Posthuman Bliss? : The Failed Promise of Transhumanism 2020016071, 9780190051495, 9780190051518, 9780190051501, 9780190051525

Table of contents :
Cover
Posthuman Bliss?
Copyright
Contents
Acknowledgments
Introduction
1. Assessing Transhumanist Advocacy of Cognitive Bioenhancement
1. Introduction
2. The (Unsuccessful) Essentialism of Enhancement Critics
3. Transhumanists’ Rational Essentialism: An Avowed Enlightenment Legacy
3.1 Transhumanists’ Rational Essentialism
3.2 As We Augment Reason, We Should Eliminate Negative Affect
4. The “Cognitive” in “Cognitive Enhancement”: Its Meaning and Backdrop
5. Why Are Transhumanists So Confident That Cognitive Enhancement Is Upon Us?
6. Hoisting Transhumanists by Their Own (Mental) Petard
6.1 Experimental Results Problematize the View That Cognitive Enhancement Actually Occurs
6.1.1 Cognitive Tradeoffs
6.1.2 Baseline-​Dependent Effects
6.1.3 Creativity
6.2 Improvements May Be to Noncognitive Faculties, with Indirect Boons for Memory and Attention
6.3 Moods and Cognitive Functioning
7. Conclusion
2. Why We Should Reject Transhumanists’ Entire Lens on the Mind and Brain
1. Introduction
2. Basic-​Emotion and Dual-​Process Approaches to Emotions and the Brain
2.1 Basic-​Emotion Theory
2.2 Dual-​Process Theory
3. The Superior Lens of Appraisal Theory
3.1 Introducing Appraisal Theory
3.2 Scherer’s Appraisal Theory
4. The Wider Resonance of Scherer’s Theory
5. Aristotle’s Lens on the Mind
5.1 Grounding Aristotle’s Approach to Nonrational Faculties
5.2 Desire and Emotion United as Pathē
5.3 Aristotle’s Doctrine of the Mean and Idea of Psychic Balance
5.4 Strong Emotional Responses Can Be Morally Required
5.5 The Import of Desire, Pleasure, and Pain
5.6 Phusis 1 Carefully Distinguished from Phusis 2
6. The Alignment of Aristotle’s Theory with Contemporary Science
7. Casebeer’s “Neo-​Aristotelian” Position
8. Conclusion
3. Evaluating the Debate Thus Far over Moral Bioenhancement
1. Setting the Stage
1.1 Transhumanist Concern with Moral Bioenhancement
1.2 What We Should Fear Most, and Why
2. What, Specifically, Should Moral Bioenhancement Be Directed To?
3. Practical Proof of Concept for Moral Bioenhancement?
3.1 Oxytocin
3.2 Serotonin
3.3 Genetics
3.4 Conclusion
4. Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Psychology, and Morality
4.1 Defining “Altruism” and “Cooperation” within Evolutionary Biology
4.2 Persson and Savulescu’s Confusion regarding Altruism
4.3 Persson and Savulescu on “a Sense of Justice/​Fairness” and Economic Games
4.4 The Upshot: Persson and Savulescu Fail to Provide Theoretical Proof of Concept for Moral Bioenhancement
5. An Alternate Focus on Erasing Antisociality
5.1 Factors That Propel Persson and Savulescu’s Alternate Focus on Elimination
5.2 A Focus on the Elimination of Negative Affect, with Particular Attention to Akrasia
5.3 Not Being Antisocial Does Not Equate to Being Prosocial
6. Trading Psychological Richness and Freedom for Survival
6.1 The Vanishing of Psychic Complexity, Moral Cultivation, and Freedom
6.2 Avoiding Ultimate Harm Should Not Be Our Governing Priority
7. Conclusion
4. Utilitarian Commitments of Transhumanists and Their Sociopolitical Implications
1. Introduction
2. General Features of Utilitarianism
3. “Health” and “Public Health”: Relating Transhumanism to Wider Trends
4. Transhumanists’ Display of Utilitarian Commitments and Their Sociopolitical Implications
4.1 An Expressly Utilitarian Rationale for Moral Bioenhancement
4.2 Transhumanists’ Broader Suggestion That We Should See, and Thus Value, Bioenhancement in the Light of Classic Public-​Health Measures
4.3 Procreative Decision-​Making: A Utilitarian Defense of Maximal Capacitation and Its Sociopolitical Implications
5. Resource Allocation
6. The Moral Permissibility of Using Reproductive Technologies to Avoid Disease and Disability
7. Conclusion
5. Creating a Higher Breed: Transhumanism and the Prophecy of Anglo-​American Eugenics
1. Introduction
2. The Need for a Fuller Assessment of Transhumanists’ Claims about Earlier Eugenics
3. Human Agency Creates, Then Becomes, the Divine
4. Our Elevation with Respect to “Non-​Disease” Conditions
5. In Tandem, Eliminate the Allegedly Deleterious
6. The Great Wingspan of Public Health
7. Shared Utilitarian Commitments
8. Sociopolitical Commitments and Implications
9. Conclusion
6. Transhumanists’ Informational View of Being and Knowledge
1. Introduction
2. A Historical Foray
2.1 McCulloch and Pitts on Nervous Activity
2.2 Shannon and Information Theory
2.3 von Neumann and Cellular Automata
2.4 Wiener and Cybernetics
2.5 Watson and Crick’s Discovery of the Double Helix
2.6 Crick’s Central Dogma
2.7 Deciphering the Genetic Code
2.8 Biology as an Information Science?
3. Persistence, Problems, Pitfalls
4. Kant versus Transhumanism
5. Conclusion
7. Living Virtuously as a Regulative Ideal
1. Introduction
2. Ancient Greek Ethics
3. We Need Not Be Made to Care about Virtue
4. What Now?
5. What Now? Part Two: Our Civic Scene
6. Perfectionism Suitable for Human Beings: Living Virtuously as a Regulative Ideal
7. Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
Index