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Practical Aspects of Modern HPLC
Practical Aspects of Modern High Performance Liquid Chromatography Proceedings December 7-8,1981 · Berlin (West) Editor Imre Molnar
Walter de Gruyter· Berlin · NewYork1983
Editor Imre Molnar, Dr. rer. nat. Institute for Applied Chromatography Blücherstrasse 22 D-1000 Berlin 61 Germany This Symposium was organized by Wissenschaftliche Gerätebau Dr. Ing. Herbert Knauer GmbH, Berlin.
CIP-Kurztitelaufnahme
der Deutschen
Bibliothek
Practical aspects of modern high performance liquid chromatography: proceedings, December 7-8,1981, Berlin (West) / [organised by Wiss.-Gerätebau-Dr.-Ing.Herbert-Knauer-GmbH, Berlin]. Ed. Imre Molnar. - Berlin; New York: de Gruyter, 1983. ISBN 3-11-008892-4 NE: Molnar, Imre [Hrsg.]; Wissenschaftliche-Gerätebau-DoktorIng.-Herbert-Knauer-GmbH
Copyright © 1982 by Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin 30. All rights reserved, including those of translation, into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form - by photoprint, microfilm or any other means nor transmitted nor translated into a machine language without written permission from the publisher. Printing: Karl Gerike, Berlin - Binding: Dieter Mikolai, Berlin. - Printed in Germany.
Preface
This volume consists of the publication of selected papers, presented at the Symposium on "Practical Aspects of Modern High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)", organized by Dr.-Ing. Η. Knauer GmbH, held on December 7th and 8th, 1981 at Schering AG, Berlin (West). The papers assembled herein cover a range of topics of interest to those involved in analytical work using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
In contrast to Gas Chromatography, where the mobile phase plays no part in the retention process, in HPLC the mobile phase plays a dominant role in separation. In HPLC, optimization of retention and resolution is brought about by slightly changing the composition of the mobile phase. On the other hand the stationary phase is rather inactive, especially in "Reversed Phase Chromatography"
(RPC).
This book' demonstrates the dominance of RPC, - this applies to 90 % of all separation problems. After having used this method for many years, this technique has become the major analytical tool in research and in routine laboratory work. RPC is now used not only in biochemistry and genetic engineering but also in new areas such as the inorganic chemistry of nonmetals, i. e. sulfur, phosphorous, and their compounds. Affinity-HPLC with bonded silica gels provides another new area of research. Success has also been achieved with the RPC of membrane proteins.
I would like to sincerely thank those who made this meeting possible: the authors, Dr.-Ing. Η. Knauer GmbH for their support and Schering AG, Berlin (West) for their hospitality.
Berlin, October 1982
I. Molnar
CONTENTS Effect of mobile phase composition on the retention behavior of oligonucleotides in reversed phase chromatography Z. El Rassi, C. Horvath
1
Quantitative structure retention relationships for oligonucleotides J. Jacobson, Ζ. El Rossi, C. Horvath
15
Spherical and irregular silica. Does shape influence the selectivity? H. Müller, Η. Engelhardt
25
The current role of HPLC for the routine analysis of endogenous compounds in clinical chemistry M. Schöneshöfer, I. Molnar
41
Analysis of unconjugated cortisone and 6ß-0H-cortisol in human urine by high performance liquid chromatography B. Weber, M. Schöneshöfer
63
High performance liquid chromatography of proteines on reversed phase examplified with human interferon and other proteines: Review and scope of the method H. J. Friesen
77
HPLC of membrane bound proteins Dj.. Josic, W. Reutter, I. Molnar
109
Separation of proteins by size exclusion and reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography W. Schwarz, J. Born, H. Tiedemann, I. Molnar
123
High performance liquid chromatography as applied to the studies of the fibrinogen structure M. Kehl, F. Lottspeich, A. Henschen
137
The HPLC of divalent sulfur J. Möckel, Τ. Freyholdt, J. Weiss, I. Molnar
161
Aspects of affinity chromatography in HPLC K. Buchholz, A. Borchert, V. Kasche
187
The Krause role of HPLC in pharmakokinetics W. Improvement of column performance in HPLC using a special inlet port W. Lamer, I. Molnar Dissoluti on rate determination of low dose oral contraceptives using automated HPLC, with column switching technique A. Hiihn
197 213 227
VIII Practical aspects of the routine determination by HPLC of free noradrenaline and adrenaline in urine and plasma K. P. Kringe, B. Neidhart, Ch. Lippmann
241
Separation of catecholoestrogens and their monomethyl ethers by reversed phase HPLC with ternary mobile phase E. Kraas, M. Schütt, E. Zietz, R. Knuppen
275
Quantitative determination of aryloxypropanolamines in plasma and organs of the rat by ion-pair reversed phase HPLC H. Winkler, B. Lemmer
293
HPLC-analysis of estrogen-active anabolica in meat with the estrogen-receptor-test as specific detection system H. G. Grohmann, W. J. Stan Methods of detection in modern HPLC rt. Baumann
307 315
Fluorimetric determination of drugs in biological materials by means of high performance liquid chromatography P. Haefelfinger
335
Rapid determination of sodium gluconate and glucose in fermentation fluids R. Lenz, G. Zoll
355
Retention in practical HPLC I. Molnar
363
The selection of optimal conditions in HPLC III. Practical aspects of low volume, small bore, packed columns in HPLC Η. H. Lauer, G. P. Rozing
409
List of Symbols used in the Text
435
Chromatograms
439
Author Index Subject Index
443
EFFECT OF MOBILE PHASE COMPOSITION ON THE RETENTION BEHAVIOR OF OLIGONUCLEOTIDES IN REVERSED PHASE CHROMATOGRAPHY*
Ziad El Rassi and Csaba Horväth Department of Chemical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 USA
Introduction High performance l i q u i d chromatography (HPLC) has extensively been used for the separation of oligonucleotides and their derivatives of various types.
Fully protected species were chromatographed on cyano-silica (1)
with dichloromethane which contained a few percent methanol.
For chroma-
tography of unprotected oligonucleotides, the c l a s s i c a l technique has been ion exchange chromatography.
Anion exchange resins or DEAE-cellulose were
used for the separation of r e l a t i v e l y small species ( 2 - 4 ) , whereas l i q u i d anion exchangers such as RPC-5 were employed to separate large oligonucleotides (5-7).
Improved resolution was achieved by using microparticulate
s i l i c e o u s - a n i o n exchangers, such as P a r t i s i l 10-SAX (2).
Size exclusion
chromatography was also used in the separation of short unprotected o l i g o nucleotides (8).
Recently reversed phase chromatography with ocadecyl-
s i l i c a as the stationary phase has emerged as an eminently e f f i c i e n t method for separation of protected and unprotected olgionucleotides having a wide range of molecular weight and structure (9-11).
Thus, reversed
phase chromatography has become the prime technique of separating not only peptides (12) but also oligonucleotides. The goal of this study i s to examine the effect of eluent composition as far as pH, organic co-solvent and the nature of the buffer ions i s concerned on the retention behavior of oligonucleotides and thus to f a c i l i a t e the selection of optimum conditions for their separation. * VzcUcaXtd to PAO^eA-ioA. George Μ anecke, {,ολ. (ιίύ 4-ixtu
Practical Aspects of Modern H P L C Copyright © 1982 by Walter de Gruyter &. Co., Berlin · New York Printed in Germany
faßth
bifithdo.y.
2 Experimental Materials.
(Ap) 2 A, (Ap)3A and (Ap)4A as well as (Up) 2 U, (Up) 3 U,
and
( U p K U were purchased from PL Biochemicals (Milwaukee, Wis., USA). was from ICN Pharmaceuticals (Cleveland, Ohio, USA).
S -UMP
5 -CMP, 5 - AMP and
5 - G M P were obtained from Schwarz/Mann (Orangeburg, NY, USA).
All other
mono- and oligonucleotides used in this study were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA).
The names and abbreviations of mono- and oligo-
nucleotides studied are listed in Table I.
Tri ethyl amine, H 3 P0 lt , NaH 2 P0 4 ,
Na 2 HP0 u , CH3COOH, CH 3 C00Na, ^ S O ^ , acetonitrile and methanol (both HPLC grade).isooctane and CCI4 were supplied by Fisher (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Distilled water was prepared with a Bransted distilling unit. Instruments and Columns.
The liquid Chromatograph consisted of a Model LC
250/1 pump Kratos-Schoeffel (Westwood, NJ, USA),Model 7010 sampling valve with a 20yl loop and a Model 770 variable wavelength UV-detector (KratosSchoeffel).
Chromatograms were obtained with a Schlumberger (Benton-Harbor,
MI, USA) Model SR-204 strip chart recorder. tored at 260 nm.
The column effluent was moni-
The column was kept at room temperature.
Octadecyl-
Spherisorb was prepared from 5-pm Spherisorb silica according to Koväts et at. (13) and the carbon load of the stationary phase was 14% w/w.
Some
experiments were carried out with a column packed with 10-um LiChrosorb RP-18.
The dimensions of the octadecyl-Spherisorb and the LiChrosorb
RP-18 columns were 150 χ 4.6 mm and 250 χ 4.6 mm, respectively.
Columns
were packed by using a slurry of the column material in CC1 4 that was pumped with isooctane into the column (14). Procedures.
The effect of pH on retention was studied by using 0.1 Μ
sodium phosphate buffer at pH 2.12-3.0 and 6.0-7.0 as well as 0.1 Μ sodium acetate buffer at pH 4.0-5.5. phate was used.
In some experiments tri ethyl ammonium phos-
In all experiments the ionic strength was maintained
constant by addition of Na2S0i+.
Sodium nitrate was used to measure the
mobile phase hold-up time on the assumption that with eluents containing electrolytes this ionized tracer is not excluded.
3 Table I.
List of mono- and oligonucleotides investigated in this study.
Abbreviation 5' -CMP 5'-AMP 5' -GMP 5' -UMP 3' -CMP 3'-AMP 3'-GMP 3'-UMP ApA ApC ApG ApU CpA CpC CPG CpU GpA GpC GpG GpU UpA UpC UpG UpU (Ap)2A (Ap) 3 A (Ap) 4 A (Up)2U (Up)3U (Up)4U ApApC ApApG ApApU ApCpC ApGpU ApUpG ApUpU
Name Cytidine-5' -monophosphate Adenosine-51-monophosphate Guanosine-51 -monophosphate Uridine-5' -monophosphate Cytidine-3' -monophosphate Adenosine-3'-monophosphate Guanosine-3' -monophosphate Uridine-3' -monophosphate Adenylyl (3'->-5' )adenosine Adenylyl (3' -+51 )cytidine Adenylyl (3'->-5') guanosine Adenylyl (3*->-5')uridine Cytidylyl (3' ->5' ) adenosine Cytidylyl (3' ->5' )cytidine Cytidylyl (31 ->-5' ) guanosine Cytidylyl (3' ->5' )uridine Guanylyl (3* ->5' ) adenosine Guanylyl (31->-5') cytidine Guanylyl ( 3 ' ) g u a n o s i n e Guanylyl (3'->5')uridine Uridylyl (3' ->5' ) adenosine Uridylyl(3· ->-5' )cytidine Uridylyl (31-+5')guanosine Uridylyl (3' ->-5> )uridine (Adenylyl (3'->5' )) 2 adenosine (Adenylyl (3' ->5' )) 3adenosine (Adenylyl (3* ->5' )) ^adenosine (Uridylyl (3' -+51 )) 2 uridine (Uridylyl (3' ->5' )) 3 uridine (Uridylyl (3' ->5' )) 4 uridine Adenylyl (31 ->5' ) adenylyl (3' ->5' ) cytidine Adenylyl (3'->-5' )adenylyl (3'->-5' )guanosine Adenylyl (3' ->5' )adenylyl (3'-»-51 juridine Adenylyl (3' ->-5' ) cytidylyl (3' -+51 ) cytidine Adenylyl (3'-^5' )guanylyl (3* ->5' )uridine Adenylyl (3' ->5* )uridylyl (3' )guanosine Adenylyl (3'-»-5' )uridylyl (31 -»-51 )uridine
4 Results and Discussion Effect of pH.
In reversed phase chromatography the retention of ionogenic
species such as mono- and oligonucleotides is dependent on the pH of the eluent and the acid dissociation constant of the eluites (15).
In order
to assess the effect of eluent pH on the retention of oligonucleotides experiments were performed with sixteen dinucleotides
(diribonucleoside
3' ->5' monophosphates) and the major monoribonucleotides by using a column packed with octadecyl-Spherisorb.
The eluent contained either 0.1 Μ sodium
phosphate or acetate and, in the case of dinucleotides, also 5% v/v of acetonitrile.
The ionic strength was 0.34 in all experiments.
The interpretation of the results requires the knowledge of the pertinent acid dissociation constants.
The pK
values of some 3'- and 5'-nucleotides a are presented in Table II and it is seen that the pK a of the amino groups
Table II. pK values of ribonucleoside monophosphates. The data were taken from Ref. 16 except those with an asterisk which are from Ref. 17. PKai a
Nucleotide
PKa a
l
primary phosphate
PKa, a
2
amino group
3
secondary phosphate
5'-CMP
-
4.5
6.3
5' -AMP
-
3.8
6.2-6.4
5' -GMP
0.70*
2.4
6.1
5'-UMP
1.02*
-
6.4
3' - CMP
0.80*
4.3
6.04
3' - AMP
0.89*
3.6-3.7
5.92
3' -GMP
-
2.21
5.92
3' -UMP
-
-
5.88
is slightly higher for nucleoside-5'-phosphates than nucleoside-3'-phosphates (18).
This is expected because 51 - phosphate is located closer to
the amino group than the 3'-phosphate in such molecules (19). nucleotides studied here, of. available.
For oligo-
Table I, such data is unfortunately not
These compounds do not have e terminal phosphate, only a
5 phosphate bridge in the position 3'-+5', and we may assume that the pK
a value of this group is approximately one as that of primary phosphates in nucleotides.
In most cases the amino groups in the oligonucleotide mole-
cules are expected to have pK a values similar to those of the amino functions in the corresponding nucleoside-3'- or-5'-monophosphates. Retention factors of 3'- and 5'-nucleotides, the constituents of the oligonucleotides, were measured at pH 3.0 and 5.0 and the results are shown in Table III.
It is seen that 5'-nucleotides are less retained at both pH
than 3'-nucleotides under otherwise identical conditions.
This may be ex-
Table III. Retention factors of 3'- and 5'^nucleotides at two different pH. The eluents used were 0.1 Μ sodium phosphate (pH 3.0) or acetate (pH 5.0) buffers of the same ionic strength, 1=0.34.
Nucleotide
pH 3.0 k'
51 -CMP 5' -AMP 5' -GMP 5» -UMP 3' -CMP 3' -UMP 3' -AMP 3'-GMP
0.95 2.45 3.10 3.50 2.10 3.50 5.55 7.00
plained by the slightly lower pK that in 5'-nucleotides.
pH 5 k' 0.60 5.00 1.50 1 .90 1.45 1.90 14 .40 3.70
of the amino group in 3'-nucleotides than
Moreover, the nonpolar surface for binding in
reversed phase chromatography is expected to be smaller with 5'-phosphates than with 3'-phosphates as the ionized phosphate in the 5' position may shield the methylene group of the ribose moiety. In agreement with the results by Zakaria et al.
(20) 5'-nucleotides are
retained longer at pH 3.0 than at pH 5.0, except for 5'-AMP which has higher retention factor at pH 5.0. leotides is similar as shown in Table III.
Retention behavior of 3'-nucThe faster elution of both the
3'- and 5'-monophosphates of guanosine and uridine at pH 5.0 than at pH 3.0 is believed to be due to the dissociation of the secondary phosphate in this pH range.
The amino group in 3'- and ö'-GMP'shas a pK
of 2.2 and 2.4
6 respectively and therefore is largely undissociated whereas the uridine in 3'-and 5 - UMP'shas no group that is protonated at this pH.
In the case of
3'-and 5'-CMP 's. the retention is expected to increase when the pH of the eluent goes from 3.0 to 5.0 because the electronic charge in the molecule decreases due to deprotonation of the amino group that has a pK 4.3 and 4.5, respectively.
value of a As seen in Table III, however, the retention
decreases instead of increasing.
This anomalous behavior may be due to a
pH mediated conformation change that has been observed by spectroscopic means (21-23) and could result in a lower binding surface area in the molecule with increasing pH of the eluent.
Irregular retention behavior due
to conformation changes in the eluite upon changes in eluent composition have been found in other applications of reversed phase chromatography as well (24).
Whatever is the nature of the conformation change, it affects
retention in such a way that it overcompensates the effect of protonation of the amino group.
The increase in the retention of both 3'- and 5'-AMP's
when the pH of the eluent changes from 3.0 to 5.0 as shown in Table III is attributed to deprotonation of the amino group in the adenosine moiety that has a pK of 3.6 and 3.8, respectively, a Retention factors of dinucleosides3 1 -»• 5'monophosphates obtained in the pH range from 2.0 to 7.0 is shown in Figs. 1 and 2.
Retention of all oligo-
nucleotides containing adenosine increases with the pH in the range investigated.
Since the pK
value of the phosphate bridge in the dimer is
around 1, this moiety is almost fully dissociated at pH 3.0.
