika-Mädhyamikas Presentation of the basis Presentation of paths Presentation of thefruitsof the paths VIII. T he M ädhyam ikas: 2. T h e Präsangikas

Definition and etymology Presentation of the basis Assertions regarding objects The manifest and the hidden The two truths Assertions regarding object-possessors

Presentation ofpaths Objects of the paths Objects abandoned by the paths Nature of the paths

Presentation of the fruits of the paths Glossary Notes Bibliography Index

II 5

117 117 118 119 119 122 122 122 124 124 124 125 126 126 127 127 127 131 131 131 132 133 133 133 134 134 135 136 140 140 141 141 142 146

i$i ^3 I5a.4. 10. Ann., stod 64^4. 11. Ann., stod 64b.8. 12. GT, ka 42b.8. 13. The author elaborates three different presentations by these three, of which only the second is translated. 14. Jang, 212.17. 15. According to the -blockprint edition in the University of Wisconsin rare books room, this passage should read: de'i 'jug thogs su mthong lam bar chad med lam gyis nyon sgrib kun btags dangjshes sgrib kun btags sa bon dang bcas pa spangs nas mam grol lam dang 'gog pa'i bden pa gnyis mngon du byed do\\ sgom lam skor dgus sgom spang nyon mongs bcu drug gi sa bon dang sgom spang shes sgrib brgya dang brgyad kyi sa bon rim can du spong bar gsungs so/\ 16. The text mistakenly reads: sgra gang zaggi bdag med. 17. The light of the sun and moon is said to close some flowers.

BIBLIOGRAPHY (The references for the entries marked ‘P* are to the Peking edition of the Tibetan Tripitaka published by Suzuki Research Foundation, Tokyo-Kyoto, 1956.)

A. SUTRAS 1. Descent into Lanka Sütra Lankavatâra-sûtra Lang kar gshegs pa*i mdo. P775, Vol. 29. 2. Perfection of Wisdom Sütras Prajnäpäramitä-sütra Shes rab kyi pha roi tu phyin pa’i mdo. Vols. 12-21. 3. Unravelling of the Thought Siitra Samdhinirmocana-sutra dGongs pa nges par ’grel pali mdo. P774, Vol. 29. 4. Siitra on the Ten Grounds Daiabhümika-sütra mDo sde sa bcu pa. P761-31, Vol. 25.

B. C O MM ENTAR IES 5. Asanga. Compendium of Knowledge Abhidharmasamuccaya mNgon pa kun btus. P5550, Vol. 112. 6. Asanga. Five Treatises on the Levels Yogacaryäbhümi rNal ’byor spyodpa’i sa. P5536» 5537» 5538, Vol. 109-10. Yogacaryâbhüminirnayasamgraha rNal ’byor spyod pa’i sa mam par gtan la dbab pa bsdu ba. P5539, Vol. no-11. Yogacaryabhümau vastusamgraha rNal ’byor spyod pa’i sa lasgzhi bsdu ba. P5540, Vol. h i . . Yogacaryäbhümau paryäyasamgraha

154

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Bibliography

rNal ’byor spyodpa’i sa las mamgrang bsdu ba. P5543» Vol. i n . Yogacaryäbhümau vivaranasamgraha rNal ’byor spyod pa’i sa las mam par bshad pa bsdu ba. P5543» Vol. i n . Bhävaviveka. Blaze of Reasoning, a Commentary on the *Heart of the Middle Way Madhyamakahrdayavrttitarkajvälä dbU ma’i snying po’i ’grel pa rtog ge ’bar ba. P5256, Vol. 96. Bhävaviveka. Heart of the Middle Way Madhyamakahrdayakärikä dbU ma’i snying po’i tshig le’ur byas pa. P5255, Vol. 96. Dharmakirti. Seven Treatises on Valid Cognition Pramänavarttikakärikä Tshad ma mam ’grel gyi tshig le’ur byas pa. P5709, Vol. 130. Pramänavinilcaya Tshad ma mam par nges pa. P5710, Vol. 130. Nyayabinduprakarana Rigs pa’i thigs pa zhes bya ba’i rab tu byed pa. P5711, Vol. 13c. Hetubindunämaprakarana gTan tshigs kyi thigs pa zhes bya ba rab tu byed pa. P5712, Vol. 130. Sambandhaparikfävftti ’Brel pa brtag pa’i rab tu byed pa. P5713, Vol. 130. Vädanyäyanämaprakarana rTsod pa’i rigs pa zhes bya ba’i rab tu byed pa. P5715, Vol. 130. Samtänäntarasiddhinämaprakarana rGyud bzhangrubpa zhes bya ba’i rab tu byedpa. P5716, Vol. 130. Dharmamitra. Clear Words, a Commentary on (Maitreya’s) 'Orna­ mentfor the Realizations* Abhisamayälamkärakärikäprajmpäramitopadelaiästratikä. Shes rab kyi pha roi tu phyin pa’i man ngaggi bstan bcos mngoti par rtogs pa’i rgyan gyi tshig le’ur byas pa’i ’grel bshad tshig rab tu gsal ba zhes bya ba. P5194, Vol. 91. Fourth Panchen Lama, Lo-sang-pel-den-ten-pay-nyi-ma (bLobzang-dpal-ldan-bstan-pa’i-nyi-ma). Instructions on the Three Prin­ cipal Aspects of the Path to Highest Enlightenment, Essence of All the Scriptures, Quintessence of Helping Others gSung rab kun gyi snying po lam gyi gtso bo mam pa gsum gyi khrid yig gzhan phan snying po. [Place and year of publication unknown]

