Poets Laureate in the Holy Roman Empire: A Bio-bibliographical Handbook 9783110912746, 9783110181005

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John L. Flood Poets Laureate in the Holy Roman Empire Volume 1: A - C

W G DE

John L. Flood

Poets Laureate in the Holy Roman Empire A Bio-bibliographical Handbook Volume 1: A - C

Walter de Gruyter · Berlin · New York

© Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durability.

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Flood, John L. Poets laureate in the Holy Roman Empire : a bio-bibliographical handbook / by John L. Flood. v. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: v. 1. A - C - v. 2. D - K - v. 3. L - R - v. 4. S - Z . ISBN-13: 978-3-11-018100-5 (set : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 3-11-018100-2 (set : alk. paper) 1. European poetry - Renaissance, 1450-1600 - Bio-bibliography. 2. Poets laureate — Holy Roman Empire — Biography. I. Title. PN1181.F56 2006 809.1 031-dc22 [B] 2006023175

ISBN-13: 978-3-11-018100-5 ISBN-10: 3-11-018100-2 Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche

Bibliothek

Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at .

© Copyright 2006 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, D-10785 Berlin All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in Germany Cover design: Christopher Schneider, Berlin

Preface The laureation of poets is undoubtedly less a piece of literary history than a somewhat curious aspect of cultural history. The practice may be traced back to antiquity and survives even to our own day. As this Handbook will show, many hundreds of poets received the laurel from the hands of, or at least in the name of, the Holy Roman Emperors in the four and a half centuries between 1355 and 1804. Maximilian I, who ruled from 1493 to 1519, alone laureated around forty poets. While it has long been acknowledged by literary scholars that the history of laureation within the Empire is essentially a sorry tale of slow decline, it has nonetheless hitherto been remarkably difficult to access comprehensive information about this group of poets and poetasters. The purpose of the present work, which was born precisely out of a sense of frustration over the lack of a handy reference book about such writers, is to provide a convenient guide to them, giving a brief biographical sketch, bibliographical information about their published output (whether poetic or not), and a note of any critical literature on them. Yet, while the aim has been to record all known bearers of the title Poeta Laureatus Caesareus, Imperial Poet Laureate, the Handbook cannot hope to have provided full coverage of each individual. Rather its purpose is to serve as a starting point for further enquiry and to encourage further research. The work contains entries for more than thirteen hundred poets. In many cases their status as P.L.C, has been ascertained not from biographical reference works but from examination of such of their original publications as have been available to me in various libraries, particularly the British Library in London, the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek at Munich, and the Herzog August Bibliothek at Wolfenbüttel. Information derived from these sources has been supplemented from the catalogues of many other institutions. Online access to such catalogues has greatly enhanced coverage of relevant material, but there can be no doubt that further discoveries are still to be made. Most detective work relies on informants, and this enquiry has been no exception. As Goethe put it, 'Das Wissenschaftliche wird von vielen Seiten zusammengetragen und kann vieler Hände, vieler Köpfe nicht entbehren'. My principal debt is to Dr William Kelly who, in addition to contributing valuable information from the rich holdings of early German books in the National Library of Scotland and Edinburgh University Library, has been a constant help and never-failing source of

Preface

vi

advice. My debts to other friends and colleagues are legion, but in particular I must mention William Abbey (London), Dr Jill Bepler (Wolfenbüttel), Dr Joanna Cannon (London), Dr Anna Carrdus (Bristol), Ruth Chavasse (Rowlands Castle), Erzsébet Csúri (Szeged), Dr Péter Dávidházi (Budapest), Dr Martin C. Davies (London), Professor R. J. W. Evans (Oxford), Klaus Gagstädter (Munich), Professor Klaus Garber (Osnabrück), Dr Jacqueline Glomski (London), the late Professor A. J. Harper (Glasgow), Dr Lotte Hellinga (London), Professor Werner Hüllen (Düsseldorf), Dr Anja Hill-Zenk (Hamburg), Martin H. Jones (London), Professor W. J. Jones (London), Professor Georg Knauer (Philadelphia), Ulrich Kopp (Wolfenbüttel), Professor Walther Ludwig (Hamburg), Professor Ian Maclean (Oxford), Dr Mathilde von Meibom (Munich), David L. Paisey (London), Jeremy M. Potter (Brighton), Dr D. E. Rhodes (London), Dr Albert Schirrmeister (Bielefeld), Dr D. J. Shaw (Canterbury), Dr Anna Simoni (Gillingham), Dr Will Stenhouse (London), Dr Barry Taylor (London), the late Professor J. B. Trapp (London), R. A. Waldron (London), Professor Helen Watanabe-O'Kelly (Oxford), and Professor Dieter Wuttke (Bamberg), all of whom have generously supplied valuable information, productive clues, and sound advice. A special word of thanks is also due to my wife Ann for her patient support throughout the long years of research. I owe particular debts of gratitude to Prof. Dr. Helmut SchmidtGlintzer, Director of the Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel, who made it possible for me to spend two weeks working in that magnificent library in 2000 and again in 2004, and most especially to the Research Awards Committee of the Leverhulme Trust which elected me to a Leverhulme Emeritus Research Fellowship in 2002-2004. Thanks to this, I was able to visit a number of European libraries to clarify a variety of outstanding problems and tidy up many loose ends. Finally, it is a pleasure to acknowledge the help and support I have received from Dr Heiko Hartmann and his colleagues at Walter de Gruyter Verlag in preparing this work for publication. This census, a modest attempt to recover something of a fascinating aspect of our literary past, is the fruit of serendipity as much as of diligence. In a work of this kind errors of detail are inevitable. Moreover, for reasons explained more fully in the Introduction, it must always be incomplete. Perhaps future scholars can augment it. As Seneca remarked, Multum adhuc restât operis, multumque restabit; nec

ulli nato post multa saecula praecludetur occasio adiiciendi

(SENECA,

Epistola 64). London, April 2006

John L. Flood

Contents VOLUME I The Scope of this Book

xli

The Laureation of Poets in the Holy Roman Empire: An Introduction The Holy Roman Empire xlvii The 'Laureation' of Poets in Medieval Europe liv Early Laureations in Italy lxii Petrarch lxiv Early Imperial Laureations in Italy lxxiii Emperor Frederick III lxxv Papal Poets Laureate lxxx Frederick III and German Poets lxxxii Emperor Maximilian I and Conrad Celtis lxxxviii Celtis's Ludus Dianae lxxxix The Collegium poetarum et mathematicorum at Vienna xciii Maximilian's other Laureations ci The Collegium poetarum after the Death of Maximilian I civ Poets Laureate under Maximilian's Successors cxiii Laureation by Counts Palatine cxxi Laureation at Universities cxxxvi The Legal Status and Social Standing of Poets Laureate clix The Pride of Poets Laureate clxxvi The Role of Poetry and the Duties of the Poet clxxxii The Proliferation of Poets in the Seventeenth Century cxciii Poetry in German cci The Laureation of Women ccviii Criticism of Poets Laureate ccxiv The Eighteenth Century and the End of the Holy Roman Empire ccxxxvi The Laureation of Poets in England and Elsewhere ccxli Late Echoes ccliv Bio-bibliographies of the Poets Laureate Note on the Arrangement of Entries

A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7

A[ ] M[ ] Z[ ], see Z[ ], A[ ] M[ ] Abel, Michael (c. 1542-not before 1604) Acidalius, Valentinus (1567-1595) Acker, Johann Heinrich (1647-1719) Adam, Melchior (before 1580-1622) Adami, Johann Samuel (1638-1713) Aemilianus, Quintius (1449-1499?) Aeschbach, Markus (ft. 1683)

3

11 14 16 20 22 25 28

viii

Contents

A-8 A-9 A-10 A-ll A-12 A-13 A-14 A-15 A-16 A-17 A-18 A—19 A-20 A-21 A-22 A-23

A-24 A-25 A-26 A-27 A-28 A-29 A-30 A-31 A-32 A-33 A-34 A-3 5 A-36 A-37 A-38 A-39 A-40 A-41 A—42 A-43 A-44 A-45 A-47 A-48 A-49

Aesticampianus, Johannes, see Rhagius, Johannes Agosti, Girolamo Oliveri (1509-1558) Agricola, Georg (1554-1630) Agricola, Johannes (fl. 1651 /60) Agricola, Melchior(1581-1621/2) Agricola, Rudolph, Jr ( 1490-1521) Ailberus, Petrus (fl. 1615) Alard, Lambert (1601-1672) Alard, Wilhelm (1572-1645) Albert, Christoph (1586-1646) Alberti, Paul Martin (1640-1705) Albinus, Conradus, see Weiss, Conrad Albinus, Heinrich Tobias (fl. 1676/81) Albinus, Marcus Tatius, see Tatius Alpinus, Marcus Albinus, Petrus ( 1543-1598) Aleutner, Tobias ( 1574-1633) Alischer, Heinrich (1645-1680) Alischer, Sebastian (1602-1674) Allegri, Pellegrino degli (d. not after 1501) Alpinus, Marcus Tatius, see Tatius Alpinus, Marcus Altissimus (Altissimo, Angelo), see Cristoforo Fiorentino Amalteo, Paul ( 1470-1517) Amandus, Bartholomaeus (d. before 1556) Amaseo, Girolamo (1467-1517) Amaseo, Gregorio ( 1464-1541 ) Amsel, Pancratius (1593-1654) Andreae, Gottlieb (fl. 1654) Andreae, Johann (1582-1638) Andrelinus, Publius Faustus (c. 1460/62-1518) Anesorg, Christian (c. 1585-after 1616) Anesorg, Johann Georg (c. 1687-not before 1720) Angelus, Jonas (fl. c. 1610-1630) Angelus, Leonhard (fl. 1601 ) Anomaeus, Matthias (c. 1557-1614) Aquila, David (1540-1614) Arconatus, Hieronymus (1553-1599) Arendes, Christian Ludwig (fl. 1652/61 ) Ariosto, Ludovico (1474-1533) Arithmaeus, Valentin (1587-1620) Arnd, Josua ( 1626-1687) Arnold, Christoph (fl. 1599/1625) Arnold, Daniel (15**-16**) Arnold, Georg ( 1590-1666) Arnoldi, Alexander (fl. 1599/1621 ) Arsten (Arnstein), Johann Heinrich (1644-1698) Artomedes, Sebastian ( 1544-1602) Artopoeus, Johann Christoph ( 1626-1702)

29 30 31 32 34 36 38 40 44 45 46 47 51 53 54 56

58 59 61 62 64 65 66 67 70 72 73 74 75 77 78 80 81 83 84 87 88 89 90 91 93 96

Contents A-50 A-51 A-52 A-53 A-54

A-55 A-56

B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-6 B-7 B-8 B-9 B-10 B-11 B-12 B-13 B-14 B-15 B-16 B-17 B-18 B-19 B-20 B-21 B-22 B-23 B-24 B-25 B-26 B-27 B-28 B-29 B-30 B-31 B-32 B-33 B-34

Artopoeus, Samuel (1659-1713) Artusino, Ν icolò (fl. after 1560) Artzberger, Johann Laurentius (c. 1669-1726) Arvinianus, Gregorius (c. 1485?- 1512) Aschenborn, Michael (15**-not before 1619) Aucuparius (Auceps), Thomas, see Vogler, Thomas Heinrich Augustus, Hieronymus Oliverius, see Agosti, Girolamo Oliveri Aulaeus, Christoph (fl. 1538/51 ) Auspurg, Johannes (d. 1665) Bachmann, Andreas, see Rivinus, Andreas Bachmann, Johann ( 1599-1642) Backhus, Samuel (fl. 1656) Baibus, Hieronymus (c. 1450-c. 1535/6) Balduin, Christian Adolf ( 1632-1682) Balduin, Friedrich ( 1575-1627) Bambamius, Martinus (c. 1590/95-not before 1652) Bambamius, Petrus (c. 1560—not before 1608) Barbarus, Hermolaus (1453-1493) Bärholtz, Daniel (1641-1692) Bartolini, Riccardo (c. 1470-c. 1529) Bartrami, Hermannus (/7. 1615) Bartsch, Friedrich (fl. 1643/93) Bartsch, Jakob (1600-1633) Bartsch, Michael (c. 1592-1642) Bauer, Karl Ludwig (1730-1799) Baum, Kaspar (c. 1650-1702) Baumeister, Johann (1637-not before 1661) Bavarus, Christoph (15**-16**) Bavarus, Konrad (1572-1643) Bebel, Heinrich ( 1472-1518) Beccadelli, Antonio ( 1394-1471 ) Beccerus, Petrus, see Becker, Peter Bechmann, Johann Friedrich (c. 1580-1661) Beck, Joachim (fl. 1637) Beck, Johann Joseph, see Beckh, Johann Joseph Becker, Christoph Basilius (c. 1600-after 1650) Becker, Johannes (fl. 1632) Becker, Peter (15**-not after 1627) Beckh, Johann Joseph (1635-not before 1692) Beckmann, Christian ( 1580-1648) Beier, Adrian (1600-1678) Bellermann, Constantin (1696-1758) Benincasa, Francesco Cinzio (c. 1450/55-1507 Berger, Elias (fl. 1612) Berger, Paul (fl. 1595/1624) Berghaus, Joachim Hermannides (1569-16**)

ix 98 99 100 101 103

104 105

107 108 109 111 113 118 119 120 123 125 128 129 130 133 134 136 138 138 139 141 145 147 148 149 150 151 152 154 156 161 162 163 164 165

X

Contents

B-35 B-36 B-37 B-38 B-39 B^K) B-41 B-42 B-43 B-44 B-45 B-46 B^47 B-48 B-49 B-50 B-51 B-52 B-53 B-54 B-55 B-56 B-57 B-58 B-59 B-60 B-61 B-62 B-63 B-64 B-65 B-66 B-67 B-68 B-69 B-70 B-71 B-72 B-73 B-74 B-75 B-76 B-77 B-78

Berlin, Joachim (fl. 1614) Bernardoni, Pietro Antonio (1672-1714) Bemau, Paul (1553-1614) Bernhardi, Christoph (fl. 1613/28) Bernhardus, Marcus (1622-1663) Bemhold, Johann Balthasar ( 1687-1769) Bertram, Johann (fl. 1680/82) Bertuch, Justinus ( 1564-1626) Beuder, Johann, see Appendix B: Spurious Poets Laureate Beza, Theodorus (1519-1605) Bezzel, Christoph ( 1692-1740) Biersted, Arnold (c. 1540-16**) Bilovius, Bartholomaeus (1573-1615) Binder, Elias (/7. 1692/96) Birken, Sigmund von (1626-1681) Birkmann, Margarete Barbara ( 1734-1801 ) Birnstiel, Elias (fl. 1625/65) Blaufelder, Joannes (15**-1626) Bletz, Adam (15**-16**) Bloccius, Johannes (fl. 1618-1625) Bloss, Ludowig Christoph (1675-1730) Blumenröder, Damian (d. 1702) Bocatius, Johannes ( 1569-1621 ) Bocer, Johann (c. 1525-1565) Bock, Samuel (fl. 1655/69) Boger, Heinrich (before 1450-1505) Bohemus, Johannes (1591-1676) Bojerns, Laurentius 1562-1619 Bokelmann, Christian (1579-1661) Bollinger, Ulrich (fl. 1595-1609) Bologni, Girolamo (1454-1517) Bolschenius, Caspar (fl. 1586) Bolschenius, Heinrich (fl. 1574-1600) Boner, Benjamin (c. 1546-1598) Bonincontrius, Laurentius (1410-1491) Bononius, Hieronymus, see Bologni, Girolamo Bornmann, Christian (16**—1714) Bornmeister, Simon (1632-1688) Bose, Georg Matthias ( 1710-1761 ) Bothe, Bartholomeus (fl. 1646) Bötticher, Andreas (fl. 1665) Braschius, Martin (1565-1601) Brassicanus, Johannes Alexander (1500-1539) Breit(h)er, Zacharias, see Praetorius, Zacharias Breithor, Johannes (1561-1616) Brendel, Johann Martin (d. 1653) Brendel, Melchior (fl. 1627/56)

166 167 168 169 169 170 172 173 174 175 177 178 181 182 192 193 194 194 195 197 198 199 201 204 205 207 210 211 212 215 216 217 218 220 221 222 225 226 228 228 230 234 235 236

Contents

XI

B-79 B-80 B-81 B-82 B-83 B-84 B-85 B-86 B-87 B-88 B-89 B-90 B-91 B-92 B-93 B-94 B-95 B-96 B-97 B-98 B-99 B-100 B—101

Brenner, Huldericus ( f l . 1605) Brincken, Johann Jakob (16**-1753) Brismann, Paschasius (d. 1587) Brosenius, Henning (1594-1646) Brothag, Samuel (1623-1649) Brülow, Caspar (1585-1627) Brunnius, Daniel (15**-16**) Bruno, Caspar (fl. 1634/40) Bruno, Gottlob Valerian ( 16* *-1719) Bruno, Ludovico (c. 1445-1508) Brusch, Kaspar (1518-1557) Brusoni, Francesco (c. 1470-c. 1536) Buchelius, Matthaeus (fl. before 1626) Buchner, Ulrich (1560-1602) Bunthenius, Gerhardus (fl. 1624) Burckart, Johannes (15**-1627 (?)) Burennaeus, Rudolph (early 17th c.) Burmeister, Anton (fl. 1647) Burmeister, Franz Joachim ( 1633-1672) Burmeister, Johannes (fl. 1600/35) Busche, Hermann von dem (1468-1534) Büthner, Adam (1589-1643) Büthner, Andreas (c. 1615-1652)

237 237 239 240 242 243 245 246 247 248 249 256 257 258 260 261 262 263 264 265 267 273 274

C-1 C-2

Cabelus, Valentinus (fl. 1617) Caesar, Christoph, the Elder (1540-1604) Caesar, Heinrich, see Appendix B: Spurious Poets Laureate Cahlen, Friedrich (1613-1663) Caius, Johannes (1563-1635) Calagius, Andreas (1549-1609) Calaminus, Georg (1547/49-1595) Caldenbach, Christoph, see Kaldenbach, Christoph Cambiatori, Tommaso (c. 1365-November 1444) Cameron, Robertus (fl. 1609-14) Canopky, Zacharias (15**-16**) Canter, Jakob (1469-1529) Canutius, Bartholomaeus (c. 1589-1650) Carolides, Georg (1579-1612) Caselius, Johannes (1533-1613) Celesza, Jacobus (fl. 1652) Cellerus, Johann (fl. 1588) Celtis, Conrad (1459-1508) Cervinus, Aelius Lampridius (1462/3-1520) Cerycius, Christoph (fl. 1602/40) Charopus, Andreas (fi. 1567) Cherler, Valentin (1537-1604) Chytraeus, Janus (fl. 1654/69)

276 277

C-3 C^l C-5 C-6 C-7 C-8 C-9 C-10 C-11 C-12 C-13 C-14 C-15 C-16 C-17 C-18 C-19 C-20 C-21

279 281 282 284 287 288 289 289 294 295 296 301 302 303 312 312 313 315 316

xi i

Contents C-22 C-23

C-24 C-25 C-26 C-27 C-28 C-29 C-30 C-31 C-32

C-33 C-34 C-35 C-36 C-37 C-38 C-39 C^0

C-42 C-43 C-44 C^15 C-46 C-47 C-48 C-49 C-50 C-51

C-52 C-53 C-54

Chytraeus, Nathan ( 1543-1599) Ciangulo, Nicola (16807-1762) Cieglerus, Christopherus, see Ziegler, Christoph Cimbriaco, Elio Quinzio Emiliano, see Aemilianus, Quintius Cimbriacus (Poeta), see Aemilianus, Quintius Cimdarsus, Joachim (1553-1618) Clajus, Johann, see Klaj, Johann Clapius, Johannes (fl. 1603/24) Clauder, Joseph (1586-1653) Clenow, Michael (1565-1631) Cless, Valentin (1561-1634) Clinger, Heinrich {fi. c. 1600) Clisius, Jacob (fl. 1611) Closius, Samuel (d. 1678) Cober, Tobias, see Kober, Tobias Cocceius, Johann Heinrich (before 1590-after 1617) Coccius Sabellicus, Marcus Antonius, see Sabellicus, Marcus Antonius Coch, Gerhard (1601-1660) Cochius, Christopherus (15**—16**) Codomann, Salomon (1590-1637) Cogel, Friedrich (after 1625-1681) Coler, Caspar (1650-?) Coler, Christoph [1], (d. 1604) Coler, Christoph [II] (c. 1600-after 1650) Coler, Fridericus, see Köhler, Friedrich Werner Colokwizius, Melchior Nicolaus (fi. 1638) Collimitius, see Appendix Β: Spurious Poets Laureate: Tannstetter, Georg Connow, Christian Friederich (1612-1682) Conradin, Henning (1538-1590) Conrad(us), Caspar, see Cunrad, Caspar Consmann, Friedrich (15**—1597) Cörber, Johann (1587-1639) Cörber, Joseph (1587-1633) Cörber, Michael (1598-1634) Cordes, Henricus (1649-1678) Cornarius, Stephanus (fl. 1601/31) Coronaeus, Georgius (fl. 1611) Corvinus, Elias (1537-1602) Corylus, Samuel, see Nitschmann, Samuel Coster, Paulus (c. 1575-c. 1638) Cottalambergius, Johannes Franciscus, see Appendix B: Spurious Poets Laureate Cox, Leonard (c. 1490/95-c. 1547) Cragius, Paulus (fl. 1582/98) Cramer, Johannes (fl. 1628)

317 320

322 325 325 328 330 331 332 333 335

336 337 338 340 341 342 344 345

346 347 349 350 353 354 355 357 358 359 361

362 365 365

Contents

C-55 C-56 C-57 C-58 C-59 C-60 C-61 C-62 C-63 C-64 C-65 C-66 C-67 C-68 C-69 C-70 C-71 C-72 C-73 C-74 C-75 C-76 C-77 C-78 C-79 C-80 C-81

Crauseneck, Christoph (d. not before 1664) Crauser, Georg (1616-1680) Crell, Michael (1604-1651) Cremcovius, Valens (fl. 1603/17) Cremer, Balthasar (fl. 1600) Cresse, Briccius (fl. 1613/29) Crinitus, David (1513-1586) Cristoforo Fiorentino (c. 1470? - c. 1525) Cromer, Martin, see Kromer, Marcin Cropacius, Kaspar (d. 1580) Croph, Johann (c. 1630?-not before 1681 ) Croph, Johann Baptist (c. 1660-after 1710) Croph, Philipp Jacob (1666-1742) Crüger, Pancratius, see Krüger, Pancratius Crüger, Johannes (fl. 1603 (d. 7 December 1616 (?)) Crusius, Johannes Paulus (1588-1629) Cüchler, Elias (1568-1632) Cüchler, Jonas (fl. 1550) Culeman, Laurentius (fl. 1656/64) Cuno, Christian Friedrich ( 1648/9-1706) Cunrad, Caspar (1571-1633) Cunrad, Christian (1608-1671) Cunradus, Johannes (1585-1632) Cuspinian, Johannes (1473-1529) Cutenius, Matthias (fl. 1617/20) Cutschreiter, Johann (d. between 1662 and 1669) Cyanaeus, Johannes ( 1563-not before 1611) Cyrusowski, Matthaeus (fl. 1638) Czwitanich, Caspar (/?. 1605)

xiii 367 368 370 372 373 374 375 376 378 3 80 381 383 386 388 390 393 393 394 395 401 403 404 407 408 409 411 412

VOLUME II D-l D-2 D-3 D-4 D-5 D-6 D-7 D-8 D-9 D-10 D-l 1 D-l 2 D-l 3

Dach, Simon (1605-1659) Damius, Basilius (15**-not before 1631) Dankwort, Henning (1611-1678) Dannhauer, Johann Conrad ( 1603-1665/6) Dantiscus, Johannes (1485 (1483?)-1548) Dauber, Johann Peter (1598-1650) Decimator, Heinrich (c. 1544- after 1615) Dedekind, Constantin Christian (1628-1715) Dedekind, Henning (1562-1619/26) Delosea, Peter (fl. 1637) Deuerling, Johannes Laurentius ( 1650-1728) Dieterus, Joannes (fl. 1614) Dietrich, Georg, see Theodoricus, Georgius Dilherr, Johann Michael (1604-1669)

413 416 417 417 429 431 432 435 438 439 440 441 442

xiv

Contents D-14 D-15 D-16 D-17 D-18 D-19 D-20 D-21 D-22 D-23 D-24 D-25 D-26 D-27 D-28 D-29 E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 E-10 E-11 E-12 E-13 E-14

E-15 E-16 E-17 E-18 E-19 E-20 E-21 E-22 E-23 E-24

Dilthey, Polyxene Christiane Auguste (1728-1777) Döbelius, Erasmus (fl. 1632) Dobenecker, Katharina Margaretha (1649-1683) Dobricius, Johannes (1576-1628?) Donauer, Christoph (1564-1611) Dörffel, Friedrich (1612-1672) Dorfheilger, Peter, see Paganus Petrus Drache, Laurentius (fl. 1633) Drencanus, Daniel (fl. 1638) Drentwetus, Abraham (1588-16**) Dresemius, Samuel (1578-1638) Drollinger, Carl (1688-1742) Dubravius, Joachim (fl. 1617) Duchon, Johannes (fl. 1628/35) Dünnehaupt, Johannes (c. 1660-not before 1703) Durheim, Johannes (15**-16**) Dusch, Johann Jakob (1725-1787)

446 447 448 449 450 452

Ebel, Johann Philipp (1592-1627) Ebermaier, Johann (1598-1666) Eccard, Melchior Sylvester (1600-1650) Eckberger, Johann Ernst (fl. 1637) Eckhard, Heinrich (fl. 1558) Eckhoff, Johannes (fl. 1636/65) Eckstorm, Heinrich (1557-1622) Egenolph, Christian Lorenz (1550-1598) Eggen, Blasius (fl. 1635/42) Egolphus, see Egenolph, Christian Lorenz Ehrman, Johannes (fl. 1711 ) Eisenburgk, Nicolaus (fl. 1626) Eitelwolff von Stein, see Stein, Eitelwolff vom Eithner, Daniel (1588-1640) Elfring, Johann (d. 1657) Elverfelt, Jonas von (fl. 1592/1609) Emiliano, Giovanni Stefano, see Aemilianus, Quintius Emiliano, Quinzio, see Aemilianus, Quintius Engel, Jonas, see Angelus, Jonas Engelschall, Ananias (d. 1684) Engerd, Johannes (d. 1587) Erasmus, Gottfried ( 1669-1736) Ernst, Jacob Daniel (1640-1707) Eschenbach, Andreas Christian ( 1663-1722) Evander, Justus Elias (d. 1614) Everhard, Jacobus (d. 1636) Exner, Balthasar (1576-1624) Eysel, Johann Philipp (1652-1717) Eysel, Philipp (1584-1637)

467 468 469 470 471 473 474 476 478 480 480 480

454 454 455 456 457 459 460 461 462 464

481 482 483

484 485 488 489 493 495 496 497 500 502

Contents

F-1 F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5 F-6 F-7 F-8 F-9 F-10 F-11 F-12 F-13 F-14 F-15 F-16 F-17 F-18 F-19 F-20 F-21 F-22 F-23 F-24 F-25 F-26 F-27 F-28 F-29 F-30 F-31 F-32 F-33 F-34 F-35 F-36 F-37 F-38 F-39 F-40 F-41 F-42 F-43 F-44 F-45 F-46

F[], J[](/7. 1711) Faber, Johannes (1566-1619 (?)) Faber, Johann Ludwig ( 1635-1678) Faber, Samuel (1657-1716) Faber, Zachaeus (1554-1628) Fabricius, Balthasar (1539-1563) Fabricius, Georg [1] (1516-1571) Fabricius, Georg [II] (1575-1640) Fabricius, Georg Andreas (1586-1645) Fabricius, Heinrich ( 1547-1612) Fabricius, Jacobus (1577-1652) Fabricius, Johann Adolph (1592-1650) Fabricius, Martinus (1576-1640) Fabronius, Hermann (1570-1634) Fasch, Christoph (fl. 1653/74) Fasch, Johann Augustin (before 1680-not before 1715) Fechner, Johann (1604-1686) Federsen, Christian Petraeus (fl. 1659) Feind, Barthold, see Appendix B: Spurious Poets Laureate Feigius, Theophilus (1598-1652) Feller, Joachim (1638-1691) Fendius, Michael (c. 1550-1623) Feustel, Christian (c. 1660-1729) Fibingenius, Valentinus (fl. 1638) Fidler, Felix [I] (d. 1553) Fidler, Felix [II] (c. 1575-1626) Fiedler, Caspar (1649-1719) Fiedler, Johannes (1612-1672) Fiedler, L[ucas] (fl. 1675) Figulus, Benedictus (1567-after 1617) Filiczki de Filefalva, Johannes (fl. 1605/13) Föckelberg, Johannes (fl. 1611) Finckelthaus, Laurentius (c. 1555-1606) Fischer, Heinrich (c. 1455-1527) Fischer, Jakob (fl. 1583/4) Fischer, Johann Rudolf (c. 1595-1632) Fischer, Samuel (fl. 1632) Flayder, Friedrich Hermann (1596-1640) Fleming, Paul (1609-1640) Flittner, Johannes (fl. 1624) Fonsi, Lorenzo (fl. 1520) Forbes, John (1593-1648) Förster, Johannes (1576-1613) Förster, Valentin Wilhelm (1574-1620) Fortmann, Johannes (1576-1654) Franck, Ambrosius (fl. 1611-1631) Franck von Franckenau, Georg ( 1643-1704)

XV

504 505 507 509 511 515 515 520 522 527 528 530 531 532 535 537 538 541 542 542 548 549 551 552 554 555 556 558 559 560 561 562 563 565 566 567 568 570 575 576 577 579 581 582 584 586

xvi

Contents

F-48 F-49 F-50 F-51 F-52 F-53 F-54 F-55 F-56 F-57 F-5 8 F-59 F-60 F-6\ F-62 F-63 F-64 F-65 F-66 F-67 F-68 G-l G-2 G-3 G-* G-5

G-6 G-7 G-8 G-9 G-10 G-l 1 G-12 G-l3 G—14 G-l 5 G-l6 G-l 7 G-l 8 G-19

Francke, Elias (1656-1727) Francke, Georg, see Franck von Franckenau, Georg Francke, Michael (1609-1667) Fraxineus, Johannes (c. 1565?-after 1606) Freinsheim, Georg (fl. 1662) Freitag, Christoph ( 1597-1657) Frentzel, Johann (1609-1674) Frenzel, Salomon (1560/1-1605) Friderici, Jacobus (/7. 1654) Friderici, Johann (1563-1629/30) Friderici, Samuel (fl. 1667) Fridericus, Joachim (fl. 1610) Fridericus, Johannes (1603-1641) Fridericus, Zacharias (fl. 1603/42) Frisaeus, Laurentius (c. 1570-not before 1602) Frisch, Maria Katharina, see Stockfleth, Maria Katharina Frischlin, Nicodemus (1547-1590) Fröhlich, Huldericus (d. 1610) Frölich, Johann Heinrich (1577-1622) Frontonis, Philippus (late 15th c. (?)) Fuhrmann, Stephan (1616-1683) Funcke, Johann (fl. 1677) Furcken, Dorothea (fl. 1750) Furich, Johannes Nicolaus (1602-1633)

590

Gabler, Lorenz ( 1604-1665) Gamerius, Hannard (1530-1569) Garlip, Dieterich (fl. 1635) Gartner, Jacobus (fl. 1630/38) Gartner, Joachim (fl. 1636) Gasto von Perlensee, Ferdinand, see Appendix B: Spurious Poets Laureate Gaudentius, Paganinus (c. 1595-1649) Gebauer, Johannes [I] (fl. 1618/30) Gebauer, Johannes [II] (d. 1631) Gebhard, Hermann (fl. 1651/53) Gebhard, Johann-Christoph (fl. 1630) Gehardt, Sebastian (fl. 1674) Geibel, Heinrich Lorenz (1612-1643) Geier, Peter (fl. 1637) Geiger, Gottfried Engelhart (1681-1748) Geldenhouwer, Gerhard (1482-1542) Gensreff, Abraham (1577-1637) Georgius, Johann, see Gorgias, Johann Gerber, Martin (1600-1665) Gerhards, Aurelius Cornelius (c. 1460-before Dec. 1531) Gerlach, Georg ( 1615-1686)

623 624 625 626 628

590 592 595 596 597 599 602 603 605 605 606 607 608 610 614 616 617 618 620 621 621

628 630 631 631 633 634 634 635 636 637 639 641 642 644

Contents G-20 G-21 G-22 G-23 G-24 G-25 G-26 G-27 G-28 G-29 G-30 G-31 G-32 G-33 G-34 G-35 G-36 G-37 G-38 G-39 G-40 G-41 G-42 G-43 G-44 G-45 G-46 G-47 G-48 G-49 G-50 G-51 G-52 G-53 G-54 G-55 G-56 G-57 G-58 G-59 G-60 G-61 G-62 G-63 G-64

xvii

Gerlach, Melchior (1562-1616) 645 Gerschow, Jakob (1587-1655) 647 Geuder, Johann (1639-1693) 649 Geyer, Peter, see Geier, Peter Gibbes, James Alban (1611-1677) 651 Giehra, Christoph (fl. 1650) 654 Giessaeus, Erdmann (fl. 1636/40) 654 Gigas, Caspar (fl. 1572) 655 Gigas, Johannes, the Younger (b. c. 1540?-not before 1588) 656 Girmar, Nicolaus (fl. 1614/17) 658 Gisbice, Paulus à (1581-1607) ...659 Glarean, Heinrich (1488-1563) 660 Gläser, Enoch ( 1628-1668) 668 Glaser, Hieronymus (fl. 1649/67) 671 Glaser, Philipp (1554-1601) 672 Gloner, Samuel (1598-1642) 674 Goclenius, Christian (fl. 1685) 679 Gödekenius, Henricus (1580-1609) 680 Goechusius, Hermannus (fl. 1614) 682 Goedekenius, Henricus, see Gödekenius, Henricus Goeldel, Christian (fl. 1629) 682 Goess, Ebeling (fl. 1663/66) 683 Goetze, Georg (1633-1699) 684 Goetze, Joseph (1566-1622) 686 Goldmann, Johannes (1574-1637) 687 Gorgias, Johann (1640-1684) 688 Gose, Zacharias (1613-1649) 690 Gosky, Esaias (fl. 1651/93) 691 Gosky, Martin (c. 1586-1656) 692 Gothardus, Petrus (1575-not before 1620) 696 Gothus, Matthaeus, the Younger (c. 1580-1626) 697 Gothus, Nikolaus (fl. 1622/68) 700 Graeter, Jacobus (c. 1545-not before 1599) 701 Graf, Andreas Christoph (1701-1776) 702 Gräfe, Christoph (1632-1687) 703 Gräfe, Michael (fl. 1635) 705 Grapaldi, Francesco Maria (c. 1464-1515) 706 Grasser, Johann Jakob (1579-1627) 707 Grave, Johannes ( 1595-1644) 716 Gravinus, Andreas (fl. 1594/1602) 717 Greilinger, Johann Georg (c. 1620-1677) 718 Grob, Johannes ( 1643-1697) 722 Grunaeus, Simon ( 1564-1628) 724 Grünpeck, Joseph (1473-1530) 726 Grüwel, Johann (1638-1710) 729 Grüzmann, Daniel (c. 1640-1726) 731 Gryphius, Andreas (1616-1664) 732

xviii G-65 G-66 G-67 G-68 G-69 G-70 G-71 G-72 G-73 H-1 H-2 H-3 H-4 H-5 H-6 H-7 H-8 H-9 H-10 H-11 H-12 H-13 H-14 H-15 H-16 H-17 H-18

H-19 H-20 H-21 H-22 H-23 H-24 H-25 H-26 H-27 H-28 H-29 H-30 H-31 H-32

Contents

Gryphius, Paul (d. not before 1675) 735 Gsellius, Michael (1603-1687) 736 Gundermann, Johann (1604-1670) 738 Günther, Jacob φ . 1605) 739 Guntherus, Johannes, see Appendix B: Spurious Poets Laureate Günther, Johann Christian (1695-1723) 740 Günther, Peter (c. 1479-1517) 742 Güssovius, Andreas φ . 1614) 744 Gutenius, Matthias, see Cutenius, Matthias Güther, Johannes (fl. 1622) 745 Gylle, Andreas (1602-1665) 746 Haake, Johann Jakob (fl. 1699) Haase, Martin (fl. 1737) Habichorst, Andreas Daniel ( 1634-1704) Hadelius, Johannes (c. 1488-c. 1525) Hägen, Joachim Heinrich (1648-1693) Hahn, Michael (fl. 1633) Halle, Jacobus (1585-1644) Hamberger, Daniel (1561-**) Hamifer, Henricus, see Fischer, Heinrich Hampusi, Christian (fl. 1675) Han, Balthasar (fl. 1613/36) Händel, Christoph Christian (1671-1734) Hanke, Johannes [I] (1595-1661) Hanke, Johannes [II] (c. 1625-1659) Hanke, Martin (1633-1709) Hannemann, Ambrosius (d. 1644) Hantschmann, Johannes (d. not after 1597) Hantschmann, Urban (c. 1565/70-not before 1622) Hartartus, Johannes (c. 1555/60 (?)-16**) Hartenfels, Georg Christoph Petri von, see Petri von Hartenfels, Georg Christoph Hartlieb, Georg (c. 1565/70-after 1610) Hartmann, Johannes (1577-1634) Hartmann, Johannes Georg (1611-1661) Hartmann, Michael (fl. 1614) Hartranft, Balthasar ( 1602-1675) Härtung, Valentin (fl. 1602/1628) Hasenmüller, Sophonias (fl. 1598/1624) Haslob, Michael (1539/40-1589) Hasse, David (fl. 1589) Haug, Balthasar ( 1731-1792) Hausdorff, Salomon ( 1604-1684) Hause von Kommersberg, Gottlieb (1611-1632) Hause von Kommersberg, Melchior (1577-1632) Hausknecht, Balthasar (1735-not before 1787?)