Therefore,
the retention of the dimers in the pH range investigated should depend mainly on the protonation of the amino group in the nucleoside moiety. Indeed, the observed retention behavior can be readily interpreted if the amino group in the adenosine moieties of ApA has the same respective pK values as that in 3'- and 5'-AMP's, i.e., 3.6 and 3.8.
a As the ionization
constant of the amino group in 3'- and 5'-GMP's is smaller than that of the corresponding adenylic acids, the dependence of the retention factor of GpA and ApG on the eluent pH is essentially determined by the protonation and deprotonation of adenosine moiety in the mixed dimers.
As uridine has
no ionogenic functions in the pH range investigated, the retention of UpA and ApU is controlled by the change in the charge on the amino group of the adenosine moiety.
In the case of CpA and ApC the retention behavior is
7
pH Fig. 1. Plots of the retention factor of dinucleotides against the pH of the mobile phase. Eluent: 0.1 Μ sodium phosphate or acetate buffer containing 5% v/v acetonitrile.
Fig. 2. Plots of the retention factor of dinucleotides against the pH of the mobile phase. Conditions are the same as in Fig. 1.
8 governed by the adenosine moiety since it is more hydrophobic than the cytidine moiety.
The inflection point of the sigmoidal curves in Figs
1 and 2 for all dinucleotides containing adenosine is located at pH 3.84.0 which correspond to the pK
a
value of the adenosine moiety in the mixed
dimers. Dinucleotides containing guanosine but no adenosine exhibit slight increase in retention when the pH of the eluent increases from 2.0 to 3.0 as illustrated in Fig. 2.
The observed behavior is expected from the deprotona-
tion of the guanosine moiety in this pH range which has a pK
a
of approxi-
mately 2.2. Retention behavior of dinucleotides containing uridine should in pH range 2.0 to 7.0 depend only on the dissociation of the other residue because the uridine moiety is essentially neutral and the phosphate group is fully dissociated.
Indeed as seen in Fig. 2 the retention of UpU does not change
significantly, but the retention of UpA and ApU increases with the pH of the eluent and the retention of GpU slightly increases when the pH from 2.0 to 3.0.
changes
This difference is attributed to the relatively small
p« a value of the amino group in the guanosine moiety with respect to that in the adenosine. increasing pH.
The retention of CpU and UpC practically invariant with
This observation is attributed to a pH mediated configura-
tion change similar to that observed with mononucleotides. The relative retention order of mixed dinucleotides over the pH range from 2.0 to 7.0 is A p O C p A , GpC>CpG, GpU>UpG, ApU>UpA, UpC>CpU and ApG>GpA. There is one exception:
GpA>ApG at pH
ΝΙΗΙΤ»
Fig. 4. Combined separation of model proteins. The highmolecular-weight substances transferrin and bovine serum albumin were separated from the low-molecularweight substances on the SEC column; the process is shown in Fig. 4 A, conditions as in Fig. 2. They were then retained on the RP-300 column and eluted. The reversed phase chromatogram is shown in Fig. 4 B, conditions as in Fig. 3.
115
Fig. 5. Combined separation of model proteins. The lowermolecular-weight substances were subject to separation from the high-molecular-weight substances on the SEC column, Fig. 5 A. They were then retained on the RP-300 column and eluted with the gradient described in Fig. 3 - Fig. 5 B. Other conditions as in Figs. 4 A and B. which separate the protein from the membrane matrix. With further purification of the protein mixture and isolation of particular proteins it is often desirable to remove these substances from the mixture. The results of the analyses of the membrane proteins, solubilized by the detergent NP-40 are shown in Fig. 6 according to the molecular size of the proteins. NP-40 has an absorption maximum at 220 nm and can be determined together with proteins. On the LiChrosorb-DIOL column this detergent will be retarded
116
Fig. 6.
Ν Ρ 40
SEC of membrane proteins, which were solubilized with the detergent NP-40; column: Lichrosorb-DIOL from Knauer.
ο
CM CM
Other conditions as in Fig. 2.
0.768 -
0.512 -
0.256 -
ο.ο _L 10
MINUTES
under the given conditions and can be removed from the proteins without any difficulty (cf. also Fig. 6).
117
If the detergent NP-40 is not removed from the protein mixture, it will be washed out by gradient elution on the RP-300 column together with the protein, as shown in Fig. 7. A chromatogram of a protein mixture, from which the detergent has previously been removed on the DIOL-column, is shown in Fig. 8. In order to verify the macromolecular content of this fraction, the eluate from the RP-300 column was evaporated and once more analyzed on the SEC column (Fig. 9). As it can be seen from these data, the molecules proved to be the expected macromolecules, with a maximum of about 70,000 daltons. Corresponding results of analyses of membrane proteins which were solubilized by octyl-glucose are shown in Figs. 10 and 11.
u Fig. 7. RP chromatogram of the membrane proteins which were solubilized with the detergent NP-40. The detergent was not removed from the mixture; conditions as in Fig. 3.
ο
5
10 MINUTES
15
118
MINUTES
1.28 -
Fig. 8.
—·
Τ
RP chromatogram of the same membrane proteins as in Fig. 7. Here the detergent was previously removed on the DIOLcolumn? conditions as in Fig.3
0.6Ί -
Fig. 9. SEC chromatogram of the membrane proteins eluted from the RP column (the experiment concerned is shown in Fig. 8); conditions as in Fig. 6. 0.0
_L 5 MINUTES
119
Fig. 10. RP chromatogram of the membrane proteins which were solubilized with octyl-glucose. The detergent was not removed from the mixture; conditions as in Fig. 3.
10 MINUTES
By the use of octyl-glucose a separation of the highly hydrophobic proteins from the membrane matrix cannot be achieved (cf. Figs. 8 and 10). When the slope of the gradient was lowered from 5 % B/min to 2 % B/min, the separation gave better results. When 0.2 % octyl-glucose was added to both eluents, a further improvement in the separation was observed
substantial
(cf. Fig. 11).
Conclusions
By the results presented in this paper HPLC has been shown to
120
Fig. 11. RP chromatogram of the same membrane proteins as in Fig. 10. Octyl-glucose was previously removed on the DIOL-column (cf. also Fig. 6). Gradient slope 2 % B/min; 0.2 % octyl-glucose were added to both eluents; other conditions as in Fig. 3.
be a rapid and effective tool in the separation of complex protein mixtures such as the membrane proteins. By aqueous SEC the removal of low-molecular-weight substances from the mixture has been achieved. Successive reversed phase chromatography resulted in a specific separation of the higher-molecular-weight substances according to their hydrophobic!ty. Using the column switching technique, a steady and extremely fast control of the molecular size in routine biochemical
121
work has been
achieved.
I m p r o v e m e n t of the s e p a r a t i o n has b e e n m a d e p o s s i b l e by adding a detergent
(0.2 % o c t y l - g l u c o s e
in this case)
to b o t h e l u e n t s
of the g r a d i e n t run.
References 1. W. K r e i s e l , Β.Α. V o l k , R. B ü c h s e i & W . Proc. N a t l . A c a d . Sei. U . S . A . 77, 1828 2. R. T a u b e r , C.-S. Park & W. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 27, 31
Reutter: (1980)
Reutter: (1982)
3. I. M o l n a r P r o c e e d i n g s of the S y m p o s i u m on P r a c t i c a l A s p e c t s of M o d e r n HPLC
(I. M o l n a r ed.), W a l t e r de G r u y t e r , B e r l i n
· New York
1982. 4. D.M. N e v i l l e : J. B i o p h y s . B i o c h e m . C y t o l . 8, 415
(1960)
SEPARATION OF PROTEINS BY SIZE EXCLUSION AND REVERSED PHASE HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Walter Schwarz, Jochen Born, Heinz Tiedemann Institut für Molekularbiologie und. Biochemie der Freien Universität Berlin, D-1000 Berlin 33 Tmre Molnar Dr. Herbert Knauer GmbH, D-1000 Berlin 37
SummaryProteins and peptides (M r 500-50 000) were separated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) on glycerolpropyl derivatized silica particles of different pore size (6-10 run) and 50 % formic acid as eluent. A combination of size exclusion (SEC) with reversed phase chromatography (RPC) enhances the resolving power. Different octyl derivatized silica gels were compared. In RPC proteins are strongly retarded on the hydrophobic column packings in diluted formic acid and eluted with a linear gradient of 1-propanol.
Introduction The efficient and rapid separation of complex mixtures of proteins is still a difficult task. Proteins can be separated due to size differences after incubation with sodium dodecylsulfate on Polyacrylamide gels (1). The method gives excellent results for analytical purposes. Some proteins tend however to form polymeres even in the presence of dodecylsulfate. Moreover the complete recovery of proteins from analytical Polyacrylamide gels is difficult. In preparative polyacryl-
Practical Aspects of Modern H P L C Copyright © 1982 by Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin · New York Printed in Germany
124
amide electrophoresis the resolution of proteins is often insufficient. The separation of proteins according to size by SEC has b e e n performed on polysaccharide beads as column packing (2). Although adsorption of proteins on polysaccharide gels is small, the separation of proteins of different size is rather inefficient. Microparticulate, rigid, porous silica packings allow higher pressure and flow rates, but on the other hand they do adsorb certain proteins to a considerable degree. The interaction of silica gels with proteins in aqueous media is reduced when a layer of diol-groups is covalently linked to the particles to create a hydrophilic electroneutral surface ( 3 , 4). By choosing derivatized silica particles of different pore size as column packings peptides and proteins could efficiently be separated in the range from 10 000 to 170 000 Daltons by high performance SEC using 50 % formic acid as eluent. Proteins with limited solubility in aqueous solutions could be separated in this system without adsorption to the column packing (5)· Very efficient separation of peptides has b e e n achieved 1976 by Molnar and Horvath. In opposite to SEC, where separation is based on differences in the biopolymer diffusion velocity, they used a novel chromatographic technique, called "reversed phase chromatography" (RPC), utilizing hydrophobic, or more generally, solvophobic interactions (6). Peptides, which were forced by an aqueous buffer eluent onto the surface of a chemically modified octadecyl silica gel as column packing, were gradually eluted b y an acetonitrile gradient (7)» which had an approximately linear elution strength (8), allowing a reasonable prediction of peptide retention ( 9 ) · Proteins of higher molecular weights were recently separated on reversed phase particles of large pore diameter (10). HPLC has b e e n applied to biologically active proteins as the interferons (11). We were interested in the isolation of embryonic inducing factors, which change the differentiation
125
of amphibian gastrula ectoderm so that endoderm and mesoderm derived tissues or neural tissues are formed (12). The final purification of these factors, which are present in the tissue in very small amount, proved to be difficult by conventional purification techniques, such as Sephadex chromatography or SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Preliminary experiments have shown that HPLC can successfully be applied to these proteins which are stable in acidic solution and which renature when they are transferred back to aqueous solution (5)· To find the most suitable conditions for the separation of these proteins we have compared the separation of test proteins on different derivatized silica particles and with different eluents. We wanted further to measure the recovery of radioactive labelled proteins under the conditions of HPLC chromatography.
Materials said Methods Commercially available stationary phases: Zorbax BRC8 (6 pa; pore size 7-8 nm) was purchased from DuPont
(Frankfurt/M.,
FRG), LiChrosorb Si 60 (5 pm; pore size 6 nm), LiChrosorb RP-8 (7 pm; pore size 10 nm), LiChrospher Si 100 (5 p i and 10 pm; pore size 10 nm), LiChrospher Si 300 (10 pm; pore size 30 nm) and LiChrospher Si 500 (10 pm; pore size 50 nm) are manufactured by E. Merck (Darmstadt, FRG). Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane
(1,2-epoxy-3-propoxypropyltrimethoxysilane;
Dynasylan Glymo) was purchased from Dynamit Nobel AG (Troisdorf, FRG), octyltrichlorosilane and octyldimethylchlorosilane from Wacker-Chemie (Burghausen, FRG). Formic acid (p.A. Merck) and 1-propanol (p.A. Merck) were quartz d e s t i n ed before use. Preparation of bonded phases: To bind glycerolpropyl groups covalently to the silica gel, the particles were washed with HCl, 50 % formic acid and water and then treated with glycid-
126
oxypropyltrimethoxysilane at pH 3·5 as described for glass beads (4-). The derivatized material was extensively washed with water, 50 % formic acid, water, acetone and ether on a sintered glass filter and dried. The derivatization procedure was repeated once more to derivatize all silanol groups as completely as possible. From small particle sized gels (5 fim) the fines were removed by 1 g sedimentation. To prepare hydrophobic particles for reversed phase chromatography, n-octyl-groups were covalently bonded to silica gel. LiChrospher Si 300 was washed with 6 Ν HCl and water until neutral reaction and then with acetone and methanol to remove the water. The dried silica gel (vac. desiccator) was then treated with octyltrichlorosilane or octyldimethylchlorosilane as described (10) with the modification, that the derivatized silica gel was not treated in a soxhlet extractor, but extensively washed on sintered glass filters with toluene, acetone, methanol and dried in a vacuum desiccator. High pressure SEC/RPC-chromatography: The prepared packing materials were packed into 25 χ 0.46 cm columns (Knauer, Berlin, FRG). Up to ten columns, which could be packed with materials of different pore sizes were connected. It is important, especially at low sample loading not to use glass fiber filters at the column connections, because a large percentage of protein was adsorbed to the glass filter. When columns were packed with 5 um material, stainless steel sieves of 3 pm pores were used at the column fittings. The packed columns were stored under methanol. The device for gradient elution with reversed phase columns is shown in Fig. 1. Linear gradients were formed with 2 HPLCpumps (typ 52.00, Knauer) and a gradient mixer (Knauer) on the high pressure side. For injection of the probes a Rheodyne ventil 7120 and for detection of the proteins at 280 n m a spectrophotometer (type 87-00, Knauer) were used. To avoid gas buble formation in the detector cell a pressure of 1-3 bar
127
was applied on the cell b y sawing a small hole in the capillary tubing which was then covered with a silicon tubing. All eluents were degassed by vacuum and short ultrasonic treatment prior to use.
puffer ^
Pump I
Injection Valve Gradient Former
/Buffer II
Pump II Column
Fraction Collector
Fig. 1.
Photometer
Flow diagram for reversed phase chromatography.
Radioactive Labeling of Proteins: Soy bean trypsin inhibitor was radioactively labelled b y reductive methylation of the protein amino groups (13) with formaldehyde and
plijNaBH^.
The reaction was carried out under mild conditions, so that only about 10-20 % of the amino groups were derivatized (14-). 1 mg trypsin inhibitor was dissolved in 0.1 ml 0.1 Μ borate buffer, which contained 0.2 % lithium dodecylsulfate (pH 8.6), cooled in an ice bath and added to 5 mCi freeze dried (from 5 pi 0.1 Ν NaOH) and precooled p H ^ N a B H ^ (specific activity 5 Ci/mmol; Amersham Buchler, Braunschweig). After addition of 3 pi formaldehyde (0.5 nil 35 % formaldehyde Merck p.A. + 1.4- ml ^ 0 ) and incubation for 10 minutes at 0 °C, a second 3 pi aliquot of formaldehyde was added and the mixture was incubated for further 10 minutes in ice. The reaction was stopped with 10 pi 1 Ν HCl and 5 |ul lysine-HGl (20 mg in 1 ml 0.1 Ν HCl). After standing for 30 minutes in ice, the protein was pre-
128
cipitated "by the addition of 40 |ul 80 % trichloroacetic acid (TCA) (freshly prepared from TGA (Merck) p.A.)· The sediment was washed twice with 20 % TCA which contained 0.5 % NaCl and five times with ethanol/ether (1:1). The sediment was then dissolved in 0.05 Μ phosphate "buffer containing 0.2 % sodium dodecylsulfate and applied to a column (15 x 0.4 cm) of Sephadex G 25 (Pharmacia, Freiburg/Br., FEG) which was prewashed with the same buffer. The column was eluted (0.33 ml/ min), the protein peak precipitated with TCA, the sediment washed with TCA and ethanol/ether (1:1) and suspended in water and freeze dried. Cytochrome c (horse) was purchased from Merck, serum albumin (bovine) from Gibco, carboanhydrase (bovine erythrocyte) from Serva (Heidelberg, FRG) and soy bean trypsin inhibitor from Sigma (Taufkirchen, FEG). The proteins were dissolved in 100 % formic acid, diluted to the appropriate formic acid concentration and 10-50 pi injected into the system. Proteins were determined by the biuret method. The radioactivity was measured in aliquots in 2 ml Quickscint 212 (Zinsser, Frankfurt/M., FRG) in 4 ml scintillation vials. A Beckman scintillation counter was used.