Bibliography

155

12. Kön-chok-jik-may-wang-po (dKon-mchog-’jigs-med-dbang-po). Precious Garland of Tenets or Presentations of Tenets, a Precious Garland Grub pa’i mtha’i mam par bzhag pa rin po che’i phreng ba (Yongsdgon-mtshan-nyid-grva-tshang, no date). 13. Maitreya. Mahäyäna Treatise on the Sublime Science Mahäyanottaratantraiästra Thegpa chenpo rgyud bla ma’i bstan beos. P5525, Vol. 108* 14. Maitreya. Ornamentfor the Realizations Abhisamayälamkära mNgon par rtogs pa’i rgyan. P5184, Vol. 88. 15. Sàntideva. Compendium of Instructions Sikfäsamuccayakärikä bsLab pa kun las btus pa’i tshig le’ur byas pa. P5272, Vol. 102. 16. Tsong-ka-pa (Tsong-kha-pa). Three Principal Aspects of the Path to Highest Enlightenment Lamgyigtso bo mampagsum. P6087, Vol. 153. 17. Vajragarbha. Commentary on the Condensation of the Hevajra Tantra Hevajrapindärthafika Kye’i rdo rje bsdus pa’i don gyi rgya cher ’grelpa. P2310, Vol. 53. 18. Vasubandhu. Treasury of Knowledge Abhidharmakolakärikä Chos mngon pa’i mdzod kyi tshig le’ur byas pa. P5590, Vol. 115.

INDEX

A bandonm ent, 54, 86-8 Abider, 87-8, 119, 127-8, 132, 143 Abiding, 77 Absorptions, 74, 75, 87-8 A ction (karm a), xx, xxiii, 23-4, 25, 31, 32, 34 - 6 , 63, 76-7 Actions, xxi, 23-4, 42, 43, 57-8, 60, 6 3 ,7 6 Activity, 51, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61 A dm iration, 12, 13 A d v ic e to K in g Prasenajit S u tr a , 35 Affirmative phenom ena, 75-6, 96-7 Affirming negative, 7 5 -6 ,9 7 Afflicted m ind (klifta -m a n a h ), n o , 116 Afflictions, ix, x, 32, 35, 73, 74, 75, 86, 118, 130 Afflictive obstruction (see O bstruction to liberation) Ageing, 71, 77 Aggregates (skandha ), 123 (see also M ental and physical aggregates) A ggregation, 59, 68 Air, 56 Aiivara, 56 Aksipäda, 56 All-knowingness, 83, 89, 104 Altruistic aspiration to highest enlightenm ent, ix, xv, xviii, xxiv, xxviii, 6, 7, 18, 19, 26, 27-37, 45, 52, 128 (see also M otivation) Am brosia, xvii, 4, 6 Am itäbha, 8 Analysis, x x iv-xxvi, 38-44, 53, 93, 1 3 5 , 145 Analytical cessation, 73-4, 75 Anger, xxi, xxvii, 28 Anim al, xx, 22, 25, 55, 87 A nnihilation, 66, 67-8, 122

A ntidote to afflictions, 74 Aparântaka, 70 Appearance, 38-43, 137, 140, 142 Appearing object, 94, 102 A rya V im uktisena, 124, 130 Aryadeva, 15 Asanga, xxii, 51, h i , 115, 120 Ascetic practices, 55, 63 Ascetics, 65 Aspect, 107, 109, 115, 116 Aspiration to enlightenm ent (see Altruistic aspiration to highest enlightenm ent) A ttention, 71, 77, 116 Avantakas, 78 Bârhaspatya, 56, 63 (see also Cärväka) Basis, 53, 66, 70-81, 92-104, i n - 1 7 , 124-5, 131. 133-40 B eing (see Sentient being) Belief, 80, 102, 103 Bhàvaviveka, 58, 62, 123,132 B irth, xxix, 24, 25, 32 (see also Rebirth) B la z e o f R ea so n in g , a C o m m e n ta ry on th e ‘H e a r t o f the M id d le W a y * , 58,

I 32

Bliss, xviii, xxvii, 31, 42 B odhgayâ, 65 Bodhicitta, xxii-x x iv , 27-33 (see Altruistic aspiration to highest enlightenm ent) Bodhisattva, ix, xvii, xviii, xxi, 4, 8, 3 2 , 3 3 , 34 - 6 , 66, 84, 87-8, 89, 90, 118-19, 120, 128-9, 132, 137, 143 B ody, xv i-x v ii, xx, xxi, xxvi, xxvii, 4, 5 . 18, 24-5, 32, 4 i, 44, 76-7 Breathing, xvi

Index B uddha, xv, xvi, x vii, xix, xx, xxii, x x iii, 3-4, 7, 8, 9-10, i i , 13-14, i8 , 19, 20, 23, 3 *. 3 4 » 3 8 , 4 3 , 4 5 . 46, 51, 54, 65, 77, 8 i, 83, 87-9, 90-1, 105, n o , 120, 121, 130, 131, 1 3 4 . 1 3 5 , 1 3 7 , 138, 143 B uddha Jew el, 90, 91 B uddhahood, ix, xv, xvi, x v ii-x v iii, x xii, x x iii-iv , xxviii, 4, 5, 18, 22, 32-3, 89, 116, 120, 121, 132,142-3 B uddhapälita, 133 B uddhism , x, xv, 51, 54, 55, 67-8 B uddhist, 54-5 B uddhist teaching, xx, 51 C and rak irti, 133 C ârvâka, 56, 63 C ategory, 112 C ausation, 59, 60-1, 98, 112 Cause, x viii, 36, 82 Cause and effect, xxi, 23-4, 42, 43, 57-8, 59, 60, 63, 64, 76 Cessation, 65, 73-4, 75, 82, 136 C itta m itra , 66, 67, 77, 98, 100, 107-21, 136 C lairvoyance, xxi, 61, 77, 100 C le a r W o rd s , a C o m m en ta ry on (M a itre y a ’s) ’O rn a m e n t f o r the R e a liz a tio n s ’, 53 Coarse selflessness (see Selflessness) C o g n itio n (see Perception)

