Pipeline Pigging and Inspection Technology 0-87201-426-6

Table of contents :
Contents......Page 8
Part 1: Reasons and Regulations......Page 20
Why pig a pipeline?......Page 22
Pigging during construction......Page 24
Pigging during operation......Page 28
Specialist applications......Page 31
On-line inspection techniques: available technology......Page 36
Available ILI tools......Page 37
Current ILI technology......Page 38
Which technology is best?......Page 48
Congressional posture......Page 50
DOT/OPS regulatory activities......Page 52
Major pipeline safety issues......Page 55
Pipeline safety regulations......Page 56
Rehabilitation......Page 57
Basic regulatory areas considered......Page 58
Pipeline design for pigging......Page 66
Design details......Page 67
Pipeline components......Page 69
Pre-inspection-survey activities for magnetic-flux intelligent pigs......Page 74
Pre-contract activities......Page 75
Pipe-wall surface condition......Page 78
Pipe-cleaning pigging......Page 80
Optimization of inspection results......Page 82
Pigging and inspection of flexible pipes......Page 86
Understanding pipe construction......Page 87
Composite construction and complex behaviour......Page 89
Defects and modes of failure......Page 91
Formulating an inspection programme......Page 93
Pigging considerations......Page 94
Environmental considerations and risk assessment related to pipeline operations......Page 98
National environmental policy act......Page 100
Clean water act......Page 101
Clean air act......Page 103
Comprehensive environmental response, compensation, and liability act......Page 104
Resource conservation and recovery act......Page 105
Toxic substances control act......Page 107
Other environmental regulations......Page 109
Part 2: Operational Experience......Page 110
A computerized inspection system for pipelines......Page 112
Scope of the system......Page 116
The system......Page 117
How the system matches-up to expectations......Page 130
Additional benefits......Page 131
Pipeline details......Page 134
Gas quality and quantity......Page 136
Geometric inspection......Page 137
Intelligent pigging......Page 139
Comparison between magnetics and ultrasonics......Page 141
1988 inspection of Line 1, south......Page 144
The Zeepipe challenge: pigging 810km of subsea gas pipeline in the North Sea......Page 148
Pigging in Zeepipe......Page 150
Pig wear and tear......Page 153
Pig development and testing......Page 157
Inspection of the BP Forties sea line using the British Gas advanced on-line inspection system......Page 162
Inspection programme......Page 166
Inspection operation results......Page 172
Gellypig technology for conversion of a crude oil pipeline to natural gas service: a case history......Page 182
Design......Page 185
Gellypig train components......Page 187
Execution......Page 189
Corrosion inspection of the Trans-Alaska pipeline......Page 198
Alyeska's experience......Page 199
Ethylene pipeline cleaning, integrity and metal-loss assessment......Page 208
Project organization......Page 209
Project plans......Page 210
Project execution......Page 215
Project results......Page 220
Pipeline isolation: available options and experience......Page 224
Gas lines......Page 225
Subsea valves......Page 229
Part 3: Pigging Techniques and Equipment......Page 232
What is a polly pig?......Page 234
History......Page 235
Specification and design......Page 236
Common types of polly pig......Page 237
Advantages of the polly pig......Page 238
Pigging and chemical treatment of pipelines......Page 242
Paraffin treatment......Page 243
Corrosion control in pipelines......Page 246
Biocide treatment of pipelines......Page 250
Selection of pig design......Page 251
Specialist pigging techniques......Page 256
Introduction to gel technology......Page 262
Types of gel......Page 265
Polymer gel pig......Page 268
Pig-into-place plugs and slugs......Page 270
Gel isolation......Page 271
Pipe freezing......Page 273
Gels and high-sealant pigs......Page 274
Packer pig......Page 275
Pigging for pipeline integrity analysis......Page 278
Tool description......Page 280
Tool capabilities......Page 281
Information and data handling......Page 283
Tool performance......Page 286
Case study 1......Page 295
Case study 2......Page 297
Cable-operated and self-contained ultrasonic pigs......Page 304
The ultrasonic stand-off method......Page 306
Ultrasonic pipeline inspection tools......Page 307
The assessment of pipeline defects detected during pigging operations......Page 322
On-line inspection data......Page 324
Calculating the failure pressure of corrosion in pipelines......Page 333
Safety factors on failure pressures......Page 334
A methodology......Page 337
Bi-directional ultrasonic pigging: operational experience......Page 344
Pipeline, pig and other details......Page 346
Basic principles......Page 354
Equipment description......Page 357
High-accuracy calliper surveys with the Geopig pipeline inertial geometry tool......Page 362
Hardware......Page 364
Data presentation: the Geodent software......Page 369
Analysis of features......Page 374
North Sea wye junctions......Page 384
Research and development......Page 389
Advances in design approach......Page 390
Applications......Page 395
Wye vs riser connection......Page 397
Wye vs tee......Page 401
Pigging characteristics of construction, production and inspection pigs through piggable wye fittings......Page 404
Geometry considerations......Page 406
Pig-testing facility......Page 408
Test procedures......Page 412
Part 4: The Consequences of Inspection......Page 434
Acquisition of pipeline data......Page 436
Risk assessment and inspection for structural integrity management......Page 444
Goal of pipeline integrity programme......Page 446
Risk assessment and pipeline integrity......Page 447
Identifying pipeline integrity projects......Page 453
Costs and benefits......Page 455
Internal cleaning and coating of in-place pipelines......Page 460
Surface preparation......Page 461
Coating materials......Page 462
Coating application......Page 463
Case studies......Page 464
Part 5: The Future......Page 466
Pigging research......Page 468
Velocity effect and optimum pig speed......Page 470
Pigs for different diameters......Page 477