Results and Discussion Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) Previous experiments have shown that proteins in the molecular weight range of 10 000 to 170 000 can be separated by SEC with glycerolpropyl derivatized LiChrospher Si 300 as column packing and 50 % formic acid as eluent. For most proteins a 'linear relationship exists between the elution volume and the logarithm of their molecular weight under these condi-
129
tions (5)· To increase separation efficiency, columns were packed with small particle sized gels (5 pi particle diameter) which were modified to glycerolpropyl LiChrospher Si 100 (Fig. 2). A very sharp separation of proteins in the
0
S)
40
60
80
100 120 Minutes
Fig. 2. Chromatography of 33 μg carboanhydrase CI, M r 29 500), 33 μg trypsin inhibitor (II, M r 21 500) and 33 |ug ribonuclease (III, M r 12 640) on glycerolpropyl derivatized LiChrospher Si 100 (5 p i ) at 20 oq. Eluent: 50 % formic acid. Column: 500 χ 4.6 mm. Flow rate: 0.06 ml/min. Pressure: 22 bar. The last peak (methanol) marks the total liquid volume accessible to small molecules. molecular weight range of 10 000 to 50 000 was obtained on short columns. The loading capacity is however smaller as with derivatized LiChrospher Si 300 or Si 500. The molecular weight range could be extended to smaller peptides when
130
glycerolpropyl derivatized LiChrosorb Si 60 alone (Pig. 3a) or in combination with derivatized. LiChrospher Si 100 (Fig. 3b) were used as column packing. Ill
gig- 3a. Fifi. ?b. Chromatography of aprotinin (I, Mr 6 500), melittin (II, M r 2 840) and. the peptide tyr-gly-gly-phe-leu (III, M r 556) on glycerolpropyl derivatized LiChrospher Si 100 (5 jum) and glycerolpropyl derivatized LiChrosorb Si 60 (5 pm) at 22 °C. Eluent: 50 % formic acid. a) Column: LiChrosorb Si 60 (5 pm) 1 000 χ 4.6 mm. Flow rate: 0.25 ml/min. Pressure: 100 bar. b ) Column: LiChrosorb Si 60 (5 |um) 1 000 χ 4.6 m i + LiChrospher Si 100 (5 pm) 1 500 χ 4.6 mm. Flow rate: 0.20 ml/min. Pressure: 290 bar. Reversed Phase Chromatography (RPC) Proteins can efficiently be separated by combination of size exclusion chromatography with reversed phase chromatography (15). Mixtures of formic acid and 1-propanol were used for
131
gradient elution in reversed phase chromatography. This system allows a direct recording of proteins by spectrophotometry at 280 n m and gives a somewhat better separation than the formic acid (or acetic acid)/pyridine buffer/1-propanol systems, which have been used in RPC of proteins (11). Silica gels of different origin and pore size with covalent1y bound n-octyl groups were tested with the same mixture of proteins using the same gradient elution profile. The least efficient separation was obtained on Zorbax BRC8 (Fig. 4a).
Fig. 4a. Reversed phase chromatography of 30 |ug horse cytochrome c (I), 30 P-g soy bean trypsin inhibitor (II) and 30 pg bovine erythrocyte carboanhydrase (III) at 22 °C. Column: Zorbax BRC8 (6 jum) 250 χ 4.6 mm. Solvent A: 15 % formic acid. Solvent B: 30 % formic acid/1-propanol (1:1; —). Slope of linear gradient: 5 % B/min. Flow rate: 2 ml/min. Pressure: 100-180 bar. Trypsin inhibitor is eluted together with carboanhydrase. These proteins are well separated on LiChrosorb Si 100-RP-8
132
(Fig. 4b). The Separation is improved when a spherical gel
Fig. 4-b. Reversed, phase chromatography of 30 jug horse cytochrome c (I), 30 pg soy bean trypsin inhibitor (II) and. 30 |ug bovine erythrocyte carboanhydrase (III) at 22 OC. Column: LiChrosorb Si 100-RP-8 (7 p i ) 250 χ 4.6 mm. Solvent A: 15 % formic acid. Solvent B: 30 % formic acid/1-propanol (1:1; —). Slope of linear gradient: 5 % B/min. Flow rate: 2 ml/min. Pressure: 100-180 bar. with larger pores (LiChrospher Si 300-RP-8) is used (Fig. 5)· The separation of the test proteins could be improved further when the slope of the gradient was lowered. Derivatization with monochlorodimethylalkyl-silanes is supposed to result in better surface coverage and less residual silanol groups on the surface of the silica particles (16). LiChrospher Si 300 or Si 500 silica particles were therefore derivatized with either n-octyltrichlorosilane or n-octyldimethylchlorosilane. No difference in the separation of our
133
Fig. 5. Reversed phase chromatography of 30 p g cytochrome c (I), SO ug serum albumin (II), 30 )J.g trypsin inhibitor (III), 30 ug carboanhydrase (IV) at 22 °C. Column: LiChrospher Si 300-RP-8 (10 jam) 250 χ 4.6 mm derivatized with octyldimethylchlorosilane. Solvent A: 15 % formic acid. Solvent B: 30 % formic acid/1-propanol (1:1; —). Slope of linear gradient: 5 % B/min. Flow rate: 2 ml/min. Pressure: 180-350 "bar. test proteins was however observed when silica particles derivatized with the two reagents were compared under otherwise identical conditions. Recovery of Radioactive Labelled Proteins in RPC The applicability of chromatographic methods depends not only on the resolving power, but also on the rate of recovery of proteins. When soy bean trypsin inhibitor was chromatographed on columns of very different length (length ratio 1:6.25)
134
packed with LiChrospher Si 300-RP-8, the peak areas of the eluted proteins are the same (Fig. 6a and Pig. 6b).
Fig. 6a.
Fig. 6b.
Comparison of the amount of protein eluted (peak areas) with different amounts of silica gel used as column packings (columns of different length). 60 iug trypsin inhibitor was applied to each column. Solvent A: 15 % formic acid. Solvent B: 30 % formic acid/1-propanol (1:1; —). Gradient: 10 % B/min, for 5 min; 0 % Β for 5 min; 10 % B/min, for 5 min. Column packing: LiChrosorb-RP-8 (7 pn). a) Column: 40 χ 4.6 mm. Flow rate: 2 ml/min. Pressure: 15-30 bar. b ) Column: 250 χ 4.6 mm. Flow rate: 2 ml/min. Pressure: 90-180 bar. This shows that the proteins are not adsorbed irreversibly to this column packing under the conditions of reversed phase chromatography. However glass fiber filters are a major source for protein adsorption and should therefore not be used. When 30 |ug trypsin inhibitor, which was labelled with tritium by reductive methylation (s. methods) was applied to
135
a 4.6 mm. diameter reversed phase column equipped with three glass fiber filters about 10 % of the protein was adsorbed to these filters. The percentage of adsorption is much higher with smaller sample loadings. About 90 % of the protein was adsorbed to glass fiber filters when only 3 ug trypsin inhibitor was applied to the reversed phase column. When this amount of protein was applied to a size exclusion column equipped with glass fiber filters and the column eluted with 50 % formic acid, about 30-4-0 % of the protein was adsorbed to the filters. The structural features of proteins which determine their elution pattern in reversed phase chromatography are at the present still unknown. In the formic acid containing eluents all ionizable groups are protonated, so that the charge of the proteins depends only on the basic ammonium-, guanidiniumand imidazolium groups. Cytochrome c which has b y far the highest content of lysine and arginine is eluted first. Other features which do significantly contribute to the pattern of elution are the content of hydrophobic amino acids with longer aliphatic or aromatic side chains and on the other hand the carbohydrate content of proteins. The evaluation of all structural features requires the investigation of many more proteins, and will be subject of further investigations. This investigation was supported b y the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Sonderforschungsbereich 29; Embryonale Entwicklung und Differenzierung).
References 1. 2. 3·
Weber, K., Osborn, M.: J. Biol. Chem. 244, 4406-4412 (1969). Porath, J., Flodin, P.: Nature 18£, 1657-1659 (1959). Unger, K.K., Becker, Ν., Roumeliotis, P.: J. Chromatogr. 125, 115-127 (1976).
136
4.
Regnier, F.Ε., Noel, R.: J. Chromatogr. Sei. 14, 316-320 (1976).
5.
Schwarz, W., Tiedemann, Η., Tiedemann, Η.: Mol. Biol. Rep. 8, 17-20 (1981). Horvath, C., Melander, W., Molnar, I.: J. Chromatogr. 125, 129 (1976).
6. 7. 8.
Molnar, I., Horvath, C.: J. Chromatogr. 142, 623-640 (1977). Molnar, I.: HRC & CC 4, 276-279 (1981).
9.
Molnar, I., Schöneshöfer, Μ.: HPLC in Biochemistry, ed. Lottspeich, Henschen, Hupe, Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin 1982. 10. Lewis, R.V., Fallon, Α., Stein, St., Gibson, K.D., Udenfriend, S.: Anal. Biochem. 104, 153-159 (1980). 11. Rubinstein, Μ., Rubinstein, S., Familletti, Ph.C., Miller, R.S., Waldman, A.A., Pestka, S.: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. U.S.A. 26, 640-644 (1979). 12. Tiedemann, H.: In: Organizer, a milestone of a half century from Spemann, 0. Nakamura a. S. Toivonen eds., Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam · Oxford · New York (1978). 13. Means, G.E. , Feeney, R.E.: Biochemistry 7, 2192-2201
(1968).
14. Asahi, K.-i., Asashima, Μ., Geithe, H.P., Born, J., Tiedemann, Η., Tiedemann, H.: in press (1982). 15· Molnar, I., lecture, presented at the Symposium on practical Aspects in Modern HPLC, Berlin, Dec. 1981. 16. Roumeliotis, P., Unger, K.K.: J. Chromatogr. 149, 211-224 (1978).
HIGH
PERFORMANCE
STUDIES
Maria
OF THE
Kehl,
LIQUID
CHROMATOGRAPHY
FIBRINOGEN
Friedrich
AS
APPLIED
TO
THE
STRUCTURE
Lottspeich,
Agnes
M a x - P l a n c k - I n s t i t u t für B i o c h e m i e , München, Germany Federal Republic
Henschen
D-8033
Martinsried
bei
I n t r o d u c t i on During have
the
changed
dation the
last y e a r s
tion
of
being
considerably.
method
methods
for
have
the
protein been
automated
the m o s t
techniques
gradation
of
niques
It
0.5
to
for
poses
high
excellent as
a model
The
plasma
One
is
monomer
the
introduc-
Edman
and
Begg
analysis
contribution.
5 nmol
of
that
Thus, r a p i d
generated, protein
or
which
sensitive
and
the
sequencing
techniques.
For
chromatography by
(2)
highly
material
purification,
be d e m o n s t r a t e d
described
permit
peptide
these microscale
liquid
may
by
first
degra-
(1),
been
reaction
but
(Αα,Ββ,γ) 2 fibrinogen
in
two
B, a r e
into
that
then
plays the
cleavage
Hereby
A and
changed form,
fibrinogen
in t h e
thrombin.
brinopeptides nogen
Edman
improved
identification
protein
consists
enzyme
manual
continuously
have
This
the
analysis
derou-
tech-
isolation, all
proves using
these to
be
puran
fibrinogen
protein.
coagulation. cess
since
structure was
performance tool.
protein
analysis
equally
f r a g m e n t a t i o n .and
Even
sequence
is o b v i o u s
demand
in
sequence
important
sensitive tinely.
methods
of
very the
small
thrombin
soluble
and
fibrin,
polymerises
role
complex
peptides,
released of
a central
to
the
(α,β,γ) 2 fibrin
blood
coagulation fibrinogen
the is
first
insoluble + 2A
the fi-
of
fibri-
in
the
clot.
+ 2B
fibrinopeptide
Practical Aspects of Modern H P L C Copyright © 1982 by Walter de Gruyter &. Co., Berlin · New York Printed in Germany
pro-
by
so-called
structure
which an
in
138 The up
complete of
three
amino pairs
molecular
weight
However,
studies
of
interest,
related sumed
that
these e.g.
for
the
molecular
a giant
molecule.
In
report
this
which
are, t h e
Separation
of
γ-chain and
of
have
been
Bß-chain The
the
of
one
sition
52
to
and
i.e.
chains, from
the
The
γ-chain nalysis,
on is
the
dues
being
fore
larger
chemically
far
of
be
the
Edman
of
(Fig.l)
shortest 461
and
being
γ-chain
carry
may
be
the
by
the
presence
large
for
a complete
during
have
to
enzymatically
be and
lione fibri
with
amino
amino
610
the
acids
to
subdivided
amino side
very
Li-
8 Μ
amino
in
fragments
re-
po-
form
chroma(7).
The
sequence acid
degradation. by
chains, acid
pure
urea
re-
chains,
exchange
direct
70
acid
asparagine in
of
sequenator
the
the
fibrinogen
ion
in
identifiable
411
three
on
60
such
Fibrinogen
isolated
of m a x i m a l l y
with
Performance
carbohydrate
fibrin(ogen)
in
with
finally
High
Aa-chain
located
search
degradation.
Human
the
residue.
first
(PTH)
by
the
protein
error
then
and
contains
of
the
as-
performance
demonstrated
fibrinogen
been
acid
an
high
the γ - c h a i n ,
still
systematic
localise
Fragments
Bß-chains
proteins
to
(3,4,5).
are
has
in
amino and
applying
the γ - C h a i n
the
sequence
or
i.e.
Peptide
too
of
will
products
CM-cellulose by
a quick
the
fibrinogen-
It
errors
a single
how
human
S-carboxymethylated
tography
of
found.
made
has
elucidated
inherited
by
is
and
molecule
phenylthiohydantoin
the γ - c h a i n (6).
caused
conduct
(HPLC)
containing γ-
are
exchange
fibrinogen thus
this
disorders
advantages
Large
is
sidues.
from
end
of
which
chains
been
of
Chromatography:
sidues the
of
peptide
recently
structure
error,
released
identification
has
fibrinogen,
number
how
the
of
a large
the
arises
fibrinogen
nopeptides
The
the
chromatography
the
000,
disorders
by
problem
quid
340 of
sequence
non-identical
because
The
of
of
coagulation
structure
quid
acid
cleaving sequenced
a-
resiTherethem sepa-
139 1
CT
10
CT
20
30
Τ
40
50
70
CB 80
100
CT 110
Y V A T R D N C C I L D E R F G S Y C P T T C G I A D F L S 31
CHO
Τ
Τ
60
T Y Q I K V D K D L Q S L E D I L H Q V E N K T S E V K Q L
61
Τ
Τ
CT TCB90
I K A I Q L T Y N P D E S S K P N M I D A A T L K S R K M L
91
CB Τ
120T
E E I M K Y E A S I L T H D S S I R Y L Q E I Y N S N N Q K
121
Τ
Τ
130
140T
150
I V N L K E K V A Q L E A Q C Q E P C K D T V Q I H D I T G
151T
T160
Τ
K D C Q D I A N K G A K Q S G L Y F I
181
190
Τ CT
170
Τ
180
K P L K A N Q Q F L V
200
Τ Τ
210
Y C E I D G S G N G W T V F Q K R L D G S V D F K K N W I Q
211
Τ
220
230
Τ
240
Y K E G F G H L S P T G T T E F W L G N E K I H L I S T Q S
241
Τ
AI
CT
250
CT
260
CB
Τ
270
P Y A L R V E L E D W N G R T S T A D Y A M F K V G P E
271
Τ
CT
Τ
280T
290
300
320 Τ
330
A D K Y R L T Y A Y F A G G D A G D A F D G F D F G D D P S
301
Τ
310CB
D K F F T S H N G M Q F S T W D N D N D K F E G N C A E G D
331
CB
G(S)G H(W)M
Τ 340
350
Τ
360
N K C H A G H L M G V Y Y Q G G T Y S K A S T P
361
370
391CT
400
Τ
CT
CB380rT
CB Τ
390
Ν G Y D Ν G I I (W)A T(W)K T R W Y S M K K T T M K I Τ
I P F N
410
R L T I G E G Q Q H H L G G A K Q A G D V
F i g u r e 1. Amino a c i d sequence o f human f i b r i n o g e n Ύ - c h a i n . CB d e n o t e s cyanogen bromide c l e a v a g e s i t e s , Τ t r y p s i n c l e a v a g e s i t e s , CT t r y p s i n c l e a v a g e s i t e s a f t e r c i t r a c o n y l a t i o n , CHO denotes a c a r b o h y d r a t e s i d e c h a i n . rately
in
order
to
obtain
the
complete
primary
structure
infor-
mation. Cyanogen
bromide
chain
1.5 ml of
in
cyanogen
bromide
gen bromide
cleavage. in
= 1 : 5 )
About
70% f o r m i c 1.5 ml o f for
15 h.
50 mg o f
human f i b r i n o g e n
a c i d was t r e a t e d 70% f o r m i c
acid
The m i x t u r e
with
250 mg o f
(protein
was then
γ-
: cyano-
diluted
140
with
the
tenfold
evaporator superfine Trypsin the
cleavage. from
10 mg
of w a t e r cium
then
of w a t e r ,
directly
or a r e v e r s e d
pools
lised;
and
volume
For
adjusted
with
cleavage
of a r g i n y l
was
then
tri ethyl a m i n e of t r y p s i n ,
pH was
pH 2.5 w i t h
rectly Total
injected amino
in 5.7
16 h at 3 7 ° C . T h e acetic
acid.
on a r e v e r s e d
acid analysis.
Ν hydrochloric
G-50
lysyl
G-50 were
in 2.5 ml
added
and
then
=
the
calchlo-
digest
adjusted
A p a r t of t h i s m i x t u r e phase
bonds lyophi-
treated with TPCK
left about
rotary
to pH 8 . 5 , 0.1 mg of were
for
and
dissolved
ro-(N-tosyl-1-phenylalanyl)-methane, at pH 8.5
on a
on a S e p h a d e x
on S e p h a d e x
material
and 0.1 mg
in v o l u m e
column.
the g e l f i 1 t r a t i o n
of p e p t i d e
chloride
fractionated
phase
the
reduced
was
to di-
column.
