Philadelphia Libraries: A Survey of Facilities, Needs, and Opportunities [Reprint 2016 ed.] 9781512819809

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PHILADELPHIA LIBRARIES A SURVEY OF FACILITIES, NEEDS AND OPPORTUNITIES

PHILADELPHIA LIBRARIES A SURVEY OF FACILITIES, NEEDS AND OPPORTUNITIES

A Report to the Carnegie Corporation of New York by The Bibliographical Planning Committee of Philadelphia

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS PHILADELPHIA 1942

Copyright 1942 T H E BIBLIOGRAPHICAL PLANNING COMMITTEE OF PHILADELPHIA Manufactured in the United States of America

PREFACE THIS report is the product of many minds. Its first faint outlines were drawn by a small group of scholars many years ago when they began to plan for a U n i o n Catalogue of Philadelphia libraries. T h e names of that g r o u p deserve to be recorded, for they supplied the original impulse, they prepared the working plans they achieved the U n i o n Catalogue and they insisted that the Catalogue was only the first essential step toward the realization of the effective coordination of the library resources of the Philadelphia Metropolitan Area. T h e y are: Beatrice F o x Griffith, Evelyn Plummer Read, Julian P. Boyd, Charles W . David, Conyers R e a d and Paul Vanderbilt. T h o u g h , for one good reason or another, four of these have had to withdraw from active participation in the enterprise, their faith, their loyalty and their fighting zeal still remain, as they were in the beginning, the most valuable assets in the treasury of our community library planning. A f t e r the U n i o n Library Catalogue was well established as a going concern, its Executive Committee joined with the Board of Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania to elaborate plans for a further integration of Philadelphia library resources and services. A n appeal to the Carnegie Corporation of New York for support yielded ample funds for the drafting of these plans, and a joint committee of the Catalogue and of the University was appointed to direct their expenditure. T h a t committee, in its original form, had six members, three—Julian P. Boyd, Charles W . David and Paul V a n d e r b i l t — f r o m the Catalogue, t h r e e — George A . Brakeley, Edward B. Krumbhaar and Conyers R e a d — f r o m the University, with Conyers R e a d as Chairman. In the course of its work, this committee has lost from its membership Messrs. Boyd, Brakeley and V a n d e r b i l t and has added Charles Μ. B. Cadwalader, John F. Lewis, Jr., George W . M c C l e l l a n d and T h o m a s S. Gates. Paul Vanderbilt served as Director of the planning until a protracted illness, from which he has now happily recovered, obliged him to resign. H e was succeeded by Mary Louise Alexander. Before the report had taken final form, but in anticipation of its principal recommendations, the Bibliographical P l a n n i n g Committee secured a second grant from the Carnegie Corporation to finance, for an experimental period of 16 months (September 1940—December 1941), a Bibliographical Center. T h e governing board of this Center was created by the simple expedient of combining the Bibliographical Planning Committee with the Executive Committee of the U n i o n Catalogue, plus the Director of Planning, Mary Louise Alexander, and the Director of the Catalogue, R u d o l f Hirsch. In the final stages of preparing this report, the Bibliographical Planning Committee has drawn freely upon the wisdom of its colleagues in the Executive Board of the Bibliographical Center. It takes this occasion to express its gratitude to Dorothy Bemis, Gertrude Hess and A l b e r t C .

B a u g h for their wise counsel, which has prevented many mistakes and contributed many constructive suggestions. T h e detailed work of collecting data for the report has been done by the Director and the staff. Paul Vanderbilt provided the original plan for the report and defined the fields of research to be explored. Miss Alexander, first as his associate and then as Director, did most of the work of making detailed studies of the important libraries within the area, of securing their cooperation and of laying the foundations for the various cooperative enterprises they have already initiated. T h e first published fruits of her work have already appeared in (1) A faculty survey of the University of Pennsylvania libraries; (2) Philadelphia libraries and their holdings. Mr. Hirsch and his associate, Mr. Robert E. Kingery, did virtually all the research work on the development of library cooperation elsewhere in the world. Dr. James M. Herring of the University of Pennsylvania collected the data upon which the first chapter of this report is based. Chapter T w o , which undertakes to describe individual libraries within the area, has been read in part by librarians of virtually all the important libraries in this area and amended in accordance with their suggestions. T h e C h a i r m a n of the Bibliographical Planning Committee wrote this report, but it has been carefully revised by all his colleagues and may be taken to represent their joint conclusions. Marian Lokes Brown has seen the report through the press and has prepared the index. O u r thanks are due first of all to the Carnegie Corporation, whose generosity has made this report possible. A n adequate list of our other benefactors would include almost every figure of any significance in the Philadelphia library world and many in the library world outside Philadelphia. T h e Committee takes this occasion to thank them all and to remind them all that the realization of its plans rests in their hands and will depend upon their continuing cooperation. A great deal of time and thought and good money has gone into the preparation of this report. It makes n o pretense at literary merit. It is not marked by any striking originalities of thought. It is dedicated to the proposition that library cooperation is the best answer to the library needs of a great metropolitan area, and it has undertaken to show how well considered ideas of cooperation developed elsewhere and applied elsewhere can be applied to the Philadelphia library world. W e think it is good medicine, but it can do no good unless it is administered to the patient. CONYERS READ,

Chairman

CHARLES M . B . CADWALADER CHARLES W . DAVID T H O M A S S. G A T E S EDWARD B .

KRUMBHAAR

JOHN F . LEWIS, J R . GEORGE W M .

MCCLELLAND

CONTENTS

Chapter

I.

page PREFACE

Ν

INTRODUCTION

Ι

SURVEY

OF T H E

COMMUNITY

II.

PHILADELPHIA

LIBRARIES

III.

DEVELOPMENT

OF

IV.

UNION

V. VI. VII. VIII.

THE

LIBRARY

Ю

LIBRARY

COORDINATION

26

CATALOGUES

INTER-LIBRARY

COOPERATIVE

6

30

LOAN

34

CATALOGUING

41

SPECIALIZATION OTHER

45

ASPECTS

OF

LIBRARY

IX.

THE

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL

X.

THE

LIBRARY

COOPERATION

48

CENTER

PROBLEM

AT

56

THE

UNIVERSITY

OF

PENNSYLVANIA

59

APPENDIX A. Β.

PHILADELPHIA Ι. T H E

AS A

UNION

CULTURAL

LIBRARY

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL 11.

EXTRACT A.L.A.

FROM

CATALOGUE

PLANNING

" A

63

OF T H E

COMMITTEE

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL

FOR

THE

I,

PHILADELPHIA

A

REPORT

TO

THE

METROPOLITAN

66 AREA" . . .

80

INTER-LIBRARY

LOAN

QUESTIONNAIRE

83

E.

INTER-LIBRARY

LOAN

STATISTICS

84

F.

SPECIFICATIONS

INDEX

UNIVERSITY

PHILADELPHIA

LOAN

AREA:

1940

D.

A

INTERLIBRARY

CENTER

METROPOLITAN

PHILADELPHIA, J U L Y

THE

FOR

FOR

PHILADELPHIA OF

C.

SUPPLEMENT:

CODE

CENTER

81

LIBRARY

LIBRARIES

AND

86 THEIR

HOLDINGS

91 93

INTRODUCTION committee, formulated a course of procedure and asked the Carnegie Corporation of New York to assist us in more careful and detailed planning. T h e Carnegie Corporation made us a grant of $20,000. A n d so the Bibliographical Planning Committee of the Philadelphia metropolitan area got to work. A t the outset Mr. Vanderbilt undertook to direct the planning until his work was interrupted by a serious illness. H e was succeeded by Mary Louise Alexander, sometime president of the Special Libraries Association and a pioneer in the field of special library work. She was in turn assisted by Rudolf Hirsch and R o b e r t E. Kingery, both temporarily released by the courtesy of Mr. Lydenberg from the New York Public Library. T h i s staff worked under the general oversight of a committee of six, three from the governing board of the U n i o n Catalogue, three from the University. Subsequently this Committee was enlarged by the addition of the president of the Academy of Natural Sciences and the president of the Mercantile Library. Seven of the major libraries in Philadelphia have been represented on this governing board, the University of Pennsylvania by its president and its provost, the Free Library by a member of its board of directors, the library of the College of Physicians by its president, the library of the Academy of Natural Sciences by its president, the library of T h e Historical Society of Pennsylvania by a member of its governing board, the Mercantile Library by its president, the library of Bryn M a w r College by a member of the college faculty. T h e original objective of the Bibliographical Plann i n g Committee was to serve the research needs of research students. W e were most of us scholars. But as time went on we realized that there lay a vast inquiring world outside the scholars' world which had needs to be served, and so our vision broadened and we began to think in terms of all readers, even in terms of all potential readers. A n d that led us to the conviction that our first task was the task of studying the markets our libraries were designed primarily to serve. W h a t was the Philadelphia metropolitan area? W h o lived in it? W h a t kind of people were they? W h a t kind of library needs did they have? H o w far were our existing library facilities adequate to serve these needs? W e put a trained sociologist on this job and the results were interesting. W e discovered, for example, that the increase in population within the area was chiefly by immigration from outside the area and that this immigration was coming by and large from the most backward cultural regions in the United States. O u r native-born children were actually decreasing. Under-educated adult immigrants were rapidly in-

THE library problem in Philadelphia, as it appeared to a small group of scholars some seven years ago, was the problem of finding and getting hold quickly of the particular book desired from a great treasury of books. In the Philadelphia metropolitan area there are 200 libraries, of which at least 150 have some independent claim to consideration and of which perhaps twenty are libraries of first-rate importance. Seven years ago there was absolutely no way of telling what books were in what libraries except by an inspection of the catalogue of each individual library unit. T o that small group of scholars seven years ago it appeared at once that the first step toward any effective command of community library resources was an inventory of those resources; in short, a union catalogue. It took about five years of up-hill fighting to achieve that first step. But it was achieved and it is now possible, by simply stepping to the nearest telephone, to find out at once whether any particular book desired is in the Philadelphia area and whereabouts in that area it is. T h e work of building that catalogue has been described in detail below, but it will not be inappropriate at this place to record that the masterbuilder was Paul Vanderbilt, librarian of the Philadelphia M u s e u m of Art. He designed the technique and he directed the staff. T o him the fame of the achievement chiefly belongs. But a union catalogue is, after all, no more than a finding l i s t — a telephone directory. It was the essential beginning of the integration of our Philadelphia library resources, but only a beginning. T h e second step was the creation of a telephone exchange, the development of machinery by which this treasury, revealed in the union catalogue, could be drawn upon quickly and easily. W e needed a base of operations, we needed an improved inter-library loan system, we needed a central point of reference. More than that, we needed to explore the possibilities of major economies in book buying, in book cataloguing, in book storage and the like by the development of large-scale cooperation among the libraries in the area. In fact, we needed to lay plans based upon the assumption that all the libraries were engaged in the business of serving the library needs of the community and wanted to do so in the most efficient way. A t this point in our thinking we became aware that the University of Pennsylvania was planning a new library for its own purposes. W e discovered that the president of the University was enthusiastically in sympathy w i t h our ideas, and we had no difficulty in persuading him that the University should plan to meet not only its own library needs but also the library needs of the community at large. W e formed a joint i

2

PHILADELPHIA

creasing. W e discovered also that there was a wellmarked population shift from the city proper into the suburban sections. W e discovered that we had a large Negro element, a large Italian element, to deal with. W e noted a disproportionate increase in the professional classes, notably the teachers; and in the technicians, notably the engineers; and in the graduate students in the colleges and universities. W e noted more secondary and high school students and college undergraduates; we noted on the other hand a definite diminution of students at the primary school level. As we interpreted these facts in terms of library service, we concluded that there was a rapidly increasing potential demand for library service: (a) at the high school and college level; (b) at the professional and research level; (c) in connection with adult education, particularly among the Negroes; (d) in the suburbs. W h i l e we were busily ascertaining these facts, we were at the same time undertaking a realistic appraisal of our library resources, not in terms of author catalogue entries but in terms of fields of knowledge covered and how well covered. T h e libraries in the area fall into three classes: (1) college and university libraries, of which there are twelve worthy of special note; (2) the circulating and subscription libraries, of which (counting the Free Library and its branches as one unit) there are nine; (3) some 133 specialized libraries, some of which form special collections within the university and college libraries. A m o n g the special libraries there is the widest diversity. W e include in that group such great special libraries as the medical library of the College of Physicians, the biological library of the Academy of Natural Sciences, and such modest but valuable collections as the insurance library of the Provident Mutual L i f e Insurance Company. W e did not, and could not with the small staff at our command, attempt any adequate survey of all these libraries. 1 W i t h one exception, to be noted 1 E. W. McDiarmid, Jr. (The library survey, 1940) mentions as points of investigation: (1) community background, (2) library finance, (3) library administration, (4) library personnel, (5) library holdings, (6) library use, (7) potential use. Few of the many published surveys take all these aspects into account, and our own report is no exception. However, information is included as follows: McDiarmid's point (1) is found in Chapter I; point (2) in the Supplement, p. S11, and to some extent in Chapter II; in regard to points (3) and (4) little has been contributed, as it was clearly not our function to criticize in detail the administration of about 150 libraries in the area; point (5) is dealt with extensively in Chapter II and in the Supplement, pp. S12-14; the report as a whole is concerned with points (6) and (7). Of particular importance are surveys of holdings or, as we might call them, inventories, although we agree with McDiarmid "that qualitative measures of the book collection are of little value unless interpreted with regard to other information about the library and its community" (Op. cit., p. 118). Of course, no standardized procedure for surveying libraries can be elaborated, and it will always depend on the individual situation. For a survey of one library, the Joeckel and Camovsky investigation seems to cover all possible aspects and be a fully satisfactory example. It is a decided step forward from surveys

LIBRARIES

presently, we tried to cover about fifty of the more important libraries, first, by a personal visit and interview, and second, by a rather searching questionnaire addressed to the librarians. For our own purposes we defined a good library in the following terms: O n e that has a clear objective clearly defined and a good collection of books in terms of that objective; one that keeps its collections up to date by a well-directed purchasing policy; one that is efficiently administered and renders effective service; one that is well patronized. So far as the organization and the maintenance of these separate library units were in question, we had to rely upon the answers to our questionnaire, which in some cases were very frank, in some cases incomplete. O u r chief concern, however, was with the treasury of books, and we did compile enough information on that subject to form the basis of a subject classification of community resources which enables us to say with some assurance where our strongest collections in all the major fields of knowledge are located. If you come to Philadelphia and want to work in the libraries which are richest in materials in your particular fields of interest, we can tell you the libraries to which you are to repair. If you are looking for specific titles, we shall have to refer you to the U n i o n Catalogue. W e attempted a detailed survey of the University of Pennsylvania libraries, which was completed and published about a year ago. T h i s survey differs from most library surveys in that it was made not by the distributors of books but by the users of books. It represents an appraisal of the library collections of the University by experts in the several fields of knowledge, attached to the University faculties. T h e Bibliographical Planning Committee owes a great debt of gratitude to these collaborators, some eighty of them all told, and particularly to Dr. Albert C . Baugh, Chairman of the Library Committee of the University of Pennsylvania, w h o directed the survey, secured the cooperation of the University faculties, and drove the enterprise through to completion in an incredibly short time. It cost in the making next to nothing. N o doubt it is uneven, no doubt it could have been improved. A n d yet, from the point of view of the workers in the several fields of knowledge, it is one of the most informing surveys of a single library extant. W e bow to the technical skill of the trained librarian but we are entirely convinced that no librarian, however well informed, is competent to survey collections in different fields of knowledge as well as the experts in those different fields. W e mean to atlike the one of the Grand Rapids Public Library by Compton or the Concord, New Hampshire survey by Ferguson. As for surveys of large groups of libraries, the two classics are the American Library Association survey of public libraries made in 1926 and the survey of libraries made by the Library Association in England and edited by L. R. McColvin; while neither Downs's survey of southern libraries nor the American Library Association survey of libraries for defense seems to fulfill standards set forth by McDiarmid.

INTRODUCTION

tempt surveys of the same sort of some of our other great collections. One, that of the collection at the Academy of Natural Sciences, is almost completed; another, of the College of Physicians library, is, we believe, in preparation; still another, of T h e Library Company, is in contemplation. What appears first from a bird's-eye view of the survey of libraries is that we have in the Philadelphia metropolitan area a great treasury of books, a large percentage of which are not to be found in the other great libraries of the country. A comparison of our Union Catalogue with the great national Union Catalog at the Library of Congress reveals the fact that about thirty-three percent of the entries in our Union Catalogue are not to be found in the Washington catalogue. Our survey also reveals that we have one great university library and several good college libraries. T h e good college libraries are, for the most part, located in the suburbs of Philadelphia and, by reason of their generous attitude toward the residents of the suburban communities who are not members of the colleges, are serving the general library needs of the community as well as their own special needs. T h e circulating and subscription libraries fall into two classes, (a) the free public library with its branches, (b) the private subscription libraries. Of the Philadelphia Free Library we can say in general only what Dean Wilson has already said in his excellent book on the geography of reading, 2 that Philadelphia ranks very low among the great cities of the country in its free library service, whether we look at the matter from the point of view of the money spent, the books available, or the public use. Why this is so we are not prepared to say. It is certainly not due to the poverty of the community and it is certainly not due to illiteracy. N o doubt the public library has received inadequate support from public funds, but lack of public support is simply another way of saying lack of public interest. T h a t this state of affairs is not peculiar to Philadelphia, Joeckel and Carnovsky have demonstrated in their recent survey of the Chicago Public Library. 3 But in Philadelphia it is uncommonly bad. If we are to develop, as we must develop in Philadelphia, an extensive program of adult education to take care of the steady inflow of under-educated immigrants, we shall need a much more adequate free library service than we can at present command. An intelligent citizenry, the essential foundation of free government, is at stake. Something must be done. One of the gravest problems that faces our committee is the problem as to just what should be done. We don't yet know the answer. But it is clearly part of our business to look for it. 2

Louis R . Wilson, The geography of reading, Chicago, 1938, cf. pp. 103, 112. Dr. Wilson's statistics are chiefly in terms of states. Detailed statistics on cities can be found in A.L.A. Bulletin, Feb. 1941. 3 Carleton B. Joeckel and Leon Carnovsky, A metropolitan library in action. Chicago, 1940.

3

As a matter of fact, although Philadelphia was the first city in America to establish a circulating library, it was very slow in developing a free library system, which is now less than fifty years old. Our other circulating libraries are virtually all subscription libraries. T w o of them, the Mercantile Library and T h e Library Company, have valuable collections, but taking them both together, their circulating privileges are limited to less than three thousand people in a metropolitan area of about three million. It should, of course, be pointed out that most of our private subscription libraries, although limiting their circulating privileges to members, are open to the whole reading public for intramural use. T h e richest part of our treasury of books is in our special libraries. T h e library of the College of Physicians, for example, is one of the finest medical libraries in the world. T h e library of the Academy of Natural Sciences is outstanding among the libraries of natural history in America. T h e library of the Franklin Institute is a superb collection for engineers and technicians. T h e library of T h e Historical Society is easily the best library on Pennsylvania history extant and contains one of the best American collections of eighteenth-century American imprints. T h e library of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, though limited in size, is a model of judicious selection, organization, and administration for advanced study in the fine arts. It is a splendid example of what can be done with limited resources by a librarian with the vision and imagination of Paul Vanderbilt. And there are, besides, some notable special libraries which form part of our university and college collections. We are thinking particularly of the Lippincott business library of the University of Pennsylvania, a tribute at once to the ability of Dorothy Bemis, the librarian, and to the splendid cooperation of the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School. We are thinking also of the Biddle Law Library at the University and we do not forget the great Carson Law Collection at the Free Library or the very remarkable collection of early American imprints at T h e Library Company. We have had to leave out of account the private personal libraries, although we hope the time will come when the private collectors will permit some general inventory of their treasures and provide some means by which they can be examined by properly qualified students. T h e result of our survey of Philadelphia libraries has revealed to us, (1) that taking everything into consideration, the University of Pennsylvania library is the richest treasury of books within the area and the obvious nucleus for any integration of library resources; (2) that our public libraries are not adequate to their purposes; (3) that our special libraries in some fields are superb. We incline to the opinion that for research purposes at all levels the indicated direction of development in Philadelphia is the development of the special library. We feel that, in any case, if the

4

PHILADELPHIA

libraries would limit their objectives and strive for completeness within these objectives, the growth of our treasury of books w o u l d be more intelligent, more systematic, and, by the avoidance of needless duplication, much less costly. For Philadelphia, at least, we conclude that one all-embracing library is out of the question. O n the other hand, we recognize that increased specialization can serve the general purposes of the community only if it goes hand in hand with an adequate, inexpensive, and generous system of interlibrary lending. W e foresee the possibility of charting our community resources in the whole field of knowledge and apportioning major responsibilities for different parts of it to different library units. It might even be asked whether some consolidation of libraries, after the pattern of the famous consolidation in N e w York, should not at least be considered. O u r survey of libraries has further revealed that in some special fields we are lamentably weak. W e have no library equipped to render general business services, no first-rate technical library open to all comers, no library specifically directing its attention to the service of special-interest groups, no library facing realistically the enormous problem of adult education. As an experiment in what might be done to develop library service for special interests, we undertook, with the assistance of a small grant from the University of Pennsylvania, to develop what we called a W a r Documentation Service. O u r object was to help libraries undertake the systematic collection of material relating to the present European war. Unfortunately, so far as our immediate objective was concerned, this experiment made little headway in the Philadelphia library world. It did, however, produce some significant bibliographical material, the usefulness of which has been demonstrated by the fact that all the bulletins issued by the W a r Documentation Service have sold out. W h i l e we were investigating the actual situation in the Philadelphia library world, we were also making an intensive study of the literature of library cooperation and integration (a considerable task, as you will agree). It took most of the working time of Mr. Hirsch for over six months, but we think we have made a careful survey of the important contributions to the subject. W e have no doubt at all that the basic requirement of any integration of metropolitan library resources is a union catalogue of those resources. W e are not prepared to say what should be the geographical limits of a union catalogue area. For our immediate purposes we have concentrated u p o n the important library units within the state of Pennsylvania and within a radius of about twenty-five miles from the center of the area. W e claim no theoretical justification of this except that a restricted geographical area permits the operation of an inter-library messenger service which is or can be cheap and expeditious. Following the lines of investigation indicated by the

LIBRARIES

literature on the subject, we have explored the possibilities of cooperation in book buying, in book cataloguing, in book binding, in book storage, and in the application of microphotography to library problems. O u r conclusions and recommendations on these matters bulk large in the chapters which follow. T h e last and in many respects the most difficult problem we had to face was that of planning a new university library to replace its present quite inadequate library facilities, which w o u l d not only serve the immediate purposes of the university community, but would also enable the University to play a leading part in the development and integration of the library resources in the Philadelphia metropolitan area. W e all agreed that a new building adequate to provide for all present needs and probable future needs for at least a half-century was the best solution of the problem, but we all recognized that some compromise might be necessary between what we wanted and what we could get. W e have, therefore, undertaken first to make an ideal plan and second to point out ways in which the present library structure might be enlarged and adapted to take care of some of the most urgent demands. T h e desirability and feasibility of library cooperation is, from the point of view of the community as a whole, not difficult to demonstrate. But the difficult problem is to get the individual libraries to coordinate their efforts. Outside of the Special Libraries C o u n c i l there has been very little in the way of effective g r o u p action among Philadelphia librarians during the past decade. 4 T h e Bibliographical Planning Committee has undertaken to develop group action by organizing conferences, and it has made progress, though it has encountered a good deal of inertia and some positive opposition. W e are strongly of the opinion that some integrating agency will have to be established. For want of a better name we are calling this the Philadelphia Bibliographical Center. T h a n k s once again to the benevolence of the Carnegie Corporation of New York, we have obtained a second grant of $20,000 for the experimental establishment of such a Center. T h a n k s to the whole-hearted cooperation of the University of Pennsylvania, we have secured adequate accommodations for such a Center on the University campus. It is already in operation, though we have yet to provide for its maintenance beyond the present calendar year. Its functions shall be: (1) to serve as a focal point for the joint library resources of the area; in this connection we expect it to maintain the U n i o n Catalogue and to have ultimately at command the necessary bibliographical tools for a central directional reference service; (2) to provide working facilities for research students in all fields of knowledge; (3) to promote and develop further integration of the library resources in the area and to * A very hopeful recent development has been the organization of the Philadelphia Metropolitan Library Council (May

'94')·

INTRODUCTION

direct such common library services as are established; (4) to study the library problems of the whole community in terms of the whole community and from time to time to make such recommendations and to take such action as the library needs of the community demand. We have in the aggregate a magnificent collection of books in this good city. W e have the material at hand to encourage a great awakening of its intellectual and cultural life. W e have a plan of procedure based upon the considered judgment of progressive library thinkers in the library world. We have a Union Library Catalogue and a Bibliographical Center already estab-

5

lished. But the essence of any cooperative enterprise is cooperation. Without community support, without the whole-hearted assistance of the individual library units, we shall never be able to realize either this plan or any other plan for the effective integration of our metropolitan library resources. In the long run, it is not a matter of financial support. Financial support will be forthcoming if the need is recognized. What we must have is a greater appreciation in the community at large of the importance of library service, and a larger vision among our librarians of the part they may play both in the advancement and in the wider dissemination of learning.

Chapter I SURVEY OF THE COMMUNITY sources for entertainment. Statistics support Philadelphia's claim to be a city of homes. Of the dwelling units in Philadelphia, 42.2% are owner-occupied as compared to 34.5% for Washington and 16.1% for New York. And 72.8% of the dwellings in Philadelphia are of the single-family or row-house type as compared with 53% in Washington and 12% in New York. It is further to be noted that of the persons in occupied dwelling units, 87.5% in Philadelphia live in units of one person or less to a room as compared with 81.9% in Washington and 79.8% in New York. This points to a rather high level of comfort in the population as compared with the population of other large urban areas. Indeed, it is clear that in both its numbers and its resources, Philadelphia is one of the richest areas in the country. In general, the trends of its population reflect general trends in the United States as a whole. It is increasing, but increasing at a decreasing rate. This is the result of two influences: (1) a decline in immigration from outside the United States; (2) a decline in natural increase. Foreign immigration has declined to such a point that during the past decade it has become a negligible factor. T h e crude birth rate in the United States in 1800 was about 3У2 times as high as it was in 1930. T h e death rate, to be sure, has also declined, but far less rapidly than the birth rate. During the period between 1915 and 1930, the death rate declined 2.1%; during the same period, the crude birth rate declined from 25.1% to 16.16%. Hence the rate of natural increase declined from 11.5% to 5.1%, a drop of more than half in 21 years. T h e effect of these trends in population in the United States as a whole is that the average age of our people is continually growing older. In 1820, the median age was 16.7 years, in 1930 it was 26.4 years. Actually there were fewer people under five years of age in the United States in 1930 than there were in 1920. Cities generally have relatively fewer children and old people than rural areas, and this is increasingly so as the size of cities increases. In 1930, the age group 20-64 amounted to only 50% of the rural population, but 63% of the large city population. Our population is becoming increasingly urbanized and our large cities are growing more rapidly than our small ones. Furthermore, the city of earlier days is being replaced by a new entity, the metropolitan community. Owing to the phenomenal development of means of transportation, the large city unit has not only brought under its control much territory that was formerly rural, but it has expanded its influence far

THE library problem in any geographic area is to A considerable extent determined by the social and economic conditions within the area. Any attempt, therefore, to cope with the problem realistically should be prefaced by a careful examination of these conditions. Such an examination was made for the Bibliographical Planning Committee by James M. Herring of the faculty of the Wharton School of Commerce and Finance, University of Pennsylvania, in the fall of 1939. Dr. Herring thoroughly analyzed census reports and other published information on population, occupation, commerce and industry, education and other cultural activities in the Philadelphia area, often in comparison with other large cities. His study forms the basis for this chapter. Certain tables are printed in full in Appendix A. Philadelphia as a political entity is the third largest city in the United States. Its population in 1930 was just short of 2,000,000. It is the center of a metropolitan area as defined by the census of 1930 of over 3,000,ooo.1 It is primarily a manufacturing city, and though fourth in the annual value of its manufactured products, a larger proportion of its population is engaged in some form of manufacture than that of any other large city in America. It is the second largest seaport in the United States, it rates third among American banking centers, third also in the volume of wholesale and retail business, third as a publishing center, third as a center of the book trade, third in its re1 On the limits of the metropolitan area cf. The Evening Bulletin Almanac for 1939, p. 288: ". . . Such is Metropolitan Philadelphia. T h e term is easily understandable. But in its exact definition, for map-making and statistical purposes, a formula is necessary which must be more or less arbitrary. For this purpose the Federal Bureau of Census has agreed upon population density as the governing base, and in the definition of Metropolitan Areas throughout the United States uses as its yardstick those civil divisions having a ratio of population of 150 to the square mile. T h e limits are reached in every direction as soon as suburban population density falls below that standard. "On this calculation the map of Metropolitan Philadelphia has been determined. T h e boundaries of the Metropolitan Area are an irregular line, which may be roughly described as reaching southeastward toward Atlantic City to points which are substantially at Burlington, Moorestown, Berlin and Clayton, including Glassboro and Pitman on its way to the Delaware, but excluding Mullica Hill and Bridgeport, and on the north crossing the Delaware between Bristol and Tullytown, and extending to Newtown, including the Langhornes. From Newtown the line is irregular to its northwestern point near Souderton, including Hatboro and Ivyland, dipping to Fairview Village and then turning northwestward again to Schwenksville on the Perkiomen, thence to Royersford. T h e western line takes in Spring City and Phoenixville, Malvern and Wawa and thence to the Delaware State line which it follows to the river."