748 749 750 751 753 756 756 757 758 758 761 763 764 766 769 770 771 773

774 774 776 778 779 780 782 784 787 788 789 791 791 793

Contents

H-33 H-34 H-35 H-36 H-37 H-38 H-39 H-40 H-41 H-42 H-43 H-44 H-45 H-46 H-47 H-48 H-49 H-50 H-51 H-52 H-53 H-54 H-55 H-56 H-57 H-58 H-59 H-60 H-Ó1 H-62 H-63 H-64 H-65 H-66 H-67 H-68 H-69 H-70 H-71 H-72 H-73 H-74 H-75 H-76 H-77

Hausmann, Georg (1583-1639) Hebenstreit, Johann Baptist (c. 1580/85-1638) Hecht, Johannes (c. 1645-1709) Heckel, Johann Friedrich (1640-1700) Heda, Willem (d. 1525) Heden(us), Maria Katharina, see Stockfleth, Maria Katharina Heermann, Ephraim (1621/25-1689) Heermann, Johann (1585-1647) Heermann, Samuel (c. 1620-1643) Heffler, Kaspar, see Hoefler, Caspar Heidenreich, Martin (fl. 1675/94) Heider, Friedrich Christian (1677-not before 1753) Heinerich, Domenico Francesco (fl. 1681 ) Heinrici, Sebastian (c. 1600-1645) Heibach, Wendelin (1518-1588) Held, Heinrich (1620-1659) Helm, Christoph (fl. 1701 ) Helmbold, Ludwig (1532-1598) Helmreich, Caspar (d. 1665) Helmrich, Georg (1526-1580) Helwig, Andreas (1572/3-1643) Helwig, Christoph von (jun.) (1663-1721) Hemeling, Johann (1610-1694) Hempel, Jonas (fl. 1599) Henaeus, Andreas (fl. 1583/1616) Henisius, Johannes (1585-1666) Henning, Johann (1645-1694) Hentschel, Martin (1561-1626) Herbslevius, Georgius (fl. 1629) Herda, Fridericus (fl. 1598/1606) Hering, Christoph (c. 1620/5-not before 1676) Herlitz, David (1557-1636) Hermann, Jonas (1537-1567) Herold, Christoph (fl. 1598/1634) Heslingius, Quirinus (fl. 1598-1626) Hessel, Johann Adam (1712-1785) Heuser, Jacobus (fl. c. 1617) Heyden, Marcus ( 1596-1667) Heyger, Johannes (fl. 1685) Hezel, Johann Michael (fl. 1712) Hildebrand, Friedrich (d. 1641) Hildebrand, Joachim (1623-1691) Hildebrand, Johann Friedrich (1626-1687) Hildesheim, Franciscus (1551-1613) Hiller, Balthasar (1572-1627) Hilten, Georg Zacharias (fl. 1681) Hirsch, Christoph (d. 1639)

xix

794 795 797 798 802 803 805 818 819 820 821 822 823 825 827 828 831 832 833 835 837 840 840 842 843 845 846 846 848 850 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 861 862 863 868 871 873 874 875

XX

Contents

H-78 H-79 H-80

876 877 879

H-97 H-98 H-99 H-100 H-101 H-102 H-103 H-104 H-105 H-106 H-107 H-108 H-109 H-110 H-l 11 H-l 12 H-l 13 H-l 14 H-115

Hochschilt, Georg C/7. 1611/20) Hochstater, Johannes Georg (fl. 1597/99) Hoester, Christoph Philipp (1721-after 1749) Höfen, Johannes von, see Dantiscus, Johannes Höfer, Sigismund (fl. 1673) Höfler, Caspar (15**-16**) Höflich, Christoph (1588/9-c. 1630/31) Hoffer, Johannes (/7. 1622) Hoffmann, Friedrich (1627-1673) Hoffmann, Georg Dieterich ( 1593-not before 1633) Hoffmann, Johann [I] (d. 1681 ) Hoffmann, Johann [II] (1644-1718) Hofmann, Caspar (fl. 1662) Hofmann, Martin (1544-1599) Hojer, Conrad (fl. 1589-1624/5) Hollenhagen, Johann (1603-1667) Hollonius, Ludovicus (c. 1570-1621) Holtzschuerus, Balthazar (fl. 1598/9) Holung, Johann ( 1595-1628) Homagius, Christoph (d. 1592) Hommer, Orpheus, see Uhse, Erdmann Hönstein, Johannes (fl. 1594/99) Höpfner, Johann Paul (fl. 1691/99) Hoppenerus, Petrus (fl. 1618) Horn, Christoph (fl. 1642/60) Hornbostel, Gerhard Christian Otto (fl. 1748) Hörnigk, Ludwig von (1600-1667) Hornius, Johannes (fl. 1597/1612) Hornmold, Sebastian (1570-1637) Horst, Philipp (1584-1664) Hosmann, Abraham (1561-1617) Hossmann, Joachim (1570-1611) Huber, Bartholomaeus φ . 1574/88) Huber, Georg (fl. c. 1665/73) Hubmeyer, Hippolytus (not after 1580-1637) Hunneshagen, Georg (fl. 1627/32) Hunold, Georg (d. 1687) Hutten, Ulrich von (1488-1523) Hutter, Leonhart (1563-1616) Hyblaenus, Hieronymus (fl. 1619/44)

1-1 1-2 1-3

Inghirami, Tommaso (1470-1516) Ingolstetter, Andreas (1633-1711) Irminger, Johannes Jacobus (1588-1649)

941 942 943

J-1 J-2

Jacobaeus, Veit (d. 1568) Jagenteuffel, Theodor (fl. 1628)

944 946

H-81 H-82 H-83 H-84 H-85 H-86 H-87 H-88 H-89 H-90 H-91 H-92 H-93 H-94 H-95 H-96

881 882 883 886 887 889 890 892 893 894 895 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 903 904 905 906 909 910 913 917 920 921 923 924 926 927 928 935 940

Contents

J-3 J-4 J-5 J-6 J-7 J-8 J-9 J-10

K-1 K-2 K-3 K-4 K-5 K-6 K-7 K-8 K-9 K-10 K-11 K-12 K-13 K-14 K-15 K-16 K-17 K-18 K-19 K-20 K-21 K-22 K-23 K-24 K-25 K-26 K-27 K-28 K-29 K-30 K-31 K-32 K-33 K-34

Jäger, Balthasar, see Venator, Balthasar Janitius, Clemens (1516-1543) Janke, Sigismund (1609-1663) Jerasius, Tobias (fl. 1611 ) Jessensky, Daniel (fl. 1703) Jizbice, Pavel z, see Gisbice, Paulus à Jordan, Joachim (fl. 1611/29) Jordanus, Simon (fl. 1616/18) Jung, Jacob Friedrich (1689-1754) Justus, Jodocus (fl. 1593) Kaha, Johannes, see Caius, Johannes Kahle, Wenzel (1645-1704) Kahler, Johann Philipp (1726-1792) Kaldenbach, Christoph (1613-1698) Karsch, Anna Louisa (1722-1791) Kästner, Johann Andreas (1675-1758) Käufler, Johann Friedrich ( 1733-1816) Kayser, Johannes (fl. 1698/1700) Keck, Johannes Christian (c. 1625?-not before 1678) Keimann, Christian ( 1607-1662) Kellner, Hartwig (before 1620-after 1657) Kemp, Johann (fl. 1638) Kempe, Martin (1637/427-1683) Keppich, Johannes (1573-1631) Keppler, Isidorus (1715-1792) Kessler, Josua ( 1527-1580) Kettner, Johann (1596-1647) Khun, Johannes Casparus (fl. 1676 [1655-1720?]) Kielmann, Heinrich (1581-1649) Kießling, Johann (1663-1715) Kinder, Andreas (fl. 1704/9) Kindermann, Balthasar (1636-1706) Kirchmair, Jakob Christoph (fl. 1669/76) Kirchner, Caspar ( 1592-1627) Kirchner, Hermann (1562-1620) Kittelmann, Johann Friedrich (fl. 1684/1707) Klaj, Johann (1616-1656) Klauhold, Johann Philipp (fl. 1737) Kleppisius, Gregor (/7. 1612/30) Klesch, Christoph (1632-1706) Klesch, Daniel (1624-1697) Klinger, Heinrich, see Clinger, Heinrich Klinkbeil, Jakob (1627-1694) Klotz, Christian Adolph (1738-1771) Knaust, Heinrich ( 1524 - not before 1577) Knaust, Ludwig (c. 1620-1674)

XXI

947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954

956 958 959 965 968 969 970 971 973 978 979 980 984 985 986 987 987 990 991 993 994 997 998 1000 1004 1005 1008 1009 1010 1013 1018 1019 1022 1027

xxii

Contents

K-35 K-36 K-37 K-38 K-39 K-40 K-41 K-42 K-43 K-44 K-45 K-46 K—47 K-48 K-49 K-50 K-51

K-52 K-53 K-54

Knoll, Christoph Erhard (fl. 1743) 1029 Knorr, Johannes (fl. 1617) 1030 Kober, Tobias (c. 1570-1612(7)) 1031 Kogel, Friedrich, see Cogel, Friedrich Köhler, Friedrich Wemer (fl. 1649) 1033 König, Christian Gottlieb (1711-1782) 1034 Kongehl, Michael (1646-1710) 1035 Konrad von Mure, see Appendix B: Spurious Poets Laureate Kornfeld, Theodor (1636-1698) 1038 Korodi, Bedö Daniel (fl. 1616/9) 1041 Köttner, Hermann (fl. 1622/27) 1042 Kotzer, Gottfried (fl. 1694/1704) 1043 Krantz, Albert ( 1448-1517) 1044 Kraut, Andreas ( 163 5-c. 1679) 1048 Kromer, Marcin (c. 1512-1589) 1050 Krug, Johann (fl. 1674) 1052 Krügelstein, Johannes Christoph (fl. 1661) 1053 Krüger, Pancratius (1546-1614) 1054 Krilsike, Paul Georg (1641-1723) 1057 Krynyt, David, see Crinitus, David Küchler, Elias, see Cüchler, Elias Kühle, Jonas (fl. 1551) 1060 Kuhlmann, Quirinus ( 1651 -1689) 1061 Kummer (Cummer), Abraham, see General Index Kuntz, Jeremias (fl. 1582/86) 1067

VOLUME III L-l L-2 L-3 L-4 L-5 L-6 L-7 L-8 L-9 L-l0 L-11 L-12 L-l 3 L-l 4 L-l 5 L-16 L-l 7

L[ l· M[ ]» see Lindener, Michael Lademacher, Heinrich (1634-1697) Lanckisch, Michael von (1620-1674) Lang, Johann (fl. 1607/16) Lang, Johann Michael ( 1664-1731) Lang, Vincenz ( 14* *-1503) Lange, Johann [I] (1503-1567) Lange, Johann [II] (1550-1624) Lange, Josephus (1570-1615/30) Lange, Matthias (1634-1679) Lange, Wolfgang Hannibal (d. 1785) Langehans, Valentinus (b. 1566) Langejan, Brandan (fl. 1661 ) Langemake, Johannes (1633-1685) Langen, Rudolf von (c. 1438-1519) Langenhardt, Adam Thomas von (fl. 1596/1614) Langius, Simon (fl. 1622) Lanius, Johannes (fl. 1601/1633)

1069 1070 1071 1072 1075 1076 1078 1079 1082 1083 1084 1084 1085 1086 1089 1090 1091

Contents

L-19 L-19 L-20 L-21 L-22 L-23 L-24 L-25 L-26 L-27 L-28 L-29 L-30 L-31 L-32 L-33 L-34 L-35 L-36 L-37 L-38 L-39 L-41 L-42 L-43

L-44 L^t5 L-46 L-47 L-48 L-49 L-50 L-51 L-52 L-53 L-54 L-55 L-56 L-57 L-58

Lapide, Eitelwolff von, see Stein, Eitelwolff vom Lassitz, Thomas (fl. 1567) Latochius, Samuel (1560-1605) Laub, Philipp Anton (1674 (?)-1715) Lauban, Melchior (1567-1633) Laurentius von Schnüffis (1633-1702) Laurentius, Christoph (1604-1656) Lauterbach, Johannes (1531-1593) Lazzarelli, Ludovico (1450-1500) Leander, Michael (d. 1636) Lebaldt von Lebenwald, Adam ( 1624-1696) Ledei, Friedrich ( 1649-1684) Lederer, Joseph (1733-1796) Lehen, Melchior ( 1568-1626) Lehmann, Benjamin (fl. 1698/1724) Lehmann, Johannes (fl. 1621/24) Lehmann, Michael Theophilus (1611-1663) Leibe, Johann (1591-1666) Leius, Conrad (fl. 1590) Lemnius, Simon (15117-1550) Lenken, Johann ( f l . 1662) Le Rousseau, Samuel φ . 1665) Leuber, Johannes (fl. 1616) Leuthier, Joachim (fl. 1614/57) Leutinger, Nicolaus (1554-1612) Libavius, Andreas (c. 1560-1616) Lichtenstein, Esdras Markus ( 1666-1710) Liddel, Duncan, see Appendix Β: Spurious Poets Laureate Liechtblaw (Liechtblo), Johannes, see Cyaneus, Johannes Lilien, Traugott Christiane Dorothee, see Löber(in), Traugott Christiana Dorothea Limburger, Martin ( 1637-1692) Limburger(in), Regina Magdalena (1638-1691) Limmer, Augustin (fl. 1658) Limprecht, Andreas (fl. 1660) Linck, Johann (c. 1560-1603) Lincke, Carl (fl. 1632/56) Lindeberg, Peter (1562-1596) Lindener, Johann-Philipp (fl. 1663/87) Lindener, Michael (c. 1520-1562) Lindner, Gottfried (/?. 1693) Lindner, Michael, see Lindener, Michael Lindstatt, Johann Christoph ( 1662-1716) Lippold, Johann Georg (c. 1670-after 1700) Lipsius, David (fl. 1617/30) Liscovius, Salomon ( 1640-1689) Lisegang, Johannes (fl. 1669)

xxiii

1092 1093 1094 1095 1097 1100 1101 1104 1106 1106 1109 1110 1112 1114 1115 1116 1117 1120 1121 1124 1124 1125 1126 1127 1130 1133

1136 1138 1139 1141 1142 1143 1145 1147 1147 1150 1151 1153 1154 1156 1158

xxiv L-59 L-60 L-61 L-62 L-63 L-64 L-65 L-66 L-67 L-68 L-69

Contents

1159 1162 1164 1165 1168 1169 1175 1176 1177 1180 1181

L-75 L-76 L-77 L-78 L-79 L-80 L-81 L-82 L-83 L-84 L-85 L-86 L-87 L-88 L-89 L-90 L-91

Litzel, Georgius ( 1694-1761 ) Löber, Christian (1683-1747) Löber, Christian Joseph ( 1743-1794) Löber, Gotthilf Friedemann (1722-1799) Löber(in), Traugott Christiana Dorothea ( 1724-1788) Locher, Jacob(1471-1528) Lochmann, Theodorus (fl. 1650) Lochner, Carl Friedrich ( 1634-1693/97/99) Lochner, Jacob Hieronymus ( 1649-1700) Locke, Johann (c. 1615-1664) Löhe, Johann Conrad (1723-1768/9) Lokke, Johann, see Locke, Johann Lombardus, Monachus ( 15th c.) Lomniczky, Simon (1552-after 1620) Lopsen, Cornelius Aurelius, see Gerhards, Aurelius Cornelius Lorber, Johann Christoph (1645-1722) Lorch, Gabriel (fl. 1501 ) Lorichius, Johannes (c. 1520-1569) Loriti, Heinrich, see Glarean, Heinrich Lösch, Johann Achatius (1656-1736) Losius, Johann Christoph (1659-1733) Lotich, Johann Peter (1598-1669) Lucius, Andreas (fl. 1665) Lucius, Christoph (fl. 1665) Lucius, Emanuel (fl. 1658) Lucius, Johannes (d. 1604) Luden, Laurentius (1592-1654) Lüders, Johann (1592-1633) Ludewig, Johann Peter ( 1668-1743) Ludovici, Henning (1568-1640) Ludovici, Michael Christian (1635-1700) Ludovicus, Laurentius (1574-1615) Ludovicus, Valentinus (1576-1630) Lunson, Virgilius (before 1470-after 1502) Lupi, Mattia (1380-1468) Luther, Johann Christoph (fl. 1664-173 8)

M-1 M-2 M-3 M^l M-5 M-6 M-7 M-8 M-9 M-10

Macragathus, Caspar (fl. 1603) Mahn, Tobias (fl. 1666/79) Maicler, Georg Conrad ( 1574-1647) Maier, Johann Gabriel (1639-1699) Maier, Michael (1568-1622) Major, Elias (1588-1669) Major, Johann (153 3-1600) Makowsky, Samuel (fl. 1620) Mameranus, Nikolaus (c. 1500-after 1566) Manitius, Samuel (1624-1671)

1223 1223 1224 1226 1228 1233 1237 1243 1245 1250

L-70 L-71 L-72 L-73 L-74

1182 1183 1185 1187 1188 1190 1191 1195 1199 1199 1200 1202 1203 1206 1208 1211 1212 1216 1217 1218 1219 1221

Contents

M-l 1 M-12 M-13 M-14 M-15 M-16 M-17 M-18 M-19 M-20 M-21 M-22 M-23 M-24 M-25 M-26 M-27 M-28 M-29 M-30 M-31 M-32 M-33 M-34 M-35 M-36 M-37 M-38 M-39 M-40

M-41 M-42 M-43 M-44 M-45 M-46 M-47 M-48 M-49 M-50 M-51 M-52

Manlius, Christoph (1546-1575) Männling, Johann Christoph (1658-1723) Manns, Johann Heinrich (fl. 1673/82) Manso(n), Johann Heinrich, see Manns, Johann Heinrich Marcart, Johann Sebastian (1622-1659) Marperger, Paul Jacob (1656-1730) Marquard, Michael (1628-1703) Marquardt, Samuel (fl. 1611) Martin, Johann, see Laurentius von Schnilffis Martini, Georg ( 1578-1633) Martini, Nicolas (fl. 1618) Martius, Georg (1597-1679) Maukisch, Israel (fl. 1619/42) Mauritius, Georg, the Younger (1570-1631) Mayer, Gottfried David ( 1679-1719) Meckel, Johann Georg (fl. 1647) Meder, Georg (d. 1599) Meder, Petrus (1602-1678) Megiser, Hieronymus (c. 1554-1619) Megiser, Valentin Ferdinand (1603-1634) Meibom, Heinrich, the Elder (1555-1625) Meier, David (1572-1640) Meier, Gerhard (fl. 1597/1615) Meier, Johannes [1] (fl. 1622) Meier, Johannes [II[ (fl. 1630/1660) Mein, Friedrich, see Menius, Friedrich Meindel, Georg ( 1580-1623) Meine, Nicolaus (fl. c. 1625/31) Meintel, Konrad Stephan ( 1728-1764) Meisner, Daniel (15857-1625) Meisner, Joachim (fl. 1602/53) Melftrer, Johannes (1570-1640) Melideus, Jonas (1585-not before 1628) Melissander, Johann Heinrich, see Acker, Johann Heinrich Melissus, Paulus, see Schede Melissus, Paul Melle, Johann Jacob von (1721-1752) Memhart, Johannes ( 1546-1613) Mencius, Balthasar (1537-1617) Menius, Friedrich (1593/4-1659) Menzel, Philipp (1543/46-1613) Mergilet, Andreas (1539-1606) Merklin, Johannes (fl. 1631 ) Merklin, Johannes Caspar (fl. 1633) Messenius, Johan (1581-1637) Messerschmidt, Christian (fl. 1674) Mestner, Johannes (before 1570-not before 1611) Metastasio, Pietro ( 1698-1782)

XXV

1251 1252 1255 1255 1256 1260 1262 1262 1264 1265 1266 1267 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1279 1280 1292 1294 1295 1296 1297 1299 1299 1300 1302 1303 1306

1307 1308 1309 1312 1314 1316 1318 1319 1320 1324 1326 1326

xxvi M-53 M-54 M-55 M-56 M-57 M-58 M-59 M-60 M-61 M-62 M-63 M-64 M-65 M-66 M-67 M-68 M-69 M-70 M-71 M-72 M-73 M-74 M-75 M-76 M-77 M-78 M-79 M-80 M-81 M-82 M-83 M-84 M-85 M-86

M-87 M-88 M-89 M-90 M-91 M-92 M-93 M-94

Contents Mettmann, Carl (fl. 1624/33) Michaelis, Martinus (fl. 1673/97) Michaelis, Paul [1] {fl. 1611) Michaelis, Paul [II] (1595-1647) Michaelis, Paul [III] (c. 1640-after 1680) Michahelles, Johann Ignaz ( 1702-1741 ) Mickl, Johann Christian Alois (1711-1767/69) Milde, David (c. 1585-c. 1648) Miricianus, Joachim (fl. 1528) Misander, see Adami, Johann Samuel Misler, Johann Hartmann (1642-1698) Mitternacht, Johann Sebastian (1613-1679) Moenius, Otto Henricus (fl. 1615) Moesler, Adam (c. 1565/70-not before 1627) Mollenbeck, Heinrich (fl. c. 1610) Möller, Andreas ( 1598-1660) Moller, Daniel Wilhelm (1642-1712) Moller, Gertraud (1641-1705) Moller, Heinrich (1528-1567) Moller, Johannes [I] (fl. 1628) Möller, Johannes [II] (fl. 1607/1628) Möller, Sigismund (fl. 1611) Monrad, Johannes Davidsen (1566-1623) Montagna, Leonardo (c. 1425/30-1485) Mosemann, Hermann, see Fabronius, Hermann Möring, Johannes ( 1625-1686) Mühlpforth, Heinrich (c. 1580-not before 1627) Müller, Barbara Juliana, see Penzel, Barbara Juliana Müller, Georg [I] (1603-1684) Muller, Georg [II] (fl. 1633) Müller, Joachim (fl. 1631) Müller, Johannes Ernst (fl. 1687/1704) Müller, Johann G. (d. not after 1667?) Müller, Matthaeus [I] (1587-1655) Müller, Matthias [II] (1604-1674) Mundius, Georg (1594-not before 1646) Münzthaler, Gabriel (c. 1460?-after 1500) Mure, Konrad von, see Appendix B: Spurious Poets Laureate: Konrad von Mure Mumer, Thomas (1475-1537) Mylius, David (fl. 1614) Mylius, Georg (/?. 1668) Mylius, Johannes (d. 1575) Mylius, Johannes Jacobus (fl. 1602/14) Mylius, Martin [I] (1542-1611) Mylius, Martin [II] (1587-1655) Mylius, Theobald (fl. 1579)

1331 1334 1335 1336 1337 1339 1340 1341 1342 1343 1344 1358 1359 1360 1361 1363 1367 1370 1371 1371 1373 1373 1375 1376 1377 1379 1380 1381 1382 1383 1385 1386 1387 1389

1390 1397 1397 1398 1401 1401 1404 1405

Contents

M-95 M-96

Ν-1 N-2 N-3 N^l N-5 N-6 N-7

Mylphortius, Henricus, see Mühlpforth, Heinrich Mynsicht, Adrian von (1588-1638) Myricaeus, Johannes Gasbarus (d. 1653) Myricianus, Joachim, see Miricianus, Joachim

xxvii 1406 1408

1410 1410 1413 1413 1414 1416 1419

N-27 N-28

Nagel, Johann Heinrich (fl. 1701 ) Nagonius, Johannes Michael (c. 1460-c. 1510) Nanius, Johannes (fl. 1624) Naze, Ephraim (fl. 1675/77) Negelein, Christoph Adam ( 1656-1701 ) Negelein, Joachim ( 1675-1749) Nenning, Christoph (before 1560-not before 1594) Neomarcus, Petrus, see Neumark, Peter Nera (fl. 1670-80) Nerreter, David ( 1649-1726) Nessel, Martin (1607-1673) Nester, Johann (1596-1662) Neudorf, Michael (1567-1611) Neumann, Melchior (1585-1657) Neumark, Peter (fl. 1610) Neumeister, Sigfrid (1572-1626) Newen, Johann Carl (fl. 1714) Nicolai, Johannes Andreas (fl. 1675) Niedermeyer, G. (fl. c. 1667) Nienborg, Johann (fl. 1605/1638) Νitschmann, Samuel (c. 1670-1729) Nivendorf, Thomas (15697-1618) Nobaeus, Ascanius (fl. 1630) Noeschel, Johann Veit (16427-1686) Noessler, Georg (1591-1650) Nolten, Johann (1635-1714) Nolten, Paul Martin (1668-1716) Nosler, Georg, see Noessler, Georg Notmann, Erich (b. c. 1685) Nysenus, Caeso (fl. before 1664)

O-l 0-2 0-3 CM 0-5 0-6 0-7 0-8 0-9 O-10

Oelschlegel, Heinrich (d. 1636) Olter, Wilhelm (1634-1707) Omeis, Magnus Daniel ( 1646-1708) Opitz, Martin ( 1597-1639) Orth, Zacharias (c. 1530-1579) Osius, Hieronymus (d. 1575) Ostius, Melchior (1569-1637) Otipka, Ernst (fl. 1680) Ottho, Joachimus (fl. 1623/43) Otto, Johann Christian (/7. c. 1708/14)

1445 1446 1447 1451 1454 1456 1460 1461 1462 1463

N-8 N-9 N-10 N-l 1 N-12 N-13 N-14 N-15 N-16 N-17 N-18 N-19 N-20 N-21 N-22 N-23 N-24 N-25 N-26

1420 1421 1423 1425 1426 1427 1428 1429 1430 1432 1433 1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 1439 1440 1442 1443 1444

xxviii

P-1 P-2 P-3 P-4

P-5 P-6 P-7 P-8 P-9 P-10 P-11 P-12 P-13 P-14 P-15 P-16 P-17 P-18 P-19 P-20 P-21 P-22 P-23 P-24 P-25

P-26 P-27 P-28 P-29 P-30 P-31 P-32 P-3 3 P-34 P-3 5 P-36 P-37 P-38 P-39 P-40 P^t 1 P-A2 P-43

Contents

Pabst, Samuel (d. 1611) Paganus, Petrus ( 1532-1576) Pampovius, Valentinus (15**-not before 1619) Panaetianus, Johannes (c. 1500) Pandone, Giovanni Antonio, see Porcelli, Jacobus Antonius Pandonus Panitz, Valentinus (fl. 1671 ) Pankl, Franz C. (fl. 1724/60) Pantaleon, Heinrich (1522-1595) Pantaleon, Maximilian (fl. 1591) Papendorf, Daniel (fl. 1642/51 ) Pareus, Johann Philipp (1576-1648) Pareus, Salomon (fl. 1615) Paricius, Abraham (1584-not before 1614) Partliz, Simeon (c. 1590-after 1640) Pasius, Curius Lancilotus (fl. 1500) Paulli, Wilhelm Adolph (1719-1772) Pauliini, Christian Franz (1643-1712) Paupitz, Caspar (fl. before 1616) Pedioneus, Johannes (d. 1550) Peifer, David (1530-1601) Peisker, Johann (1631-1711) Pelargus, Nicolaus (1568-not before 1603) Pellicer, Matthias (1633-1673) Pelliniger, Actius Philippus (fl. 1522) Pelzius, Jonas (fl. 1616) Penzel, Barbara Juliana (1636-1674) Perlensee, Ferdinand Gasto von, see Appendix B: Spurious Poets Laureate Perotti, Niccolò (1429-1480) Pertsch, Johann Georg, the Elder (1651-1718) Pestel, Johann Friedrich (fl. 1684) Petermann, Tobias (c. 1605-1687) Petri von Hartenfels, Georg Christoph ( 1633-1718) Pfeffer, Anna Margareta ( 1679-1746) Pfefferkorn, Georg Michael (1646-1726/31/32) Pfeffinger, Daniel (1662-1724) Pfretzschner, Nicolaus ( 1599-1667) Pfuel, Johann Ernst (1640-1705) Pharetratus, Michael (1570-1633) Philomathes, Matthaeus (d. 1565) Phrygius, Sylvester Johann (c. 15807-1628) Piccolomini, Enea Silvio (1405-1464) Pimpinelli, Vincenzo (1485/6-1534) Pincius, Janus Pyrrhus (fl. 1546) Pinicianus, Johannes (1478-1542) Pinnow, Joel (/7. 1613/38)

1466 1467 1469 1470

1470 1471 1472 1477 1478 1478 1483 1484 1486 1488 1490 1491 1496 1497 1498 1500 1503 1504 1505 1506 1507

1508 1512 1514 1515 1517 1520 1521 1524 1525 1526 1527 1529 1530 1531 1538 1539 1540 1542

Contents

P-44 P-45 P-46 P-47 P-48

xxix

P-77 P-78 P-79 P-80 P-81 P-82

Pinu, Joseph à (c. 1525?-not before 1572) 1543 Pisani, Ugolino (fl. 1435) 1545 Piscis, Guillaume φ . 1520/30) 1547 Piso, Jacobus (c. 1480-1527) 1547 Piso, Stephan φ . 1491) 1549 Pistorius, Christopherus Basilius, see Becker, Christoph Basilius Pistorius, David (d. 1619) 1550 Pistorius, Theophilus (fl. 1623) 1551 Pittel, Cornelius (fl. 1648/85) 1552 Plackenius, Henning (fl. 1622) 1554 Plankenauer, Johann Christoph (c. 1650-after 1685) 1554 Plarer, Janus (fl. 1607/21 ) 1556 Plass, Hermann (fl. 1584/1611) 1557 Poblinger, Georg (fl. c. 1590) 1558 Polantus, Nicolaus (not after 1615-not before 1669) 1559 Pöling, Joachim (1633-1702) 1561 Pole, Timotheus (1599-1642) 1562 Polidamus, Valentin (fl. 1518) 1563 Poll, Michael (1577-1613) 1564 Poltz, Adam (1620-1695) 1565 Pomarius, Johannes (c. 1540-not before 1597 (or 1618?)) 1567 Ponhölzel, Georg Christoph (1681-1757) 1570 Pontanus, Georg Barthold (c. 1550-1616) 1571 Pontanus, Pulcherius, see Georgius Laurentius Schoen Ponticus Virunius, Ludovicus (c. 1460-1520) 1574 Porcelli, Jacobus Antonius Pandonus (1405-1485) 1578 Porsaeus, Henricus (1556-1610) 1581 Porsaeus, Martinus (fl. 1613) 1583 Porsch, Christoph (1652-1713) 1584 Posthius, Johannes (1537-1597) 1585 Praetorius, Adolarius ( 1540-1598) 1590 Praetorius, Benjamin ( 1636-c. 1674) 1591 Praetorius, Bernhard ( 1567-1616) 1592 Praetorius, Georg [I] (/7. 1611 ) 1596 Praetorius, Georg [II] (fl. 1614) 1598 Praetorius, Joachim, see Scultetus, Joachim Praetorius, Johannes (1630-1680) 1599 Praetorius, Zacharias ( 1535-1575) 1605 Preibisius, Valentinus (1588-1632) 1609 Preis, Christoph (fl. 1609) 1611 Primcke, Christian (1627-1669) 1611 Puchbach, Johannes (fl. 1558/1602) 1613

Q-l Q-2 Q-3

Quade, Michael Friedrich (1682-1757) Quellmalz, Andreas ( 15**-1616) Querntenus, Severus (fl. 1614/39)

P-49 P-50 P-51 P-52 P-53 P-54 P-55 P-56 P-57 P-58 P-59 P-60 P-ól P-62 P-63 P-64 P-65 P-66 P-67 P-68 P-69 P-70 P—71 P-72 P-73 P-74 P-75 P-76

1615 1617 1618

XXX

R-1 R-2 R-3 R-4 R-5 R-6 R-7 R-8 R-9 R-10 R-11 R-12 R-13 R-14 R-15 R-16 R-17 R-18 R-19 R-20 R-21 R-22 R-23 R-24 R-25 R-26 R-27 R-28 R-29 R-30 R-31 R-32 R-3 3 R-34 R-3 5 R-36 R-37 R-38 R-39 R-40 R-41 R-42 R-43 R-44 R-45 R-46 R-47

Contents

Rachel, Joachim (1600-1664) Rachelius, Mauritius [1] (1594-1637) Rachelius, Mauritius [II] (d. 1677) Rachlitz, Johann (fl. 1618) Rachlitz, Johann Caspar (fl. 1632/44) Raderecht, Daniel (d. 1637) Radeschinsky von Radessowitz, Samuel (c. 1570-1609) Ranfft, Johann Friedrich (fl. 1690) Raphael, Franz (1533-1604) Rapp, Johann Heinrich (1629-1678) Rauck, Melchior (d. 1675) Raue, Johann (1578-1631) Rauffauff, Sebastian (fl. 1590-1621 ) Rauh, Andreas (1597-1671) Rauner, Narciß (1631-1714) Redelius, Augustinus Casimirus (1656-1705) Regast, Petrus (fl. 1611 ) Regius, Erasmus (fl. 1696) Regnarius, Israel (fl. 1636) Reich, Christoph ( 15687-1632) Reich, Joachim (fl. 1630) Reichel, Christoph (1581-1652) Reichel, Johann ( 1567-not before 1611) Reimann, Georg ( 1570-1615) Reinhard, Karl ( 1769-1840) Reinhart, Christoph (fl. 1614) Reinmann, Georg Christoph (c. 1640-1675) Reitz, Johann Adam Leonhard ( 1680-1753) Remscheidius, Johannes (fl. 1634/6) Resch, Thomas (d. not before 1553) Reusch, Erhard ( 1678-1740) Reusner, Nikolaus ( 1545-1602) Reysmann, Theodor (1503-1544) Rhagius, Johannes (1457-1520) Rhagorius, Daniel (fl. 1625/1648) Rhajus, Johannes Albertus (fl. c. 1607/10?) Rhegius, Urbanus (1489-1541) Rhodius, Theodor (c. 1570-1626) Rhodomann, Lorenz (1546-1606) Rhodomann, Nicolaus ( 1573-not before 1602) Rhönig, Caspar (fl. 1676/79) Rhost, David (1633-1706) Rhost, Samuel (1635-1686) Rhumel, Johann Cunrad (d. 1630) Richter, Adam ( 1566-after 1596) Richter, Caspar (fl. 1613) Richter, Hermann (fl. 1596)

1620 1621 1622 1623 1624 1625 1626 1627 1627 1629 1630 1631 1632 1633 1633 1635 1638 1638 1639 1640 1641 1642 1642 1643 1645 1647 1649 1649 1651 1651 1653 1656 1670 1672 1676 1677 1678 1681 1682 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692 1693 1695 1696

R-48 R-49 R-50 R-51 R-52 R-53 R-54 R-55 R-56 R-57 R-58 R-59 R-60 R-61 R-62 R-63 R-64 R-65 R-66 R-67 R-68 R-69 R-70 R-71 R-72 R-73 R-74 R-75 R-76 R-77 R-78 R-79 R-80 R-81 R-82 R-83 R-84 R-85 R-86 R-87 R-88 R-89

Contents

xxxi

Richter, Johannes (fl. 1593/1605) Richter, Tobias (d. 1721 ) Rieger, Magdalena Sibylle ( 1707-1786) Rigius, Christopherus (fi. 1611 ) Rinckart, Martin (1586-1649) Ringius, Constantinus ( 1593-not before 1653) Risius, Georg Philipp (1626-1690) Risius, Johann Heinrich (1596-1669) Rist, Johann ( 1607-1667) Ritter, Franciscus ( 1575-c. 1641 ) Ritter, Stephan (1589-not before 1637) Rivinus, Andreas (1601-1656) Roch, Gottfried (1677-1726) Rochotius, Andreas (fl. 1606/20) Rococciolo, Francesco (14**-1525) Roerelius, Andreas (fl. 1627/28) Röhrich(t)/Röhrig, Georg, see Calaminus, Georg Rohtmann, Martinus (1607-1657) Röling, Johann (1634-1679) Rolandello, Francesco (1427-1490) Rollenhagen, Gabriel (1583-1619/22) Romkius, Zacharias ( 1 5 * * - 1 6 * * ) Ropritaeus, Annotius (fl. 1614) Rörel, Andreas, see Roerelius, Andreas Röschingeder, Michael Leonhard (fl. 1589) Rose, Andreas (fl. c. 1683) Roseus, Adam (fl. 1624?) Rosefeldt, Jacob (c. 1575-after 1602) Rosenbom, Samuel (1567-1625/34) Rossetus, Petrus (d. 1532) Rost, Friedrich Wilhelm Ehrenfried (1768-1835) Roth, Theodor, see Rhodius, Theodorus Rothe, Gottfried (fl. 1675) Rothe, Gottlob (not after 1670-not before 1714) Rothmaler, Erasmus ( 1597/1610-1662) Rothmann, Christoph (d. c. 1655) Rothman, Martinus, see Rohtmann, Martin Rotmar, Valentin (d. 1581 ) Rüdinger, Gottfried (1604-1680) Rüdinger, Johannes (fl. 1614-1655) Rudinger, Matthaeus ( 1572-1634) Rüdinger, Nikolaus (/7. 1573) Rüdinger, Paul (d. 163 7) Rudolphus, Nicolaus (fl. 1597/1611) Ruhl, Valentin (fl. 1668/85) Rüling, Samuel (c. 1586-1626) Rummel, Johannes Konrad, see Rhumel, Johann Cunrad