Lyophilised
samples were
acid
at 1 1 0 ° C
for
to s e p a r a t e
cyanogen
bromide
hydrolyzed
24 h in e v a c u a t e d
tu-
bes. HPLC
conditions.
I. S y s t e m
used
brinogen γ-chain on S e p h a d e x Instrument
and the
corresponding
cleaved
pools
from
human
fi-
gelfi1tration
G-50. Milton
Roy H P L C
a mixing Roy
pumps
chamber, all
gradient master;
constametric controlled a Waters
U6K; a fixed wavelength LKB
and a P h i l i p s
Column
Hewlett
Buffer
A: 0.1 Μ s o d i u m B:
100%
all
Packard
dihydrogen
being
206
model nm,
from
recorder. (lOy).
phosphate
(uvasol, Merck,
filtered
III,
Milton
injector
0.4 χ 25 c m , R P - 8
acetonitrile
solvents
by a
detector,
two-channel
I and
pH
2.1,
Darmstadt),
and d e g a s s e d
before
use. Gradient
10% 100%
Fl ow
Β for
10 m i n
Β in 100
2 m l / m i η.
isocratically,
min.
then
from
10
to
141 R e c o r d i ng
0.2
Temperature
ambient.
II.
System
used
filtration
on
to
absorption
separate
Sephadex
trypsin
G-50
Column
Hibar
Buffer
A:
RT
units
of
scale
at
cleaved
pools
from
human
250-4,
0.025
full
fibrinogen
LiChrosorb
Μ ammonium
phori c acid
to
B:
Μ ammonium
40%
0.05
phosphoric (uvasol,
acid
0
Fl ow
1.5
m 1 / m i η.
R e c o r d i ng
0.4
absorption
Temperature
ambi ent.
100%
Β
in
the
gel-
(5μ),
with
(Merck)
ortho-phos-
6.0
to
Merck,
Gradient
to
pH
nm.
γ-chain.
RP-18
acetate
206
pH
acetate 6.0,
with
60%
ortho-
acetonitri1e,
Darmstadt). 100
min.
units
full
scale
at
206
nm.
Results
When
human
cleaved and
by
charge
γ-chain,
which
cyanogen
bromide,
(Table
been
to
separate
This
separation
according tion is
takes
type
of
contrast,
with
the
the this
HPLC type
material better
fragments The
of
established
gelfi1tration
as
the
Even
under
peptides
optimised
Furthermore,
re-fractionate
the
obtain
separate
(Fig. elute the
pure
pools
size
strategy
conditions
to
r e s i d u e s , is
different
by
size.
to
methionine
fragments partial,
time.
eight
obtained.
only
has
2). mainly separa-
peptides
on
a
it
diffe-
column. the
with
chromatography
the
separation of
nine
is
HPLC-method
comparison
are
these
a long
necessary
rent In
to
1)
contains
proved
to
on be
gelfi1tration is
finished
chromatography
( 1/10
of
that
used
purified
in
a shorter
the most
for time
min.
smaller the
G-5C
with
phase
efficient
(Fig.2),
in 60
are:
reversed
(Fig.
3).
takes
35
h,
advantages
of
which The
column
amounts
of
peptide
separation)
negligible
In
loss
may of
be pep-
142 Table
1. A m i n o
Acid
γ-Chain Amino
acid
Composition
of
Cyanogen
Bromide
Cleaved
Fragments.
N-terminal YVAT
IDAA 1
sequence LEE I
KYEA
of
the
FKVG
single
QFST
NKCH
fragments KKTT
KIIP
Asp
D
7
Asn
Ν
4
Thr
Τ
7
Ser
S
6
Gl u
Ε
5
Gl η
Q
5
13
Pro
Ρ
3
4
2
Gly
G
2
12
7
3
6
5
Ala
A
3
10
5
1
3
2
Cys
C
4
4
1
1
Val
V
4
7
1
Met
Μ
1
1
1
1
1
lie
I
5
1
1
13
Leu
L
7
1
1
13
1
Tyr
Υ
4
8
3
Phe
F
2
6
7
15
3
Κ
Lys
4
1
1
10
1
3
4
1
1
10
2
1
4
1
11
2
2
3
11
1
2
2
2
6
Η
1
Arg
R
2
Trp
W
His
1
2
1
2
1
3 1
1
1 1
2
1
1
2
3
1
2
2
5
1
1
3
1
78
tide
material. with
the
matography pletely Using
Only
4
1
2
4
1
1
1
3)
170
a single
N-terminal
(Fig.
5
46
peptide
sequence
practically
2
3
26
43
caused
QFST. all
3
the
5
problems,
Thus,
in
peptides
27
i.e.
a single may
be
the
chrocom-
separated.
the as
11
2
2
4
Total
such
8
+
Gl cN
one
10
HPLC
Hibar
conditions LiChrosorb
of
system
RP-18
(5μ)
I,
but
with
or
Zorbax
other
columns
TMS,( D u P o n t ) , s i -
143 milar The
separation
Figures
pools
from
4a, the
patterns 4b,
4c
could
show
Sephadex
be
the
G-50
obtained.
HPLC
chromatography.
original
HPLC-separation
(Fig.
ted.
components
identified
ce
The
and
amino
Figure nogen
4a
G-50
pool
has
N-terminal and
the
the
peptides
N-terminal
sidues,
composition
presents
bromide
phadex the
acid
were
I.
KYEA,
galactose
Figure
4b
the
separation,
size
1).
amino
after
acid
the
startpeak,
Κ11Ρ
were
(27
eluted the
chain
length,
and
Figure
4c
dex
G-50
with
peptides
known
charge
the
Later
which to
shows
the
this
on
of
from
case
might
III
of
the
shows be
rethe
residues
acid
(6).
from
the
sequence
column
very
part
FKVG
The
Se-
intermediate
of
(46
soon
the
residues) elution
a correlation
with
because
parameters
IDAA,
sequen-
observed
accidental
other
with
N-terminal
residues),
gradient.
many
pool
the
with
acid
acid
Se-
N-acetyl-glucos-
isocratic
with
HPLC-separation
separation. sequence LEEIM,
is
with
could
demonstrated
3 could
the
be
The
KKTTM;
material
Fig.
the
however
amino
of
the
amino
peptide
cya-
reten-
including
conformation.
ta-peptide,
be
(43
sequen-
peptide
170
N-terminal
the
peptides
by
in
depend
eluted
NKCH
78
peptides
the
during
the
sequentially
of
is
i.e.
residues),
order
tion
long,
interpre-
from
N-acetyl-neuraminic
with
the
largest
those
the
composed
containing
peptide
residues
chromatography. ces
The
two
longer
than
HPLC-chromatogram
phadex G - 5 0
11
and
way
easily
the
the
contains
chain,
this
the
N-terminal
contains
time
which
side
that
which
retention
mannose,
(Table
the γ - c h a i n , found
of
1).
i.e.
amine,
shows
their
of
YVAT,
carbohydrate
by
(Table
In
be m o r e
of
sequence
sequence
3) m a y
HPLC-separation
It w a s
a shorter
frationations
startpeak
of
pool
contains
when
the
gradient
eluted;
all
later
N-terminal that
recovered
sequence
V from the
QFST.
In
Sepha-
penta-peptide
begins
peaks
the
a second
contain this
all
the
components
from
the
HPLC-separations
peptide
way
it
identified of
pen-
in
the
144
0.10 ι < 0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
5
10
15
20
25
30
[h]
35
F i g u r e 2. C h r o m a t o g r a p h y o f 5 ing ( 1 0 0 n m o l ) o f c y a n o g e n b r o m i d e c l e a v e d S - c a r b o x y m e t h y 1 a t e d h u m a n f i b r i n o g e n γ - c h a i n on S e p h a d e x G - 5 0 s u p e r f i n e ; c o l u m n , 1 x 1 0 0 c m ; e l u a n t , 1 Μ f o r m i c acid; d e t e c t i o n w a v e - 1 e n g t h , 280 nm.
HKCH
ΚΤΙΛ
F i g u r e 3. R e v e r s e d p h a s e c h r o m a t o g r a p h y o f 5 nmol o f c y a n o g e n bromide cleaved S-carboxymethylated human fibrinogen γ-chain, t h e s a m e s t a r t i n g m a t e r i a l as in F i g u r e 2 ; H P L C c o n d i t i o n s . s e e system I . '
145
F i g u r e 4a. R e v e r s e d p h a s e c h r o m a t o g r a p h y of 1/50 of pool I of the S e p h a d e x G - 5 0 s e p a r a t i o n ; HPLC c o n d i t i o n s , see s y s t e m I.
F i g u r e 4b. R e v e r s e d p h a s e c h r o m a t o g r a p h y of 1/50 of pool III of the S e p h a d e x G - 5 0 s e p a r a t i o n ; H P L C c o n d i t i o n s , see s y s t e m I.
KKTT
F i g u r e 4c. R e v e r s e d p h a s e c h r o m a t o g r a p h y of 1/20 of pool V of the S e p h a d e x G - 5 0 s e p a r a t i o n ; H P L C c o n d i t i o n s , see s y s t e m I.
146
F i g u r e 5. H P L C e l u t i o n p r o f i l e of 1 / 1 0 o f t h e t r y p s i n d i g e s t e d pool I f r o m the S e p h a d e x G - 5 0 s e p a r a t i o n , see H P L C c o n d i t i o n s s y s t e m II; s a m p l e v o l u m e , 0 . 1 0 0 m l ; 0.4 a b s o r p t i o n u n i t s full scale. Sephadex For
the
seemed of
G-50
development to
be
cyanogen
paration
of
very
the
of
well
a difference
In
experiments
pected the
an
of
amino
the
peptide
capacity
profile
of
column
in
26
peaks
by
amino
of
system
II
such
and
the
the
the
were
made
to
-digested
as
great
18
Figure
advantage
could
pure of
the a
be
an
tryp24 to
extest
elution
reversed
mixture
peptides.
being
the
sample
on
ex-
sequence.
with
5 shows
peptide
of w h i c h
containing
pool
separated
The
mean
peptide
a suitable
pool
II.
would
would
separate
I. T h i s
be
a HPLC-system.
to
se-
sufficiently
pattern
which
separation
subsequent are
a known
pool
seemed
column,
systems
in
HPLC-method
initial
the
separation
residue
G-50
the
the
for
peptide,
HPLC-system
the
also
If
attempts
analysis has
, both
a new
acid
trypsin
from
in
Sephadex
using
acid
of
fragments
of
the
phase
for
peptides.
appearance
digest
suited
tryptic
of
tic
system
peptides
exchange first
a fingerprint
bromide
reproducible press
pools .
eluted
identified The
volatile
buffer and
147
F i g u r e 6. H P L C e l u t i o n p r o f i l e o f 1 / 2 0 o f t h e t r y p s i n d i g e s t e d pool I f r o m the S e p h a d e x G - 5 0 s e p a r a t i o n , see H P L C c o n d i t i o n s s y s t e m II; b u f f e r , p h o s p h a t e 0 . 0 5 Μ pH 3 . 0 ; s a m p l e v o l u m e , 0 . 1 ml, 0 . 4 a b s o r p t i o n u n i t s f u l l s c a l e .
therefore two
the
collected
lyophilisation
could
be
obtained
this
buffer
that
for
should
is
the
be
Separation
human
of
different
sidue nus
by
by
in
not
of
an
Shorter : The
position
similar II
error
using
in
analysed
directly
separation
volatile.
Peptides Human
Blombäck
the
be
a
pattern
phosphate
These
(Fig.6)
buffer
results
the γ - c h a i n
after
the
pH
3.0,
indicate, HPLC-method
suited.
Α-peptides.
long,
A
could
system
fibrinopeptides
recognised
sidues
with
search
Chromatography
The
cycles.
however
ideally
peaks
AP-
et The
one
amino
acid
B-peptide,
which
is
14
High
Performance
Liquid
Fibrinopeptides
occur al.
and
a the
residue, amino
in
in
main
carries
three
by
several
1966
(8).
Α-peptide
is
forms
as
There
are
16
phosphate-group AYi.e.
acid
is
amino on
shortened
alanine
residues
(see long,
the at
already three acid
serine the
Table is
rere-
N-termi2).
highly
The sus-
148 ceptible
to
degradation
contaminates C-terminal
fibrinogen
arginine
Arg-B-peptide bin-induced the
may
seem
be
many all
near
show
somewhat system all
human
nogen, nogen
ml
0.15
was
18
h the
of
the the
and
to
sample
was
precipitated
and
is at
all
Brook
were
and
pH
in
protein
peptide-containing
in
a boiling by
they
to
of
a
or HPLC
determine
short
time.
fibrinogens gift
generous
ammonia. 5 NIH
(fibriof
of
Bovine
then
centrifugation. was
of 5 mg/ throm-
units/ml.
waterbath,
liquid
Dr.D.
gift
a concentration
of
are
(Forschungs-Fibri-
the
with
re-
peptide
there
a very
was
supernatant
the
possible
Metz
removed
These
1aborconsuming
generous
concentration
placed
to
the
8.5
i.e.
fibrinogens
was
to
throm-
determination,
abnormal
dissolved
acetate
or
fibrinogen
and
des-
the
applications
simultaneously
normal
such
or
is
the
disturbed,
Although
some it
step
released.
in
time-
always
so-called
often
sites.
report
first
the
themselves
being
which
fibrinogens
defects
by w h i c h
Rouen
a final
the
fibrinopeptide
Stony
Soria)
not
the
Kabi , M ü n c h e n )
Μ ammonium
added
or
this
Human
fibrinogen J.
release
of
described
digestion.
and
bin
and
are
In
off
cleavage
for
in
abnormal
peptides
disadvantage
Louisville
in
the
thrombin
Deutsche
C.
that
fibrinopeptides
Galanakis, Drs.
to
In
partly
indicate
unspecific.
(10)
Thrombin
only
available
the
cleaved
B-peptide
the
methods
being
and
localised
chains
preparations,
formed.
are
to
a carboxypeptidase,
being
A-
peptides
sults
by
After
cooled A
part
subjected
to
H P L C - a n a l y s i s.
HPLC
conditions.
Instrument
Hewlett
Packard
tomatic
sampling
length Column
Buffer
A:
(5μ),(Merck,
0.025
50%
system
column,
ammonium
phosphoric B:
equipped and
with
an
a variable
auwave-
detector.
Prepacked RP-18
1084A
of
Hibar
RT
250-4, L i C h r o s o r b
Darmstadt). acetate
pH
6.0
with
ortho-
acid 0.05
Μ ammonium
acetate
pH
6.0
149 Table Peak
2.
Human F i b r i n o p e p t i d e
number
Components
Designation
Sequence
®
A
+
A D S G E G D F L A E G G G V I j l D S G E G D F L A E G G G V I j t _
+
Z G V N D N E E G F F S A Z G V N D N E E G F F S A I j t _
phosphate
and Ζ p y r o g l u t a m i c
with
ortho-phosphoric
50%
of
acetonitrile
all
solvents
linear from 40
from
12%
not
essential
wavelength full
210
and 28%
Β in
solvents
and
(uvasole,
12% Β t o 34%
acid acid
filtered
Β to
C for
is Detection
Charge
A D | G E G D F L A E G G G V g .
Β
Temperature
HPLC
+
des-Arg-B
Gradient
and
by
AP
AY
©denotes
Separated
and
for
nm a t
Merck,
Darmst.)
degassed. Β in
40
or
min.
oven,
the
30 min this
temperature
separations,
0.025
absorption
units
scale.
Results Preliminary would
not
However,
experiments
be
sufficient
under
column.
directly amino
elution
could
This
of
gradient well
demonstrated
after
composition
behaviour
resolve
be v e r y
is
identified
acid
to
optimised
fibrinopeptides phase
indicated
or
two
that all
isocratic
fibrinopeptides
conditions
all
five
separated
on a
in
7.
Figure
1 yophi 1i s a t i o n
sequence
elution
or
fibrinopeptides
by
comparison
isolated
(8). expected
reversed
The
steps
systems
peaks by
their
with
according
were the
to
clas-
150
η
NORM.
A B-R
"J •X»
Μ •
Β
AP AY
IV
1
2
3
5
4
F i g u r e 7. H P L C e l u t i o n p r o f i l e o f n o r m a l h u m a n f i b r i n o p e p t i d e s f r o m a r e v e r s e d p h a s e R P - 1 8 c o l u m n j g r a d i e n t f r o m 6% to 14% a c e t o n i t r i l e (see HPLC c o n d i t i o n s ) ; r e t e n t i o n times are given in m i n a b o v e t h e p e a k s ; s a m p l e v o l u m e , 0 . 1 0 0 m l , i . e . 2 . 8 n m o l of Α - p e p t i d e s ( A P + A + A Y ) and B - p e p t i d e s (des-Arg-B+B).
sical
procedures.
jection
is d u e
contains
free
paration
and
peaks
all
The
main
AP,
A,
to
elution
products
appear
retention
sidues able
the
acids
order
of
and
B.
the
after
long
Α-peptides
contain
for
calculated
fewer
contain in T a b l e
would
2.
the
the
fibrinogen
by
Meek
and
aromatic
of
Α-peptide
the
later
found
to
be
easily degradation
or
amino it w a s
between times.
acid
re-
predict-
B-peptides.The
acidic
fewer
pre-
products
incubation
(10),
more and
was
amounts
before
The
is m o r e
individual
in-
also
degradation
thrombin
the
after It
B-peptide.
their
elute
aromatic
more
from
small
B-peptide
the
sample.