6

SURVEY OF THE o u t into territory still classed as rural, w h i l e smaller c o m m u n i t i e s w i t h i n a w i d e radius have lost m u c h of their former isolation, provincialism, a n d independence. O u r large cities are always s u r r o u n d e d by a cluster of satellite c o m m u n i t i e s v a r y i n g in n u m b e r and size. G e o g r a p h y , industry, a n d the degree of annexation determine the n u m b e r of political entities, but the same integrating social a n d e c o n o m i c forces are seen at work in every m e t r o p o l i t a n district. T h e Bureau of the Census has recognized this situation by setting u p for statistical purposes ninety-six metrop o l i t a n districts. I n 1927 these districts occupied only 1 . 2 % of the land area of the country b u t contained nearly 4 5 % of its total p o p u l a t i o n a n d 6 8 % of its u r b a n inhabitants. T h e foreign-born p o p u l a t i o n w i t h i n the U n i t e d States is largely concentrated in the larger cities, particularly in those of the northeast. T h i s has been notably true in the decade between 1920 a n d 1930 and especially true of the large m a n u f a c t u r i n g cities. O n e of the most significant movements in population d u r i n g the past few decades has been the migration of Negroes into the northern cities. D u r i n g the decade 1920-30 a b o u t three-fourths of the total natural increase of the N e g r o p o p u l a t i o n in the U n i t e d States m i g r a t e d to the northern cities. N a t i o n a l statistics on schools a n d colleges reflect and i l l u m i n a t e these p o p u l a t i o n trends in terms of the educational p r o b l e m w h i c h they present. T h e r e has been a progressive decline since 1930 in the n u m b e r of children in elementary schools a n d a m a r k e d increase in the n u m b e r of children in secondary schools. In 1900, 3 . 3 % of p u b l i c school enrollments was in secondary schools; in 1934, 2 1 . 4 % . T h e Federal Office of Education in 1936 estimated that 6 5 % of all children between the ages of 14 a n d 17 were in secondary schools. T h e r e has been an e q u a l l y striking increase in college attendance. In 1910 less than 5 % of the p o p u l a t i o n of college age was in attendance at institutions of higher learning. I n 1930, this figure h a d increased to 1 3 % . T h e large cities are the workshops of the U n i t e d States, and the greater ones are also the managerial, service, and commercial d i s t r i b u t i n g centers. Furthermore, the economic a n d social advantages of specialization and division of l a b o r can be a p p l i e d m u c h more readily in the large concentrations of population. H e n c e there are in the cities an increased concentration of a n d an increased d e m a n d for specialists in all forms of activity. Similarly it is in the large cities that we must seek the arts a n d cultural activity because it is p r e d o m i n a n t l y here that the facilities, personnel, and other f a v o r i n g conditions prevail f r o m w h i c h a rich intellectual and c u l t u r a l life can spring, a n d t h r o u g h w h i c h it can be p r o m o t e d a n d diffused. L a r g e cities accordingly draw to themselves the leaders in business, the professions, the services, and the arts, reflecting a shift in n u m b e r s e m p l o y e d f r o m the productive a n d extractive occupations to the mechanical, managerial, professional, a n d service occupations. Sig-

COMMUNITY

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nificant in this is the fact that w o m e n constitute a n increasingly large p r o p o r t i o n of the p o p u l a t i o n gainf u l l y e m p l o y e d , since they g o mostly into the mechanical, professional, a n d service occupations. Great cities d o not reproduce themselves, and g r o w t h depends u p o n i m m i g r a t i o n . Since immigration f r o m outside the U n i t e d States has diminished almost to the vanishing p o i n t , o u r cities must be fed from our countryside. A n d since our rural areas are now less than half o u r p o p u l a t i o n a n d since the rural birth rate is also d i m i n i s h i n g , w e should contemplate a further slowing d o w n of o u r u r b a n growth. It is notable also that the highest birth rate is in the culturally less favorable rural areas, a n d it is f r o m these areas that the bulk of o u r i m m i g r a t i o n must come. T h i s is notably true of the N e g r o migration. T h e significance of this is that w e have to face a p r o b l e m of a d u l t e d u c a t i o n in o u r cities for those of the lowest cultural levels, just as w e have to provide increased educational facilities for the most b a c k w a r d parts of o u r rural areas. W i t h these general considerations in mind, we turn n o w to investigate p o p u l a t i o n trends in the Philadelp h i a m e t r o p o l i t a n area. I n this area, the slowing-up in the rate of increase of p o p u l a t i o n conforms r o u g h l y to that of p o p u l a t i o n trends in the country at large. D u r i n g the four decades between i8go and 1930, the average rate of increase of p o p u l a t i o n for the first three decades was about 19.8%; f o r the last decade it declined to 1 5 . 6 % . It is notable, however, that this decline has been d u e altogether to the d e c l i n i n g rate of g r o w t h of P h i l a d e l p h i a proper f r o m 2 3 . 5 % for the decade 1890-1900 to 6 . 9 % for the decade 1920-30. O v e r against this is to be set the fact that those parts of the m e t r o p o l i t a n area w h i c h lie outside the city itself have actually been g r o w i n g at a n increasing rate, rising f r o m 1 2 . 3 % for the decade 1890-1900 to 3 3 . 2 % for the decade 1920-30. D u r i n g the 40-year period, the p o p u l a t i o n of the district outside the city increased 122.6%, the city proper only 83.2%. T h e s e trends reflect a m o v e m e n t a p p a r e n t in metrop o l i t a n areas elsewhere, an o u t g o i n g s u b u r b a n movement. L a r g e metropolitan areas tend to lose population in their inner zones a n d to g a i n p o p u l a t i o n in their s u b u r b a n zones. T h e foreign-born p o p u l a t i o n of the area is concentrated mostly in the city proper, w h i c h contains 7 4 . 4 % of the total. T h e r e are a p p r o x i m a t e l y half a m i l l i o n foreign-born in the m e t r o p o l i t a n area, another 880,000 native w h i t e w i t h foreign or m i x e d parentage. I n general, the rate of increase in the foreign-born popu l a t i o n has been steadily diminishing. D u r i n g the decade 1910-20 it increased only 7 . 6 % , d u r i n g the decade 1920-30 it actually decreased 2 . 5 % . It is to be noted that the foreign-born, like the p o p u l a t i o n of the area in general, are increasing more rapidly in the suburbs than in the city proper. B u t in any case the foreign-born present a p r o b l e m of d i m i n i s h i n g importance, a n d programs of a d u l t education designed

8

PHILADELPHIA LIBRARIES

f o r them are in less d e m a n d than those of a vocational or a general cultural character for native Americans. 2 T h e most significant p o p u l a t i o n trend in Philadelp h i a has to d o w i t h the wholesale migration of Negroes. T h i s element has been the o n e of most rapid g r o w t h in the district a n d n o w totals a p p r o x i m a t e l y 300,000 for the m e t r o p o l i t a n area. O v e r a 40-year period, the N e g r o p o p u l a t i o n of the district has increased 3 3 2 . 1 % , in P h i l a d e l p h i a p r o p e r increasing 457.7%, in the district outside P h i l a d e l p h i a , 1 5 9 . 1 % . It is n o t a b l e also that the most r a p i d rate of increase occurred in the decade between 1920-30, w h i c h showed a n increase of 5 6 . 4 % for the district, 63.6% for Philad e l p h i a proper, a n d 3 9 . 1 % for the district outside Phila d e l p h i a . T h i s suggests that the m i g r a t i o n of Negroes h a d not yet reached its peak at the census of 1930; figures for 1940 may be expected to reveal a further increase. It is to be r e m a r k e d that these i n c o m i n g Negroes are concentrated for the most part in the city proper. T h e y have given rise to new or aggravated m u n i c i p a l problems of sanitation, p u b l i c health, a n d education at all age levels, o w i n g to the fact that these migrants have come f r o m sections of the country or from classes notoriously b a c k w a r d in cultural advancement. A n a l y z i n g the p o p u l a t i o n of the district by occupations, it is to be noted first that the n u m b e r of those ten years of age or older g a i n f u l l y e m p l o y e d increased f r o m 466,791 in 1890 to 889,850 in 1930, an increase of 90.4% as c o m p a r e d w i t h the general increase in the p o p u l a t i o n d u r i n g the same period of 83.2%. If w e attempt a classification by occupations of those g a i n f u l l y employed, it appears that those engaged in m a n u f a c t u r i n g a n d mechanical industries constitute by far the largest single g r o u p , i n c l u d i n g about 4 0 % of all those g a i n f u l l y employed. N e x t in point of numbers is the g r o u p of those engaged in trade, transportation, a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n , 2 4 % ; n e x t to them, the 2 Of t h e f o r e i g n - b o r n in t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n district, 19.7% c a m e f r o m Italy, 17.6% f r o m R u s s i a , 10.6% f r o m G e r m a n y , 8.7% f r o m P o l a n d , 8.5% f r o m t h e I r i s h Free State, 7.7% f r o m E n g l a n d a n d 5-5% f r o m N o r t h I r e l a n d . Of t h e n a t i v e w h i t e of foreign o r m i x e d p a r e n t a g e , t h e p a r e n t s of 18.8% c a m e f r o m Italy, 15.7% f r o m G e r m a n y , 13.3% f r o m t h e Irish Free Stale, 11.9% f r o m Russia, 8.6% f r o m E n g l a n d , 8% f r o m P o l a n d a n d 7.5% f r o m N o r t h I r e l a n d . T a k i n g t h e f o r e i g n - b o r n w h i t e a n d t h e native-born w h i t e of foreign o r tnixed p a r e n t a g e together, t h e derivation of t h e nativity f o r t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n district is f r o m Russia, 6.1%; f r o m G e r m a n y , 6.1%; f r o m t h e Irish Free State, 5.1%; f r o m P o l a n d , 3.6%; f r o m E n g l a n d , 3.6%; a n d f r o m N o r t h I r e l a n d , 3%. T h e s e figures a r e s t r i k i n g as s h o w i n g t h a t of those of fore i g n e x t r a c t i o n , by f a r t h e larger p r o p o r t i o n come f r o m countries w h o s e political p a t t e r n is q u i t e d i f f e r e n t f r o m , a n d a t t h e m o m e n t definitely hostile to t h e A m e r i c a n p a t t e r n . T h e i m p o r t a n t f o r e i g n g r o u p s in t h e P h i l a d e l p h i a area a r e i n d i c a t e d by t h e f o l l o w i n g table:

Country

Italy Russia Ireland Germany Poland

Foreign-born white

97,471 87,386 69,842 52,472 43.281

Native white of foreign or mixed parentage

165,292 ios,323 183,728 137,716 70,480

clerical workers, 1 2 % ; next to them, those in domestic and personal service, 1 2 % ; those in professional service, 6 % ; those in public service, 3 % ; and the agricultural workers last of all. In p o p u l a t i o n trends, the most striking increase in the 40 years between 1890 and 1930 is in the professional classes (203.6%), w i t h those in transportation, communication, and trade second (86.9%), a n d those in clerical occupations third (80.2%). In short, occupational trends are operating to increase the proportion of the p o p u l a t i o n in w h a t we can roughly call the white-collar class. A n d this means, particularly w h e n w e contemplate the extraordinary increase i n the professional services, an inevitable increase in the d e m a n d for library services at the higher intellectual levels. T h e professional man is by the very nature of his work the largest user of books and the largest potential consumer for library services at the research level. Philadelphia is not only a great m a n u f a c t u r i n g center but increasingly an artistic, cultural, educational, a n d scientific center. A n attempt to analyze the professional g r o u p reveals the fact that in 1930 the most i m p o r t a n t groups were the teachers, about 2 0 % ; the trained nurses, about 1 3 % ; the technical engineers, a b o u t 7 % , a n d the doctors, about 6 % . T h e most striking increase in Philadelphia d u r i n g the 20 years between 1910 a n d 1930 has been in the technical engineers (340.8%), the nurses (180%), the teachers (74%), and the chemists and metallurgists (74%). T h e college professions have increased 82%. H e r e again the rate of increase must not be confused w i t h the actual numbers. T e a c h e r s are still the largest professional group, b u t certainly the engineers and the chemists are g r o w i n g disproportionately fast and creating demands for library a n d laboratory service at high levels of scientific research. Philadelphia, of course, follows characteristic metropolitan trends in these particulars, b u t it still lags behind Boston, N e w York, a n d C h i c a g o in the percentage of g a i n f u l workers in the professions. Boston has 8 . 4 % ; N e w York, 8 % ; Chicago, 6 . 8 % a n d Philadelphia, 6.6%. A good deal of light is thrown u p o n library problems in the Philadelphia metropolitan area by trends in public school enrollment. Between 1930 and 1938, there has been a marked decline in enrollment in the elementary schools (nearly 1 5 % ) and a marked increase in enrollment in grammar a n d senior high schools (nearly 3 5 % ) . Even more striking has been the increase in enrollment in institutions of higher learning. Between i8go and 1930, the increase in the faculties of these institutions has been 5 7 7 . 9 % , of graduate students, 3,507.8%. T h e s e figures obviously point to the notable expansion of education at the higher levels, particularly at the highest levels, w h i c h goes pari passu w i t h the increase in the n u m b e r of those engaged in the professions, a n d creates an enormously increased d e m a n d u p o n our libraries at the research level. T h e trend in school enrollment f r o m the library

SURVEY

OF

THE

point of view indicates decreasing demand for children's books, increasing demand for books for adolescents. Trends in adult education are harder to measure statistically because of the scope and informality of programs in adult education. We cannot, for example, ignore the radio educational programs. We cannot ignore those attending special classes arranged as part of unemployment relief programs. We cannot ignore the university extension courses, courses in vocational education, public school courses for adults, organized education and health associations, public forums, museums, and most of all, libraries. But we have no adequate measure of these. It is certainly unfortunate for our purposes that there has been very little in the way of a systematic attempt to analyze the users of our libraries, particularly of our public libraries. 3 We know more about what books are taken out of libraries than about who uses them, and we know extremely little about the use of books on the shelves in libraries. T h e expanding enrollments in evening school courses offered in colleges and universities give some inkling of the increased demand for adult education. T h e figures we have on the subject are partial ones, but if we take the available data for the three largest institutions conducting evening school classes (Drexel Institute of Technology, the University of Pennsylvania, and Temple University) we note that whereas in 1900 Drexel alone had an evening school, with a total enrollment of 1,844, 1938 the Drexel enrollment was 3,925, the University of Pennsylvania 3,063, and Temple University 5,21ο. 4 This marked increase in evening school classes reflects a definitely increased demand for adult education. Further expansion of adult education is inevitable with a population whose average age is increasing. Even today the majority of adults (59%) in the United States have never had more than a grammar school education, not more than 7.4% have completed a high 3

For bibliographies of reading studies cf. W. C. Haygood, Who uses the public library. Chicago, 1938, p. 128-129, and D. Waples, Investigating library problems. Chicago, 1939, p. 69-72. For studies published after 1939 see Library literature. * Figures for T e m p l e include also students in extension courses.

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school education, and only 2.9% have had a college education. T h e number of illiterates in the country as a whole is nearly twice as great (5%) as the number of college graduates. Furthermore, in a changing occupational world, maladjustments are numerous and serious. Certain jobs vanish because of social or technological changes, workers become physically unable to perform their regular jobs, and older workers are forced out by younger ones. T h e results are that the displaced must receive additional vocational training if they are to find new jobs, while the young need additional education to be employable at all. And quite apart from the job, the increasing leisure arising out of decreasing work hours presents a challenge to the development of cultural interests or avocations on a scale never before presented. In considering the significance of these facts from the point of view of library problems, it becomes apparent (1) that population shifts from the center of the city into the suburban areas create an increased demand for library facilities in the suburbs; 6 (2) that the decline in the number of children of elementary school age and the increase in the number of children of secondary and high school age indicate a decreasing demand for children's books and an increasing demand for books for adolescents; (3) that the increase in our professional groups and our graduate school groups indicates an increased demand for library facilities at research levels; (4) that the rapid increase of under-educated adults in the area calls for a very careful study of the whole problem and a far-reaching program of adult education in which the libraries, and particularly the public libraries, will be called upon to play a very significant part. 5 T h i s increased demand at the periphery has conversely resulted in a diminished demand at the nucleus. Many Philadelphia librarians complain that their " p u b l i c " is moving away from them. T h e y may well ask themselves whether there is not another " p u b l i c " to be served. T h e casual reader will use what is near at hand and cannot be expected to support distant libraries; but those in search of information will go where information can best be got. T h e libraries within the city proper have a great opportunity to develop and to serve business, technical, and occupational interests which they have hardly begun to realize!

Chapter II PHILADELPHIA LIBRARIES THE last edition of the Philadelphia library directory (1937) 1 lists 209 separate libraries, but these include libraries as far away as State College in Pennsylvania and Princeton in New Jersey. Our survey of libraries in the Philadelphia metropolitan area is restricted to that part of the State of Pennsylvania which lies within a radius of about twenty-five miles from the city of Philadelphia. It does not include New Jersey or Delaware and it does not include small local libraries in towns and villages outside of Philadelphia. In the main it is restricted to those libraries which are important enough to have a librarian in charge and to those libraries likely to contain some printed or manuscript material valuable for purposes of study or research. We regard the problem of book distribution to the general reading public for recreational purposes as a very important library problem, but we are more immediately concerned with the aggregate treasury of books available to those in search of information. From this point of view we find that in the Philadelphia metropolitan area as we have defined it, there are 157 separate libraries. These figures do not take account of the branches of the Free Library or of those special libraries which form parts of larger units, such as the Rawle Law Library in the Free Library or the Furness Library in the University of Pennsylvania library. These libraries, taken together, own approximately 5,500,000 books, employ about 1,000 librarians, and spend something like $1,750,000 annually on books, salaries and library upkeep. Roughly, these libraries fall into the following classifications: 15 college and university libraries, 9 public and subscription libraries, and 133 special libraries. T h e college and university libraries are as follows: the University of Pennsylvania libraries, the Temple University libraries, Bryn Mawr College, Haverford College, Swarthmore College, Villanova College, LaSalle College, Rosemont College, Immaculata College, St. Joseph's College, Dropsie College, Girard College, Brexel Institute of Technology, Chestnut Hill College, and Beaver College, Jenkintown. Those that call for special consideration are at the University of Pennsylvania, Temple, Bryn Mawr, Haverford, Swarthmore, and Drexel Institute. From almost every point of view the University of Pennsylvania libraries taken together constitute the most important treasury of books in the metropolitan area. It is not only the largest but also the best 1

Revised and edited by Elizabeth Stein and published by the Special Libraries Council of Philadelphia and vicinity.

collection for general research purposes. It contains about 900,000 books and maintains a staff of approximately 90 people. It has 19 departmental libraries and many special collections segregated within the main library. N o attempt need be made here to appraise its riches since a detailed survey of it has recently been published. 2 It includes collections of national importance in law, in business, and in education, and is remarkably strong both in the social sciences and in the humanities. It is two centuries old, but its growth was not remarkable until after it was removed, with the University, to West Philadelphia in 1872. At that time it contained a scant 20,000 volumes. It has grown since then at a steadily accelerated pace, particularly under Provost William Pepper, who maintained that "a rich and well-arranged library is as necessary to the growth and activity of a university as is an active circulation to the health of the body." Its present library building was erected in 1889 to house 100,000 volumes but was expanded through the Duhring bequest (1915) and again through the Lea bequest (1924) to hold over 850,000 volumes. At the present time it is fast reaching the limits of its capacity, notwithstanding the fact that about one-third of the total collection is housed in other buildings. It is intended primarily, of course, to serve the University, but the University welcomes its use by serious students from all quarters. It is one of the two local depositories for the Library of Congress catalogue and owns, besides, a large number of catalogue cards of other important American libraries and of the Vatican Library at Rome. 3 2 By the Bibliographical Planning Committee under the title, A (acuity survey of the University of Pennsylvania libraries. Philadelphia, 1940. 3 It should perhaps be observed, however, that the University of Pennsylvania expenditures for library purposes compare unfavorably with those of other large universities. In a compilation of library expenses in thirty of our largest universities, taking as a basis of comparison the proportion of the university budgets spent on the library (omitting books and equipment), the University of Pennsylvania was 27th on the list with 1.47* ^ compared with Harvard 7.0, and Vale 5.74; cf. Wilson, Geography of reading, p. 143. According to the figures on college and university library expenditures issued annually by the American Library Association (A.L.A. Bulletin, Feb. 1941, p. 104), the University of Pennsylvania spent for library operating expenditures in 1940, $16.5 per student as compared with $68.8 at Yale, $51.3 at Harvard, $48.5 at the University of Chicago, $37.9 at Columbia, etc., etc. A.L.A. figures, however, must be used with caution. We can never be sure that the figures for different institutions cover the same operations, that is, that expenditures and holdings include all libraries under the jurisdiction of the university and that they include light, heat, and janitorial service as well as staff, books,

PHILADELPHIA

It has been selected as the best place in the area at which to establish the Union Catalogue and the best base for the operation of a bibliographical center. T h e University authorities are deeply interested in the problem of integrating the library resources of the area and have been cooperating actively to that end. T h e y have already provided accommodations for the Union Catalogue and are seeking funds to endow it and to maintain a bibliographical center. T e m p l e University is the second largest university library in the area, with 205,027 books, 1,600 current periodicals, and a staff of 32 people. T h e larger part of the collection is housed in the Sullivan Memorial Library, erected only five years ago, which contains about 162,800 volumes and has a staff of 28. T h i s main library serves the College of Liberal Arts, the School of Commerce, the Teachers College, and the School of Theology. Of its 162,800 volumes, 17,000 are bound volumes of periodicals, 10,000 are in the reference collection, 23,000 in the business library, 1,700 in the browsing room; the remainder form a circulating general collection made u p of standard and current works in the fields of general culture. Probably its greatest strength is in the fields of education and business. T h e reference section is uncommonly strong, particularly in bibliography. In other parts of the city T e m p l e maintains small libraries of law (18,300) and medicine (11,500), of dentistry, of chiropody, of pharmacy, and of art, generally restricted in use to students of T e m p l e . T h e r e is very little of unique importance in any of the T e m p l e libraries, but the Sullivan Meetc. I t is in this r e s p e c t t h a t u n i v e r s i t y difficult of

comparison.

There

are

endowments, and departmental

figures

are

innumerable

particularly

special

grants,

f u n d s in w h i c h l i b r a r i e s

share,

which may be carefully accounted for by the institution but n o t r e f l e c t e d in t h e ing maintenance

figures

figures

reported for the library. O f t e n

are not broken d o w n for

are

build-

departmental

libraries at all a n d s o m e t i m e s n o t f o r the m a i n l i b r a r y

itself.

U n t i l a l l u n i v e r s i t i e s s t a n d a r d i z e t h e i r s t a t i s t i c a l r e p o r t s , it is m e a n i n g l e s s to j u d g e l i b r a r i e s b y t h e i r e x p e n d i t u r e s p e r s t u d e n t o r p e r f a c u l t y m e m b e r , o r e v e n to c o m p a r e t h e i r t o t a l

holdings

a n d staff. W e d r a w n o c o n c l u s i o n s as to s t a n d a r d s , t h e r e f o r e , b u t only

report

the

U n i v e r s i t y of

most

complete

information

we

have

Pennsylvania. Library Expenditures (for all libraries a d m i n i s t e r e d b y t h e University)

Salaries $ 90,981.93 Books and periodicals 49,4"2-Ю C u r r e n t expenses (binding, supplies, etc.) 15,771.20 Equipment 2,137.08 Building m a i n t e n a n c e (main library o n l y ) . . . . 14,386.42 Total

$172,748.73 Student Enrollment

Regular Part time Extension Evening

on

the

LIBRARIES

morial Library is a useful undergraduate library and, since its use is unrestricted, it serves the community as a convenient place of reference in the fields of general culture, education, and business. 4 Bryn Mawr, Haverford, and Swarthmore college libraries 5 are all designed primarily to serve the needs of their suburban college constituencies, although each one of them is very liberal in its attitude toward the community in which it is placed, and each one to a certain extent serves the more serious reading needs of its community. Bryn Mawr is the largest and, in many respects, the most important from the point of view of its research resources. T h i s is notably true of its collections in art and archeology, in ancient and medieval history, and in Greek, Latin, English, and the Romance languages. It works in close cooperation with Haverford College library, has a joint catalogue and, to some informal degree, a joint purchasing policy. Haverford and Swarthmore are both rich in manuscript and printed material on the history of the Quakers, Haverford for the Orthodox and Swarthmore for the Hicksite branch. T h e Friends Historical Library, housed in a w i n g of the Swarthmore library, is separately administered, although supported by the college. It is uniquely rich in the early official records of the Quakers. Both Haverford and Swarthmore are good college libraries, though outside their material on Q u a k e r history neither of them contains much which is not to be found in the larger libraries in the area. Haverford is remarkably strong in books on medieval and on English history and in the Romance languages. Swarthmore has a fine collection of books from private presses. A l l three of these college libraries are located in quiet and lovely countryside and are, within the scope of their collections, delightful places in which to work. A l l of them are very generous to outsiders and all of them throw open their stacks virtually without restriction. T h e i r collections are in every case well selected in the broad field of general culture.® Drexel Institute's library is considerably smaller, with 71,524 books, 584 periodicals, and a staff of 9. It is designed primarily for the use of faculty and students in connection with the four schools of the Institute: H o m e Economics, Business Administration, Engineering, and Library Science. T h e use of its facilities is open for research to outsiders, and materials * For several years T e m p l e

h a s t a k e n gTeat i n t e r e s t i n

micro-

p h o t o g r a p h y . A special gift m a d e possible the purchase of comp l e t e p h o t o g r a p h i c e q u i p m e n t , a n d a s p e c i a l r o o m is set a s i d e f o r t h e w o r k . T h e l i b r a r y possesses a b o u t 2,000 titles o f r a r e m a t e r i a l

6610 3301 1227 3042

on

film. 5

B r y n M a w r h a s 171,000 b o o k s , 750 p e r i o d i c a l s , a n d a staff o f

12; H a v e r f o r d h a s 145,000 b o o k s , 500 p e r i o d i c a l s , a n d a staff o f Total

14,180 Faculty

Full t i m e Part time Total

6; S w a r t h m o r e of 6

6S5 929

has

119,000 b o o k s ,

622 p e r i o d i c a l s ,

Charles

B.

Shaw, Swarthmore's

librarian,

has given

a t t e n t i o n t o t h e n e e d s o f a c o l l e g e l i b r a r y . H i s List I>584

and

a

staff

14.

college

libraries

is w e l l

known.

special

of books

for

PHILADELPHIA

12

from its collection may be borrowed on inter-library loan. It contains the strongest collection in Philadelphia of works on library science. T h e Drexel library school, although limited to fifty students, is the only one within the area, and its director, Dr. Marie H. Law, is one of the outstanding trained librarians in Philadelphia. In any development of plans for the integration of library service within the area and for the careful study of library problems as they arise, Drexel Institute provides the best laboratory we have. G E N E R A L CIRCULATING

LIBRARIES

T h i s report is concerned in the main with books as sources of information on specific subjects of inquiry, but it cannot ignore the much more voluminous demand for books as a source of general culture and recreation. T o satisfy this demand, Philadelphia proper has its public library system with a main library and thirtysix branches; two large membership libraries, T h e Library Company and the Mercantile Library; and five smaller circulating libraries, which, although privately endowed, render free service: the Apprentices' Library, the Philadelphia City Institute, the Friends Free Library of Germantown, Starr Centre, and the German Society. T h e Athenaeum, though its books circulate, has such a restricted membership that it should be classed as an exclusive book club. W i t h i n the area but outside the city limits are fifty small towns that maintain circulating libraries. T h e y own about half a million books and spend perhaps a quarter million dollars a year. 7 T h e line between the research library and the library for general reading purposes is not an easy one to draw, and certainly any attempt to segregate the libraries of this area in these terms would be entirely misleading. It has been pointed out already that several of our academic libraries, such as Bryn Mawr, Haverford, and Swarthmore, are serving very useful general community reading purposes. It must be pointed out also that many of the libraries that we are about to classify as general circulating libraries are rich in old and rare book treasures. T h i s is notably true of T h e Library Company. It is true of the Philadelphia Free Library, it is true to a lesser extent of the Mercantile Library. But the m a j o r purpose of these circulating libraries, with the exception of T h e Library Company, is general service to the general public, and their book rarities should probably be re7 T h e second table of p a r t III of the S u p p l e m e n t presents a short s u m m a r y of p u b l i c libraries in the s u b u r b a n districts of the m e t r o p o l i t a n area, as listed in the American library directory for 1939. T h i s list is partial a n d does not i n c l u d e m a n y privately s u p p o r t e d s u b u r b a n libraries. It is to be noted that the o n l y c o m p l e t e figures are f o r the book stocks. Figures of income a n d book e x p e n d i t u r e s are so i m p e r f e c t that no importance s h o u l d be attached to the totals in those columns. A c o m p l e t e consideration of library facilities a n d practices and actual library demands in s u b u r b a n districts is called for.

LIBRARIES

garded rather as accidental accretions than as accessions secured in line with a conscious, planned development program. 8 N o t that it matters much, so long as the treasures are in the area and so long as they are easily accessible to properly qualified researchers; but it does complicate somewhat the problem of administration. In any case, we may for the time being ignore that feature of our libraries. A t the moment we are primarily concerned with the problem of circulation. In general we associate this problem in America with the free public library system. Before we turn to any consideration of the Philadelphia Free Library it may not be amiss to point out that the state of Pennsylvania in general and the city of Philadelphia in particular have a rather disgraceful record in their expenditures for free public library service. Pennsylvania, for example, ranks twenty-fifth among the forty-eight states in terms of provision for free library service to its inhabitants. It ranks thirty-third in the number of volumes in its free public libraries per capita of population. It ranks twenty-sixth in its free library expenditures per capita, thirty-second in its free library circulation per capita. A n d yet in income per capita, Pennsylvania ranks ninth among the states. Indeed, there is a greater discrepancy in Pennsylvania between income per capita and library expenses per capita than in any other state in the Union. In proportion to our wealth we are spending less on free library service than any other state in America, and this in spite of the fact that we have a smaller proportion of illiterates in Pennsylvania than there are in Massachusetts or New York, both of which rank high above Pennsylvania in the index of free library development. 9 T h i s condition calls for investigation and correction. A s matters now stand, it is apparent that there is less public support to be expected for any intelligent plan of library development in this state than elsewhere. A policy of education in the significance of the library is called for. T o a considerable extent the evils of the situation feed upon themselves. Generally speaking, the per capita use of public libraries has a direct relation to the per capita expenditures for public libraries. 10 T h e fact is that our public libraries are unable to meet the public demands and have become somewhat discredited. As they become discredited, they weaken their claim to public support, and so their services are still further curtailed and their reputation still further damaged. T h e r e is one other general consideration to be borne in mind in connection with community library service, and that is that in Philadelphia the public 8 The Free L i b r a r y , w i t h i n the scope of its slim resources, u n d e r t a k e s to b u i l d u p its special collections, notably in art, architecture, a n d music, etc. 9 O n this subject cf. W i l s o n , op. cit., passim. 1 0 Cf. W i l s o n , op. cit.

PHILADELPHIA

free library system came late into the picture. T h e early circulating libraries were all of them subscription libraries, and many of these subscription libraries still survive and still possess great treasures, though their circulation is often restricted to a very small clientele and always on some basis of paid subscription. T h e Library Company was organized in 1 7 3 1 , the Athenaeum in 1814, the Mercantile Library in 1 8 2 1 , the Philadelphia City Institute in 1852, the Friends Free Library of Germantown in 1884, and the Free Library of Philadelphia not until 1891. T h e Free Library of Philadelphia, according to its published report for 1939, owns approximately 734,000 books, currently receives over 3,000 periodicals and more than 200 newspapers, and has a staff of approximately 435 people. 1 1 It operates from a large, handsome building on the Parkway and has 36 branches scattered throughout the city. 12 It serves a population of just short of 2,000,000 people and so shows an average of .376 volumes per capita of population served. This is the lowest figure per capita in a list of 43 cities with a population in excess of 200,000, according to the statistics prepared by the American Library Association. 13 T h e highest per capita figure is 2.4 for Cleveland, with a general average for 43 cities of .962. T h e same statistics show a public library book circulation per capita in Philadelphia of 1.67, the lowest of the 43 cities in question, Cleveland being highest with 9.9, and the median figure being 5.12. In public library expenditures, the Philadelphia Free Library shows a per capita expenditure of 37^ as against a maximum of $1.20 for Rochester, and a median of 691/2^. It is to be noted that with one single exception (St. Paul), Philadelphia spends a smaller proportion of its total public library expenditures ( 1 1 % ) on books than any other of the 43 cities, the maximum being 2 7 % (Omaha), the median 1 9 % . 1 4 T h e following extract from a published report of the Free Library of Philadelphia gives some notion of the situation there as it appears to the librarian (Report for 1938): Philadelphia as the third largest city in the United States has a definite responsibility to supply books and library service to its citizens. Just how far behind Philadelphia has fallen is shown by the following table, based on 1938 statistics, giving the average figures for the ten largest American cities for public library service: 11

Of these, 316 are librarians and clerical workers; 1 1 9 are classified as janitors, engineers, and building force. 12 It maintains, besides, 116 other agencies of which 2 are industrial, 8 in hospitals, 18 in fire stations, 4 in community centers, 46 in school libraries, 38 miscellaneous. Cf. Library Report, 1939. 13 A.L.A. Bulletin, Apr. 1940, p. 268. 14 It ought to be pointed out, however, that the situation in Philadelphia compares rather less unfavorably with that of the large public libraries, to wit: Boston, 1 2 % , Detroit, 1 4 % , New York Public Library, 1 5 % , Los Angeles, 1 7 % , etc.

LIBRARIES

»3 Average jor 10 largest cities

Amount spent for books... . $149,372 Amount spent for bookbinding and repair Number of books per capita

Philadelphia $44,037 $ 105,300 below the average

64,580

29,384 35,100 below the average 1.01 .38 approx. ι /3 of the average

Volumes circulated per capita

4.96

Cost of library service per capita

1.68 approx. ι /3 of the average

90^

36.4 ji 53 i per capita below the average

Public libraries, like any other organization, cannot operate without money. If the ten largest cities in the United States have found it good business to grant adequate support for their public libraries, why should not Philadelphia? For seven years the appropriations to the Free Library have been so drastically reduced it has been impossible to maintain the stock of books or render the service which the residents of Philadelphia demand. T h e Free Library of Philadelphia, with only one third of the average number of books, and receiving less than one half of the average support per capita, with a book appropriation $105,300 per year below the average for the ten largest cities, cannot hope to attain the high standard of library service to which Philadelphians are entitled. All ten cities cannot be wrong, and if public library service is worth the support of these cities, it certainly should be supported adequately by Philadelphia. Considering the fact that the City of Philadelphia spends more than thirty-two million dollars yearly for children of school age, it is not unfair to expect for the support of the Main Library, its 34 Branches and 1 1 8 Other Agencies, an appropriation of a million and a half dollars, inasmuch as the Library serves the entire community. This sum would be less than 90^ per capita, the average now granted by the ten largest cities in the United States. Such an appropriation would enable the Library to meet its three most pressing needs: (1) Books, (2) Branches and (3) Equalization of Staff Salaries. Books: T h e amount appropriated by the City of Philadelphia for the purchase of books, periodicals and newspapers was only $25,000, the lowest appropriation granted by any large city in the United States. 16 In addition the Board of Trustees expended from other funds $19,000, making the total amount available for books $44,000, a sum insufficient to replace one half of the 81,849 books worn out in actual service during 1938. T h e Library added 61,634 books to its collections in 1938, of which 56,000 were gifts. G i f t books were most welcome, and without them it would have been almost impossible to operate, but nothing can take the place of N E W , up-to-date books. Practically no one will read books on aviation, banking, business,

15 It is gratifying to be able to report that the appropriation for books for the year 1941 has been increased to $40,000.