1696 1697 : 1699 1701 1702 1705 1706 1707 1709 1719 1720 1722 1730 1731 1732 1733 1733 1734 1737 1738 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744 1744 1746 1747 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1757 1759 1761 1763 1763 1764 1765 1766

xxxii R-90 R-91 R-92 R-93

Contents

Ruopp, Johann Fredericus ( 1672-1708) Ruperti, Christopherus (fl. 1606) Rupprecht, Johann ( 1720-1772) Rutingius, Paul (/7. 1598/1617)

1768 1769 1770 1771

VOLUME IV S-l S-2 S-3 S-A S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8 S-9 S-10 S-l 1 S-l 2 S-l3 S-14 S-l 5 S-16 S-l7 S-l8 S-19 S-20 S—21 S-22 S-23 S-24 S-25 S-26 S-27 S-28 S-29 S-30 S-31 S-32 S-33 S-34 S-35 S-36 S-37 S-38 S-39

Sabellicus, Marcus Antonius (1436-1506) Sabinus, Angelus (fl. 1467) Sabinus, Georg ( 1508-1560) Sacer, Gottfried Wilhelm (1635-1699) Sadolinus, Johannes Georgius ( 1528/9-c. 1600) Sagittarius, Thomas ( 1577-1621 ) Saler, Paul (fl. 1659) Salmuth, Heinrich (b. before 15 76) Saltzer, Michael (fl. c. 1616) Saltzmann, Johannes Fridericus (fl. 1628) Sartorius, Erasmus (1577-1637) Sassenhagen, Matthaeus (fl. c. 1630-1682) Sastrow, Johann (1515-1545) Saubert, Johannes (1592-1646) Sauerbrey, Daniel (fl. 1669) Saurmann, Johannes (fl. 1682/1700) Saxus, Ansus (fl. 1754) Sbrulius, Riccardus (c. 1480-after 1525) Schader, Johannes (fl.\62\) Schaeve, Heinrich ( 1624-1661 ) Scharlach, Samuel (1569-1635) Schaum, Matthias (/7. 1614/32) Schede, Elias ( 1615-1641 ) Schede Melissus, Paul (1539-1602) Scheibel, Johannes [I] (fl. 1607) Scheibel, Johannes [II] (fl. 1609) Schelhammer, Christoph (fl. 1650?) Schelhammer, Johannes (not before c. 1560-after 1620) Scheller, Johann (fl. 1698/1709) Scheraeus, Bartholomeus (c. 1575-after 1624) Scherertz, Friedrich (c. 1630-not before 1667) Scherffer von Scherffenstein, Wenzel (c. 1603-1674) Schertz, Johannes Georgius (1678-1754) Schiebel, Johann Georg (1656-1684) Schifimann, Johann Friedrich Alexander (fl. 1758) Schirmer, Michael (1606-1673) Schivenhofel, Johannes (fl. c. 1630) Schlegel, Christoph (1613-1678) Schlegel, Janus(15**-16**)

1773 1777 1778 1787 1791 1794 1798 1798 1801 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1809 1809 1810 1811 1815 1815 1817 1818 1819 1820 1829 1830 1830 1831 1833 1834 1836 1837 1840 1842 1845 1845 1847 1848 1850

Contents

S-40 S^t 1 S-42 S-43 S-44 S-45 S-46 S-47 S-48 S-49 S-50 S-51 S-52 S-53 S-54 S-55 S-56 S-57 S-58 S-59 S-60 S-61 S-62 S-63 S-64 S-65 S-66 S-67 S-68 S-69 S-70 S-71 S-72 S-73 S-74 S-75 S-76 S-77 S-78 S-79 S-80 S-81 S-82 S-83 S-84

Schlegel, Joachim ( 1567-1611) Schleifer, Johannes (fl. 1570/72) Schleupner, Johann (fl. 1623) Schmaltz, Jacob ( 1644-1694) Schmid, Johann Christoph (fl. 1681 ) Schmidt, Christian (1683-1754) Schmidt, David {fl. 1645/58) Schmidt, Johannes (1639-1689) Schmolck, Benjamin (1672-1737) Schneuber, Johann Matthias (1614-1665) Schnurr, Balthasar ( 1572-1644) Schober, Franz Christoph (fl. 1621 ) Schober, Huldricus (1559-1598) Schoen, Georgius Laurentius (fl. 1594) Schoettel, Johannes Carl (fl. 1662/69) Scholtzius, Johannes (fl. 1610) Schonaeus, Andreas ( 1552-1615) Schönaich, Christoph Otto von ( 1725-1807) Schönberg, Georg (fl. 1663) Schönborn, Georg von (1579-1637) Schönwalder, Melchior (fl. 1627) Schopp, Conrad (c. 1579-not before 1635) Schoppe, Kaspar (1576-1649) Schösser, Christian Theodor (after 1570-after 1640) Schosser, Johann (1534-1585) Schräder, Johann (fl. 1592/1624) Schramus, Thomas (fl. 1614/1635) Schreck, Valentin (c. 1527-1602) Schröter, Adam (1525-1572) Schroeter, Johann Heinrich (not after 1565-1615) Schröter, Paul Conrad (1644-1675) Schubart, Christian Friedrich Daniel (1739-1791) Schubart, Johann Benedikt (1631-1669) Schug, Johannes Leonhardus (fl. 1624) Schuhes, Jakob ( 1727-1771 ) Schultze, Hans, see Praetorius, Johannes Schultze, Christian (fl. 1660/65) Schultze, Georg (fl. c. 1670) Schultze, Johann (not after 1655-1711) Schumacher, Johann Daniel (fl. 1710) Schurz, Johann Christian (c. 1655-after 1680) Schütz, Michael, see Toxites, Michael Schwach, Johann (fl. 1629) Schwalbach, Johann Georg (d. 1637) Schwarz, Abraham (c. 1560/65-after 1616?) Schwarzbach, Christoph (1588-1639) Schwenter, Daniel (1585-1636)

xxxiii

1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1857 1859 1864 1867 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1874 1878 1879 1881 1881 1883 1886 1887 1890 1892 1893 1895 1896 1898 1899 1902 1904 1905 1906 1908 1908 1910 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915

xxxiv S-85 S-86 S-87 S-88 S-89 S-90 S-91 S-92 S-93 S-94 S-95 S-96 S-97 S-98 S-99 S-100 S - l 01 S-102 S - l 03 S-104 S-105 S-106 S-107 S-l08 S-l09 S - l 10 S-111 S - l 12 S - l 13 S - l 14 S - l 15 S - l 16 S - l 17 S - l 18 S - l 19 S-120 S-121 S-122 S-l23 S-l24 S-125 S-126 S-127 S-l28 S-l29

Contents

Schwenter, Jacob (1631-1674/75) 1919 Scultetus, Joachim (fl. 1590/1610) 1920 Scultetus, Petrus (15**-16**) 1922 Scultetus, Tobias [I] (1565-1620) 1923 Scultetus, Tobias [II] (1563-not before 1618) 1925 Sebaldus, Vitus (fl. 1606) 1926 Seckerwitz, Johannes (before 1530-1583) 1927 Securius, Thomas (1601-1671) 1930 Sedulius, Caspar (fl. 1576) 1932 Sedulius, Johann (fi. 1576) 1932 Seelmann, Sebastian ( 1640-not before 1681 ) 1933 Seger, Johannes (1582-1637) 1934 Seidemann, Melchior (15**-1659 1936 Seiler, Tobias, the Elder (c. 1560-1629) 1936 Semiler, Franz Balthasar Ferdinand (fl. 1712) 1939 Senitz, Elisabeth von (1629-1679) 1940 Setzerus, Balthasar (fl. 1600/15) 1941 Severinus, Jacobus (15**-not before 1616) 1942 Sevin, Franciscus Desiderius de (fl. 1698) 1943 Seyboth, Johann ( 1593-1661 ) 1944 Seyffart, Carol (fl. 1664/1700?) 1945 Seyfried, Wilhelm ( 1678-1698) 1946 Siber, Paul (fl. 1560/74) 1948 Sibutus, Georgius (c. 1480?-after 1528) 1950 Siebenhaar, Malachias (1616-1684) 1953 Sieber, Justus (1628-1695) 1955 Simon, Balthasar ( 1591 -1635) 1958 Simon, Jeremias (c. 1630-1701) 1959 Simonis, Johann Friedrich (fl. 1704) 1960 Sitzmann, Theodor (d. 1623) 1961 Sivers, Heinrich Jakob (1708-1758) 1962 Slevogt, Paul (1596-1655) 1963 Smeckelius, Martinus (fl. 1604/15) 1966 Span, Laurentius (15317-1575) 1967 Spanhack, Ν. (fl. 1645) 1968 Specht, Anna Margareta, see Pfeffer, Anna Margareta Speidel, Friedrich Benjamin (1653-1735) 1970 Speiser, Johann Christoph Quodvultdeus ( 1721 -after 1769).... 1971 Spreng, Johann Jakob ( 1699-1768) 1972 Stabius, Johannes (1450-1522) 1974 Stabius, Ottomar (fl. 1606/10) 1976 Stajus, Jacobus (15 * *-16* *) 1977 Starck, Ludwig (1628/30-1681) 1978 Starcke, Johann (d. 1623) 1979 Staricius, Johannes(15**-16**) 1980 Stechau, Michael (c. 1630-after 1681) 1982 Stefano, Emiliano Giovanni, see Aemilianus, Quintius

Contents

XXXV

S-130 S-131 S-132 S-133 S-134 S-136 S-136 S-137 S-138 S - l 39 S-140 S-141 S-142 S-143 S-144 S - l 45 S-146 S-147 S-148 S-149 S-150 S-151 S-152 S-153 S - l 54 S-155 S-156 S-157 S-158 S-159 S-160 S-161 S-162 S-163 S-164 S-165 S-166 S-167

Stegmann, Ambrosius (fl. 1617) Stein, Eitelwolff vom (1466-1515) Stein, Johannes (1579-not before 1660) Steinberg, Nicolaus ( 1543/1553-1610) Steinhoff, Carolus (fl. 1586) Steinmann, Johannes (fl. 1651) Steinmetz, Johannes [I] (fl. 1599/1615) Steinmetz, Johannes [II] (fl. 1609) Stephani, Matthias (1576-1646) Sterenbarch, Johann Hinrich (c. 1640-1675) Steuerlein, Johannes (1546-1613) Stida, Ernst (1585-1632) Stieff, Christian (1675-1751) Stigel, Johann [I] (1515-1562) Stigel, Johann [II] (15**-16**) Stobaeus, Martinus (fl. 1609) Stöberlein, Johann Leonhard (1636-1696) Stockfleth, Heinrich Arnold (1643-1708) Stockfleth, Maria Katharina (1634-1692) Stockmann, August Cornelius (1751-1821) Stockmann, Ernst [1] (1634-1712) Stockmann, Ernst [II] (1661-1740) Stockmann, Paul (1661-1730) Stoltz von Stoltzenberg, Daniel (1600-after 1644) Straub, Caspar (fl. 1625) Streck, Valentin (fl. 1624/after 1641) Streuber, Peter (not after 1545-after 1594) Stromberg, Henricus (fl. 1613) Strube, Georg (1640-1702) Strube, Heinrich Julius (1586-1629) Stübel, Johann Jacob (1652-1721) Stübritz, Martin (1625-1684) Sturm, Jakob (fl. 1662) Sturm, Leonhard Christoph (1669-1719) Sturm, Martin (b. 1564) Sturm, Samuel (fl. 1667) Sturmis, Johannes (14**-after 1527) Sutor, David (fl. 1631)

1983 1984 1985 1987 1988 1989 1990 1993 1993 1996 1997 1999 2000 2003 2008 2009 2009 2011 2014 2016 2018 2022 2023 2025 2026 2027 2028 2030 2031 2033 2036 2038 2040 2041 2043 2043 2046 2048

T-1 T-2 T-3 T-4 T-5 T-6 T-7 T-8

Tabing, Johannes (1646-1695) Taisnier, Jean (1508/9-1589?) Tancke, Joachim (1557-1609) Tappius, Theodulus Georgius (d. 1665) Tatius Alpinus, Marcus (c. 1509-1562) Taubmann, Friedrich (1565-1613) Taust, Johann Gottfried (c. 1645-1716) Taut, Karl (fl. 1667)

2049 2050 2052 2055 2056 2058 2066 2067

xxxvi

Contents

T-9 T-l 0 T-l 1 T-l2 T-l 3 T-l4 T-l 5 T-l 6 T-l 7 T-l 8 Τ-19 T-20 T-21 T-22 T-23 T-24 T-25 T-26 T-27 T-28 T-29 T-30 T-31 T-32 T-33 T-34 T-35 T-36 T-37 T-3 8 T-39 T—40 T-41 T-42 T-43 T—44

Tecno, Johannes (fl. 1568) Tepelius, Johannes ( 1649-after 1674) Teuber, Johannes Friedrich (fl. 1682/c. 1710) Textor, Zacharias, the Younger (fl. 1611) Thamm, Balthasar ( 1587-1653) Thebesius, Adamus (1596-1652) Theill, Johann (1608-1680) Theodoricus, Georgius (fl. 1603) Theophilus, Nikolaus (1541-1604?) Thibaldus, Antonius (1463-1537) Thidomar, Johann Christoph (fl. 1663/89) Thilo, Valentin (1560/64-1612/16) Thomae, Elias (c. 1627-1687) Thomae, Samuel Christian (1668-1719?) Thomasius, Jacob (1622-1684) Thurius, Georgius (c. 1545-after 1602) Tiefenbruch, Franciscus (before 1620-not before 1690) Tilesius, Nathanael (1565-1616) Timaeus, Johannes (1567-1614) Timaeus, Urbanus (fl. 1609) Tostius, Johannes (fl. 1582/92) Toxites, Michael (1514-1581) Trautschel, Johann (1603-1648) Trebelius, Hermann (c. 1475-after 1514) Treiber, Heinrich Ernst (c. 1643-c. 1700) Treiber, Johann Philipp (1675-1727) Treuer, Gotthilf (1632-1711) Treuner, Johann Christoph (16307-1681) Trincius, Gregorius (fl. 1619) Troianus, Fridericus (fl. 1603/11 ) Trommer, David (c. 1640-1714) Tscherning, Andreas (1611-1659) Tscheuschner, Valerius (1556-after 1614) Tschonder, Jeremias ( 1579-1647) Tülsner, Adam (c. 1590-c. 1660) Turnovius, Johann (c. 1568-1629)

2068 2069 2070 2071 2072 2073 2074 2077 2078 2079 2082 2083 2084 2086 2087 2095 2096 2097 2099 2101 2102 2103 2107 2108 2111 2112 2115 2117 2119 2120 2120 2122 2125 2126 2127 2129

U-l U-2 U-3 U-4 U-5 U-6 U-7 U-8 U-9 U-10

Uber, Georg (?) ( 15th c.) Ubiser, Micha (fl. 1576/79) Uhse, Erdmann (fl. 1677/1730) Ulbeck, Wolfgang (c. 1552-not before 1615 (?)) Ulber, Christian Samuel (1714-1776) Ulrich, Paul (fl. 1624) Ulrichus, Johannes (fl. 1600) Ulsenius, Theodoricus (c. 1460-1508) Unzer, Johanne Charlotte ( 1725-1782) Ursinus, Elias (1574/9-1623/8)

2131 2132 2133 2136 2137 2139 2140 2141 2143 2145

Contents

U-11

V-l V-2 V-3 V^l V-5 V-6 V-7 V-8 V-9 V-10 V-l 1 V-12 V-l 3 V-l4 V-l5 V-16 V-l7 V-l 8 V-l 9 V-20

W-l W-2 W-3 W^l· W-5 W-6 W-7 W-8 W-9 W-10 W-l 1 W-12 W-l3 W-14 W-l5 W-16 W-l7 W-l8 W-19 W-20

Ursinus, Johannes (c. 1540) Vadianus, see Watt, Joachim von Vaget, Barthold (1656-1724) Vagnonus, Jacobus (fi. 1496) Vechner, Daniel (1572-1632) Vechner, David (1594-1669) Vechner, Johannes (fl. 1645) Velius, Caspar Ursinus (c. 1490/3-1539?) Velocianus, Thomas, see Resch, Thomas Venator, Adolphus Tectander (d. 1619) Venator, Balthasar (c. 1594-1664) Venator, Zacchaeus Tectander (fl. 1613) Versmann, Johannes (fl. 1615/48) Viebing, Konrad Heinrich (1630-1691) Viecke, Friedrich (1629-1697) Vigilantius, Publius, see Arvinianus, Gregorius Viola, Johann Georg (fl. 1635/50) Virdung, Michael (1575-1637) Vogel, Jacob (1584-after 1630) Vogel, Johann (1589-1663) Vogler, Thomas Heinrich (c. 1480/85-1532) Voidius, Balthasar (1592-1654) Volland, Adam (fl. 1609/11) Vollockius, Johannes Philipp (c. 1575-not before 1619) Vortmann, Johannes, see Fortmann, Johannes W— [Weidner (?)], Johannes (fl. 1593) Wachmann, Bernhard (fl. 1616/19) Wagner, Caspar [I] (fl. 1593/1620) Wagner, Caspar [II] (fl. 1600) Wagner, Elias (1624-1676) Wagner, Johann Franz (1733-1778) Wagner, Laurentius (fl. 1605) Waldenegg, Philipp Jacob Oswald von (fl. 1667) Waldter, Johannes Andreas (fl. 1627) Walliser, Johann Friedrich (c. 1680-after 1753) Walther, Heinrich (1573-not before 1638) Wanckel, Johannes (1553-1616) Warnickenius, Melchior (fl. 1669/1707) Watt (Vadianus), Joachim von (1484-1551) Weber, Georg Heinrich (fl. 1661/72) Weber, Johannes Conrad (fl. 1632) Weber, Wilhelm (1602-1661) Weckherlin, Ludwig (1583-1635) Weckmann, Jacobus (d. 1629) Wegleiter, Christoph (1659-1706)

XXXvii

2147

2148 2149 2150 2152 2153 2154 2157 2158 2162 2163 2164 2165 2167 2167 2170 2172 2174 2176 2179 2180

2181 2182 2183 2186 2186 2187 2189 2190 2191 2191 2193 2194 2196 2197 2205 2206 2206 2210 2211 2212

xxxviii W-21 W-22 W-23 W-24 W-25 W-26

Contents

2214 2215 2216 2217 2218 2220

W-27 W-28 W-29 W-30 W-31 W-32 W-33 W-34 W-35 W-36 W-37 W-3 8 W-39 W-40 W-41 W-42 W-43 W-44 W-45 W-46 W-47 W-48 W-49 W-50 W-51 W-52 W-53 W-54 W-55 W-56 W-57 W-58 W-59

Weidner, Johannes ( 1545-1606) Weinckens, Johannes (fl. 1709/14) Weinrich, Jeremias (fl. 1639) Weinrich, Melchior (fl. 1615) Weiss, Conrad (1536-not before 1575) Weitz, Johannes (1576-1642/45) Wencelius, Andreas, see Wenzel, Andreas Weniger, Paul (fl. 1600) Wentzel, Johann Christoph (1659-1723) Wenzel, Andreas (1549-1613/14) Weppen, Friedrich Georg (fl. 1756) Werkmeister, Franz Heinrich (fl. 1689/98) Werner, Johannes (15**-16**) Werner, Petrus (1520-not before 1540 (?)) Werthern, Georg Wilhelm von (1644-1667) Westhovius, Willich (1577-1646) Weston, Elizabeth Jane (1582-1612) Wethmann, Joachim (fl. 1690/1602) Wetter, David ( 1594-1630) Wiblitius, Simon (fl. 1594/11) Wichgreve, Albrecht (c. 1575-1619) Widmann, Erasmus (1572-1634) Wieland, Johann Sebastian (1590-1635) Wilcke, Andreas (1562-1631) Wilcover, Johannes (fl. 1607/14) Wilhelmi, Bartholomaeus (d. 1623) Wilhelmi, Joseph (1597-1652) Winckelmann, Conrad Adam (fl. 1698/1708) Windorfer, Adam (fl. 1600/08) Winer, Christoph ( 1597) Wolf, Samuel (1549-1591) Wolke, Johannes (fl. 1660/67) Wolter, Johann ( 17th c.) Wonna, Georgius (1637-1708) Wormser, Burchard (fl. 1632) Worster, Johann Friedrich (fl. 1617/30) Woytt, Georg Christian (not after 1696-not before 1736) Woytt, Laurentius Wolfgang ( 1673-not before 1724) Würffei, Georg (fl. 1568) Wyss, Felix (1596-1666)

Z-1 Z-2 Z-3 Z-4 Z-5 Z-6

Z [ ] , A [ ] M [ ] ( / 7 . 1699) Z[ ], J[ ] A[ ] (fl. 1703) Zachariä, David (fl. 1654/61 ) Zamehl, Friedrich ( 1590-1647) Zamehl, Gottfried (1629-1684) Zanobi da Strada (1312/15-1361 /64)

2275 2276 2276 2277 2278 2281

2224 2225 2228 2230 2231 2232 2233 2234 2236 2239 2244 2245 2246 2247 2248 2250 2252 2253 2255 2256 2258 2259 2260 2261 2262 2263 2265 2267 2268 2269 2270 2271 2272

Contents

Z-7 Z-8 Z-9 Z-10 Z-l 1 Z-12 Z-l 3 Z-l4 Z-l 5 Z-l6 Z-l 7 Z-l 8 Z-l 9 Z-20 Z-21 Z-22 Z-23 Z-24 Z-25 Z-26 Z-27

Zäunemann, Sidonia Hedwig (1711 ( 1714?)-1740) Zehmen, Heinrich von (15 * *-16* *) Zehner, Heinrich, see Decimator, Heinrich Zeidler, Johann Gottfried (1655-1711) Zeising, Joannes (fl. 1589/1611) Zeisold, Johann Philipp (c. 1640-1687) Zencker, Samuel (1611-1693) Zenckfrey, Henricus (fl. 1601/11) Zeno, Apostolo (1668-1750) Zesen, Philipp von (1619-1689) Ziegler, Christiane Mariane von (1695-1760) Ziegler, Christoph (1586-1632) Ziegler, Johanne Charlotte, see Unzer, Johanne Charlotte Zierlin, Georg (1592-1661) Zigemarius, Ennius (1585-1641) Zimmermann, Andreas ( 1646-after 1730) Zimmermann, Matthaeus (not after c. 1570-after 1605) Zimmermann, Valerius (fl. 1614) Zimmermann, Wolfgang (fl. 1657/75) Zindler, Johannes (fl. 1611/34) Zopf, Johann Caspar (fl. 1662/93) Zschau, Johann Gottfried (fl. 1697/1733) Zuber, Matthaeus (1570-1623)

xxxix 2282 2287 2288 2293 2294 2296 2297 2298 2304 2307 2311 2312 2314 2315 2316 2318 2318 2319 2320 2323 2324

Appendix A: Papal poets laureate Papal-1 Papal-2 Papal-3 PapaM

Papal-5 Papal-6 Papal-7 Papal-8

Alberti, Leon Battista (1404-1472) Aurispa, Giovanni (1369/76-1459) Falugi, Domenico (fl. 1510/20) Fernandez, Maria Maddalena Morelli (1727-1800) Fischer, Jakob, see main sequence F-34 Grapaldi, Francesco Maria, see main sequence G-54 Perfetti, Bernardo (1681-1747/8) Pimpinelli, Vincenzo, see main sequence P-40 Pontano, Giovanni Gioviani (1429-1503) Querno, Camillo (fl. 1514) Rhagius, Johannes, see main sequence R-34 Sarbievus, Matthias Casimir (1595-1640)

2330 2333 2335 2337

2338 2339 2342 2343

Appendix B: Spurious poets laureate Sp-1 Sp-2 Sp-3 Sp-4 Sp-5 Sp-6

Allegri, Francesco degli (fl. c. 1500) Beheim, Michel (1420-after 1472) Beuder, Johann (fl. 1691) Bollenbrock, Michel (not after 1673) Brentano, Clemens (1778-1842) Caesar, Heinrich (fl. 1646)

2346 2347 2348 2349 2350 2351

xl

Contents

Sp-7 Sp-8 Sp-9 Sp-10 Sp-11 Sp-12 Sp-13 Sp-14 Sp-15 Sp-16 Sp-17 Sp-18 Sp-19 Sp-20 Sp-21 Sp-22 Sp-23 Sp-24 Sp-25 Sp-26 Sp-27 Sp-28 Sp-29 Sp-30 Sp-31 Sp-32 Sp-33 Sp-34 Sp-35

Codomann, Salomon, the Elder (1560-1616) Cottalembergius, Johannes Franciscus (fl. 1520) Fabricius, Paul (1519-1588) Feind, Barthold, see Gasto von Perlensee, Ferdinand Geraldinus, Antonius (1449-not after 1489) Gasto von Perlensee, Ferdinand (1678-1721) Gritti, Andreas (fl. 1654) Guntherus, Johannes (fl. 1605) Hilarius, Jocosus (-) Heberlinus, Johannes Michael (fl. 1658) Konrad von Mure (1210-1280/81) Kotzebue, August von ( 1761 -1819) Landini, Cristoforo ( 1425-1504) Liddel, Duncan (1561-1613) Lolejus, Valentinus ( 1546-not before 1627) Maynus, Jason (1435-1519) Mirabellius, Dominicus Nannus (fl. 1503) Pelargus, Christoph (1565-1633) Potenzanus, Franciscus (1550-1599) Riedner, Johannes (fl. 1480) Sachs, Hans ( 1494-1576) Seiler, Tobias, the Younger (1587-1648) Spreng(er), Johann (1524-1601) Tannstetter, Georg (1482-1535) Thibaldus, Jacobus (1463-1537) Timaeus, Jacobus (fl. before 1627) Uberti, Fazio degli (c. 1360) Unger, J. Ch Unkepunz, Gangolph ('d. 1779') Weitzel, Johannes (fl. 1635)

2351 2353 2354 2356 2358 2359 2360 2360 2361 2361 2362 2364 2365 2367 2367 2368 2369 2371 2371 2372 2373 2374 2375 2376 2376 2377 2377 2377 2379

Appendix C: Poets Laureate in England

2380

Chronological List of Laureations Places at which Laureations were Performed Persons and Authorities conferring the title of Poeta laureatus Biographical notes on the Counts Palatine and other Dignitaries conferring the title of Poeta Laureatus Dates of the Holy Roman Emperors and Other Potentates Foundation dates of Universities in the Holy Roman Empire Bibliography and Abbreviations List of Illustrations General Index Addenda

2383 2396 2402 2410 2427 2431 2432 2482 2485 2527

The Scope of this Book Qui de illis nati sunt reliquerunt nomen narrandi laudes eorum et sunt quorum non est memoria perierunt quasi non fuerint. Some men have lived who have left a name behind them to declare their praises, and there are some who have no memorial, who perished as though they had never been. ECCLESIASTICUS 4 4 , 8 - 9 .

Nam quis, per Musas et Apollinem! innumerum hunc numerum iniret seu Poëtarum seu Poëtastrorum?1 - 'who indeed, by the Muses and Apollo, could count the countless poets and poetasters?' This Handbook contains entries for more than thirteen hundred poets who bore, or are said to have borne, the title Poeta Laureatus Caesareus (or Poeta Laureatus, Poeta Coronatus, abbreviated as P.L.C., P.L. or P.C.) by imperial authority in the Holy Roman Empire and associated domains. Its primary aim - and this cannot be emphasized too strongly - is to provide a starting point for further research on individual poets and to facilitate further enquiry into the general phenomenon of the laureation of poets. The majority of these poets have been ignored by standard histories of literature, and indeed approximately twenty per cent of them are not recorded in any of the more than five hundred biographical reference works covered by the Deutscher Biographischer Index (DBI). Wherever possible, an attempt has been made to provide some information, however limited, about the poets' careers and their writings, but the lists of their publications are not necessarily exhaustive: the items recorded are drawn chiefly from the holdings of three major libraries, the British Library in London, the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in Munich, and the Herzog August Bibliothek at Wolfenbüttel. For further details see Note on the Arrangement of Entries. Inevitably, some of these poets are destined to remain forever obscure - in Thomas Gray's memorable phrase, flowers blushing unseen, wasting their sweetness on the desert air. Even though we may know their names, their works have generally not survived - it would be churlish to add 'mercifully', since much of interest, even of merit, may well have been among them. I

Thus NEUMEISTER, De poelis germanicis, 1695: 2. Throughout this Handbook sources frequently referred to are cited by author and/or short title; for full bibliographical details see Bibliography and Abbreviations.

xlii

The Scope of this Book

A brief account of the sources used for the Handbook will help to indicate its scope, define its limits and limitations, and even suggest further possibly fruitful lines of enquiry. Despite its venerable age and manifest inadequacies, C H R I S T I A N GOTTLIEB JÖCHER's Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexicon, Leipzig, 1750-51, along with J O H A N N CHRISTOPH A D E L U N G ' S Fortsetzung und Ergänzungen zu Christian Gottlieb Jöchers Allgemeinen Gelehrten-Lexico, Leipzig, 1784-1819 (cited, respectively, as JÖCHER and J Ö C H E R / A D E L U N G ) , proved to be a useful starting point, not least because it lists many individuals who are not recorded in other readily accessible biographical handbooks. Although by JÖCHER's day the status of Poeta Laureatus was disdained and discredited, the fact that he regularly mentions it in his biographical sketches shows that it must still have signified something to his contemporaries. 2 Informative and salutary an experience though it has been to have read one's way through the whole of JÖCHER's monumental work and its continuation, it has been sad to realize how the reputations of so many of the persons there sincerely described as 'famous' have now, in Tennyson's beautiful metaphor, been 'foreshortened in the tract of time' and, in most cases, have slipped irrevocably from human memory. Nevertheless, to some extent, it is to the mechanical recording of their lives in biographical directories that some owe any semblance of fame. From JÖCHER, J Ö C H E R / A D E L U N G , Z E D L E R ' S Universallexikon ( 1733-50) and a host of now largely forgotten reference works, whether M E L C H I O R A D A M ' S Vitae Germanorum jureconsultorum etpoliticorum (1620), J O H A N N M A T T H I A S G R O S S ' S Historisches Lexicon evangelischer Jubel-Priester (1727), J U S T CHRISTOPH M O T S C H M A N N ' S Erfordia literata oder Gelehrtes Erffurth (1729-32) or ALBRECHT WEYERMANN 'S Nachrichten von Gelehrten, Künstlern und anderen 2

A difficulty encountered with Jöcher's work is that although he remarkably frequently makes specific mention of the fact that a person was a laureated poet where this applies, he cannot be relied on to have done this in every case. Thus while he records Samuel Artopoeus as a laureate he does not include this information about his son Johann Christoph Artopoeus (JÖCHER, I, 579) though he was one too. Similarly Christoph Aulaeus (JÖCHER, I, 654), Martin Braschius (JOCHER, I, 1340-1), Johann Sebastian Mittemacht (JÖCHER, 111, 558-9) and Gottfried Wilhelm Sacer (JOCHER, IV, 14) are not specified as having been laureated. though they undoubtedly were. When there is confirmation of a poet's status from another source, Jöcher's entry presents no problems. More difficult, however, are those tantalizing cases where the tenor of his entry would suggest that the individual might well have been a laureate though this is not explicitly stated. Of Tobias von Htlbner (1577-1636), for instance. Jöcher goes so far as to say: 'Er war ein gelehrter Mann und vortrefflicher Poete, welcher der deutschen Poesie zuerst die recht Art gegeben, und dahero von vielen der deutsche Virgilius und Ovidius genennet worden' (JOCHER, II, 1752; on him see NEUMEISTER/HEIDUK 1978: 386-7), and of Zacharias Praetorius (1535-75) we learn that Melanchthon considered him the most skilful poet of his day in Germany (JÖCHER, III, 1751) - in this last case, we do know that he was laureated, at Wittenberg in 1556.

The Scope of this Book

xliii

merkwürdigen Personen aus Ulm (1798-1829), to mention but a few, a core list of several hundred poets was compiled. This list soon confirmed that V I N C E N Z O L A N C E T T I ' S Memorie intomo ai poeti laureati d'ogni tempo e d'ogni nazione (Milan, 1839), the only previous attempt to make a comprehensive record of Poets Laureate (and on a grander scale than envisaged here, extending back 'to the most ancient times' and down to 'Roberto Soutey' (Robert Southey), laureated in England in 1813), was - for all that it had been a truly magnificent achievement for its time - now woefully inadequate. But, for all their shortcomings, they remain useful, indeed indispensable; as the classical scholar George Kennedy wrily said of the writers of an earlier age, they 'sometimes meant what they said, and occasionally even knew what they were talking about'. This initial list of poets was then expanded by further research in a variety of primary and secondary sources. In many cases the poets' status as P.L.C. was ascertained directly from original sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth-century publications by them or their contemporaries. Here serendipity played a major role. In particular, the magnificent collections of the British Library in London and the Herzog August Bibliothek at Wolfenbüttel must be mentioned, but items from various other libraries were consulted, directly or by proxy, as occasion arose. Information derived from these sources was supplemented from the printed and online catalogues of many other institutions, notably the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek at Munich, while such admirable electronic resources as the Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund (GBV) and the Karlsruher Virtueller Katalog (KVK) proved invaluable for tracing the scattered relics of forgotten poets. As will be related in the Introduction, seventeenth-century Poets Laureate in particular regularly contributed verses to wedding booklets and funeral publications. Hence catalogues of collections of so-called Leichenpredigten (funeral booklets generally containing an address given at a funeral, sometimes with an account of the deceased's life, and often supplemented by various poems contributed by his or her relations, friends, associates or employees) have revealed many forgotten poets. Such funeral booklets, more than 145,000 of which have been recorded in the GESA Gesamtkatalog deutschsprachiger Leichenpredigten database at the University of Marburg, are not only of immense importance for genealogical research, they also contain vast quantities of unknown (mostly Latin) verse. Detailed examination of the catalogue by G U S T A V F R Ü H et al. of the collection in the Stadtarchiv at Braunschweig alone revealed perhaps as many as a hundred or

xliv

The S c o p e o f this Book

more hitherto unknown P.L.C.s.3 Even more valuable have been the magnificently informative volumes in K L A U S G A R B E R ' S Handbuch des personalen Gelegenheitsschrifttums in europäischen Bibliotheken und Archiven (cited as HPGEBA), the first volumes of which began appearing in 2001 when the present work was already well advanced. One of the particular merits of Garber's enormous undertaking is that it records the contributors to volumes of occasional verse together with their full original designations. Thus if a contributor is described in the original as P.L.C., spelt out or abbreviated, this fact is carefully recorded. If only this were the case in other reference works too! Those who devised library cataloguing rules decreeing that any information given on title pages concerning the profession or status of an author should be rigorously suppressed have much to answer for. One of the concomitant paradoxes of the study is that the amount of research invested in each entry has been almost in inverse proportion to the importance of the poet concerned: the literature on such well-known laureates as Conrad Celtis, Ulrich von Hutten and Martin Opitz is immense and information about them is readily available. In contrast, despite best endeavours, it has been a labour of love to ascertain anything at all about the majority of the obscure figures listed here - one is reminded of the wry remark a Danish scholar once made about runic inscriptions, that they generally concerned people no one had ever heard of and about whom the most important fact concerning their lives was that they had died.4 The Handbook records many whom the French, in a felicitous turn of phrase, call 'les illustres inconnus'. Against some poets' expectations, laureation has no more been a guarantee of lasting fame than has the winning of any literary award, even the Nobel Prize for Literature. What Ben Jonson said of Shakespeare, that he was 'not of an age, but for all time', might well be reversed for these poets: most of them were not for all time, but decidedly of an age! Yet be that as it may, the works of the obscure are 3

The Göttingen collection, covering an estimated 12,000 booklets, is undoubtedly very important. However, MANFRED VON TIEDEMANN'S Katalog der Leichenpredigtsammlung der Niedersächsischen Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek in Göttingen, 3 vols, Göttingen, 1 9 5 4 - 5 , does not detail the contributors at all, hence it is o f little value for the present study, although it is likely that the collection harbours other undiscovered P.L.C.s. There is, o f course, substantial overlap between the various collections; thus TIEDEMANN, I: 14, estimated that 6 0 per cent o f the Göttingen booklets are also represented in the Stolberg collection, described by WERNER KONSTANTIN VON ARNWALDT. Other notable collections are found in Hamburg, Hannover, and Stuttgart.

4

'Der danische Gelehrte Niels Math. Petersen hat einmal gesagt, die Runeninschriften nennten meist nur eine Person, die niemand kenne, und meldeten als das wichtigste Ereignis ihres Lebens, daß sie gestorben sei.' HELMUT ARNTZ, Handbuch der Runenkunde, Halle, 1935, p. 2 2 3 .