B-peptide
enzymes,
coefficients
soon
fibrinopeptides
befor
that
shown
As
the
the
or
peaks
example
as
from
human
appears
in
glycine
as m i n o r
for
B-peptides
which
salts
released
as
Α-peptides
and like
contaminating
and
peak,
fibrinopeptides
des-Arg-B
by
des-Arg-B-
acids
arginine,
contain
AY,
first
solvents
amino
attacked
Using
The
amino
acidic
acids,
amino
151
Η r· υ-·
conditions); B - p e p t i des .
The on
sample
advantages
of
where
the
graphed peaks
under
lysis
it w a s
Louisville
by
i.e.
the
one
est:
a)
earlier).
that
at
in
that
the
the
the
From the
This
thrombin because altered
allowed
the
before amino
two
arginine
physiologically,
HPLC-method
normal
one
chemically,
b)
two
and
extra
exchange
of
cleavage the
peptide
because and
at
after
is
blood
When the
sequence due
anato
C-terminus
is
amino
of
now
was
inter-
hydrophilic
reversed
convenient
A-
acid,
great
more
clotting
(e-
A-peptide
were
the
the
place
AP-peptide
and
and
additional
normal
the
A-
chromato-
large
a single
on
of
demonstrated
were
peaks
site,
behaviour
fast
the acid
residue
be
(named
described, the
nmol
fibrinogens.
discovered)
earlier)
histidine.
results
was
before
obvious,
but
replaced
column,
fibrinogen
4.5
could
abnormal
one
min
i.e.
HPLC-system
from
conditions
ml,
detected,
min
1.16
peptides,
which
present
released
of
the
be
1.17
(eluting
, 0.150
abnorma 1 fibrinogen
could
luting
The
the
fibrinopeptides
fibrinopeptides
volume
is
phase disturbed
localisation
of
152
NORM
a)
AP
AY
JL· Μ
ROUEN
j
VJ
r o f i l e_ o f .f i b r i n p e p t i d e s r e l e a s e d o f F i g u r e 9. H P L C e l u t i o n rp...... a) n o r m a l f i b r i n o g e n ; s a m p l e vvoolluummee,, 0 . 1 0 0 m l , b) a n a b n o r m a l M ; sample volume, 0.150 ml, f i b r i n o g e n , i. e. f i b r i nn on gn e^ n nRnO, U" E~ N (see HPLC c o n d i t i o n s ) .
the
error
tion
showed
nopeptide In
in
another
additional low y i e l d
fibrinogen that
was
1 mole
Louisville.
The
quantitative
of
and
1 mole
abnormal
normal
fibri-
released.
abnormal
fibrinogen,
group
peptides
of
of
determina-
of
normal
Α-peptide
the
fibrinogen
appeared release
after and
Rouen
the
the
(Fig.9)
B-peptide.
difference
in
an
The the
153 I
F i g u r e 1 0 . H P L C e l u t i o n p r o f i l e of f i b r i n o p e p t i d e s r e l e a s e d o f an a b n o r m a l f i b r i n o g e n , i. e. f i b r i n o g e n S T O N Y B R O O K ( s e e H P L C conditions)·, sample volume, 0.150 ml.
METZ
B-R
J
v''
F i g u r e 1 1 . H P L C e l u t i o n p r o f i l e of f i b r i n o p e p t i d e s r e l e a s e d oi a n a b n o r m a l f i b r i n o g e n , i . ee. f i b r i n o g e n M E T Z ( s e e H P L C c o n d i ti o n s ) ; s a m p l e v o l u m e , 0 1 5 0 ml
154 retention the
time
between
additional
tively,lead ponded
to
analysis
to
the
the
substitution
retention the
time
was
the
also
Brook
Seems
normal,
mole
clusion
The
(Fig.
that
to
of
at
only
Αα-chain
in
cleavage
site
It
is w o r t h
mination which
of
may
aspects
be
and
One
of
is
thod
for
the
substituted that
important
for
of
of
more
in
po-
clearly
how
shift
advantages
the of
errors.
of
release
fibrinogen
chromatography proves
result
that
allows
of Α - p e p t i d e
is
should
only
the
con-
released be
the
located
indicates
Here
error
no was
arginine
a new
type
of
fibrinopeptide
A
found
the
of
to
the
be
in
thrombin
cysteine.
the
HPLC-method ideally
further
structure-function
This
11)
the
by
is
are
will
analysis the
sequence
site.
The
16, where
and
fibrinopeptide
molecules
(Fig.
released.
fibrinopeptides
for
suited
studies
of
the
for
deter-
kinetics,
physiological
relationships.
Phenylthiohydantoin
Amino
Acids
by H i g h
Per-
Chromatography
the m a j o r
method
abnormal
Metz
the
the y i e l d s
one mole
cleavage
mentioning
Liquid
cing
only
again
structural
look
corres-
residue
residue
shows
the
first
in f i b r i n o g e n .
position
Identification formance
is
the
at
acid
glycine
of
peaks
peptides
shows
the
is r e l e a s e d .
fibrinogen
abnormality
It a l s o
between
(4.56),respec-
later
new
acid
and
min
Amino
The
elucidation
At
in t h e
these
the
amino
(4.31)
29.74
case
calculating
thrombin
B,
This
to q u a n t i f y
10).
genetic
of
importance
because
the
HPLC all,
the
however
error
that
exchange
a peptide.
for
and
hypothesis.
a single
of Α - p e p t i d e
structural close
of
decisive
Stony one
the
HPLC-method of
min
of Α - p e p t i d e s .
a valine.
of
HPLC-method
Using
this
to
12 a g a i n s t
at 2 5 . 8 1
group
confirmed due
and A P - p e p t i d e s
assumption,
a second
hydrophobic sition
peaks
A-
problems
Edman
in t h e
(1,2)
identification
was of
phenylisothiocyanate
to the
find
a fast
reaction
and
end
sequen-
sensitive
products,
me-
i.e.
155 phenylthiohydantoin ready of
been
developed
Zimmerman,
acids,
paration
times. was
such
all
to
Here
this
as
acids.
Pisano
(11).
separating two
or
more
PTH
obtain
commer
cially,
by
the
Most
system
depending
system
too
will
be
in
1980
Lottspeich
some
number for
of
PTH
the
se-
on
long
a1 -
system
show
systems
using
have
gradient
a limited
acids,
or
systems
e.g.
solvent
amino
isocratic
developed
columns
analysis
described
which
(12).
conditions.
I nstrument
Column
Hewlett
Packard
tomatic
sampling
Solvents
1084
A equipped
system
wavelength
detector.
Prepacked,
Hibar
(5p)(Merck,
RT
and
250-4,
with
an
a fixed
au-
254
LiChrosorb
nm
RP-18
Darmstadt).
68.5%
0.01
31.5%
acetonitrile,(p.a.
lyse,
Merck,
+ 0.5%
Μ
sodium
acetate
pH
zur
5.2
Rückstandsana-
Darmstadt).
dichloroethane.
1 . 5 m 1 / in i η
Fl ow Oven
only
common
a simple
Several
purpose,
the
originally
HPLC
amino
and
requiring
of
difficult
for
Appella
disadvantages amino
(PTH)
62°
temperature
Analysis
16
time
Detection
3
limit
C min.
pmol .
Results
Al 1 c o m m o n system tween some
PTH
except these
amino the
two
yield
of
by
pair
of
derivates
difference
accompanied
acids
in
the
is m u c h
are
well
PTH-Gln/PTH-Ser. is
in
practice
retention
PTH-Glu,
PTH-Ser
(Fig.12)
resulting lower
no
times, from
than
as
resolved
To
by
the
distinguish
problem, PTH-Gln
as
t h e r e is
always
de-amidation , a n d
that
of
other
PTH
be-
is
as
the
amino
acids. It
should
be
pointed
out
that
the
HPLC
conditions
are
of
criti-
156 DΕ 2. T h e l o n g e s t s u l f u r chain we f o u n d is
-
S 2 Q - at p r e s e n t , b u t most p r o b a b l y even longer
chains do e x i s t . HPLC at b o n d e d alkane p h a s e s a p p e a r s to b e the only analytical technique to handle a l k y l p o l y s u l p h i d e s . GC s e p a r a t i o n almost e v e r l e a d s to e r r o n e o u s r e s u l t s b e c a u s e p o l y s u l f i d e s with n 2 > 2 a r e thermally u n s t a b l e . GC i n v e s t i g a t i o n s even of d i s u l f i d e m i x t u r e s a r e sometimes questionable since d i s u l f i d e s easily e x c h a n g e their R g r o u p s at elevated t e m p e r a t u r e s .
LC s e p a -
ration at polar a d s o r b e n t s like silica gel or alumina s u f f e r from i r r e v e r s i b l e a d s o r p t i o n and decomposition of p o l y s u l f i d e s . RPLC s e p a r a t i o n s a r e p e r -
171
f e c t l y r e p r o d u c i b l e and permit t r a c e a n a l y s i s as well as p r e p a r a t i v e w o r k . F i g . 6 shows the e t h y l p o l y s u l f i d e s up to ng = 8. T h e p e a k s have a good
Ν « >1 ( / ) ( / ) ! / ) (Η Γ-4 Γ4 LU
LU
LU
U) (/)
F i g . 6 - Chromatogram of diethyl p o l y s u l f i d e s . Column L i c h r o s o r b 5C18 ( 2 χ 10 cm in s e r i e s ) . Eluent 0 . 5 ml/min 90% MeQH + 10% H 2 0 . UV d e t e c t o r at 254 nm shape and can easily be i n t e g r a t e d . T h e l i n e a r i t y of In k 1 with ng is almost p e r f e c t for ng > 3. F o r the smaller members t h e r e is some alternation of the r e t e n t i o n v a l u e s . T h e values for even s u l f u r numbers are somewhat lower, for odd n u m b e r s somewhat h i g h e r than p r e d i c t e d from the linear r e g r e s s i o n . F i g . 7 shows the alternation of r e t e n t i o n for the t e t r a d e c a n e s from C . ^ to ^ 2 ^ 1 2 ' ^ e r e ** a p p e a r s that for ng = 1 to 5 the odd members e x h i bit high r e t e n t i o n , whereas from ng = 9 to 12 their r e t e n t i o n is slightly lower than t h e even s u l f u r number v a l u e s . T h e e f f e c t is fairly
small and is
a t t r i b u t e d to the alternation of permanent dipole moments in p o l y s u l p h i d e s , which are high for even and low for odd n g .
T h e magnitude of the e f f e c t
seems to indicate that v a r i a t i o n s in the dipole moment do not c o n t r i b u t e too much to c h a n g e s in r e t e n t i o n .
172 Fig. 7 R e t e n t i o n indices of t e t r a d e c a n e s ( n g + ης; = 14) v e r s u s s u l f u r atom number n g . Column R C C 5 u C 1 8 . 1 ml/min 95% MeOH + 15% H.,0
1500 Rl
nc+ns=U U00 -
1300
1200
1100
1000
In F i g . 8 t h e retention indices for a l a r g e r system of p o l y s u l f i d e s a r e shown, T h e r e t e n t i o n data were obtained on a R C C 5 u C 1 8 with 1 ml/min 9 5 / 5 MeOH/ Η2*3. F o r all g r o u p s R ^ n
polysulfides t h e r e g r e s s i o n s were c a l c u l a t e d :
Dimethyl-polysulfides:
In k 1 = (j)g
^ + 0g
Diethyl-polysulfides:
In k ' =
β
•—•
•
•
•
•
•
^
Ο
Ο
•
CN r_
•
•
•
•
'
ιη ιχ> Ο -μ β ω (0 Φ 3 •Η Μ Φ > Χ) β Ο υ tO 0) u ω β τ) •γΗ β Μ β m Μ 4-1 β Ο ο -Η 0) +J ω (0 Η εβ -Ρ γΗ β ) ο > α υ β ο u tn Φ υ β β φ β ίΗ 9 m β ω φ Μ
>1 Μ Φ > Ο ο\° υ ω
^
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
+1 +1 ιη CO ιη m
•
•
•
30 ng/ml; A > 10 ng/ml). Again, this expanded procedure, including standard additions method, is only necessary if slight variations within the normal (nonpathological) concentration range are to be determined. Although the results, obtained by the standard additions method, are very satisfying, some uncertainty remains as this method is only valid, provided that the losses during sample handling for the two corresponding samples are equal. This demands an excellent performance of the experiments. In our opinion, a further improvement of precision can be achieved by adding radiotracers (H-3 and/or C-14 labelled NA and A) to the samples before pretreatment is started. After the chromatographic separation the eluate is split and the two streams are fed separately but simultaneously, one into a radiochromatograph and the other into a chemical reaction detector. This procedure would have the advantage of an internal standardization with the same compounds without bringing up any problems concerning recovery rates and run times as were discussed before. In view of this, more experiments are necessary and already proposed. 5. Accuracy, precision, limits of detection For judgement of the accuracy of the described analytical procedure about 150 urine samples were analyzed with four independent courses of analysis. The resulting concentration data were statistically treated with computer programs.
256 A detailed report on the results of this intra laboratory comparison of the methods is in preparation and will be published soon
(148). In advance, it can be summarized that the
results obtained with the above method were confirmed by using HPLC coupled to an electrochemical detector as well as by the radiotracer method. In contrast, the classical THI method (10), which is still used for catecholamine analyses in many laboratories, yields systematically too high concentration values which show a considerable scatter
(149) .
The precision of a single value within a series of analyses was determined to be + 5 % and + 1 5 %
for HPLC coupled to a
chemical reaction detector and HPLC coupled to an electrochemical detector respectively. The limits of detection for the above course of analysis naturally depends on the sensitivity of the fluorometer used. In the present case it turned out to be 100 pg/ml and 70 pg/ml for NA and A respectively. 6. Resolution of the chromatographic
system
As was pointed out earlier, for routine analysis the resolution
(R) of the chromatographic system should be high to-
gether with short separation times. Therefore, in the practical case an optimization of the resolution becomes necessary. This is made possible by the variation of temperature and concentration of the mobile phase. In order to minimize time consumption in the optimization of the system it would be desirable to have a quantitative correlation between the resolution and these chromatographic parameters. Therefore the influence of temperature and mobile phase concentration on the resolution was investigated for the separation of NA and A on RP materials,using aqueous solutions of alkaline Perchlorates and perchloric acid as mobile phases. The experiments were run at temperatures of 0, 10, 20 up to 60 °C. Concentrations of the mobile phases ranged between 0.0025 Μ and 0.5 M. Standard solutions contained 1 pg/ml of NA and
257
0.5 pg/ml of A and for simplification the detection was performed fluorometrically via the native fluorescence (8 μΐ flow cell). For a better evaluation of the chromatograms the chart speed of the recorder was set to 10 cm/min. For calculation of R, t Q values were determined by using the intersecting point method which we have published previously (150) . The decrease of resolution with increasing temperature (T) in-γ · Τ dicates a functional correlation of the type R = a · e For the dependency of resolution on the concentrations (c) of the mobile phases a similar semilogarithmic correlation cannot be claimed. Following the experimental results, the mathematical treatment of the data was performed with the general equation
with a, £3, γ: factors and T: experimental temperature (°C) . Thus, using a multiple regression method, the factors a, Β and γ were calculated and are listed in Table 2. Considering the uncertainties of the factors which depend on the errors of the data points, only a qualitative rating of the fitting results is possible: a) factor a can be correlated to the particle size of the column packings; smaller particles (larger surfaces) result in larger a values, b) factor 3 is also dependent on the particle size; smaller particles result in smaller β values, c) factor γ can be correlated to the chain length of the chemically bound phase; increasing chain length results in larger γ values, and d) a significant influence of the cation (H+, Li + , Na + , K + ) on the factors a, 3 and γ can be excluded. Fig. 5 shows the degree of agreement between the calculated straight lines and the experimental data points for two medium concentrations and three column types. For concentrations
258
>-
tn 0 •Η tö >
0 4-1 to •P (0 Ό rH (0 -P C (1) Β •rH Μ α) α χ 0J Β
ο VH Μ-Ι Ό 0) -Ρ -Ρ >~
Ό C t0 ca. »
ΌΙ ω ^ 0 -μ υ ί0
(Ν dJ ιΗ tfl Eh
a in
CQ
Ln Τ— Ο Ο
ο νο Γ— •
ο
νο OJ Ο Ο
LT) m C\l Ο Ο
ιη ΚΩ CM Ο Ο
CO CN Ο Ο
ιη CN Ο Ο
η
VD ιη τ—
ΓVD τ—
00
CN τ—
Ο • Ο
•
•
•
•
Ο
Ο
Ο
Ο
CN r• (Ν
ιη CN • ΓΟ
(Ν
t0 ε
Ο Η U •Η
τ Ο ΓΗ υ to 2
Ο Η α
259
Fig. 5 Calculated and experimental resolutions as a function of temperature and mobile phase concentration for three column types (mobile phase: HC10J: Nucleosil 5-r 8* 0 . 1 Μ 0 .01 Μ Nucleosil 10- C : 0 . 1 Μ 8 0 .01 Μ Nucleosil 10- C
© © © © © ©
0. 1 Μ 0 .01 Μ drawn lines: calculated from eq. 1 using the factors from table 2; data points: experimental values; dotted line: 6 σ separation 18 :
higher than 0.5 Μ at low temperatures (Τ < 10 °C) and lower than 0.01 Μ at high temperatures (Τ ^ 40 °C) the experimental R values begin to deviate systematically from the fitting curves.