ч

PHILADELPHIA

radio, telephone and many other subjects, which were written ten or fifteen years ago. T h e Free Library must purchase more new books if it is to give proper service. In these days, when special emphasis is placed on A d u l t Education, the Library receives many demands which it finds it impossible to meet. Certainly every effort should be made to permit the Library to adequately serve the more than twelve thousand persons w h o visit its buildings each day. During the past seven years the appropriations for books have been so drastically reduced that the book stock has reached a deplorable condition. For example, when the " L i f e of Zola" was being shown at the Philadelphia moving picture theatres hundreds of requests were received for his works, but the Main Library had only one copy of one of his books in English. T h i s is typical of the condition at the M a i n Library and many of the Branches, and it will require at least a half million dollars to replace the loss incurred in the book stock during the years of the depression. In addition a similar amount is needed to buy the necessary books to restock the shelves with up-to-date material. In spite of the volumes which were added by both gift and purchase in 1938, there were at the end of the year fewer books available for home use in the Circulation Department, Music Department, Library Extension Department and at many Branch Libraries. Branches: O w i n g to the financial condition of the city, the Free Library has been unable to open any new Branches for nine years. Each year the Board of Trustees has received requests from various sections of the city for Branch buildings. For the past three years these requests have become more insistent.— W i t h o u t funds the Library has been unable to act upon these requests. In view of these conditions it will be apparent that the staff of the Free Library can hardly be censured if they have been unable to make adequate provision for the free library services which are in accordance with progressive practices. A n d it cannot be wondered that they have not been able to develop a larger patronage if they have not been able to serve the patrons they have. However, a more detailed study of the published figures and a comparison with library service in other large cities of the country raises certain questions that seem worthy of investigation by the trustees or by the city department responsible for the library budget. Philadelphia is not alone in its poverty. In fact, only four other cities in the United States have, in toto, more money to spend than Philadelphia. A n d many with far less have been able to keep in step w i t h developments in the library profession by offering specialized service to professional groups in the community not otherwise provided for by existing libraries. Other cities faced with a drastic reduction in income have been able to shift their expenditures and their personnel. For instance, in no other city does a condition exist in which nearly four times as much money is being spent for building force salaries as for

LIBRARIES

books. In most cities the book budget far exceeds the building upkeep, and it should be possible to bring the Philadelphia ratio more nearly into line with the practice of other systems having similar building and branch situations. In considering the mechanical staff employed by ten or twelve of the largest libraries, it is, however, necessary to remember that the type, problems, and organization of each library differ very greatly, about the only point in common being that each serves the residents of a large city. T h e size and number of the branches vary, and in some cities many of the branches are housed in buildings which are maintained and operated by others; in other cities some of the branches are so small that one janitor takes care of two buildings. Several of the branch libraries in other cities purchase high-pressure steam from a public utility, and in one case both maintenance and operating costs of the main building are not charged to the library. A l l these libraries differ as to their classification between "mechanical" and "clerical, pages, and other" services. Several of the larger libraries do not report these figures at all or do so only for the circulation departments. A n investigation made by the Free Library in December 1940 indicated that the number of its mechanical staff compares very favorably with other large libraries, several of which have smaller main buildings. T h e trend in library administration is definitely toward specialization. Philadelphia's is one of a few large public library buildings erected since 1924 that do not provide for the major subject departments. T h e Bibliographical Planning Committee strongly recommends that some consideration be given to setting up small service departments and segregating the information needed by the business and technical groups in Philadelphia. In this way, the Free Library might approximate the special departments now maintained by most other large libraries. O n e problem which all public libraries need to face is some realistic analysis of the uses to which their libraries are put and the nature of the demand upon them. T o some extent this is reflected in the books lent for home use, but only to a very limited extent. W e need to know also what books were asked for and not obtained, what books consulted but not withdrawn for home use. W e need to know what the public libraries can do to build u p demand, by some realistic analysis of potential library users. Like all other departments of public education, the actual demand is no adequate measure of the potential needs. It would be useful if we could make some study of our Philadelphia Free Library users akin to that which Mr. Haygood has made of the N e w York Public Library. 1 6 L a c k i n g that, an analysis of the statistics on the reference use of the Free Library might throw a good deal of light on the needs of special-interest groups. In 1 6 W. C. Haygood, Who uses the public library. Chicago, 1938. Cf. for further references the bibliography at the end of this book.

PHILADELPHIA m o s t l a r g e cities p u b l i c l i b r a r i e s a r e d e v o t i n g m u c h att e n t i o n to a d u l t e d u c a t i o n a n d c o m m u n i t y p r o g r a m s . 1 7 T h e P h i l a d e l p h i a F r e e L i b r a r y has h e r e t o f o r e l a g g e d behind. T h e recent establishment of a P h i l a d e l p h i a c h a p t e r of the A m e r i c a n A s s o c i a t i o n f o r A d u l t E d u c a t i o n , in w h i c h t h e l i b r a r i a n of t h e F r e e L i b r a r y is taki n g a n a c t i v e p a r t , g i v e s p r o m i s e of b e t t e r t h i n g s . I n any r a t i o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of f u n c t i o n s in t h e lib r a r y w o r l d of t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a , it is c l e a r t h a t t h e p r o b l e m of l i b r a r y service f o r t h e c o m m u n i t y as a w h o l e devolves largely u p o n the Free Library. T h e r e , if a n y w h e r e , w e s h a l l h a v e to h a n d l e r e c r e a t i o n a l dem a n d s , a n d there, if a n y w h e r e , w e s h a l l h a v e to dev e l o p the r e l a t i o n of l i b r a r y service to a d u l t e d u c a t i o n . B u t it is i d l e to e x p e c t the f r e e l i b r a r y system to c o p e w i t h these p r o b l e m s u n t i l the c o m m u n i t y is a r o u s e d to s o m e l i v e l i e r sense of t h e i r i m p o r t a n c e a n d is m u c h m o r e g e n e r o u s in its p r o v i s i o n f o r f r e e l i b r a r y n e e d s . A l t h o u g h the F r e e L i b r a r y is c o n c e r n e d w i t h meeti n g the p o p u l a r d e m a n d s f o r b o o k s , it also possesses s o m e s p e c i a l c o l l e c t i o n s of o u t s t a n d i n g i m p o r t a n c e . 1 8 In line w i t h the p l a n f o r m u l a t e d by Dr. J o h n T h o m s o n , the first l i b r a r i a n , a n d l a t e r p e r f e c t e d by M r . J o h n A s h u r s t , his successor, t h e F r e e L i b r a r y has n o t a t t e m p t e d to i n v a d e fields c o v e r e d b y s p e c i a l lib r a r i e s in the a r e a . B u t there is a r e m a r k a b l y g o o d c o l l e c t i o n of b o o k s o n art a n d a r c h i t e c t u r e , a l a r g e c o l l e c t i o n of b o o k s o n c o s t u m e , a s t r o n g c o l l e c t i o n of B i b l e s , a n d o n e of t h e g r e a t c o l l e c t i o n s in A m e r i c a o n e a r l y E n g l i s h l a w , p a r t i c u l a r l y of B l a c k s t o n e . H o u s e d i n s e p a r a t e r o o m s a r e o u t s t a n d i n g c o l l e c t i o n s of b i b l i o g r a p h i e s , d o c u m e n t s , a n d m a p s . A t t e n t i o n s h o u l d also b e c a l l e d to t h e c o l l e c t i o n s of m e d i e v a l i l l u m i n a t e d manuscripts, of Persian and other O r i e n t a l manuscripts, o f p o r t r a i t e n g r a v i n g s a n d b o o k s o n t h e hist o r y of e n g r a v i n g d o n a t e d b y t h e l a t e J o h n F r e d e r i c k Lewis, and to the E d w i n A . Fleisher M u s i c C o l l e c t i o n , s a i d to b e the o n l y l a r g e c o l l e c t i o n of o r c h e s t r a l m u s i c i n A m e r i c a w h i c h c o n t a i n s a f u l l set o f p a r t s f o r e a c h 1 7 O n this s u b j e c t cf. C a r l e t o n В. J o e c k e l a n d L e o n Carnovsky, A metropolitan library in action. C h i c a g o , 1940, p . 316-382. 1 8 It is a great pity t h a t t h e Free L i b r a r y , o w i n g c h i e f l y to l a c k of f u n d s , has h a d to a b a n d o n its b u l l e t i n s , ten of w h i c h w e r e p u b l i s h e d b e t w e e n 1898 a n d 1910. T h e most n o t a b l e of t h e m , no. 8, was a list of serials of the p r i n c i p a l libraries in P h i l a d e l p h i a a n d its v i c i n i t y , p r e p a r e d by J o h n P. L a m b e r t o n a n d p u b l i s h e d in 1908, a n d s u p p l e m e n t to t h e s a m e p u b l i s h e d in 1910. T h i s list, t h o u g h it n a t u r a l l y needs to be b r o u g h t u p to d a t e a n d is to s o m e e x t e n t s u p p l a n t e d by the Union list of serials, is a n o t a b l e p i e c e o f w o r k a n d bears t e s t i m o n y t o t h e e n t e r p r i s e of o n e of P h i l a d e l p h i a ' s g r e a t l i b r a r i a n s , D r . J o h n T h o m s o n . It c o n t a i n s a u s e f u l d e s c r i p t i v e list of 24 of t h e most i m p o r t a n t P h i l a d e l p h i a libraries.

T h e A n n u a l R e p o r t of t h e L i b r a r y is also m u c h b r i e f e r t h a n it m i g h t w e l l be, a n d in recent years has b e e n l a r g e l y d e v o t e d to a n a p p e a l for b o o k s a n d m o n e y . It h a r d l y bears c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e R e p o r t of t h e N e w Y o r k P u b l i c L i b r a r y . A m u c h m o r e elabo r a t e e x p l a n a t i o n of w h a t t h e F r e e L i b r a r y is d o i n g a n d w h a t it is p l a n n i n g to d o m i g h t g o f a r to s t i m u l a t e interest a n d c o m m a n d s u p p o r t . L i b r a r i e s , l i k e all o t h e r enterprises, h a v e to sell t h e i r wares. T h e r e is, f o r e x a m p l e , n o a d e q u a t e d e s c r i p t i o n in a n y of the a n n u a l reports of t h e special collections.

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»5

i n s t r u m e n t , i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s c o r e . 1 9 O t h e r collect i o n s of i m p o r t a n c e a r e the c o l l e c t i o n of J u d a i c a a n d H e b r a i c a , t h e R o s e n b a c h c o l l e c t i o n of e a r l y A m e r i c a n c h i l d r e n ' s b o o k s , a n d c o l l e c t i o n s d e p o s i t e d b y the M u sical F u n d S o c i e t y , i n c l u d i n g t h e E d w i n I. K e f f e r coll e c t i o n of A m e r i c a n m u s i c . I n a d d i t i o n t o the F r e e L i b r a r y w i t h all its b r a n c h e s , t h e r e a r e e i g h t o t h e r c i r c u l a t i n g l i b r a r i e s of s o m e imp o r t a n c e in P h i l a d e l p h i a . O f these, o n l y t h r e e a r e f r e e ; t h e o t h e r five a r e s u b s c r i p t i o n l i b r a r i e s . O f t h e f r e e l i b r a r i e s p r i v a t e l y m a i n t a i n e d , t h e largest is the F r i e n d s F r e e L i b r a r y in G e r m a n t o w n (5418 G e r m a n t o w n A v e n u e ) , f o u n d e d i n 1884. It c o n t a i n s n e a r l y 40,000 volu m e s , a n d its c i r c u l a t i o n is r e s t r i c t e d to n o n - f i c t i o n . It h a s several t h o u s a n d r e g u l a r b o r r o w e r s a n d is espec i a l l y u s e f u l to s t u d e n t s in the n e i g h b o r h o o d , f r o m p r i m a r y g r a d e s t h r o u g h c o l l e g e . Its a n n u a l c i r c u l a t i o n is j u s t s h o r t of 50,000 v o l u m e s . T h e e m p h a s i s is u p o n g o o d p o p u l a r b o o k s , a n d l i t t l e a t t e n t i o n is p a i d to s c h o l a r l y m a t e r i a l f o r specialists. It is, h o w e v e r , a center f o r t h e O r t h o d o x b r a n c h of the Q u a k e r s a n d has a s t r o n g c o l l e c t i o n of Q u a k e r i a n a . O u t s i d e o f this coll e c t i o n , it c o n t a i n s l i t t l e of interest to the r e s e a r c h s t u d e n t , b u t it p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t in the g e n e r a l c u l t u r a l s e r v i c e of t h e c o m m u n i t y . It is f r e e to a l l . T h e o t h e r t w o free c i r c u l a t i n g l i b r a r i e s p r i v a t e l y s u p p o r t e d a r e s m a l l . O n e of t h e m , the A p p r e n t i c e s ' L i b r a r y at B r o a d a n d B r a n d y w i n e streets, h a s a vene r a b l e h i s t o r y b u t it has r e l a t i v e l y f e w b o o k s (26,000) a n d a l m o s t a l l of these a r e f o r g e n e r a l c i r c u l a t i o n . I t serves a u s e f u l c o m m u n i t y p u r p o s e in a p o o r s e c t i o n of t h e city a n d c o o p e r a t e s w i t h t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s i n t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d . T h e o n l y p a r t o f its c o l l e c t i o n t h a t has m u c h i n d e p e n d e n t v a l u e is s o m e 500 b o o k s o n travel w h i c h were mercifully spared w h e n a large part of its treasures w a s d i s p o s e d of to m a k e shelf r o o m f o r b o o k s in c u r r e n t d e m a n d . T h e r e is also the S t a r r L i b r a r y at 725-27 L o m b a r d Street, w h i c h is o v e r fifty years o l d a n d serves a u s e f u l c o m m u n i t y p u r p o s e a m o n g s c h o o l c h i l d r e n in a l a r g e a r e a ( F r o n t to B r o a d , W a l n u t to W a s h i n g t o n A v e n u e ) w h i c h l a c k s o t h e r f r e e l i b r a r y facilities. B u t it has o n l y a b o u t 5,000 b o o k s a n d n o items o f i n d e pendent value. M u c h m o r e s i g n i f i c a n t a r e the five l i b r a r i e s p r i v a t e l y s u p p o r t e d , c i r c u l a t i n g p r i v i l e g e s in w h i c h are c o n f i n e d to p a y i n g subscribers. O f these the o l d e s t a n d m o s t imp o r t a n t is T h e L i b r a r y C o m p a n y of P h i l a d e l p h i a . T h e L i b r a r y C o m p a n y , l i k e so m a n y of t h e o l d e r i n s t i t u t i o n s of l e a r n i n g in P h i l a d e l p h i a , w a s estab19 Attention s h o u l d p e r h a p s be called to the H . J o s e p h i n e W i d e n e r B r a n c h of t h e F r e e L i b r a r y system, w h i c h is n o n - c i r c u l a t i n g . It is o p e n f o r r e f e r e n c e t o e v e r y o n e a n d is used by s o m e 40.000 readers a n n u a l l y . Its b o o k s a r e c a t a l o g u e d at t h e m a i n l i b r a r y . A m o n g o t h e r t h i n g s it c o n t a i n s a b o u t 8,000 l a n t e r n slides w h i c h are l e n t f o r g r o u p e n t e r t a i n m e n t w i t h o u t a d m i s s i o n fee. It is o n e of the few l i b r a r i e s in P h i l a d e l p h i a w i t h a c o m p l e t e set of t h e V i c t o r i a History of t h e C o u n t i e s of E n g l a n d . It has a l s o a r a t h e r n o t a b l e c o l l e c t i o n of 530 i n c u n a b u l a f r o m 300 d i f f e r e n t presses. T h e earliest i t e m is a Fust a n d S c h ö f f e r i m p r i n t of 1463.

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lished by Benjamin Franklin in 1731. It was the first public and subscription library in the United States, and served as the first Library of Congress when Philadelphia was the national capital. In 1751 James Logan, friend and business agent of W i l l i a m Penn, willed his collection of 2,000 volumes, with an endowment, to the city of Philadelphia. It was placed under the trusteeship of T h e Library Company in 1792. T h i s collection is the only private colonial library to survive intact to the present day. Dr. James Rush in 1869 left a large fortune to T h e Library Company on condition that part of it be applied to the establishment of the Ridgway Branch in memory of his wife, Phebe A n n Ridgway. T h e building was erected in 1877 and used to house the more valuable collections of T h e Library Company. In 1938 the Board of Directors of T h e Library Company decided to get rid of its headquarters on Locust Street and concentrate all its collections at the Ridgway Branch. T h i s main establishment is now supplemented by a small distributing center on Rittenhouse Square for the circulation of current books to members. T h e Library Company membership is limited to 969 shareholders, each of whom pays an annual membership fee of $8.00. T h e use of books and periodicals on the library premises is free to all, the circulation of books outside the library building is limited to members, though books in the Ridgway Branch may be borrowed by non-members on a semi-annual or annual subscription basis or by leaving a sum of money on deposit as security against loss or damage. 20 T h e income from the subscriptions is supplemented by income from endowment and from special contributions. T h e book collections of T h e Library Company aggregate some 350,000 volumes. Additions are made at the rate of approximately 2,000 volumes a year. In its early days the library specialized, among other things, in science, medicine, and philosophy, but with the development of these subjects in modern times it now leaves collecting along these lines to specialized libraries. It still maintains the tradition of collecting books on decorative and applied arts, archeology, costume, and gardening, and it has valuable holdings on all of these subjects. But today it concentrates chiefly upon history, art, and literature with emphasis upon American history, American art, and American literature. O w i n g to the fact that it is a membership library, it purchases a large amount of "entertainment" literature annually, but it attempts to select by quality and to widen the field to books not published in America. T h e collections of T h e Library Company have been aptly described as representative of two centuries of educated and intelligent reading as op20 It ought to be noted that the service of T h e Library Company to non-members is steadily increasing. In 1940, out of about 42,000 books issued, 26,000 were for members, 16,000 for nonmembers. T h e Library Company is following the current tendency to become a public rather than a private library.

LIBRARIES

posed to popular reading on the one hand and scholarly reading on the other. As a result, it possesses first or early editions of works of value not to be found in other libraries in the area because they missed the popular taste at the time of publication (e.g., Keats, Shelley, W a l t Whitman). T h e Library Company really comprises three separately endowed libraries, T h e Library Company (a membership library), the Ridgway Branch, and the Loganian Library (both general reference libraries for history, literature, and art). T h e collections of T h e Library Company constitute one of the chief library treasuries within the metropolitan area. T h e greatest strength is in the field of American history and literature, with important collections of manuscripts, maps, newspapers, and American imprints. It would be impossible here to appraise these riches with any adequacy. T h e collections call for appraisal by experts, of the sort recently published by the Bibliographical Planning Committee for the collections at the University of Pennsylvania. Altogether they contain about 3,000 European imprints significant for American history beginning in 1532; 7,000 American imprints between 1661 and 1800, and, at a rough guess, 25,000 imprints between 1800 and 1850. T h e y are particularly valuable for American political and social history, for the early history of American railroads and canals, for the history and culture of the American Indians, and especially for early American literature. 21 T h e manuscript collections include those of Dr. Benjamin Rush, Dr. James Rush, Stephen Grellet, and Dr. David Ramsey; the McAllister collection, the Smith papers, the Breck papers, and, perhaps most notable of all, the D u Simitiere papers, of which the Historical Records Survey has recently (1940) published an excellent catalogue. T h e catalogues of T h e Library Company are in bad shape. T h e r e is a printed catalogue of the Loganian collection, published in 1837. T h e r e is a printed catalogue of the whole Library Company's collections as they were in 1856. A manuscript cardcatalogue arranged both by authors and by subjects covers the accessions from 1857 t o 1®92· A card-catalogue on modern principles covers accessions from 1892 to date. T h e r e are also other catalogues for special collections. A new single and complete catalogue is in preparation, supported by a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of N e w York. T h e third largest of the circulating libraries within the area, and the fourth largest single library in the Philadelphia area, is the Mercantile Library at 16 South T e n t h Street. It is in the center of the old business section of the city and was founded in 1821 by a group of merchants and business men to serve as a popular circulating library for business people. It con2 1 A good brief survey of the collection is printed in the tin of the Special Libraries Council, Sept. 1939, p. 2-5.

Bulle-

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tains over 225,000 volumes. A t present it has over 2,000 common shareholders in addition to 118 perpetual memberships and 47 life members. A n n u a l dues are $5.00 but non-members may borrow books by leaving a deposit and paying a rental fee of ten cents a week. T h e library is open to all comers for reference. It contains little of unique value, though it is particularly strong in general literature of the nineteenth century, when the library purchased virtually everything in this field that was published. Its collection of the writings of Junius is notable. Its Irish collection of over 1,000 volumes is unique in Philadelphia. Attention should perhaps be called also to its collection of Philadelphia City Directories (from 1785), of Philadelphia newspapers (from 1740), and of old library and booksellers' catalogues. But it is primarily a circulating library of current books and of relatively little importance, considering its size, for the research student. T h e Bibliographical Planning Committee feels that the Mercantile Library in Philadelphia is ideally suited to experiment with a special circulating collection for business men. Up-to-date books on marketing, advertising, insurance, finance, management, and other phases of business should prove of great interest to executives and employees of the many business concerns in the central part of the city. T h e Mercantile has a real opportunity to add to its income and sphere of influence and to make an important demonstration for similar libraries in other large cities. T h e r e are three other subscription libraries in the Philadelphia area of sufficient importance to call for some mention. O f these the oldest is the library of the German Society at Marshall and Spring Garden streets, founded in 1817. Its circulation privileges are confined to the members of the German Society. It contains about 40,000 volumes almost exclusively in the German language. Its value for research and scholarly purposes is limited, though it is strong in German belles-lettres and therefore useful to students of German literature. It contains some early Pennsylvania German imprints and some early newspaper files. 22 It is open to all comers for reference purposes. T h e Athenaeum, 219 South Sixth Street, is another old subscription library, founded in 1814 with a very limited membership. T h e r e are only 162 shareholders all told, and they pay an annual subscription of $5.00. It circulates books to members only, but it does not exclude other readers from the use of its collections on the premises. It is, however, chiefly concerned with the interests of an exclusive clientele. By reason of its age it has some valuable items on its shelves. It contains, for example, early runs of Philadelphia newspapers, old periodicals, and directories. A careful analysis of its contents would probably reveal many other treasures. A t the moment it is directing its book purchases to the collection of outstanding contemporary fiction, adding some 750 volumes a year to its shelves. Last of all in this class of libraries is the Philadel22

E n u m e r a t e d i n the W . P . A . List of

newspapers.

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phia City Institute, 218 South Nineteenth Street, founded in 1857. Its chief function is as a general circulating library for adults and children. Altogether it contains about 38,000 volumes, none of them, probably, of unique value. It falls somewhere between the subscription library and the free library. Of its 1,374 borrowers, about one-third pay. Anyone may borrow one book (new fiction excluded) at a time. A fee of $2.00 enables the borrower to take out any two books at a time; a fee of $3.00 enables him to take out any three books at a time. T h e library offers little or nothing in the way of research resources. It plays a part of some importance as a circulating, community library. SPECIAL

LIBRARIES

T h e r e are 133 special libraries worthy of mention in the Philadelphia area, distributed as follows: A r t 7, Business 15, Education 3, Government 4, History 8, Law 4, Medicine 23, Newspaper 4, Religion 23, Science and Technology 33, Miscellaneous 9. T h e s e are for the most part connected with institutions of learning, business corporations, or learned societies. T h e y are, generally speaking, reference or research libraries without circulating privileges. A n d they are generally open to all properly accredited persons for reference use. It seems expedient to classify them according to their content and to analyze them in a general subject analysis.23 Some few of them, however, call for detailed consideration. ART

In the field of art, the library of the Philadelphia Museum of Art deserves special comment. T h o u g h it is designed primarily as a tool for the Museum staff, it has been developed by Paul Vanderbilt into a firstrate reference art library. It is notably strong in art bibliographies, art catalogues, and museum catalogues. T h e research student in the field of art will find it an excellent base for operations, with an uncommonly well-selected collection of its own and exceptional facilities for exploring the great collections in the literature of art elsewhere. Pepper Hall at the Free Library, with about 30,000 volumes and 100 periodicals, covers the history of art, architecture, and related fields. It is a well-rounded reference library. T h e University of Pennsylvania School of Fine Arts is strong in architecture. Bryn Mawr has probably the best academic collection for the study of the history of art. BUSINESS

In the general field of business there is only one good library, the Lippincott Library at the W h a r t o n School of the University of Pennsylvania, though T e m p l e University has the makings of one. 24 Of the Cf. Supplement. T h e Free Library, w h i l e not segregating the material, has more than 80% of the material listed in Business and the public library by Marian C . Manley. New Y o r k , 1940. 23

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LIBRARIES

L i p p i n c o t t L i b r a r y it is unnecessary to speak here at length, since there is a g o o d analysis of its contents in the published survey of the University of Pennsylvania libraries. It has been d e v e l o p e d primarily to serve the needs of the W h a r t o n School, but it is well e q u i p p e d for general service to the business c o m m u n i t y . Its policy is to b u i l d u p a g o o d collection of basic books o n subjects related to business; it also maintains full files of the better business periodicals, of official publications, of business research a n d trade organizations, a n d of pertinent federal, state, a n d local documents. In dev e l o p i n g its collection it is able to draw on the expert o p i n i o n of the W h a r t o n School faculty, a n d it is an excellent e x a m p l e of w h a t may be d o n e w h e n a really c o m p e t e n t librarian c o m m a n d s the cooperation of a g r o u p of experts in a special field. H e r e if anywhere is the obvious center for the d e v e l o p m e n t of business services on a large scale, a n d here certainly is the best place for the student of business problems to consult the literature o n the subject.

phases of business. T h e largest of these are the U n i t e d Gas I m p r o v e m e n t C o m p a n y , the P h i l a d e l p h i a Electric C o m p a n y , a n d the Philadelphia T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Company.

T h e library of the P h i l a d e l p h i a C o m m e r c i a l Museum is considerably larger in the actual n u m b e r of volumes on its shelves, b u t it is chiefly devoted to foreign trade a n d makes no pretension to adequate coverage of other fields of business. It is strong in government documents, domestic a n d foreign, and has a large collection of directories, trade catalogues, magazines and newspapers, m a n y of w h i c h are preserved only temporarily a n d d o not find a place in the catalogue. It is useful chiefly as a source of current inform a t i o n about problems arising o u t of A m e r i c a n a n d foreign trade.

GOVERNMENT

T h e P h i l a d e l p h i a C h a m b e r of C o m m e r c e has a small library w h i c h serves as ancillary to its Research a n d I n f o r m a t i o n D e p a r t m e n t . T h e best of it is probably the data files c o n t a i n i n g various sorts of current i n f o r m a t i o n on business organizations and business activities. It w o u l d be of small v a l u e to the serious student. It is surprising, in view of the widespread development of business libraries in the country, that the city of P h i l a d e l p h i a has so few. O n l y one bank, the Federal Reserve, maintains a library, w i t h a small collection of books, magazines, and pamphlets. Ristine a n d C o m p a n y is the only investment house employing a librarian. P h i l a d e l p h i a , as an i m p o r t a n t insurance center, has one well-developed library at the Provident M u t u a l L i f e Insurance C o m p a n y a n d a small collection on fire insurance at the Insurance Society of Philadelphia. T h e firm of T o w e r s , Perrin, Forster and Crosby has l o n g m a i n t a i n e d a private business library chiefly consisting of material on g r o u p insurance, pensions, and annuities. T h e Curtis P u b l i s h i n g C o m p a n y has recently emp l o y e d a trained librarian to organize its books and large data files on advertising and marketing. N. W . A y e r and Son also has a small library covering the same subjects. A few companies w i t h well-organized technical libraries also collect i n f o r m a t i o n on certain

EDUCATION

T h e r e are two important libraries of education in Philadelphia, the Pedagogical Library of the B o a r d of E d u c a t i o n and the P e n n i m a n L i b r a r y at the University of Pennsylvania. T h e former is strong on current material dealing w i t h the problems of p u b l i c education, the latter u p o n the history of education and pedagogical problems in general. T h e P e n n i m a n Library has been dealt w i t h in the survey of the University of Pennsylvania libraries. T h e Pedagogical L i b r a r y is the oldest and largest library of its kind in A m e r i c a . T e m ple University has a small but good collection on education, and the West Chester State T e a c h e r s College an excellent w o r k i n g library for teacher training.

Libraries interested in governmental material are few. Philadelphia has several depositories of documents, of w h i c h the one at the Free Library is the largest and the best organized. O t h e r libraries collect official publications in their o w n fields as, for example, the Bureau of M u n i c i p a l Research. T h e University of Pennsylvania ranks first for foreign government publications. HISTORY

O f the libraries devoted exclusively to history, by far the most important is the library of T h e Historical Society of Pennsylvania. It contains something like a half-million books, pamphlets, newspapers, and broadsides, besides a great deal of important material in manuscript. A guide to the manuscripts, prepared by the Historical Records Survey of the W o r k s Progress Administration, has recently been published. T h e printed material deals largely w i t h the history of Pennsylvania. T h e library contains perhaps the best collection in the world of Philadelphia imprints (16931825) and a large collection of Pennsylvania imprints. It has also important early A m e r i c a n imprints. It is rich in Pennsylvania G e r m a n , Swedish-American and French-American material, and very rich in eighteenth-century American newspapers, particularly those published in Philadelphia a n d N e w York. 2 5 It has an important collection of A m e r i c a n colonial and state laws (the C h a r l e m a g n e T o w e r Collection) and of early American political pamphlets. In many respects its collections of Americana are complementary to those of T h e Library C o m p a n y . It is strong in gene2 5 C f . on this W . P . A . Historical R e c o r d s Survey, Check list of Philadelphia newspapers available in Philadelphia. 2nd edition. P h i l a d e l p h i a , 1937.

C f . also W . P . A . Historical R e c o r d s S u r v e y , Check list of maps pertaining to Pennsylvania up to 1900• P h i l a d e l p h i a , 1935-36.

PHILADELPHIA

alogy. As an historical library in the broadest sense of the word, it is far inferior to that of the University of Pennsylvania, though in some fields outside its special fields it supplies useful supplementary material, notably in the publications of English local historical societies. T h e r e are, besides, a number of local historical societies in the suburban areas, the largest of which is the Schwenkfelder Historical Library (Pennsburg) with 20,000 volumes chiefly valuable for the history of the Schwenkfelders, of the Mennonites, and of the Perkiomen region. T h e other county historical societies listed are useful for the local history of the counties in which they are situated. Most of them are open only to members. Special mention should perhaps be made of the Chester County Historical Society, which contains material on many phases of American History, and of the American Philosophical Society with its outstanding collection of Frankliniana and its rich materials on the American Revolutionary period. LAW

T h e two largest law libraries in the area—that of the Philadelphia Bar Association, 600 City Hall, and the Biddle Law Library of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Chestnut Street—are both important. T h e Bar Association library serves the practising lawyer and is chiefly valuable for current law literature, though it contains unexpected material on the history of the law. T h e Biddle Law Library is designed primarily for the use of law students. It is easily the best library in the area on the history of law and is notably rich in early books on the history of English law. 26 Attention at this point should also be called to the exceptionally fine H a m p t o n L . Carson Collection on the history of the English law at the Free Library and to the Charlemagne T o w e r Collection on colonial and early state laws at T h e Historical Society of Pennsylvania. A n interesting library in the field of law, and one that is perhaps unique in America, is the Hirst Free Law Library, Broad and W a l n u t streets, founded in 1885 by a practising lawyer who felt that members of the Bar who could not afford to join the Association should have access to a legal library. A l t h o u g h it has only one person on its staff, it is a busy, effective library. Unfortunately it lacks sufficient funds to keep its collections u p to date. T h e T e m p l e Law Library is a small departmental library maintained by T e m p l e University, with its use restricted to students and faculty. In general the Bar Association library is the most valuable collection in the area for the practising lawyer, and the Biddle Library for students of law. Use of both of them is restricted to the particular clientele they are designed to serve, though neither denies access to students with special claim to consideration. C f . Faculty survey braries, p . 139 et seq. 28

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LIBRARIES MEDICINE

T h e r e are no less than twenty-three medical libraries in the area, most of them attached either to medical schools or to universities. But the library of the College of Physicians is from every point of view so much the most important collection of medical books in the area that all other collections may be regarded as s u p plementary to it. It was founded in 1788 and has grown steadily in size, in catholicity, and in general community usefulness. T o d a y it is one of the greatest medical libraries in America and one of the great medical libraries in the world. Mr. McDaniel, the librarian, writes, T h i s library is open to all persons, but it can attempt at present to give proper service only to those working in medicine or the related sciences. Its resources include in its 152,500 accessioned items over 500 ancient and modern manuscripts dating from the 13th century, over 400 medical and scientific incunabula . . . thousands of very rare and in some cases unique medical works of the 16th to the 19th centuries, special collections such as those of the works of W i l l i a m Harvey; probably the most complete in existence in anatomy, in surgery, in ophthalmology, medical historiography; thousands of portraits . . . files of 1200 current periodicals as well as of many discontinued ones. T h e r e are also over 300,000 u n b o u n d pamphlets of one sort or another. . . . A book list reports monthly (September-June) the new accessions. . . . T h e collection is adequately indexed in some of its parts but not in others. . . . T h e funds available permit neither appropriate salaries for the assistants, supplementary indexing of important material, nor adequate expansion at a time when medicine itself is reaching out into new fields with alarming rapidity. T h i s library is not only our greatest medical library either from the point of view of the history of medicine or of the current practice of medicine, but it is also our most public-spirited medical library. T h e r e are no restrictions whatever limiting the public right to read in the library, and the privilege of withdrawing books from the library is very generously extended. More than that, the librarian's concept of its function envisages the desirability of developing library service for the layman in the general interest of public health and preventive medicine. 2 7 In short, there are few cities in America where such a great treasury of medical literature is so accessible to the general inquiring world. Of other medical collections, the next in point of size and importance is the library of the Jefferson Medical College. It is a good medical school library, the use of which, however, is restricted to the members of the profession and to other specially qualified persons. T h e medical, dental, and veterinary schools of the University of Pennsylvania are surveyed in the 27 W e w i s h s p a c e p e r m i t t e d p u b l i c a t i o n i n f u l l of M r . M c D a n i e l ' s r e p o r t o n h i s l i b r a r y . I t is a m o d e l f o r t h e p u b l i c spirited a p p r o a c h to t h e special library p r o b l e m .

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Faculty Survey. It might be noted that the library at the University of Pennsylvania School of Dentistry ( T h e Evans Institute), very largely donated by Dr. Edward C. Kirk, is probably the finest dental library in the world. It is particularly rich in rare books o n the early history of dentistry. Attention should also be called to the library of the Pennsylvania Hospital, the earliest medical library in the United States, which is rich in medical and biological works of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. 28 T h e library of the Wistar Institute is notably strong in the field of comparative anatomy. A great deal of literature pertinent to the study of medicine is to be found also in the three important scientific libraries within the area, the Academy of Natural Sciences, the Franklin Institute, and the American Philosophical Society. NEWSPAPER LIBRARIES

O f the four newspaper libraries in Philadelphia, that of the Evening Bulletin is the oldest (1902), that of the Evening Ledger the largest. In general, they are designed for the use of the newspaper staff and to serve the query departments which those newspapers maintain. T h e y are not open to the general public but will usually transmit information from their libraries in answer to inquiries. T h e libraries of the Bulletin, the Inquirer, and the Ledger maintain indexes (not complete) of their own publications; that of the Ledger has a good collection of data and statistics about notable Philadelphians. A l l of them have deposited complete files of their publications in the Free Library which is easily the best depository of Philadelphia newspapers. T h e Inquirer began in July 1939 to make film copies of its own paper which are available to the libraries which subscribe for them. RELIGION

T h e religious libraries in the area are practically all of them sectarian in character. T h e largest is the R o m a n Catholic library of the Seminary of St. Charles Borromeo, City Line and Lancaster Avenue, and it is in some respects the richest, though its administration seems quite indisposed to cooperate in any plan to integrate the library resources of the community. It is the one important library in the area which has declined to be included in the U n i o n Catalogue. It is intended primarily for the service of the theological and philosophical departments of the Seminary, and is perhaps the best library in the area in patristic literature, hagiography, and scholastic philosophy. N e x t in size is the library of the Presbyterian Historical Society, W a l n u t and Juniper streets. It contains some 75,000 volumes and is chiefly of value for its material on the Presbyterian and Reformed churches. It has special collections on the Westminster Assembly and on Sunday School singing books. T h e library of the Crozer T h e ological Seminary (Baptist) at Chester is a good gen2 8 Cf. F. R . Packard. " T h e earliest medical library in United States," in Virginia medical quarterly, June 1933.