The Scope of this Book

xlv

just as much part of the literary heritage as are the works of better known poets. In addition to the main sequence of entries, the Handbook includes an appendix listing spurious poets laureate. For the most part the names included here are those who have wrongly been credited with the title, others are fictitious characters. We should be careful to note that even among the 1345 names in the main list a few may inadvertently have been included who, contrary to the assertions of the authorities cited, did not in fact hold the title; cases in point might be Friedrich Bartsch, Theodorus Beza, Adam Bletz, J[ ] F[ ], Rudolf von Langen, and perhaps the pseudonymous Annotius Ropritaeus. They have been accorded the benefit of the doubt, not least on the grounds that it is conceivable that the poets' contemporaries, or near-contemporaries, may have been better informed than are we who live at several centuries' remove. On the other hand, some may have been undeservedly excluded, while others yet await rediscovery. This Handbook attempts to recover something of a fascinating but neglected aspect of our literary past. It is the fruit of serendipity as much as of diligence. In a work of this kind errors of detail are inevitable. Moreover, it must be incomplete: I should be grateful for notification of details of any poets I may inadvertently have omitted. In Ausonius's words: Alius alio plus invenire potest; nemo omnia.

THE SCHOLAR

My days among the Dead are past; Around me I behold Where'er these casual eyes are cast The mighty minds of old: My never-failing friends are they, With whom I converse day by day. With them I take delight in weal And seek relief in woe; And while I understand and feel How much to them 1 owe, My cheeks have often been been bedew'd With tears of thoughtful gratitude. My thoughts are with the Dead; with them I live in long-past years, Their virtues love, their faults condemn. Partake their hopes and fears, And from their lessons seek and find Instruction with an humble mind. My hopes are with the Dead; anon My place with them will be. And I with them shall travel on Through all Futurity; Yet leaving here a name, 1 trust, That will not perish in the dust. ROBERT SOUTHEY

1774-1843 English Poet Laureate

The Laureation of Poets in the Holy Roman Empire An Introduction The Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire, as Voltaire famously - and not unjustly - remarked, was neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire.1 More recently, James J. Sheehan has written: Among traditional Europe's political structures none is more difficult for us to imagine than the Holy Roman Empire, It does not fit any of our political categories; it was not a nation or a state, nor was it an international organization. In dealing with the old Reich, our assumptions about sovereignty do not work; the distinction we customarily make between foreign and domestic affairs does not apply. To impose these categories, assumptions, and distinctions on the empire, as did generations of nineteenth-century historians, is to make it appear grotesque, pathetic, and unintelligible. But, if we view it from the other direction, as the last expression of a long, universalist tradtion in European public life, we can begin to grasp the Reich's distinctive character and to appreciate the reasons it held the loyalties of so many for so long. The Reich came from a historical world in which nationality had no political meaning and states did not command total sovereignty. Unlike nations and states, the Reich did not insist upon pre-eminent authority and unquestioning allegiance. Its goal was not to clarify and dominate but rather to order and balance fragmented institutions and multiple loyalties. 2

The fact that from the time of Otto I (912-973; elected king 936, crowned emperor 962) onwards the German kings also ruled over part of Italy and, later, over Burgundy seems to have been deemed sufficient to make the ruler consider himself an emperor. From the early eleventh century the term Imperium Romanum was increasingly used to designate this complex of territories. In the twelfth century the epithet 'Holy' was added. The imperial dignity itself derived from election3 and did 1

2 3

'Ce corps qui s'appelait et qui s'appelle encore le saint empire romain n'était en aucune manière ni saint, ni romain, ni empire'. VOLTAIRE, Essai sur l'histoire générale et sur les moeurs et I esprit des nations ( 1756), ch. 70. JAMES J. SHEEHAN, German History ¡770-1866, Oxford, 1994, p. 14. According to its constitution, confirmed by the imperial decree known as the Golden Bull o f 1356, the Emperor was elected by seven electoral princes (Kurfürsten): the Archbishops o f Mainz, Trier, and Cologne, the King o f Bohemia, the Duke o f Saxony, the Count Palatine o f the Rhine, and the Margrave o f Brandenburg. After the Peace o f Westphalia in 1648 the

Introduction

xlviii

not in itself imply claim of ownership to any particular territory. The empire was never a unified monarchy or nation-state. Rather it consisted of a kaleidoscope of individual kingdoms, arch-dukedoms, dukedoms and other principalities which were united under the authority of the Emperor by virtue of a tangle of dynastic laws of inheritance.4 The Emperor was ceremonial head, feudal overlord, and chief executive but also sovereign of a particular part of the Empire, the Habsburg territories. Habsburg (and it is chiefly the Habsburg Emperors with whom we shall be dealing) marriage policy in the early modern period so increased their sphere of influence that it gave rise to the phrase: Bella gérant alii, tu felix Austria nube! 'Let others make wars, thou happy Austria, marry!'5 The complexity of Habsburg power is evident from the string of titles used by (for example) Maximilian I in 1501 : Maximilianus

divina favente d e m e n t i a

gustus ac Hungariae,

Rhomanorum

Rex

semper

Dalmatiae, Croatiae etc. R e x , Archidux

Au-

Austriae,

D u x B u r g u n d i a e , Lottoringiae, Brabantiae, Stiriae, Carinthiae, Carniolae, Lymburgiae,

Lucemburgiae,

Geldriae,

Lantgravius

Alsatiae,

Princeps

S v e v i a e , P a l a t i n u s in H a b s p u r g et H a n n o v i a e , P r i n c e p s et C o m e s B u r g u n d i a e , F l a n d r i a e , T y r o l i s , G o r i t i a e , A r t h o i s , H o l a n d i a e , S e l a n d i a e , Ferretis, in K i b u r g , N a m u r c i et Z u t p h a n i a e ,

M a r c h i o sacri

Rhomani

imperii

A n a s u m et B u r g o n i a e , D o m i n u s Frisiae, M a r c h i o S c h l a v o n i a e ,

ad

Mechli-

n i a e , P o r t u s N a o n i s et S a l i n a r u m e t c . 6

4

Duke of Bavaria was added, and later the Elector of Hannover (the Duke of BraunschweigLiineburg) also. The Golden Bull was the earliest of five major constitutional documents on which Empire rested. The others were the 'Ewiger Landfrieden' of 1495, the 'Kaiserliche Wahlcapitulation" (agreed with each new emperor since the election of Charles V), the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 (which established Catholicism and Lutheranism, on equal terms, with subjects following the religious profession of their territorial rules, the principle of cuius regio ejus et religio), and the Peace of Westphalia 1648 (which confirmed the sovereignty of the Estates and bound the Emperor to obtain the consent of the Diet to his legislation). For further details see KARL ZEUMER, Quellensammlung zur Geschichte der deutschen Reichsverfassung in Mittelalter und Neuzeit, 2nd edn, Tübingen, 1913; repr. Aalen, 1987. Useful accounts of the Empire, some more specialized than others, include (for full details s e e Bibliography 1 9 3 7 ; KAMPF

and

Abbreviations):

1 9 5 0 ; ARETIN

ZEUMER 1 9 1 0 ; B R Y C E 1 9 2 8 ; B R U F O R D 1 9 3 5 ; DLEHL

1 9 6 7 ; RANDELZHOFER

1 9 6 7 ; HEER 1 9 5 2 ,

BENECKE 1 9 7 4 ; G R O S S 1 9 7 4 ; R O S E 1 9 7 4 ; STRAUSS 1 9 7 8 ;

1967 and

1968;

GAGLIARDO 1 9 8 0 ; ZOPHY 1 9 8 0 ;

VIERHAUS 1 9 8 7 ; DOTZAUER 1 9 8 9 a n d 1 9 9 8 ; MÜLLER 1 9 9 0 ; MÜLLER R 1 9 9 7 ; PRESS 1 9 9 7 ; B U R G D O R F 1 9 9 8 ; DUCHHARDT 1 9 9 9 ; SCHATZ 2 0 0 0 ;

SCHILLING 2 0 0 1 ; SCHINDLING 2 0 0 1 ;

GOTTHARD 2 0 0 3 ; PRIETZEL 2 0 0 4 ; HARTMANN 2 0 0 5 . S o m e a c c o u n t o f t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n o f t h e

post-medieval Empire may be found in: JONATHAN W. ZOPHY, Holy Roman Empire, in: OER, 11, 244-8. For an extensive list of early standard works on the Empire, its constitution, estates, and structures, and works giving contemporary assessments of individual emperors s e e JÜRGENSEN 2 0 0 2 : 5 6

JÁSZI 1 9 2 9 : 3 4 . RUPPRICH 1 9 3 4 : 4 5 8 .

1067-81.

Introduction

xlix

Charles V ' s German version ran: Wir Carl der fünffte von Gottes Gnaden Römischer Kayser, zu allen Zeiten Mehrer des Reichs, König in Germanien, zu Castilien, Aragon, Leon, beyder Sicilien, Hierusalem, Hungarn, Dalmatien, Croatien, Navarra, Granaten, Tolleten, Valentz, Gallicien, Majorca, Hispalis, Sardinien, Corduba, Corsica, Murcien, Giennis, Algarbien, Algeziren, Gibraltar, der Canarischen und Indianischen Insulen und der Terrae firmae des Oceanischen Meeres etc. Ertz-Hertzog zu Oesterreich, Hertzog zu Burgundi, zu Lotterich, zu Braband, zu Steyer, zu Kemdten, zu Krain, zu Limburg, zu Lützenburg, zu Geldern, zu Calabrien, zu Athen, zu Neopatrien und Würtenberg e t c .

And Rudolph II was formally styled Rudolphus Secundus Sacratissimus & Invictissimus Romanorum Imperator, Germaniae, Hungariae, Bohemiae, Dalm. Croat. Sclavon. &c. Rex &c. Archidux Austriae, Marchio Moraviae, Comes Tyrolis &c. &c.

The last Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II, likewise was 'King in Germany, Hungary, Bohemia, Galicia and Lodomeria, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy and Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany, etc.' until he proclaimed himself Emperor of Austria in response to Napoleon's assumption of the title 'Emperor of the French'. The Holy Roman Empire was perhaps always an abstraction, a fiction, a dream. The Habsburg emperors, whose dynasty reigned continuously from the accession of Frederick III in 1440 until the male line became extinct with the death of Charles VI in 1740, dreamed of dominating a united, Catholic West. 9 Even by the end of the Hohenstaufen era in the mid-thirteenth century the Empire, as a political force, was largely ignored by other European powers (though this did not preclude their taking an interest in its territories). By the mid-fifteenth

7

8 9

SCHULZE 1996: 45. Charles V evidently overstretched himself. See ERNST SCHULIN, Kaiser Karl V. Geschichte eines übergroßen Wirkungsbereiches, Stuttgart. 1999. Also ALFRED KÖHLER, Karl V. 1500-1558. Eine Biographie, Munich, 1999; ALFRED KÖHLER, BARBARA HAIDER, CHRISTINE OTTNER (eds), Karl Κ (1500-1558). Neue Perspektiven seiner Herrschaft in Europa und Übersee, (Zentraleuropa-Studien, 6), Vienna, 2002; JAMES D. TRACY, Emperor Charles V. Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy. International Finance, and Domestic Politics, Cambridge. 2002. See GOLUSZKA/MALICKI P773. By virtue of the Pragmatic Sanction, which became law in 1713, the Habsburg possessions were declared indivisible and must descend by primogeniture, first to the direct male heirs of the reigning emperor, otherwise to his daughters. Thus it was that the Habsburg inheritance passed to Charles's daughter Maria Theresa. On the Habsburgs see ROBERT KANN, A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1526-1918, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1974; ANDREW WHEATCROFT, The Habsburgs. Embodying Empire, London, 1995.

I

Introduction

century it was evident that the Holy Roman Empire was an outmoded, lumbering, and increasingly impotent institution compared with such monarchies as France, Spain and England, but calls for its reform would inevitably imply reform of the Church since both these institutions, ordained by God, were held to be interdependent. At Cologne in 1512 the 'Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation' was promulgated, sign enough that the old Empire was losing its power and universality, that the office of Emperor was losing its aura of sanctity and its derivation from the Roman Caesars was becoming a meaningless tradition. Charles V's grandfather, Maximilian I, endeavoured to bring about a reform: he instituted the Reichskammergericht in 1495, declared an 'Ewiger Landfrieden' and planned reorganisation of the Empire into ten regions. The introduction of central government, the 'Reichsregiment', and the levying of imperial taxes were other measures intended to strengthen the Emperor's position, but Maximilian's death in 1519 thwarted these plans, and the accession of Charles V with his vision of universal empire embracing the Old World and the New meant that German interests were increasingly neglected.10 During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries religious conflicts and Europe-wide dynastic rivalries, and antagonisms with external powers France, the Papacy, the Ottoman Empire, and Sweden - , culminating in the Thirty Years War (1618-1648), the first large-scale European conflict, seriously weakened the Empire further, and de facto it had ceased to exist. Following the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 every prince had the right to conclude alliances with foreign powers, Saxony and Bavaria had strengthened their position, and Prussia and Austria would in future go their own ways. The imperial ideal was faced with the reality of state power. Given that even an admirer such as Samuel Pufendorf (1632-1694) could describe it as being irregulae aliquod corpus et monstro simile,11 it is small wonder that the Empire, this conglomeration of states, could become the butt of jokes, as reflected in the 'nasty, political song' Das liebe, heil'ge Röm'sche Reich, Wie hält's nur noch zusammen? ... sung by one of the revellers in the 'Auerbachs Keller' scene in Goethe's Faust /(II. 2090-1).

10

On the centrality of the concept of 'universal monarchy" see FRANZ BOSBACH, universalis. Ein Politischer Leitbegriff der frühen Neuzeit, Göttingen. 1988.

11

SAMUEL PUFENDORF. Die Verfassung

Leipzig and Weimar, 1994, p. 198.

des Deutschen

Reiches.

Monarchia

ed. and transi. HORST DENZER.

li

Introduction

The concept of the 'German Nation' gained cultural impetus after Poggio Bracciolini rediscovered Tacitus's Germania in 1455 and published it. This text enabled the German humanists to claim, on the basis of classical authority, that the Germans were an ancient and very special nation: unspoilt, loyal, courageous, simple-living people, rather than the uncouth, uncivilized barbarians as which they had hitherto been depicted by foreigners - it did not occur to them that Tacitus might have invented the image of the ideal to contrast it with the corruption of Roman society in his day.12 An example of the effect of the discovery of German nationhood was that in his Arminius Ulrich von Hutten could imply that the Germani were the equal of the heroes of antiquity who meant so much to the Italians. Identifying the extent of just the German-speaking territories is not unproblematic, but, as we have seen, the Emperor held sway far beyond purely German-speaking lands.13 Even Charlemagne, who was crowned emperor by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day 800, had reigned over what are now Germany, France, the Low Countries, parts of Italy, and Switzerland. After Otto I, elected German King and enthroned at Aachen in 936, had invaded Italy and was crowned King of Italy, the debauched Pope John XII (d. 964) crowned him Emperor on 2 February 962. This union of Italy and Germany was the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire.14 The Emperor normally designated his own successor, 12

13

On the attempts at reforming the Empire and the political and cultural significance of the discovery of Tacitus's Germania see SCHULZE 1996: 41-7: also HANS TIEDEMANN, Tacitus und das Nationalbewußtsein der deutschen Humanisten, Berlin. 1913; MÜLLER 2001. See GERHART DÜNNHAUPT, The bewildering German boundaries. A challenge to the B a r o q u e b i b l i o g r a p h e r , in: L E O N I E M A R X a n d H E R B E R T K N U S T ( e d s ) . Grenzerfahrung

-

Grenzüberschreitung. Studien zu den Literaturen Skandinaviens und Deutschlands. Festschrift für P. M. Mitchell. Heidelberg. 1989, pp. 33-9. For a listing of the Empire's constituent territories between the 16th and 18th centuries see KÖBLER 1999: XX-XXV11I. A list of its territories towards the end of its existence is given in Brockhaus Enzyklopädie in zwanzig Bänden, 17th edn. Wiesbaden, 1968. IV. 582-3. Also useful are: STEINBERG 1966: 1 9 - 2 7 f o r t h e E m p i r e in t h e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r y :

14

D E L E U Z E DE LANCIZOLLE; G A T Z

1996;

STOKVIS 1888-93, III. ll, 1-450, and also the sections on Switzerland and Italy; and DEMANDT 1993. A map of the extent of the Empire in the 13th century under Frederick II is found in PATIENCE ANDREWES, Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, Oxford, 1970, pp. 56-7; for its extent in the 16th century see BÉATRICE NICOLLIER-DE WECK. Hubert Langue! (1518 1581), Geneva, 1995; for its extent c. 1600 (from the Spanish Netherlands to east of the Oder and, in the south including the Swiss Confederation, Lombardy and Tuscany) see EVANS 1997: XV, and for its borders c. 1770 see SHEEHAN 1994: 12-13. Links between the Papacy and the Emperor went back to the coronation of Charlemagne in 800. John VIII (872-882) was the first Pope to grasp the initiative over the selection and appointment of an Emperor and thus to bind the Empire to the Papacy. See DOROTHEE ARNOLD, Johannes VIII. Päpstliche Herrschaft in den karolingischen Teilreichen am Ende des 9. Jahrhunderts, (Europäische Hochschulschriften, ser. 23, vol. 797), Frankfurt am Main, 2005. HEER 1968: 25. notes that Rudolph of Burgundy's gift of the Holy Lance, reputed to have been given by St Helena to Constantine the Great, to King Henry I of Germany in 935

Iii

Introduction

usually his son, during his own lifetime, and since 1040 the successor bore the title Rex Romanorum, 'King of the Romans'. 15 At the papal court the King of the Romans took precedence over all other kings.16 This book regards as imperial poets laureate any poet created by or with the authority of the Emperor, no matter in which land he customarily resided. This is particularly relevant for Italian poets. At various times the Emperor held sway over extensive territories in Italy, though these did not formally belong to the German empire itself and their princes had no part to play at the Imperial Diet but answered directly to the Emperor himself. The Italian territories included: the principalities of Carrara, Castiglione, Comacchio, Correggio and Doria, the duchies of Ferrara, Finale, Florence, Genoa (which disputed the link but was still required to pay imperial taxes), Guastalla, Lucca (where the position was the same as in Genoa), Milan, Mantua, Massa, Mirandola, Modena, Monaco, and Montferrat, Naples, the duchies of Novellare, Parma, and Piacenza, Savoy, Sicily, Soramo, the duchy of Spinola, Tuscany, and Venice. 17 Thus at the death of Maximilian I in 1519 the Empire extended from Antwerp and Geneva to Florence, Milan and Mantua, but did not include such places as Bologna, Danzig or Königsberg. Genoa and San Marino left the Empire in 1528. The last vestiges of imperial power in Italy (in Tuscany, Milan, Mantua, and Modena) were swept away by the Peace of Lunéville in 1801.18 Not least after Maximilian I (1459-1519) married Bianca Maria Sforza (his second wife) in 1494, the number of Italians at the Habsburg court increased considerably so that it becomes virtually imsignified 'symbol and proof of his claim to Italy and to the imperial office'. On the medieval emperors and their involvement with Italy see PERCY ERNST SCHRAMM, Kaiser, Rom und Renovatio (Studien der Bibliothek Warburg, 17), Leipzig and Berlin, 1929; ROLAND PAULER, Die deutschen Könige und Italien im 14. Jahrhundert, Darmstadt, 1997; MARIELUISE FAVREAU-LILIE, K ö n i g Wenzel und Reichsitalien, in: MIÖG,

109 ( 2 0 0 1 ) , 3 1 5 - 4 5 ;

JÖRG K. HOENSCH, Kaiser Sigismund. Herrscher an der Schwelle zur Neuzeit, Munich, 1996; and NICOLAI RUBINSTEIN, Firenze e il problema della politica imperiale al tempo di Massimiliano I. in: Archivio

storico

italiano,

116 ( 1 9 5 8 ) , 5 - 3 5 and 1 4 7 - 7 7 . F. EDELMAYER,

Maximilian II, Philipp II. und Reichsitalien, Stuttgart, 1988, shows how strong imperial claims to northern Italy remained in the second half of the sixteenth century. For continuing imperial claims to Italy see the anonymous Seyner Rom. Käyserl. Majest. etc. etc. Von Wegen deß H. Rom Reichs Teutscher Nation Unstrittiges Recht/ Nicht nur auf Parma und Piacenza, Sondern auch so gar auf gantz Italien. Auß der Historie und andern bewährten Urkunden undDocumentis unumbstößlich erwiesen, n.pl., 1 7 0 9 ( B l R C H E R Β 1 0 3 1 8 ; Wolfenbüttel HAB. Gl Sammelbd 3(2y)). 15

See

MITTEIS/LIEBERICH

1966:

111;

HEINRICH

MITTEIS,

Die

deutsche

Darmstadt, 1969, p. 37; and especially HELMUT BEUMANN, Der deutsche 'Romanorum rex ', Wiesbaden, 1981. 16

ZEDLER, X V ,

17

For details see KÖBLER 1999: 292-3.

1233.

18

MITTEIS/LIEBERICH 1 9 6 6 :

114.

Königswahl,

König

als

Introduction

liii

possible to separate the German and Italian elements in this cultural environment. Franciscus Bonomus from Trieste, described by Johannes Trithemius as poeta et orator, Graece et Latine peritus, reginae Romanorum secretarius, who became a member o f the Rhenish and Augsburg sodalitates and was twice, in 1493 and 1497, 1 9 considered for appointment to the Chair o f Poetry at Vienna, shows how impossible it is to leave the Italians out o f consideration. 20 Riccardus Sbrulius, from Friuli, helped Maximilian with his literary projects. 21 Although such poets would, in modern terms, not qualify for consideration as Germans, they are are an essential part o f the German cultural scene. Hence the broadening o f the remit o f this book to include all poets laureated within the orbit o f the Holy Roman Emperors. While poets laureated within imperial territories in Italy have thus been included in this Handbook, the Poets Laureate o f England are listed separately (see Appendix C: Poets Laureate in England). For, although these received the laurel in the wake o f the laureation o f Petrarch (see below), generally speaking they were laureated by or with the consent o f the English monarchs, rather than by the Holy Roman Emperor who exploited the practice on an ever-increasing scale from the mid-fourteenth century. Nevertheless, a case could be made for their inclusion, for it was a condition o f Richard the Lionheart's release from captivity in 1194 that he should acknowledge that he held England as a fief from the Emperor. 22 This may conveniently have been forgotten in England, yet awareness o f this arrangement is attested in the Empire: England ('Anglia') is listed among the territories under the sway o f Emperor Henry VI in an illustration depicting the 'Teatrum imperialis palacij' in Petrus de Eboli's Liber ad honorem Augusti, written in 1 1 9 5 - 9 6 by commission o f the Imperial Chancellor Konrad o f Querfurt in praise o f the Emperor: Brabancia, West/alia, Polonia,

19

20 21

22

FÜSSEL 1987: 2 1 . The term poeta, or vales, implies verse, orator prose. The phrase poeta et orator, orator atque poeta, could also indicate the role that a man might play in a princely household. Orator often enough meant 'ambassador'. On Franciscus Bonomus see RUPPRICH 1934: 2 7 0 . On literary production at Maximilian's court and how it was meant to function see M Ü L L E R 1982. On Maximilian see STEPHAN FUSSEL, Maximilian I., in: FÜSSEL 1993: 2 0 0 - 1 6 . Also V O L K E R PRESS, The Imperial Court o f the Habsburgs. From Maximilian I. to Ferdinand III, 1 4 9 3 - 1 5 6 7 , in: R O N A L D G. A S C H and A D O L F M. B I R K E (eds). Princes. Patronage, and the Nobility. The Court at the Beginning of the Modern Age ca. 1450-1650, London and Oxford, 1991, 2 8 9 - 3 1 2 . On patronage and poets in a later period see see ULRICH M A C H É , Author and Patron: On the Function o f Dedications in Seventeenth-Century German Literature, in: JAMES A. PARENTE et al. (eds). Literary Culture in the Holy Roman Empire, 1555-1720, Chapel Hill and London, 1991, pp. 195-205. On Richard s homage to the Emperor see K N U T GÖRICH, Verletzte Ehre. König Richard Löwenherz als Gefangener Kaiser Heinrichs VI., in: HJ. 123 ( 2 0 0 3 ) , 6 5 - 9 1 , esp. pp. 7 9 - 8 9 .

liv

Introduction

Pomerania, Scania, Olsatia, Boemia, Saxonia, Turingia, Austria, Bavaria, Frisia, Flandria, Anglia, Belgia, Alsatia, Francia, Sueuia, Liguria, Burgundia, Marchia, Lombardia, and Tuscia [Tuscany]." Such a view is reflected by the poet Walther von der Vogelweide (d. c. 1228) who regarded those arme kiinege, kings who wore cirkel (round crowns, from Lat. circulus), such as the Kings of France and England, as inferior to the Emperor who wore the octagonal imperial crown.24 If (as commentators assure us) the implication is that these were indeed held to be Vasallenkönige, owing allegiance to the Emperor, then arguably any poet subsequently laureated in such territories might be deemed to have been crowned indirectly by the authority of the Emperor (though it is far from clear when, if at all, the presumption of England's status as a fief of the Empire lapsed). A later link between England and the Empire came about in 1338 when Emperor Ludwig IV concluded a short-lived alliance with England, appointing King Edward III imperial vicar of the Netherlands, though he soon renounced the title after receiving a stern reproof from Pope Benedict XII. Eighteenth century British monarchs of the House of Hanover combined this role with imperial functions as Elector of Hannover and Arch-treasurer of the Empire. The 'Laureation ' of Poets in Medieval Europe The praise of kings by poets must be as old as the concept of monarchy itself and needs no justification or exemplification.2 In the early Germanic world, we hear of Gothic poets singing the praises of Attila the Hun, Anglo-Saxon scops, and Norse skalds - the Icelandic poet Arnórr Jarlaskáld (born c. 1011) received his name on account of his skill in composing encomia for kings of Norway and earls of Orkney.26 23

Petrus de Eboli, Liber ad honorem Augusti sive de rebus Siculis, ed. THEO K.ÖLZER and

24

On the passage concerned see W. WLLMANNS (ed.), Walther von der Vogelweide. 4th, revd edn by VICTOR MICHELS, (Germanistische Handbibliothek, I, 2) Halle, 1924, p. 76. note on L 9,13-14. At a much earlier date, in 973, the English King Edgar had undergone an •imperial' coronation at Bath, apparently in imitation of coronations at Aachen; see J. L. NELSON, Inauguration rituals, in: P. H. SAWYER and I. N. WOOD (eds). Early Medieval Kingship, Leeds, 1977, pp. 63-70. On the history of encomia see FRANZ BITTNER, Studien zum Herrscherlob in der mittellateinischen Dichtung, Volkach, 1962: ANNETTE GEORGI, Das lateinische und deutsche Preisgedicht des Mittelalters in der Nachfolge des genus demonstrativum, (Philologische Studien und Quellen, 48), Berlin, 1969. ANDREAS HEUSLER, Die altgermanische Dichtung, repr. of the 2nd edn, Darmstadt, 1957, pp. 113-4. For the Norse poets, who are better documented, see DIANA C. WHALEY, The Poetry of Arnórr Jarlaskáld, Turnhout, 1998; also BJARNE FIDJESTOL, Arnórr |)oröarson: skald of the Orkney jarls, in: BJARNE FIDJESTOL, Selected Papers, ed. Odd Einar Haugen and

MARLIS STÄHLI, S i g m a r i n g e n , 1 9 9 4 .

25

26

Introduction

lv

Poets expected acknowledgement and rewards for their pains. This might be granted in the shape of a gift of money or some other valuables, but the reward could also be something less tangible: a word of thanks, a symbolic gift, or the conferment of a title. The notion of crowning a poet goes back to antiquity.27 At the Pythian Games at Delphi, for example, a contest of poets took place, the winner of which was crowned with a wreath of laurel twigs, the laurel being sacred to Apollo, the god of poetry.28 Suetonius tells us that Nero (ruled 5 4 - 6 8 ) instituted a contest of poets at the Olympic Games, at which he himself could shine as a poet, 29 and at the Capitoline Games held in 86 Domitian offered a prize of a wreath made of oak leaves from the sacred grove of Jupiter Capitolinus. 30 Herodotus (8, 26), tells us that successful athletes at public games were awarded a crown (στέφανος) of wild olive twigs as a prize for excellence. 31 In the Bible crowns appear as symbols of immortality: 'And when the chief Shepherd shall appear, ye shall receive a crown of glory that fadeth not away' (I Peter, 5, v. 4); 'And every man that striveth for the mastery is temperate in all things. N o w they do it to obtain a corruptible

27 28

29 30

31

Else Mundal, transi. Peter Foote, (The Viking Collection. 9), Odense, 1997, pp. 93-116. On the skalds of the kings of Norway see FIDJESTOL, The king's skald from Kvinesdal and his poetry, in: Selected Papers, pp. 68-92. For general accounts of the early history of laureation see TRAPP 1958, 1962, 1982 and 1984. On wreaths in Pindar, Fragment 221, see FÜSSEL 1987: 239. On the laurel tree, its use in medicine, it connotations in antiquity and in folklore see ZEDLER. XVIII, 437-45. On the laurel see ARTHUR HENKEL and ALBRECHT SCHÖNE, Emblemata. Stuttgart, 1976; also the essay 'Lorbeer und Blitz', in ALBRECHT SCHÖNE, Emblematik und Drama im Zeitalter des Barock, Munich, 1964, pp. 86-98. DOHRN 1962 observes that the first mention of coronation with the laurel, as opposed to ivy or other kinds of foliage, is in Horace, Ode 3, 30. written in 23 B.C. and reports that R. HEINZE (Horatius, ed. KIESSLING and R. HEINZE, I, 8th ed. 1955, p. 385) had argued specifically that this notion was Horace's own invention. See also KARL BAUS, Der Kranz in Antike und Christentum. Bonn, 1940. repr. Bonn. 1965. Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, ed. J. C. ROLFE, (Loeb edition), London, 1914. Oak leaves symbolize the victor. Following the metamorphosis of Daphne into a laurel tree (Ovid, Metamorphoses, 1, II. 452-567) the laurel became sacred to Apollo. See also Virgil, Aeneid. 3. 360. On ivy for poets, see Virgil, Eclogues 7,25f. and 8,13. Christopher Plantin's polyglot Bible (Antwerp, 1568-73) shows a wreath on the title page, consisting of four types of leaf: the palm for Hebrew, the willow for Chaldean (Aramaic), the olive for Greek, and the oak for Latin; see BART A. ROSIER, The Bible in Print. Netherlandish Bible Illustration in the Sixteenth Century, Leiden, 1997,1, p. 81. Hence the choice of the olive tree as the device of the scholar-printers of the Estienne (Stephanus) family. See FRED SCHREIBER, The Hanes Collection of Estienne Publications. From Book Collecting to Scholarly Resource. The Fourth Hanes Lecture. Hanes foundation. Rare Book Collection, University Library, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1984, pp. 16-22. Schreiber notes Theodore Beza's Greek epitaph for Robert Estienne: Ό Στέφανος, π ά ν τ ω ν χ α λ κ ο γ ρ α φ ω ν σ τ έ φ α ν ο ς 'Stephanus. of all printers the crowning glory (στέφανος)". It is interesting that, at the Olympic Games at Athens in 2004. successful athletes received not only a medal, whether in gold, silver or bronze, but also a laurel wreath.

Ivi

Introduction

crown; but we an incorruptible' (I Corinthians, 9, v. 25). Immortal fame was what many crowned poets fondly imagined for themselves.32 In the Middle Ages and Renaissance the granting of a crown, chaplet or wreath was less a competitive prize for the victor ludorum than a mark of distinction for an individual, meritorius poet. Of course, poets often enjoyed a privileged position at medieval courts, where their function was to glorify the deeds of their lord - a remarkable German-Italian example is provided by Petrus de Eboli's Liber ad honorem Augusti, commissioned in praise of Henry VI: celebrating the passage of authority over Sicily into the hands of the Hohenstaufens, it recalls events from the time of King Roger II, the birth of the Empress Constance, the death of Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, and the anointing of Henry VI by the Pope, and the Emperor's triumphant entry into Palermo. An illustration on fol. 139r shows Konrad presenting the writer, labelled poeta, who offers the book to the Emperor enthroned;33 and a dedicatory poem (originally on the facing page but now on what is today fol. 145r) reads: Suscipe, queso, meum, Sol augustissime, munus. Q u i m u n d u m ditas, qui r e g i s o m n e s o l u m , S u s c i p e , q u e s o , m e u m , lux i n d e f e c t a , l i b e l l u m . I p s e sui vatis v o t a l i b e l l u s agat.

The work celebrates the Emperor as the bringer of a golden age: peace and order, law and justice, and an efflorescence of the arts and sciences.34 Presentation scenes in books have a long history, the earliest known case still extant being in the sixth-century Vienna Discurides showing Princess Ancia Juliana receiving from a putto the book dedicated to her by the citizens of Constantinople.35 Such scenes derive from Roman images of conquered barbarians bearing offerings to the emperor as they kneel before him.36 The medieval presentation scene is 'far more than a sign of the patron's support of the arts. It dramatizes the feudal arrangement which defines the presenter as a literary servant. 32

On coronations and their symbolism generally see JÜRGEN PETERSOHN, Über monarchische Insignien und ihre Funktion im mittelalterlichen Reich, in: HZ, 2 6 6 (1998), 4 7 - 9 6 ; JOACHIM OTT, Krone und Krönung. Die Verheißung und Verleihung von Kronen in der Kunst von der Spätantike bis um ¡200 und die geistige Auslegung der Krone, Mainz, 1997, and J. M. BÄK. (ed.), Coronation. Medieval and Early Modern Monarchic Ritual, Berkeley CA and Oxford,

33 34 35

See note 23, above. The scene is also reproduced in SCHRAMM/MÜTHERICH: 422, pi. 184. The miniature showing the Emperor with the Liberal Arts is now lost. Austrian National Library, Vienna, Cod. med. gr. 1, fol. 6 \ The dedication miniature is reproduced in KURT WEITZMANN, Late Antique and Early Christian Book Illumination. N e w York 1977, pi. 15. On such scenes see SMITH 1986. For this see SMITH 1986: 322, esp. note 3.

1990.

36

Introduction

lvii

The presenter's hand goes up to give the patron the book and so symbolizes the allegiance of subject to lord.'37 The beginnings of the crowning of poets in Germany are shrouded in mystery. BUDIK 1835b: 1029, speaks of David Scotus (d. 1139), historiographer to Henry V (German King 1106-1125, Emperor 11111125), as having been the first man to be solemnly laureated as a poet, but this has not been confirmed. 38 Older studies imply that laureation was practised at the court of Frederick 1 (Barbarossa) (Emperor 11521190) - even John Seiden can write: '... there was some use in the German Empire, long before Petrarch, of the Emperor's giving this Laurel; and perhaps it began there about the time of those other degrees in Learning which came into frequent use about Frederick Γ (SELDEN 1672: 336) - , but this too cannot be substantiated.39 Frederick II, son of Henry VI, is said to have crowned one Pacifico or Frater Pacificus in the 1220s, a man who felt impelled by the sermons of St Francis (1181/2-1226) to follow his Rule. 40 Despite these uncertainties, knowledge of the concept of laureation is securely attested for the years around 1200, for Gottfried von Straßburg (d. not later than 1210) refers to it in a famous passage in Tristan in which he praises Hartmann von Aue at the expense of Wolfram von Eschenbach. He remarks:

37

SMITH 1 9 8 6 : 3 2 2 .

38

BUDIK cites as his source 'Fabricius', without any further details. According to Ekkehard (Chronicon = Mon. Germ. Hist.: Script., VI, 243), the Emperor received him, was charmed with his virtue and knowledge, and made him one of the imperial chaplains. Cf. EDWARD GIBBON, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, cap. 70 (Everyman edition, London, 1910, repr. 1978, p. 504), who remarked, with reference to Selden, that "the title of poet-laureat, which custom, rather than vanity perpetuates in the English court, was first invented by the Caesars of Germany*. It seems that the chaplets of the Minnesänger may be being alluded to. Thus Magnus Daniel Omeis writes: 'Im zwölfften Jahrhundert nach unsers Seeligmachers Geburth. unter der Regierung Friderici Barbarossae. ist die teutsche damahlige Poesie zu sonderbarhen Ansehen erhoben, und nicht nur eine ritterliche, sondern NB. Fürstliche und Königliche Übung worden. Man stritte damahls an höchst-gemeldten Käysers Hofe umb den Preiß dieser Kunst, und wurden besondere Spiele angestellet. in welchen von den vornehmsten Damen und Matronen die Kräntze den Sängern ausgetheilet wurden' (Gründliche Anleitung zur teutschen Reim- und Dichtkunst, pp. 17f.; cited in: THOMAS BURCKHARDUS (praes.), PETRUS GOTTLIEB MIELCKE (resp). De nobilibus Germanorum poetis, sive Von adelichen Teutschen Poeten, Königsberg: Reusner, 1715, pp. 3-4 (copy in Edinburgh NLS). On Barbarossa see also BUDIK 1835a: 949. JOCHER/ADELUNG V, 1361, quotes Bonaventura, Acta Sanctorum Oct.. Antwerp edn, II, 752: "Quidam saecularium cantionum curiosus inventor, qui ab imperatore propter hoc fuerat coronatus, et exinde rex versuum dictus.' The passage is also cited by GIBBON, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, cap. 70 (Everyman edn, VI, 504, note 3). See also TRAPP 1982: 97; TRAPP 1984: col. 975f.