C o lo u r and shape, 71 C om m entaries (on Buddha*s W ord) ( lästra ), 53, 81 C o m m e n ta ry on the C ondensation o f the H e va jra T a n tra , 66 C o m m u n ity (sam gha), 54 (see also

Spiritual C om m unity) Com passion, ix, x viii, x xii, 6, 13, 15, 19, 31-2, 51, 5 2 , 130 C o m p en d iu m o f Instructions , 35 C o m p en d iu m o f K n o w led g e , 120 C om positional factor n o t associated w ith eith er m ind o r m ental factors (citta -ca itta -vip ra yu kta -sa m skd ra ), 70, 71, 81, 136 C oncentration, xxiv, 33, 61 C oncentrations, 87-8 C onception, xxv, 15, 38-40, 43, 83, 104, 118, 127, 141 C o n d en sed E x p o s itio n o f th e Stages o f th e P a th , 46

C onditioning, x xv

157

Confession, 12, 13 C onqueror, 11, 12, 16 (see also Buddha) Consciousness, xxiii, 38-9, 41, 58, 59. 60, 61, 71, 78-81, 84, 93, 94. 98, 101-3, 108-9, n o , 113, i i 5-17, 125, 127, 135-6, 136-40; as non­ form , 79; as path, 127; as real conventionality, 125; as true path, 84; C ittam ätra assertion on num ber of, n o , 115 ; com m on, 135-6; conceiving T , 38-9; conceptual, 93, 140 (see also Perception); dualistic, 140; in rebirth, xxiii, 41 ; in Slm khya, 58, 59, 60; inferential, 78, 94, 98, 139; m istaken, 102; non-notice by, 80, 101, 103 ; o f com m on beings, 137; perception by sense, 109, 115 Consequences, 133 C ontam inated, 72-5 Contam ination, 63 C ontrition, xxi C onventional tru th (sa m vfti-sa ty a ), 59. 71. 72, 93- 6 , 113- 14, 124- 5,

135-6 C onventionally existent, 72, 122, 144 Counter-pervasion, 123 Covetousness, xxi C ultivation (see M editation) Cyclic existence (sam sara), xi, xv, xvii, xxiv, 4, 6, 18, 19, 21-6, 29, 36, 42, 43. 45, 52, 55, 61, 62, 63, 87-8, 144

Darkness (tam ah), 58, 60-1 D eath, xxi, 15, 25, 137 D edication, xix, xxvii-xxviii, 13, 4 6 -7

Deeds (see Action) Defilements, 62 Definite goodness, 31 D eity, xvii, xix, 8, 9, 60 Delights, 18, 45 Dependent-arising, x, 16, 42-3, 52, 123. 133 D ependent phenom enon (paratantra), xxvi, 42, 43, 65, 68, 107, h i , 112- 13, 114 ‘ D escen t into L a n k a S ü tra , 53 Desire, ix, xiii, xvii, 6, 24, 31, 32, 73 . 7 4 , 89 ’ Desire gods, 25

158 Index Desire realm (k ä m a-dhätu ), xx, xxi, 84, 85, 86, 88, 119, 136 D h a rm a , 54 (see also D octrine, Phenom enon) D harm akirti, 92, 115 D harm am itra, 53 D ichotom y, 99 D irect perception, 64, 78-80, 105, 107-10, 115, 116-17, 125, 137-9 (see also Perception) D irect valid cognizer (p r a ty a k fa pra m ä n a ), 64, 78-9, 94, 101, 102, 116-17, 124, 125, 137 - 9 , 140 D irection, 56 Disciples (see Students) Discipline (v inaya ), xv, 105 D octrine (dharm a), xvii, xx, 4, 7, 8, 9 , 1 2 , 3 3 , 3 5 , 4 5 , 5 3 , 5 4 , 65-6, 89, 120, 128, 131, 143 D o u b t, 80, 102-3 D rung-chen Lek-pa-sang-po, 109 D uration, 60, 71 Earth, 59 Effect, xviii, 59 Effort, xxiv, 22, 33, 52 Elements, 59, 61 Em anation Body (N irm ä n a k ä y a ), 89, 128, 131 Em ancipation, 12 Emptiness, ix, x, xiii, xxii, x xiv-xxv, xxvi, xxvii, 40-1, 68, 82, 104-5, i n , 113, 117-18, 122, 125,126,137, 138, 141, 142 (see also Selflessness, T horoughly established phenomena) Endurance, 129 Enjoym ent Body /C om plete Enjoym ent B ody ( Sam bhogakdya ), 89, 120, 121, 131 Enlightenm ent, ix, xi, xv, xxii, 5, 16, 26, 27-37, 65, 87-8, 89, 90, 120, 130, 143 En-sa, 5 Enterer, 87-8, 119, 127-8, 132, 142 Entity, 75, 99-100 Entityness (svabhdvatd), 66, 122, 133 Entreaty, xix, 12, 13 Enum erator (see Sämkhya) E nvironm ent, 60 Equanim ity, xviii, 27-8 Equilibrium , 60 Etem alism , 56 Ethics, xxiv, 5, 22, 33