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eral religious reference library with particular emphasis on the history of the Baptists. Housed in the same building is the library of the American Baptist Historical Society. T h e Eastern Baptist T h e o l o g i c a l Seminary, Lancaster A v e n u e and City Line, contains a rather valuable collection of early Baptist literature. T h e r e is only one library of some importance connected with the Protestant Episcopal Church, the W i l l i a m Bacon Stevens Library of the Protestant Episcopal Divinity School, Forty-Second and Locust streets. It contains the Yarnall Library of T h e o l o g y , a notable collection of patristic and medieval church literature. T h e r e is one notable Jewish library, that at Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning, Broad and York streets. It is small and highly specialized, but very well selected. It contains materials connected with biblical and rabbinical learning, the Semitic languages, Jewish history, and Egyptology. A b o u t ten per cent of its entire collection consists of bound periodicals. Its books on the Bible make u p about one-seventh of the collection. Its use for reference purposes is unrestricted. Of the other religious libraries, the one at the Academy of the N e w Church at Bryn A t h y n contains the best collection in the area of Swedenborgiana. T h e collections on the history of the Quakers, most of them already noted in connection with Swarthmore and Haverford libraries, are important both for their manuscripts and literature on Quaker history. 29 T h e r e is also much important material bearing on the history of the Quakers at the libraries of T h e Historical Society of Pennsylvania and of T h e Philadelphia Library Company. SCIENCE

T h e r e are twelve science libraries, but seven of these are departmental libraries of the University of Pennsylvania and are surveyed in the survey of University libraries, and two are not of sufficient importance to call for detailed consideration. T h e two great independent scientific libraries in the area are those of the Academy of Natural Sciences and of the American Philosophical Society. T h e Academy of Natural Sciences, igoo Race Street, contains one of the great libraries in its field in America. A survey of its treasures, patterned after the survey of the University of Pennsylvania libraries, is in preparation, so it will be unnecessary to consider it here in detail. It is rich in almost all fields of science, notably rich in the natural sciences: botany, zoology, entomology, geology, and paleontology. It was founded in 1812 and has been exchanging its publications with other learned societies since 1817. It is notably strong in unbroken files of scientific periodicals and government reports and it regularly receives over 2,500 29 T h e Friends' Center, 304 Arch Street, contains some old Quaker records (Orthodox branch), the Friends' Central Bureau (Hicksite branch), 1515 Cherry Street, has transferred most of its manuscript material to the Friends' Historical Library at Swarthmore.

PHILADELPHIA scientific periodicals. It has a rare collection of o l d books o n science a n d scientific discovery a n d exploration and is very generous in its attitude toward visiting scholars a n d in its inter-library lending. Its catalogue is a n t i q u a t e d a n d inadequate. T h e history of the A c a d e m y comes near to b e i n g the history of Philadelphia as one of the great A m e r i c a n centers in the study of the natural sciences. B o t h by reason of the wealth of its collections a n d the progressive a n d public-spirited character of its administration, it still remains the obvious nucleus for the further development of library resources in the natural sciences within the area. T h e A m e r i c a n Philosophical Socicty, f o u n d e d by B e n j a m i n F r a n k l i n , is the oldest learned society in America. It has a large e n d o w m e n t f u n d (about $5,000,000) w h i c h provides generously for the subsidizing of research, for a large p u b l i s h i n g p r o g r a m a n d for a very well m a n a g e d library. T h e library, F i f t h and Chestnut streets, contains more than 100,000 volumes and receives over 2,000 bulletins a n d periodicals by exchange or by subscription. Its o u t s t a n d i n g materials in order of their i m p o r t a n c e are m a n u s c r i p t Frankliniana (the largest collection in existence, some 15,000 items), 30 publications of learned societies throughout the w o r l d , books of historical and of current significance on archeology, a n t h r o p o l o g y , a n d the history of science. T h e library has recently established a well-equipped d e p a r t m e n t for r e p r o d u c t i o n by microfilm of manuscripts in its o w n collection. 3 1 T h e membership of the Philosophical Society is limited to 500, and the great majority of these reside outside the m e t r o p o l i t a n area. T h e actual use of the library by its members is consequently a very limited one, but it is o p e n to all for reference purposes a n d is very liberal in its policy of inter-library lending. It is one of the foremost e x p o n e n t s of the cooperative idea a m o n g the libraries in the area. In its policy of book purchasing it has a w o r k i n g agreement w i t h the Historical Society, the F r a n k l i n Institute, a n d the A c a d e m y of N a t u r a l Sciences so as to avoid needless duplication. It is well m a n a g e d , well to do, and eager to play its part in the integration of P h i l a d e l p h i a library resources. It has already c o n t r i b u t e d generously to the creation of the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e . T h e r e is a particular appropriateness in the fact that it was f o u n d e d by B e n j a m i n F r a n k l i n , for it expresses well Franklin's o w n sense of o b l i g a t i o n to the intellectual welfare of his a d o p t e d city.

LIBRARIES in a b u n d a n c e a n d t h o u g h it by the public, restricted that to date.

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other scientific libraries in the area, generally accessible for reference use is badly located and its funds are so is not able to k e e p its collections u p

TECHNOLOGY

T h e r e is only one special library in P h i l a d e l p h i a well e q u i p p e d in this field, a n d that is the library of the F r a n k l i n Institute, t h o u g h the University of Pennsylvania has g o o d d e p a r t m e n t a l libraries in the M o o r e School of Electrical E n g i n e e r i n g a n d the T o w n e Scientific School. T h e F r a n k l i n Institute is over a century old. It has a c k n o w l e d g e d a general educational purpose from the very beginning. It established the first high school in P h i l a d e l p h i a . T h r o u g h o u t its history it has played a very active part in p r o m o t i n g technological k n o w l e d g e . In its earlier days it organized twentyeight industrial expositions of the products of A m e r i c a n m a n u f a c t u r e , was responsible for the I n t e r n a t i o n a l Electrical Exposition of 1884 and the N a t i o n a l Exports Exposition of 1899. It furthers its aims by maintaining the Bartol Research F o u n d a t i o n , a laboratory for research in the physical sciences, at Swarthmore, a n d the B i o c h e m i c a l Research F o u n d a t i o n . Its j o u r n a l , published since 1824, is devoted to the progress of the useful arts and sciences. It maintains a large p u b l i c m u s e u m and subsidizes p o p u l a r lectures. It began its library at the time of its f o u n d a t i o n and opened its first r e a d i n g r o o m in 1829. T o d a y its collections f o r m one of the i m p o r t a n t technological libraries in A m e r ica, b e i n g notably strong in the physical sciences, in chemistry, a n d in electrical engineering, a n d particularly in the earlier literature of these subjects. Alt h o u g h in general it has p a i d n o attention to material on the natural sciences or the humanities, it has g o o d collections on biochemistry, o n naval architecture, a n d o n the graphic arts.

O n e other scientific library deserves to be m e n t i o n e d if only because of its size, the W a g n e r Free Institute of Science at Seventeenth a n d M o n t g o m e r y A v e n u e . It does not, however, contain any material not f o u n d

T h i s library is intended primarily for the use of the 1,400 active members of the Institute, but its privileges as a reference library are e x t e n d e d to serious students p u r s u i n g research w i t h i n the scope of its collections. 3 2 It supplies the obvious nucleus for technology in any integration of the library resources w i t h i n the area. 3 3 T h e technological libraries of business corporations should be considered, t h o u g h their normal use is of course confined to the staffs of the corporations, a n d n o n e of them can be regarded as of o u t s t a n d i n g importance. T h e different libraries of the D u P o n t de N e m o u r s C o m p a n y , all located just outside the area but immediately a d j a c e n t to it, contain v a l u a b l e collections on different branches of organic chemistry. W i t h i n the P h i l a d e l p h i a area itself the corporations

A calendar of this collection has b e e n p u b l i s h e d by the Society. O t h e r v a l u a b l e collections of F r a n k l i n in P h i l a d e l p h i a are at T h e Pennsylvania Historical Society a n d at the University of Pennsylvania. 3 1 O t h e r fine e q u i p m e n t for work of this sort is at T h e Historical Society of Pennsylvania a n d at T e m p l e University.

3 2 A student m e m b e r s h i p (limited to those u n d e r twenty-five) at $3 a year includes the use of the library. A c t i v e m e m b e r s h i p is $15 a year. A c o m p a n y m e m b e r s h i p is offered at $50 a year, w h i c h allows ten people in the c o m p a n y to use the library. 3 3 T h e W . B. Stephens M e m o r i a l L i b r a r y at M a n a y u n k , t h o u g h it has a collection of some size, is little used a n d contains virtually n o t h i n g of value f o r research purposes.

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with the oldest and largest technical libraries are the United Gas Improvement Company, the Philadelphia Electric Company, the Philadelphia Transportation Company, and the R C A Manufacturing Company. Of libraries classified as miscellaneous, the most important one is that of the Curtis Institute of Music, 1726 Locust Street. It is an excellent musical working library, covering the entire field of musical research, technical musical training, and music for performance. T h o u g h it cannot compare with the Edwin A. Fleisher collection at the Free Library for orchestral music, it is strong in operatic and choral music. It maintains a collection of phonographic records, chiefly of classical music, 34 but none of these is loaned for use outside the school. Indeed the use of the library is virtually confined to the staff and students of the Institute, and a definite change of policy would be involved were it to be adapted to the musical needs of the community as a whole. Attention should also be called to the library of the Pennsylvania School of Social W o r k , which is unique in its emphasis upon social problems; the library of the Geographical Society, particularly valuable for its files of geographical journals and its collection of maps; the library of the Armstrong Association, devoted entirely to Negro problems, and the Edgar A l l a n Poe house, which contains the largest collection of Poe's works extant. W e define a good library as one that has a clear objective, clearly stated, and a good collection of books in terms of that objective; one that keeps its collections u p to date by a well-directed purchasing policy; one that is efficiently administered; one that is well patronized. W e do not undertake to criticize the administration of our libraries, or to estimate their patronage, 3 5 but it may be worth while to look at the libraries in the area as a whole in terms of their objectives, their collections, and the maintenance of them. In terms of objectives, the University of Pennsylvania library and the better college libraries all qualify, though it is clear enough that in both cases the immediate objective has been to some extent modified by the assumption of certain community responsibilities. T h e University of Pennsylvania, for example, recognizes broad community obligations, not only to the academic interests within the community, but also to the business, professional, scientific, and artistic interests. In its planning for a new library, it is taking very definitely into account the accommodation of scholars and research students, not only from the community at large but from the world at large. It is contemplating plans for the establishment of a definite type of library service to business and to 33- 354-346, ЗЗЗ; Wilson bulletin, no. 12, p. 392-393, 4 5 8 " 4 5 9 : n o · '3· P· 29-30; Library journal, v. 63, p. 760, 836-837). I t must b e b o r n e in m i n d , however, that a h e a l t h y book trade is t o b e e n c o u r a g e d a n d local b o o k business should b e placed, as f a r as consistent with r e a s o n a b l e e c o n o m y in b o o k b u y i n g , w i t h local booksellers.

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COOPERATION

g i f t . 1 2 O n e simple way of a c c o m p l i s h i n g this w o u l d be for all the c o o p e r a t i n g libraries to prepare lists of their u n w a n t e d books together w i t h the price at w h i c h the o w n i n g library w o u l d be p r e p a r e d to sell. T h e s e lists c o u l d be circulated a m o n g the c o o p e r a t i n g libraries, and purchases and sales arranged either on the basis of cash or of e x c h a n g e value. T h e s e lists c o u l d also be used as a basis for offering books for sale in the book market. If the desirability of such an arrangement were recognized by several libraries, the Bibliog r a p h i c a l C e n t e r w o u l d be the o b v i o u s agency to set the machinery in m o t i o n and to oversee its o p e r a t i o n . T H E C O N S U L T A N T A N D T H E SPECIALIST IN L I B R A R Y ADMINISTRATION

T h e A m e r i c a n library has achieved a h i g h standard of technical proficiency. T h i s has been a c c o m p l i s h e d by specialization in the different fields of library technical service, order w o r k , cataloguing, etc. It was necessitated by the r a p i d g r o w t h of A m e r i c a n libraries, w h i c h d e m a n d e d q u i c k a n d efficient absorption of great masses of materials. W i t h o u t d e n y i n g the obvious benefits derived f r o m this procedure, w e believe that the q u a l i t y of library w o r k , the q u a l i t y of collections, a n d the q u a l i t y of service can be f u r t h e r improved by a d d i n g to the present system or even by s u p p l a n t i n g it by a different division of l a b o r based primarily not u p o n library techniques but u p o n fields of k n o w l e d g e . T h e i m p o r t a n c e of the subject expert as an a d j u n c t to library administration has l o n g been recognized. I t has generally expressed itself by the a t t a c h m e n t to the library staff of a consultant or a specialist either w i t h definite duties a n d at a definite salary or in some v o l u n t a r y , semi-official capacity such as that p r o v i d e d by faculty advisers in university and college libraries. T o o u r k n o w l e d g e , consultants as definite paid members of a library staff exist today in the U n i t e d States i n one library only, the L i b r a r y of Congress. T h e i r position has been defined as follows: " T h e consultants are a g r o u p of specialists in association w i t h the library w i t h o u t administrative duties, w h o h e l p in the d e v e l o p m e n t a n d interpretation of the collections." T h e y are " m e n and w o m e n w i t h earned credentials of the highest scholarship in the various fields of k n o w l e d g e . " T h e i r duties are to " d e v o t e their energies a n d w h o l e time to consultations a n d conferences w i t h advanced students a n d colleagues in universities, foundations, industries or other fields, w h o are e n g a g e d in research; to the w o r k of c o o r d i n a t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t all materials a n d services available in their respective subjects . . . to reference and b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l w o r k as w e l l as to personal research." 1 3 12

Cf. a n e x p e r i m e n t with periodicals c o n d u c t e d by t h e H . W .

W i l s o n C o m p a n y , described in A . L . A . Bulletin,

v. 30, p. 821-826,

•9371 3 Q u o t e d from D . S. H i l l , The libraries of Washington. Chicago, 1936. T h e early history of the L i b r a r y of Congress consultants has b e e n related by H e r b e r t P u t n a m , late L i b r a r i a n of Congress in Library quarterly, v. 1, p. 18-21, 1931. A c c o r d i n g to

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In this definition of the library consultant, two characteristics predominate. H e must be a distinguished scholar in his field of knowledge; he must be freed from all administrative duties. If high scholarly attainment is to be one of the essential qualifications of the consultant, then it is to be feared that very few libraries will be able to afford his services. A n d while no doubt scholarly attributes are highly desirable, it may well be questioned whether the usefulness of a specialist to a library can be measured in terms of scholarly prestige. Furthermore, we are not satisfied that the separation of the consultant from all administrative responsibility is advantageous. Library policy cannot be shaped without reference to problems of library administration, and without knowledge of the techniques involved in the application of policy. W h i l e many of the painstaking administrative duties in a library can be relegated to subordinate members of the staff, no one of the major operations essential to the successful workings of a library can safely be entrusted to anyone who is not thoroughly familiar with the purpose, the contents, and the administration of the library. W e believe that the advantages derived from the use of a consultant could be achieved more effectively and more economically by the employment of specialists as part of the regular library staff. By specialist we mean a person of intelligence, trained or experienced in bibliographical work and with special qualifications in one or more fields of knowledge. W e believe such a specialist should supervise library work on books within his field through all phases of the work from book selection to advice to the reader. His duties might be envisaged as follows: (1) to advise on research studies; (2) to engage himself in research with special attention to the bibliographical or library aspect; (3) to bring order to the chaos of book selection by integrating departmental orders within his field, by analyzing such collections for gaps and filling them; (4) to keep abreast of new work in his field; (5) to supervise cataloguing in his field, applying common sense and qualitative judgment to the modification of prevalent schematic cataloguing rules; (6) to supervise and revise subject headings and classifications in his field; (7) to cooperate in national and international documentation. 1 4 the L i b r a r y of Congress r e p o r t for 1938 ( W a s h i n g t o n , 1939) t h e n u m b e r of consultants h a d t h e n increased to e i g h t . N e w recomm e n d a t i o n s h a v e since b e e n m a d e by A r c h i b a l d M a c L e i s h , t h e present L i b r a r i a n , in a c o n f i d e n t i a l m e m o r a n d u m (1940). 14 T h e first f o u r items a b o v e are b o r r o w e d f r o m B . B e r e l s o n in Wilson bulletin, no. 12, p. 13-16, 1937. G . L e y h in a n e x c e l l e n t article ( " S t e l l u n g u n d A u f g a b e der w i s s e n s c h a f t l i c h e n B i b l i o t h e k , " in Zeit. Zentralblatt für Bibliothekswesen, v. 53, p. 473-482, 1936) describes t h e n e e d f o r specialists as follows (I t r a n s l a t e freely): " N o t so m u c h t h e b i b l i o g r a p h e r b u t the specialist is needed in the m o d e r n l i b r a r y . . . . L i b r a r y a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s h o u l d follow the specialization of science in a d e f i n i t e distance a n d in a simplified w a y , if it is to b r i d g e the u n d e n i a b l e rift b e t w e e n the storehouse of k n o w l e d g e a n d creative science. T h i s field-specialization is really essential f o r i n t e l l i g e n t b o o k selection, f o r w o r k

LIBRARIES

A common method of obtaining consultant advice is to engage the collaboration of scholars in the different fields of knowledge. T h e i r duties are usually rather ill-defined and are generally confined to some measure of responsibility for book selection within their field and casual advice on research problems. T h i s method is commonly practiced in college and university libraries where faculty experts are easily at hand. Library committees in academic libraries often act in the same capacity. T h e arrangement has, of course, obvious advantages and it is perhaps safe to say that the college and university libraries within the area reflect a more intelligent policy of book selection than other libraries. But objections are apparent. In the first place, since the faculty adviser is not a definite member of the staff with definite hours of service and a definite stipend, he often takes his duties lightly and casually and too often regards them as a favor to be conferred or withheld at will and not a responsibility to be shouldered. In the second place, faculty advisers are too apt to approach this problem in terms of the interests of their particular field of knowledge rather than of the interests of the library as a whole. Frequently, instead of helping to round out the collections, they contribute to the general confusion by stressing their own favorite fancies. If this form of specialist service is chosen, it is essential to engage it for pay and with definite duties, to have these scholars act directly under the librarian's guidance as a body which is part of the library administration and not controlled by outside influences. W h e t h e r there are consultants, specialists, or advising scholars, there is an excellent chance for a cooperative effort. Specialists can very well be engaged for a group of libraries with similar policies. O n e specialist, for example in the field of history, might advise and coordinate library service in his field throughout the city or even throughout the region. In conclusion, we should like to express our belief that only through the introduction of scholarship into librarianship can research libraries play or, to express ourselves more optimistically, continue to play an important part in the development of human knowledge. C O O P E R A T I O N IN T E C H N I C A L PROCESSES:

PRESERVATION

AND RESTORATION

Preservation and restoration of newspapers, periodicals, and books, pamphlets and broadsides are an urgent problem for libraries. T h e y can easily be undertaken cooperatively if only libraries can agree on a joint plan of action. Almost all libraries occasionally need such service, but very rarely does the need justify the employment of a specialist. T h e present method is to have work done by a commercial firm; but good restorers are extremely expensive and can be employed only for very valuable material. T h e average bookin s u b j e c t c a t a l o g u e s , f o r research i n f o r m a t i o n a n d a d v i c e . E v e n t h e h i t h e r t o u n s o l v e d q u e s t i o n of d e a d l i t e r a t u r e will assume a d i f f e r e n t aspect u n d e r t h e s c r u t i n y of t h e specialist."

OTHER ASPECTS OF LIBRARY COOPERATION binder k n o w s little a b o u t restoration of bindings a n d less a b o u t the restoration a n d preservation of paper. O n the other hand, almost any person w h o knows a little a b o u t chemistry, w h o is interested in books and paper, a n d w h o is skillful can learn the t e c h n i q u e of restoration. T h e o u t l a y for a laboratory w o u l d be very small. W h a t does restoration of bindings a n d paper mean? Newspapers deteriorate q u i c k l y . F r e q u e n t l y used periodicals a n d books are easily torn. T h e y get stained. O l d e r works often show stains, some of w h i c h will ultimately destroy paper, as for e x a m p l e , f u n g i . Bindings get torn a n d in some cases it is cheaper to strengthen the old b i n d i n g than to rebind the entire volume. Better bindings of earlier periods (contemporary bindings) dry o u t a n d crack. T h e j o b of a cooperative m e n d i n g shop w o u l d therefore be: mounting and l a m i n a t i o n of newspapers, broadsides, maps, w e a k e n e d leaves in books; m e n d i n g of leaves w h i c h are torn or otherwise m u t i l a t e d ; c l e a n i n g a n d possibly sterilization of infected p a p e r a n d of stains w h i c h decrease or threaten to decrease the usefulness of books; sizing of paper; restoration of bindings for w h i c h reb i n d i n g is not desirable. It is hard to estimate the a m o u n t of material needi n g treatment in all libraries in P h i l a d e l p h i a w h i c h m i g h t cooperate in a plan for the preservation and restoration of their records. In view of this, it m i g h t be w o r t h considering whether, instead of e m p l o y i n g a skilled restorer, it m i g h t not be better to choose a person w h o satisfies the above-mentioned needed qualifications a n d w h o is already connected w i t h one of the P h i l a d e l p h i a libraries, send h i m for a short time as an apprentice to a laboratory in a m u s e u m (e.g., the B r o o k l y n M u s e u m ) or to a bindery w h e r e similar work is d o n e (e.g., the N e w Y o r k P u b l i c L i b r a r y or C o l u m b i a University library). A f t e r a comparatively short time such a person w o u l d p r o b a b l y be able to d o a more satisfactory a n d cheaper j o b than most commercial firms.15 H e could act as well in a general advisory capacity a n d d e v e l o p e x p e r t k n o w l e d g e o n all questions r e l a t i n g to the restoration a n d the preservation of books a n d manuscripts. W h e n not otherwise occupied he could be e m p l o y e d in m a k i n g receptacles for the storage of e p h e m e r a l material. Possibly w i t h h e l p from W o r k s Progress A d m i n i s t r a t i o n or N a t i o n a l Y o u t h A d m i n i s t r a t i o n he c o u l d undertake to treat for preservation one set of each of the i m p o r t a n t newspapers in the city. T h e initial outlay for such a repair shop, w h i c h could be located in any one of the P h i l a d e l p h i a Ii1 5 Fortunately, m e t h o d s of repair are n o longer kept a secret. For e x a m p l e , an excellent m e t h o d of w a s h i n g p a p e r has b e e n described in Technical studies, (v. 5, no. 2, 1936), easily to be copied by a n y b o d y w i t h some chemical k n o w l e d g e . O t h e r methods of preservation are described by Η . M . L y d e n b e r g a n d M . A r c h e r (The care and repair of books. N e w Y o r k , 1931), H . J. Plenderleith (The conservation of bindings, drawings, and manuscripts. O x f o r d , 1937), a n d M. Schweidler (Die Instandsetzungen von Kupferstichen, Zeichnungen, Büchern, usw. Stuttgart, 1938).

53

braries, w o u l d be extremely low. T h e m i n i m u m capital outlay is estimated at about $35, a n d $200 w o u l d p r o b a b l y be fully satisfactory. Cost of material a n d l a b o r w o u l d be charged at standard rates to the library requesting work to be done. T h e c o o p e r a t i n g libraries w o u l d , however, have to guarantee the salary and the a m o u n t necessary for essential purchases of material for an e x p e r i m e n t a l period, say for two years. C O O P E R A T I V E STORAGE OF LITTLE-USED M A T E R I A L

W e assume that the library's task is to provide a n d to preserve books. E x c e p t for the library museum, continuous accession is necessary in order to serve actively these two purposes. Even if w e allow for increased use of m i c r o p h o t o g r a p h y and a consequent decrease in book production, the accession of new materials w i l l c o n t i n u e to aggravate the p r o b l e m of p r o v i d i n g adeq u a t e space for books a n d manuscripts. T h e c o m m o n solution is to plan for bigger and better libraries, to raise money periodically for expansion or for n e w quarters, only to see the same overcrowded c o n d i t i o n recur after a comparatively short period. B e l i e v i n g that library materials can be divided into " u s e d " and "little-used" groups, librarians a n d book users have occasionally proposed the creation of local, regional, or even national depository libraries or book storage houses for little-used materials and duplicates. C . F. A d a m s , trustee of the Q u i n c y P u b l i c L i b r a r y , Q u i n c y , Massachusetts, is usually credited w i t h h a v i n g first p u b l i c l y proposed either to discard surplus volumes or to store them. 1 6 Charles W . Eliot, President of H a r v a r d University, proposed on three occasions between 1900 and 1902 to create three large regional storage centers at W a s h i n g t o n a n d N e w Y o r k a n d C h i c a g o . 1 7 " T h e p r o b l e m , " he wrote, "is essentially an economic one. It is not a good use of the precious educational resources of the c o m m u n i t y , or an institution, to enlarge at frequent intervals its library b u i l d i n g s . . . and it is not frugal policy to permit the presence of thousands or millions of dead books to increase the cost of service, care a n d cleaning in a m u c h f r e q u e n t e d library. . . . T h e p r o b l e m then is to devise a m o d e of storing disused books so that they may be k e p t safe and accessible and yet at a low cost for shelter a n d a n n u a l care. . . . T h e interior construction of such a b u i l d i n g should differ in i m p o r t a n t respects from the construction of the ordinary book stack in use today." President Eliot proposed close shelving, n o classification, arrangement by size, three deep o n the shelves, etc. In the f o l l o w i n g year (1903) the proposal was discussed at the A m e r i c a n L i b r a r y Association conference. W . C . L a n e , W . E. Foster, and E. D. Burton presented papers o n the treatment of books acc o r d i n g to the a m o u n t of their use, w h i c h were fol10 Library quarterly, v. 6, p. 233, 1936. T h i s article by C. L . Joeckel contains some interesting reflections o n the idea of a depository library. 17 Report of the President of Harvard University, 1900-1901. C a m b r i d g e , 1902, p. 30-31; Library journal, v. 27, p. 51-56, 190s.

54

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lowed by discussions. 18 Objections were raised and L a n e criticized a solution which would make it impossible to use the books simply and quickly whenever needed. A t the American Library Association's conference in 1909, storage libraries again were discussed, 19 and since then the matter has been brought up at intervals but without any result worth mentioning. T o our knowledge no cooperative depository library exists as yet, 20 though individual libraries have often found it necessary to put parts of their book stock in storage. T h e advantages of a depository library are: the librarian can plan a building which provides space for material in active use, now and later; little-used or not-used material can be transferred periodically to make room for new additions; already existing buildings now crowded or near capacity can dispose of their overflow and free space for material in use. T h u s , the cooperating libraries can plan on a more permanent basis, if not for the entire building, at least for its most expensive and hitherto least stationary part, the stacks. T h e disadvantage is that it involves a considerable amount of work in the separation of book stock between active and inactive books. W e need not attach much weight to the objection that the wrong book may be classified as inactive, since it will always be possible to recall books from the inactive to the active category. T h e first question which needs to be asked with reference to the Philadelphia metropolitan area is whether there is a definite, immediate need for additional storage space. T h e answer is, with two or three exceptions—no. Certainly the University of Pennsylvania libraries are crowded to capacity. T h e Academy of Natural Sciences is rapidly approaching capacity and so is the College of Physicians. But apart from these, libraries in the Philadelphia area still seem to have considerable room for growth. It may, perhaps, be concluded that since the problem of book storage is a problem confined to a very few of our very many libraries, it had better be solved by individual libraries rather than by the community as a whole. T h e r e are, however, other considerations involved besides that of overcrowding. As President Eliot pointed out, the expense of handling inactive books in an active library is a considerable one. T h e y clutter up the shelves. T h e y make more difficult the handling of active books. T h e question may well be raised whether in the interests of efficient and economical administration it would not be better to segregate little-used books from active books, even if it involved no more than a rearrangement of books in existing stacks, rather than additions to existing stacks. It seems to us that there is much to be said for the policy Library journal, v. 28, p. 9-23; 170-175, 1903. A.L.A. Bulletin, v. 3, p. 140-150, 1909. 20 T h e problem is being canvassed diligently in the Middle West at the instigation of the University of Chicago and a New England depository library is already in process of being erected in the vicinity of Boston. 18

19

LIBRARIES

of immediate segregation. It will, moreover, provide the basis for the actual transfer of little-used books, when lack of space makes transfer imperative. T h e second question to be raised is whether it is practicable to separate live books from books dead or nearly so. T h i s question has been widely discussed. A great many librarians oppose the idea, although many of them actually make such a distinction in their own stacks by relegating little-used books to remote and inconvenient parts of the building. O n e practical suggestion comes out of Germany. F. Juntke (Zeitschrift für Bibliothekswesen, v. 48, p. 394-421, 1931) enumerates some pretty obvious classes of " d e a d " literature, such as: (1) Gifts which w o u l d not have been purchased, containing many books of minor importance. (2) Juvenile literature in research libraries. (3) O l d textbooks. (4) O l d editions of encyclopedias and other reference books. (5) Popular treatments of research problems. Of course, different kinds of material will be inactive in different kinds of libraries, and no general rule can safely be formulated as the basis for segregation, except the rule of actual experience. It would probably be safe to assume that a book not used over a period of three years could be classed as inactive. But it is not always easy to measure use, because in many libraries, particularly in university and college libraries where stack privileges are generously extended, many books are used which are not recorded because they never leave the building or even the stacks. A n d yet some precise way of measuring use should be devised because there is the widest variation of opinion on the subject between those w h o favor segregation and those w h o oppose it. W e suggest that the University of Pennsylvania libraries interest themselves in the matter and devise some plan for checking the use of books which do not pass the circulation desk. Assuming a considerable demand for additional stack space from a number of libraries, the question will still arise whether trustees of libraries would agree to deposit books in a common depository outside their immediate control and w o u l d be willing to contribute toward the upkeep of such a depository. T h e answer to this question must rest, of course, with the individual libraries involved. But if necessary guarantees are given for the preservation of deposited books and if the individual library retains its property rights in them and if the depository were, itself, governed by a board on which each depositing library were represented in proportion to the number of books deposited, then we cannot see why a common depository would not be acceptable. T h e individual library might, of course, retain the right to forbid circulation of some or all of the books it deposits. It would, of course, be cheaper simply to put books in storage than to place them in a serviced depository library, and many overcrowded libraries have had to

OTHER ASPECTS OF LIBRARY resort to storage in an emergency. B u t it is a bad arrangement because books in storage are virtually inaccessible, and though many books may safely be classed as inactive, very few books, indeed, ought to be buried without some provision for servicing them. We oppose any f o r m of depository library which does not make the books deposited available both by interlibrary loan and by actual use on the premises. For these reasons, we believe that books in depository libraries should be arranged on shelves according to some broad system of classification. T h e y should be available on inter-library loan to any of the cooperating libraries on twenty-four hours' notice, subject to the regulations controlling inter-library loans, under such restrictions upon circulation as may be imposed by the depositing library. T h e y should also be open to use on the premises by those having stack permits issued by the proper authorities at the cooperating libraries. A d j o i n i n g each stack level, a well-lighted, well-heated study room should be provided for those with stack permits. Service within the depository building should be limited to the shelving of incoming books, the issuance of books on inter-library loan, and the re-shelving of books withdrawn from the shelves by students on the premises. T h e actual arrangements for a community depository would depend in large part upon the actual demand for it. T h e wisest course w o u l d be to secure a site of cheap g r o u n d and construct a new building on purely functional lines with ample space for indefinite enlargement. Such a building might extend its services even beyond the metropolitan area to include the libraries of all the immediately adjacent states—Maryland, Delaware, and N e w Jersey. M o r e immediate d e m a n d might be met by utilizing available space in some of the existing libraries such as the right wing of the R i d g w a y B r a n c h of T h e L i b r a r y Company if it could be made available, or by acquiring an empty building and converting it into a stack building. It w o u l d be desirable, if it were possible, to have the depository library located fairly close to the Bibliographical Center. On that account it might be worth while to explore the possibilities of establishing it in the Commercial Museum. From the point of view of the University of Pennsylvania, where the problem of overcrowding is most

COOPERATION

55

urgent, the questions raised in the foregoing discussion are immediately important because the University must have a new library, and it must decide between a library building which will house all the books it now has and all it is likely to acquire in the next generation or so, and a library building based on the principle of segregation, with some accepted maxim u m number of books to be kept in the main library building and some provision for indefinite expansion in a depository library to which little-used books can be systematically transferred. T h i s aspect of the problem will be discussed more at length in the chapters devoted to the libraries of the University of Pennsylvania. T h e chief advantages of a depository library are: (ι) T h a t it enables us to stabilize library building in terms of a realizable m a x i m u m of books in use, while providing flexibility for growth in a b u i l d i n g which need not have any architectural pretensions a n d which can be added to indefinitely. (2) T h a t the operation of the library confined to books in use will be more efficient and more economical than that of a library in which the living and the dead are intermingled. (3) T h a t the dead books can be stored and handled more economically in a depository library. (4) T h a t a large depository library would serve admirably for the storage of business and professional records which are too bulky to be cared for by indiv i d u a l libraries and which should be preserved. W e recommend: (1) T h a t the need f o r additional shelf space in Philadelphia libraries be ascertained. (2) T h a t the possible buildings which might at a m i n i m u m of expense be used as a depository library be surveyed. (3) T h a t a technique be developed f o r ascertaining the actual use of books in the University of Pennsylvania libraries. (4) T h a t if and when the University of Pennsylvania library adopts the policy of book segregation and undertakes to establish a depository library, this depository library be planned and managed in the interests of all libraries within the area wishing to utilize its services and prepared to contribute to its maintenance.