260
Although the resolution is not a fundamental parameter in chromatography and there is no obvious reason why R should obey equation 1, for the practical use of the given chromatographic system and separation problem, this empirical correlation can be useful for the optimization of the HPLC system. 7. Nucleosil - LiChrosorb For fast and sensitive routine HPLC analyses the selection of the optimal stationary phase is essential. Under the here described experimental conditions Nucleosil RP phases showed the best separation behaviour. In contrast to this, the separation time with the tested LiChrosorb RP material was considerably increased together with a reduction in sensitivity and a deterioration of resolution. An improvement of the chromatographic resolution obtained with LiChrosorb can be achieved by decreasing the temperature of the system, however, R remains worse compared to Nucleosil. The influence of the concentration of the mobile phase on the resolution, strange to say, is inverse compared to Nucleosil: lower concentrations result in higher resolutions. Using 0.01 Μ HCIO^ as mobile phase a baseline separation is already obtained at room temperature, however, the sensitivity is unacceptable. 8. A third, unassigned peak A typical chromatogram as obtained in routine HPLC analyses of NA and A in urine samples is shown in Fig. 6. From this it can be seen, that only the two catecholamines in question are detected. All other compounds, which are eluted from the column are suppressed by the chemical reaction system. Thus, in routine analysis, every three minutes an injection can take place. During the recently finished analyses of about 1000 urine samples it turned out, that almost 90 % of the chromatograms looked like the one shown in Fig. 6. However, in the residual 10 % of cases a third peak appeared 3.5 min after the adrenaline peak. The origin of this third peak could not be assigned until now. It is conspicuous that the compound
261 2 0 ~ι
signal
sample
2
[cm]
15 -
standards
10 -
sample
'n A
o
2
1
standards
na
'a «α
5 -
2
iuΗÜI 1°
~r 10
20
F i g . 6 C h r o m a t o g r a m of r o u t i n e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s of NA and A in u r i n e s a m p l e s S t a n d a r d s : 100 ng/ml N A , 40 n g / m l A 1 N A , 1 A : first injection without standard addition 1NA°, a
2NA ,
1A°: first injection with standard
addition
2 a : second injection without standard
addition
2XT„ NA
, 2, : s e c o n d i nJj e c t i o n w i t h s t a n d a r d a d d i t i o n A a a (for e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s see F i g . 2 B; i n j e c t i o n intervals: '3 min) w h i c h is r e s p o n s i b l e for the t h i r d peak o c c u r e s only in the u r i n e of p a r t i c u l a r i n d i v i d u a l s b u t only u n d e r m o m e n t a r y
un-
k n o w n p h y s i o l o g i c a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , by a s l i g h t e x p a n s i o n of the i n j e c t i o n i n t e r v a l to 5 m i n the t h i r d peak a p p e a r s j u s t in b e t w e e n the two n e x t i n j e c t i o n s w h i c h h e l p s to save time
(Fig. 7).
262
Fig. 7 Chromatogram of routine determinations of NA and A in urine samples containing an unassigned compound (X) (for experimental conditions see Fig. 2 B; for indices see Fig. 6; injection intervals: 5 min)
9. Application to plasma samples The low limits of detection of the described course of analysis should make a quantitative determination of NA and A at human plasma catecholamine levels possible. In order to confirm this, plasma samples were deproteinized and centrifuged. Without any further pretreatment the plasma was directly injected into the HPLC system. The chromatogram shown in Fig. 8 reveals, that NA and A were totally separated from each other as well as from the other compounds also eluted. The peak ratio for NA and A is convenient which means that the described procedure can be applied to plasma samples without further optimization. The peaks in Fig. 8 correspond to
263
Fig. 8 Chromatogram of routine determinations of NA and A in plasma samples 1 1 , 2 1 : starting points of the first and second ο ο chromatogram (conditions .as described for Fig. 2 B; injection intervals: 7 min; C ^ = 67 pg abs., C A = 2 2 pg abs.) 6 70 pg/ml and 220 pg/ml for NA and A respectively. Column efficiency is not influenced by strange substances contained in the plasma. Thus, the suggested course of analysis allows the direct determination of NA and A in plasma samples within 7 minutes without time consuming pretreatment.
264 10. D i r e c t d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f N A a n d A i n In the a p p l i c a t i o n
to u r i n e
the time
urine
limiting factor of
described analytical method unequivocally
is s a m p l e
m e n t i n the s e m i - a u t o m a t i c b a t c h p r o c e d u r e . T i m e f o r t h e p a r a l l e l h a n d l i n g o f 12 u r i n e hour. Experiments
for s i m p l i f i c a t i o n
by leaving o u t the w a s h i n g
pretreat-
consumption
s a m p l e s is a b o u t of sample
the
one
pretreatment
steps yielded satisfactory
results,
a f a c t w h i c h h a s to b e c o n f i r m e d f o r h u n d r e d s o f s a m p l e s fore this m o d i f i c a t i o n procedure. eluates make
can be i n t r o d u c e d into
It m u s t be feared,
the column efficiency
frequent regenerations
necessary.
that by injecting is r a p i d l y
m o d e of pH a d j u s t m e n t in sample
standard
less
clean
reduced which
and equilibrations
In this connection,
ted. For example, by adding
the
of t h e
the p o s s i b i l i t y
of
would column
another
t r e a t m e n t is b e i n g
3 m l of tris b u f f e r
be-
investiga-
(pH 8.5)
to
5 m l o f a c i d i f i e d u r i n e t h e f a v o u r a b l e p H o f 8.3 — 8.5 c a n a c h i e v e d w i t h o u t using any indicator. However, l i t y of t h i s m o d i f i c a t i o n
the
applicabi-
for r o u t i n e a n a l y s i s has still
be established.
Some authors have reported on direct
m i n a t i o n s of NA
and A in u r i n e s a m p l e s w i t h o u t s a m p l e
treatment except centrifugation
would make
frequent regeneration and equilibration
In addition,
prethis
as the
will be altered and p l u g g e d after a few injections, irreproducible quench effects and peak
to
deter-
(125). In o u r o p i n i o n ,
proposal m u s t be r e j e c t e d for routine analysis,
be
column
which necessary. over-
lappings will make precise and accurate determinations
im-
possible . However,
the new techniques
very promising
(151,
of c o l u m n s w i t c h i n g
152), although e x t e n s i v e
are necessary before this technique analysis of catecholamines. the field of catecholamine
in HPLC
look
investigations
can be a p p l i e d to
routine
This will promote new efforts analysis.
in
265
Conclusions The presented course of analysis turns out to be very efficient for routine determinations of NA and A in urine and plasma. After pretreatment the samples are injected into a HPLC system coupled to a sensitive fluorometer via a selective continuous flow reaction system. More than 5000 analyses have been performed without any problems. The course of analysis allows a simple, fast, cheap and reproducible determination of catecholamines in body fluids. High precision and accuracy was confirmed by an intra laboratory comparison of the methods with four independent analytical procedures. When using an automatic sample processor for HPLC injection (intervals: 3 min for urine, 7 min for plasma) two technicians can analyze 100 samples per day. Therefore, the presented course of analysis is recommended to all fields of life sciences, when large numbers of urine and/or plasma samples have to be analyzed.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Mrs. P. Deutschmann and Miss G. Baumhoer for excellent performance of the experiments. Special thanks are extended to Dr. W. Brockmann for statistical treatment of the analytical data. We are indebted to Dr. P. Knauth and Dr. F. Klimmer who made the urine samples available to us and to Dr. F. Diel who prepared the plasma samples. Finally we wish to express our sincere thanks for steady support and encouragement to Prof. Dr. Dr. J. Rutenfranz who initiated this study.
266
References 1.
L u n d , Α.: A c t a p h a r m a c o l . 5, 75 - 94
(1949).
2.
A n t o n , A. H., S a y r e , D. F.: P h a r m a c o l . E x p . T h e r . 360 - 375 (1962) .
3.
B e r t l e r , Α . , C a r l s s o n , Α . , R o s e n g r e n , Ε.: A c t a p h y s i o l . scand. 44, 273 - 292 (1958).
4.
C a m p u z a n o , H. C., W i l k e r s o n , J. E., H o r v a t h , S. M.: A n a l . B i o c h e m . 64, 578 - 587 (1975).
5.
C i a r l o n e , A . E.: M i c r o c h e m . J. 2Λ_, 349 - 354
6.
D i a m a n t , J., B y e r s , S. 0.: J. L a b . C l i n . M e d . 678 - 693 (1975).
7.
v. E u l e r , U. S., H a m b e r g , U.: S c i e n c e 110, 561
8.
v. E u l e r , U. S., F l o d i n g , I.: A c t a p h y s i o l . S u p p l . JJ_8, 57 - 62 (1955).
9.
v. E u l e r , U. S., L i s h a j k o , F.: A c t a p h y s i o l . s c a n d . 1 22 - 132 ( 1959) .
45,
10.
v. E u l e r , U. S., L i s h a j k o , F.: A c t a p h y s i o l . scand. 348 - 356 (1961 ) .
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SEPARATION OF CATECHOLOESTROGENS
AND THEIR MONOMETHYL
BY REVERSED-PHASE HPLC WITH TERNARY M O B I L E
PHASES
Ekkehard Kraas, Michael Schütt, Eberhard Zietz and Knuppen I n s t i t u t für B i o c h e m i s c h e E n d o k r i n o l o g i e Hochschule Lübeck D - 2 400 L ü b e c k , G e r m a n y
ETHERS
der
Rudolf
Medizinischen
Summary Procedures
for t h e s e p a r a t i o n of c a t e c h o l o e s t r o g e n s
and
isomeric monomethyl ethers by reversed-phase HPLC have developed using ternary mobile phases.
Systematic
their been
investiga-
t i o n of f i v e O D S - t y p e b o n d e d p h a s e s f r o m d i f f e r e n t
manufac-
t u r e r s e x h i b i t e d s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s w i t h r e s p e c t to formance and suitability
for t h e s e p a r a t i o n of t h e s e
T h e b e s t s e p a r a t i o n w a s a c h i e v e d o n c o l u m n s of
per-
steroids
ODS-Hypersil
w i t h t e r n a r y m o b i l e p h a s e s of a c e t o n i t r i l e - w a t e r - a c e t i c for 1 7 - o x o - o e s t r o g e n s a n d m e t h a n o l - w a t e r - a c e t i c
acid
a c i d for
17-
hydroxy-oestrogens.
Introduction Catecholoestrogens monomethyl ethers
(i.e. 2 - a n d 4 - h y d r o x y o e s t r o g e n s ) (Fig.1)
have been isolated and
(E^) a n d o e s t r a d i o l
is c u r r e n t l y b e i n g u n d e r t a k e n
metabo-
(E2); i n t e n s i v e
to e l u c i d a t e t h e i r
r o l e i n t h e r e g u l a t i o n of g o n a d o t r o p h i n
secretion
research
potential [1].
For m a n y years our r e s e a r c h has b e e n d i r e c t e d towards the lation,
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n a n d q u a n t i t a t i o n of
and their monomethyl ethers
their
identified
f r o m m a m m a l i a n b o d y f l u i d s as a n i m p o r t a n t c l a s s of l i t e s of o e s t r o n e
and
iso-
catecholoestrogens
in b i o l o g i c a l m a t e r i a l by a v a r i e -
Practical Aspects of Modern H P L C Copyright © 1982 by W a l t e r de Gruyter &. Co., Berlin · N e w York Printed in Germany
276
ty of analytical methods [2-7]. The elaboration of a specific radioenzymatic assay for free catecholoestrogens [8] , and our interest in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a prepurification method for steroid hormones prior to radioimmunoassay stimulated a systematic investigation of the HPLC behaviour of catecholoestrogens and their monomethyl ethers. Recently, Shimada and coworkers reported separations of catecholoestrogens with electrochemical detection [9]; the present paper deals with the chromatographic behaviour of the title compounds on different reversed-phase octadecylsilane (ODS) HPLC columns using binary and ternary solvent systems as mobile phases.
Materials and methods Apparatus. The liquid Chromatograph consisted of an HPLC pump (Model 6000 A, Waters Assoc., Milford, USA), an UV-detector with variable wavelength (Model SF 770, Kratos Schoeffel Instr., Germany), an injection valve with a 200 μΐ-ΐοορ (Model 7120, Rheodyne, Berkeley, USA) and a single-pen recorder (Model PM 8202, Philips, Holland). A constant-pressure gas amplifier pump (Model Haskel MCP 110, Dr. Knauer, Berlin, Germany) was used for column packing. Blank stainless steel columns (120 mm χ 4.6 mm I.D.) and directly coupled precolumns (40 mm χ 4.6 mm I.D.) were purchased from Dr. Knauer, Berlin. The ODS columns used in this study are listed with their specifications, suppliers, etc. in Table I. Degassing of mobile phase was performed in an ultrasonic bath (Model R 102 P; 240 W; Bandelin KG, Berlin, Germany). Chemicals and reagents. For self-packing of HPLC columns two different commercially available supports were used: ODS-Hypersil 5 μπι (Shandon Southern Products, Cheshire, Great Britain) and Spherisorb S 5 ODS (Phase Separation, Oueensferry, Great Britain).
277
Oestrone (E^), oestradiol (E2) and oestriol (E^) were gifts from Schering AG (Berlin, Germany). 2-Hydroxyoestrone (2-OHE^, 2-hydroxyoestradiol (2-OHE2), 2-hydroxyoestriol (2-OHE3), 4-hydroxyoestrone (4-OHE^) and 4-hydroxyoestradiol (4-OHE2) were prepared according to Stubenrauch und Knuppen [10]; the monomethyl ethers 2-hydroxyoestrone 2-methyl ether (2-OHE^ 2-Me), 2-hydroxyoestrone 3-methyl ether (2-OHE^ 3-Me), 2-hydroxyoestradiol 2-methyl ether (2-OHE2 2-Me), 2-hydroxyoestradiol 3-methyl ether (2-OHE2 3-Me), 2-hydroxyoestriol 2-methyl ether (2-OHE2 2-Me) and 2-hydroxyoestriol 3-methyl ether (2-OHE3 3-Me) were synthesized by the method of Fishman and coworkers [11,12]. The isomeric monomethyl ethers of 4-OHE 1 , i.e. 4-hydroxyoestrone 4-methyl ether (4-OHE^ 4-Me) and 4-hydroxyoestrone 3-methyl ether (4-OHE^ 3-Me) were prepared by methylation of 4-OHE^ with diazomethane and separation by column chromatography on alumina as described for the preparation of 2-OHE1 2-Me and 2-OHE1 3-Me [13]. 4-Hydroxyoestradiol 4-methyl ether (4-OHE2 4-Me) and 4-hydroxyoestradiol 3-methyl ether (4-OHE2 3-Me) were prepared analogously from 4-OHE2. Methanol (puriss.; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) was purified by fractionated distillation; acetonitrile
(p.a.; Merck) was used
as obtained. Water was taken from a Milli-Q-system
(Milipore,
Bedford, USA), which was supplied with deionized water. Other chemicals were of analytical grade and were used without further purification. Chromatographic techniques. HPLC columns (Table I) were either purchased or self-packed by the upward slurry technique essentially as described by Becker [14], with isopropanol as high viscosity slurry medium and methanol as pressure fluid. The slurry concentration was approx. 10% (w/v) and the applied pressure was 300-350 bar. Column efficiency (N) was checked by separating a mixture of benzene and toluene using methanol-water (65:35, v/v) as mobile phase with a flow of 1.0 ml/min. The toluene peak was recorded with increased recorder chart speed (320 mm/min) and evaluated by the half peak height me-
278 td ~ ιΗ
β 0 •Η •μ α •Η Μ υ ω ω Ω ^
Ε Ε
•—'
Ω • Η
β 0 •Η ι ω Λ β -μ ω CP Ε β •Η ω α ω Ν -Η Cfl α) rH ο Ε -.Η =1 -Ρ — Μ
β •Η
υ (Ö α β
ω ß Ε Η 0 υ
ε
ι-Η 0 U
u ^ 04
μ 4) rH
ΙΗ
Ο β
0 •Η
-μ (0 υ •Η m •Η υ Φ α. CO Η ω ιΗ Λ id ΕΗ
CO Ω Ο
co Ω Ο
CO Ω Ο
CO Ω Ο
σι • ΓΟ
ο 00
Τ
ο ο η
ο ο r—
Ο CN T—
ο ιη τ—
ο ιη
ο τ—
LO
LO
LT)
ιη
Η td •Η U Μ α) g Ε 0 υ
ι—I (d •Η Ü Μ Ο) ε g 0 υ
ιΗ id •Η υ
η
ω
ω Ό rd Ε ι ΙΗ rH 0) (0
u ο ω 01
•
•
u 0 to cn
ft ft
w
C O Μ Ο) -μ id
Μ
ω -μ td &
ft ft
υ
U)
χ
ε id ss
ft
ω
0) Μ Μ -Η
•
Κ
ι-Η 45 lytical
000 p l a t e s / m w e r e u s e d f o r
ana-
studies.