Even-m indedncss, 27-8 Excitem ent, xiv Exclusion o f the o th er (apoha), 97 Exem plifier (D â r y fin tik a ), 92 (see also Sauträntika) Exist conventionally, 72, 122, 133 Exist falsely, 114 Exist inherently, xv, xx iv -x x v , 14, 31, 32, 43, 134 (see also Inherent existence) Exist naturally, 40 Exist ultim ately, 65 Exist validly (pram âna-siddha), xxvii Existence, xv, 32, 43 Existence by w ay o f its o w n being, 18 Existent (sat), 56, 57, 58-9, 62-3, 71,93 Existing by w ay o f its ow n m ode o f subsistence, 124 Existing by w ay o f its o w n nature ( svalak$ana~siddha ), 114, 122, 123, 12 4 , 133 Existing in its ow n rig h t (sv a rû p a siddha ), h i , 114, 124 External objects, 66, 70, 92, 107, 115, 117-18, 123, 131, 136 Extrem es, 43, 64, 66, 67-8, 122 Eye (cak$uh ), 58, 61, 71, 79, 95, 1 0 7 - n , 117 Faculties, 58, 61 Faith, 15, 17 False aspectarian, 107-8, n o , 115, 117,

123-4 Faults, xix Field o f assembly, xvii, xviii, 4, 7, 12, 44

Fire, 56, 59 Five paths, 74, 83, 104, 119,120,127, 141 F ive Treatises on the L e v els, i n Foe D estroyer (A rh a n ), xx, 33, 86, 87. 89, 90, 105, 119, 120, 128, 142 Forbearance, 84, 85, 104 Forder (T ir th ik a ), 51, 66 Form (rüpd), ix, 58, 70, 71, 76, 77, 81, 85, 96, 126 Form B ody (R ü p a -k ä y a ), 19, 120, 121, 128, 130 Form realm (rû p a -d h â tu ), 25, 32, 84, 87, 88, 136 Formless realm (ârüpya -d h â tu ), 25, 32, 84, 87, 88, 136 Fortune, xix, xx, 4, 20-4

Index Four essentials, 38-43 Four immeasurables, xviii, 6 F our noble truths, 54, 65-6, 73, 74, 78, 82, 85, 89, 104 F our seals, 68-9 Fruits, 53, 66, 85-91, 105, 119-21, 127-31, 132, 142-3 Fundam ental nature ( p r a k fti ), 58, 59, 60-2 G elukpa order, xi G en-dun-drup, 14 General principle, 60 (see also Fundam ental nature) G enerality, 56, 57 Generally characterized phenom enon (sä m ä n ya -la kfa n a ), 64, 93, 96 G eneric im age, 81, 93-5, 98, 102, 140 Giving, xxiv, 5, 22, 33 G od o f desire realm , x x i, 25 G od o f long life, x x G re a t D e ta ile d E x p la n a tio n (M a h ä v ib h ä ß ), 70, 92 G reat one (m ahat ), 58 G rounds (see T en B odhisattva

grounds) Gyel-tsap, 51, 61 Half-eggists, 108, n o Happiness, ix, xv, xviii, xx, 6, 27, 28, 31 . 3 5 ,4 7 H aribhadra, 124, 130 Harmfiilness, x x i H atred, ix, xiii, 24, 31, 73, 89 Hearers, xviii, x xii, 32-3, 66, 85-7, 91, 105, 119-20, 128, 131-2, 137, 142 H e a r t o f th e M id d le W a y (M a d h y a m a k a h fd a y a kä rik ä ) , 62

H eat, 86, 129 H eaven o f the T hirty -T h ree, 80-1 H eavily A dorned H ighest Pure Land (A k a n ifta ), 89, 120 H edonist, 63 (see also Cärväka) H ell-being, xix, 22, 25, 87 H idden phenom ena, 97-8, 134 H ig h status, xviii, 18, 31, 33 H ighest m undane qualities, 129 H ighest Pure Land, 89, 120 Hinayäna, 66, 67, 68-9, 83, 104, 105, 119, 132, 142 (see also Hearers, Solitary Realizers) H um an, xx, xxi, 4, 22, 25, 120

159

H u ngry ghost, xix, 22, 25, 87 T , xxv, 38-41, 136 I-principle (aham kära ), 58, 59 Ideas, xxi Ignorance, ix, xiii, xvii, 7, 24, 31, 36, 61, 73, 83, 89, 104, 108, n o , 118 (see also Obstructions) ; dissolution of, 7, 36, n o ; in Säm khya, 61; pollution by, 108; types of, 83, 104 Ignorant consciousness, xxvii Illusion, 41 Im age, xxv (see also Generic image) Im aginary (parikalpita), 65, 67-8, i n , 112 Im perm anence, xiii, 62, 68, 77, 78, 79-80, 94, 102, 134, 137 Im pure dependent phenom ena, 113 Im putation, xxiv, xxvii, 40, 93, 95, 1 3 3 , 136 Im puted existence, xxv, xxvii, 40, 71, 9 3 , 144 Inference, xxii, xxiv, 102,103,134,139 Inferential consciousness, 78, 94, 98, 138-9 (see also Inferential valid cognizer) Inferential valid cognizer (anumânapram äna), 64, 78, 94, 98, 101, 102, 116, 125, 137, 138, 139 Inherence, 56-7 Inherent existence (svahhäva-siddhi ), x, xv, xvii, xxiv-xxv, xxvi, 14, 31, 32, 36, 41-2, 43, h i , 123, 131, 1 3 7 , 140, 142 (see also T rue existence) Inherently existent ( svabhâva-siddha ), xv, xxiv-xxv, 14, 31, 32, 43, 134, 13 7