Chapter IX THE BIBLIOGRAPHICAL CENTER ANY plan for the integration of the library resources of the area must have a focal point. For want of a better name, we have called that focal point the Bibliographical Center. Some part of its functions have already been envisaged in the foregoing chapters. It might be well at this point to state specifically what we think a bibliographical center ought to be and what it ought to do. We must not forget in the first place that the proposed integration of library resources within the area is still largely a proposal, not yet a reality. The first job to be done is that of implementing the proposal. In its initial stages, one of the principal tasks of the Bibliographical Center will be that of promotion. The individual libraries within the area will have to be rallied to the support of the plan and their cooperation secured. Once that indispensable preliminary step is taken, the problem will become one of administering services rather than establishing them, though it may be anticipated that cooperation will extend from one form of activity to another as its usefulness is demonstrated. The services which we have already envisaged and discussed are those of instituting and directing an inter-library loan system, of promoting and directing cooperative cataloguing, cooperative book selection and book purchasing, cooperative binding and mending, the operation of a book exchange, the development of field specialization, the maintenance of contacts with libraries outside the area and with other agencies both within and without the area. When services of this sort are not only successfully promoted, but are actually established, the staff of the Bibliographical Center must be organized to administer them. What we are proposing is not new. Virtually every item in our program of cooperation commands at least the lip service of a great majority of progressive library thinkers the world over. Nevertheless it must be confessed that the Philadelphia library world has so far displayed little evidence of an enthusiastic desire to cooperate. Not the least of the problems which confront the Bibliographical Center is to achieve such cooperation. In any case, the progress already made in the direction of a close integration of library resources has been considerable. We are confident of the soundness of our ideas and we look forward hopefully to the time when they will command general support. The Union Library Catalogue encountered the same kind of apathy in its beginnings, but it is now established

and recognized as an indispensable tool in the Philadelphia library world. T h e Bibliographical Center will serve as a central point of reference on all matters which concern the library world of the metropolitan area as a whole or in its relations among its parts or in its relations with the library world at large. T h e Center will not attempt to duplicate services already rendered by the reference departments of individual libraries or the services of readers' advisers. But it will be ready to route all kinds of inquiries to the place at which they can best be handled and it will be ready to supplement existing reference services in cases where they are inadequate or non-existent. It will serve as a clearing-house for all library inquiries from or to outof-town libraries, individuals, and pertinent agencies. If it is to function effectively it must be located with reference to certain essential tools, notably (1) the Union Library Catalogue of the Philadelphia Metropolitan Area, (2) a depository catalogue of the Library of Congress, (3) a first-rate general library, (4) a firstrate bibliographical collection. All of these requirements can be satisfied at the University of Pennsylvania better than anywhere else within the area. That being so, it is fortunate that the University of Pennsylvania has placed all its facilities at the command of the Center. T h e problem of location is already solved in the most practicable way. Given the location and given the facilities of the Union Catalogue and the University of Pennsylvania, the practical question at once presents itself as to the equipment and personnel of the Center itself. There is little in library experience to guide us 1 in this matter and we can hardly provide a priori for all the services to which the Bibliographical Center may in time be applied. In general we think it should be equipped to answer all kinds of library questions which the reference librarians of individual libraries are not equipped to answer. As the focal point of the libraries in the 1 As f a r as kind of tools necessary is concerned some conclusions can be drawn from an investigation of the "instruments de travail" mentioned by 23 information services in the Guide des services nationaux de renseignements, published by the International Institute of International Cooperation, Paris, 1933. According to this, 7 (30.4%) have and use union catalogues in connection with their work, 8 (34.7%) have a file with information on bibliographies and reference tools, 6 (26.1%) have accession lists, 4 ( 1 7 4 % ) keep a file of information on libraries and special collections, and 13 (56.5%) have their own collection of bibliographies and catalogues. Other tools mentioned are catalogues of periodicals, some of them analytic; file of information supplied; biographical and bio-bibliographical files; file of pseudonyms.

THE BIBLIOGRAPHICAL a r e a , it s h o u l d be f u l l y i n f o r m e d a b o u t t h e m , it s h o u l d h a v e a c a r d i n d e x of t h e i r s u b j e c t h o l d i n g s a n d c o p i e s of a l l t h e i r i m p o r t a n t p u b l i c a t i o n s . I t s h o u l d also h a v e a n adequate i n d e x of all research organizations, laboratories, l e a r n e d societies, t r a d e a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l org a n i z a t i o n s , s p e c i a l - i n t e r e s t g r o u p s , e d u c a t i o n a l institutes, etc. w i t h i n the a r e a , as f a r as t h e y h a v e n o t b e e n a l r e a d y e n u m e r a t e d in p r i n t e d g u i d e s . I t s h o u l d h a v e a file of e x p e r t s , specialists, a n d c o n s u l t a n t s in t h e adv a n c e d fields of l e a r n i n g t o g e t h e r w i t h the t e r m s u n d e r w h i c h a n y o n e of t h e m c a n be c o n s u l t e d . It s h o u l d c o m p i l e a n d m a i n t a i n a classified s u b j e c t i n d e x of r e f e r e n c e tools in a l l fields of l e a r n i n g so f a r as they a r e n o t a l r e a d y c o v e r e d b y P e t z h o l d t , 2 V a l l e e , 3 Besterm a n , 4 Bohatta,® W i l s o n , 6 a n d o t h e r s t a n d a r d r e f e r e n c e g u i d e s . A n d it s h o u l d in t i m e u n d e r t a k e to c h e c k the m o s t i m p o r t a n t s u b j e c t b i b l i o g r a p h i e s f o r l o c a t i o n . It s h o u l d h a v e at easy c o m m a n d lists of p u b l i s h e d ind e x e s a n d abstracts, lists of d o c t o r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n s p u b l i s h e d a n d in progress a n d , so f a r as they are a v a i l a b l e , lists of research p r o j e c t s in a l l fields of l e a r n i n g . It s h o u l d m a i n t a i n a c a r d file o f c o m m e r c i a l i n f o r m a t i o n services, of t r a n s l a t i n g a n d t y p i n g services, of b o o k sellers, of p h o t o s t a t i c a n d o t h e r r e p r o d u c i n g services, a n d of film-reading m a c h i n e s a v a i l a b l e w i t h i n t h e a r e a . It s h o u l d be r e a d y to f u r n i s h d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n about union catalogues and important libraries t h r o u g h o u t the U n i t e d States; it s h o u l d k e e p p o s t e d a n d be r e a d y to g i v e i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t all n e w lib r a r y e q u i p m e n t a n d l i b r a r y t e c h n i q u e s . It s h o u l d m a i n t a i n a basic c o l l e c t i o n of l i b r a r y l i t e r a t u r e a n d c u r r e n t l i b r a r y p e r i o d i c a l s . It w i l l t a k e t i m e a n d int e l l i g e n t p l a n n i n g to a s s e m b l e this e q u i p m e n t . O n c e it is a s s e m b l e d w e a r e c o n f i d e n t t h a t it w i l l p r o v e increasingly useful. W i t h such e q u i p m e n t s u p p l e m e n t e d b y t h e refere n c e tools at c o m m a n d in the U n i v e r s i t y of P e n n s y l v a n i a l i b r a r y , the B i b l i o g r a p h i c a l C e n t e r s h o u l d b e p r e p a r e d to s u p p l y to t h e i n d i v i d u a l r e a d e r s : (1) a l o c a t i o n f o r a n y specific b o o k s o u g h t e i t h e r w i t h i n o r w i t h o u t the a r e a , (2) a d v i c e as to t h e best l i b r a r y w i t h i n the area in w h i c h to p u r s u e i n v e s t i g a t i o n u p o n a n y specific s u b j e c t , (3) b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l a n d profess i o n a l a d v i c e o n r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s l y i n g o u t s i d e the p r o v i n c e of r e f e r e n c e d e p a r t m e n t s in i n d i v i d u a l lib r a r i e s w i t h i n the a r e a . If this a d v i c e i n v o l v e s research b y the staff at t h e B i b l i o g r a p h i c a l C e n t e r , it s h o u l d i m p o s e a c h a r g e o n a n h o u r l y basis, t h o u g h it is to be h o p e d t h a t p a i d l i b r a r y service m a y b e dev e l o p e d in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h s p e c i a l l i b r a r i e s f o r t h e l a r g e d e m a n d s of business m e n , e n g i n e e r s , a r c h i t e c t s , chemists, etc. T h e B i b l i o g r a p h i c a l C e n t e r s h o u l d b e r e a d y to act J. P e t z h o l d t . Bibliotheca bibliographica. L e i p z i g , 1866. L. V a l l i e . Bibliographie des bibliographies. Paris, 1883. * T . B e s t e r m a n . A world bibliography of bibliographies. Lond o n , 1939-40. 8 H . B o h a t t a a n d W . F u n k e . Internationale Bibliographie der Bibliographie. F r a n k f u r t a . M . , 1939β The bibliographic index. N e w Y o r k , 19382

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i n a n a d v i s o r y c a p a c i t y t o l i b r a r i a n s in t h e i r profess i o n a l p r o b l e m s , p a r t i c u l a r l y in m a t t e r s of l i b r a r y t e c h n i q u e a n d in the w h o l e field of r e f e r e n c e service. I t w i l l be a p p a r e n t that the B i b l i o g r a p h i c a l C e n t e r w i l l h a v e to d e a l w i t h p r o b l e m s of t w o sorts, p r o b l e m s of p o l i c y a n d p r o b l e m s of a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . Its p o l i c y i n g e n e r a l w i l l be the i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of the recomm e n d a t i o n s of this r e p o r t , b u t w h a t i m m e d i a t e steps a r e to be t a k e n to this e n d a n d in w h a t o r d e r they are t o be t a k e n a r e q u e s t i o n s w i t h w h i c h the c o o p e r a t i n g l i b r a r i e s a r e m o s t c o m p e t e n t to d e a l . It w i l l t h e r e f o r e b e d e s i r a b l e to e s t a b l i s h as s o o n as m a y be a l i b r a r y c o u n c i l w h i c h r e p r e s e n t s a n d is c o m p e t e n t to s p e a k f o r a l l the c o o p e r a t i n g l i b r a r i e s . M a t t e r s of a d m i n i s t r a t i o n h a d b e t t e r be h a n d l e d b y a s m a l l , e f f e c t i v e c o m mittee. T h e p r o b l e m of f o r m i n g a l i b r a r y c o u n c i l is c o m p l i c a t e d by t h e f a c t t h a t the w h o l e e n t e r p r i s e in its e x i s t i n g f o r m is n o t t h e c r e a t i o n of the P h i l a d e l p h i a l i b r a r i e s as a g r o u p a n d has n o t c o m m a n d e d e n t h u s i astic s u p p o r t of the P h i l a d e l p h i a p r o f e s s i o n a l l i b r a r y w o r l d in its n a s c e n t stages. I d e a l l y the l i b r a r y c o u n c i l s h o u l d be m a d e u p of r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s f r o m o u r largest a n d most i m p o r t a n t l i b r a r i e s ; a c t u a l l y it w i l l h a v e to b e m a d e u p of those l i b r a r i e s w h i c h are a c t i v e l y symp a t h e t i c . W h a t w e m u s t a v o i d f r o m the start is t h e s e t t i n g u p of a n o r g a n i z a t i o n w h i c h w o u l d e x p o s e o u r p l a n s to d e f e a t i s m f r o m w i t h i n . Possibly the wisest c o u r s e to f o l l o w in this m a t t e r w o u l d be to d i s t r i b u t e c o p i e s of this r e p o r t to a l l t h e m a j o r l i b r a r i e s a n d i n v i t e n o t o n l y f o r m a l e n d o r s e m e n t b u t p r o m i s e of a c t i v e c o o p e r a t i o n . O n the basis of t h e r e p l i e s to those i n v i t a t i o n s , steps m i g h t at o n c e be t a k e n to o r g a n i z e a l i b r a r y c o u n c i l w h i c h c o u l d be a s k e d t o act in a n a d v i s o r y c a p a c i t y u n t i l s u c h t i m e as it w a s sufficiently r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the P h i l a d e l p h i a l i b r a r y w o r l d at l a r g e to a s s u m e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e d i r e c t i o n of p o l i c y . W e are s t r o n g l y of the o p i n i o n t h a t a n y p l a n f o r the c o o r d i n a t i o n of o u r l i b r a r y resources c a n o n l y b e f u l l y r e a l i z e d w h e n it c o m m a n d s the e n t h u s i a s t i c s u p p o r t a n d c o o p e r a t i o n of o u r m o r e i m p o r t a n t lib r a r y u n i t s . A n d w e a r e also of the o p i n i o n t h a t as this s u p p o r t a n d c o o p e r a t i o n are r e v e a l e d , the l i b r a r i e s t h e m s e l v e s s h o u l d c o m e to p l a y a n i n c r e a s i n g l y i m p o r t a n t p a r t a n d a n i n c r e a s i n g l y p o w e r f u l p a r t in t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of p o l i c y . N o m a c h i n e r y f o r c o n t r o l s h o u l d be set u p w h i c h d o e s n o t l e a v e the d o o r w i d e o p e n f o r s u c h a d e v e l o p m e n t . O n the o t h e r h a n d , n o m a c h i n e r y of c o n t r o l s h o u l d be set u p w h i c h e n t r u s t s t h e r e a l i z a t i o n of these p l a n s to h a l f - h e a r t e d , a p a t h e t i c , or hostile legislators and administrators.7 7 A very p r o m i s i n g step in the d i r e c t i o n of c o o r d i n a t i n g l i b r a r y efforts in P h i l a d e l p h i a has b e e n t a k e n since this p a r a g r a p h w a s w r i t t e n , by t h e c r e a t i o n of a l i b r a r y council for the m e t r o p o l i tan area, w i t h C h a r l e s B. S h a w , L i b r a r i a n of S w a r t h m o r e C o l lege, as c h a i r m a n . T h i s c o u n c i l has based its m e m b e r s h i p o n those l i b r a r i e s w h i c h p a r t i c i p a t e d in the f o r m a t i o n of t h e U n i o n C a t a l o g u e . It has no direct r e l a t i o n s h i p to t h e B i b l i o g r a p h i c a l C e n t e r , b u t m a n y of those w h o h a v e been a c t i v e in its organiza-

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Pending formation of a truly representative council, matters of policy should be left in the hands of the present executive board with power to fill vacancies in its numbers or to add to its numbers as it deems wise. For the moment the problem of control is conditioned by the problem of maintenance. T h e Bibliographical Center is now dependent for its livelihood upon the benevolence of the Carnegie Corporation and the hospitality of the University of Pennsylvania. T h e funds immediately available for its operation will be exhausted at the end of the calendar year 1941. Until the means are secured for its continuing support it will be wise to leave the administration of the center in the hands of the joint committee which now controls it.8 W e hope that it will continue to enjoy the hospitality of the University of Pennsylvania, but we hope also that it can be independently financed and retain its independent status. It ought to be a community institution, not merely an appendage to any one library within the area. T h e staff of the Bibliographical Center will be determined (1) by the development of its services, (2) by the means at its disposal. A t the present time, the cost of operating the Union Library Catalogue is about $10,000 a year and the cost of operating the Bibliotion are sympathetic with the plans and purposes of the Center and it may well provide the machinery for concerted action. 8 T h e committee was created by the simple process of combining the Bibliographical Planning Committee with the Executive Committee of the Union Catalogue with power to enlarge its membership by coaptation. T h e present members are: Charles Cadwalader, President of the Academy of Natural Sciences; Charles W. David, Director of Libraries, University of Pennsylvania; John Frederick Lewis, President of the Mercantile Library; Dorothy Bemis, Librarian of the Lippincott Library; Gertrude Hess, Assistant Librarian, American Philosophical Society; Albert C. Baugh, Chairman of the Library Committee, University of Pennsylvania; George W. McClelland, Provost of the University of Pennsylvania; T h o m a s S. Gates, President of the University of Pennsylvania; Conyers Read, Professor of History, University of Pennsylvania; ex-officio: Mary Louise Alexander, Director of Planning; Rudolf Hirsch, Director of the Catalogue.

LIBRARIES

graphical Center in a skeleton form is another $ 10,000. Of this second $10,000, the major portion is now applied to promotion. Closer coordination of these two closely related enterprises should effect some economies. But we shall have to contemplate a total annual budget for both enterprises of not less than $20,000, and we should have $25,000 if we are to develop all the potentialities which we envisage. T h e staff members include, first of all, a director who should not only be an expert librarian and a highly qualified library administrator but should also be competent to establish and maintain continuous professional relations with libraries throughout the area.® Under him there should be two expert reference librarians to build and maintain the special information files, to give service to the public and to cooperate with the reference departments of individual libraries. And there should also be available a file clerk and a stenographer, who might be combined in one person. Leaving out of account altogether the staff required for the administration of the Union Catalogue, this seems to us to represent the minimum staff requirements of the Bibliographical Center. It makes no specific provision for the oversight of the various cooperative enterprises which we have envisaged, but if the staff is carefully selected with reference to the varied character of the demands likely to be imposed upon it, it ought to be adequate to cope with all the problems involved in the establishment and initial operations of the Center. It is to be hoped that as time goes on the activities of the Center will steadily expand and the value of its services to the individual libraries will be so apparent that it will be supported as an invaluable community enterprise. 0 T h e director might serve at the same time as head of the Union Library Catalogue and of the Center, though it must be borne in mind of course that since the Union Library Catalogue is an independent corporation with full property rights in its catalogue and equipment, any coördinatipn with the Center will have to take the form of a terminable partnership.

Chapter Χ T H E LIBRARY PROBLEM A T T H E UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA THE University of Pennsylvania needs a new library. It has outgrown the old one. It no longer has enough stack room for all its books or enough study room for all its students. T h i s is not only true of the main library, it is even more true of two of the largest of the departmental libraries, the Penniman Library of Education and the Lippincott Library of the W h a r t o n School. Even if the services of the University library were to be strictly limited to its own faculty and students, it would still be greatly hampered by lack of space in rendering these services. But the University of Pennsylvania library, by far the most important research library in the metropolitan area, accepts as well a responsibility for service to the community at large and to the student world at large. It opens its doors and extends its facilities liberally to all those seeking knowledge out of books, and it is greatly hampered in serving them for lack of space. Furthermore, the University of Pennsylvania library has recently undertaken to play an active part in an ambitious program of integrating and coordinating the library resources of the whole metropolitan area. It has found room in already overcrowded quarters to provide a home for the U n i o n Library Catalogue; it has been largely instrumental in securing grants from the Carnegie Corporation to establish a Bibliographical Center and has provided at least a temporary home for it. These are the things that the University library ought to do if it is to take the place in the intellectual life of Philadelphia which it ought to take and to exert the influence w h i c h it ought to exert. But it must have room to work in. T h e problem before those of us w h o are planning for a new University library is, of course, primarily a problem of finance. If we had the money we could build the kind of library we ought to have. B u t what k i n d of library and for how m u c h money? T h e s e are the two basic questions, and in this chapter we make an attempt to answer them. Generally speaking, we can divide any library into three main parts, the part for book storage, the part for service, and the part for administration. O f these three parts in an institution which has imposed definite limitations upon its growth, the parts of the library required for service and administration may be regarded as the more stable parts, for service demands are rather determined by the number of the clientele than by the stock in trade. T h e great majority of those w h o use the University libraries are the faculty and students of the University. If that number has about

reached its m a x i m u m , we are safe in assuming that demands for service will not increase very rapidly in the future and that in consequence that part of the library which is designed for service and administration can be planned with less attention to possible future growth. B o o k stocks, on the other hand, increase rapidly, and though it would be dangerous to attempt any accurate measure of their rate of growth, it is safe to say that at least 25,000 volumes will be added to the book stock every year, even if the University does not receive any large gifts of books and does not greatly increase its very modest allowance for book purchases. Space for book storage must, therefore, be as flexible as possible so that it may be expanded indefinitely without too much disturbance of the architectural structure of which it is a part. N o w indefinite expansion is a hard thing to manage in a university library which must be in the center of things and occupy a prominent position on the university campus. T h e r e are likely to be limitations of space. T h e r e are likely to be considerations of architectural conformity. A t Harvard, for example, they have recently decided that the only direction in which the W i d e n e r Library can expand is underground. T h e W i d e n e r Library is, indeed, an excellent example of a library which was built upon stable lines, which could not very well be added to and which has been outgrown. In planning a new University library, we must take account not only of present demands but also of probable future demands, of inevitable growth and of limitations of space for growth. Most university libraries erected a generation ago are already crowded to capacity. Probably we shall in the end have to recognize the inevitability of a kind of library which admits of some distribution of its contents between a reasonably stable structure on the campus and an easily expanded structure more remote, on less valuable ground and with no architectural inhibitions except purely structural ones. Harvard has recently had to resort to this plan, but we need not cross this bridge until we come to it. A library large enough to hold three times as many books as the present structure could be built upon the space allowed to it on Thirtyfourth Street at or near the site of the present structure, without crowding, and such a building would probably take care of all increases in book stock for a half-century or more. As it reached its capacity, the development of a book repository could be contemplated and book stocks rearranged accordingly. A t the moment it w o u l d probably be cheaper to build stacks

6o

PHILADELPHIA

f o r 2,000,000 v o l u m e s as part of the main library than it w o u l d be to p r o v i d e for a m i l l i o n volumes in the m a i n library a n d a supplementary depository for another m i l l i o n somewhere more remote. O u r detailed specifications for the construction of a library b u i l d i n g are set f o r t h in A p p e n d i x F. W e shall not undertake to review them here except in very b r o a d general terms. T h e part of the library b u i l d i n g devoted to service a n d administration presents m a n y problems. T h e r e are in the first place at least five types of service to be provided: (1) Service to the u n d e r g r a d u a t e ; (2) Service to the graduate student; (3) Service to faculty; (4) Service to visiting scholars; (5) Service to the c o m m u nity at large. Service to undergraduates constitutes the m a j o r dem a n d u p o n the University's library. M u c h of it takes the form of l e n d i n g books for h o m e use, a b o u t w h i c h we need not concern ourselves here. Service w i t h i n the b u i l d i n g involves provision for recreational reading, general cultural reading, a n d specific reading to meet course assignments. It must be regretfully a d m i t t e d that most of the r e a d i n g d o n e in the library is d o n e to meet prescribed course assignments. In many university and college libraries a definite attempt is m a d e to promote recreational reading by p r o v i d i n g w h a t has come to be k n o w n as a browsing r o o m where one may smoke, where chairs are comfortable, and where a selected stock of interesting books is kept o n o p e n shelves. It is o p e n to question whether facilities for this sort of r e a d i n g could not be offered to better advantage in a general c l u b b u i l d i n g like H o u s t o n H a l l or attached to the dormitories as in the houses at H a r v a r d and Y a l e . In any event it is not essential and though we have provided for it, it may be e l i m i n a t e d in the interests of economy. T h e most i m p o r t a n t rooms for u n d e r g r a d u a t e use are the main r e a d i n g r o o m a n d the reserved r e a d i n g room. T h e m a i n r e a d i n g r o o m w i l l serve both as a general reading r o o m a n d a reference room. It o u g h t to have an area of perhaps 10,000 square feet and provide accommodations for 400 readers and shelf space for perhaps 12,000 volumes. T h e shelf space w i l l serve f o r the most necessary reference books and such other books as it seems desirable to keep on o p e n shelves a n d w i t h d r a w f r o m circulation outside the b u i l d i n g . It should be located i m m e d i a t e l y adjacent to the reserve book room, a n d partitions between them should be easily m o v a b l e in order to adjust the space allotted to the two rooms to actual requirements. T h e reserve book r o o m should be about half the size of the m a i n r e a d i n g r o o m w i t h accommodations for 200 readers a n d a book storage r o o m at one end w i t h shelving for perhaps 25,000 volumes. T h i s is o n the assumption that books kept on reserve o u g h t to be kept in closed stacks and issued to readers for a limited time. T h e r e are t w o m a i n reasons for this practice: first, that books for r e q u i r e d r e a d i n g are limited in n u m b e r a n d w h e n in d e m a n d are in such great

LIBRARIES d e m a n d that their use must be strictly controlled; second, that books in great d e m a n d must be carefully g u a r d e d to protect against loss or theft. T h e great objection to it is that important or significant books are not readily accessible to those w h o w o u l d welcome the o p p o r t u n i t y to glance through a n u m b e r of books i m p o r t a n t for the subject of their study. T o o m u c h r e g i m e n t a t i o n makes r e a d i n g too mechanical and too limited in scope. A n d it has the additional evil of withd r a w i n g f r o m general use, either w i t h i n or w i t h o u t the library, books somewhat arbitrarily kept on reserve even w h e n they are not immediately in d e m a n d f o r course work. M a n y instructors w h o give courses in alternate years h a v e a way of h o l d i n g books o n reserve d u r i n g the year intervening, and some instructors find it easy to preserve books important for their courses by p l a c i n g them o n reserve even if they are not assigned reading. Librarians in general favor the practice of k e e p i n g important books o n reserve in o r d e r to prevent theft. B u t this danger can be met, as it is met successfully at H a r v a r d , by a careful inspection of all users of the library as they leave the building. It seems to us that the placing of books on reserve in closed stacks should be rigidly limited to books in constant d e m a n d , a n d that other books w h i c h it seems desirable to w i t h d r a w f r o m general circulation f o r course purposes should be kept on open shelves so that students will be encouraged to d o more browsing in the literature of their subject, and students in related subjects w i l l not be too much restricted in the use of i m p o r t a n t books. F o r these reasons it may be desirable to reduce the closed shelves and increase the o p e n shelves available in the reserve book room considerably. In any case, construction o u g h t to be flexible e n o u g h to make possible the application of either the closed reserve or the o p e n reserve w i t h o u t serious structural changes. It goes w i t h o u t saying that the increase in the n u m b e r of books o n open shelves increases the risk of loss by theft, and it can hardly be c o n t e m p l a t e d unless a careful check is made u p o n all readers as they leave the b u i l d i n g . A periodical room is also indispensable. It should be a d j a c e n t to the main reading room and should preferably have access to the stacks in order to facilitate the service of b o u n d volumes of periodicals. A newspaper r o o m may be dispensed with if the periodical r o o m has direct access to the stacks since b o u n d volumes of newspapers are very heavy and service difficult. T h e same thing may be said of a special r o o m f o r maps. W e think that consideration should be given also to the provision for a music r o o m where reference books a n d musical scores could be easily available a n d w h e r e p h o n o g r a p h records could be preserved, arranged, catalogued, and even listened to. Provision w i l l have to be made for the incorporation in the new library of the H. C . L e a L i b r a r y and the Furness L i b r a r y as provided in the bequests of those t w o libraries to the University.

UNIVERSITY

OF

In general we favor the maintenance of departmental libraries where they exist as separate units, but two of the largest of them, the Penniman Library now in Bennett Hall and the Lippincott Library now in Logan Hall, present special problems. Both of them are overcrowded, both of them are so wide in their scope as to make it from many points of view desirable to have them located in the main library building. It is our opinion, however, that wherever they are located, both should maintain their present separate administrations and bear the same relation to the administration of the general library that they bear at this time. If they are to be incorporated in the new building it would be desirable if each one of them were provided with a separate entrance since each or both of them might very well become the base of a broad community service in their special fields of education and business. This is notably true of the Lippincott Library. There should be a rare book room mostly for exhibition but with some glass-partitioned cubicles for research work under supervision. 1 For advanced research students, whether they are members of the University or visiting scholars, ample provision should be made. The best sort of provision is by building individual carrells in the stacks—as many as possible; 450 at least are desirable. We do not favor the common practice of providing offices for members of the faculty in the library building or classrooms in the commonly accepted sense of the term. There should, however, be ample provision for seminar rooms to house source collections and reference books used in seminar work and to provide meeting places for the seminar groups, and it would be highly desirable to provide a lecture room to seat perhaps two hundred where meetings pertinent to the use of the library and library problems could be held. We have given careful study to the requirements of the administrative departments of the library and have set forth our specifications for them at large in Appendix F. Perhaps the most important new feature is provision for the Bibliographical Center which is to serve as the focal point for the integration of the library resources of the whole area. It calls for a room on the main floor large enough to house three bibliographers, two typists, and a director, and shelves for indispensable reference books. Adjoining it there should be a room devoted to bibliographical reference books with a shelf capacity of above 8,500 volumes. It is difficult to anticipate in advance the development of the Bibliographical Center. If it reaches out in time to all forms of services that we have envisaged for it in the chapter just preceding, it may well re1 In the rough plan for reorganizing the Harvard library (recently outlined in the Harvard alumni bulletin, Nov. 30, 1940), provision is made for a separate building to harbor the rare books, partly on the grounds that rare books call for an airconditioned building, partly because some anonymous donor has undertaken to build such a building.

PENNSYLVANIA

6l

quire an enlarged personnel and additional working space. On that account, the Bibliographical Center room and the bibliographical reference room should be so arranged and so partitioned as to admit of a redistribution of space between them without structural disturbance. Our medieval ancestors thought of libraries in terms of manuscripts; we are used to thinking of them in terms of books. But just as printing displaced handwriting as a form of record, so various other reproductive devices are making rapid encroachments upon the monopoly of printing. These reproductive devices take various forms, the most familiar of which are the gramophone sound record, the photograph or photostat, and the microfilm. 2 The sound record is not likely to displace the visual record, although it is a valuable supplement to it. The photostat is valuable in reproducing manuscripts and rare books at a fraction of the cost involved in printing or reprinting. The microfilm with its most recent development, the microprint, has not only reduced reproduction costs to an insignificant fraction of printing costs but it has also reduced space demands for storage to an insignificant fraction of space required for the same material in book form. On 16 mm. microfilm, for example, the total contents of the British Museum library could probably be stored in a single room. Already many libraries have resorted to the practice of microfilming large portions of their newspaper files, and many newspapers including our own Philadelphia Inquirer are preparing microfilm copies of their files for sale. There is a good deal to be said against the microfilm. It cannot be read at all without a special reading machine, its use involves greater eye strain even with the best reading machine, and its form on rolls makes it very difficult to index or to locate particular passages quickly even when they are indexed. T h e recent development of the microprint and of the Readex machine gives promise of overcoming the last of these difficulties and we must, of course, make allowance for the fact that we are trained to the use of books. Nevertheless, it is difficult to believe as some prophesy that the microfilm will gradually displace the printed book. If it does, then the problem of book storage will disappear. Until it does, we cannot ignore the fact that books are preferable to microfilms as a form of usable record. We cannot ignore the fact either that the library's stock in trade is still mainly books and is likely to remain mainly books for a considerable time to come. In any case, however, no modern library can afford to ignore the potentialities of the microfilm and provision should certainly be made for its increasing use. This means the installation of apparatus for producing microfilms, including cameras and dark rooms for developing negatives, provision for the storage of mi2

We take no account of other forms of records such as inscriptions, illustrative photography, etc. T h e line between what is the proper material for a museum and what for a library is a very difficult one to draw. Our own belief is that library policy ought to be increasingly broad in its attention to all forms of record.

62

PHILADELPHIA

crofilms, and equipment with reading machines for reading microfilms. A l l of these problems are problems rather of furniture than of structure. Given a room for photography with a small dark room attached, storage can easily be provided in the stacks and reading machines, being portable, can easily be used at any working desk where an electrical connection is available. W e have taken account of all these things in defining our specifications for a new library which we have set forth in A p p e n d i x F. Necessary stack space calls for about 1,200,000 cubic feet, the cost of which, including stack equipment, will run in the neighborhood of 50^ per cubic foot, or about $600,000. T h e administrative and service department of the library calls for a little over 4,000,000 cubic feet. A t an estimated cost of 70/ per cubic foot, this would come to $2,800,000. In short, if we were to construct our library as we dream of it, the cost would be in the neighborhood of three and a half million dollars. T h i s we regard as approximately an overall figure for the building and its equipment with all modern devices for heating, lighting, elevator service and the like included. It could be shaved by eliminating nonessentials and by finishing only those parts of the structure that are in immediate demand. O u r architects estimate that if we leave out the Penniman Library and the Lippincott Library, leave the Furness Library as it is and finish only that part of the stack construction immediately needed, we could bring the cost down to just under $2,000,000. Of course, we could reduce cost very considerably if we undertook to utilize the existing library structure and added to it to the north. By so doing we could utilize all existing stack space without loss, enlarge the reading room accommodations, undertake the erection of new stacks on the Thirty-fourth Street side north of the L e a Library, and contemplate a time when these new stacks could be added to and the old stacks either demolished or rearranged to take care of administrative needs. By such a program, costs could be controlled in terms of money available. Of course, the Penniman Library and the Lippincott Library would have to be left where they are, the Bibliographical Center and the Union Library Catalogue would have to be left where they are, and provision for seminar rooms, carrells for visiting scholars, provisions for microfilm, browsing rooms, rare book rooms, deferred at least temporarily. Certainly the immediate need is for more reading-room space and more stack space, though the administration of the library is becoming desperately difficult in the cramped quarters now at its disposal. W h a t kind of building would emerge from such a patchwork job we must leave to the imagination of the architects. From the point of view of the

LIBRARIES

beauty of the campus we find it difficult to envisage any very decorative structure based upon the preservation of the present building. Furthermore, we feel that it would be difficult to interest prospective donors in any such patchwork edifice. However, it can be done and the functioning of the library greatly improved by the doing of it. W e should also envisage not only the construction of the building but the maintenance of it. If the University of Pennsylvania libraries are to reach out for increased community service they must contemplate a considerable increase in the library budget. T h e maintenance of a Union Catalogue and a Bibliographical Center alone can hardly be contemplated without an assured income for that purpose of at least $20,000 annually, and at least as much more is called for to build u p the other library services to a position comparable with the best libraries of the country. A t the moment, the University is spending a smaller proportion of its income on library demands than any other large American university. 3 It would be very unfortunate if the new plans for library development did not take account of the need as well for maintenance as for buildings. In our opinion, for every two dollars spent on buildings, at least one dollar should be laid aside to provide income for maintenance. It is perhaps foolish to think in terms of very large figures at a time when private givers are loath to give and public foundations are called upon to carry additional burdens. W e must, therefore, cut our garment in accordance with the cloth at our disposal. W h a t we really need is about $5,000,000 to build the right kind of library and to provide for its maintenance, but we could apply to very good purpose almost any fractional part of it. Even with half a million we could do much to improve our library facilities. If we had two million, we could set about the building of a fine library and complete enough of it to meet all the pressing requirements of the immediate situation. A library building is more than a library building, it is the focal point of all university activities and its position on the campus ought to symbolize and express that idea. More than that, we want to make the University library the focal point of the library resources of the whole metropolitan area, a role unique among the university libraries of the country. It would be a fine thing if the new library building could give adequate expression to these two ideas; the idea of the University as a great institution of higher learning and the idea of the University as the coordinator of the intellectual resources of a great metropolitan community. T h e concept is a splendid one. T h e concrete expression of it ought to be equally splendid. 3 A.L.A. Bulletin, v. 33, p. 110, 1939. Cf., however, on this subject Chapter II supra.