Water was degassed by ultrasonication
and vacuum
(25 m b a r )
u s e d f o r t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of m o b i l e p h a s e s , w h i c h w e r e shortly before use by Analytical
further ultrasonication
procedures.
free catecholoestrogens ascorbic acid
(1g/l)
degassed
for 3 0 min.
Oestrogens and catecholoestrogen
methyl ethers were dissolved
in e t h a n o l
were dissolved
and acetic acid
and
(approx.
100
in e t h a n o l
(1 m l / 1 )
as
mono-
mg/1);
containing antioxidants,
a n d w e r e k e p t in dark b r o w n v i a l s a t 4 °C. For HPLC analyses portions
(approx.
10 μΐ)
of t h e s e
w e r e c o m b i n e d a n d e v a p o r a t e d u n d e r a s t r e a m of N 2 ; dues were dissolved the HPLC valve. sitivity
in m o b i l e p h a s e s
(25 μΐ)
2-OHE1
droxysteroids
17-oxo-steroids
and injected
sen-
investigated
sepa-
3 - M e , 4-OHE.j 4 - M e a n d 4-OHE.j 3 - M e ) a n d f o r
17-hy-
(i.e. E 2 ,
lumns
(see T a b l e
(i.e. E 1 ,
in
2-OHE1
4-OHE2
2-OHE2, 4-OHE2,
4-Me and 4-OHE2
3-Me)
I) u s i n g b i n a r y
2-OHE2
2-Me,
and ternary
solvent
T h e s e c o n s i s t e d of v a r i o u s v o l u m e
of m e t h a n o l - w a t e r
or a c e t o n i t r i l e - w a t e r
and methanol-water-acetic acid for the ternary
acid or
solvent
co-
systems fractions
for the b i n a r y
systems
acetonitrile-water-acetic
systems.
T h e m o b i l e p h a s e s w e r e a d j u s t e d to e l u t e (usually 4-OHE^
3-Me for the
2-OHE2
on five different ODS
as mobile phases.
4-OHE2
into
2-OHE.j , 4 - O H E 1 ,
3-Me,
chromatograms
resi-
a.u.f.s.
Separation p e r f o r m a n c e of columns were 2-Me,
the
T h e U V - p h o t o m e t e r w a s r u n a t 280 n m w i t h
s e t a t 0.04
rate runs for
solutions
the
3 - M e for the
17-hydroxy-steroids)
last peak of
the
17-oxo-steroids
within
15-18
and
min.
Results Initially, binary
s o l v e n t m i x t u r e s of a c e t o n i t r i l e - w a t e r
methanol-water were
i n v e s t i g a t e d as m o b i l e p h a s e s
paration of catecholoestrogens
for the
and their monomethyl
or se-
ethers;
280
4-OH Ε, 4-OHE2
CH3O
2-OHE! 2-Μ· 2-OHE2 2-Μ·
2-OHE^ 3-Me 2-0HE2 3-M*
OH 4-OHE^ 3-Me 4-0HE2 3-Me
CH30 4-OHE^ 4-M« 4-OHE2 4-Me
Fig.1. Formulas of primary oestrogens, catecholoestrogens and their monomethyl ethers. (17-oxo-steroids, R : = 0 ; 17-hydroxy-steroids, R : -OH. Abbreviations see text).
281
under these conditions only very poor resolution and tailing peaks were observed on all ODS columns tested in this study. Addition of small amounts of acids to the binary mobile phases as usually employed for suppression of ionization did not improve the separation performance remarkably. On the other side, when ternary solvent systems containing high amounts of acetic acid (9-10% by vol.) were used as mobile phases, significant differences in separation performance were observed despite the fact that all columns were of the ODS-type bonded phase. The results obtained for both groups of steroids (see above) can be summarized as follows: 1)
On μBondapak C^g columns the use of ternary mobile phases did not improve the poor separation patterns for the monomethyl ethers notably; only for the resolution of 2- and 4-hydroxyoestrogens a slight increase of resolution was observed. Fig. 2 shows the chromatograms for the 17-oxoand 17-hydroxy-steroids obtained with ternary mobile phases on this column.
2)
Effective improvements of resolution could be achieved on the four remaining ODS columns (see Table I) using the ternary mobile phases.
3)
For the group of 17-oxo-steroids (see Fig. 1) the most complete separation patterns were obtained on columns of Lichrosorb RP-18 and ODS-Hypersil (Fig. 3b and 4b), although 2-OHE.j and 4-OHE^ were left unresolved even under these conditions; Fig. 3a and 3b demonstrate the effect of acetic acid on resolution and peak form as observed on Lichrosorb RP-18 columns.
4)
For the 17-oxo-steroids all ODS-columns gave better separations with ternary mobile phases of acetonitrile-wateracetic acid in comparison with ternary eluants of methanol-water-acetic acid; the separation patterns observed for both types of mobile phases on ODS-Hypersil are demonstrated in Fig. 4.
5)
For the 17-hydroxy-steroids good separation of E~ and the
282
u
11 12
13
89
10
VJ
w 2
Fig.2.
a
C^g
b
10 12 Κ Time (min)
by
2 = 4-OHE.j ;
by 3
of
Mobile
vol.),
(right):
(50:40:10,
3-Me;
β
i.
6
8
10
12
U
16
Time (min)
17-oxo-
and
17-hydroxy-steroids
on
columns.
(left):
(35:55:10, Fig.2
6
Chromatograms
μΒοηά3ρβΚ Fig.2
4
1.5
= E. ] ;
11
= 4-OHE2
4-Me;
14
= 4-OHE2
3-Me.
1.5 4
methanol-water-acetic
ml/min.
Peak
= 4-OHE.]4Me;
3-Me; 12
acetonitrile-water-acetic
8
acid
ml/min;
Mobile-phase,
vol.),
7 = 4-OHE1
phase,
= 4-OHE2;
= 2-OHE2
2-Me;
acid
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n : 1 = 2-OHE^·
5
= 2-OHE1
9
= 2-OHE2; 13
2-Me;
= 2-OHE2
10
=
6
=
E2;
3-Me;
2-OHE1
283
υU 2
t.
6
8
10
12
14
16
Time(min)
18
Τ 2
1 A
VJ 1 6
1 8
1 10
1 12
VJ 1 U
1 16
1 18
1— 20
T i m e (min)
Fig.3. Chromatograms of 17-oxo-steroids on Lichrosorb RP-18 columns. Fig.3 a (left): mobile phase, acetonitrile-water
(39:61, ν/ν) ,
1.5 ml/min. Fig.3 b (right): mobile phase, acetonitrile-water-acetic acid (32:58:10, by vol.), 1.5 ml/min. For peak identification see Fig.2.
284
monomethyl ethers were achieved on Rad Pak C ^
cartridges
and Lichrosorb RP-18 columns with ternary eluants of acetonitrile-water-acetic acid, although 2-OHE 2 and 4-OHE 2 were left unresolved (Fig. 5). 6)
Complete resolution of the 17-hydroxy-steroids including 2-OHE 2 and 4-OHE., could be performed solely on ODS-Hypersil; exceptionally, in this case a ternary mobile phase based on methanol gave the superior resolution (cf. Fig. 6a and 6b); the elution order of 2-OHE2 3-Me (peak 13) and 4-OHE 2 3-Me (peak 14) usually observed on the other columns was inverted on ODS-Hypersil.
7)
A simultaneous separation of all monomethyl ethers (see Fig. 1) in a single HPLC run was not feasible even under optimal conditions due to the fact that some 17-oxo- and 17-hydroxy-monomethyl ethers displayed very similar retention times. As described for the separation of 2-OHE^ 2-Me, 2-0HE1 3-Me, 4-0HE1 4-Me, 2-OHE2 2-Me, 2-OHE 2 3-Me and 4-OHE 2 4-Me, this can only be accomplished by a combination of Sephadex LH-20 gel chromatography and HPLC, where the gel column preseparates the mixture of monomethyl ethers into two groups of steroids: the 17-oxo- and 17-hydroxy-monomethyl ethers [8].
Applications. The ternary mobile phases developed in this study have found several· routine applications in our laboratories, including e.g. (i)
the separation and isolation of radioactively labelled catechol monomethyl ethers as final step of a radioenzymatic assay for free catecholoestrogens [8];
(ii)
the final work-up and separation of tritium-labelled E^, 4-OHE 2 , 2-OHE 2 and E 2 resulting from incubations of [ 3 H]E 2 with mammalian tissues (Fig. 7);
(iii) the control of chemical microsyntheses; Fig. 8 demonstrates the separation of the isomeric monomethyl ethers 2-OHE3 2-Me and 2-OHE 3 3-Me as obtained from methylation of 2-OHE
with diazomethane in a ratio of approx. 1:1.
285
ι
U
6
8
10
12
Time (mi η)
Η
0
—ι 2
1
U
1
6
1
8
J
1
10
1
12
r~ Κ
Time (min)
Fig.4. Chromatograms of 17-oxo-steroids on ODS-Hypersil columns . Fig.4 a (left): mobile phase, methanol-water-acetic acid (50:40:10, by vol.), 1.0 ml/min. Fig.4 b (right): mobile phase, acetonitrile-water-acetic-acid (35:55:10, by vol.), 1.5 ml/min. For peak identification see Fig.2.
286
8*9
10
h 8
10
12
Κ
16
0
Time(min)
2
Hi
6
8
10
12
14
16
Time (min)
Fig.5. Chromatogram of 17-hydroxy-steroids on columns of Lichrosorb RP-18 and Rad Pak C^g. Fig.5 a (left): column, Lichrosorb RP-18; mobile phase, acetonitrile-water-acetic acid (32:58:10, by vol.), 1.5 ml/min. Fig.5 b (right): column, Rad Pak C^g,· mobile phase, acetonitrile-water-acetic acid (50:40:10, by vol.), 1.0 ml/min. For peak identification see Fig. 2.
287
12
11
11 12
14 9
Μ
13
10
10
W L_J vi \ — 1 1 1 1 1
4
6
8
10
12
1
Η
1—
16
Time(min)
Ii 2
4
6
θ
10
12
14
16
Time(min)
Fig.6. Separation of 17-hydroxy-steroids on ODS-Hypersil columns . Fig.6 a (left): mobile phase, acetonitrile-water-acetic acid (35:55:10, by vol.), 1.0 ml/min. Fig.6 b (right): methanol-water-acetic acid (50:40:10, by vol.), 1.0 ml/min. For peak identification see Fig.2.
288 1
\J
VJ ι —I- —I— —I 6 8 to 12
1 14
1 —I— 18 16
Time (min]
Fig.7. Separation of oestradiol and its metabolites formed in mammalian tissues. Conditions: column, ODS-Hypersil; mobile phase, methanol-wateracetic acid (35:55:10, by vol.), 1.5 ml/min. Peak identification: 1 = E,; 2 = 4-OHE„; 3 = 2-OHE 0 ; 4 = E„.
289
6
8
10
12
14
Time [minj
r 8
10
1 j— 12
14
Time [min)
Fig.8. Separation of 2-OHE^ and its isomeric monomethyl ethers. Conditions: column, ODS-Hypersil; mobile phase, acetonitrilewater-acetic acid (20:70:10, by vol.), 1.0 ml/min. Fig.8 a (left): product mixture after methylation of 2-OHE^ with diazomethane. Fig.8 b (right): same mixture spiked with authentic 2-OHE 3 . Peak identification: 1 = 2-OHE 3 ; 2 = 2-OHE 3 2-Me; 3 = 2-OHE 3 3-Me.
290
To the best of our knowledge this is the first reported separation of these isomeric monomethyl ethers of 2-OHE^.
Conclusion Most reversed-phase HPLC separation are carried out today with binary eluants of either acetonitrile-water or methanol-water, in some cases with addition of small amounts of acids or bases for suppression of ionization. Only in recent time an increasing number of publications have reported applications of ternary mobile phases in order to achieve selectivity effects and resolutions which can not be accomplished with binary eluants [cf. 15-18]. In the present study effective improvements of resolution could be obtained for catecholoestrogens and especially for their isomeric monomethyl ethers on some ODS columns, when ternary mobile phases containing high amounts of acetic acid were employed. Systematic investigations displayed significant differences among five bonded ODS phases from different manufacturers with respect to their performance and suitability for the separation of this class of steroids. The best separations were achieved on columns of ODS-Hypersil using ternary mobile phases of acetonitrile-water-acetic acid for 17-oxo-steroids and methanol-water-acetic acid for 17-hydroxy-steroids.
References 1.
Ball, P., Knuppen, R.: Acta endocrinol. Suppl. 232, 1 (1 980) .
2.
Gelbke, H. P., Knuppen, R.: Acta endocrinol. Suppl. 173, 1 1 0 (1973) . Hoppen, H.-O., Siekmann, L.: Steroids 23^ 17 (1974).
3.
291
4.
Emons, G., Ball, P., Knuppen, R.: Acta endocrinol. Suppl. 208, 119 (1977).
5.
Ball, P., Emons, G., Haupt, 0., Hoppen, H.-O., Knuppen, R.: Steroids , 249 (1978).
6.
Ball, P., Reu, G., Schwab, J., Knuppen, R.: Steroids 33, 563 (1979).
7.
Emons, G., Mente, C., Knuppen, R., Ball, P.: Acta endocrinol. 97 , 251 (1981 ) .
8.
Knuppen, R., Zietz, Ε., Ball, P., Kraas, E.: J. Steroid Biochem., submitted for publication.
9.
Shimada, K., Tanaka, T., Nambara, T.: J. Chromatogr. 223, 33 (1981).
10. Stubenrauch, G., Knuppen, R.: Steroids 28, 733 (1976). 11. Fishman, J.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80, 1213 (1958). 12. Fishman, J., Tomasz, Μ., Lehman, R.: J. Org. Chem. 25, 585 (1960). 13. Knuppen, R., Breuer, Η.: Hoppe-Seyler1s Z. Physiol. Chem. 346 , 1 14 (1966) . 14. Becker, N. : GIT Fachz. f. Lab. 22^, 403 (1978). 15. Karch, K., Sebestian, I., Halasz, I., Engelhardt, Η.: J. Chromatogr. 122, 171 (1976). 16. Bakalyar, S. R., Mcllwrick, R., Roggendorf, Ε.: J. Chromatogr. 142, 353 (1977). 17. Roggendorf, Ε.: GIT Fachz. f. Lab. 23, 908 (1979). 18. Gluck, J. A. P., Shek, E.: J. Chromatogr. Sei. J_8, 631 (1980) .
QUANTITATIVE D E T E R M I N A T I O N OF ARYLOXYPROPANOLAFIINES ORGANS OF THE RAT BY ION-PAIR R E V E R S E D - P H A S E
IN PLASMA
AND
HIGH-PERFORPIANCE-
LIQUID-CHROPIATOGRAPHY
H. UJinkler and B. Lemmer Centre of P h a r m a c o l o g y ,
J.U. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7
D—6000 F r a n k f u r t / W a i n , Federal Republic of Germany
Introduction
Our investigations were focused on the studies of the kinetic
be-
haviour of Q - a d r e n o c e p t o r blocking drugs in plasma and various gans of the light-dark
synchronized rat (1,2). In the
or-
literature
a great number of m e t h o d s were d e s c r i b e d (3-25) to quantify
Q-re-
ceptor blockers in plasma and urine, however, only one or at least two selected drugs were investigated uiith a single method. O - a d r e n o c e p t o r blacking drugs exert their p h a r m a c o l o g i c a l
Since effects
at the level of various organs, such as heart, lung and brain, drug c o n c e n t r a t i o n s in these target organs are of utmost
interest
when studying the dynamic and kinetic behaviour of these
compounds.
Therefore,
it was necessary to develop a fast and sensitiv
method
in order to be able to analyze a great quantity of p l a s m a and tissue samples of different Q-receptor blockers with mainly one
standard
method. The method was described in detail in (26). It is a standard dure to analyze a r y l o x y p r o p a n o l a m i n e s
proce-
(AOPA), since most of the
Q-receptor blockers are compounds of the AOPA type, which differ polarity on behave of the different aryl groups. The
in
Q-receptor
blockers p r o p r a n o l o l , metoprolol and atenolol were chosen as r e p r e sentative compounds on account of the different polarities vary by about three orders of magnitude
(Tab.1). The
differences
in polarity are also reflected by the differences in plasma
Practical Aspects of Modern H P L C Copyright © 1982 by Walter de Gruyter «St Co., Berlin · New York Printed in Germany
which protein
294 binding as well as by the main routes of elimination of these three compounds. Neither urine samples nor metabolites were included in the study, since only atenolol undergoes renal elimination, u/hereas propranolol and metoprolol are metabolized by the liver. Furthermore, the only metabolite of interest, 4-hydroxypropranolol, not contribute to the pharmacological effect after acute
does
intravenous
administration of propranolol.
Tab.1. The molecular structure and some properties of the compounds investigated (partion coefficients from 27). ARYL-OXY-
Ar
PROPANOL
(AOPA)
Η CH3 OH ch 2 -ch-ch 2 Ν -CH CH3
PROPRANOLOL Ar =
Part. Coeff. (oct/buff pH 7.0)
- AMINE
METOPROLOL
h3c-o-ch2-ch2-(Ö)-
ATENOLOL 0
,C-ch2-(h2n
5.36
0.18
0.003
Plasma Prol. Bind. (·/.)