39

40

Iviii

Introduction

swer guote rede ze guote und ouch ze rehte kan verstan, der muoz dem Ouwaere lan sin schapel und sin lorzwi. T h e w h o l e passage (11. 4 6 3 4 - 5 5 ) reads: Those who esteem fine language with due sympathy and judgement will allow [Hartmann] of Aue his garland and his laurels. But if some friend of the hare, high-skipping and far-browsing, seeks out Poetry's heath with dicing terms, and, lacking our general assent, aspires to the laurel wreath (lorschapelkin), let him leave us to adhere to our opinion that that we too must have a hand in the choosing. For we who help to gather the flowers with which that twig of honour (loberis) is entwined to make a floral wreath, we wish to know why he asks. Since if anyone lays claim to it, let him leap up and add his flowers! We shall judge from them if they grace it so well that we should take it from the poet of Aue and confer the laurel (lorzwi) on him. 42 SCHULZE 1 9 6 7 believes that, w h e n in e f f e c t he makes Hartmann von

A u e the first G e r m a n poet laureate, Gottfried w a s influenced above all by his k n o w l e d g e of Horace and Ovid w h e r e reference is made to the ancient practice of laureation of poets. Horace , for example, had sung ... et mihi delphica Lauro cinge volens, Melpomene, comam (Carmina, 3, 30). From the later thirteenth century w e hear of Magister Konrad von M u r e (d. 30 March 1281), w h o w a s first cantor at the Grossmünster at Zurich and, it is said, the first scholar attached to it w h o w r o t e books. 4 3 His n u m e r o u s w o r k s included a poem on the life of Rudolph 1 ( 1 2 1 8 -

41

42

43

Gottfried von Strassburg. Tristan und Isold, ed. FRIEDRICH RANKE, 7th edn, Berlin, 1963, p. 58. II. 4634-7. PLATE 1967: 229. The modern statue of Wolfram von Eschenbach at his (supposed) birthplace, Wolframseschenbach in Bavaria, has him wearing a poet's laurel. Translation from: Gottfried von Strassburg, 'Tristan', with the 'Tristan' of Thomas. translated by A. T. HATTO, Harmondsworth, 1960, p. 105. On this passage, which Wilhelm Wackernagel saw as indicating that Gottfried was aware of contemporary French rather than classical tradition, see FLOOD 2000. On the designations magister and doctor in the later middle ages see JÖRG SCHMUTZ, Juristen für das Reich. Die deutschen Rechtsstudenten an der Universität Bologna 12651425, (Veröffentlichungen der Gesellschaft filr Universitäts- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 2), Basle, 2000, I, 124-9, and the literature cited there in note 318. For the German term Meister see note 50 below. On the history of academic titles see NORBERT RICHARD WOLF, Worte über akademische Wörter, in: Magister-Reden anläßlich der Urkunden-Verleihungen (M.A., Dr.phil.) der Philosophischen Fakultät II an der Bayerischen Julius-MaximiliansUniversität Würzburg Sommersemester 1991 bis Sommersemester 1996 gewidmet Herrn em. Prof. Dr. Dr.h.c. Otto Meyer zum 90. Geburtstag am 21.9.1996. Würzburg 1996, pp. 21-32.

Introduction

lix

91).44 The evidence for his laureation is tenuous, however: he was referred to as 'eximius poëta laureatus', not by a contemporary, however, but by the theologian and early humanist Felix Hemmerli (1388/9-1458/9). It is very likely that Hemmerli was anachronistically imputing the term, doubtless derived from the case of Petrarch (laureated in 1341), to his long since dead predecessor. Whatever the truth behind these twelfth- and thirteenth-century crownings, MERTENS rightly points out that what distinguishes such events from the later imperial ones is that these medieval poets will have lacked the legal status conferred by the Emperor on laureates in later times.45 Even outside the confines of the Empire laureation (in a broad sense, not necessarily with the laurel) was practised in the Middle Ages. Certainly by the fourteenth century it was part of Provençal culture. At Toulouse in 1323 'les Sept Troubadours de Toulouse' 46 , the 'Docteurs du Gai-Savoir', as they called themselves, met to establish what eventually became known as the Académie des Jeux Floraux (which still exists, though there had been a short interruption from 1629 to 1631 because of the plague and another from 1792 to 1806 in the wake of the French Revolution, being revived by a decree of Bonaparte's in 1806). At its first convention on 3 May 1324, the seven troubadours welcomed poets from all over Provence and made the first award of la joya, the Golden Violet, to Master Arnaut Vidal for a canso in honour of the Virgin. Originally only poems in Provençal were admissible, but from the early sixteenth century poems in French were permitted, and in 1513 the prize, 'la Violette', was awarded for the first time to a poem in French.47 In 1586 an Apollo and a silver David were awarded to Jean44

On Mure see JÖCHER/ADELUNG V , 2 0 5 , and JOHANN JAKOB HOTTINOER. Helvetische Kirchengeschichte, revised by LUDWIG WLRZ, Zurich, 1 8 0 8 - 1 9 , II, 6 6 and 6 9 , and E . KLEINSCHMIDT, Herrscherdarstellung. Zur Disposition mittelalterlichen Aussageverhaltens, untersucht an Texten über Rudolf I. von Habsburg, Berne and Munich, 1974, esp. pp. 291319.

45 46 47

1996: 331. We shall return to the matter of poets' status in connection with the interesting case of the fifteenth-century German poet Michel Beheim, below. Their names were Bernard de Passanac, Guillaume de Lobra, Bérenger de Saint-Plancat, Pierre de Méjanesséra, Guillaume de Gontaut, Pierre de Camo, and Bernard d'Oth. On the symbolism of the violet see BRIAN D . STEELE, In the Flower of Their Youth: "Portraits" of Venetian Beauties ca. 1500, in: Sixteenth Century Journal, 28 ( 1997) 481 -502, here pp. 4 9 4 - 5 . (The violet as a kind of springtime love-token appears in German, too. in various plays about the early thirteenth-century poet Neidhart von Reuenthal, including a fourteenth-century one from Carinthia and Hans Sachs's Neidhart mit dem Veilchen.) Other flowers awarded at the Jeux floraux included the Eglantine and the Souci (both of silver), and there is occasional mention of a Minerve "Minerva' and an oeillet "carnation'. Another prize was the 'sparrowhawk' (épervier, Sperber) (on the sexual symbolism of which see BEATE SCHMOLKE-HASSELMANN, Accipiter et chirotheca. Die Artusepisode des Andreas MERTENS

Ix

Introduction

Antoine du Baïf, an honorary laureate.48 Soon after that the proceedings were reorganized into a Collège de rhétorique et de poésie françoise and a little later, after the publication of Joachim Du Bellay's Défense et illustration de la langue française, as the Collège de la poésie latine, grecque et françoise. Du Bellay had spoken with disdain of the Jeux fioraia, but the college soon aligned itself with the mood of the times by awarding one of its flowers to Pierre Ronsard in 1554.49 To return to Germany, though evidence for the practice of bestowing a wreath on poets in the Middle Ages is slight, by the end of the Middle Ages and in the early modern period the Mastersingers regularly spoke of coronation. The Mastersingers were for the most part craftsmen and artisans, but to a limited extent they were already influenced by humanistic values: witness especially their repeated allusions to learning and the seven Liberal Arts, and even their use of the title Master which, though deriving immediately from the practices of the craft-guilds, ultimately embodied also the notion of the trained or learned poet, the poeta doctus.50 Ulm records of 1644 speak of a 'Kronschule' because the prize members competed for was a crown and those of Memmingen (1660) of a 'Cron- oder Krantz-Meister' and those of Nuremberg of a 'Kranzsingen'. In Nuremberg in the days of Hans Sachs (1494-1576) the first prize was the 'Schulkron', and in Freiburg, Colmar, Memmingen, Breslau and Ulm the first prize was a

48 49

Capellanus - eine Liebesallegorie, in: Germanisch-Romanische Monatsschrift, 32 (1982), 387-417). F. DE GÉL1S, Histoire critique des Jeux Floraux depuis leur origine jusqu 'à leur transformation en Académie (1323-1694), Toulouse, 1912, p. 300. A good general account of the history of the Jeux floraux is that by A. THOMAS in: La Grande Encyclopédie, Paris, n.d., XXI, 154-55. For more detailed information see: Traité de I origine des Jeux Floreaux de Toulouse: Lettres Patentes du Roi. portant le rätablissement des Jeux Floreaux en une Acadämie de Belles Lettres ..., Toulouse, 1715; Histoire de l'Académie des Jeux Floreaux dans laquelle on examine tout ce que contient d historique l 'antique Registre de la Compagnie des Sept Troubadors ou Poètes de Toulouse .... Toulouse, 1764-69; Les deux siècles de l 'Académie des Jeux Floraux, 2 vols, Toulouse. 1901; F. DE GÉLIS [as note 45] (this contains a list of office-holders and of laureates down to 1694); and for more recent times Célébration du six cent cinquantième anniversaire de la Fondation des Jeux Floraux, 3 mai !324-3 mai 1974, Toulouse. 1975. JÖCHER/ADELUNG II, 370, mentions that a certain Peter (i.e. Pierre) Cleric, who died in 1740, won the prize of the Jeux Floraux eight times. Chevalier Anton de Laures won prizes both in 1741 and 1742 (JÖCHER/ ADELUNG, III, 1 4 0 8 ) .

50

On the history of the use of Meister as a designation for a poet, attested already in Heinrich von Veldeke towards the end of the 12th century, see PLATE 1967. 212. For the use of the term by Gottfried von Straßburg see SIEGFRIED GROSSE, Der Gebrauch des Wortes Meister in Gottfried's 'Tristan', in: ALBRECHT GREULE and UWE RUBERG (eds), Sprache. Literatur. Kultur. Studien zu ihrer Geschichte im deutschen Süden und Westen, Stuttgart, 1989. pp. 291-99. The mastersingers' emphasis on technique seems to reflect Boethius's conception of music as a branch of mathematics. Their categorisation of performers as Dichter. Sanger, Meister, etc., has also been thought to reflect the influence of Boethius's treatise De Musica.

Introduction

lxi

crown as well. The second prize was a wreath ('Kranz' or 'Kränzlein') which, in Nuremberg at least, was made of silk flowers though such chaplets were usually made of roses and there is also mention of gilded wreaths.51 The custom of bestowing a crown or a wreath was deemed to derive from the practice of the 'old masters'52 - according to the Memmingen records each of the twelve old masters had won a laurel wreath, while Adam Puschmann in 1571 specifically alludes to the fact that in ancient times the best singers had been rewarded with a laurel and says: 'Auch verherten die alten Poeten, In Graecia manchfalten, Dem der das Best im Singen thet'.53 Coronation of the poets naturally give rise to the idea of 'crowned' songs, a notion again deriving from France according to Wackernagel.54 The sixteenth-century German mastersingers were expected to master and be examined in the 'vier gekrönte Töne'. These 'vier Haupt Thöne der vier gekrönten Meister', as they were also called, were the lange Töne of Heinrich von Mügeln, Frauenlob, Marner and Regenbogen.5

51

For details see P L A T E 1967: 226-33. In the later seventeenth century, at laureations in which Philipp von Zesen was involved, we find mention of laurel and carnation wreaths ('Lorbeerund Näglein-Krohnen') (OTTO 1972b: 162, no. 169) and of an 'unverwelkliche Lorbeer- und Rosenkrohne' (OTTO 1972b: 170-2, no. 185). (The symbol of the carnation, Nelke, is sometimes used in art to stimulate meditation on the Passion (the Nails of Our Lord: the play of meanings is on the etymology of Nelke, cf. G R I M M . DWb, XIII. 264 and 596).) Christoph Klesch, himself crowned by Zesen, composed Die lieblichen und löblichen Lorbern, wie auch weissen Lilien und Nägelein Danck-Geruch. wormit ihrem Bekräntzer und EinPflantzer. dem ... Herrn Filip von Zesen ... der... deutsch-gesinnten Genossenschaft Stifftern und Ertz-Schreibhaltern. im I678sten Heil-Jahre ihre Dichter-Liebe Ehren-dienst-färtigst abstatten wollen der Dichtende und Liebende, Jena, [1678?]). Camillo Quemo was crowned at Rome in 1514 with a wreath comprising vine, cabbage and laurel leaves because he was fond of drink (JÖCHER, III, 1834). For a contemporary depiction of the Nuremberg chaplet and of the David token which was also awarded see H O R S T B R U N N E R , Meistergesang, in Grove 1980, XII, 73-9, fig. 2 (p. 77). In connection with the latter, it may be noted that in the famous Manesse manuscript of medieval German courtly lyric poetry (Heidelberg UB, Cod. pal. germ. 848) Henry VI is portrayed as noble poet, modelled on the biblical image of King David as the noble singer. Henry wears a crown decorated with leaf-shaped ornaments, and in his right hand he holds a short sceptre with a crown with fleur-de-lys decorations. There is no sign of the laurel. And indeed - surprisingly perhaps in view of David's role as poet and singer of the Psalms - there appears to be no tradition of David being depicted with the laurel. On the depiction of Henry V I see S T E G E R 1961: 133-38. On the 'Lilienkrone' see STEGER 1 9 6 1 : 12.

52

See N I K O L A U S H E N K E L , Die zwölf alten Meister. Beobachtungen zur Entstehung des Katalogs, in: Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur, 1 0 9 ( 1 9 8 7 ) , 3 7 5 89.

53

PLATE 1 9 6 7 : 2 2 9 .

54

PLATE 1 9 6 7 : 2 3 3 .

55

PLATE 1 9 6 7 : 2 3 3 . On the attribute gekrönt in such contexts see also N I E M E Y E R 2 0 0 1 : 1 8 1 . For the concept of crowning and coronation generally among the Mastersingers see MIEDEMA 2 0 0 3 .

Ixii

Introduction

The chief difference between the Four Crowned Masters of the Mastersingers and the Poetae laureati of the Empire is, of course, that, notwithstanding their adherents' subscription to the myth that they had received a crown from Emperor Otto the Great in 932, there is no evidence that any of them - Heinrich von Mügeln, Frauenlob, Marner or Regenbogen (all of whom lived centuries after Otto the Great) - was ever crowned during his lifetime and certainly none of them will have been crowned by an Emperor. 56 Yet the Mastersingers' reference to them as 'gekrönte Meister' shows that they were fully aware of the practice of coronation and of investiture with garlands of flowers if not of wreaths of laurel, ivy or oak-leaves. 57 Just as in humanist-academic circles laureation survived down until the end of the Holy Roman Empire, the practices of the Mastersingers too persisted, albeit in debased form, down into the nineteenth century - the Ulm school closed in 1839, that at Memmingen in 1875, and indeed the last surviving member of the Memmingen school is said to have died only in 1922. Early Laureations in Italy Though the crowning of poets may have been practised in some form quite widely in the Middle Ages, laureations in the sense relevant in this Handbook were essentially humanistic in inspiration and character. Above all, it was Petrarch who shaped the practice, though he was by no means the first Italian to be laureated. The laureation of Albertino Mussato (1261-1329) at Padua in 1315 does not yet fit into the Petrarchan model, rather it reflects the influence of poets such as Virgil. 58 Furthermore, it is not yet sanctioned by the Emperor and thus does not enjoy the same legal status that would later attach to the Imperial Poets Laureate. 59 Mussato was being honoured both for his skill as a poet and historian and also for his services to the city. The event was initiated by the Collegium artistarum of the University of 56

NAGEL 1 9 6 2 : 6 4 .

57

In the final scene of Richard Wagner's Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (premiered in 1868) Walther von Stoltzing has a wreath of laurel and myrtle placed on his head by Eva, daughter of the goldsmith Veit Pogner. Pogner offers him a gold chain with three large medallions, geschmückt mit König Davids Bild. Eva transfers the wreath to Hans Sachs's brow, and Sachs places the chain around Stoltzing's neck. On Mussato see HUBERT MÜLLER, Früher Humanismus in Oberitalien: Albertino Mussato: Ecerinis, (Studien zur klassischen Philologie, 31), Frankfurt am Main, 1987. On his laureation see WILKINS 1951: 21-3. According to BUDIK 1835a: 950, his original name was Mussius, which was changed to Musaptus (i.e. Musis aptus) because of his skill in poetry. This was then assimilated to Mussatus. Mussato.

58

59

See MERTENS 1 9 9 6 : 3 3 1 .

Introduction

lxiii

Padua. On 3 December 131560 a delegation from the city appeared before his house and conducted him in triumph to the Palazzo della Ragione where, after his Ecerirtis had been read out, he was crowned with a wreath composed of myrtle, ivy and laurel (plants all mentioned in Virgil's Eclogues), presented with a scroll, and then conducted back home to the sound of trumpets in a torchlight procession. The ceremony, performed by the bishop and Rector of the University, combined something of a university degree ceremony and an ancient Roman triumph. 6 It was Dante Alighieri who gave new shape to the myth of the laurel. In Paradiso, I, 13-32, paraphrasing a passage from Statius's Achilleis (I, 15-16: cui geminae florent vatumque ducumque / certatim laurus), Dante laments the rarity of distinctions which serve to enhance Apollo's fame: O buono Apollo, all'ultimo lavoro fammi del tuo valor si fatto vaso, come dimandi a dar l'amato alloro ... venir vendra'mi al tuo diletto legno e coronarmi allor di quelle foglie, che la materia e tu mi farai degno. Si rade volte, padre, se ne coglie per trionfare o Cesare o Poeta, colpa e vergogna dell'umane voglie, que partorir letizia in su la lieta Defica deità dovria la fronda Peneia, quando alcun di sè asseta. For all that Dante longed to receive the laurel in the Baptisterium at Florence (see Paradiso, XXV, 3), he was in fact never crowned during his lifetime: only after his death, in 1321, did the laurel wreath adorn his temples.62 Another early laureation, also performed post mortem, was that of Petrarch's own teacher Convenevole da Prato (c. 1270/751338).63 Similarly Coluccio Salutati (1331-1406), Leonardo Bruni

60

SCHOTTENLOHER 1926: 649, note 1, gives the date as 1314. On this event see JOCHER. III,

61

JACOBUS FACCIOLATUS, Fasti Gymnasii Patavini, Padua, 1757, p. xv: 'Rectoris hujus auspiciis, toto spedante ac plaudente Gymnasio, Albertinus Mussatus, qui antea Mussus vocabatur, civis Patavinus ex primoribus. Laurea Poetica donatus est, publiceque ab Episcopo Pagano T u m a n o coronatus'. According to ERSCH/GRUBER, XXIX, 164. note 13, the coronation was sanctioned by Albert, Duke of Saxony, who was Rector of the university. SCHOTTENLOHER 1926: 649. On Dante and laureation see HEER 1968, p. 105.

779-80;

62 63

JÖCHERMDELUNG

See PETRARCH, Epistolae

ν , 264-6.

seniles.

X V I , I ) . WLLKLNS 1951: 2 4 ; SCHOTTENLOHER 1926: 6 4 9 ,

note 1 : DBIt, XXVIII. 563-8, esp. p. 566.

Ixiv

Introduction

(1369-1444) and Carlo Marsuppini (1395-1453) were honoured posthumously, all three apparently at Florence.64 Likewise, J Ö C H E R (IV, 2148) reports that the mathematician and poet Alexander Zanchius from Verona received his laurels only on his death. Petrarch The most influential laureation of the Middle Ages was that famous 'whim of vanity' 65 of Petrarch (1304-1374) on Easter day, 8 April, 1341 at the Capitol in Rome.6 Petrarch will have been aware of coronations performed in Provence, of instances from antiquity, and most painfully (for he would dearly have loved to have been the first67) - of Mussato's coronation. Petrarch tells us that on 1 September 1340 he received in Vaucluse invitations from Roberto de' Bardi, chancellor of the University of Paris, and from the city of Rome to have himself crowned. He declined the invitation from Paris and naturally - accepted the one from Rome. The following year he went to Naples to submit himself to a three-day examination by Robert of Anjou, King of Naples and Sicily (Petrarch's overlord in Provence), on Virgil's Aeneid. Having acquitted himself with flying colours and also on the basis of his own as yet rather meagre output of Latin verse, he then went to Rome to receive coronation in the audience room of 64

SPECHT 1 9 2 8 : 3 3 f . ; A R N O L D 1 9 8 8 : 2 4 0 ; M E R T E N S 1 9 9 6 : 3 3 1 .

65

T h u s A U G U S T CHARLES KREY, H i s t o r y a n d t h e h u m a n i t i e s , in: THEODORE MEYER GREENE

66

(ed.), The meaning of the Humanities. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1938, pp. 4 3 - 8 7 , here p. 54. For a detailed account of his laureation see WILKINS 1951: 9 - 6 9 . The seventh centenary of Petrarch's birth occasioned countless new studies. For his life see particularly UGO DOTTI, Vita di Petrarca, (Biblioteca Storica Laterza), Rome, 2004. Few later laureations took place there. The papal laureate Bernardo Perfetti (q.v.) received it there in 1725. Torquato Tasso was also to have been crowned there in 1595 but he died before the ceremony could take place. On Tasso's wreath and Goethe see JEREMY ADLER, Modelling the Renaissance. Intertextuality and the politics of Goethe's Tasso, in: Publications of the English Goethe Society, n.s. 63 (1992-93), 1-48.

67

ARNOLD 1 9 8 8 : 2 3 7 .

Introduction

Ixv

the Capitol where he (mistakenly) believed, Cicero had spoken before Caesar. 68 He insisted on the laurel as he thought that the Roman poets had been crowned with it by the Emperors there. The laurel also served to distinguish poetic coronations from other kinds of ceremonies such as academic graduation, ennoblement, or knighting as eques auratus,

and appointment as comes palatinus.69 Petrarch was responsible for establishing imitatio and aemulatio veterum as the watchwords for other poets to follow; as poeta doctus et eruditus, he would school himself on the model of the poets of antiquity.70 However, for all that he harked back to antiquity, his laureation was modelled on the doctoral graduation ceremonies of the medieval universities: first there was the examen privatum, the documentary confirmation of his suitability, the solemn presentation in Latin before the act of laureation (constituting an examen publicum), the presentation of the diploma and the conferment of the title of Magister Like Mussato earlier, Petrarch entered in triumph. Some of his Latin verse was recited and he held a speech on the nature and worth of poetry. 72 This was the first important Renaissance formulation 68

69

On Petrarch and King Robert see WILKINS 1951: 45-53. The illustration shown here, reproduced from J. J. BOISSARDO, Calcographica, Heidelberg, 1669, is just one portrayal of Petrarch wearing the laurel. For the tradition of Petrarch portraits see J. B. TRAPP, The Iconography of Petrarch in the Age of Humanism, in: T R A P P 2003: 1-117. MERTENS 1 9 9 6 : 3 3 2 . 'Comes Palatinus Ccesareus. ein Kayserl. Hof- und Pfaltz-Graf, wird derjenige genennet, welcher vom Röm. Kayser Macht und Gewalt empfangen. Doctores. Licentiates und Magistros, die man sonst Búllalos nennet, und auf Universitäten nicht will passireη lassen, zu machen, wie auch Notarios und Poëten zu creiren. Huren-Kinder ehrlich zu machen, und dergleichen mehr' ( S A M U E L OBERLÄNDER, Lexicon Juridicum RomanoTeutonicum, 4th edn, Nuremberg 1 7 5 3 , repr. Cologne, Weimar and Vienna: Böhlau 2 0 0 0 . p. 1 5 6 . See also the article 'Pfaltzgraf in ZEDLER, XXVII, 1 2 5 0 - 1 .

70

MERTENS 1 9 9 6 : 3 2 8 .

71

MERTENS 1996: 3 3 0 ; AGOSTINO SOTTILI, Petrarcas Dichterkrönung als artistische Doktorpromotion, in: Z . VON MARTELS, P. STEENBAKKERS and A . VANDERJAGT (eds), Limae labor et mora. Opstellen voor Fokke Akkerman ter gelegenheid van zijn zeventigste verjaardag,

72

On

Leende, 2000, pp. 2 0 - 3 1 .

Petrarch's

laureation see Francisci Petrarchae Opera, Basle, 1581. Ill: 3-7; [1869] 1960: 233ff.; ATTILIO HORTIS, Scritti inediti di Francesco Petrarca, Trieste. 1874, pp. 1-43; WILKINS 1951; W E R N E R SUERBAUM, Poeta laureatus et triumphans. Die Dichterkrönung Petrarcas und sein Ennius-Bild, in: Poetica 5 (1972), 293-328; PAUL OSKAR KRISTELLER, Petrarcas Stellung in der Geschichte der Gelehrsamkeit, in: KLAUS W. HEMPFER and ENRICO STRAUB (eds), Italien und die Romania in Humanismus und Renaissance. Wiesbaden 1983, pp. 102-21, here p. 115. The claim in the patent that the custom of granting laurels to poets had been in disuse for thirteen hundred years was wrong; see Du RESNEL, in: Memoire de littérature, tirez des registres de l'Academie Royale des inscriptions, X, 508ff. (cited by NELSON 1939: 40-1, note 4). There is an account of 'Des Petrarchae Krönung zum Poeten mit dem Lorberkrantze' on pp. 1-14 of Ludwig von AnhaltKöthen's, Francisci Petrarchae ... Sechs Triumphi... samt der erzelung seiner Krönung zum Poeten ..., Kothen 1643 (copy in Wolfenbüttel HAB: 23.3 Eth.(4)). See also M E R T E N S 1988; LUCIANO ROSSA, Petrarca, Francesco, in: Lexikon des Mittelalters, VI (1993), cols 1945-9. BURCKHARDT

Ixvi

Introduction

of the notion that the task of the poet is to preserve reputations and to ensure immortality.73 Poet, philosopher and historiographer all have the same goal. In addition to the 'laurea', which, with the words 'Receive this wreath, it is the reward of virtue', was placed on Petrarch's head by the Roman Senator Count Orso dell' Anguillaia, as King Robert's deputy, the poet was given a gown,74 a scroll, and was declared civis romanus, a 'citizen of Rome' and given the title magister, poeta et historicus.75 Cries of 'Long live the Capitol and the Poet' filled the hall. Later Petrarch presented his laurel wreath to the altar of St Peter's. For On Petrarch's general influence in Germany see A L F R E D KARNEIN, Petrarca in Deutschland, in: G E R D W O L F G A N G WEBER (ed.). Idee - Gestalt - Geschichte. Festschrift Klaus von See, Odense, 1 9 8 8 , pp. 1 5 9 - 8 6 , and JÜRGEN GEISS, Zentren der Petrarca-Rezeption in Deutschland (um 1470-1525): rezeptionsgeschichtliche Studien und Katalog der lateinischen Drucküberlieferung, Wiesbaden, 2 0 0 2 . On his influence in France see JEAN BALSAMO (ed.), Les Poètes français de la Renaissance et Pétrarque, (Travaux d'Humanisme et Renaissance, 394), Geneva, 2004.

73

74

75

Nicodemus Frischlin tells the young Duke Ludwig of Württemberg in 1575: Perge, decus. Ludovice, Dei, celebresque poetas Assere: sic nullo nomen delebitur aevo, Virtutesque tuae ventura in sécula tendent. Nam sacer et magnus vatum labor omnia morti Praeripit et populis donat mortalibus aevum. (Go to it, Ludwig, adornment of God, and take good poets into your protection! Then your name will never be forgotten, and your virtues will extend to future generations. For the holy and great task of poets saves everything from death and gives mortal Man eternity.) Cited after LUDWIG 2000: 450-1. Heinrich Schaeve (qv), took the opportunity afforded by the death of Heinrich Held (both of them Poetae laureati) in 1659 to introduce his pupils at Stettin to the contrast between the brevity of life and the immortality of a poet (MACHÉ 1990: 366, note 33). Petrarch wore King Robert's own purple robe (and is said to have been buried in a purple gown). According to Suetonius, Domitian presided at ceremonies on the Capitol 'in halfboots, clad in a purple toga in the Greek fashion, and wearing upon his head a golden crown'. See Suetonius. Domitian, I V , 4 ; cited by M O M M S E N 1959: 104—5. Purple is also mentioned (along with a gold ring and the laurel) as the mark of a poet even in the early eighteenth century, in Fr. Magarethen Susannen von Kuntsch Sämmtliche Geist= und weltliche Gedichte, nebst einer Vorrede von Menantes, Halle, 1720 (London BL: 11517.bbb.56), pt. III, no. XIV. addressed to Johann Christoph Wentzel (..[riA.nrjohH.'-''y ETcaTISPVUirWlTEXVITHISTOIUAM^^-^ MllETOVEMMVSISSEPTENASIVNXERAT AKTES QVAS srvDio parili d o c t a v i E N A c o L i T ^

k n o w o f it IVIIUW U1 11 o I IfMrnrir ο I diiegoncdi

n n l v f r o m an U l l i y 11UI11 ail u/nnrlnnt nrn wooacui, pro-

166 London BL pressmark C.57.U. The copy in Vienna ÖNB (pressmark 44.V.55) contains a handwritten list of the names of those who played the parts (FÜSSEL 1987: 165, note 86). FOSSEL 1987: 167, note 93. mentions a plagiarised version of the Rhapsodia by Hieronymus Vehus, printed by Johann Grüninger, Strasbourg, 1505. 167 Since all the other members of the College are named together with their place of origin it must be assumed that the same applies to Hieronimus Pius Baldungus. He was thus presumably Hieronimus Pius (= Fromm?) of 'Baldungen' (= Baldingen, near Nördlingen?), rather than Hieronimus Pius Baldung. Little is known about most of these poets, none of whom appears to have been laureated. On Nikolaus Gerbel (Musophilus) (c. 1485-1560) of Pforzheim see ADB, VIII, 716-8; ΝDB. VI, 249-50; A. BÜCHLE, Der Humanist Ν. Gerbel aus Pforzheim. Durlach, 1886; RUPPRICH 1934: 620-21; and on Georg Boor Caetianus see MACHILEK 1 9 9 7 : 1 1 2 . S e e a l s o GRÖSSING 1 9 8 3 : 1 4 8 , 1 5 2 - 3 , 1 7 0 - 1 . A n o t h e r c o n t r i b u t o r t o

the booklet was Johannes Sturnus (q.v.).

xcviii

Introduction

duced by Hans Burgkmair working to Celtis's plans.168 Each head of the imperial eagle, Aquila imperialis, has a nimbus with the words Sacro imperio, and from each head hangs a laurel wreath marked Laurea. At the top is the Emperor, Divvs Maximi, and below the stool we see the Muses' fountain, Fons Musarum. Beneath this Philosophia is seated on a throne, her feet resting upon the world. The roundels on the left depict the six days of Creation and the Creator resting, while those on the right represent the mechanical arts. On the steps of the throne are the Seven Liberal Arts, divided into Trvium and Quadrivium, and at the foot is depicted the Judgement of Paris. Another woodcut by Hans Burgkmair (shown opposite), in Celtis's Rhapsodia, depicts the insignia of the College's Poetae laureati·. sceptre with imperial eagle, ring,169 cap, seal, laurel wreath with imperial eagle flanked by Apollo and Minerva.170 The cap - a doctor's beret - itself indicates that the distinction was deemed equivalent of an academic degree.171 The woodcut also includes the words: Hanc lavrvm dedimus Chvnrado insignia vatvm Caesar: vt herovm forcia facta canat qvaqve píos vates merita cvm lavde coronet qvando qvidem nostras iam gerit i I le vices. We, the Emperor, have given Conrad this laurel as a mark of distinction for poets so that he may sing heroic deeds and may crown pious poets according to their merits in place of Us.

168 Thus BURGER 1969: [5], who regards it as an allegorical title illustration for a lost play; elsewhere it is called an 'advertisement' for the Collegium poetarum et mathematicorum. For a detailed description see CAMPBELL DODGSON. Catalogue of Early German and Flemish Woodcuts presrved in the Department of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum, I I , London, 1911, pp. 6 7 - 8 . 169 According to HECKEL 1672: 154, the ring of pure gold symbolised the duty of the poet to compose verse in a spirit of chastity and purity: 'Factus autem est annulus ille ex puro puto auro, qvoniam unicuiqve Poëtae convenit, carmina sua casta ac pura mente scribere'. 170 Tritonius, who taught at the Latin school at Brixen, writing to Celtis on 21 June 1502. addressed him as 'sacratissimo Phoebi et Musarum sacerdoti* ('most holy priest of Apollo and the Muses'). 171 'The use of Latin as the language of academical life threw open the lecture-rooms of a university to every part of Europe. The universal validity of the academic licence made the teacher of one university a potential teacher in all others' (RASHDALL, II. 233). Thus a poet laureated at one was also received on an equal basis in any university.

Introduction

xcix

The splendid casket in which the insignia were kept, showing the double-headed eagle on one ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ side,^ A p ^ ^ and

memorialize him in the woodcut shown overleaf. 174 Burgkmair also devised a commemorative medallion. 175 Celtis was carried in a grand procession, with the entire

172 For a colour reproduction see KILLY, II, 378. 173 En passant, we may note that Maximilian, too, may have suffered from syphilis, there being a reference to 'gesundt yndianisch holtz' (i.e. guaiac wood) being used ' f ü r die blättern"; see FUSSEL 1987: 246, note 10. 174 For a colour reproduction see KILLY, II, 384. 175 See p. 304 below.

Introduction

c

company of Vienna university professors and students, to St Stephen's Cathedral to lie - the son of a peasant - not far from the tomb of Frederick III who had created him the first German Poeta laureatus. As we have seen, Maximilian granted Celtis the right to confer the title Poeta laureatus himself. In his will Celtis bequeathed this Privilegium creandi poetas to the University «JeqvVTV! of Vienna. From now on successive Rectors were permitted to crown poets in the Emperor's f < D M. S ^ FLETE PIIVATES ET TVNDITE PECTORA PALMI5 name, and the imperial monoVESTERENIM HICCEITIS FATASVPPEMATVLIT poly had thus been irrevocably M O R T V Y S I U . E . Q V I D E M S E D LONCV VI W S IN CV VM CÖIO0VITV R D O C T O S P E R SVA S C R I P T A V I R O S broken. If Frederick III had CH VN A B PROVIEWf LAVREÇ CVSTOST COU-ATOR HIClNCHRrS.qyiESaTVÍXn-AN.(XWALSESQyiMlU, already been liberal in bestowSVB D I V 0 M A X I M I L : A V G V S T ; ETV» ing the title, his son Maximilian was ultimately responsible for its uncontrolled proliferation and devaluation - in Burger's bizarre image, 'da in Maximilians Gnadensonne die Dichterlorbeeren wie Pilze aus dem Boden schössen, verloren sie schnell an Wert'. 176 Ebeling, too, lays the blame for the decline in the standing of poetic laureations squarely at the door of Emperors Maximilian and Charles V.177 In the course of time the award of the title became, in Gustav Roethe's words, 'verzweifelt fadenscheinig und billig, zuletzt eine lächerliche Ceremonie'. 178 176

BURGER 1969: 3 0 9 .

177 'Als jedoch die Kaiser Maximilian I und Karl V in dem Lorbeerkranze Ersatz für bare Belohnungen und Gandenerweisungen an verdiente Gelehrte erkannten und außerdem [...] jedem Hof- und Pfalzgrafen die Berechtigung zu Dichterkrönungen zugestanden, womit ihre Nachfolger fortfuhren, war der Entwürdigung und dem Mißbrauche jener feierlichen Handlung Thür und Thor geöffnet.' EBELING 1883: 134. Nor was he the first: the article 'Poète couronné"

in

DENIS DIDEROT a n d

JEAN

D'ALEMBERT'S

Encyclopédie

ou

dictionnaire

raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, XII, Neufchâtel, 1765, p. 845, similarly remarks: 'Ce titre prostitué à des gens sans mérite, a inondé l'Allemagne de légions de poètes lauréats dont il seroit ennuyeux de faire le dénombrement.' 178 GUSTAV ROETHE, Die deutschen Kaiser und die deutsche Literatur [1893], reprinted in: WILHELM EBEL, Göttinger Universitätsreden aus zwei Jahrhunderten (1737-1934), Götting e n , 1 9 7 8 , p p . 3 1 2 - 2 6 , h e r e pp. 3 2 4 - 5 . KARL BORINSKI, Poetik

der

Renaissance

und

die

Anfänge der litterarischen Kritik in Deutschland, Berlin, 1886, p. 248, had similarly called poetic laureation a 'fadenscheinige Komödie'. See the section Criticism of Poets Laureate, below.