Appendix A PHILADELPHIA AS A CULTURAL CENTER BECAUSE m a n y position

say that P h i l a d e l p h i a

it o n c e

held

as a

cultural

has lost the center,

it

is

esting to consider the facts a b o u t schools a n d museums,

learned

societies,

and

other

that h a v e s o m e relation to libraries in

organizations

Roeemont College St. Charles Borromeo Sem St. Joseph's College St. Vincent's Seminary Swarthmore College Temple University Univ. of Penna Ursinus College Villanova College Woman's Medical College

Philadelphia.

PHILADELPHIA SCHOOL STATISTICS 1939-40 ( F r o m B o a r d of E d u c a t i o n ) Teachers, Supervisors, etc.

Number oj Schools

Enrollment

184 25 16

166,454

4 18

6,703 16,032

Public G r a d e Schools Junior H i g h Schools High Schools V o c a t i o n a l Schools Evening H i g h Schools *Parochial G r a m m a r Schools H i g h a n d Prep. Schools Total

129 16

74,222

>,659

23,737

647

392

379.673

13.778

METROPOLITAN There

are

according

in

the

T h e

tions. T h e s e

figures

are taken f r o m

Survey of Education, issued in

School Academy of the New Church . . Beaver College Bryn Mawr College Crozer Theol. Seminary Drexel Dropsie Eastern Baptist Theol. Seminary Hahnemann Medical College... Haverford College Immaculata College Jefferson Medical College La Salle College Lincoln University Lutheran Theol. Seminary Mount St. Joseph College Penna. Military College Penna. School of Social Work. . Phila. College of Osteopathy... Phila. College of Pharmacy and Science

Undergraduate

24 57 90 8 94 9 20 *S0 38 31 •24a 26 21 14 30 21 17 57

30 592 404 61 1,560

27

408

202 443 321 216 533 395 2SI

74 439 95 149 412

ter

learning

of

on

the

of

research

Below

Such groups libraries;

4 110 12 12 45 13 7

18 76 740 22

is a l i s t o f

headquarters

thirty-

by

41З

the

number

the

or

an

eight-

important and

important

them

the

located

m a k e large a n d of

cen-

rela-

expert

maintain

ex-

at least r e p r e s e n t

key

information. learned

societies

in Philadelphia, w i t h

having

the date of

their found-

Date

Number

Founded

Members

A m e r i c a n A c a d e m y of P o l i t i c a l a n d S o c i a l

the

Biennial

34 592 514 73 1,572 45 2IS 443 328 216 533 39S 251 150 439 95 889 412

during

the

have

many

their o w n

Organization

institu-

Total Regular Enrollment

480

ing.

Statistics but

1,148 1.499

156 596 1,234

is s t i l l a n

as e v i d e n c e d

cellent libraries of

teachers'

the

the latest

Graduate

4

continent

tion to the library world. T h e y

1937.

Faculty

762 1,790

kindergarten

are not available for all of these organizations of

86 I

SOCIETIES

Philadelphia

in Philadelphia.

district,

teachers, a n d o n e j u n i o r college.

for nineteen

city

century,

sources for specialized

metropolitan

colleges, o n e teachers' training school for

table gives data

leading

eenth

use

six institutions of higher education, i n c l u d i n g

following

156 596 1,234

60 218 442 396 60 647 8,926 7,645 459 752 170

w i d e range of activities of the learned societies

PHILADELPHIA

to the Biennial Survey of E d u c a t i o n ,

and primary

14 55 83

LEARNED

DISTRICT

Philadelphia

60 218 356 395 60 647 8,164 5.855 459 752 166

* Some part time.

* From official records of Superintendent of Parochial Schools. H I G H E R E D U C A T I O N IN T H E

Under- Gradugraduate ate

2 32 28 30 26 97 •708 •1,288 47 88 •ИЗ

Cheyney Training School Phila. Normal School West Chester State Teachers...

7-834 ι - 351 1-552 231 504

44-533 47,992

Faculty

School Phila. School of Occupational

colleges,

5«mmer Students

Total Regular Enrollment

high inter-

Summe' Students 30 138

273 70 305

430 63

Science A m e r i c a n Political Science Assn Franklin Institute

1889 1904 1824

8,500 1 >854 1,500

G e o g r a p h i c a l S o c i e t y of P h i l a T h e Historical Society of P e n n a T h e Presbyterian Historical Society A m e r i c a n Catholic Historical Society G e r m a n t o w n Historical Society G e n e a l o g i c a l S o c i e t y of P e n n a

1893 1824 1852 1884 1901 1892

1,099 2,800

N u m i s m a t i c a n d A n t i q u a r i a n Society of Phila A m e r i c a n Philosophical Society Philadelphia Bar Association Shakespeare Society of Phila L i n g u i s t i c S o c i e t y of A m e r i c a T h e J e w i s h P u b l i c a t i o n S o c i e t y of A m e r i c a A c a d e m y o f N a t u r a l S c i e n c e s of P h i l a T h e P a t h o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y of P h i l a

1857 1727 1802 1851 1924 1888 1812 1857

78 412 1,853

T h e P h y s i o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y of P h i l a A m e r i c a n D e r m a t o l o g i c a l Assn A m e r i c a n Laryngological Assn A m e r i c a n Gynecological Society A m e r i c a n Pediatric Society Phila. Psychiatric Society

1904 1876 1878 1876 1888 1909

467 4,221 ι ,500 384 302 125 100 91 110

64

PHILADELPHIA

Organisation

Date Founded

Society of Neurological Surgeons Phila. Neurological Society Phila. Roentgen Ray Society Penna. Tuberculosis Society Society of Clinical Surgery American College of Physicians Phila. Botanical Club Penna. Forestry Assn T h e Penna. Horticultural Society Delaware Valley Ornithological Club American Entomological Society Zoological Society of Phila Engineers Club of Phila American Order of Steam Engineers Atlantic Deeper Waterways Assn American Society for Testing M a t e r i a l s . . . American Institute of Chemical Engineers.

1920 1884 1905 1892 1903 1915 1891 1886 1827 1890 1859 1859 1877 1886 1907 1902 1908

Number Members

34

213

3.412 96 ι ,100 3,680 >5° 300 2,200 3,800

4,000 1,450

Museums Organizations

Date Founded

The Penna. Museum of Art 1876 Independence Hall and National MuT h e Phila. Commercial Museum University of Penna. Museum Phila. College of Pharmacy and Science Museum Art Museum of the Drexel Institute of Technolog)' The Penna. Academy of Fine Arts University of Penna. Botanic Garden Zoological Garden Franklin Institute The Presbyterian Historical Society. . . . Germantown Historical Society Academy of Natural Sciences Wistar Institute of Anatomy Wagner Free Institute of Science

1894 1889 1830 1891 1805 1859 (see Learned Societies) 1852 1901 1812 1808 1855

OTHER RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS

T h e Philadelphia area is rich in research laboratories. T h e directory issued regularly by the National Research Council called Industrial research laboratories of the United States shows some 118 in the Philadelphia area. These are chiefly maintained by the large manufacturing concerns. T h e r e are many similar laboratories in near-by New Jersey. T h e names and addresses, the specific research activities, and the number of persons engaged in such research are given for each organization. A l t h o u g h not doing research on an organized basis, trade associations have great need for library service and a few of them maintain libraries of their own. According to the latest directory, Selected trade associations of the United States, issued by the U. S. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, 1937, there are seventy-six national and interstate trade associations in the city of Philadelphia. T h e names of these associations are given in the published directory and up-to-date information concerning them may be secured through the Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce.

LIBRARIES

CHURCHES

Churches are an index to the character of a city, and in the case of Philadelphia, they have meant the establishment of many important religious libraries (see Supplement). T h e figures below give an indication of the important religious groups. CHURCHES IN PHILADELPHIA

Denomination

Total number

Methodist Episcopal Roman Catholic Protestant Episcopal Presbyterian Hebrew Baptist Lutheran Evangelical & Reformed Church United Presbyterian Reformed Episcopal Pentecostal Evangelical Congregational Greek (Orthodox) Reformed Presbyterian Seventh Day Adventists Friends (Hicksite) Friends (Orthodox) Christian Science Mennonite Church of the Brethren Christian and Missionary Alliance Christian Church Reformed Church in America United Brethren in Christ Brethren Methodist Protestant Moravian Evangelical Congregational Ukrainian Greek Catholic Unitarian Universalist Independent Congregations Catholic Apostolic Church Church of God Church of the New Jerusalem Ethical Culture Free Methodist Schwenkfelder Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints .

162 146 124 122 121 108 90 27 19 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 5 6 6 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2

T H E PROFESSIONAL AND BUSINESS GROUPS IN PHILADELPHIA BASED ON U . S. CENSUS 1930

(No later figures available) Librarians are, or should be, interested in the specialinterest groups in their community just as a manufacturer is interested in the market for his product. Librarians everywhere who have geared their service to fit these actual needs are not now complaining of lack of use or of support. Occupation statistics do not reflect all of the important groups of library users, the students, the clubs, the housewives, the hobby groups, etc., but they are an indication of the practical subjects that should be covered by the libraries in any community. O u r survey of Philadelphia shows that many of the important groups represented below are being neglected by the

PHILADELPHIA

AS A

libraries in this area, notably the technical and business groups, as well as the needs of the masses, usually expressed by the general term "adult education." Technical engineers Chemists Designers, draftsmen, inventors. . .

4,390 '»327 3,668

Lawyers

2,291

Clergymen

2,034

Physicians & surgeons Dentists Veterinary surgeons Nurses Osteopaths

3,778 ι , 560 84 8,081 140

Artists

1,553

Architects

558

Musicians

3,946

Authors, editors, reporters Teachers

954 12,836

College professors

690

Manufacturers (Executives)

5,533

Bankers, brokers

З.525

Insurance agents & officials

6,365

R e a l estate

4,227

Accountants

4,320

Bookkeepers

18,090

As further indication of the special interests in Philadelphia, we present below the fourteen leading industries in this area listed according to the value of their products. printing sugar clothing baked goods electrical goods meat hosiery

woven goods chemicals cigars machinery paint confectionery paper boxes

Libraries in the area should be well stocked with information on these subjects. PUBLISHING INDUSTRY

Philadelphia has always been an important publishing center, the most active in the country during the first half-century of our national existence. In 1824, with a population in Philadelphia County of 72,695 (1820 census) there were fifty-five printing offices with 1 1 2 presses. Of these, twenty presses were employed in printing newspapers. At this time there were published three quarterlies, five monthlies, two occasional, and six weeklies in Philadelphia, in addition to eleven daily newspapers. In the same year New York had seven daily newspapers, Baltimore five, and Boston two (Philadelphia in 1824, Carey & Lea). Philadelphia is still an important publishing center, though surpassed by New York and Chicago.

CULTURAL

CENTER

65

T h e following figures for Philadelphia on volume of printing are from the latest U. S. Census of Manufactures (1937). Number of establishmerits 97 351

Printing plants Newspapers & periodicals Book, music & job

Wage earners 6,682 6,606

Value of products $80,407,200 33-389.543

Number of Publications Frequency Daily Daily & Sunday Semi-weekly Weekly Fortnightly & semi-monthly Monthly 8 times a year Bi-monthly 5 times a year Quarterly 3 times a year

Number 13 3 1 63 12 94 1 6 1 43 1 235

Circulation 1,690,072 1,360,44a 9,600 3,726,340 23,779 6,947,889 7>45 2 >.95> 691,673 1,800 *iI,410,484

• Circulation not reported for 8s publications.

BOOK SALES IN PHILADELPHIA

From U. S. Census of Distribution, 1929, 1935 Sales of reading materials have a real interest for libraries. Although necessarily incomplete, we present the latest figures available for Philadelphia. Type store Bookstores Book sales in department stores Book sales in variety stores Total sales Newsdealers' sales

1929 $4,197,673 2,006,254 47.355 6,251,282 2,492,917

1935 $3,816,000 not given " " " " 1,463,000

T h e above figures represented a per capita sale in book stores alone of $2.15 in 1929 and $1.95 in 1935. In per capita sales for 1929, Philadelphia was topped by Boston, New York, and Chicago in that order. But in 1935, Philadelphia ranked second to Boston, which had per capita sales of $2.46, or 51^ higher than Philadelphia. EVENING SCHOOLS

Some indication of the interest in adult and vocational education may be had from the enrollment figures below: I

2

Year

Drexel

U. of P.

Temple

_I

2,998 2,949 2,535 >.868 >.794 >·965 2,166 2,584 3 . >26 2,925 2,818

2,553 2,627 2 l6 > 5 '.825 >.794 ι .861 2,250 2,386 3,179 3,063 3,042

5.o84 5."° 4.225 З.879 3.182 3.422 4.077 4,742 5.262 5,2IO

9 9 93° 93°~I93l '931-1932 1932-193 3 1933-193 4 >934->935 >935">936 1936-1937 >937->938 1938-1939 ι939">94° ( > 2 - 9 - 3 9 ) · · • I

Appendix В I

THE UNION LIBRARY C A T A L O G U E OF T H E PHILADELPHIA METROPOLITAN AREA: A REPORT T O T H E BIBLIOGRAPHICAL PLANNING COMMITTEE OF PHILADELPHIA, JULY ι, 19401 spent in an effort to arouse interest in the project and find financial support for it, and in a study of and experimentation with the technical processes by which such a catalogue could be compiled. T h e method developed, which depended primarily on an extensive use of micro-photography, is now well understood and need not be described here. By the autumn of 1935 it became apparent that there was a fair prospect of obtaining a substantial grant from the Federal Government under a Works Progress Administration project and that private funds might be obtained from philanthropic foundations and private donors in sufficient amounts to make possible the expert private management which would be necessary if success were to be achieved in such an enterprise involving the employment of large numbers of federal relief workers. A n application for a Works Progress Administration project was accordingly filed with the federal authorities in October 1935; an initial sum of $16,500 was raised from private sources; 4 and in January 1936, T h e Union Library Catalogue of the Philadelphia Metropolitan Area was incorporated, as a non-profit corporation, to manage the undertaking. T h e Works Progress Administration project was in due course approved; the Commercial Museum of Philadelphia gave fine cooperation not only by providing abundant work space but in acting as legal sponsor of the Works Progress Administration project; and T h e Historical Society of Pennsylvania with great generosity provided the spacious filing room in which the U n i o n Library Catalogue is still temporarily housed. 5 A t the end of January 1936, all preliminary arrangements having finally been made, the work of creating the Catalogue was actually begun. T h e Executive Committee was exceedingly fortunate in obtaining the services of Mr. Paul Vanderbilt, Librarian

INTRODUCTION: T H E UNION LIBRARY C A T A L O G U E , ITS H I S T O R Y A N D COMPOSITION THE U n i o n Library Catalogue of the Philadelphia Metropolitan Area is an attempt at an organized record of practically all the printed matter (and of some imprinted records) which are available in the important libraries of Philadelphia and its vicinity. It consists of an alphabetical file of cards, arranged by author or main entry, which combines and makes available in one place the catalogues of 151 libraries. These are libraries of every description, except private libraries, and they include almost every public or semi-public library of importance in the Philadelphia area. However, there are still a few libraries of some consequence in the region which for one reason or another are not included and which ought to be included. It is the present policy of the Executive Committee of the U n i o n Library Catalogue gradually to extend the Catalogue to include these libraries as the means and opportunity are found to do so.2 It is the ideal of the Committee ultimately to make the Catalogue as complete and perfect an index of the rich holdings of this area as it is possible to compile and not only to provide free public service in the location of books and other bibliographical materials, but also to forward in every possible way the cause of cooperation among libraries and scholars in this community. T h e U n i o n Library Catalogue originated in the minds of a small group of Philadelphia historians w h o were harassed by the difficulties which they encountered in locating books in the numerous and scattered libraries of the area and w h o in 1933 formed a simple organization and issued a prospectus of the proposed union catalogue. 8 T h e next two and a half years were 1 N o attempt has been made to bring this report fully u p to date. Only those statements have been amended which otherwise would present a misleading picture. 2 T h e actual count as of July 1, 1941, is: 148 libraries plus 6 libraries discontinued or with altered status. Cf. Key to symbols and list of libraries included. 2nd edition. ,1941. s T h e original committee, formed in the spring of 1933, consisted of the late Herman V. Ames of the University of Pennsylvania, T r o y e r S. Anderson of Swarthmore College, Charles W . David of Bryn Mawr College (Chairman), William E. L u n t of Haverford College, and Conyers Read, Executive Secretary of the American Historical Association; and it was over their names

that the original prospectus of the proposed union catalogue was issued in October of that year. 4 T h e principal contributions to this and subsequent funds of the Union Library Catalogue corporation have come from the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the American Philosophical Society. T h e Samuel S. Fels Fund has been an important contributor since 1937, and generous gifts have been received from interested individuals throughout the whole period of the Catalogue's existence. • S i n c e November 1940 the Catalogue has been located in the Fine Arts Building of the University of Pennsylvania.

66

UNION

LIBRARY

of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, as director of the enterprise, and it should here be recorded that while he was not the originator of the idea of the Catalogue, its actual creation as a going concern is more largely his achievement than that of any of his associates. T h e original federal grant of about $109,000 was increased by a bonus of 1 0 % and still further increased by two supplementary grants, so that the total federal contribution to this enterprise amounted to about $155,000. It was spread over a period of three years from the end of January 1936 to the end of January 1939. In the meantime the Executive Committee of the U n i o n Library Catalogue provided from private sources $15,000 for the second year of operations, and since then they have provided between $7,000 and $8,000 annually for the maintenance and servicing of the Catalogue. It cannot be said precisely that the original compilation of the Catalogue was completed in any specific time or that the Catalogue was opened to the service of the public on any exact date. T h e last card in the original compilation is said to have been filed in July 1938; but Works Progress Administration typists were still at work in the Commercial Museum until the middle of October of that year, and Works Progress Administration filers continued in the service of the Catalogue at T h e Historical Society of Pennsylvania until the end of January 1939—when they were transferred to a re-cataloguing project for T h e Library C o m p a n y of Philadelphia but continued for some time longer to work at the U n i o n Library Catalogue in much the same operations in which they had previously been engaged.® In a general way it may be said that some two and a half years were spent in largescale operations upon the original compilation of the Catalogue, but that work on a greatly reduced scale was continued for a good part of two years longer. Meanwhile, before the end of 1936 new accession cards from the several local libraries began to be received and filed for the purpose of continuing the Catalogue and keeping it u p to date. T h e r e was also the great task of combining on a single card duplicate entries for an identical bibliographical item, which was begun early and has not been entirely completed at the present writing. Also, the work of editing the U n i o n Library C a t a l o g u e — a very necessary operation when the catalogues of so many libraries (often poorly catalogued) were combined into a file of several million cards—was taken in hand early and pushed with vigor through 1938. In all, some 280,000 cards have been edited—82,000 in the section A to B A P , with Works 6

T h e r e was no direct or official connection b e t w e e n

the re-

c a t a l o g u i n g project a n d the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e ; b u t f o r m e r was carried on at the U n i o n

Library

Catalogue

the

quite

largely by workers w h o had been trained in the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e . A necessary p r e l i m i n a r y

to their m a i n

undertaking

consisted in c o m b i n i n g d u p l i c a t e entries in the U n i o n

Library

C a t a l o g u e on a single card, a n o p e r a t i o n w h i c h r e d o u n d e d

to

the a d v a n t a g e of the C a t a l o g u e . In return for such benefits o u r Bibliographer

has been a constant

l o g u i n g project.

consultant

to the

re-cata-

CATALOGUE

67

Progress Administration assistance, and 198,000 by our Bibliographer without assistance in 103 difficult sections scattered throughout the Catalogue. Unfortunately, it was necessary to curtail editorial work in 1939 in order to provide adequately for the growth of our reference service, and since the beginning of 1940 there has been a still more drastic curtailment. Nevertheless editorial work still continues on a reduced scale, and it will doubtless go on for many years to come. T h e total number of cards originally produced from film copies of local catalogues which have been filed in the U n i o n Library Catalogue is about 3,620,000. T o these there have been added as new accessions in 1936, 21,000 cards; in 1937, 41,000; in 1938, 66,000; in 1939, 73,000; and in the first six months of 1940, 40,000, making a grand total of 3,861,000 cards which have gone into the Catalogue. From this total there is to be subtracted about 700,000 for duplicate cards which have been removed from the file. T h u s , at the present time (July 1, 1940), the Catalogue consists of approximately 3,161,000 cards. As an indication of the great richness of Philadelphia library resources it may be noted that a card-bycard comparison of the first eighty-seven trays of the U n i o n Library Catalogue with the corresponding section of the U n i o n Catalog at the Library of Congress has shown that about 3 6 % of the items listed in the U n i o n Library Catalogue represent material for which the national Union Catalog had no record. T h e present financial condition of the U n i o n Library Catalogue is a sound one. A n n u a l expenditures have always been kept well within the limitations of the annual budgets, and the year 1940 will doubtless be closed with a comfortable surplus of several thousand dollars. T h e future financial support of the Catalogue is by no means assured, but the Executive Committee is now actively engaged in an effort to raise a fresh fund for the years 1941, 1942, and 1943 and has already met with considerable success. SERVICES R E N D E R E D BY T H E U N I O N LIBRARY CATALOGUE T H E M A I N SERVICE OF BOOR

LOCATION

T h i s service was inaugurated, after official announcement, on January 1, 1937, but actually a few individuals and libraries were accommodated during the previous five months. In all, forty-four inquiries, involving 130 items, were answered before the Catalogue was formally opened for service, and it is interesting to note that of the fifteen local libraries which availed themselves of our facilities during this preliminary period, all are still to be found among our regular users. In A n n e x I. A at the back of this report we have endeavored to set forth in a statistical table the growth of our service since our official opening in January 1937, in so far as our existing records will permit. A t the present writing we are in the middle of 1940 and

68

PHILADELPHIA

we have therefore arranged our statistics by semiannual rather than annual periods. Since the work which we do for the Library of Congress and other union catalogues lies somewhat apart from the Philadelphia area, we have dealt with it separately in the table as item B. It should be emphasized that our records are incomplete in two respects. First, unfortunately no detailed service records have been preserved for the second half of 1939, so that that period appears as a blank in the table; and, second, our records are accurate for the number of items searched in the Catalogue only in the case of inquiries received by telephone or mail and dealt with by our own staff. When an individual comes to consult the Catalogue personally, the fact is known and recorded, but we often have no knowledge of the number of items which he seeks to locate. T h i s gap in our records is unfortunate, but largely unavoidable. Individuals who take the trouble to call in person are likely to come with long lists of items to be searched. For example, the assistant to a professor who is engaged in the revision of a wellknown historical bibliography has spent perhaps as much as three or four full working weeks in the Catalogue during the past year. T h e items which she searched must have run into the thousands. During the year 1939 the enterprising management of the Library of the Philadelphia Museum of Art checked for location in the Catalogue a long list of bibliographies estimated as totaling more than 9,000 items. In neither of these cases, as in many others of less importance, have we been able to get any detailed records. With these qualifications in mind, our records still indicate a remarkable growth of service and are therefore worthy of study. T h e most significant figures in the table are those giving the total number of inquiries received at the Catalogue and the total number of items requested. Both show a large and consistent growth in each year over the previous year, and it is of some interest to observe that the number of items requested has grown more rapidly than the number of inquiries. T h e percentage of the items asked for which we have been able to locate in Philadelphia libraries naturally does not fluctuate very greatly from year to year. It varies from 56% to 66%, 60% being the average for the fouryear period. Not all our failures are due to the weakness of Philadelphia collections; some of them arise from flaws in the Union Library Catalogue itself (flaws which are gradually being eliminated as the editing of the Catalogue progresses), some of them from our unfortunate lack of an adequate collection of reference works. T h e number of inquiries received and handled by telephone has always constituted by far the largest part of our location service, and it has grown steadily year by year. In contrast with other union catalogues, we have from the beginning made a feature of this telephone service and have done our utmost to encourage

LIBRARIES

it. Recently we have installed a second telephone line for the purpose of reducing the annoyance of "busy" signals. Telephone outlets are placed at convenient locations in all parts of the Catalogue, and our staff has been chosen in no small measure with a view to pleasantness and efficiency in the handling of telephone calls. Every encouragement has also been given to inquiries by post; but in other respects the Union Library Catalogue, in its present temporary location on the fourth floor of a building without elevator service, is somewhat inaccessible. 7 However, this is not a serious disadvantage for, except when a considerable list of items is to be dealt with, it is much easier and more expeditious to telephone and get the information desired in a few minutes than to make a personal visit to the Catalogue. T h e liberality of our host makes it possible for us to extend a cordial welcome to any visitor who comes to the Catalogue with a serious purpose, while the exclusion of the casual and the curious relieves us of the necessity of policing the Catalogue and frees our staff for more serious work. Moreover, in such a compilation as the Union Library Catalogue, the staff by long experience acquires an efficiency which cannot be matched by the outsider who makes only occasional use of the Catalogue in person, so that there are often real advantages in the inquiries by mail or telephone which are dealt with at second hand by experts. In Annex I. В at the back of this report, we have presented an analysis of inquiries received from various types of users. It must be acknowledged that the figures given in the table are not certainly correct. Only since January 1, 1940, have we made a determined effort to identify all persons using the Catalogue by telephone. Previously it was not deemed sufficiently important to press the point of identification when there was any reluctance on the part of an inquirer to state who he was. T h e figures given for libraries are fairly reliable, but those for the other classifications are to be regarded as at best only approximate and in some cases even misleading. For example, the low figure for undergraduate users in 1938 is probably due to the erroneous classification of some undergraduates as graduate students. T h e proportionate use of the Union Library Catalogue by libraries as contrasted with all other users has varied from 4 7 % to 6 3 % ; and there has been a marked gain in public use over library use in 1939 and 1940 as compared with 1937 and 1938. This is probably to be explained by a gradual growth of public knowledge of the Catalogue and its facilities. T h e libraries have, of course, had full information and every encouragement to use the Catalogue from the beginning. T o indicate the seasonal variation in the volume of our business, we have set forth in graphic form the month-to-month record of inquiries received at the Catalogue for the representative year July 1938 to 7 Since the writing of this report this disadvantage has been eliminated. See footnote 5.

UNION

LIBRARY

J u n e 1939. T h i s appears as A n n e x I. С at the back of this report. T o illustrate the use of the U n i o n Library Catalogue by individual libraries and other analogous institutions, we have prepared a sample detailed record for a period of five months prior to this report, i.e., February to J u n e 1940. T h e institutions are divided into three classes, those included in the Union Library Catalogue, those not included, and other union catalogues. T h e record is presented as A n n e x I I at the back of this report. In this period, sixty-three of the local libraries which are embraced in the Union Library Catalogue made use of the Catalogue from as many as 127 times (a monthly average of twenty-five inquiries) in the case of one library, to once in the case of sixteen others. In addition, thirty-six other libraries and analogous institutions which are not included in the Catalogue and five union catalogues made use of its services, some of them not infrequently. T h o u g h some of the libraries included in the Union Library Catalogue are known to be comparatively inactive, it is still a matter of some concern that in this latest five months' period, so small a percentage of affiliated libraries were active users of the Catalogue. It is evident that there is still much work to be done in the promotion of library cooperation with this great central instrument before its ultimate possibilities will be fully realized. The Cost of Union Library Catalogue Service: Union catalogues, like all library catalogues, are admittedly and necessarily expensive reference tools, and it is perhaps doubtful whether without federal aid through the Works Progress Administration the present one in Philadelphia could have been created. Figures for the original cost of its construction have already been indicated on page 2 of this report. W e may now attempt some statistical estimate of the cost of its maintenance and operation, and more specifically of the cost of the location service per unit. Our actual expenditures from J a n u a r y 1, 1936, to J u n e 30, 1940, have been as follows: 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940

(Jan.-Dec.) ( " - " ) ( " - " ) ( " - " ) ( " "June)

816,368.94 13,730.42 7,911 . . 2 6,898.38 4,091.56

During 1936 and 1937 the Catalogue was still in process of construction on a large scale and the figures f o r those years, therefore, apply only in small degree to costs of operation and maintenance. On the other hand, the figures for 1938, 1939, and 1940 may be considered as more nearly approaching the actual cost of operating the Catalogue, i.e., keeping it u p to date, improving its quality through editorial revision, providing location service, and doing all the other things which naturally fall to the lot of the staff of such a great reference instrument and which are indicated more fully elsewhere in this report. T h e location of books being our principal function, we have endeav-

69

CATALOGUE

ored to arrive at a reasonable basis f o r estimating the cost of this service. Since it would obviously be both u n f a i r and misleading to charge the whole cost of maintenance and operation to book location alone, we have calculated the cost of this service in terms of a portion of the salaries of the three members of the staff who are responsible for it. Since the time factor has not been constant but has tended to increase with the growth of the service, we present our estimates in the following table: TIME

DEVOTED

TO LOCATION

'938 5%

'937 B i b l i o g r a p h e r . . ,. · Consultant ·· Secretary ..

1% 5°% 10%

75% 10%

SERVICE

•939

'94°

5% 80% 20%

15% 85% 25%

Expressed in dollars and cents, this means that in 1937 the Union Library Catalogue spent $ 1 , 1 3 8 on location service, in 1938, $ 1 , 7 2 1 , in the first half of 1939, 8 $1,046.50, and in the first half of 1940, $1,242.50. Assembling the pertinent data from other parts of this report, we are enabled to present the following table of unit costs over a considerable portion of the past four years: UNIT

COST

OF

LOCATION

SERVICE Cost

Year

1937 1938 1939 1940

(Jan.-Dec ) (Jan.-DecЛ (Jan.-June). . (Jan.-June). . ·•

No. of Inquiries

1,104 2,486 1.720 2,482

No. of Items

4,329 10,751 5,626 10,620

Total

$1,138 00 1,721. 00 ι,046. 50 ι,242. 50

Per Inquiry

Si 03 69 .60 •54

Per Item

t 26

.16 .18 . 120

These estimates of the unit cost of our location service might be lowered considerably if we were able to include all items searched in the Catalogue, i.e., items searched by visitors personally as well as those searched by members of our staff. However, any distortion resulting from the omission of such figures is not serious since it costs the Union Library Catalogue little or nothing to accommodate visitors who wish to consult it personally, and our real concern is with the cost of the location service which is performed by members of our staff. T h o u g h the percentages given for the amounts of time devoted to the location service by members of our staff are of necessity approximations, they have been carefully considered. \Ve believe that they are reasonably correct and that the consequent estimates of unit cost given in the table are fairly dependable. It is to be regretted that, so f a r as we know, comparable figures are not available for any other union catalogue. It is gratifying to note that the cost of our location service has been more than halved since 1937, and it seems reasonable to hope that it will be reduced considerably further with the growth in our volume of business over the coming years. SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES

In addition to its principal service of locating books and other materials in the numerous libraries of this 8

L o c a t i o n statistics for t h e last half of 1939 n o t available.