»0
12
0.99).
In addition, chromatograms of ex vivo metoprolol
brain
samples are shown in Fig.2. It can be seen that the range of drug concentrations studied in spiked samples was also achieved 60-120 min after i.v. application of metoprolol to the rats
PROPRANOLOL
ng/g
0
175
ATENOLOL
γ-
0 Ü ' 4 6 min JL ng/g
BRAIN
r r
I ilt I ι I
0 2 A S min
0
10
(Fig.2,bottom)
*3β
»00
Peak hvlght
1000
·77
BRAIN
JL 20
υ
iV- i JL
50
SO Peak htlghl
100
Fig.3. Representative chromatograms of spiked brain samples. Upper part: spiked propranolol samples (0B77 ng/g); lou/er part: spiked atenolol samples (ΟΙ 00 ng/g; arrows indicate the respective retention times.
100
301 In Table 3 the ranges of drug concentrations and the recoveries obtained for propranolol, metoprolol and atenolol in plasma and the various organs are summarized, fhe recovery for metoprolol in plasma mas 47% and in tissue 56-64%, while for atenolol recovery n/as in the range of 25-37%. For propranolol the recovery in plasma was 70% while it varied from 16% in liver tissue to 42% in heart tissue«
Tab.3. Ranges of drug concentrations and recoveries obtained from spiked plasma and tissue samples for p r o p r a n o l o l , m e t o p r o l o l a n d
PROPRANOLOL Rang· (ng/sample)
organs
Recovery C M *
atenolol
METOPROLOL Range (ng/sample)
Recovery (·«.)*
ATENOLOL Range (ng/sample)
Recovery ("fc)*
plasma
4.4 -
88
70.4 12.5
4.4 -
26
47.2 12.2
20
500
30.6 11.4
liver
8 . 8 - 438
16.1 10.9
8.8 - 440
58.9 10.8
100
2000
30« »0.3
lung
ββ.Ο - 4380
38.4 13.2
8.8 - 440
56.4 2 1.6
100
2000
37.2 « 1.3
muscle
8.8-
351
36.4 13.7
8.8 - 132
58.0 1 1.5
100
2000
37J8 10.4
h»arl
8.8 -
351
41.6 13.4
8.8 - 132
63.6 1 1.6
50
1000
37.1 11.2
8 8 . 0 - 1750
25.3 H . 3
8.8 - 440
57.5 ι 1.8
10
100
28Λ >0.5
8.8 - 220
64.1 ι 3.3
20
500
2SJ >06
brain kidney
'Mton
-
i S E M of 10-12 s a m p l e s
Additional experiments with varying amounts of tissue revealed that the recovery of propranolol uas dependent upon the amount of tissue extracted (Fig.4); thus the limiting factor for the recovery of this highly lipophilic compound is the ratio of tissue weight to volume of perchloric acid. Such a dependence uas not observed for metoprolol and atenolol,
respectively.
302 100η
METO
ϋ 50-
/1012 = 106 photons/s
signal to noise:
10 : 1
ion by fluorescence and absorption
Minimum concentration of 0.1 ng/ml have been detected by fluorescence under favorable conditions.
But it should be emphasized here that increasing the
excitation intensity will not increase the sensitivity of a fluorescence detector proportionally unless the stray light from the excitation source to the photomultiplier is reduced at the same time. in the cell design is of limited value.
Taking isolated steps
To reduce stray light, double mono-
chromators or well-blocked interference filters should be used.
Also,
using laser excitation (HeCd or wavelength-doubled argon-laser pumped dyelasers at the moment) may reduce stray light and simplifies instrument geometry.
In addition to more simple optics, lasers give the possibility of
two photon excitation (1), which greatly enhances selectivity because of
319 different selection rules for one and two photon absorption processes.
As
more molecules do fluoresce than normally is assumed, detection by fluorescence may be widely used.
It is especially sensitive if the fluorescence
quantum yield is high. Thus detection by fluorescence is advisable if sensitivity or selectivity should be increased over detection by UV absorption.
Clearly, restrictions
with respect to the excitation wavelength are the same as for detection by UV absorption. 2.1.4. Other optical detectors. Detectors using optical activity, infrared absorption and light scattering, have been used in special cases where selectivity has been the main goal at the expense of sensitivity. Highly selective and very sensitive are the Thermal Energy Analyzer (TEA) (2) and detection monitoring chemiluminescence. ective to N-nitroso-compounds.
The TEA is extremely sel-
In a catalytic pyrolyzer, the N-NO bonds
are ruptured which yields NO' radicals. vent) and fragments are frozen out. give electronically excited N0£.
Most other compounds (also sol-
The nitrosyl radicals are oxidized to
The light emitted by relaxation to the
ground state (the intensity of which is proportional to the concentration of N0£) is monitored. With chemiluminescence as the physical effect used to detect small concentrations of certain metal ions, e.g. Sn(11), Co(II), Cu(II), the chemiluminescence of luminol is monitored.
It is catalytically enhanced (or
quenched in some cases) by these ions (e.g. 3) .
Although extreme
sensi-
tivity of 1 pg/ml has been reported, the method is experimentally complicated. It should be emphasized that the high sensitivity achieved with the TEA and by using chemiluminescence arises from the fact that due to chemical excitation, there is no stray light nor are there geometrical problems with two separate light beams as in the case of fluorescence. Flame photometric detection has also been used in HPLC for compounds con-
320
taining sulfur and phosphorus.
But because of restricted choice of the
chromatographic system i t scarcely may be used in routine work.
2.2. Remarks on the application of electrical detectors 2.2.1. Electrical conductivity and electrochemical detectors. Electrical conductivity as well as electrochemical reactions can also be used for detection in HPLC.
For both methods commercial instruments are available.
Nevertheless, using these techniques requires a great deal of experience to get full advantage of the highly sensitive and selective methods.
This i s
valid especially for electrochemical detection where, for example, constant flow is required and where the eluate must be absolutely free of oxygen and other disturbing impurities.
Using H^O, I^O/MeOH, MeOH or MeCN or similar
solvents, electrochemical detection may be used i f classical detectors f a i l , either because of very weak UV absorption or because refractometric detection is not sensitive enough.
See Kissinger (4) and references cited
therein. 2.2.2. The dielectric constant detector. Often i t is discussed whether a dielectric constant detector gives improved s e n s i t i v i t y and performance over a refractometric detector.
In principle, both methods measure bulk proper-
ties of the eluate, thus temperature and solvent impurities affect the s t a b i l i t y of the baseline directly. be adequate.
In this respect both systems seem to
In order to compare the s e n s i t i v i t y of both systems, the well
known relation between the dielectric constant ε
and the refractive index
η and the molecular dipole moment μ and p o l a r i z a b i l i t y tx i s compared for radiowaves (1 MHz) and l i g h t for a two component/single phase system, that is for a solution of a compound m with concentration given by i t s mass fraction w in a solvent s with density 9 S .
Μ is the molar mass.
With good
approximation for the aims of this chapter i t is (n 2 -1 )(2n z + 1) 2
3n
s
3ε
ο
(1-w) w -tra + tree Μ s
(1)
321 ( ε -1) (2c +1) 3 ε
Ν
Α 3 3 ε.
(1-W) L—
M
ßM2s)+_(tr
(tr« s +
(2)
S
For more details see Liptay (5) . £q
is the permittivity of the vacuum, ß =
stant k and the temperature T, (n + 1) (2n 3H5
+1)
(kT) ^ with the Boltzmann con-
is Avogadro's number.
w hich
With
is a very good approximation for
(3)
5
(4)
~
nearly all solvents, and with
^
2ε+1 3~e—
jm particle size. Eluent: trichlorobenzene; flowrate: 1,0 ml/min; RI-detector, χ 8. Ferritin
0
10
20
30
40
50
Elution volume, V^(ml)
Fig. 8: Separation of proteins on DIOL-columns with aqueous phosphate buffer as eluent (34).
378 0.2
εC
ο ο CN Ο
r
MYOGLOBIN Horse MW: 17 800
0.1
Ζ
pK HA +2 5 where
[OH* ]
Κμ. =
·
[A
]
^
M A
(21) [HA]
Similarly we can define the capacity factor of a weak base k
b/BH+
i n
protic equilibrium as k k
R/RM+
Β
+ Kk
BH
=
+ ·
[oh+]
— K BH +
ϊ
B / B H
pKB+2 and k bh +
1S
the capacity factor of the protonated base at pH < pKB-2
where K
BH+
= ( [0H
3
]
'
[ 8 ] ) / [BH+]
a
392 6. Reversed-Phase-Ion-Pair-Chromatography
(RP-IPC)
In RPC retention of charged elutes can be augmented by the presence of suitable counter ions, which have a substantial hydrophobic moiety, in the mobile phase. This counter ions or "hetaerons" (28) belong to a group of detergents such as alkylsulfonates or tetraalkylammonium compounds. ι
The basic parameters of retention in RP-IPC, besides those, mentioned above, are the concentration of the hetaeron, the ionic strength and the pH of the eluent and the total hydrophobic surface area of the hetaeron. The influence of these parameter is shown in the following figures (Fig. 18, 19 and 20).
O
20 40 HEXYLSULFATE
60 [mM]
Fig. 18: Dependence of the capacity factor of charged catecholamine derivatives on the concentration of n-hexylsulfate in the neat aqueous mobile phase. Conditions are given in ref. 28.
Usually the increase of hetaeron concentration increases retention as shown in Fig. 18 to a maximum, after which at high hetaeron concentrations a monotonic decrease of retention can be observed. For practical work it
393 is important to adjust the hetaeron concentration for purpose of reproducibility in the range of maximum retention.
Fig. 19: Plots of the capacity factor of adrenaline vs. the hetaeron concentration for various n-alkylsulfates. Conditions are given in ref. 28.
The alkyl chain length of the hetaeron influences also retention as shown in Fig. 19. The maximum value of the function shifts to lower concentrations as the alkyl-chainlength exceeds 7 or 8 carbon atoms. This fact is probably due to stronger adsorption of the hetaeron to the support with longer chain reducing the active hydrophobic surface area of the stationary phase. The kinetics of the adsorption-desorption process with shorter hetaerons are much faster, the maximum of the function k
= f
(hetaeron conc.) is in the range of 4-5 mMol/L. Optimum retention values with alkyl sulfates and alkylsulfonates are available using n-hexyl- to n-octyl-chains. In case of cationic hetaerons, the optimum is with tetramethyl- or tetrabutyl ammonium groups.
394 The degree of retention enhancement in dependence of the alkyl-chain length is given by Horvath et al. as the "enhancement factor", π = B/(k 0
' P),
in which D^ is a normalization factor accounting for the peak profile of the concentration signal before injection.
The value of D^ will therefore depend on
the shape of this profile and on the calculation method σ
ν ο
(2) .
is the broadening in the external volume of the
chromatographic system of an infinitely small sample. This parameter can be regarded as the hydrodynamic equivalent of what is called the impulse response of an electronic
(sub)system.
416
So, eqn. 11 decouples the effect of external broadening and injection volume on the observed external bandbroadening. CTvo .
Moreover eqn. 11 provides a way to establish a linear regression of the experimentally ob-
tained 2 4 1 0 t h e n 3μπι is f a s t e r t h a n 5μπι if 605 < N r e g < 2 4 1 0 t h e n 5μιη is f a s t e r t h a n 10μιη, w h i l s t pressure
3um
limited
if N r e g < 605 t h e n 10μπι is f a s t e s t b e c a u s e 3 a n d 5μπι a r e pressure
limited.
Δρ1ΐΐη
For L = 100mm a n d
= 400 bar:
if N r e q > 7678 t h e n 3μπι is faster t h a n 5μπι if 2126 < N r e g < 7678 t h e n 5μπι is f a s t e r t h a n 10μπι, 3 μ m p r e s sure
limited
if N r e q < 2126 t h e n 10μπι is f a s t e s t a n d 3 and 5μπι are p r e s s u r e limited. In c o n c l u s i o n w e m a y say t h a t if
'standard' c o l u m n l e n g t h s are
a p p l i e d the r e q u i r e d p l a t e n u m b e r for an a n a l y t e p a i r in the sample t o g e t h e r w i t h the i n s t r u m e n t s p r e s s u r e l i m i t , l i m i t the use of v e r y small p a r t i c l e s for h i g h s p e e d a n a l y s e s .
High
s p e e d L C is b e s t d o n e b y a d a p t i n g as g o o d a s p o s s i b l e
the
standard column
(L a n d dp) to the r e q u i r e d p l a t e n u m b e r .
This optimization example was focussing on the kinetic of the s e p a r a t i o n . very practical.
aspects
The p r e r e q u i s i t e k ' j = 2 is of c o u r s e n o t
H o w e v e r , the b a s i c d e s c r i p t i o n still h o l d s .
For any s e p a r a t i o n , N r e q w i l l b e g o v e r n e d by o n e c r i t i c a l a n a l y t e p a i r in the sample a n d the a n a l y s i s time by k' (= c a p a c i t y r a t i o of the last e l u t i n g p e a k ) . a n a l y s i s time =
1Γ 0+k') u o Ζ
Ζ Therefore, (29)
429
Again here N r e q
is limiting u q and therefore analysis time and
pressure drop. On the other hand, it is easily seen from eqn.16 that decrease of analysis time also can be achieved by thermodynamic tion viz. decreasing k' and increasing alpha. dealt
abundantly
optimiza-
These aspects are
in the literature.
4: Dilution and detectabilitv
This subject has been covered in detail in a previous paper (11).
The most significant equations and conclusions are
discussed here. The dilution factor, DF, of a solute after its migration
through
the column can be described as: c0 ^v.j(col)* Do D F1 i = P T = \Π~· cj-max V in) hr
(30)
This definition is the reversal of the commonly used one in the literature, but has been chosen deliberately, so that DF is small for small dilution and
is large for high dilution.
After substitution of eqn. 10, (30) changes to: Co
„VVcol-n + kV-Do
i" cj-max"
(31)
Vjnj-Ncoio.s
where c
is the solute concentration in the sample, c is c ο max the solute concentration at peak maximum at the outlet of the column, D q is the previously described normalization
factor
(section 2) accounting for the peakshape at column outlet (and is
for a gaussian peak) and
is the plate number
generated by the column on injection of an infinitely small sample when no external broadening is present. D q depends on the calculation method as well
The value of
(2).
Dilution of a solute on a column is small for low capacity ratios, large plate numbers and small ratios of column to injection volume.
This last aspect is demonstrated by fig. 5.
430 Here the same injection volume was applied to two columns, both generating approx. 5000 plates.
The tremendous improvement in
peakheight hardly needs comment. However, as already discussed in section 2, the external bandbroadening in the non-separating volume of the chromatographic system, has to be taken into account. As the width of the applied signal
(i.e. the inj. volume) itself also has to be considered
we have suggested eqn. 11 >2 (11)
So, in this description these two sources of broadening are decoupled in contrast to the commonly used description in the literature.
Fig. 3 and ref. 2 demonstrated the proposed
dependence between >-3 φ Φ o \ Q C O -= ( 0 φ ω g C φ Ο φ O Χί ct φ ω ΟΕ § iE & C Ι ω Ν — OD c CO ' t — 'V — Φ ο φ φ — t Ο ο • σ φ Ε φ φ 3 0C • φ 4 — » CO 2 C0 J ε Τ3 ο • + = Φ Φ CD φ C Έ CO Ω. CO Ω.C 13 χ: Ο O CO.Ε Φ : C 0 Φ Ν ι Φ Χ 5 ω 'c Φ CT Φ Φ Q C -Ο Ο CO φ CT 3 C CM '25 w Χ! φ co ώ Ο CO Ι δ Ε ω φ C/) CO (ϊ r c ü cö ~ _ · Ε Ο φ — = :C0 Q x: φ > _Q CTj Φ χ: >~ ο Ε r c C D · — ! = •— φ iS Φ Φ ο 3 ω 5 Ν il Χ3 > ι
1
Φ φ Ε. . L 9? i « ^ φ TD ο C = > CT CO " Τ χ CT C § I s "φ ι- c CO co = τ> Ν φ c φ c 5 C Ε 2 φ -σ *= Ε Ä Χ Φ ^ 5 ® s i C φ φ CO 2 ο ζ CO _Q .3? EL £Ζ •σ Ο Ε ω - 2 '•Η c φ I i 3 C φ .Ε -£ co ü ο ο ™ Φ Ό φ φ CT CC σ> co ; "co ja Ο φ 2 CO :C0~ CO I I > co "σ c ο Ο CO Q. Έ Ε 2 φ Χ co > l l _ •g " φ LÜ Q- μΐ c Φ ^ Ο o f C CD c C Φ "Ο Ο « I CO α> C CO φ CT φ c Φ SZ S CO Φ Ζ C Φ "Ο -D TJ•ο Ξ u2 φ ™ : Ζ 3 Ο t • - 3 x: | S » φ I ?ο Φ Ε ö D CO ι ο Ε OQ co r-,Ο x : -C •Β « CM 5 Ο CO O ρ « C ο CO Ε ^ Q. Q «ί < CO φ = Ε
£
w DE
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