Introduction

Maximilian 's other

ci

laureations

Vincenz Lang was far from being the only poet crowned by Maximilian. The Emperor made very full use of his rights: according to Mertens, he laureated some forty poets. 179 (This increase in frequency is doubtless primarily to be seen as a reflection of the Germans' desire to be seen as the heirs of Rome, but it remains an interesting question whether it is in any way also linked with the transition from manuscript to print culture.) As far as can be ascertained, Maximilian's list of laureates comprised at least the following: 1489, 3 October 1493, 7 December 1494, 2 November 1496 1495 1496 1497, Spring 1498, 20 August 1498 1501, 1 March 1501,30 May 1502 (before March) 1502 1502 (not after?) 1503 (?) 1505 (not after) 1505, 24 June 1506 (or 1505)

1508 (not after) 1512,25 August

Quintius Aemilianus [2nd laureation], at Linz Johannes Cuspinian, at Vienna Jakob Canter Albert Krantz Tommaso Inghirami, performed by Cardinal Bernardino Lopez de Carjaval at Rome with the Emperor's approval Jacobus Vagnonus, performed by Joannes a Siega at Padua Jacob Locher, at Cologne Joseph Griinpeck, by Sigismund Kreuzer on behalf of Maximilian, at Freiburg im Breisgau Gabriel Münzthaler Vincenz Lang Heinrich Bebel, at Innsbruck Jacobus Piso Johannes Stabius, performed by Johannes Cuspinian at Vienna Virgilius Lunson Heinrich Fischer Johannes Panaetianus, probably at Vienna Georgius Sibutus, at Cologne Thomas Murner laureated by Maximilian, with the permission of Egidius Delphin de Pomeria in a letter from Viterbo of 26 September 1506 Thomas Resch, probably at Vienna Heinrich Glarean (Loriti), at Cologne

179 MERTENS 1986. See also SCHMID 1989. FÜSSEL 1987: 250, mentions that Jakob Spiegel numbered among Maximilian's laureated poets his friends Stabius, Cuspinian, Vadian. Ursinus, Sbrulius, Dantiscus and Bartolini. See also ALFRED NOE, Der Einfluß des italienischen Humanismus auf die deutsche Literatur vor 1600, Tübingen, 1993.

cii

Introduction

1512 1512 1512, 11 November

1512, 11 November

1513 1514, 12 March 1515 1515 (not after) 1516 1517 (not after) 1517, betw. 10/26 March 1517 1517 1517, 12 July

1517 1517 1518, before 4 March

Francesco Rococciolo, performed by Matthias Lang at Modena Thomas Heinrich Vogler Francesco Maria Grapaldi, jointly by Tommaso Inghirami, representing Pope Julius II, and Cardinal Matthias Lang, representing Emperor Maximilian I Vincenzo Pimpinelli, jointly by Tommaso Inghirami, representing Pope Julius 11, and Cardinal Matthias Lang, representing Emperor Maximilian I Riccardus Sbrulius, at Augsburg 180 Joachim von Watt (Vadianus), at Linz' Rudolf Agricola Jr, at Vienna Eitelwolff vom Stein Johannes Dantiscus Paul Amalteo, at Vienna Riccardo Bartolini, at Antwerp Gerhard Geldenhouwer, at Tienen Johannes Hadelius, at Vienna Ulrich von Hutten, crowned on the recommendation of Conrad Peutinger, Jakob Spiegel and Johannes Stabius, at Augsburg Urbanus Rhegius, at Ingolstadt Caspar Ursinus Velius Johannes Alexander Brassicanus

T o this list m a y be added the very doubtful case of G e o r g Uber (q.v.). A notable feature of M a x i m i l i a n ' s laureations w a s that he several times took the opportunity to p e r f o r m them in the full glare of publicity at Imperial Diets - this tradition had been inaugurated by Frederick III

180 When Vadian was crowned no laurel was available, so a wreath was fashioned from box 'which, as Pliny affirms, knows neither rotting nor ageing' (see HECKEL 1672: 144-5; also ARNOLD 1988: 243, citing HEDWIG HEGER (ed.), Die deutsche Literatur. Spätmittelalter, Humanismus, Reformation. Texte und Zeugnisse. 2. Teilband: Blütezeit des Humanismus und der Reformation. Munich, 1978, p. 12), Even in ancient times poets had sometimes been crowned with myrtle or ivy. Poets who followed Horace chose ivy, those who followed Virgil mixed ivy and laurel, those following Petrarch preferred laurel. See TRAPP 1958; WUTTKE 1996: 135. Further on these plants and others used see HECKEL 1672: 31-6. The laurel granted by Paul Schede Melissus to Friedrich Taubmann in 1593, made of real laurel held together with gold wire, survives, together with its casket, in the Lutherhalle, Wittenberg (see P. G. SCHMIDT 1993: 257). Though the laurel is evergreen, in practice it was not permanent, thus it seems that one of the tasks of the assistant of Aesticampianus was to plait his wreath afresh (MERTENS 1996: 227 cites the source as Epigrammata Johannis Aesticampiani, Leipzig: Melchior Lotter, 1507, fols 41V—42V).

Introduction

ciii

with his laureation of Enea Silvio Piccolomini at the Diet of Frankfurt in 1442. Such events, like those at Nuremberg in 1487, Freiburg im Breisgau in 1498, Cologne in 1505 and 1512, and Augsburg in 1517, attended as they were by the great and the good in the Empire, afforded excellent opportunities for learned humanists to demonstrate their poetic skills and their devotion to the Emperor. 181 Later, in 1544, Johann Sastrow and Michael Toxites similarly received laureation in the context of the Imperial Diet at Speyer. How did one become a poet laureate? Seldom, it seems, was it the Emperor himself who initiated it, even in the early period. Aspirants generally needed influential contacts at court and the support of imperial counsellors. With Maximilian I this meant knowing important people like Konrad Stürzel, Cardinal Matthias Lang, Blasius Höltzel, Petrus Bonomus and Jakob Spiegel. Spiegel himself noted the people whose cause he had promoted: these included nine names: Ulrich von Hutten, Riccardo Bartolini, Joachim von Watt, Caspar Ursinus [Velius], Riccardus Sbrulius, Johannes Dantiscus, Johannes Pinicianus, Urbanus Rhegius, and [Johannes] Alexander Brassicanus. 182 Preparing a case for laureation might involve the production of a booklet of poems, such as Georgius Sibutus's De divi Maximiliani adventu in Coloniam deque

gestis suis cum admiranda virtute et maiestate Georgii Sibuti Daripini poetae laureati Panegyricus, Cologne: H. Quentell, 1505, or a panegyric like Heinrich Bebel's Oratio ad regem Maximilianum de laudibus et amplitudine Germaniae, Pforzheim: Thomas Anshelm, 1504. The fact that the initiative came from below, from the aspirant, rather than from above, from the Emperor, shows that there is no justification for postulating a planned policy of laureations on Maximilian's part, useful though poets were. 183

181 ARNOLD 1988: 240, 243. On the Imperial Diets of the sixteenth century see VOŒLKA 1974 a n d AULINGER

1980.

182 "Ut praeteream loannem Stabium Stirianum, Thomam Velocianum [i.e. Resch] Austriacum. loannem Cuspinianum Francum orientalem ac complures alios eruditos, sat erit hos recensuisse qui sub id temporis quo ego in aulicum munus adscitus fui. in venerandum coetum immortalium vatum Maximilianeo calculo probati discessere' - then follow the nine names mentioned. See EDUARD BÖCKING, Ulrich/ Hullern Equitis Germani Opera quae reperiri potuerunt omnia, Leipzig, 1 8 5 9 - 6 2 , 1 , p. 145; MERTENS 1996: 342. On Spiegel see Α. SEMLER, Die Bibliothek des Humanisten Jakob Spiegel, in: Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins, 71 (n.F. 32) (1917), 8 4 - 9 7 . 183 Thus MERTENS 1996: 343, in rejecting the approach of SCHMID 1989.

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The 'Collegium poetarum ' after the death of Maximilian I After the death of Maximilian I in 1519, indeed after that of Celtis in 1508, the Collegium poetarum et mathematicorum already began to decline. Its position within the University of Vienna was in any case peculiar, and its special status was inevitably going to give rise to friction. But on 10 September 1558 Emperor Ferdinand I confirmed the right of the University of Vienna to crown poets. 184 The University thus became responsible for the privilege of the College. Kralik and Bradish have drawn attention to some rare publications describing the ceremonies and activities of the Collegium. 185 The first of these is an account of the laureation of Heinrich Eckhard, Actus Poeticus, in Gymnasio Viennensi celebratus. In quo, Paul Fabricius, Cœsaris et Archiducum Austriœ Mathematicus Do[ctor] Med[icinae] nomine et autoritate inuictissimi lmperatoris Ferdinanda consentiente Sereniss. Principe Maximiliano Bohemorum Rege: Ad priuilegia Poètici Collegi] à Sacraciss. piœ memoriœ Cœsare Maximiliano instituti, Henrico Ecardo Noribergensi, lauream coronam imposuit Poëtamque creauit & renunciauit. lilt. Nonas lulij. Anno M.D.LVIII., Vienna: Raphael Hofhalter, [after 4 July] 1558). 86 By this time the staffing of the College had been cut to two, the mathematician Paul Fabricius187 and the poet Nathanael Balsmann. Though by statute the poet should have had precedence over the mathematician, it was Fabricius, as the more important scholar, who conducted the proceed184 ADEL I960: 23, and especially BRADISH 1937: 367. The document confirming it is Diplom Lad. XXXVII, No. 6, of the Archive of the University of Vienna. Maximilian's privilege establishing the Collegium Poetarum, dated 1 November 1501, and Ferdinand l"s confirmation of it, dated 10 September 1558, are printed on fols. L 3 - L 4 ' of Laurea poetica ... nuper viris eruditiss. Eliae Corvino. Ioanni Lauterbachio & Vito lacobaeo .... Vienna, 1558 (Wolfenbüttel HAB: 164.1. Quod.(2)); see also Adam Schröter, Solium Caesareum ... in honorem ... Romanorum lmperatoris... Ferdinandi Primi, Vienna. 1558 ( l ' D Ì 6 S-4239), fol. L4r. 185 KRALIK 1 9 1 8 , e s p . pp. 2 1 5 - 5 6 . BRADISH 1 9 3 7 : 3 6 7 , says t h e i t e m s in q u e s t i o n are in t h e

Gemäldesammung of the Austrian National Library, the K. u. K. Fideikommissbibliothek. at Vienna. 186 GOLUSZKA/MALICKI P7: Wolfenbüttel HAB: 164.1 Quodl.(3). The title page is reproduced on p. 471 below. 187 BRADISH 1937: 368, note 7. Fabricius (1519-88), from Upper Silesia, was Doctor of Medicine, Imperial Count Palatine, Counsellor and Mathematician (Caesaris Mathematicus [see London BL: 8560.d.18, fol. AP]), and personal physician to four Emperors, Professor of Vienna University, well-versed in the Holy Scriptures, and a good Hebraist. Another Imperial Mathematician was Nicolai Reymers Baer (Ursus) (1551-1600), appointed 1594 (on him see NICHOLAS JARDINE, The place of astronomy in early-modern culture, in: Journal for the History of Astronomy, 29 (1998). 49-62. where further literature is cited). A further Imperial Mathematician, appointed by Ferdinand III (Emperor 1637-57), was David Frölich (JÖCHER/ ADELUNG, II, 1268), while Athanasius Kircher was intended to become Imperial Mathematician at Vienna in succession to Johannes Kepler.

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ings. The ceremony commences with an address by Fabricius in hexameters. He greets the Rector of the University, invokes Apollo and recounts the story of how Daphne was changed into a laurel tree. 188 He then relates how, driven from their dwelling on Mount Olympus by the fury of the Turks, Apollo and the Muses have arrived in Germania, to seek protection with the 'hallowed House of the Austriads'. This House will preserve their privileges and protect the laurel of Phoebus. Fabricius then invites a poet desirous of the highest reward to step forward. God will inspire him. 'Ferdinand, the Head of the World, Monarch of the Quirites, Adornment of the Empire, calls you to receive his gifts, his reward: he will crown you with a laurel, plaited with violas and hyacinths. Who can still assert that the Muses are not honoured, that the poets labour in vain? And you, Eccard, who strive for these gifts, allow your head to be wreathed in ivy and laurel, mixed with white amaryllis and purple amaranths. 189 I confer these honours upon you in the name of His Imperial Majesty and the Archduke of Austria and at the command of the Rector Magnificus and the Senate of the University of Vienna to which Caesar 1 0 has delegated these powers. May Phoebus illumine this ceremony with the cloudless beams of his radiance!' 1 9 1 After this flowery allocution, the Promotor proceeds to deliver the following solemn address: The time and circumstances require that I should now perform that necessary solemn ceremony. Wherefore, in accordance with the ordinance of Emperor Maximilian of pious memory, 1 give you this golden ring and remind you by means of this ceremony that you should be mindful how a good poet should embrace the whole compass of human knowledge. Secondly I lay before you this open book to remind you that you should devote yourself to the study of languages and the fine arts and the reading of good writers and that should imitate the best of them. Furthermore you should look into works of history and poetry, which above all can promote sound morals, as into a mirror. 1 admonish you also to maintain the modesty of demeanour which has commended you to us so far and should eschew the 'Poeticus Furor', 192 for there are people who regard themselves 188 A woodcut in Celtis's, Quattuor libri amorum, Nuremberg, 1502, fol. r6r, depicts Daphne evading the lust of Apollo by turning herself into a laurel. The distichs above the picture, by Willibald Pirckheimer, are addressed to lovers of the laurel. 189 The amaranth is the fabled never-fading flower, the emblem of immortality. 190 That is, Ferdinand 1, or perhaps Maximilian I is meant. 191 BRADISH 1937: 368-9, notes that the verses contain a reference to the avoidance of filthy lucre and pure vanity. This was a recurrent theme is academic orations at the period: see FLOOD/SHAW 1 9 9 7 .

192 The term 'Poeticus furor' is found with Bernard André in about 1486; see BROADUS 1921: 24. For a definition of the term see Deutsche Encydopädie oder Allgemeines RealWörterbuch aller Künste und Wissenschaften von einer Gesellschaft Gelehrten [!], VII,

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as outstanding poets and yet are not, indeed are not poets at all - such people seriously follow the saying of the poet 'Try something worthy of banishment on the island of Gayara or of imprisonment if you want to make something of yourself ...';19" like silly jokers or drunken swine, such people bring poetry into disrepute. True poetic furor is a movement of the heart like that which makes young men ardent for young women. But poetry is not only the fruit of diligent study, but the outcome of intellectual flexibility and warmth of the heart. Poets are born, not made; thus it is rare for there to be a favourable disposition of the stars and of this heavenly spirit, unless Mars and other relevant constellations are not advantageously positioned; similarly also with mathematicians and other more subtle practitioners. I could illustrate this both with examples and other arguments. But I return to you, Eckhard, and now at last crown you with the laurel wreath, which Maximilian determined for this purpose, and I admonish you thereby to treat subjects worthy of immortality. And last of all I offer you the Kiss of Peace by which I command you to be mindful of concord and fidelity. Just as it is a criminal act to incite rebellion, to disturb the peace of men, so I consider it to be the attitude of an old woman and a grave breach of justice and of pious laws to suffer injuries of any kind from any man; I command you therefore to defend yourself against these in justice. Finally, in the name of, representing and by the authority of the most victorious Emperor Ferdinand, and with the agreement of Maximilian, King of Bohemia, I name you Poet Laureate and declare this in the name of the undivided Trinity of Father, Son and Holy Spirit. And I grant you all the gifts and privileges which belong to the Poets; I grant you the right to hold lectures in honourable and permissible subjects here and everywhere in the whole Roman Empire. And so that you might understand how I conceive of poetry, I will now recite to you and the assembled company a short elegy on the island of the

Frankfurt am Main, 1783, p. 207: 'Dichtergluth ist derjenige Gemüthszustand eines Dichters, in welchem alle seine Kräfte dermassen angestrengt sind, daß er sich nur mit seinem Gegenstand allein beschäftigt. Sie ist der höchste Grad der Begeisterung. Sie wird auch sonsten die Dichterwuth (Furor poeticus) genennt; und zwar deswegen, weil die Anlage eines Dichters, nemlich das Feuer der Einbildungskraft, die Lebhaftigkeit des Gefühls, und die Heftigkeit der Bewegungen der Seele, leichtlich die Anlage zu einer unglücklichen Verwirrung des Gemüths werden können, wenn sie nicht durch einen scharfen Verstand und gute Beurtheilungskraft unterstützt werden. Wir sagen zwar nicht, daß die Anlage eines Dichters, auch die Anlage eines Narren sey; aber wenn er in einem hohen Grad der Begeisterung ist, so siehet er nicht auf die Umstände die ihn umgeben, und würde, wenn ihn nicht der Verstand regierte, seine Vorstellungen leicht überspannen.' See also E R N S T R O B E R T C U R T I U S , Europäische Literatur und lateinisches Mittelalter. Berne, 1948, pp. 469-70; J E N S N E U M A N N , Furor poeticus, in: G E R T U E D I N G (ed.), Historisches Wörterbuch der Rhetorik, Tübingen, 1992ff., III. cols 490-5. 193 Juvenal, Satires, 1, 73f. 1 9 4 This account is taken from the German translation in B R A D I S H 1 9 3 7 : 3 6 9 - 7 0 .

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Fabricius then delivers his poem which tells how he departed by ship from Vienna and sailed to an island, the holy island of the poets where the Muses, exiled from the land of the Danai (Greeks), now reside. He sees satyrs and nymphs and various other figures; he mentions the names of the immortal gods, especially that of the laurel-crowned goddess Poesis, the mistress of the place. She is surrounded by the poets, lying in the grass. She teaches them to express sublime things in fine words and how to live honourably themselves. The second goddess is Historia who teaches them to preserve the deeds of heroes for posterity. The goddess Mathematica explains the signs of heaven, Geographia the lands of the earth, Rhetorica the art of language, Dialéctica truth and Physica the causes of things, and Medicina the powers of all beings. Poesis is surrounded by her servants - including pygmies called Daktylus, Pyrrhicius, Choriambus, Spondeus, Trocheus, Iambus. A boy called Furor Poeticus rushes about amongst them. On a broad meadow, rose-bedecked, sits Ethica, surrounded by the Virtues. Comedy (a nymph) and Tragedy and other figures are also to be seen. Having demonstrated his own abilities, Fabricius now calls upon Eckhard to recite a poem worthy of the occasion. He first praises the Eternal Father, then the Muses. Then, having recalled his youth and his native city, he recites a paraphrase of Psalm 117 ('Laudate Deum omnes gentes, laudate eum omnes populi'), remarking that he has already praised Phoebus and the Muses sufficiently in other books of his. Finally he calls upon God to protect the Muses, and undertakes to sing the praises of Rector Eder 19 and Vienna University when he is back home in Nuremberg. Then, in accordance with ancient custom, he calls upon Master Nathanael Balsmann, the Professor of Poetry, to explain why Mercury was granted his staff. Balsmann, having praised the Laureate (Eckhard), the Promotor (Fabricius) and the Rector (Eder), explains that Mercury's staff is the art of eloquence by which states are ruled and men are directed. Now Hieronymus Lauterbach,' 96 a mathematician and poet from Löbau, offers congratulations to Eckhard on

195 On Georg Eder ( 1 5 2 3 / 4 - 8 7 ) , jurist and Reichshofrat. a staunch advocate o f Catholicism in Austria - he w a s author o f Partìtiones Catechismi Catholici qui ex decreto Cone. Trid ... editus: nunc vero facilioris cognitionis gratia in hanc epitomen & commodas tabulas digestus ..., Brescia, 1561; and Cologne, 1570 - , see JÖCHERMDELUNG II, 8 3 0 - 1 , KOBOLT, 1 8 3 - 6 , A DB, V, 6 4 2 , and NDB, IV, 31 If. For his Lucius Archigymnasii liennensis: pro funere D. Caroti Quinti.... Vienna, 1 5 5 9 see VDÌ6 E - 5 3 9 ; GOLUSZKA/MALICKI P259; and for Orationes sex ..., Vienna, 1559 (on the occasion o f conferment o f doctorates) VDÌ6 E 546; GOLUSZKA/MALICKI P260. He also wrote Triumphus Ferdinando I. Ro. Imperatori Archigymnasii Viennensis nomine pro foelicibus Imperii auspiciis renunciatus. Vienna: R. Hofhalter, 1558 ( D R U M M O N D 1475; Aberdeen UL). 196 On him see OTTO, II, 4 0 3 .

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having been crowned with the same laurel wreath as Conrad Celtis had once been. He also praises Rector Eder for having striven in a Herculean manner to secure the freedom of the University. Then Elias Corvinus presents a poem in praise of the University. After this Fabricius offers thanks to the Triune God with a request to break the power of the Turks and to glorify Emperor Ferdinand. Dionys Pucler from Iglau congratulates the Muses on escaping from the Turkish tyrants to settle here in Germania. And the very last poem is one by Julius Paulus in the form of an echoing dialogue: Philarctus philosophises on intoxication, on the quest for fame, on vanity, and Thalia responds to him in an echo. This poem would seem to have been performed during the ensuing banquet to celebrate the new Poet Laureate. A few weeks later, on 15 September 1558, a triple laureation took place. Rector Georg Eder noted that, after rigorous examination by the College of Poets, the three candidates were crowned by Paul Fabricius in a most splendid ceremony in the Aula of the University attended by princes (including Maximilian (II) and Karl), ambassadors and members of the University. 197 The details of the occasion are recorded in Laurea poetica, ex Caesareo privilegio in celeberrimo Archigymnasio Viennensi tribus nuper viris eruditiss: Eliae Corvino, Ioanni Lauterbachio, & Vito Jacobaeo, in maxima Reverendissimorum Principum, Comitum, baronum, Nobilium, ac doctissimorum hominum frequentia, summa cum gratulatone collata, a Paulo Fabricio, Caesaris et Archiducum Austriae Mathematico, Medicinœ Doctore, edita ..., Vienna: R. Hofhalter, 15 5 8.198 The climax of the ceremony was the presentation of a book, a golden ring, a kiss, and the laurel to each of the candidates in turn. 199 Poetiy, Fabricius reminds the honorands, is a holy office, not a frivolous invitation to immorality. A man who does not conduct himself properly and praise good manners, is not a real poet 197 BRADISH 1937: 372, note 15, gives the source as Katalog der Rektoren und berühmten Männer des Archigymnasiums in Wien, worin ausser der zeitlichen Abfolge auch das Wichtigste von dem enthalten ist, was sich Denkwürdiges für die Akademie in der Amtszeit eines jeden zutrug. Vom Jahre 1237 bis zum Jahre 1559. Mit zwei Vorreden an den Rechtsgelehrten Georg Gienger... von Georg Eder, kaiserl. Advokaten, aus Freising, und zur Zeit Rektor dieser Universität, Vienna: Raphael Hofhalter, 1559, p. 89. 198 VD16 F458; GOLUSZKA/MALICKI P318; Wolfenbüttel HAB: 164.1 Quodl.(2). The title page is reproduced on p. 359 below. 199 Compare the practice at Oxford where, following the degree ceremony there once followed the "Act', a ceremony in which candidates took part in solemn disputations and received the insignia of their degrees: they were seated in the chair, and given a book, a cap, a ring, and a kiss of fellowship. They also had to provide a feast, and presents of robes, for the other Masters and Doctors. These arrangements differed little from those applying in Italy or Germany (see SCHULZE/SSYMANK. 1932: 88).

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and deserves incarceration rather than laureation. The candidates kneel to have the wreaths placed on their heads. In view of the central importance of this act, we here cite the relevant passage, following the account given in Adam Schröter, Solium Caesareum ... in honorem ...

Romanorum Imperatoris ... Ferdinandi Primi, Vienna, 1558 (VD16 S4239), fols. C1 V -C2 r : Et quia in hunc hodie finem conuenimus omnes Hie studijs quo dignus honor, quo praemia dentur, Nunc alio vertor. Nostri pars exigit actus Altera, phoebaeam doctis conferre coronam Vatibus, Augusti sub nomine Caesaris. Ergo Primus erat iustusque labor quid carmine dignum Magnificoque isto consessu dicere: tandem Hue Cornine ades, hue Lauterbachi, hue lacobaee. Accipe quisque tui precium non vile laboris Caesaris auspicio ac dono quisque auffer honores Has lauros Phoebi monumenta & praemia vatum. LIBER.

Accipe quisque libri distenta volumina primo Et tibi quas toto circumfluus integer orbe Circulus intextas habet artes esse memento Sic commendatas, veteresque nouosque reuolue Autores, quorum sunt dogmata commoda vitae. ANNVLVS.

Accipe quisque suo qui cingat & annulus orbe Hos dígitos, puro qui totus conditus auro est Quid sibi forte velit quaeris? quid postulet aurum? Haud mihi difficile est quaerenti díceres, mores Esse graues probitate iubet, virtute requirit Currere conspicuam vitam. Quid forma notabit? [C2r] Quae ñeque principium finem nec habere videtur Vndique concurrens in se redit atque cohaeret? Poscit constantes mores, vetat esse salutos. Vana Poëtarum turba atque ignobile vulgus Indignum sacris Musarum atque arbore Daphnes Scurriles atque audaces ostendere mores Si sciat, indicium veri putat esse Poëtae. Vidi ego qui quando sermone resolueret ora Sacra Dei semper maledictis nomina diris Efferus addebat sordensque madebat lacho Historias vanas mendacia grandia flabat Atque rudimentum dicebat id esse Poëtae. Hunc Gyaris, virgisque & carcere crédité dignum. OSCVLVM.

Oscula quisque etiam cape non simulantia fictum Pectoris ardorem, quo nos communia iungunt

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Vincula Musarum: temeré qui talia rumpunt (Nam sacra sunt) i lim scelus audent omne patrare. LAVREA CORONA.

Cingere quisque etiam Peneide tempora lauro Vtque coma semper pulcra viret ardua laurus, Materiam scriptis sic elige viuere dignam. Flectite quisque genu, flectunt quo more precantes. In patris & fili flatus & nomine sancti Vos creo Phoebaeos, (vobisque renuntio) vates. Sit legere & conferre & amoeno scribere versu Omnia, Caesareis ceu vatibus aucta potestas. Surgite: mox specimen Musis praebere decebit. Optime doctorum consessus, florida pubes Este precor testes linguisque animisque fauere.

Fabricius admonishes the candidates to show themselves worthy of the laurel by composing sublime poems. He cites the story of Abraham and his willingness to sacrifice his son Isaac as an example of such a poem. Then the new laureate Elias Corvinus recites his celebratory poem, greeting the princes Maximilian and Karl and praising Maximilian's love of poets which he compares to Alexander the Great's love of Homer. This affords him the opportunity to make a topical allusion: if the Greeks avenged the abduction of Helen by destroying Troy, so the loss of thousands of souls should inspire us Christians to take similar vengeance. May Maximilian live to see the day when Europe, Asia and Libya belong to the Germanic peoples after the Turks are vanquished. And may young Archduke Karl turn into a new Charles the Great too. The second poet, Johannes Lauterbach, also praises the Austrian Caesars, an obvious yet still a surprising theme as he might have been expected to choose a topic from antiquity. But by comparing Greeks and barbarians with Christians and Turks he establishes a link and calls upon Emperor Ferdinand to establish peace on earth through conquest of the Turks. The third poet, Jacobaeus, sings the praises of the University of Vienna which alone has charge of the laurel. Credit for this is given to Conrad Celtis, the first German poet, who was the first to dedicate himself to the Muses here. Vienna has the right to do what previously was the privilege of the Caesars: crown poets. Rector Eder has secured this right. Celtis's crown has been given fresh life. May Ferdinand, head of the world, great Caesar three times over, protect this university. Vienna should guard it like a jewel from the barbarity of the Turkish dogs! At this point in the proceedings something unusual happens: Fabricius calls out, 'Who is this coming? Who has brought these delightful maidens here?' - and young boys representing the Nine

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Muses, Mercury, Apollo and Pallas appear and offer their congratulations. Mercury, who confers eloquence, greets the three poets, the University, and prophesies Vienna eternal fame. The lyres will sound on the Danube as long as Georg Eder remains Rector. Then Apollo, who fills the hearts of poets with divine inspiration,200 asks the Muses to plait garlands of flowers with which he will adorn the three poets. The Muses then sing: Calliope sings of a triumph that will be as great as that of the most victorious heroes, for since the three poets sing of heroes and heroic deeds, they too should be praised as though they too had fought for their native land, for they are related to the gods. Thalia praises the laurel that Nero once strove for and with which Petrarch was crowned on the Capitol before Conrad Celtis brought it to the Germans. The three new poets should support men of action as Ennius201 had once supported Scipio. Melpomene, the tragic Muse, sings more joyous songs today. Apollo is delighted with everything he sees in Austria. Euterpe reminds us that everything is transitory, only the praise of virtue remains, sung by the poets. Terpsichore recalls Scipio once again who shared his triumph over Carthage with his friend Ennius and crowned him with the laurel for the poetry he wrote during the war.202 Polyhymnia wishes Midas's ass's ears on those who despise the laurels. Urania is delighted that Vienna's fame stems from her pupil Fabricius, the astronomer. Erato, the Muse of the love-song, urges the new poets to preserve the name of Celtis for posterity. Clio praises Wolfgang Lazius, the historian. Finally, Pallas Athena expresses her delight at having finally found a home in Germania which she endows with the arts. The ceremony concludes with Fabricius offering thanks to the Trinity, praying that it preserve Ferdinand and his son and destroy the Turks and protect their University. Very shortly afterwards the College convened again, this time to mourn Emperor Charles V who had died on 21 September 1558. In Lucius Archigymnasii Viennen\sis\ pro funere Caroli quinti editus, Vienna, 1559 (VD16 E-539; London BL: 12301.dd.3 (3)), a publication recording the event, Rector Eder, regretting that he is not the Cicero or Demosthenes needed to do justice to the subject, delivers his laudatio 200 On divine inspiration of poets see CHRISTOPH JOSEPH STEPPICH, Die Vorstellung vom göttlich inspirierten Dichter in der humanistischen Dichtungstheorie und RenaissancePhilosophie Italiens und in der Dichtungspraxis des deutschen Humanismus. PhD thesis, State University of New York at Albany, 1986. 201 Ennius was regarded by the Romans as the father of their poetry. 202 DOHRN 1962 shows that the Vatican sculpture which some have held to represent Ennius is not the head of the poet; rather it is a memorial for a young dead hero. At Trier, however, there is a 3rd century A.D. mosaic showing Ennius (named) with the laurel (see DORHN. pi. 32,1).

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on the Emperor. Paul Fabricius, in a lengthy poem, declares that no Golden Age had princes better than Austria's, and Veit Jacobaeus, the laureated poet, had the departed Charles address words of farewell to his brother Ferdinand.203 Yet another triple laureation took place at Vienna, on 17 June 1560. This is described in Corona poetica, a clarissimo & doctissimo viro Domino Petro a Rotis Cortraceno Iuris Utriusque Doctore praestantissimo. Sub rectoratu Magnifici viri D. Melchioris Hoffmairs, Iuris Utriusque Doctoris, & Professons publici. Tribus poëtis in Archigymnasio Viennensi collata, Vienna: R. Hofhalter, 1560 (VD16 R-2887). The poets honoured on this occasion were Petrus Paganus, Kaspar Cropacius, and Jonas Hermann. The ceremony was performed by the Flemish lawyer Petrus de Roeulcz (Petrus de Rotis) who recalled at length how Celtis had reinstated the honour of poetry by instituting the practice of laureation. Paganus then strikes up a eulogy of the House of Habsburg and of Vienna, Cropacius praises Maximilian I, Charles V and Ferdinand 1, and Hermann offers a poem on the subject of David and Goliath.204 It was perhaps in feeble, early imitation of the Collegium poetarum that Joseph Grünpeck (c. 1473—c. 1532), himself an imperial Poeta laureatus, applied to the Regensburg council for permission to establish a 'PoetenschuP. On 8 April 1505 the council granted his request, allowing him 40 Gulden a year: 'Dem Joseph Grünpeck K.[aiserlicher] M.[ajestät] Secretan ist Ertags nach Misericordias Domini auf sein Supplication und Abringen, allhie ein Poetenschul zu halten, vergönnt und zugesagt, im deshalb 40 fl. Reinisch Jahrsolds zu geben bewilligt, nämlich alle Quatem[b]er zehn Gulden'. 205 But whatever Grünpeck's original aspirations may have been, he rarely settled anywhere for long, and the school, which was originally located in the Wahlenstraße, quickly became a regular grammar school, known as the Gymnasium Poeticum.206 Its alumni included the distinguished jurist, linguist and

For a fuller account see BRADISH 1 9 3 7 : 3 7 7 . He also gives details of further poems delivered by Jacobaeus and Corvinus at Vienna (pp. 3 7 8 - 9 ) . 204 For details see BRADISH 1937: 379-83. 205 C A R L T H E O D O R GEMEINER, Regensburgische Chronik, Regensburg, 1800-24, repr. Munich, 1971. IV, 98; Gelehrtes Regensburg 1995: 122. 2 0 6 On the school see ALOIS SCHMID. Das Gymnasium Poeticum zu Regensburg im Zeitalter des Humanismus, in: Albertus-Magnus-Gymnasium Regensburg. Festschrift zum Schuljubiläum 1988. Regensburg, 1 9 8 8 , pp. 2 5 - 5 7 ; JOHANN STRASSER, Das Gymnasium Poeticum im Zeitalter des Barock und der Aufklärung, ibid., pp. 1 5 9 - 2 0 4 ; WALTER FÜRNROHR, Das Regensburger Gymnasium Poeticum, in: M A X LIEDTKE (ed.), Handbuch der Geschichte des bayerischen Bildungswesens, Bad Heilbrunn, 1 9 9 1 , I, 4 5 6 - 6 5 ; WILHELM STURM, Reformation und Schule in Regensburg, in: HANS SCHWARZ (ed.), Reformation und Reichs203

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poet Johann Ludwig Prasch (1637-1690), 207 and Johann Pachelbel (1653-1706), the composer and musician, who spent the years 16691672 there.208 Its conrector in 1614 was Johannes Wilcover (q.v.) who was already then a poeta laureatus. Poets Laureate under Maximilian's

successors

Maximilian Γ s enthusiasm for laureation was not matched by most of his successors. However, Charles V (1500-1558; Emperor from 15191556, did laureate several poets, including: 1530 Bartholomaeus Amandus 1532 Ludovico Ariosto (?) not after 1539 Petrus Motta 1540/41 Girolamo Oliveri Agosti 1541 Johann Stigel [I] 1541 Kaspar Brusch 1541 Marcus Tatius Alpinus 1544 Johann Sastrow 1544 Michael Toxites 1546 (?) Janus Pyrrhus Pincius 1546 Johannes Lorichius 1551 Felix Fidler [I] 1555 Nikolaus Mameranus [date unknown] Jean Taisnier (uncertain) The case of Petrus Motta (Pedro Mota, Pedro Ruiz de la Mota) is somewhat unusual in that he is a rare example of a Spaniard being laureated. Whether he would have been accounted an imperial laureate

stadt: protestantisches Leben in Regensburg, (Schriftenreihe der Universität Regensburg, n.F. 20). Regensburg, 1994, pp. 6 6 - 8 8 . 207 Despite his important publications in the field of poetry, Prasch himself was apparently not a poeta laureatus. His works include Joh. Ludwig Praschens Gründliche Anzeige l'on Fürtrefflichkeit und Verbesserung Teutscher Poesie, Regensburg, 1680; Die getreue Alcestis. Regensburg, 1681; Diseurs von der Natur des Teutschen Reimes, 1685; and De Origine Germanica Latinae Linguae, Regensburg, 1689. He also edited Phaedri Augusti Liberti fabularum Aesopiarum libri quinqué, Glessen, 1660. On him see A DB, 26, 5 0 5 - 9 ; DBE, Vili, 53; KARL DACHS, Leben und Dichtung des Johann Ludwig Prasch (1637-1690). Mit einer Darstellung seiner Poetik, in: Verhandlungen des Historischen Vereins für Oberpfal: und Regensburg,

9 8 ( 1 9 5 7 ) , 5 - 2 1 9 ; PYRITZ, II, 5 3 6 - 7 ; DÜNNHAUPT. V , p p . 3 1 9 4 - 2 3 0 ;

Gelehrtes

Regensburg 1995, pp. 142-6. Also URSULA GÖTZ, Hochsprache und Mundart im 17. Jahrhundert: Das Zeugnis des Regensburgers Johann Ludwig Prasch, in: SUSANNE NÄSSL (ed.), Regensburger Deutsch, (Regensburger Beiträge zur deutschen Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft, B, 80). Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 2002, pp. 2 8 3 - 3 0 1 . 208

JÖCHER/ADELUNG, V , 1 3 5 1 - 2 .

cxiv

Introduction

or just a Spanish one is not clear. Motta, Professor of Greek and Latin at the University of Granada from 1525 to 1556, was the author of De via virtutis concio, Granada: Xanthus de Nebrija, 1539 (Seville, Biblioteca Columbina). Another Spaniard, laureated by Philip II, was Antonio Serón (1512—c. 209 1570). Lope de Vega ( 1 5 6 2 1635), though not laureated, was the official poet of the Spanish fleet when the ill-fated Armada sailed for England in 1588. An earlier coronation with a Spanish connection was that of Antonio i PETRI MOTT7E ψ COMPLVTENSIS ORATORIS Geraldini (1448/9-1489), laureatfiCPocixIaufcaaDevûviruiri:, Ccnnc. ed in October 1469 by Ferdinand ANN.M.D.XXXIX. u of Aragon and Sicily (= Ferdinand V, King of Castile (lived 14521516), Fernando el Católico) and his wife Isabella, on behalf of Juan II, King of Aragon and Sicily (d. 1479): Geraldini himself reports that 'mandato inuicti regis Aragonum, a Ferdinando, ulterioris Sicilie rege ... et ab Isabella ... laurea donatus sum'. 210 Ferdinand also conferred the title on Juan Sobrarías and Juan Parten io Tovar.211 209 See JOSÉ GUILLEN, Obras completas del laureado poeta latino aragonés del siglo XVI Antonio Serón bilbilitano, Zaragoza, 1982. See particularly his Elegeia VI (vol. I, p. 50 and pp. 115-27) and. Non ego sum uates, tali haud me dignor honore, me nisi laurigero decorasset flore Philippus Hesperiae rector. Silva VI, 42-4 = vol. I, p. 420. (The term silva, silvae, goes back to Statius, a Silver Age poet. It refers to a collection of poems of different types, just as a wood (Lat. silva) contains different types of trees. The concept remained popular in the early modern period, e.g. Philip von Zesen, Poetische Rosen-Wälder, Hamburg, 1642, Jacobus Balde, Sylvae lyricae, Cologne, 1646, Christian Gryphius, Poetische Wälder, Frankfurt and Leipzig, 1698.) 2 1 0 HARTMUT PETER, Die Vita Angeli Geraldini des Antonio Geraldini. Bographie eines Kurienbischofs und Diplomaten des Quattrocento, Frankfurt am Main, 1993, p. 282. See also JORDI RUBIO, Els autors classics a la biblioteca de Pere Miquel Carbonell, fins a Γ any 1484, in: Miscellania Crexells, Barcelona, 1929, pp. 205-22, esp. pp. 209-10 and p. 210, η. 1, where an excerpt from the diploma, dated October 1469, is reprinted. He played an important role as a mediator of Italian humanism into Spain. After his years at the Spanish court he returned to Italy where he arranged for his eclogues, modelled on Virgil, to be printed: Carmen bucolicum, Rome, 6 June 1485 {GW 10667). 211 For the laureation of Motta, Geraldini, Sobrarías, and Tovar see JUAN F. ALCINA and JOSÉ ANTONIO GONZÁLEZ. Las primeras anotaciones a los Diálogos de Vives en España: de Pedro