7°

PHILADELPHIA

c o m m u n i t y , the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e has rendered a n u m b e r of s u p p l e m e n t a r y services w h i c h in the aggregate have been of considerable importance. Publications: Doubtless the most conspicuous of these services, at least in the w o r l d b e y o n d Philadelphia, has been the p u b l i c a t i o n s w h i c h we have issued f r o m time to time. I n 1937, w h e n the o r i g i n a l comp i l a t i o n of the C a t a l o g u e was well u n d e r way, w e p u b l i s h e d A brief account of the principles and formative period of the Union Library Catalogue in Philadelphia, by P a u l V a n d e r b i l t . T w o printings of this w o r k have been necessary and, three years after its appearance, it still continues to be one of the most useful manuals o n u n i o n catalogue work. O f even w i d e r interest has been Union catalogues, a selective bibliography, by A r t h u r B. B e r t h o l d , w h i c h was published in 1936. T h i s u n i q u e b i b l i o g r a p h y of a comparatively new subject attracted favorable notice not o n l y in this country b u t a b r o a d a n d was sold o u t w i t h i n a few m o n t h s of its p u b l i c a t i o n . O f a q u i t e different character has been M r . Berthold's Russian corporate headings, a list of over one thousand Russian headings for official and semi-official bodies, based chiefly on the holdings of the Union Library Catalogue, with an attempt at their identification for cataloguing purposes (1939). T h i s technical work was comp i l e d for a very limited g r o u p a n d for an e q u a l l y limited subject interest, yet has f o u n d a market both in this country a n d abroad. A second p r i n t i n g has been necessary a n d there are indications that a revised edition w i l l be r e q u i r e d in the near future. So successf u l has been this w o r k as to indicate that a d d i t i o n a l compilations of a similar character should be undertaken as o p p o r t u n i t y can be f o u n d to d o so. In addition to the f o r e g o i n g m a j o r publications, the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e has recently ( N o v e m b e r 1939) b e g u n to issue, at irregular intervals, a Bulletin f o r the purpose of e x p l a i n i n g its services, a n n o u n c i n g n e w services, or d e a l i n g w i t h other matters of current b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l interest. W h i l e this Bulletin must still b e regarded as in the e x p e r i m e n t a l stage, its reception has been sufficiently favorable to indicate that it o u g h t t o be continued. M o r e recently still ( A p r i l 1940), w e have b e g u n to p u b l i s h a quarterly Check list of desiderata w h i c h is designed primarily to b r i n g to the attention of local librarians books w h i c h have recently been requested, b u t for w h i c h the U n i o n Library C a t a l o g u e has no recorded locations. Bibliographical Advisory Service: It is an u n f o r t u nate fact that, d u e to its present location in temporary quarters, the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e is not an integral part of a large reference library a n d conseq u e n t l y has n o easy access to an a d e q u a t e reference collection (Cf. footnote 5, p. 66). Nevertheless it is g r a t i f y i n g to note that this has not deterred librarians o r the general p u b l i c f r o m c a l l i n g u p o n its staff f o r i n f o r m a t i o n a n d advice u p o n a variety of subjects havi n g n o t h i n g directly to d o w i t h the location of books. It does not need to be emphasized that such service

LIBRARIES cannot be measured or tabulated in any statistical form. It may consist of no more than identification of the l a n g u a g e in w h i c h a b o o k is written, or it may req u i r e a t h o r o u g h statement o n the comparative merits of several classification schemes. W e feel that none of these problems is outside o u r field, a n d that the ultimate a i m of o u r service is to act as a clearing house for i n f o r m a t i o n o n any b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l p r o b l e m . A s illustrations of this service, w e have set d o w n a f e w of the problems a n d questions dealt with, in A n n e x I I I at the back of this report. Cooperation with the Library of Congress and Other Bibliographical Organizations: F r o m the very beginn i n g of o u r enterprise, w e have m a i n t a i n e d close relations w i t h the L i b r a r y of Congress a n d its great U n i o n C a t a l o g , a n d it is a pleasure to record our g r a t i t u d e for the counsel a n d h e l p w h i c h w e received f r o m this source in our difficult early days. W h i l e the e d i t i n g of the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e was being carried o n actively, we sent a corrected tray of cards every week to W a s h i n g t o n , w h e r e it was checked in the U n i o n C a t a l o g a n d all n e w P h i l a d e l p h i a locations were a d d e d to the n a t i o n a l index, w h i l e a d d i t i o n a l refinements a n d corrections were indicated for the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e . In all, eighty-seven trays were sent, a n d , as has already been indicated in this report, the new additions to the U n i o n C a t a l o g in W a s h i n g t o n constituted some 3 6 % of our holdings. U n f o r t u n a t e l y , this practice h a d to be suspended w h e n our W o r k s Progress A d m i n i s t r a t i o n project came to an end and w e were o b l i g e d to give u p regular editing, but, as of J u n e 24, 1940, the sending of o u r trays was resumed o n an e x p e r i m e n t a l basis. A n o t h e r feature of o u r cooperation w i t h the Library of Congress has been the checking of the w e e k l y search lists w h i c h the U n i o n C a t a l o g issues. U p to the end of 1939, this was a one-sided arrangement, the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e d o i n g all the checking. B u t b e g i n n i n g w i t h 1940 arrangements were c o n c l u d e d w h e r e b y the U n i o n C a t a l o g in W a s h i n g t o n checks lists of desiderata w h i c h we may f r o m time to time s u b m i t to it, just as it searches the lists w h i c h are s u b m i t t e d to it by large research libraries a n d by a few u n i o n catalogues, notably that of Denver. W h e n the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e was first l a u n c h e d in 1935, it u n f o r t u n a t e l y proved impossible to o b t a i n a L i b r a r y of Congress Depository set of cards to be used as its f o u n d a t i o n , b u t this o r i g i n a l difficulty has since been to some degree circumvented. By direct purchase we a c q u i r e d a b o u t 200,000 L i b r a r y of Congress cards w h i c h w e were able to order in o n e lot by n u m b e r s taken f r o m o u r film copies of local P h i l a d e l p h i a library catalogues, a n d these are b e i n g increased at the rate of a b o u t 25,000 per year f r o m new cards supplied us by our c o n t r i b u t i n g libraries. T o m a k e still f u r t h e r use of the L i b r a r y of Congress in raising o u r standards a n d i m p r o v i n g the reference v a l u e of our file, w e have, since January 1, 1940, b e e n subscribing to a complete set of L i b r a r y of Congress

UNION

LIBRARY

proof sheets which are sent us ready-cut and punched for filing. Not only have these proof sheets enabled us to improve our cataloguing standards for current accessions; they have also made it possible for us to offer a new service for the convenience of local cataloguers. W e can now supply Library of Congress order numbers before they are generally available through the publication of complete catalogue cards, and we can give authoritative information on subject headings, classification numbers, authors' full names, etc. T h i s service is handled in exactly the same way as the location of books and periodicals. 9 The Bibliographical Center for Research, Denver. One other union catalogue, that of the Bibliographical Center for Research of the Rocky M o u n t a i n Region, makes habitual use of our resources. W e have been checking their search lists since March 1939, though we have as yet had no occasion to consult them in return. It may be remarked in passing that we are able to give locations for from 3 5 % to 5 0 % of the items for which Denver asks, whereas in the case of the weekly search lists from Washington, our successful locations are generally limited to 1 0 % or less. War Documentation Service: W h e n the W a r Documentation was started in November 1939, its headquarters were established at the U n i o n Library Catalogue, though its Director remained for the most part at the University of Pennsylvania; and it was agreed that our Bibliographer should act in an advisory capacity with respect to bibliographical matters and certain other aspects of the work which lay more in the field of librarianship than history. T h o u g h the W a r Documentation Service headquarters were later removed from the Union Library Catalogue, our Bibliographer continued to cooperate, and played a considerable part in preparing for publication the material which had been gathered for the War check list, which was published early in A p r i l 1940. American Imprints Inventory: W h e n in the summer of 1937 the Historical Records Survey undertook to make an inventory of early American imprints in the Philadelphia area, it naturally turned to the U n i o n Library Catalogue, for here there was provided in a single file access to the whole field of its interest in this vicinity. Satisfactory arrangements were easily made and in July 1937 there was begun the great work of copying which was completed in May 1940. W e provided working space, tables, etc., for the project, but our staff has taken no direct part in the enterprise. Library Company of Philadelphia Recataloguing Project: T h i s interesting project, based directly on the card entries of the U n i o n Library Catalogue, is perhaps the first of its kind ever attempted. T h e work was begun in October 1938, and is now nearing completion. T h e chief contribution of the U n i o n Library Catalogue to this project (apart from the formulation of the original plan which was designed by Mr. Vanderbilt) has been the provision of tables, work space, 9

Because of lack of interest this service has been discontinued.

CATALOGUE

71

and the use of our files. B u t since in this work T h e Library Company's cards must be edited before they are copied, and, further, since any change of entry made on a Union Library Catalogue card would immediately affect all other cards in its group, all editorial work in this connection has been carried on under the general supervision of our Bibliographer. T h i s undertaking has proved mutually profitable, and it is a pleasure to express our appreciation of the fine spirit of cooperation which has prevailed on the part of T h e Library Company's editors and staff. T h e Library Company has advanced far toward the final consolidation and revision of its various printed and card catalogues, and the U n i o n Library Catalogue has received much assistance through the removal of duplicates which preceded the editorial process and through the revision and correction of a large number of its own entries. It is impossible to make an exact estimate of the number of corrected entries thus added to our files, but we feel certain that no less than 1 5 % of the entries copied for T h e Library Company's project have undergone complete revision. T h e additional fact that these revisions are not localized but are spread throughout the Catalogue from A to Ζ still further enhances their beneficial effect. APPRAISAL BY SOME

LIBRARIES

In the preceding part of this report we have given facts and figures concerning the work of the U n i o n Library Catalogue as it appears to us. However, realizing that no well-rounded idea of our services is possible solely from our own point of view, we have requested several libraries which make the greatest use of the Catalogue to give us an objective and factual appraisal of our services. A detailed resum6 of the replies will be f o u n d in A n n e x IV at the back of this report. T h e one fact which emerges above all else is the undivided acknowledgment of the services performed by the U n i o n Library Catalogue during the three and one-half years it has been open for service. W e have been of greater value to the university and college libraries than to the public libraries and the very specialized libraries of business institutions. T h i s is understandable w h e n we bear in mind that business libraries are chiefly interested in very up-to-date information found primarily in periodicals and pamphlets; that the public generally is willing to accept a substitute for a book which is not available; and finally, on the positive side, that students and professors engaged in serious research are largely concerned with source material and older works w i t h which our libraries are comparatively well supplied. A further fact which we note with real interest is the growing confidence of the libraries in the potentialities of the U n i o n Library Catalogue to advance library cooperation and to settle difficulties of method and procedure. If anything, we are chided for not being more aggressive in assuming leadership. W h i l e

72

PHILADELPHIA

w e are still preoccupied w i t h d r a w i n g lines as to w h a t is the p r o p e r sphere of activity of the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e a n d w h a t should be l e f t to the hoped-for b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l center, the local libraries a p p e a r to h a v e settled this difficulty w i t h o u t u n d u e hesitation a n d seem to regard us already as a g r o w i n g bibliog r a p h i c a l center in all b u t name. It seems logical to them to suggest that we a r r a n g e f o r inter-library loans; that we act as a clearing house f o r b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l p r o b l e m s ; that we issue guides and m a n u a l s a n d a u t h o r i t y lists; that we promote cooperative purchase, e t c . 1 0 W e are asked to recognize the distinction between l i b r a r i a n s h i p on the one h a n d a n d documentation o n the other, a n d to ally ourselves w i t h the latter. H o w e v e r these a n d like suggestions may be regarded, the f o l l o w i n g facts may now be taken f o r g r a n t e d : that the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e has successfully established itself as a v a l u a b l e agency in matters of research; that local library policy is definitely in f a v o r of more extensive a n d more varied uses of the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e ; and that in order to be in a position to do f u l l justice to these new claims u p o n o u r resources, we should take all possible steps to increase the reference a n d research v a l u e of o u r catalogue. SOME STOCK OBJECTIONS T O AND SOME I M P E R F E C T I O N S OF T H E U N I O N LIBRARY CATALOGUE OBJECTIONS

A l t h o u g h the attitude of local librarians and of the i n f o r m e d p u b l i c has in general been very f a v o r a b l e to the U n i o n L i b r a r y Catalogue, there are several stock objections w h i c h are put f o r w a r d again and again by the critical. T h r e e of these—viz., that the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e is not a subject catalogue, that it does not indicate specific holdings of periodicals, and that w i t h d r a w a l s of books are not, like new accessions, treated as a regular part of o u r routine—seem to req u i r e special attention here: Lack of a Subject Approach: T h i s is a shortcoming of very nearly, if not quite, all u n i o n catalogues. E v e n the so-called subject u n i o n catalogues (e.g., the U n i o n C a t a l o g of M e d i c a l L i b r a r i e s in Chicago) are not f r e e f r o m this weakness, since, within their usual b r o a d fields, they are not necessarily subdivided according to specific subjects. T h e chief reason f o r this is the practical difficulty of assigning subject headings to cards without seeing the books. T h e inherent difficulties in the way of creating a u s e f u l subject catalogue, at least a limited one, are not i n s u p e r a b l e . B u t unless o u r resources should be greatly increased, its f u l l solution in the near f u t u r e is 10 A detailed list of such proposals a n d o u r answers to them was p u b l i s h e d in o u r Bulletin no. 3 ( J u n e 19.10). A l t h o u g h the p r o p o s a l s were b r o u g h t b e f o r e the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e some months ago, we consider it a p p r o p r i a t e to recall them here, especially as one of the librarians answering o u r present queries m a k e s a direct reference to the earlier occasion.

LIBRARIES pretty clearly b e y o n d us, a n d it is likely that it must stand as a challenge to be taken u p at some f u t u r e date by the hoped-for b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l center. Lack of Specific Holdings of Periodicals: W h e n one considers the a m o u n t of work w h i c h w o u l d be req u i r e d to m a k e an inventory of a b o u t 50,000 periodicals (including duplicates) distributed a m o n g the 1 5 1 libraries w h i c h are e m b r a c e d in the U n i o n L i brary C a t a l o g u e , a n d w h e n one considers that a special holdings card (or several cards) w o u l d be necessary f o r each periodical in each library, a n d that f u r t h e r complications w o u l d arise f r o m the fluctuation of holdings, it is a g r a v e question w h e t h e r the advantages of such an inventory w o u l d be commensurate w i t h the expense involved in m a k i n g it a n d k e e p i n g it u p to date. T h e r e is, of course, no question that such an inventory w o u l d be exceedingly useful, but the b u r d e n of creating it w o u l d have to be borne very largely by the local c o n t r i b u t i n g libraries (and they are f o r the most part not in a position to assume such a burden), or else the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e w o u l d have to be p r o v i d e d with additional resources to enable it to send workers into the local libraries to d o the j o b . M o r e o v e r , the need f o r such an inventory is to some extent obviated by the Union list of serials, of w h i c h a new edition is now in p r e p a r a t i o n , a n d the Classified list of 4,800 serials (University of Pennsylv a n i a , B r y n M a w r , H a v e r f o r d , and Swarthmore) edited by D. H . L i t c h f i e l d (1936). Withdrawals of Books: It is true, of course, that the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e is more interested in the record of w h a t o u r libraries contain than it is in w h a t they lack, but it is not true that the recording of withdrawals is not treated as a part of o u r regular routine. U p to the present we have been less successful in getting reports of w i t h d r a w a l s f r o m c o n t r i b u t i n g libraries, and in getting them filed p r o m p t l y in the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e , than we h a v e been in dealing w i t h new accessions. B u t this is a matter w h i c h can be very largely corrected a n d which will be corrected to the f u l l extent of o u r resources in the near future. SOME IMPERFECTIONS OF T H E UNION LIBRARY CATALOGUE

T h e r e has of late been a good deal of talk a b o u t the possible establishment of new services at the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e , and there can be no question that some new services w o u l d be desirable if they could be properly h a n d l e d with o u r present resources or if o u r resources could be materially increased. B u t u n d e r present circumstances it seems of greater i m p o r t a n c e to speak of some of the needs and imperfections of the C a t a l o g u e as it n o w exists. W e fail to satisfy o u r clientele in about 3 9 % of the inquiries that are submitted to us. W e find satisfaction in the fact that the n u m b e r of inquiries we h a n d l e is two or three times as great as the n u m b e r h a n d l e d by the u n i o n catalogue i n Denver, but on the other h a n d D e n v e r , w i t h a

UNION LIBRARY rather different policy, reports very f e w failures. W e k n o w that again a n d again we should be able to satisfy a n i n q u i r y if only we had the p r o p e r reference w o r k in w h i c h to check it. It is also to be n o t e d that o u r failures w o u l d be m u c h greater than they are if it were not for the fact that o u r staff is f a m i l i a r w i t h the peculiarities of o u r C a t a l o g u e a n d is often able to a m p l i f y an incomplete reference by a k i n d of divination or by some personal k n o w l e d g e . T h i s is excellent w h e n we are lucky, but such an instrument as the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e o u g h t not to be d e p e n d e n t o n luck. O u r p r o p o r t i o n of L i b r a r y of Congress cards is u n f o r t u n a t e l y smaller than that of any o t h e r u n i o n c a t a l o g u e of o u r dimensions. R e g u l a r e d i t i n g has h a d to be halted, whereas in o t h e r u n i o n catalogues it constitutes one of the chief activities and in some cases even takes precedence over l o c a t i o n service. O f reference books we have almost none, e x c e p t such as are o w n e d by the staff. In spite of the serious efforts that h a v e recently been made to b r i n g o u r filing u p to date, w e are still in arrears. W e h a v e received considerable assistance f r o m the N a t i o n a l Y o u t h A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , a n d w e h o p e that this may be c o n t i n u e d t h r o u g h another academic year, b u t it is irregular a n d it has proved inadequate. F i n a l l y , w e have n o t been able to give to o u r personal relations w i t h the staffs of o u r c o n t r i b u t i n g libraries the attention w h i c h they require if w e are to o b t a i n f r o m them really efficient cooperation. I n view of the facts noted above, it seems clear that o u r first need is for the e m p l o y m e n t of an expert filer f o r as m u c h time as may be r e q u i r e d to b r i n g o u r filing b o t h of new accessions a n d of w i t h d r a w a l s right u p to date and to k e e p it u p to date. (Steps have already b e e n taken to this end, and o u r files will certainly not r e m a i n in arrears for long.) O u r second great need is for an a d e q u a t e collection of reference works, a n d we a w a i t w i t h impatience the day w h e n either (1) w e can be m o v e d to o u r p e r m a n e n t h o m e in a large reference l i b r a r y (see f o o t n o t e 5) or, (2) if that is not to be, we can purchase a n d have at the C a t a l o g u e the reference w o r k s w h i c h w e so greatly need. T h o u g h the w o r k of e d i t i n g should be resumed o n a great scale, it seems best to temporize here until such time as o u r Catal o g u e can be b r o u g h t into close comparison w i t h ano t h e r great c a t a l o g u e of a h i g h degree of excellence such as the L i b r a r y of Congress Depository C a t a l o g u e at the University of Pennsylvania. C o m p a r i s o n w i t h

CATALOGUE

73

the U n i o n C a t a l o g of the L i b r a r y of Congress also m i g h t be a step to be considered. Finally, it seems imperative that o u r relations w i t h all o u r c o n t r i b u t i n g libraries shall be reviewed one after the other and that a fresh effort shall be made t h r o u g h personal contacts a n d the d e v e l o p m e n t of better m u t u a l unders t a n d i n g to b r i n g a b o u t m u c h closer cooperation. A t present only 93 of the 151 libraries e m b r a c e d w i t h i n the C a t a l o g u e can be said to be c o o p e r a t i n g actively by sending us r e g u l a r reports of new accessions. O f the 58 w h i c h d o n o t regularly cooperate, 32 have never sent in any cards. O f these 32, 7 refused at the outset for various reasons, p r i m a r i l y lack of time or lack of staff, and 25 have sent us n o cards since the b e g i n n i n g of 1939. It should be said that of the non-coöperating 58, more than half are either very small libraries or are for one reason or a n o t h e r inactive. B u t even a m o n g the 93 that cooperate w i t h us regularly, there are some w h i c h are so dilatory a b o u t r e p o r t i n g their new accessions as to constitute a serious h a n d i c a p to the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e a n d a serious obstacle to scholarly research in this c o m m u n i t y . T o the great task of b r i n g i n g a b o u t more efficient c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h local libraries, particularly in the r e p o r t i n g of n e w accessions, the present m a n a g e m e n t of the U n i o n Library C a t a l o g u e is devoted, b u t it still remains to be seen w i t h w h a t success and rapidity this detailed a n d difficult w o r k can be carried forward. If, after the above-mentioned urgent needs of the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e have been dealt w i t h , there s h o u l d still be time and means for the establishment of new and useful services such as have already been suggested, it w o u l d doubtless be wise a n d e x p e d i e n t for some of them to be taken in hand. W e m i g h t w e l l u n d e r t a k e some new arrangements for the cooperative purchase of books, for the c h e c k i n g of i m p o r t a n t subject bibliographies, for the i n v e n t o r y i n g of local holdings of periodicals, society publications, a n d publications of the city of P h i l a d e l p h i a and the C o m m o n w e a l t h of P e n n s y l v a n i a ; w e might f r o m time to time p u b l i s h subject lists of timely interest. B u t u n d e r existing circumstances, it seems best to a c k n o w l e d g e in all c a n d o r that most of these matters are b e y o n d o u r present resources. CHARLES W . ARTHUR RUTH W .

B.

DAVID, BERTHOI.D,

LINDEROTH,

Director Bibliographer Consultant

74

PHILADELPHIA ANNEX

I. A .

SUMMARY

LIBRARIES

O F SERVICE STATISTICS BY H A L F Y E A R L Y PERIODS: J A N U A R Y

>93*

'937 A . Principal Location Service

J an.-June

I. Inquiries by: a. Telephone b. Mail c. Personal Visits Total a. Items Searched 3. Items Located

J an.-June

July-Dec.

J an.-June

395 94 132 621 '.893 ι ,091

885 164 •7' г ,221 3,060 1,970

960 III 144 ι ,215 6,407 З.679

1,404 •25 •51 1,680 5.096 3.364

27 677 30

27 443 33

26 540 44

24 744 55

40 538 70

456 ••993 824

648 2,336 ι ,124

1.247 3,600 2,014

Granc Total 1,720 1.239 5,628 7.I51 3-734 3.434

1940

'94°

'939

238 84 107 429 ι .3> 6 794

B. Service To Other Union Catalogues I. Inquiries 2. Items Searched 3. Items Located

I. Inquiries 2. Items Searched 3. Items Located

July-Dec.

1937-DECEMBER

July-Dec.

и a a. V 0 -rt с 0 « и

J an.-June

July-Dec. *

'.904 '99 29З 2,396 9.29З 5.229

'•595 241 304 2,140 10,126 7."34

86 9'3 205

106 1.143 >3'

2,482 10,620 5-434

2,246 11,269 7.265

1 К 'S •Ό ν 1

α

* Added for this publication from the Fifth annual report of the Board of Directors by the Chairman of the Board, Jan. 9, 1941. This column covers the period of moving (Oct. 25-Nov. 25) during which service had to be curtailed.

A N N E X I . B . A N A L Y S I S O F INQUIRIES F R O M V A R I O U S T Y P E S OF USERS

'938

'937 Jan.-June Libraries and Union Catalogues Faculty and Graduate Students Undergraduates and School Students Professionals: Doctors, Lawyers, Clergy, etc. Businessmen and Business Organizations.... Miscellaneous Grand Total

July-Dec.

194о

'939

Jan.-June

July-Dec.

Jan.-June

3·7 64 7 24 22 22

385 85 21 49 4i 67

656 156 63 135 93 144

631 124 77 123 92 192

808 242 72 .67 104 327

456

648

1.247

1.239

1,720

July-Dec.

Jan.-June

jy £

'.273 326 205 221 204 25З

ΟΜ&

2,482

IN «) 'u 1 80 .2 ν 12

1

UNION

LIBRARY

CATALOGUE

ANNEX I. С . SEASONAL FLUCTUATIONS OF INQUIRIES ( T Y P I C A L YEAR JULY NUM6E*

OP

1938-JuNE

1939)

INQUIRIES

1938

1939

JULY

AUG

SEPT

OCT

NOV

DEC

JAN

FEb IMAB. APR

M A Y JUNE

182

152

169

218

24 &

270

292

26b

321

339

285

217

400

ЗОО

200

100

о ANNEX

II.

SUMMARY

OF INQUIRIES

FROM LIBRARIES AND ANALOGOUS INSTITUTIONS (FEBRUARY-JUNE

1940)

EXCLUDING PERSONAL CALLS WHICH IN PART ORIGINATE IN LIBRARIES AND INSTITUTIONS INSTITUTIONS INCLUDED IN THE UNION LIBRARY CATALOGUE No. of Inquiries 127 87 55 45 44 42 39 33 30 29 24 24 19 18 15 15 15 14 12 11 11 11 9 8

Library University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia M u s e u m of A r t T e m p l e University Free L i b r a r y A m e r i c a n Philosophical Society Historical Society of Pennsylvania S w a r t h m o r e College L i b r a r y C o m p a n y of Philadelphia Curtis Publishing C o m p a n y University of Pennsylvania Botanical L i b r a r y Bryn M a w r College University of Pennsylvania M e d i c a l School C o l l e g e of Physicians University of Pennsylvania W h a r t o n School A c a d e m y of N a t u r a l Sciences Pennsylvania School of Social W o r k University of Pennsylvania M u s e u m H a v e r f o r d College Provident M u t u a l Life Insurance C o m p a n y Lutheran Theological Seminary Philadelphia Electric C o m p a n y Mercantile Library D r e x e l Institute of T e c h n o l o g y University of Pennsylvania P e n n i m a n L i b r a r y

No. of Inquiries 7 6 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 ι ι ι

Library Federal Reserve Bank Atlantic Refining C o m p a n y Biochemical R e s e a r c h Foundation University of Pennsylvania Zoological L i b r a r y V i l l a n o v a College Protestant Episcopal Divinity School University of Pennsylvania Biddle L a w L i b r a r y Beaver College Dropsie College Westminster T h e o l o g i c a l S e m i n a r y A c a d e m y of the N e w C h u r c h , Bryn A t h y n Board of E d u c a t i o n , Pedagogical L i b r a r y Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation G e r m a n Society of Pennsylvania M t . St. Joseph College (College of Chestnut H i l l ) T e m p l e University Professional Schools Wistar Institute of A n a t o m y a n d Biology Franklin Institute G i r a r d College Phipps Institute R o s e m o n t College University C l u b University of Pennsylvania School of A r t i A t h e n a e u m of Philadelphia Bar Association of Philadelphia Curtis Institute of M u s i c

7

б

PHILADELPHIA

No. of Inquiries

ι ι ι ι ι ι ι ι ι ι ι ι ι

No. of Inquiries

Library

Electric Storage Battery Company Free Library—Widener Memorial Branch Friends' Free Library, Germantown E. F. Houghton & Company Jefferson Medical College LaSalle College Pennsylvania State College of Optometry Pennsylvania Hospital Protestant Episcopal Church House, Diocesan Library University of Pennsylvania Towne Scientific School University of Pennsylvania, E. F. Smith Memorial Library Women's International League for Peace and Freedom Zoological Society of Philadelphia

INSTITUTIONS NOT INCLUDED IN THE UNION LIBRARY CATALOGUE No. of Inquiries

38 25 14 8 7 6 5 5 5 5 4 3 3 3

Institution

National Research Project Bibliographical Planning Committee Franklin and Marshall College Upper Darby Free Public Library Philadelphia City Institute Lafayette College Biological Abstracts Ε. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company Eastern Baptist Theological Seminary Sharp & Dohme, Inc. Radio Corporation of America Ethical Society Leeds & Northrup Company Pennsylvania Railroad Company ANNEX

III.

LIBRARIES

S A M P L E S OF QUESTIONS

3 2 2 2 2 ι ι ι ι ι ι I I I I ι ι I I I ι 1

Institution

Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts Delaware State Historical Society Hercules Powder Company, Experimental Library John Crerar Library, Chicago Landis Valley Museum Benjamin Franklin High School Brooklyn Public Library Claremont College Indiana State Teacher* College Lehigh University National Cancer Institute Pennsylvania State Laboratory Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce Princeton University St. John's University, Brooklyn St. Mary's School Southeast Catholic High School Sweet Briar College Towers, Perrin, Förster & Crosby, Inc. United States Department of Commerce War Documentation Service West Chester Public Library UNION CATALOGUES

No. of Inquiries

57 21 3 2 ι R

1. W h a t is the proper transliteration of the name of the author of The cherry orchard variously given as Tchehoff, T c h e k h o v , Chekov, Chekhov? (Questions of this type are frequent.) 2. W h y do cataloguers always insist on an author entry even when the work may be better known by its title to the readers w h o use it most? 3. W h a t kind of location symbols should a union catalogue use: (a) Library of Congress, (b) numerals, like the German Gesamtkatalog, or (c) abbreviated names of libraries? 4. W h a t are the advantages, if any, of the Universal Decimal Classification over the original Decimal Classification of Dewey? 5. W h a t is the best classification scheme for a newly organized engineering library containing much ephemeral material? 6. W h a t is to be done about a manuscript, the characters of which look like Greek, but the words seem to be Welsh?

Catalogue

Bibliographical Center for Research, Denver Union Catalogs, Library of Congress Union Library Catalogue of the Atlanta-Athens Area Union Catalogue of the Oregon State Department for Higher Education Union Catalog of Floridiana

ED BY THE U N I O N L I B R A R Y C A T A L O G U E

7. W h a t reference tools are necessary to recatalogue and to reclassify a small library of local history according to standard library practice? 8. How improve an antiquated catalogue by means of a system of guide cards? 9. W h a t is the proper way to go about compiling a union catalogue of privately owned books on a certain hobby, and what might be the approximate cost? 10. How should I go about compiling a bibliography of pamphlets and broadsides of the American Revolution? 11. Can you inform us on methods and requirements for the organization of a union catalogue? (This question has been asked us from all parts of the world—Moscow, Russia; Canberra, Australia; N e w Delhi, India; and also as close to home as Hartford, Connecticut.)