Innate sense o f self, 55 Insider, 54 (see also Buddhist) Intellect, 53, 58, 59-60» 61 Intellectual faculty (inanah ), 59 Isvara, 60 Jaim ini, 62 Jaina, 56, 62 Jam -yang-shay-ba, xi Jang-kya, n o Jealousy, xvii, 25 Je tlri, 124 4 Jew el/S uperior R arity (R a tn a ) (see T hree Jewels) Joy, xviii, 6 Joyous Pure Land ( T u fita ), 88

l6o Index Kamalatfla, 123 Kanada, 56 Kapila, 58 Kâpila, 56 (see also Sämkhya) Kashm iri Vaibhâsikas, 70, 76 K ay-drup, 51 Killing, xx Kindness, xxii, xxiii, 17-18» 2 9 -3 1 K now ledge (A bhidharm a ), 89, 104 Know ledge, 84, 85, 104 K ön-chok-jik-m ay-w ang-po, x, xi, 145

Lama, xvii, 3-4, 7, 8, 9, 14, 17, 24, 3 6 ,4 4

Latency ( väsanä ), 5, 95, 108, 115, 141 Lävapa, 124 Leisure, x ix -x x , 4, 20, 21-3, 24 Lethargy, xiv Liberation, xvii, xviii, 11, 26, 32, 33, 46, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 75, 83, 86, 118, 119, 127, 128-30, 132, 141, 142» 143 Life, xiii, 22, 62, 64 (see also Rebirth) Lightness (sattva ), 58, 60, 61 Logical m ark (/ingd), I2 3 . *34 Logician (N a iy ä y ik a ), 56-7 Lokäyata, 56, 64 Lo-sang-pel-den-ten-pay-nyi-m a, x, xi, xiv, xv, xvi, 47 Love, ix, xvii, xx, xxii, xxiii, 6, 11, 19 , 3 1 . 52 Lying, xx M ädhyam ika, xi, 66, 67, 68, 122-44 (see also Svätantrika, Präsangika) M ädhyam ika-Präsangika, xv, 122, 133-44 (see also Präsangika) M agadha, 70 M a h ä v ih h ä ß , 70, 92 M ahäyäna, xv, x xvii-xxviii, 7, 18, 3 2 , 3 3 , 3 4 , 36, 4 5 , 46, 66, 67, 83, 86, 104, 105, 119, 120, 128, 132, 141, 142 M ain m ind (citta), 70, 71, 73, 115 M aitreya, xxii, 51, 54, 130 M anasarowar, 51 M a n d a la , xix, 10, 13 Manifest phenom ena, 97-8, 134 M anifestation, 60 M anjughosa, 51 (see also ManjuSrf) M anjunätha, 46, 47 (see also Tsong-ka-pa)

M anjuiri, xi, xvi, 3, 8, 14, 19, 44, 45

M antra, 44 M atter, 59, 72 M editation, ix, xiii, xiv, xvi, xvii, x xiv-xxv, 3-16, 19, 21-6, 27-37, 38-43, 4 4 * 46, 7 4 , 7 5 , 84 - 5 , 119-20, 128 M editative equipoise, 4, 41, 46, 76, 77, 85, 88, 101, 113, 137, 138, 142 M editative stabilization (sam ädhi ), 86, 119, 128, 129, 142 M ental and physical aggregates (skandha), xxv, 25, 39, 40, 41-2, 72-3, 78, 82, 85, 101, 105, 113, 127, 128, 136 M ental consciousness, 76, 79, 101, 115, 117, 125, 136, 137, 138 M ental continuum , xxvii, 7, 15 M ental direct percciver, 78, 95, 101, 117, 125, 137 M ental factor (caitta), 70, 71, 7 3 . 7 7 , 79-80, 101, 103, 115-16 M ental faculties, 58-9 M ental pliancy, 42 M ercy, xviii, xx M erit, xxiv, xxviii, 5, 10, 19, 51, 63, 65, 86, 119,120, 142 M ethod, 14, 18 M ethod and w isdom , 14,18 M iddle w ay, 67-8, 122 M igrations, 4, 25, 31, 62 M im âm saka, 56, 62 M ind, xiii, xiv, xvi, xxi, xxiv, 5, 9, 24, 25, 32, 52, 53, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 78, 79-80, 96, 101, 103, 115-16 M ind basis o f all (a la ya -vijn S n a ), n o , 115, 116, 125, 136 M isconception, x (see also Ignorance) Misery, xv, 82 M istaken consciousness, 94, 102, 140 M ode o f existence, xxvii M onk, xi M other, xxii-xxiii, 4, 15, 28-32, 37 M otivation, ix, xiv, xv, xvii, xviii, xxi, xxii, xxiv, 6, 19, 27-37, 128 (see also Altruistic aspiration to highest enlightenm ent) M utually exclusive, 99, 100 N âgârjuna, 15, 51 N aiyäyika, 56-7 N atural existence, xxiv, 133

Index N atu re (see Fundam ental nature) N atu re B ody (S o a b h ä v ik a -k ä y a ), 121,