Introduction

CXV

Ferdinand I (1503-1564), King of the Romans from 1531 and Emperor from 1556 to 1564, seems several times to have bestowed the laurel on behalf of Charles V while still Kin^ of the Romans and then in his own right to have granted it to others. 2I ~ The first group includes: 1531 1541 1556

Theodor Reysmann Marcus Tatius Alpinus Zacharias Orth (2nd laureation)

The second comprises: 1558 Johann Major 1560 (?) Adam Schröter 1562 Joseph à Pinu 1564 Paul Schede Melissus

Maximilian II (1527-1597), Emperor from 1564 to 1576, seems to have authorized at least fifteen laureations: 213 1562 1563 1565 1566 1566 1567 1567 1567 1568 1568 1568 1570 1572 1576 1576

David Crinitus Hieronymus Osius Johannes Mylius Ludwig Helmbold Heinrich Pantaleon Andreas Charopus Thomas Lassitz Nikolaus Theophilus Adolarius Praetorius (2nd laureation) Johannes Tecno Georg Würffei Georg Fabricius [1] Heinrich Fabricius Caspar Sedulius Johann Sedulius

Under Rudolph II (1552-1612), Emperor from 1576 to 1612, numerous poets were granted the laurel, though it is unclear how many of them received it from his own hand. They include: Mota a Juan Maldonado., in: Novus Tellus, 18-2 (2000), 129-74, here p. 145. On Motta's career ibid., pp. 135-46; also CE, II, 468. On Sobrarías see JOSÉ MARIA MAESTRE MAESTRE, El Humanismo alcañizano del siglo XVI: textos y estudios de latín renacentista, Cádiz: Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Cádiz, 1990. On Motta and Tovar see JUAN F. ALONA, Repertorio de la poesía latina del Renacimiento en España, Salamanca, 1995. 212 On him see W. BAUER, Die Anfänge Ferdinands I , 1907; NDB, V, 8 1 - 3 ; MARTINA FUCHS and ALFRED KÖHLER (eds), Kaiser Ferdinand !.. Aspekte eines Herrscherlebens, (Geschichte in der Epoche Karls V., 2), Münster, 2003. 213 On him see VIKTOR BIBL, Maximilian II. Der rätselhafte Kaiser, Hellerau bei Dresden 1929; PAULA SUTTER FICHTNER, Emperor Maximilian II, New Haven: Yale UP, 2001.

cxvi

Introduction

1576 Nicodemus Frischlin 1576 Johannes Posthius 1576 Nikolaus Reusner 1577 Nicolaus Steinberg 1581 Henning Conradin 1583 (?) Michael Abel 1588 Georg Barthold Pontanus 1590 Hieronymus Megiser 1590 Heinrich Meibom 1590 Samuel Radeschinsky von Radessowitz 1590 (?) Johannes Cyanaeus214 1594 Hermann Kirchner 1595 Georg Calaminus 1595/96 Michael Maier 1596 Georg Carolides 1596 (not after) Hieronymus Arconatus 1599 Paulus à Gisbice 1603 Laurentius Finckelthaus 1606 (before) Andreas Rochotius 1606 (not after) Johan Messenius [date unknown] Simon Lomniczky A rare example o f a surviving diploma from this period, albeit only a draft, is the one issued by Rudolph II in favour o f Laurentius Finckelthaus in 1603. 215 This is one of a small collection - a pitiful remnant in the Haus-, Hof- and Staatsarchiv at Vienna, 2 1 6 covering about two dozen laureations; these are mainly seventeenth- and early eighteenth214 Cyaneus is known to have received the laurel from the hand of Georg Barthold Pontanus. 215 In Vienna HHSStA Privilegia varii generis, Fz. 1, Nr. 4: Privilegia Poetae laureati, fols 50-1. 216 Interestingly, on 9 January 1512 Maximilian I set up a commisson of six counsellors, of whom Johannes Cuspinian was one, whom he charged with the task of properly archiving official documents of all kinds at Vienna, but little came of these good intentions. See: Einleitung. Die geschichtliche Entwicklung des archivalischen Besitzstandes und der Einrichtungen des Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchivs, in: LUDWIG BITTNER, Gesamtinventar des Wiener Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchivs, 5 vols, Vienna, 1936-40, I, p. 12*. That any documents have survived at all is something of a miracle given the vicissitudes of the imperial archives. According to BITTNER, I, 301, although the imperial chancery returned to Vienna after the death of Rudolph II, much of the documentation remained at Prague for a century and a half (though some was plundered by the Swedes in 1648) until it was taken to Vienna in 1771-3. After many of the documents constituting the archives were transported to Paris in 1809 when Napoleon conceived a plan for a vast European archive there, they returned a decade later on a state of considerable disarray; then Francis I of Austria suggested destroying documents which were no longer of relevance, especially to the newly constituted Austro-Hungarian empire, and some material was eventually disposed of to various archives in Germany and Belgium. For details see BITTNER, I, 285-95. Whether any documentation relating to poets survives in Prague is unclear.

Introduction

cxvii

century drafts - the fair copy went to the honorand, of course. T h e drafts, with m a n y corrections and a m e n d m e n t s , are written on t w o or three sides of a bifolium m e a s u r i n g approximately 3 2 4 x 2 0 6 m m . A very w i d e margin, generally half the page, is left f r e e on the left-hand side of each page. Such d o c u m e n t s are far removed f r o m what w e would today regard as an elegant, calligraphic diploma. A s might be expected, the text of the d i p l o m a s is fairly formulaic. In general, the first part might be tailored to the specific applicant (though here t o o various f o r m u l a i c phrases might recur), but the rest, generally f r o m the phrase ' p e r Laureae impositionem et annuii t r a d i t i o n e m ' o n w a r d s , remained largely unchanged. 2 ' 7 F i n c k e l t h a u s ' s diploma reads as f o l l o w s : 218 [fol. Γ, left margin, in the same hand as the main text] Laurea Poetica , pro Laurentio Fincklthausio, syndico Civitatis Lubecenfsis], 1, Mart: 1603 [fol. Γ, main text] Rudolphus &c, Honesto ac erudito nostro et sacri Ro: Jmperij fideli dilecto Mioh Laurentio Finckelthausio, Poëtae Laureato, gratiam nostrani Caesaream ac omne bonum. Solet fere in omni vita usu venire; ut quae artium et virtutum cultoribus obtingunt praemia ac ornamenta; non modo ipsos in illarum studio magis confirment, verum etiam effìciant, ut et alij, qui forte alias nec artis vel virtutis ipsius pulchritudine suauitateque permoti fuissent, praemij saltern spe et desiderio ad eas diligentius et feruentius sectandas excitentur. Cum igitur fidedigno nos testimonio acceperimus, te praenominatum Laurentium Miohaölom cum morum probitate tum liberalium artium cognitione praeditum: adeoque in Carmine pangendo haud parum excellere: Equidem nos, benigna huiusmodi quali tat um tuarum ratione habita, te insigni quopium Caesareae nostrae beneficentiae ornamento condecorandum duximus, ut alij quoque tuo exemplo ad virtutum et optimarum artium amorem acrius etiam impel lantur. Quamobrem motu proprio, ex certa nostra scientia, animo bene deliberato, ex Jmperiale authoritate nostra, te p[raenomina]tum Laurentium Finkelthausium, per Laureae [fol. l v ] impositionem et annuii traditionem Poetam Laureatum fecimus, creauimus et insigniuimus: atque tenore praesentium facimus, creamus, ac Poeticae Laureae serto, titulis et decore insignimus. Volentes, quod ex hoc tempore deinceps in omnibus Ciuitatibus, Communitatibus, Vniuersitatibus, Collegijs et studijs, quorumcunque locorum et terrarum Sacri Romani Jmperij, Regnorumque ac

217 Compare Frederick Ill's diploma for Celtis, cited above. 218 It should be noted that the term laurea poetica is sometimes used simply as a title for a garland of poems, for example: Laurea poetica, dicata prestantissimo, doctissimo juveni Nicolao Hoboken Ultratrajectino, Utrecht, 1658 (London BL: 536.e. 15(15)), on the occasion of his doctorate in philosophy, and Laurea poetica, heroibus è Soc. Jesu sago & toga inclytis in singulos anni dies reflorescens opera R. P. Casimiri Wieruszewski, Poloni Soc. Jesu, 1726 (London BL: 11409.aa.38). 219 It is curious that twice in this text the scribe has started to write Michael and then deleted it.

cxviii

Introduction

Ditionum nostrarum haereditariarum, absque omni impedimento et contradictione, libere debeas et possis, in memoratae artis Poeticae scientia legere, repetere, scribere, disputare, interpretan et commentari, ac caeteros Poéticos Actus facere et exercere, quos caeteri Poetae et Laurea Poetica insignati facere et exercere consueuerunt. Nec non omnibus et singulos ornamentis, Jnsignibus, Priuilegijs, praerogatiuis, exemptionibus, libertatibus, concessionibus, honoribus, praeminentijs, fauoribus et Jndultis, uti, fruì, potiri et gaudere, quibus caeteri Poetae Laureati, ubiuis locorum et Gymnasiorum promoti gaudent, fruuntur et utuntur, quomodolibet, consuetudine vel de Jure. Non obstantibus ullis legibus et consuetudinibus, quae [fol. 2Γ] huic nostrae gratiae aliquo modo obstare possenti Quibus omnibus, quoad effectum praesentium, derogamus et sufficienter derogatum esse volumus. Harum testimonio literarum, manu nostrae subscriptione, ac sigilli nostri Caesarei appensione communitarum. Dato Pragae .1. Martij. 1603.

Of course, an accolade such as this from Rudolph did not necessarily imply a court position or even a close connection with the imperial entourage. Though it is difficult to reconstruct in detail, it seems that there was a distinct poetic circle at Prague, especially in the 1590s, whose members not only wrote fulsome stanzas in praise of their patrons but also honoured one another, publishing slim volumes or anthologies. 220 Rudolph's court at Prague, one of the largest cities at this time, 221 was a truly international one: the poet Elizabeth Jane 220 EVANS 1997: 147-51. Much of the surviving Latin verse of the group is found in A. TRUHLAR et al. (eds), Rukovet humanistického basnictví Ν Cechách a na Morave, 5 vols, Prague, 1 9 6 6 - 8 2 .

221 Population figures for older periods are notoriously difficult to ascertain. Current estimates for selected towns in the sixteenth century, as given by BAIROCH 1988, are as follows: 1500 1600 1500 1600 (Increasing population) (Declining population) Augsburg 45,000 40,000 30,000 45,000 Cologne Basle 10,000 11,000 Görlitz 11,000 10,000 Breslau 25,000 40,000 25,000 23,000 Lübeck Danzig 30,000 80,000 Regensburg 22,000 20,000 Frankfurt/Main 12,000 20,000 Speyer 13,000 8,000 Frankfurt/Oder 11,000 13,000 Hamburg 15,000 40,000 Ingolstadt 6,000 4,000 Königsberg 9,000 15,000 Leipzig 10,000 17,000 Magdeburg 18.000 40,000 Munich 13,000 20,000 Nuremberg 38,000 40,000 Prague 70,000 100,000 Rostock 10,000 15,000 Strasbourg 20,000 25,000 Ulm 16,000 21,000 Vienna 20,000 50,000

cxix

Introduction

Weston was English, the astronomer Tycho Brache was Danish, Giordano Bruno was there from Italy, and there were musicians from France. In 1600 no fewer than 124 artists and craftsmen were attached to the court.222 Matthias (1557-1619), Emperor from 1612 to 1619, seems to have laureated only one poet: Johann Sebastian Wieland in 1619. Similarly, Ferdinand II (1578-1637), King of Bohemia (from 1617) and Hungary (from 1618), and Emperor from 1619 to 1637, made only one laureation, the significant one of Martin Opitz in 1625.223 Ferdinand III (1608-1657), King of Hungary 1626, King of Bohemia 1627, King of the Romans 1636, and Emperor from 1637 to 1657,224 was also abstemious, being known only to have laureated Matthaeus Cyrusowski in 1638. With Leopold I (1640-1705), Emperor from 1658 to 1705,225 we again find someone who granted the laurel with fair liberality. How far awards were made on the basis of actual reading of the applicant's works (by anyone, let alone the Emperor in person) is not known, but one suspects that such was the exception rather than the rule - the diploma for Augustinus Casimirus Redelius simply commends his works in the same order as they are listed in his letter of petition, suggesting that little effort had been expended on reading much beyond the petition itself. 226 Poets laureated under Leopold I included: 1660 1667

Joachim Feller James Alban Gibbes

222 On Rudolph's court see TRUNZ 1992; JÜRGEN ZIMMER, 'Praga caput regni'. Kulturaustausch zur Zeit Kaiser Rudolfs II., in: DMITRIEVA/LAMBRECHT 2000: 283-97. See also SCHKELENKO 1943; LARS OLOF LARSSON, Höfische Repräsentation als kulturelle Kommunikation. Ein Vergleich der Höfe Maximilians II. in Wien und Rudolfs II. in Prag, in: DMITRIEVA/ LAMBRECHT 2 0 0 0 : 2 3 7 - 4 3 ; NICOLETTE MOUT, ' D i e s e r einzige W i e n e r H o f v o n Dir h a t m e h r

Gelehrte als ganze Reiche anderer': Späthumanismus am Kaiserhof in der Zeit Maximilians II. und R u d o l f s II. ( 1 5 6 4 - 1 6 1 2 ) , in: N. HAMMERSTEIN and G. WALTHER (eds),

Späthumanis-

mus. Studien über das Ende einer kulturhistorischen Epoche, Göttingen, 2000: 46-64. See also the exhibition catalogue Prag um 1600. Kunst und Kultur am Hofe Rudolfs II.. 2 vols, Freren: Luca Verlag, 1988. Melchior Goldast's Prague diary is also instructive: see HERTA HAJNY, Melchior Goldast und sein Prager Tagebuch, in: Prager Jahrbuch 1943, pp. 88-92. KARL VOCELKA, Die politische Propaganda Kaiser Rudolfs II. (1576-1612). Vienna, 1981; KARL VOCELKA, Rudolf II. und seine Zeit. Vienna, 1985. 223 For literature on Ferdinand II see NDB, V, 85. 224 On him see NDB, V, 85-6. For a portrait see PAAS 1988, no. 111. 225

F o r a p o r t r a i t s e e PAAS

1988, no. 278.

S e e MARIA GOLOUBEVA,

The

Glorification

of

Emperor Leopold I in Image, Spectacle and Text, (Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Europäische Geschichte Mainz, Abt. für Universalgeschichte, 184), Mainz, 2000; ROUVEN PONS, 'WO der gekrönte Löwe hat seinen Kayser-Sitz '. Herrschaftsrepräsentation am Wiener Kaiserhof zur Zeit Leopolds I., (Deutsche Hochschulschriften, 1195), Egelsbach, Frankfurt am Main and Munich: Hänsel-Hohenhausen, 2001. 226 For the text of the petition see the entry for Redelius below.

cxx

Introduction

1690 Johannes Grob 1681 Domenico Francesco Heinerich 1692 Laurentius von Schnüffis 1689 Georg Christoph Petri von Hartenfels 1691 Augustinus Casimirus Redelius 1698 Franciscus Desiderius de Sevin 1705 (before) Pietro Antonio Bemardoni

Christoph Adam Negelein (1656-1701) should also be mentioned here. Not only had he already been laureated by 1694 and allegedly again in 1698, Leopold I appointed him 'wircklicher kayserlicher Hof-Poete' at Vienna in 1700.22 Another poet who regularly wrote verse in praise of Leopold was Ephraim Heermann (q.v.), though whether he owed the title 'Käys. Gekr. Poet' which he was certainly using in September 1671 to the Emperor himself is not known. Pieces he wrote in Leopold's honour include one for his name-day on 15 November 1682 {HPGEBA StB Breslau 0895-361643) and another for his name-day in 1683 CHPGEBA StB Breslau 1866-370732), while he also published a piece celebrating the coronation of the future Emperor Joseph I as King of the Romans on 9 December 1687 {HPGEBA StB Breslau 1164366552). 228 Leopold's successor, Joseph I (1678-1711), Emperor from 1705 to 1711, seems not to have granted the laurel at all during his short reign. Charles VI (1685-1740), Emperor from 1711 to 1740,229 granted the laurel to four poets, including two Italians: 1714 1718? 1723 1729

Johann Carl Newen Apostolo Zeno Johann Jakob Spreng Pietro Metastasio

Maria Theresa (1717-1780), Empress from 1740 to 1780, seems to have laureated Balthasar Haug in 1761. None of her successors Francis I (1708-1765), Emperor from 1745 to 1765, Joseph II (17411790), Emperor from 1765 to 1790; Leopold II (1747-1792), Emperor from 1790 to 1792; and Francis II (1768-1835), Holy Roman Emperor from 1792 to 1806, thereafter Francis I, Emperor of Austria - appear to have created any poets personally. Although the end of the Empire betokened the end of laureations by the Emperor personally, this does not mean that the poets listed above 227 For full details see the main entry for him below. 228 For full details see the entry for Ephraim Hermann below. 229 See ANDREAS PECAR, Ökonomie der Ehre: Höfischer Adel am Kaiserhof Karls VI. 1740. Symbolische Kommunikation in der Vormoderne, Darmstadt, 2003.

171Ì-

Introduction

cxxi

were the only poets to receive the laurel. Far from it. Apart from applying to the Emperor, either direct230 or through the agency of an intermediary, there were two other ways in which the title Poeta Laureatus Caesareus might be obtained. One was by application to a Count Palatine, the other was through study at a university. These now need to be considered in detail. Laureation by Counts Palatine Although the Emperors still sometimes crowned poets themselves, from the sixteenth century onwards laureations were frequently performed by an Imperial Counts Palatine (Comes Palatinus, Pfalzgraf, Hofpfalzgraf): 31 The Emperor's position derived its strength in no small measure from his ability to create new nobles and make honorific appointments of the kind for which members of the aristocracy and bourgeoisie yearned. The office of Count Palatine, which served well to raise a minor nobleman above his fellows, may be traced back to the eleventh century in those parts of Italy which belonged to the Empire. Emperor Ludwig IV (1314-1347) used these officials to strengthen German power in Italy, but it was not until 1355 that Charles IV created them in Germany.23 Thereafter their numbers grew considerably Schmugge speaks of 4,000-5,000 during the whole of the period covered by the Holy Roman Empire, while Arndt estimates c. 330 in the fifteenth century, c. 795 in the sixteenth and c. 975 in the seventeenth.233 Papal Counts Palatine (Comes aulae Lateranensis ac palatii apostolici) were also very numerous. They did not all have the same powers. The more extensive Comitiva maior was normally granted only to princes and other highranking persons who were accorded the right to create further Counts Palatine. The more restricted Comitiva minor comprised various grades, some with greater powers than others, the least powerful being entitled the holder only to appoint public notaries and legitimate bastards.234 2 3 0 As in the case o f Augustinus Casimirus Redelius (q.v. ). 231

S e e E R M A N / H O R N 1 9 0 4 : 1 , 2 7 5 f . ; SCHOTTENLOHER 1 9 2 6 : 6 7 2 - 3 a n d n o t e 2 .

2 3 2 Some sources state that it was not until 1433 that Emperor Sigismund granted the title to Germans, but this would seem to contradict the view that the office was introduced in Germany by Charles IV. 233

S C H M U G G E 1 9 9 5 : 7 6 . A R N D T ' S f i g u r e s a r e c i t e d b y B E R N S , i n B I R C H E R / V A N INGEN

1978.

p. 72, note 48. 234 On the history and privileges o f the Counts Palatine see the essay by JÜRGEN ARNDT, Zur Entwicklung des kaiserlichen Hofpfalzgrafenamtes von 1 3 5 5 - 1 8 0 6 , in Hofpfalzgrafenregister, Neustadt an der Aisch, 1 9 6 4 - 1 9 7 1 , vol. 1, pp. V - X X I V , and vol. 2, pp. V XXXVII.; P. J. SCHULER, Comitiva, in: Lexikon des Mittelalters, III, cols 7 9 - 8 0 ; JÜRGEN ARNDT, Das Ernennungsrecht der kaiserlichen Hofpfalzgrafen, in: P. J. SCHULER (ed.),

cxxii

Introduction

Their purpose was essentially to relieve the court chancery of the burden of routine work. Normally, it was lawyers who were appointed Counts Palatine, but scholars in other disciplines and other persons who had been of some service to the Emperor were sometimes appointed too. 235 Normally the appointment was only for life, but under Charles IV in thirty out of about seventy known appointments, the appointee was a nobleman whose male heir could inherit the title. 6 The geographical limits of their authority were wide - already in the late twelfth century the phrases ubicumque, ubilibet and ubique terrarum occur, and by the end of the thirteenth century the usual formula is generaliter omnia per totum Romanorum Imperium ubilibet faciendi et plenius exercendi. Guilelmus Duranti's Speculum iudiciale even speaks of ubique etiam in Francia vel Anglia seu HispaniaP7

235

236

237

Tradition und Gegenwart, Karlsruhe: Braun, 1981, pp. 11 Off. For a seventeenth-century account and assessment of their privileges (unfortunately largely unreadable because of the many now unfamiliar legal references) see FOMANN/SAGITTARIUS 1620, especially section XXXI; also MUNDIUS 1646 and ITTER 1698: 173-4. Further, R . STINZING, Geschichte der Rechtswissenschaft, II, Munich and Leipzig, 1884; R . SCHRÖDER, Lehrbuch der deutschen Rechtsgeschichte, 2nd edn, Leipzig, 1894, 472; DE RIDDER-SYMOENS 1996: 183. See also HUSUNG 1918: 41. For their role in relation to universities see F. GALL, Palatinatsverleihungen an italienischen Universitäten und gelehrte Gesellschaften, 1530-1653, in: Mitteilungen des Österreichischen Staatsarchivs, 15 (1962), 93-113; WRETSCHKO 1910 (who, however, deals only with doctorates, not with laureateships); E. HORN, Die Disputationen und Promotionen an den deutschen Universitäten, Leipzig, 1893, pp. I03ff.; E. SCHMIDT, Die Hofpfalzgrafenwiirde an der hessen-darmstädtishen Universität Marburg/ Gießen, Gießen, 1973. On the legitimation of bastards by Counts Palatine see SCHMUGGE 1995: 75-80. An example of a Count Palatine performing such an act is provided by Sigmund von Birken who legitimated one Barbara Schmidt on 7 February 1673 (KRÖLL, II: 180). See also KRÖLL, II: 401, where it becomes clear that this was a lucrative undertaking. For students legitimacy was important as, according to ZEDLER, bastards, non-believers and those guilty of turpitude were not permitted to take university degrees: 'Hingegen werden alle Hur-Kinder, die nicht legitimiret sind, ausgeschlossen, ingleichen alle ungläubige, und die sich mit groben Lastern beflecket' (ZEDLER, XI, 500). H. HÖFFLINGER, Catalogus sacri latteranensis palatii aulaeque ac consistorii imperialis comitum palatinorum, in: Jahrbuch des österreichischen Instituts für Genealogie, Familienrecht und Wappenkunde, 1-2 (1928-29), 17-32, lists the names of imperial comités palatini from A to BAR. A R N D T ' S HofpfalzgrafenRegister is likewise limited in its coverage. NESCHWARA 1 9 9 6 : 2 2 9 , claims that among those holding the title were Petrarch (appointed in 1 3 5 7 ) , Johann Reuchlin, Ulrich von Hutten, Sebastian Brant, and Conrad Celtis. Brant is said to have been created Kaiserlicher Hof-Pfalzgrafby Maximilian I (JÖRDENS 1806: 191). These details from NESCHWARA 1 9 9 6 : 2 2 8 - 9 . FOMANN/SAGITTARIUS 1 6 2 0 , fol. L4 V , note the case of Georg Obrecht whose son Johannes Thomas Obrecht was expressly permitted to inherit the office on the father's death. Johann Jakob Grasser's like-named son ( 1 6 1 0 - 1 6 7 1 ) also inherited the office from his father (WEBER 1989: 81). Similarly, Nicolaus Pfretzschner the Elder ( 1 5 9 9 - 1 6 6 7 ) (q.v.), created Count Palatine in 1 6 5 6 , was permitted to pass on his privileges to his descendants. NESCHWARA 1 9 9 6 : 2 3 2 . In contrast with this, in the case of Heinrich Pantaleon (q.v.) his sphere of authority seems to have been restricted to the confines of Basle. See FRANK 1 9 6 7 7 4 , IV, 3 2 .

Introduction

cxxiii

Of particular importance for the development of the practice of laureation was the fact that, at the latest under Frederick III, Counts Palatine were granted the right to confer doctorates. The award of doctorates was regarded as an imperial privilege,238 and the awarding of the laurel came to be considered an academic preferment of a similar kind. Nevertheless, given that the rights exercised by Counts Palatine chiefly related to what were essentially legal transactions, it is not clear how the laureation of poets should have become part of their remit. Not all Counts Palatine had the right to laureate poets. Even if they did, they did not necessarily exercise it. K . A R R E R 1993: 73, asserts that the only sixteenth-century Counts Palatine with the right to crown poets were Martin Eisengrein, Paul Schede Melissus, Nicolaus Cisnerus, and possibly Georg Sabinus, but this is demonstrably wrong: others who performed laureations included Georg Barthold Pontanus, Jacobus Basilicus, Wilhelm Böcklin von Böcklinsau, Heinrich Pantaleon, and Nikolaus Reusner, several of whom - like Schede Melissus and Sabinus - were laureated poets themselves. Another was Urban Hantschmann in Dresden who laureated several of the eight poets mentioned by Gregor Kleppisius in his Hilarothrenus epigrammatum (1616). 239 In some cases the dignity of Poeta laureatus was apparently conferred simply by sending the laurel, perhaps only in the form of a diploma, as it were by post - it was one manifestation of the increasing importance of and reliance on documentation in the Early Modern Period. Thus of Christian Franz Paullini (1643-1712) we read 'Als er sich in folgender

238 FRANK 1967-74, I, xii. A collection of documents (mostly petitions and draft diplomas) relating to the award of doctorates by various Emperors is held in Vienna HHStA (Reichshofrat, Privlegia varii generis, Fasz. 1, 3). On the status of doctors see TRUNZ 1995: 63-4, who draws attention to Matthias Stephani's Tractatusde nobilitate, 2nd edn, Frankfurt, 1617. In the second section of this Stephani, Professor of Laws at Greifswald, deals with the rights of doctors. In addition to the regulations, privileges and exemptions they enjoyed he discusses the dignities, honours and insignia that distinguished them from others, such as order of precendence, the right to sit at top table, to wear a beret (this was, after all, an age in which strict dress codes were enforced) and to use the title. Stephani saw the status of doctor as comparable with the nobility in that both were conferred by the Emperor. The universities were no longer quasi-monastic or ecclesiastical institutions but existed under imperial charters, their rectors and chancellors being representatives of the Emperor himself. 239 Or at least this is what is asserted by SCHOTTENLOHER 1926: 672, note 2. It is not clear to whom he is referring since Kleppisius's book mentions at least thirteen laureated poets in addition to himself. These are Georg Agricola, Christian Anesorg, Daniel Arnold, Ambrosius Franck, Valentin Härtung, Caspar Höfler, Caspar Paupitz, Samuel Ruling. Andreas Quellmalz, Janus Schlegel, Balthasar Simon, Laurentius Wagner, and Matthaeus Zuber. Of these only Anesorg was certainly laureated by Hantschmann: Härtung apparently received the laurel from Johann Georg Gödelmann and Zuber certainly from Paul Schede Melissus. Information is lacking concerning the rest.

cxxiv

Introduction

Zeit zu H a m b u r g aufhielte, schickte ihm D. Richter von Jena den poetischen Lorber-Krantz' (JÖCHER, III, 1317). 240 T h e rights granted to a Count Palatine respecting the crowning of poets are well illustrated by the case of Johann Rist, w h o outlined his privileges, granted in 1653, as follows: ... das Ich Solle, Könne und Müge Doctores in der Philosophiae, in der Arznei und beiden Rechten, wie auch in allen gewöhnlichen Facultäten, Licentiates, Magistros, Baccalaureos und Gekröhnte Poetenn, Ordnen, setzen, Creiren und machen, Und das Sothane vonn Mir Creirte Doctores Licentiati, Magistri, und Gekröhnte Poeten, aller und jeder Gnaden, Freiheiten, Vortheile, Recht, Gerechtigkeiten, und gutenn Gewohnnheiten, Ebenn so wol als Andere Doctores, Licentiati, Magistri unnd Gekröhnte Poeten, welche Ihrenn Gradum auff Hohen Schulen, als zu Wien, Pariss, Padua, Köllen, Präge, Leipzig, oder wie die Universitäten sonst mügen Nahmen haben, Erlanget, unwiedersprechlich und ebenmäßig genießen, gebrauchen, auch vollenkommene Macht und Gewalt sollenn haben, auf allen hohen und Niedrigen Schulen durch das ganze Heilige Römische Reich Und in allen, dem Durchlauchtigstenn Hause Österreich zugehörigen Landen und Herrschaften, öffentlich zu lesen, lehrenn und profitiren, auch sonst alle andere Actus und Handlunge, wie dieselbe von derogleichen graduierten Persohnen werden geübet und getriebenn, von allermänniglich ungehindert zu üben, zu treiben und zu verrichten.241 Similarly, the privilege granted to the Count Palatine Securius 2 4 2 ( 1 6 2 8 - 1 6 7 8 ) at about the same time reads:

Theodor

...Weiter geben wir auch obgedachten Theodoro Securio Macht und Gewalt, daß er in allen Facultäten, als in der Jurisprudentia, Artzney und Philosophia Doctores und Licentiate η, auch der freyen Künste Magistros, Baccalaureos und Poetas Laureatos creiren und machen sol und mag. Welche Doctores, Licentiati, Magistri, Baccalaurei und Poetae, so von ernandten, Theodoro Securio creirzt und gemachet werden, auf allen Kw'versrtäten zu lehren, zu lesen, zu disputiren, und andere dergleichen actus zu üben Macht und Gewalt, auch alle Gnade, Freyheit, Vortheil, Recht, Gerechtigkeit und gute Gewohnheit haben sollen und mögen, als andere Doctores, Licentiate, Magistri, Baccalaurei und Poetae, so auff hernach benambten Vnivers¡täten, als nehmlich Pariß, Bononien, Padua, 240 This was presumably Christoph Philipp Richter (1602-1673), Professor of Law at Jena since 1637 and created Count Palatine in 1647 (see A DB, XXVIII, 455; ESTERMANN/BÜRGER, 11, 1215-6; his funeral booklet is in the Stolberg collection (III, 457)). 2 4 1 Cited after D E T L E F S E N 1 8 9 1 ; 279-80.profitiren, of course, means 'profess', not profit". 242 The only poet known to have been crowned by Securius is Benjamin Praetorius in 1661. Securius was the son of a laureated poet himself, Thomas Securius (1601-1671). It must have been a son of his, also Theodorus Securius, student of law, who was a cousin of the laureated poet Paul Stockmann (see the wedding booklet for Stockmann, dated 1683, in HPGEBA GymnB Thorn 2336-114133).

Introduction

CXXV

Perusa, Pisa, Löven, Wien, Ingolstadt, Leipzig, Wittenberg und Marpurg cra'ret werden, üben, verrichten, haben, gebrauchen und genießen, von allermänniglich unverhindert. 243

Particularly in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries - in an age of weak imperial authority, when no one wanted to pay imperial taxes but was perfectly happy to accept empty imperial titles2 4 - Counts Palatine created Imperial Notaries and Imperial Poets Laureate ('Kaiserlich gekrönte Dichter'), for a fee, in considerable numbers. Let us consider a few examples. The Swiss historian Heinrich Pantaleon (1522-1595), from Basle, who was created Count Palatine by Maximilian II in 1570, kept a careful account of his work in this capacity: he legitimated thirteen bastards, drew up three wills, appointed 132 notaries between 1566 and 1595, and crowned fourteen poets (including his son Maximilian), a grand total of 162 official acts. According to the HofpfalzgrafenRegister, the stipulation was made that he was not to laureate more than one poet a year, a rule he neatly circumvented by the device of assigning a laureation to a particular year, irrespective of when it actually took place. Thus he laureated four poets in 1586 the brothers Caspar and Heinrich Bolschenius (both of them on 2 March), Carolus Steinhoff (on 16 July), and Jeremias Kuntz (on 5 September) - but assigned them to 1575, 1576, 1577 and 1578, respectively. The full list is as follows: 1570 1572 1574 1576 1579

1586 1586 1586 1586

Valentin Cherler (no fee charged, probably because he was a local) Josua Kessler (nominated for 1571 ; fee 10 Gulden) Johannes Memhart (nominated for 1572; fee 10 Gulden) Matthias Anomaeus (nominated for 1573; fee 10 Gulden) Theobald Mylius (nominated for 1574; no fee charged on the insistence of the Rector, presumably because although Mylius came from Marburg he was Professor of Poetry at Basle) Heinrich Bolschenius (nominated for 1575; fee 10 Gulden) Caspar Bolschenius (nominated for 1576; fee 10 Gulden) Carolus Steinhoff (nominated for 1577; fee 10 Gulden) Jeremias Kuntz (nominated for 1578; fee 10 Gulden)

243 Quoted in Ersch/Gruber, XXIX, 165, after De ritu Poetas laureates creandi, in Observationes selectae ad rem literariam spectantes, Halle 1702, VI, 46f. 244 HHStA Vienna holds the diplomas for a number of 'Imperial Theologians' (Theologi Caesarei) issued under Joseph and Charles VI, including those for Paulus Maria Torelli (17 August 1710, issued under Joseph, renewed 12 May 1712 under Charles VI), the Franciscan Josephus Maria Fonseca ( 12 December 1722), the Dominican Bernardo Ribera (9 July 1736), the Jesuit Josephus Ignatius Schaberg (7 May 1737), and Attilio Offredi of the Theatine Order (27 August 1737) (Privilegia varii generis, Fz. 2). Gottfried von Bessel ( 1 6 7 2 - 1 7 4 9 ) was appointed 'Imperial Theologian' by Charles VI in 1716 (JöCHER/ADELUNG I: 1799).

cxxvi 1588 1591 1592 1594 1595

Introduction

Andreas Libavius (nominated for 1579; fee 10 Gulden Maximilian Pantaleon (nominated for 1580; no fee - the candidate was Pantaleon's son) Jodocus Justus (nominated for 1581 ; no fee charged, probably because he was from nearby Holzen, near Lörrach) Georg Hartlieb (nominated for 1582; fee 5 Kronen) Huldericus Fröhlich (nominated for 1583; fee 5 Kronen)

It is interesting to note that no fee was charged for locals or relatives. He normally charged 10 Pfund (sometimes 12 or even 15) for legitimations, 10 Gulden for laureating a poet and for drawing up a will, 6 Kronen (but sometimes 5 or even only 3 or 4) for appointing a notary. 245 In the matter of laureating poets, Pantaleon was easily outdone by Paul Schede Melissus (1539-1602) who created at least the following twenty-seven. (The dozen recorded in the Hofpfalzgraf en-Register, I, 53-4 and 55a, - which admits to being incomplete - are marked *.) *1581 Andreas Mergilet 1599 Matthias Stephan i •1585 Valentin Cless 1600 Melchior Adam * 1589 Bernhard Praetorius *1600 Pancratius Krüger *1591 Christoph Homagius 1600 Johann Philipp Pareus *1591 Melchior Lauban 1600 Conrad Schopp * 1592 Lorenz Rhodomann 1601 Elizabeth Jane Weston * 1592 ( 1593?) Friedrich Taubmann 1601 Tobias Aleutner 1593 (not after) W (= Weidner?) 1601 Johann Jakob Grasser 1594/5 Tobias Scultetus 1601 Martin Mylius [I] * 1594 Martin Braschius 1602 (not after) Benedictus Figulus •1595 Peter Lindeberg 1602 (not after) Philipp Glaser * 1596/97 Matthaeus Zuber 1602 (not after) Georgius Thurius * 1597 Samuel Rosenbo(h)m 1602 (not after) Johannes Philipp 1599 Theodor Rhodius Vollockius

Laureation by Schede Melissus seems to have been held in particular esteem. Young poets modelled themselves on him and strove to attract his attention. 2 6 In Matthaei Zuberi... Poematum Pars I [-II], Frankfurt am Main, 1627, Zuber several times specifically refers to individuals as 'P.L. Melisséus': examples include Philipp Glaser (II, 310), Johannes Philipp Vollockius (II, 379), and Zuber himself (II, fol. *6r). Melchior Adam speaks of the Laurea Melissaea in a poem for Johann Philipp Pareus, and so do friends of Martin Mylius [I]; they also refer to Mylius as Poeta Melisseus, while Benedictus Figulus grandly calls himself 245 For details see Hofpfalzgrafen-Register, to one another is not explained. 246

S e e M E R T E N S 1974: 2 3 7 .

1, 113-29. How the Pfund, Gulden and Krone related

Introduction

cxxvii

Poeta Laureatus MelissoCaesarus.247 For all such adulation, it seems that Melissus's own talents as a poet were overrated.248 Another admirer of Melissus was the Swiss clergyman Johann Jakob Grasser (1579-1627); he was so proud of having been laureated by him that he mentioned the fact whenever he himself laureated others. Grasser, who had been created Count Palatine at Padua in 1607, certainly laureated twenty-eight, possibly even thirty-one, poets. The first of these was Christoph Bavarus whom Grasser honoured while still at Padua in 1608, very soon after he had been granted his privilege. The poets Grasser created include: 1608 Christoph Bavarus 1613? Johannes Filiczki d e F i l e f a l v a 1 6 1 4 (not after ( 1603 ?)) G e o r g M e i n d e l 1 6 1 4 (not after) Johannes D u r h e i m 1 6 1 4 (not after) Johannes J a c o b u s M y l i u s 1 6 1 4 (not after) Paganinus Gaudentius [ 1 st l a u r e a t i o n ] , apparently honoured o n the s a m e day as M y l i u s 1 6 1 4 (not after) Stephan Ritter 1614 Balthasar Venator, laureated b y Johann Philipp Pareus o n Grasser's behalf 1615 (not after) Daniel Brunnius 1616 Johannes Leuber 1616 Paul M i c h a e l i s [II] 1 6 1 7 (not after) J a c o b u s H e u s e r 1 6 1 7 (not after) Johann Heinrich C o c c e i u s 1617 Caspar Kirchner 1618 M i c h a e l Bartsch 1 6 1 9 (not after) Johann Stigel [II] 1619 Ernst Stida 1620 Samuel Gloner 1621 S i m e o n Partliz 1622 Jakob Bartsch 1623 Daniel Stoltz v o n S t o l t z e n b e r g 1623 Timotheus Pole

247 See Liber Proverbiorum. quem Hebrœi Miste appellant. In Teutsche rythmos Gebracht undt Versetzet, In Vinculis, Durch Benedictum Figulum U[tenhoviatem] Fr[ancum] Poetam L[aureatum] MelissoCcesarum, T[heologum]. M[edicum\ Eremitam, 1617 (Cimelia Rhodostaurotica, pp. 37-8, no. 37; Hamburg SUB: Codex Theol. 2009a). 248 E B E L I N G 1883: 19-20, pronounces a severe judgement: 'Schede ist indes wie der eifrigste so unbedingt der talentloseste und durch seine aftergelehrt prunkenden und aberwitzigen Maßregelungen der deutschen Sprache, namentlich hinsichtlich der Orthographie, der Clown unter den genannten Dichtern. Er hat die ganze Flut von Spott und Hohn verdient, die seinerzeit gegen ihn losbrach, und es wird niemals gelingen, die goldpapierne Krone dieses Comes Palatinus im Glänze einer echten darzustellen, oder ihm die Harlekinsjacke auszuziehen, um den Chorrock eines Reformators darunter zu zeigen."

cxxviii 1624 1626 1626 1626 1627 1627

Introduction

Johannes Leonhardus Schug (before) Matthaeus Buchelius, (not after) Daniel Rhagorius (not after) Johannes Gasbarus Myricaeus (not after) David Wetter (not after) Georg Müller [I]

Grasser may also have laureateci Peter Delosea Johannes Faber, and Johannes Jacobus Irminger

Grasser's ecclesiastical colleagues at Basle thoroughly disapproved of these antics.249 The bone of contention was not so much that his superiors objected to the laureation of poets. Their concern was that the ceremonial attaching to the office of Count Palatine and the wearing of velvet and golden spurs was not compatible with the modest demeanour expected of a clergyman; he was accused of preferring Italian vanity to Protestant sobriety and suspected of having taken an oath to a Catholic when he received his privilege as Count Palatine. Hence he had considerable difficulty in obtaining a church appointment in Basle. As a poet himself, Grasser is now utterly forgotten, yet Johann Peter Lotichius, mentions him along with Conrad Celtis, Eobanus Hessus, Ulrich von Hutten, Euricius Cordus, Georg Sabinus and other German neoLatin poets in his Bibliotheca Poetica, III, Frankfurt am Main, 1626, pp. 205-7. Philipp von Zesen (1619-1689), whose own status as Poeta laureatus is uncertain, bestowed the laurel on at least eighteen poets between 1667 and 1685, and probably more besides - in fact, he was known as 'Der Kröner'. It is alleged that already after his ennoblement in 1653 he may have laureated Wenzel Scherffer von Scherfferstein the same year.250 He is sometimes said to have been the first German poet to have lived entirely by his pen, but it seems that the fees charged for laureations were a welcome supplement to his income.251 The following poets received the laurel from him:

249

250

251

K I L L Y , ill-Lex., I V , 3 1 7 , and e s p e c i a l l y W E B E R 1 9 8 9 : 5 9 - 6 2 . For the uncertainties about Z e s e n and Scherffer v o n Scherfferstein see their respective main entries b e l o w . JOCHER, IV, 2 1 9 3 , for one, m a k e s n o m e n t i o n o f Z e s e n as having been laureated. H e w a s raised to the nobility at the Imperial Diet at Regensburg in 1653 (VAN INGEN 1970: 11) and w a s appointed H o f - und Pfalzgraf in the 1 6 6 0 s . VAN INGEN 1 9 7 0 : 15. refers in this c o n n e c t i o n to the letter from K e m p e to Birken in 1671, in K L A U S K A C Z E R O W S K Y , Bürgerliche Romankunst im Zeitalter des Barock. Philipp von Zesens Adriatische Rosemund ' . M u n i c h , 1 9 6 9 , p. 189, no. 16.

Introduction

cxxix

Wenzel Scherffer von Scherffenstein (uncertain) 1653 1667 Malachias Siebenhaar 1671 Georg Hunold Kaspar Baum 1674 Christoph Klesch 1676 1676 Daniel Klesch 1676 Paul Georg Krüsike Valentin Ruhl 1676 1677? Johann Christoph Plankenauer 1677 (not after) (?) Friedrich Cogel 1677 Johann Hoffmann [II] 1677 Konrad Heinrich Viebing 252 1678 (not after) Heinrich Ernst Treiber 1678 Johann Gottfried Taust 1678 Johann Peisker 1681 Georg Zacharias Hilten 1683? Andreas Rose 1684 Esdras Markus Lichtenstein 1685 Wenzel Kahle Sigmund von Birken ( 1 6 2 6 - 1 6 8 1 ) laureateci at least twenty-seven, including several women: 2 5 3 1655 1658 1659 1662 1667 1667 1667 1667 1668 1668 1668 1668 1668 1669

Matthaeus Sassenhagen Jakob Klinkbeil Elias Thomae Jakob Sturm Katharina Margaretha Dobenecker Magnus Daniel Omeis Samuel Friderici Sebastian Seelmann Barbara Juliana Penzel Johann Geuder Maria Katharina Stockfleth Regina Magdalena Limburgerin Simon Bornmeister Heinrich Arnold Stockfleth

252 Viebing's laureation is recorded in Philipp von Zesen's Die Hurtige DichtKunst kröhnete und belehnete mit dem Rechte so wohl/ als Krantze der Dicht-Meister/ aus Kraft von Keis. Maj. gnädigst erteilter Volmacht/ im Hurtigen/ der Edlen Deutschgesinten Mitgliede/ Dem WohlEhrwüridgen und Hochgelehrten Herrn Konraht Heinrich Kiebingen/ der freien Künste Meistern/ treueiferigen Seelsorgern der Gemeine Gottes zu Ummendorf u.a.m. durch folgende Reimzeilen Der Färtig-Wolsetzende, [Hamburg 1677] (DÜNNHAUPT, VI, 4314, no. 89: OTTO 1972b, no. 1-178; Zesen's poem begins 'DJchterkrohnen sieht man oft üm ein schnödes Geld verkauften ...', an interesting sentiment in view of the correspondence mentioned in note 251, above. 253 These are all recorded in Hofpfalzgrafen-Register, I, 83-84, except for Senitz and Omeis. For the women laureates see The Laureation of Women (below).

cxxx

Introduction

1669 Jakob Christoph Kirchmair 1669 Johann Ludwig Faber 1669 Johann Röling 1670 David Nerreter 1671 Gertraud Moller 1674 Andreas Ingolstetter 1674 Carl Friedrich Lochner 1674 Johann Gabriel Maier 1674 Johann Leonhard Stöberlein 1675 Caspar Cöler 1676 Michael Kongehl (2nd laureation) 1679 Johann Achatius Lösch 167* (?) Elisabeth von Senitz One o f Birken's laureates, Magnus Daniel Omeis (1646-1708), himself granted the laurel to four poets: 1704? 1705 1707 1708

Erhard Reusch Georg Christoph Ponhölzel Johann Balthasar Bernhold Gottfried Engelhart Geiger

Johann Rist ( 1 6 0 7 - 1 6 6 7 ) crowned at least twenty-six, possibly twenty-nine, poets. The list includes: 1653 Constantin Christian Dedekind 1653 Johann Georg Greilinger 1653 Martin Stübritz 1658? Janus Chytraeus 1656? Franz Joachim Burmeister 1656 Johann Hemeling 1657 Johann Sebastian Marcart 1658 (not after) Tobias Petermann 1658 Balthasar Kindermann 1658 Justus Sieber 1658/9 Christoph Hering 1659 Christian Petraeus Federsen 1659 Michael Francke 1659 Johannes Praetorius 1659 Gottfried Wilhelm Sacer 1660 (not after) Gotthilf Treuer 1661 Johann Gorgias 1661 Ludwig Knaust 1661 Brandan Langejan 1661 Wilhelm Olter 1662 Johann Nolten 1662 Johann Hinrich Sterenbarch 1663 EbelingGoess

Introduction

cxxxi

1665 Johann Grüwel 1665 Georg Strube 1667 (not after) Johann Wolter

and possibly: Daniel Bärholtz Mauritius Rachelius [II] Michael Stechau

We are unusually well informed about Rist's activities as a Count Palatine. Not only is the precise extent of the privileges granted to him in 1653 known (see p. cxxiv above), DETLEFSEN 1891 published an account of his official activities, based on the 'Memorial, was vor Diplomate Ich geschrieben' drawn up by his brother-in-law, the Hamburg organist Hinrich Pape (1609-1663), who prepared seventythree calligraphic diplomas for him over a ten-year period; it seems to have been a lucrative business for both of them. We even have some insight into Rist's own preparation of the diplomas from his correspondence concerning the laureation of Georg Strube. He enquired of Strube's sponsor as to where the candidate was born, who his parents were, and where he had studied, 'den solches pflegt man gemeiniglich dem Diplomati mit inzuverleiben und ist mit solchen offenen GnadenBrieffen Kindes und Kindes-Kindern hernach gedienet'. Rist's diplomas, whether for poets, notaries, recipients of grants of arms, etc., seem regularly to have taken the form of six leaves of vellum of quarto size, perhaps with additional leaves of paper, in a gold-tooled morocco leather folder.254 Whether Pape's charge included the cost of the folder is not known. Pape's record contains not only the details of all the diplomas and certificates Rist required between 1654 and 1663, but also a note of each payment Pape received for his work. Whereas in some cases either nothing was paid or (more probably) Pape had forgotten how much before he started keeping records systematically in 1656, in individual cases the sum was 114, 2'Λ, 3 or 4 Rhenish Gulden, though normally he earned 2 Gulden for each document. According to Rist's surviving letter relating to the laureation of Georg Strube, he had to pay his 'Schreib-Meister' '4 Rthllr' (see DETLEFSEN 1891: 287). If a 'Rthllr' (Reichsthaler) was the same as a Rhenish Gulden, then Rist seems to have pocketed half of what the candidate thought he was paying for the diploma alone. Unfortunately, the details of diplomas

2 5 4 Thus one for Heinrich Pape himself is described by DETLEFSEN 1891: 268, as follows: Das Ganze ist in einem alten, gleichzeitigen Saffianband mit vergoldeten Randleisten und in der Mitte der Deckel mit eingepreßten Goldblumen versehen'.

cxxxii

Introduction

nos 27-51 inclusive elude us because they were written on the back of the sheet of paper and pasted down. However, nos. 1-26 and 52-73 give the following picture of Rist's activities: • • •

• • •

Legitimation of bastards: nos. 1, 10, 19, 26; ...; 53, 58 [at least 6 cases in all] Appointment of notaries: nos. 2, 8. 9, 18, 21, 22, 23, 25; ...; 54, 55, 57, 59, 6 3 , 6 4 , 6 5 , 6 6 , 67, 69, 73 [at least 19 cases in all] Laureation of poets: nos. 3 (J. Wolter), 7 (G. Treuer), 11 (T. Petermann), 12 (J. Hemeling), 15 (C. C. Dedekind), 16 (F. J. Burmeister), 20 (J. S. Marcart), 24 (J. Chytraeus); ...; 52 (J. Gorgias), 56 (B. Langejan), 62 (J. H. Sterenbarch), 68 (J. Nolten), 71 (Ebeling Goess) [at least 13 cases in all] Grants of arms: nos. 4, 5, 6, 13, 17;...; 60, 70, 72 [at least 8 cases in all] Confirmation of arms: no. 14 [at least 1 case] Doctorate in Philosophy: no. 61 [at least 1 case]

Since no. 1 relates to an action Rist performed in 1654 - he had been made Count Palatine in 1653 - it is quite clear that he made full use of the powers he had been granted. It should be noted, however, that Rist's records give a somewhat misleading indication of the balance of a Count Palatine's activities: while the appointment of notaries and legitimation of bastards255 was generally a regular part of their work, Rist's laureation of so many poets was distinctly unusual. Another task they had was the certification of copies of legal documents, drawing up of wills, etc., but this is not mentioned in his case. The lists in the first two volumes of the Hofpfalzgrafen-Register record only four Counts Palatine who created numerous poets: Sigmund von Birken, Johann Rist, Heinrich Pantaleon, and Paul Schede Melissus. However, our records must be far from complete. On 20 February 1665 Johann Rist issued a diploma appointing Johannes Grüwel Imperial Notary and Poeta laureatus at the same time. (He had been recommended for laureation by Balthasar Kindermann.) Since the appointment as notary required the candidate to appear in person to swear the oath and receive the insignia of his office (signet ring, writing instruments and paper), his laureation also took on a more formal shape than most in this period, being performed in the 255 How much work this involved is not clear but it may have been a regular task, not least perhaps in a university town. Ozment's remark on the situation in the diocese of Constance on the eve of the Reformation is worth noting: 'It is alleged that some 1,500 children were born annually to priests in the diocese o f Constance, for each of which the bishop received a cradle fee of four gulden [...] Required additionally are concubinage fees and special payments to legitimate children born of such unions.' See STEVEN OZMENT, The Reformation in the Cities: the Appeal of Protestantism in Sixteenth-Century Germany and Switzerland, New Haven and London, 1975, p. 59.

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cxxxiii

presence of a number of eminent persons. In 1887 Bolte gave a valuable account of the appearance of this particular diploma, which, however, at this date was already lacking the Great Seal of the Count Palatine which had originally been attached by a green cord.256 The diploma was contained in a brown leather folder of quarto size, tooled with gold arabesques and the words Halt im Gedechtnisz Jesum Christum. The diploma itself comprised ten sheets of vellum, prefaced with a leaf of paper with Rist's arms and followed by a leaf with Griiwel's arms.2 7 The document itself opened with the words: Ich Johannes Rist, bestalter Königlicher Prediger zu Wedel an der Elbe, dero Römischen Kaiserlichen Maiestätt verordneter Pfaltz vnd Hoffgrafe, auch von Deroselben Kaiserlichem Hofe aus Edelgekröhnter Poet, den auch Fürstlicher Meklenburgischer geheimer vnd Consistorial Raht, Bekenne hiermit öffentlich und mache Kund und zu wissen Jedermenniglich, das demnach der Aller Durchlauchtigster Großmächtigster vnd unüberwindlichster Fürst vnd Herr, Herr FERDINAND der Dritte, Erwehleter Römischer Kaiser, zu allen Zeiten Mehrer des Reichs, in Germanien, zu Hungam, Böhaim, Dalmatienn, Kroatien vnd Schlavonien König, Ertz-Hertzog zu Österreich, Hertzog zu Burgund, zu Braband, zu Steier, zu Kärnten, zu Krain, zu Lützenburg, zu Wyrtenberg, Ober- und Nieder Schlesien, Fürst zu Schwaben, Marggrave des Heiligen Römischen Reichs zu Burgou, zu Mähren, Ober und Nieder Laußnitz, Gefiirsteter Gräfe zu Habsburg [...]. 258

Another Count Palatine of whose activities we have his own personal record is Theodor Reinking (1590-1664). He had received the Privilegium Caesareum Comitivae from Ferdinand II during a sojourn at Prague from December 1627 to February 1628. His various activities performed as Count Palatine during the years 1631-64 he recorded in what is now Göttingen SUB Cod. ms. hist. litt. 46, fols 37 r -46 r . 259 In chronological order, these were as follows: 1631, 1631, 1631, 1631, 1632, 1632, 256

24 March, Marburg: Created Johannes Merklin Poeta laureatus. 16 July, Marburg: Created three notaries. 24 July, Marburg: Created two notaries. 25 July, Marburg: Created one notary. 5 July, Marburg: Created one notary. 29 August, Marburg: Created one notary.

BOLTE 1 8 8 7 : 4 4 5 .

257 According to SCHULZE/SSYMANK 1932: 89. the earliest German doctoral diplomas likewise consisted of several pages, in book form. 258 BOLTE 1887: 445-6. According to him, the rest of the text is virtually identical with that of the diploma for Georg Strube, published by O. FRICK, in Programm des Gymnasiums zu Burg, 1866, which we have not seen. 259 The document has been analysed in detail by M. J. HUSUNG, Reinting.

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Introduction

1632, [date not specified] [Schwerin]: Authorized the laureation of Burchard Wormser at Marburg. 1632, November, Schwerin: Created one notary. 1634, 20 February, Halberstadt: Created one notary. 1634, 1 June, Frankfurt/Main: Created one notary. 1637, 5 July, Vohrde 260 : Created one notary. 1638, 17 January, Rotenburg [an der Wümme?]: Created one notary. 1638, 6 March, Bremen: Created one notary. 1638, 19 March, Vöhrde: Created one notary. 1638, 1 October, Bremen: Legitimates one bastard. 261 1639,4 May, Vöhrde: Legitimates three illegitimate brothers. 1639, 17 October, Vöhrde: Created one notary. 1640, 18 April, Vöhrde: Legitimates one bastard. 1641, 10 August, Stade: Created one notary. 1642,22 January, Vöhrde: Legitimates one bastard (a priest). 1642, 28 February, Vöhrde: Created one notary. 1642, 23 April, Vöhrde: Authorized the laureation of Stephan Fuhrmann at Rostock. 1642, 3 September, Vöhrde: Legitimates one bastard. 1643, 24 May, Rotenburg: Created one notary. 1643, 9 December, Vöhrde: Created one notary. 1644, 22 March, Stade: Created one notary. 1644, 12 April, Stade: Created one notary. 1644, 25 September, Stade: Created one notary. 1645,29 March, Stade: Created one notary. 1645, August, Nienburg: Created N. Spanhack Poeta laureatus. 1645, 6 August, Stade: Created one notary. 1646, 18 March, Hamburg: Granted the venia aetatis to one applicant. 1646, 4 April, Hamburg: Created one notary.

260 Here and subsequently in this list probably what is now Bremervörde is meant. 261 The relevant privilege stated: 'Quod Palatinus comes naturales, bastardos, spurios, manseres, nothos, nefarriis et incestis nuptiis procreatos, omnium sive sacrorum votitorum, sive laicorum, profanorum, iam copulatorum et aliorum quorumcunque, masculos, feminas, etiamsi fuerint infantes, praesentes, absentes, existentibus vel non existentibus alliis filiis legitimis, iis nec requisitis, parentibus vivis aut defunctis, legitimare et ad omnia singulaque iura legitima restituere ac omnem geniturae maculam penitus abolere possit ac valeat, exceptis illustrium principum, comitum et baronum filiis.' Tho. Remesa de Palatio Lateranensi eiusque comitiva commentano perergica .... Accedil Georgii Schubarti de Comitibus Palatinis Caesareis exercitatio histórica, Jena, 1679, p. 277. 262 By virtue of the venia aetatis a minor was deemed to have attained the age of majority, as prescribed in the following: 'Qui enim aetate minor est, principis gratia maior natu fît, eique desiderati hactenus anni, tamquam forent exacti, supplentur.' Tho. Reinesii de Palatio Lateranensi eiusque comitiva commentano perergica .... Accedit Georgii Schubarti de Comitibus Palatinis Caesareis exercitatio histórica, Jena, 1679, p. 277. See W O L F R A M SUCHIER, Geschichte der venia aetatis in Deutschland vor 1900, diss. Halle/Saale. 1907, pp. 13fF.

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1646,26 September, Hamburg: Created one notary. 1648, 16 July, Wellingsbüttel: Created one notary. 1649,26 April, Glückstadt: Created one notary. 1649, 20 August, Glückstadt: Created one notary. 1651, 28 June, Glückstadt: Created one notary. 1652, 17 March, Glückstadt: Created one notary. 1652, 21 May, Glückstadt: Granted the venia aetatis to one applicant. 1652, 18 November, Glückstadt: Created one notary. 1652,4 December, Glückstadt: Created one notary. 1653, 4 March, Glückstadt: Created one notary. 1654,4 October, Glückstadt: Created one notary. 1655, 30 August, Glückstadt: Created one notary. 1656, 12 September, Glückstadt: Created one notary. 1657, 18 September, Glückstadt: Created one notary. 1658, 28 April, [Itzehoe?]: Granted the venia aetatis to one applicant. 1658, 9 August, Glückstadt: Created one notary. 1660, 17 November, Glückstadt: Created one notary. 1661, 1 March, Glückstadt: Created one notary. 1661, 29 November, Glückstadt: Created Henricus Salmuth of Tessenov notary, presumably a relative of the poet of this name. 1662,22 January, Glückstadt: Created one notary. 1662, 16 February, Itzehoe: Created one notary. 1662, 14 July, [Itzehoe?]: Created one notary. 1663, 27 March, Glückstadt: Created one notary. 1663, 5 August, [Glückstadt?]: Created one notary. 1664, 6 May, [Glückstadt?]: Created one notary. Thus, in the course o f thirty-three years, Reinking appointed forty-eight notaries, legitimated seven bastards, laureated or approved the laureation of four poets, and granted the venia aetatis to three minors. That the appointment o f notaries predominated is no surprise - notaries, unlike poets, are needed everywhere and at all times. Reinking's tally is probably more typical than Rist's of the balance o f activities o f the average Count Palatine, and certainly more typical than the range of activities carried out by Hermann von der Haardt, Count Palatine and Pro-rector o f the University o f Helmstedt, on one particular day: on 6 December 1715 von der Haardt laureated a poet, Johann Jakob Brincken, created a notary, and legitimated no fewer than thirty-seven boys and girls. 263

263 See Deucalion Festo Julei Restaurati in Academia Julia quo A. MDCCXV. die VI. Dec. in magno academicorum coetu Poëtam Laureatum publice coronavit. Notarium creavit. Legitimosque natales XXXVU. pueris & puellis solenniter restituii Hermannus von der Hardt Academiae Juliae Pro-Rector & Comes Palatinus Caesareus, Helmstedt: S. Schnorr. 1715 (Munich BSB: Diss.657. Beibd.3).

cxxxvi

Laureat ion at

Introduction

Universities264

Even before Conrad Celtis in his will conferred his privilege of creating laureates to the University of Vienna, laureation was being practised at universities elsewhere in Europe. Already in 1340 the University of Paris had (unsuccessfully) invited Petrarch to consider laureation, and the case of John Skelton shows that at least Oxford, Louvain and Cambridge availed themselves of this privilege even before 1500.265 Vienna, with the court and its important university (founded in 1365), was clearly a city where poets laureate were well represented, especially in the days of Maximilian I. Paul Amaltheus (Amaltheo), Conrad Celtis, Johannes Cuspinian, Vincentius Longinus Eleutherius, Johannes Stabius, Joachim von Watt (Vadianus), Thomas Resch, Capsar Velius, and Rudolph Agricola Junior, as well as the midsixteenth-century laureates Heinrich Eckhard, Elias Corvinus, Johannes Lauterbach, Veit Jacobaeus, Kaspar Cropacius, Jonas Hermann and Petrus Paganus and, much later, Franz Pankl were all associated with the university. 266 In contrast, at the University of Freiburg im Breisgau (founded in 1457) only two of Maximilian's poets were teaching, Jacob Locher and Gabriel Münzthaler. Following the example of Vienna, various other universities in the Empire took steps to ensure that they were granted the privilege of laureation. In the seventeenth century particularly, but also in the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, Rectors and Pro-rectors of universities were pleased, by virtue of the authority invested in them as Imperial Counts Palatine, to confer the title of Poeta laureatus in the name of the Emperor on assiduous or ambitious students who excelled in producing Latin (or Greek) verse. Thus the award increasingly took on the nature of an academic degree. Such laureations had precious little to do with celebrations of poetry. Although university laureations were never performed by the Emperor personally, they were nevertheless deemed technically to be in his gift, and no distinction appears to have been made between university laureates, poets laureateci by Counts Palatine outside the university context, or those who received the laurel from the Emperor himself. All such poets, without distinction, called and signed themselves P.L.C, or P.L. for short. Only very rarely is the fact that a particular laureation was a university one alluded to. Thus Johann

2 6 4 For a general history of early German universities see GEORG KAUFMANN. Geschichte der deutschen Universitäten, 2 vols, Stuttgart, 1888-96, repr. Graz, 1958; SEIFERT 1996. 265 See The Laureation of Poets in England and elsewhere, below. 2 6 6 Poets apparently laureateci at the court at Vienna included Michael Abel, Petrus Antonius Bernardoni, Johann Carl Newen and Paul Schede Melissus.

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Christoph Lindstatt, laureated at the University of Altdorf in 1687, once refers to himself as 'M. Jo. Christophorvs Lindstatt, Altdorffio-Noricus, Poèta Academicé Laureatus Caesareus', and Christoph Christian Händel, laureated at the same university, probably in 1689, similarly calls himself as 'Phil. Mag. & Poët. Acad. Laur. Caes.' Not every university could create poets laureate - they had to have the appropriate privilege.267 Cassel, referring to the laureations of Sidonia Hedwig Zäunemann by the University of Göttingen and of Christiane Mariane von Ziegler by Wittenberg, both in the eighteenth century, remarks: 'es heißt ausdrücklich, daß die Leipziger Facultät die Zieglerin nicht hat krönen können, weil sie nicht wie die Wittenberger Comitum Palatii erlangt hatte. Auch konnte mit einer solchen Krönung nicht die durch eine Gesellschaft anderer Art, wie die der Mollerin durch die Pegnitzschäfer verglichen werden, weil dies keine kaiserlich autorisirten, die Rechte des Pfalzgrafen besitzenden Institute waren.' 268 However, there seems to be room for doubt on both these scores. While it is true that the Pegnesischer Blumenorden as such did not have these powers, Sigmund von Birken did made extensive use of his personal rights as Count Palatine to crown poets in the Order. And as regards universities, Ersch/Gruber at least assert that even though the laureation of poets may not be specifically mentioned in some statutes, the existence of this privilege may be tacitly assumed, given that newer foundations modelled themselves on older ones.269 The situation at Leipzig in particular is somewhat unclear. Husung says that Friedrich August II, Elector of Saxony granted the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Leipzig the right to appoint Imperial Poets Laureate in 1741; the implication is that this was a novelty in Leipzig, but we saw earlier (pp. cxxiv-cxxv) that the privilege granted to Theodor Securius in the seventeenth century specifically mentioned Leipzig as among the universities at which poets could be created. Possibly the Elector's privilege served now to permit laureations at Faculty level, 267 See Neue [Leipziger] 268

CASSEL 1 8 5 7 : 2 8 ,

Zeitung von Gelehrten Sachen, 1733. pp. 789, 791.

note*.

269 ERSCH/GRUBER, XXIX, 165: 'Nachdem im 15. Jahrh., von der Regirung Friedrich's III. und Maximilian's I. an, immer mehr Universitäten entstanden, denen kaiserl. Privilegien ertheilt wurden, gingen auch auf diese die pfalzgräfl. Rechte über, und namentlich auch die Befugniß zur Dichterkrönung. Wenn derselben in den Privilegien mancher Universität nicht gedacht ist, wie z.B. der Wittenberger, so scheint diese Befugniß doch in der völligen Gleichstellung dieser Universität mit frühem, und namentlich der Leipziger, mit begriffen.' On the University of Leipzig, founded in 1409, see FRIEDRICH ZARNCKE (ed.), Die Statutenbücher der Universität Leipzig aus den ersten 150 Jahren ihres Bestehens, Leipzig, 1861. Zarncke remarks that the (revised) statutes of the Faculty of Philosophy of 1524/5 and 1543 are not preserved. 270

HUSUNG 1918: 43.

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Introduction

rather than solely at University level. For, notwithstanding Cassel and Husung, laureations at Leipzig were by no means uncommon throughout the seventeenth century, although the information about them is rarely sufficiently precise for us to be certain whether they were performed in the university context or elsewhere in the city. (There is a similar element of uncertainty in relation to some other university towns where Counts Palatine may have operated. 271 ) This Handbook records nineteen poets definitely laureated at Leipzig between 1602 and 1802, with a possible further sixteen (the earliest of these not later than 1593). 272 Certainly Melchior Lehen (laureated in 1602), Petrus Ailberus (1610) and Johann Nester (1618), to name just three, all studied at the university there. The latest laureations at the university took place in 1752 (Schönaich) and 1802 (Stockmann), the latter occasion marking the golden jubilee of the former. The University of Wittenberg, founded officially by decree of Maximilian I 2 " on 6 July 1502 and formally opened on 18 October the same year, was soon to become the most popular in Germany thanks to the fame of Philipp Melanchthon and Martin Luther. Many poets were honoured there, and indeed it seems that laureation frequently went hand in hand with the award of the M.A. as a kind of higher degree in 271 For example, Vienna, Heidelberg and Rostock. Numerically, one of the places at which most laureations were performed was Vienna - at least forty between 1493 and 1766 - , but of course here several of them were true imperial coronations, performed by the Emperor himself, while others were university occasions. Most laureations associated with Heidelberg were effected by Paul Schede Melissus, Count Palatine, who was librarian to the Elector Palatine. The laureation of Stephan Fuhrmann (q.v.) in 1642 was performed by a professor of the University of Rostock on university premises because this was seemed a more suitable location for such an event but it was not an academic laureation as such. 272 Certainly laureated at Leipzig, either in the city or at the university, were: Melchior Lehen (1602), Petrus Ailberus (1610), Martin Rinckart (1616?), Johann Nester (1618), Jacob Vogel (1622), Gottfried Rüdinger (1623), Lambert Alard (1624), Johann Bachmann (1625), Paul Fleming (1632), Joachim Hildebrand (1642), Johann Frentzel (1650), Johannes Praetorius (1659), Joachim Feller (1660), Jacob Daniel Ernst (1662), Caspar Fiedler (1672), Tobias Richter (1686), Benjamin Schmolck (not after 1697?), Christoph Otto von Schönaich (1752), and August Comelus Stockmann (1802). In addition, the following may have been laureated at Leipzig: Tobias Kober (not after 1593), Heinrich Kielmann (1602?), Janus Plarer (1607. Christian Anesorg (1611?), Ambrosius Franck (not after 1611). Heinrich Oelschlegel (1617?), Matthias Cutenius (not after 1620), Christoph Gräfe ( 1660?), Christoph Fasch (not after 1662), Johann Philipp Lindener ( 1665?), Johann Caspar Zopf ( 1673?), Ernst Otipka (not after 1680), Christian Feustel (1681), Gottlob Rothe (1691?), Martin Heidenreich (before 1693?), and Christian Schmidt (1706). 273 As FRIEDENSBURG 1917: I5f„ notes, it was unusual for a German university to owe its official origin to the secular authority. It was normally the case that the foundation of German universities rested on Papal charters while, conversely, Italian universities were created by the Emperor. See G. KAUFMANN, Die Universitätsprivilegien der Kaiser, in: Deutsche Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft. 1 (1889), 118-65. In the case of Wittenberg, Elector Frederick the Wise had its status confirmed the following year by the Apostolic Legate, Cardinal Raymund Peraudi, Bishop of Gurk (FRIEDENSBURG 1917: 20).

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rhetoric. Thus the title page of the Oratio panegirica that Johann Christoph Quodvultdeus Speiser (q. v.) declaimed on 17 October 1741 describes him as 'Laurea Philosophica et Poetica simul condecoratus'. Twenty-five poets are certainly known to have received the title at Wittenberg between 1506 (Trebelius) and 1802 (Rost), with as many as another possible forty-three (and maybe even more).274 Trebelius (rather to the disgust of Mutian275) was laureated by Elector Frederick the Wise himself (in exercise of his privilege as Count Palatine, granted him in 1500276), while Rost was honoured to mark the tercentenary of the foundation of the university. Though the tercentenary was celebrated in great style, rapid decline soon set in. During the Napoleonic Wars the town was occupied by French troops in 1813 and teaching ceased. Under the terms agreed at the Congress of Vienna, the area around Wittenberg was given to Prussia, and in 1817 the university was merged with that of Halle, becoming the 'Vereinigte FriedrichsUniversität Halle-Wittenberg'. Another poet associated with Wittenberg at an early date was Georgius Sibutus Daripinus who had received the laurel from Maximilian at Cologne in 1505. He is listed in the Wittenberg lecture list for 1 May 1507 as lecturing 'In humanis litteris' at one o'clock as follows: 'Georgius Sybutus Daripinus, poeta et orator laureatus, Sylium italicum et silvulam de situ Albiorene urbis a se editum.'277 The work on which he was discoursing was his poem in praise of Wittenberg.278 Among the teachers at the University of Ingolstadt in the sixteenth century were several Poetae laureati}19 These included Bartholomaeus 274 Georg Matthias Bose (q.v.) laureated at least one student at Wittenberg in 1749, but the poet's name is not recorded, and in 1794 Johannes Augustus Qoerenz. dean of the Faculty of Philosophy and Count Palatine, evidently laureated some candidates but their number and names are not specified. See Ordinis Philosophici in Academia i'itebergensi Decanus Joannes Augustus Goerenz Philos. Doct. AA. LL. M. Ord. Philos. Assess. Ordinar. Academ. Bibliothecar. et h. t. Comes Palatinus Caesareus Philosophiae et Artis Poeticae Candidatis conferendae utriusque laureae solemnia ad XVI. d. ante Calend. Novembr. MDCCLXXXXIV. celebrando indicit.... Wittenberg: A. C. Charisius, [1794] (Munich BSB: 4° Diss.3831 (3)). For details of the known and suspected Wittenberg laureations see the list Places at which Laureations ·were Performed. 275 See CARL KRAUSE, Der Briefwechsel des Mutianus Rufus, Kassel. 1885, p. 94f. 276 On Frederick the Wise's restraint in availing himself of his right to crown poets see MERTENS 1996: 345, who refers to INGETRAUT LUDOLPHY, Friedrich der Weise. Kurfürst von Sachsen 1463-1525, Göttingen, 1984. pp. 179 and 181. 277

FRIEDENSBURG 1 9 2 6 : 16.

278

FRIEDENSBURG 1 9 1 7 : 7 1 .

279 On the University of Ingolstadt see PRANTL 1872 and SEIFERT 1973. also A. KOHLER. Die Bedeutung der Universität Ingolstadt für das Haus Habsburg und seine Länder in der zweiten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts, in: H. DICKERHOF (ed.), Bildungs- und schulgeschichtliche Studien zu Spätmittelalter, Reformation und konfessionellem Zeitalter. Wiesbaden. 1994. pp. 6 3 - 7 4 .

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Introduction

Amantius, Professor of Poetry from 1530 to 1535, Johannes Pedioneus ('Ioannes Pedioneus Constantinus orator et poeta laureatus'd. 1550), Johannes Lorichius ('Ioannes Lorichius Hadamarius orator et poeta laureatus', appointed Professor of Greek in 1542, Hannard Gamerius, Professor of Greek from 1564 to 1568, and Valentin Rotmar, appointed Professor of Poetry in 1571.280 In addition to Rotmar, who seems actually to have received the laurel there in 1576 (or 1575), and Gamerius who possibly also did (in 1566), several other men are known to have been laureated there, including Urbanus Rhegius (1517), Philipp Menzel (1571), and Johannes Engerd (1572), and perhaps also Bartholomaeus Huber (not after 1577) and Micha Ubiser (not after 1596). At Jena, a Protestant university founded in 1558, more than thirty men are certainly known to have been laureated, the earliest of these being David Hasse who received the laurel from Nikolaus Reusner in 1589. Among them were Martin Kempe, Michael Virdung, Georg Franck von Franckenau, Johann Philipp Treiber, and Johannes Georg Hochstater, Christian Franz Paullini, and Michael Kongehl. In addition, it seems likely that at least a further twenty-two were similarly honoured.281 Among the latter group is Paul Siber (