131 N egative, 75-6, 9 6 - 7 , 100, 114 N egative phenom ena, 96-7 N e v er R eturner, 86, 87, 88 N e w valid cognizer ( p ram âna ), 78-80, 101, 125,137-8 N ga-w ang-kal-sang, 145 N ga-w ang-sang-po, 145 N ihilism , 56 Nihilists, 62 N irg ran th a, 56, 62, 63 N irv d tta , xv ii, 12, 42, 43, 68, 89, 90, 91, 118. 120, 121, 128, 130, 142-3 N o entityness (n ih sva b h ä va tä ), 122, 133

N o b le T ru th s (see Four N o b le T ruths) N om in al existence, xv, xxiv, xxvi, 144 N on-affirm ing negative, 75-6, 114 N on-analytical cessation, 73-4 N on-assodated com positional factor (vip ra yu kta -sa m skä ra ), 70, 71, 81, 136 N o n -B u d d h ist (see O utsider) N on-contam inated, 72-4, 75, 84-5 N on-existence, xxvi, 42 N o n -in h erent existence, 136 (see also Emptiness) N on-know ingness, 83 N on-leisure, x ix -x x N on-pluralists, 108, n o N o n -p ro d u ct (asam skfta), 4 2 , 70, 71, 7 3 . 118 N on-rev elato ry form s, 71, 100 N o n -th in g , 63 N on -v alid consciousness (apram dna bud d h i), 80, 101-3, 125, 137 N o n -v irtu e, x x -x x i, 63 Obeisance, xix, 11, 13 O bject, 38-9, 61, 73, 92, 93 (see also Phenom ena) O bject aspect (vi$aya-âkâra), 8 0 ,109 O bject o f know ledge (jh e y a ), $ 6 -7 , 58-9, 62-3, 70-1, 93, i n - 1 5 O bject o f perception, 102 Objects, 58, 59, 66, 70, 7 1-?. 92, 93-101, 107, 115, 117-18, 123, 131, 136

i

6i

Objects o f the path (see Path, Paths) O bstruction to liberation (1kleiävarana ), 83, 86, 104, 118, 119, 120, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 141, 142, 143 O bstruction to omniscience ( jneyä va ra n a ), 83, 104, 118, 120, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 141, 142, 143 O bstructions, 5, 10 O btainer ( p ra p ti ), 76 O ffering, xiv, xvi, xix, 9-10, 11, 12, 13,62 Om niscience, 83, 89, 104, 118, 120, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132,141, 142.1 4 3 O m niscient consciousness, ix, 18, 32, 62, 121 O nce Returner, 87, 88 O rders o f T ibetan Buddhism , xi O rn a m e n t f o r the R e a liz a tio n s , 130 O utsider, 56-64, 75 O w n m ode o f existence, 93 O w n nature, 64 Panchen Lama, Fourth, x, xi, xiv, xv, xvi, 47 Panchen So-nam -drak-pa, 109 Pa-po-dor-jay, 14 Particles, 72, 123 Particularity, 56, 57 Path, xv, xvi, xvii, xviii, 5, 10, 17-20, 46, 84, 105, 120, 127, 130, 143

Path o f accum ulation (sambhdratndrga), xxiv, 74, 83, 86, 119, 128 Path o f m editation (bhäuanä-m ärgd ), 74, 75, 84-5, 86-8, 119, 128, 130, 142 P ath o f no m ore learning (aSaik$am arga), 74, 84, 86, 119 P ath o f preparation (prayogeM ndrga ), 74, 83, 86, 9 0 , 119, 128, 129 P ath o f seeing (darfana-m drga ), 74, 83, 84. 85, 89, 104, 113,119. 129 Paths, 53, 54, 66, 73, 74, 75. 81-5, 104-5, 117-19, 120, 126-7, 140-2 Patience, xxiv, 22, 33 Peace, 68, 119 Peak, 129 Perceiver o f the perceiving subject aspect (grahaka-äkärd), 109 Perceiving subject aspect (g ra h y a SkSra ), 109

i 62

Index

Perception, xxvi, 6o, 61, 64, 78-80» 98, 103, 105, 107-10, 115, 134» 137» 138, 139, 142 (see also N on -v alid consciousness, Valid consciousness) Perfection o f W isd o m S u tra s , 7 Perfection Vehicle, xv, 46 Perfections, xxiv, 33-4 Perm anence, 66, 67-8, 95, 99, 122 Perm anent, 60, 62, 71, 95, 98, h i ,

136 Person (puru$a), xxv, 38-41, 53, 58, 59, 60, 62, 78, 101, 115, 125,

136 Persons, selflessness of, xxv, 38-41, 82, 104, 105, 112, 117-18, 126, 128,129, 133, 140-1 Pervasion, 123 Perverse consciousness, 80, 102, 140 Phenom ena, ix, x, xv, xvii, x x iv-xxv, xxvi, xxvii, 19, 38-43, 44, 56-7. 58-9, 60-1, 68, 70, 72-4, 82, 85, 92, 93, 96-8, 104, h i , 112, 118, 120, 126, 134 - 5 , 141. J4 4 Physical faculties, 58-9 Physical im purities, 44 Physical non-virtue, xx, xxi Physical pliancy, 42 Poisons, xiii Positive phenom ena, 96-7 Posture in m editation, xvi, xvii Practice, xiii, xiv, xv, xvii, xix, xxi, 11-16 Pram äna, 138 (see also N e w valid cognizer. Valid cognizer) Prâsangika, xxiv, 66, 67, 76, 78, 97, 98, 122, 132, 133-45 Prayers o f Sam antabhadra, xix, 11-13 Predispositions, ix, xiii (see also Seed) Preparation for m editation, xiv, xvi, 3-16 Pride, xvii Principle (pradhäna), 58, 59 (see also Fundam ental nature) Product, 67, 68, 77 Production, 60-1, 71, 77 Products, 71, h i (see also Phenom ena) P roponent o f no entityness (n ih sva b h ä vavädin) , 122, 133 Proponents o f equal n um ber o f subjects and objects, 108,109, n o Protector o f D octrine, 4 Psychology, 78 Pure dependent phenom ena, 112, 113

Q uality, 56, 57 Reality, 57, 62 Reason (h etu ), 33, 38, 53, 123 Reasoning: C itta m itra follow ers of, 67, n o - 1 1 , 115, 116, 120; Sauträntika follow ers of, 67, 92, 96, 100 R ebirth, xiii, xvi, xxi, xxiii, 28, 29, 30, 36, 41» 57, 101 R e-cognizer/re-cognition, 80, 102, 138, 1 3 9 Referent object, 94, 138 Refuge, xvii, 3 ,4 -5 ,6 ,9 ,4 4 , 54,56,90 Reliquary (stu p a ), xvi Renunciation, xiii, xv, 21-6 Respect, 15 R sabha Jina, 62, 63 Sâkyam uni (see Buddha) £akyas. K ing of, 65 (see also Buddha) Sam antabhadra xix, 14 Sâ m â n y a la kfa n a , 96 Sameness, 39-40, 41 Sâm khya, 56, 58-62 Sam m itiya, 69, 78, 82 ^ântideva, 35, 133 £äntiraksita, 123 Sauträntika, xi, 66, 67, 76, 77, 78, 92-106, 123, 125, 131-2, 136 Sautrântika-Svâtantrika-M âdhyam ika, 78, 123, 125, 131-2 Scripture, 15, 18, 20, 23, 33, 36, 38, 45, 54. 67, 78, 92, 96, 100, 105, n o - 1 1 , 115, 116, 120, 121, 131, 143 (see also Sutra) Seed (bxja), 108, 115, 118, 141 Self(örwwn), xv, xvi, xxv, 31, 32, 38 - 4 3 , 5 5 . 56, 57-8, 60, 61, 62 Self-consciousness (svasam vedan)ä , 70, 78-9, 92, 109, 116, 123, 125, 131, 137

Selflessness, xi, xxv, 41, 52, 82-3, 104, 112, 117-18, 126, 127, 128, 132, 141, 143 (see also Emptiness) Selflessness o f persons (p u dgalanairätm ya ), xxv, 38-41, 82-3, 104, 105, 112, 117-18, 126, 127, 128, 141 Selflessness o f phenom ena (dharm anairätm ya ), xx iv -x x v , 68, 82-3, 104, 112, 117-18, 126, 131, 141

Index Self-sufficient person, xxv, xxvi, 39, 40, 6 8 -9 ; 82, 86, 104, 116, 117-18, 126, 141 Sense consciousness, xxv, 78-9, 94, 138, 139 Sense direct perceiver, 7 8 -9 ,1 0 1, 117, 125, 1 3 7 . 139 Sense faculties, x x Sense objects, 71, 114, 134 Sense p ow er, 71, 79,101 Senses, 61, 71, 79, 101 Sentient being (sattva ), x vii, xviii, x x ii, x x iii, xxviii, 5, 7, 15, 22, 24, 27. 28-9» 33, 35-6, 52, 60, 137-8 Sets o f discourses (süträntd), 105 Seven brandies, x ix , 11-16 Seven precepts o f cause and effect, x xii, 27-33 S e v e n T rea tises on V a lid C o g n itio n ,

92, h i Sexual m isconduct, x x Signlessness, 65 Sim ultaneity, 108-9 Sin, 5, 12, 63 Single, 99 Six perfections, xxiv, 33-4 Sky-G oer, 4, 8 Slightly h idden phenom ena, 134-5 Solitary peace, x vii, 14, 130 Solitary Realizer (Pratyekabuddha ), x x ii, 32-3, 66, 86, 91, 119-20, 127, 128, 131, 132, 137 Sound (iabdd ), 58, 60, 71, 76, 79-81 Space (ä k ä fa ), 42, 56, 59. 65, 71, 73, 93, 98, 99, h i Special insight ( vipaêyanâ ), 42 Specifically characterized phenom ena ( sva la kfa n a ), 64, 95, 96, 105 Speech, x x -x x i, 18, 24, 32, 76, 77 Spiritual C o m m u n ity (Satngha), xv, xv ii, 4, 9, 54, 86, 119 Spiritual guide, 17-18, 19, 31, 46 (see also Lama) Stabilization, 42, 128 Stealing, x x Stream W inner, 85, 86, 87, 88 Students, xiv, 33-4, 38 Subject and object, 107-11, 113, 124, 127 S u b lim e Science , 54 Substance, 56, 57 Substantial entity, 75, 118 Substantiality, 76

163

Substantially established (dravya~ siddha ), 71, 100 Substantially existent (1dravya-sat ), 71, 82, 86, 104, 116, 117, 126 Suffering, ix, xviii, xxi, 4, 6, 24-6, 27, 28, 32, 36, 62 Sugata, 11 (see also Buddha) Superior (A r y a ), 75, 85, 87-8, 113, 119, 138 Supplication, xix 13, 14-16 S ü tr a , xiv, xv, 35, 46, 53, 121, 131, 135, 143 (see also Scripture) S ü tr a on the T e n G rounds , 141 S v a b h ä va , three m eanings of, 122 S v a la k fa n a , 96 Svâtantrika, 77, 98, 100, 122-32, 136 Syllogism, 123, 133 Synonym s, 58, 60, 61, 63, 71, 75, 81, 82, 93, 104, 114, 124, 133 T alk, x x, xxi T angible object (sp ra fta vya ), 58, 71, 134

T antra, xv, xvii-xviii, 12, 45, 46 T athägata, 11 Teacher, xiv, xvii, xviii, xix, xxviii Teaching, xx, 33, 54-5, 65, 66 T en Bodhisattva Grounds, 84, 119, 120, 132, 141, 143 Tenets (siddhanta), xi, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56-64, 65-145 T erm , 103 T heory, xi, xiii, xiv T hing, 63, 71, 93, 136 T horoughly established phenom enon (parim $panna), 65, h i , 113, 120 (see also Selflessness) T h o u g h t ( vik a lp d ), xv, 40, 41, 94, 95. 103, 133 T hree Jewels, xvii, 4-5, 9, 13, 54, 56, 90-1 T hree natures, i n - 1 3 T hree principal aspects o f the path, xi, xv, xvi, xviii, xix, 3, 6 ,1 4 , 16, 1 9 , 45 T h ree P rincipal A sp ects o f the P a th to H ig h e st E n lig h ten m en t , xv, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26, 36-7, 4 2 - 3 » 4 5 . 52

T hree times, 70, 75*, 98, 114-15 T hree vehides, 66, 83, 89, 104, 119, 127, 141 T im e, 56 (see also T hree times) T reasury o f K now ledge , 72, 73, 89, 92

i64 Index T rue aspectarian, 107-10, 115, i l 6, 123-4 T ru e cessation, xvii, 54, 74, 75, 82, 85, n 8 , 129, 143 T ru e existence, xx iv -x x v , 41, 65, 66, 68, 70, 92, 107, 122, 125, 141 T ru e origins, 82 T ru e paths, 54, 73, 82, 85, 127 T ru e sufferings, 82, 90 T ru th B ody (Dharma-käya), 51, 120, 121 T ru th for a concealer (sa m vjli-sa ty a ), xxvi (see also C onventional truth) T ru th for an obscured m in d (sa tp vfti satya), 93-4 (see also C onventional tru th , T ru th for a concealer) Truthless, 41 T ruths, four noble (see Four noble truths) Truths, tw o, xxvii, 14, 33, 71, 72, 9 3 - 6 , 1 13-H , 124-5, 1 3 5 -6 T sa-ko-pön-po, xiv Tsong-ka-pa, xi, xiv, xv, xvi, 3, 7, 13, 14, 19, 20, 21, 26, 36, 42-3, 44, 4 5 , 4 6 , 51, 52 , 61 U ltim ate tru th (param ärtha-satya ), xxvi-x x v ii, 59, 71, 72, 93-4, 113-14, 124, 125, 131, 136, 143 U ltim ately (param ärthatah), 131 U ltim ately existent, 72 U n ra vellin g o f the T h o u g h t S u tr a , 66, 120, 131, 143 Unusual attitude, xxii, xxix, 31-2 Vacuity, 40 (see also Emptiness) Vaibhlsika, xi, 66, 67, 68-9, 70-91,

101 Vaiéâli, 65 VaiSesika, 56-7, 62 Vaihmva, 56 Vajradhara, 8, 9, 13, 14 Vajragarbha, 66 Vajrayâna, 45 (see also Tantra) Valid cognizer (pramâna), 64, 80-1, 101, 116-17, 124, 125, 135, 136,

137. 139, 14° (sce a^so D irect valid cognizer, Inferential valid cognizer) Valid consciousness (pramäna-buddhi 78-9, 101, 125, 137 Varanasi, 65 Vasufeandhu, 72, 73, 92 Vasum itra, 70 Vätsiputriyas, 68

),

Vedas, 62

Vehicle, xv, xv ii-x v iii, 12, 45, 46, 120, 128 Vehicles, 66, 83, 89, 104, 119, 127,141 Verbal non-virtues, x x -x x i View , xx, 19, 38-43, 52, 62, 64, 102, 142 Vijnaptivädin, i n (see also C ittam âtra) Virtues, xix, x x -x x i, 12, 23-4, 59 V irtuous practice, xxi Visualization, xiv, xvii, x v iii, xix, 3- 4 , 9 . 1 3 . 4 4 V ulture Peak, 65 W ater, 56, 59 W heels o f doctrine, 7, 12, 65-6, 89, 120, 131, 143 W hole, xxvi (see also Analysis) W in d ( v ä yu ), 59 W isdom , ix, x, xxii, xxiv, xxvii, 14, 15, 18, 19, 3 3 . 4 2 - 3 . 5 1 . 52. 01-2, 65, 91, 102, 113, 130, 142 W isdom Body, 14, 19, 120, 121, 131 W isdom o f equality, 116 W o rd o f B uddha (B uddhavacana), 81, 105, 120, 131 Yoga, 46, 57 (see also M editation) Y ogäcära-Svätantrika-M ädhy am ika, 108, 123, 124-31, 132 Yogacärins, i n , 123 (see also C ittam âtra) Yogas, tw o, 42 Y ogi, xi, xiv, xxii, xxvi, 46, 53, 62, 74, 78, 129 Y ogic direct pcrceiver, 78-9, i o i , 105, 116, 125, 134, 137-8