A N N E X I V . A P P R A I S A L BY S O M E LIBRARIES

ON MAY I, 1940, the U n i o n Library Catalogue wrote to sixteen representative cooperating libraries requesting specific and objective answers to six questions. T w e l v e replies have been received and are summarized below:

Question 1: T o what extent does your reference department use the Union Library Catalogue, and are the results satisfactory? It appears that the Reference Department is the

UNION LIBRARY CATALOGUE chief user of the U n i o n Library Catalogue services. A l l the libraries call the U n i o n Library C a t a l o g u e as a matter of course whenever a publication requested is not available in its o w n collection. T h i s is done not only to oblige a reader w h o w o u l d visit the library in question, but also w h e n an inter-library loan is to be arranged. O n e college library, however, checks all requests for periodicals in Miss Litchfield's List and in the Union list of serials before a p p l y i n g to the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e — p r e s u m a b l y because we d o not supply holdings. A somewhat unusual practice is that reported by an art library: " I t is the c o m m o n practice here to try to answer any inquiry by reference to the best book on the subject available. First we try to find o u t w h a t the best material is, then determine whether it is in this library. If it is not, we invariably m a k e reference to the U n i o n Library C a t a l o g u e . " C h e c k i n g u p o n the use made by this library of the U n i o n L i b r a r y Catalogue, we find that we are in practically daily communication with it. O f the actual n u m b e r of calls made, there appears to be no real record kept in local libraries. O u r o w n records of these are analyzed elsewhere in this report. O n e university library states that it makes an average of two calls per day on us. Every one of the reporting libraries states that the results are satisfactory; a university library "considers the service excellent"; a business librarian adds a personal tribute: " I like the way Mrs. L i n d e r o t h answers the telephone, and she always goes o u t of her way to find supplementary information if the inquiry demands it"; a theological library states that " m o r e than three-fourths of our requests have been l o c a t e d " — a fair e n o u g h record considering the very specialized nature of the items requested. Q u e s t i o n 2: Is there a definite policy about referring inquirers directly to the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e , or d o you prefer to act as the intermediary, and why? In all cases reported, there seems to be a preference o n the part of the librarians to act as intermediaries for contact w i t h the U n i o n Library Catalogue. T h e feeling seems to be that for best results the inquiries should follow standard bibliographical form as closely as possible. T h i s is a view w h i c h the staff of the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e accepts w i t h o u t reservation. M o r e specifically, the libraries handle all requests needing immediate attention; and, as a matter of courtesy, those requests emanating from the faculty in the case of college and university libraries, and requests by members in the case of libraries of institutions and societies. T h e inquirer is commonly referred directly to the U n i o n Library C a t a l o g u e w h e n his requirements are fairly extensive and he is not in need of immediate attention; w h e n he is entirely u n k n o w n to the staff; w h e n there is danger that by acting as an intermediary the library may supply less pertinent i n f o r m a t i o n to the U n i o n Library C a t a l o g u e than the i n q u i r e r himself could supply. T w o libraries state that

77

they caution inquirers to check their requests for detail and accuracy before c a l l i n g the U n i o n L i b r a r y Catalogue. O n e library, w h i l e m a k i n g a general effort to encourage direct calls, draws a line between a simple request for a location and one of a more complicated nature. As the librarian phrases it: " I f I have time I prefer to call the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e myself; there may be b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l problems involved w h i c h require discussion over the phone a n d I like to be personally sure that this discussion takes place." Q u e s t i o n 3: H a v e you received many calls for books f r o m outsiders (libraries a n d persons) as a result of their consulting the U n i o n L i b r a r y Catalogue, a n d do you consider this extra b u r d e n on your library commensurate w i t h y o u r o w n use of other libraries t h r o u g h the agency of the U n i o n Library Catalogue? From the v i e w p o i n t of the U n i o n L i b r a r y Catalogue, one of the most interesting questions is the extent to w h i c h we p r o m o t e inter-library lending. T h a t local cooperation should be on the increase as a result of o u r location service is too obvious to need special discussion. It is of more value to k n o w that such has been the case also regionally a n d nationally. A l l the libraries c o m m e n t i n g o n this aspect are agreed on two points: that they borrow more works than they lend as a result of the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e , and that the a d d i t i o n a l b u r d e n o n their resources is welcomed as only a just return for benefits they themselves have received. Direct evidence of increase of loans as a result of consulting the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e is not very satisfactory. W h i l e all the libraries naturally have records of requests for loans, none of them has made any effort to check u p on w h o h a d supplied the original i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t the location of the required book. T o trace the source of i n f o r m a t i o n of this type is almost impossible. L e t us prove o u r p o i n t by an example: Y a l e University L i b r a r y receives a request for L. Philippson's Gegen David Friedrich Strauss' "Der alte und der neue glaube," Berlin, 1873. T h e r e is no copy of this work in the library a n d so the title is sent to the U n i o n C a t a l o g in W a s h i n g t o n . T h e r e is no record of it in that u n i o n catalogue. A s a consequence the request is placed o n the weekly search List N o . 214 a n d goes to a selected n u m b e r of libraries and u n i o n catalogues t h r o u g h o u t the country. T h e U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e reports to the national u n i o n catalogue that a copy of the w o r k is located in the K r a u t h M e m o r i a l L i b r a r y of the L u t h e r a n T h e o l o g ical Seminary. T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n will n o w travel back to the original inquirer, w h o , b e i n g thrice r e m o v e d from the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e , is not likely to mention the correct source of his i n f o r m a t i o n w h e n a p p r o a c h i n g that library for the loan. It is w i t h this example in m i n d that w e should view the statements which follow: " O n l y occasionally h a v e w e received calls for books

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PHILADELPHIA LIBRARIES

w h i c h have been located t h r o u g h the U n i o n Library C a t a l o g u e — p o s s i b l y five or six in all have definitely indicated this as their source of i n f o r m a t i o n . " O p p o s e d to this, we quote the librarian of a research laboratory connected w i t h a university: " W e have received many more calls for inter-library loans d u r i n g the past year that we ever d i d before. Since our inter-library loans are handled t h r o u g h the reference desk in the m a i n library rather than directly t h r o u g h us, it is rather difficult to tell how m a n y of them have been an outg r o w t h of your service. O u r guess is that most of them h a v e come through i n f o r m a t i o n gotten from y o u . " O n e large library estimates that eighty calls d u r i n g the past year have been received as a result of information supplied by the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e , but finds it judicious to add that "there may, of course, be requests from others w h o d o not indicate the source of their i n f o r m a t i o n . " A particularly interesting illustration of how hard it is to obtain exact figures of the U n i o n Library Catalogue's influence o n inter-library loans is given by the answer of one of the medical libraries. T h e librarian states that " there have been no local calls w h i c h could be traced to mediation of the U n i o n L i b r a r y Catalogue and that only o n e call f r o m outside the city m e n t i o n e d a referring s o u r c e — i n that instance, the L i b r a r y of Congress." A n d yet, on the basis of U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e records, this is o n e of the five or six libraries most o f t e n referred to by us. T h e actual state of affairs, however, may be inferred from the general figures supplied by the librarian. " O u r report for 1938 states that the library sent 66 volumes on inter-library loan to 17 libraries, representing 9 states in the U n i o n . T h e report for 1939 states that 111 volumes were sent to 19 libraries, representing 11 states in the U n i o n . If w e c o m p a r e these figures w i t h those for 1 9 3 7 — a n unspecified n u m b e r of books loaned to 9 libraries in 7 states—it seems obvious that the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e has probably played a large part in increasing o u r inter-library loans; h o w large a part, it is impossible to say because of reticence displayed by the referred borrowers, w h o were, at least in most cases, of a sort f r o m w h o m a request w o u l d have been regarded as a not u n u s u a l occurrence." Question 4: W h a t use does y o u r cataloguing department make of the U n i o n L i b r a r y Catalogue? V e r y little use of the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e is reported by catalogue departments; a n d it is strange to note that the only catalogue d e p a r t m e n t w h i c h makes a systematic use of o u r facilities is one of the best in the city a n d therefore less in need of our advice than those w h o almost never call. A l t h o u g h it consults us " n o t more than twice a m o n t h , " it does so on what w e consider a sound plan. T h e U n i o n Library C a t a l o g u e is consulted for the f o l l o w i n g purposes: " T o ascertain f u l l f o r m of an author's name w h e n search here has not revealed it; to verify entries for borderline books w h e n L i b r a r y of Congress cards

are not obtainable and we have not been able to locate them in a bibliography; to ascertain date of first publication of periodicals for w h i c h L i b r a r y of Congress cards are unobtainable; and to consult on policies concerning cataloguing techniques." T h e item "catal o g u i n g techniques" covers a fairly broad field, a n d at least some of the points covered by it are instanced under A n n e x III. It is hoped that the Symposium o n the U n i o n Library Catalogue conducted last winter by the Philadelphia R e g i o n a l Catalogers G r o u p w i l l result in a closer cooperation between the C a t a l o g u e and local cataloguers, particularly in view of the fact that we have recently given publicity to the subject i n our Bulletin N o . 3. O n e librarian raises a question w h i c h , we believe, is in the minds of many cataloguers. Is the U n i o n Library C a t a l o g u e really prepared to solve i n v o l v e d cataloguing problems? H e goes o n to say that " t h e discussions have been interesting, but final authoritative answers wisely not f o r t h c o m i n g . " It could not be otherwise. W h e n it is a matter of a definite piece of information, we check our files and such other reference tools as we have and report o n our findings. W h e n , on the other hand, the question has to d o w i t h the interpretation of conventions a n d rules, w e d o not attempt to give a positive answer because there is none. In such cases we draw u p o n all the resources we have to determine what has been done in like cases in the past. If the results definitely favor one practice to the exclusion of others, even if it is not the most logical, there is much reason for favoring it o n the basis of uniformity. If, on the other hand, the yea s are pretty evenly balanced w i t h the nay's, it w o u l d be presumptuous for us to set ourselves u p as the final arbiters. W e have our opinions, of course, and are not averse to indicating our preferences, b u t that is as far as we are prepared to go. For all real cataloguers k n o w that the registering of books and other documents is not an exact science, except in some details, a n d that its chief tenet is not logic but utility and c o m m o n sense. T h e s e are always open to question and to dissent. R e a l i z i n g all this, we still feel here at the U n i o n Library Catalogue that because of the great variety of cataloguing practice presented by our cards, w e are in a favored position regarding questions on catal o g u i n g technique. A t any rate, it is unwise to dismiss o u r resources without giving them a fair trial. Question 5: In what other ways, or through w h a t other department, d o you use the U n i o n L i b r a r y Catalogue? O f very practical help to the libraries themselves is the U n i o n Library Catalogue in book purchasing. O n e librarian states that, because of a restricted budget, they " d o not purchase a n y t h i n g w h i c h might already be available in a usable location." A university librarian reports that he is suggesting increased use of the U n i o n L i b r a r y Catalogue to his O r d e r D e p a r t m e n t . A medical library reports that they call us w h e n they

UNION LIBRARY CATALOGUE are "considering purchase of an expensive work, the presence of w h i c h in the library is not deemed absolutely essential to the purpose and usefulness of the collection." T h i s is not done often, but "the results have been satisfactory." I n the case of one important library, this aspect of our service is so well stated, and supported by examples, that w e can do no better than to reproduce the pertinent parts without comment: O u r main use of the U n i o n Library Catalogue is a most important one, namely for the purpose of preventing duplication in purchases. It has proved of inestimable value to us in this respect, as our policy is not to purchase rare or valuable items that are f o u n d in other libraries in the vicinity of Philadelphia. Consultation w i t h the U n i o n Library Catalogue has thus saved our Library large sums of money w h i c h in turn can be used more advantageously in b u y i n g needed works not f o u n d in Philadelphia. . . . As a matter of interest to you, I am listing below a few items consulted in the U n i o n Library Catalogue a n d our procedure in determining what to purchase: Data Pertaining

to Purchases

by the

Library—1938

1. A r n o l d , Christoph. W a h r h a f t i g e Beschreibungen dreyer mächtigen Königsreiche, Japan, Siam u n d Corea . . . 1672. (Not f o u n d in Philadelphia libraries) D. G l d . 175 Purchased 2. Siebold, P h i l i p p Franz von. Geschichte der Entdeckungen in Seegebiete von Japan . . . Leyden,

3.

4.

5.

6.

1853· (Not f o u n d in Philadelphia libraries) D. G l d . 275 Purchased N i p p o n . A r c h i v zur Beschreibung von Japan . . . Berlin, 1931. Supp. volume to Siebold. (Found in University of Pennsylvania Library) D. G l d . 65 N o t purchased Lumifere electrique, revue universelle d'electriciti, ser. I-II. 69 vol. 1879-1894; 1908-16. (Found in F r a n k l i n Institute Library) $110.00 N o t Purchased O f 100 books of Americana offered for sale by the J o h n Carter B r o w n Library, and compared with the U n i o n L i b r a r y Catalogue: 34 were already in this L i b r a r y — v a l u e — $348.00 36 were f o u n d in other Philadelphia libraries 374·°° 30 were not f o u n d in any Philadelphia libraries 346.00 16 were ordered by this Library 157-00 8 were received 98.50 (Others were sold before o u r order reached them) Archaeologia Aeliana; or, Miscellaneous tracts relating to A n t i q u i t y , published by the Society of A n t i q u a r i e s of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. C o m p l e t e set f r o m the beginning. V . 1-61, 1822-1938. (Not f o u n d in any Philadelphia or nearby library) £32.10 sh. Purchased

O t h e r services in this category include the checking (or the supervision of checking) of important bibliographies, the s u p p l y i n g of bibliographical data for par-

79

ticular publications, a n d the tracking d o w n of incomplete or misleading references a n d footnotes. O n e library, in addition, reports a very sensible rule governing inter-library loans. T h e U n i o n Library C a t a l o g u e is used "as a clearing house before m a k i n g o u r contacts w i t h the L i b r a r y of Congress for inter-library loans. A l l students asking us to negotiate such loans are required . . . to check U n i o n Library C a t a l o g u e first as an assurance that the p u b l i c a t i o n is not available in this area." Question 6: W h a t is your general f e e l i n g about the place w h i c h the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e now occupies in the c o m m u n i t y a n d that w h i c h it o u g h t to occupy? A l l are agreed that the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e occupies an unassailable position in the c o m m u n i t y in that it performs services both essential and incapable of being p e r f o r m e d by any other existing agency. It is suggested that "its work should be c o n t i n u e d a n d e x p a n d e d into a true b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l center." T w o librarians have expressed themselves rather positively as to o u r present course and both the dangers a n d the possibilities of the future. W e shall reproduce them both. O n e of them writes: T h e U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e does not now seem to be . . . inspired by any comprehensive theoretical international philosophy, so that it can assume a position of leadership. It should tell the libraries what to do, not ask them. T h e U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e does not make the all-important distinction between d o c u m e n t a t i o n and librarianship, a n d ally itself w i t h the former. T h e U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e is too closely allied w i t h a decadent academic world. T h e U n i o n Library C a t a l o g u e and d o c u m e n t a t i o n should discourage rather than promote the excess p r o d u c t i o n of useless research. It should promote the practice of deposit a n d order on demand, rather than publication, for all such material. T h e U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e is not sufficiently aggressive in its attitude a n d is too sensitive to inconsequential criticism. T h e U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e should see the bibliographical p r o b l e m in a w o r l d sense a n d not in a P h i l a d e l p h i a sense. T h e a p p r o v a l or disapproval of local librarians is inconsequential, unless they too are w o r k i n g on a w o r l d p r o b l e m . T h e r e is m u c h that m i g h t be said a b o u t the preceding, but to d o so w o u l d involve us in a l o n g a n d somewhat unprofitable argument. W e therefore leave it as an open challenge a n d conclude by q u o t i n g the other librarian, w h o is of the o p i n i o n that the usefulness of the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e " c o u l d be enlarged . . . — a s has already been p r o p o s e d — b y the d e v e l o p m e n t of a subject classification of the material in the city. T h i s might be started a l o n g broad general lines a n d be gradually b r o k e n d o w n as time a n d experience revealed the need of more specific classifications. I believe that the U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e should not seek to become an encyclopaedia of miscellaneous in-

8o

PHILADELPHIA

LIBRARIES knowledge, use, and development of our libraries, and not arrogate to itself, but supplement, the libraries' functions."

f o r m a t i o n for the p u b l i c — a m u n i c i p a l 'Information, please' b u r e a u — b u t a reference i n d e x to source material. It should serve, in other words, to stimulate the

Appendix В II E X T R A C T FROM "A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL C E N T E R FOR T H E PHILADELPHIA M E T R O P O L I T A N AREA. SUBMITTED BY PAUL V A N D E R B I L T T O T H E BIBLIOGRAPHICAL P L A N N I N G C O M M I T T E E OF PHILADELPHIA. DECEMBER 31, 1939." (Unpublished) p. 15-18 I PROPOSE then that libraries send to the U n i o n Catalogue a carbon copy of an order slip on colored paper, preferably blue (since that is the colored paper most easily available in u n i f o r m tints) of the standard 75X 125mm. size. O n these slips should be indicated whether the book is one the library is g o i n g to buy anyhow or w h e t h e r it is one o n w h i c h they wish to delay action p e n d i n g discussion a m o n g a g r o u p as to w h o should m a k e the purchase. I think this c o u l d best be effected by distributing a m o n g all the libraries w h i c h adopt this practice a u n i f o r m r u b b e r stamp to be applied to all slips of the latter class. T h e U n i o n Catalogue w o u l d then undertake merely to be in a position to put in touch w i t h one a n o t h e r order departments w h i c h have turned in slips b e a r i n g that stamp. T h i s c o u l d be d o n e in either one of two ways. Either the U n i o n C a t a l o g u e c o u l d u n d e r t a k e to i n f o r m any library sending in such a slip w h i c h proves to be a duplicate, by postcard, that such and such a library is also c o n t e m p l a t i n g that purchase; or, preferably, the U L C can play merely a passive part and hold each slip in readiness to give i n f o r m a t i o n of this kind by p h o n e or mail w h e n requested. I say preferably above because I think the extra work involved of sending o u t i n n u m e r a b l e postcards of this kind should not properly fall u p o n the U n i o n Catalogue. T h e U n i o n C a t a l o g u e is mainly interested in providing the basis f o r effective action o n the part of the libraries themselves w h i c h w i l l finally settle problematic questions. T h e true solution discussed elsewhere is, I think, to have all p u r c h a s i n g h a n d l e d by a central board representing all the libraries, a n d I t h i n k at this stage that the U L C should merely play a part in m a k i n g such a b o a r d possible f r o m a r o u t i n e standpoint. Ideally such a purchasing b o a r d w o u l d itself review all the current literature a n d m a k e records thereof. T h e s e records in card f o r m w o u l d then be added to the U L C immediately f o l l o w i n g purchase action by this board. In this way a record not o n l y of purchases made but of new books k n o w n to P h i l a d e l p h i a libraries b u t not purchased by any of t h e m w o u l d also go into the U n i o n C a t a l o g u e to i m p r o v e its b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l standing a n d give it an additional f u n c t i o n as a w a n t file. I cannot t h i n k that such a procedure to record all current

books w o u l d be as difficult as it seems at first. T h e r e are certain basic lists w h i c h cover almost the entire field of current book production and their transcription in a f o r m full e n o u g h to satisfy U L C requirements w o u l d be a not u n t h i n k a b l e clerical operation. Aside from the avoidance of d u p l i c a t i o n the other point w h i c h I have in m i n d is the possible improvement in the U L C ' s method of editing cards for current accessions. I cannot help but think that such temporary records on blue paper f r o m the order departments or indeed from the cataloguing departments themselves w o u l d quite satisfy the requirements of the U L C for knowledge of location. T h e further we go into the editorial problem the more it seems to me that the U L C must eventually consider editorial work apart f r o m u p k e e p of location service. Should we not ideally, for instance, acquire all current L C printed cards on a blanket order and perhaps the printed cards f r o m other card p r o d u c i n g units, m u c h as is already done for many depository u n i o n catalogues? W h e n these printed cards are filed, there w o u l d then be f o u n d in the U n i o n C a t a l o g u e (perhaps only after tracing by the bibliographer) a number of temporary slips showing locations w h i c h w o u l d then be stamped on the good and permanent card. T h e individual libraries w o u l d then be put only to the trouble of m a k i n g temporary slips either typewritten or long-hand, w h i c h w o u l d serve until the final cards are available. In the U L C ' s editing process w h i c h m i g h t possibly lag some six months b e h i n d the temporary slips, the bibliographer, in treating any one section, w o u l d come u p o n certain temporary slips for w h i c h a good card is desired. S h o u l d he not at that point use a method similar to that of the L C card division and request a copy of the good catalogue card f r o m one of the o w n i n g libraries? A l l the locations f r o m all the slips w o u l d then be recorded on that card w h e n it is made. T h i s w o u l d well divide u p the labor of p r o v i d i n g f u l l cards for the U L C a m o n g the various catalogue departments, probably provide a higher standard of cataloguing for cards to be a d d e d permanently to the U L C , and w o u l d avoid the duplication of labor on the part of many catalogue departments, for w h i c h we have already been criticized.

Appendix С THE A.L.A. CODE FOR INTERLIBRARY LOAN1 1. PURPOSE

3_ MATERIAL WHICH SHOULD NOT BE REQUESTED

THE primary purpose of the interlibrary loan service is to aid research calculated to advance the boundaries of knowledge by the loan of unusual books, after due provision has been made for the rights and convenience of the immediate constituents of the lending library. It is often taken for granted that the needs of the graduate student should be met as a matter of course. But it would seem at least equally reasonable that the graduate student should choose his subject of study largely according to the means he has at hand. Not that he should be prevented from making use of an occasional interlibrary loan, but that his choice of a subject ought not to be such as to involve securing a large part of his material from a distant library. Some libraries may find it desirable to lend material for other than research purposes to institutions within their own territory or toward which they may have some particular obligation. Such transactions should be considered as part of an extension service rather than as interlibrary loans.

Libraries ought not to ask to borrow: current fiction; books requested for a trivial purpose; books in print which can readily be purchased and for which there is a natural demand in the library which owns them. No material of any kind may be borrowed for class use.

2 . SCOPE

Almost any material possessed by a library, unless it has been acquired on terms which entirely preclude its loan, may be lent upon occasion to another library; and it may be assumed that all libraries are prepared to go as far as they reasonably can, or as their regulations permit, in lending to others. Still, the lender alone must decide in each case whether a particular loan should, or should not, be made. W h e n applying for a loan, librarians should state whether a photographic reproduction, photostat, photoprint, or microfilm would be a satisfactory substitute. In the case of microfilm, the type of reading equipment available should be indicated. Reproductions can frequently be obtained at small cost and have an advantage over an actual loan in that they become the property of the borrower; furthermore, manuscripts, very rare books, and newspapers are often not to be had in any other way. Assurance should be given, however, that full responsibility is assumed by the institution for which reproductions are made that they will be used in accordance with the provisions of copyright law. Libraries making reproductions should observe the provisions of the copyright law and the right of literary property. 1

Printed in Library

journal

for October l , 1940, p. 8ΟΪ.

4 . MATERIAL WHICH WILL BE LENT ONLY UNDER EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES

Libraries are usually unwilling to lend: material in constant use; books of reference; books which are not to be taken from the library except by special permission; material which by reason of its size or character requires expensive packing; material which by reason of age, delicate texture, or fragile condition, is likely to suffer from being sent by mail or express. 5.

MUSIC

Music is lent on the same conditions as books but, if copyrighted, must not be used for public performance, except as permission for such use is secured from the copyright proprietor. 6 . MANUSCRIPT THESES

Manuscript theses which are uncopyrighted may require the consent of the authors or of the graduate school before they may be lent. W h e n borrowed they should be used in such a way that the authors' rights are not infringed. 7.

APPLICATIONS

Libraries will apply to other institutions expected to possess the desired material in order of their relative distance from, or relative duty to, the community in which any particular request originates; the nearest library, whether in respect of duty or of distance, should be approached first. Some care may need to be taken, however, to avoid asking libraries of great size to assume an u n d u e proportion of the interlibrary loan burden. Unless it is known where desired material may be found, a regional union catalog or the Union Catalog in the Library of Congress ought to be consulted in order that useless correspondence may be avoided. Application for loans of books should give the author's full name, or at least his surname correctly spelled and accompanied by initials, title accurately stated, volume number if in a set, date of publication, publisher, place of publication, and edition, if a par-

PHILADELPHIA LIBRARIES

82

ticular o n e is desired. A p p l i c a t i o n s for periodicals should cite the a u t h o r a n d title of the article, the complete title of the magazine, the date of the issue, v o l u m e a n d page numbers. A l l citations o u g h t to be verified; w h e n this proves to be impracticable, the statement " N o t V e r i f i e d " o u g h t to be made and a reference given to the source of the information. Applications should be typed o n sheets of letter paper. A l l correspondence subsequent to the initial request s h o u l d repeat the i m p o r t a n t parts of the original citation. A p p l i c a t i o n s f o r loans should state the name and status of the person for whose use the material is desired so that the l e n d i n g institution may be helped in determining w h e t h e r or not a l o a n may be made. 8. LIMIT OF NUMBER OF VOLUMES

E a c h library must fix a limit for itself. It is highly desirable, however, that n o greater n u m b e r of volumes should be asked for at o n e time than could be used effectively in the customary loan period. 9. DURATION OF THE LOAN

T h i s w i l l vary w i t h the nature a n d purpose of the loan. T h e time a l l o w e d w i l l be stated in each case by the lender w h e n a loan is made. T w o weeks is, perhaps, an average period. T h e period is counted f r o m the day the book reaches the borrower to the day w h e n he returns it. A n extension of time may usually be obtained for g o o d reasons. A n application for such an extension must be made early e n o u g h to permit an answer f r o m the l e n d i n g library to be received before the book's return is due. A r r a n g e m e n t s may be made f o r an initial loan of a longer than usual period if circumstances seem to warrant it. T h e lender always reserves the right of summary recall. 1 0 . NOTICES OF RECEIPT AND RETURN

R e c e i p t of books b o r r o w e d should be acknowledged at once; a n d w h e n books are returned, notice should b e sent by mail at the same time. Promptness in this respect is necessary to permit books to be traced if they g o astray. N o t i c e of return should state A U T H O R A N D T I T L E of each book sent, the date of return, a n d conveyance, e.g., parcel post, prepaid express. T h e

method of conveyance a n d the a m o u n t of insurance should correspond w i t h that adopted by the lending library. Books should be protected by c a r d b o a r d a n d w r a p p e d in heavy paper. T h e package should be marked "Interlibrary L o a n " and addressed to the department or division f r o m w h i c h the l o a n came. I I . EXPENSES IN CONNECTION WITH LOANS

A l l expenses of carriage in both directions, a n d insurance, must be borne by the borrowing library w h i c h may properly seek reimbursement f r o m its patrons. Some libraries make a charge to cover the cost of the service. T h i s practice is justifiable, particularly w h e n loans are made to commercial concerns or to individuals w h o intend to use the material b o r r o w e d for financial gain. 1 2 . SAFEGUARDS

T h e borrowing library is b o u n d by the conditions imposed by the lender; these it may not vary. W h e n no conditions of use have been made, it m a y be assumed that they have been left to the discretion of the borrowing library. In any case, the b o r r o w i n g library will safeguard borrowed material as carefully as it w o u l d its own; a n d its librarian w i l l require to be used within its o w n b u i l d i n g whatever w o u l d be so treated, in the interest of safety, were the borrowing library its possessor. 1 3 . RESPONSIBILITY

OF

BORROWERS

T h e borrowing library must assume complete responsibility for the safety and p r o m p t return of all material borrowed. In case of actual loss in transit, the b o r r o w i n g library should not only meet the cost of replacement, b u t should charge itself w i t h the trouble of m a k i n g it, unless the owner prefers to attend to the matter. 1 4 . VIOLATIONS OF THE CODE

Disregard of any of the foregoing provisions, i n j u r y to books from use, careless packing, or detention of material b e y o n d the time specified for its return, w i l l be considered a sufficient reason for d e c l i n i n g to l e n d in the future.

Appendix D INTER-LIBRARY LOAN QUESTIONNAIRE (Please r e t u r n to the B i b l i o g r a p h i c a l P l a n n i n g C o m m i t t e e , T H E questions below cover the i n f o r m a t i o n w e s h o u l d like to h a v e to p l a n intelligently. W e realize, h o w e v e r , that m a n y l i b r a r i a n s w i l l find it i m p o s s i b l e to a n s w e r some of these questions. W e shall g r e a t l y a p p r e c i a t e as m u c h i n f o r m a t i o n as you can send us. W h e n e x a c t figures are not a v a i l a b l e , estimates w i l l serve. 1. W h a t is the a p p r o x i m a t e v o l u m e of inter-library l o a n in y o u r library? Average

number

of

books

borrowed

1 2 3 S o u t h B r o a d Street,

Philadelphia)

7. D o e s y o u r l i b r a r y h a v e a n y special p o l i c y in r e g a r d to inter-library l o a n ? Please state W h a t are y o u r r u l e s c o n c e r n i n g : P e r i o d of l o a n F o r m of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n W h o pays the charges 8. H o w has the e x i s t e n c e of the P h i l a d e l p h i a U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e a f f e c t e d y o u r inter-library loan?

annually? 9. W h a t suggestions h a v e y o u f o r c h a n g e or i m p r o v e m e n t in this U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e service?

A v e r a g e n u m b e r of books l o a n e d a n n u a l l y ? 2. E s t i m a t e n u m b e r of staff hours spent on this per year 3. A n n u a l cost, f o r staff, postage, messenger fees, etc.

10. D o you think there is a n e e d f o r a central service that w o u l d h a n d l e all the details in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h inter-library l o a n f o r a l l l i b r a r i e s in P h i l a delphia? F o r metropolitan inter-library loan? F o r out-of-town l o a n ? 1 1 . W o u l d you use such a service? 12. Supplementing inter-library loan, do you have any f a c i l i t i e s f o r p h o t o s t a t i n g , m i c r o f i l m i n g , or o t h e r m e t h o d of c o p y i n g parts of b o o k s a n d articles?

4. T y p e of m a t e r i a l i n v o l v e d (rough estimate). % r e p r e s e n t e d by periodicals, Borrowed Loaned % r e p r e s e n t e d by books, Borrowed Loaned % r e p r e s e n t e d by r a r e items, Borrowed Loaned % r e p r e s e n t e d by other, Borrowed Loaned 5. L o c a t i o n . W h a t % of y o u r l e n d i n g is to libraries outside of Philadelphia? W h a t % of y o u r b o r r o w i n g is f r o m libraries outside P h i l a d e l p h i a ? 6. T y p e of l i b r a r y . Of y o u r P h i l a d e l p h i a inter-library l o a n , w h a t % is w i t h : Colleges a n d universities? P u b l i c libraries? Special libraries?

W o u l d y o u w e l c o m e a c e n t r a l service f o r l i b r a r i e s f o r these processes? 1 3 . C o m m e n t s (of a n y sort c o n c e r n i n g the w h o l e probl e m of i n t e r - l i b r a r y l o a n a n d y o u r e x p e r i e n c e w i t h it)

14. Please send a n y f o r m s y o u use i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h inter-library l o a n 1 5 . N a m e of l i b r a r y N a m e of p e r s o n

83

Appendix Ε INTER-LIBRARY LOAN STATISTICS N o QUESTIONNAIRE was t a b u l a t e d f o r any library estiLibrary

mating their inter-library loan at less than twelve volumes per year. For convenience in studying the volume of total inter-library loan carried on inside the Philadelphia metropolitan area, answers to questions ι and 5 are tabulated together.

No. borrowed

Library

Acad. New Ch. A m e r . Phil. S. . Apprentices'. . . Bur. M u n . Res. Coll. Phys Crozer Curtis Pub. . . . Drexel Dropsie Free LaSalle Mercantile Pedagogical. . . Phila. M u s . A r t Provident St. T e a c h e r s . . . Swarthmore. . . Temple Biddle U . of Ρ Univ. Mus. . . . Villanova Bryn M a w r Totals

• ·

··

6 10

12 100

33 30 19 36 5° 5

'5 100

75 5° 80 200 10 17 15 QI 20 107 25 IO

30 100 180

5° 5 35 100

62 20

..

• ·

No. loaned

30 50 250

• • i,546

25 700 20

borrowed f r o m Phila.

loaned

libs.

9 27 ЗО 2 2

20 10 40 100 15 99 '3 5 120

to

Amer. Phil. Soc. Apprentices'.... Bur. Mun. Res. . Coll. Phys Crozer Curtis Pub Free Mercantile Phila. Mus. Art. . Provident St. Teachers Swarthmore Temple Biddle U. of Ρ Villanova Bryn Mawr

10 I

102 10 IO

672

557

Coll. Phys. . Crozer Curtis Pub. LaSalle Mercantile.

(Question 2 Hours

I 40 '5 io 35

Library

Coll. Phys Crozer Curtis Pub LaSalle Mercantile

%

%

Loaned Other

%

Period.

Books

%

100 100

%

75

25

50

20

30

75

25 100

as

70

7S 10 10

25 90 8S

S

Rare

Other

%

%

100

SO

ι so 10 45 5

20

90

65

100 so

90 100

100 90

100 100 2

30

I

100

IO

8S 99

35

98 30 80 65

SO

50

40

54

15 ι 35

Colleges Library

Question 2—Estimate number of staff hours spent on this per year. Question 3 — A n n u a l cost, for staff, postage, messenger fees, etc. Library

Rare

50 ephemeral

15 10

10 5

Question 6 — T y p e of library. Of your Philadelphia inter-library loan, what % is with: Colleges and universities? Public libraries? Special libraries?

5° 3 34 10

1,897

Books

ephemeral

49 I 10

25 30 >25

7 6

Borronved Period.

5° 18

25 >25

N o answer N o information

Question 4- - T y p e of material involved (rough estimate).

Phila. libs.

5 70 18 24 82

J20.00 35.00 (postage only) 1.00 20.00

7 5

Library

Aver. no.

Costs

Phila. M u s . A r t . Swarthmore Biddle Villanova

N o answer N o information

Question 5 Aver. no.

Library

Phila. M u s . Art 5 2 St. T e a c h e r s . . . 275 Swarthmore. . . Temple 936 U . of Ρ • 1.950 200 Bryn M a w r . .

Question ι — W h a t is the approximate volume of interlibrary loan in your library? Average number of books borrowed annually? Average number of books loaned annually? Question 5 — L o c a t i o n . W h a t % of your lending is to libraries outside of Philadelphia? W h a t % of your borrowing is from libraries outside Philadelphia? Question ι

Question 3

Question Hours

Question 3 Costs

S 2.17 35.00 20.00 5.00 30.00

Public lib

%

s

Special libraries

%

A m e r . Phil. Soc. . . . . . . Apprentices' Bur. M u n . Res •··

60

10

50

75 10

3° 25 40

Curtis P u b

· ·· ...

75 50

10

9° 10 40

... Mercantile • ·· ... Pedagogical . .. Phila. Mus. Art ... Provident .. . State T e a c h e r s Swarthmore ... . .. Temple Biddle ... ... U . of Ρ U . of P. M u s e u m . . . • · · Villanova •·· Bryn M a w r • ·.

80 90 50 40 60 80 98 40 9° 50 25 95 90

N o answer 84

%

. ...

3

5 20 10 40

33 30 4 5

20 5 30 50 10 20 2 27 10 20 75 ι

5

INTER-LIBRARY LOAN Question 7 — D o e s your library have any special policy in regard to inter-library loan? W h a t are your rules c o n c e r n i n g period of loan; form of transportation; w h o pays the charges? N o answer 4 N o stated policy 12 N o restrictions except rare items 6 N o restrictions except manuscripts 1 N o restrictions except current u n b o u n d periodicals 1 N o restrictions 4 T w o libraries (Swarthmore and University of Pennsylvania) stated that they follow the A . L . A . code o n inter-library loan throughout. T e m p l e University has a mimeographed sheet of policies and rules. (Sample copies available.) R u l e s concerning period of loan: O n e week 1 T w o weeks 12 One month 7 O v e r a m o n t h or indefinite period 9 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n used: N o answer ι Parcel post 13 Express 9 Messenger (for Phila. libraries) 6 Various types of transportation 5 Cost carried by: N o answer 2 Lender 3 Borrower 22 Both 1 Varies 1 Question 8 — H o w has the existence of the Philadelphia U n i o n L i b r a r y C a t a l o g u e affected your interlibrary loan? N o answer 3 Has increased inter-library loan in general 5 Increased l e n d i n g 5 Increased b o r r o w i n g 1 N o effect 8 M a d e inter-library loan quicker and easier 5 Question 9 — W h a t suggestions have you for change or i m p r o v e m e n t s in this U n i o n Library C a t a l o g u e service? N o answer 19 N e e d subject approach to U . L . C 2 Install another telephone 1 H o u r s inconvenient 1

STATISTICS

Very satisfactory

85 2

Question t o — D o you think there is a need for a central service that w o u l d handle all the details in connection with inter-library l o a n for all libraries in Philadelphia? N o answer 7 No u Perhaps 3 Yes 8 Question 1 1 — W o u l d you use such a service? N o answer 7 No 6 Perhaps 4 Yes 12 (Of the 12, three added if the costs were not too high.) Question 1 2 — S u p p l e m e n t i n g inter-library loan, d o you have any facilities for photostating, microfilming, or other m e t h o d of copying parts of books a n d articles? N o answer 2 H a v e no facilities 13 H a v e photostat 11 H a v e microfilming e q u i p m e n t 5 (American Philosophical, Phila. M u s e u m of A r t , Presbyterian Historical, T e m p l e , University of Pennsylvania.) Historical Society did not reply b u t has considerable equipment. See also Supplement, p. S39. W o u l d you welcome a central service for libraries for these processes? N o answer 7 No 7 Yes 14 Yes, for microfilming only 1 Question 1 3 — C o m m e n t s (of any sort concerning the w h o l e problem of inter-library loan and your experience w i t h it). N o answer 17 Inter-library loan extremely v a l u a b l e a n d useful . . 3 N o complaints or difficulties 2 Books not returned p r o m p t l y 1 Library does not profit f r o m inter-library loan . . . 1 (Library C o m p a n y )

Appendix F SPECIFICATIONS FOR A UNIVERSITY LIBRARY1 not interfere with the daylight of the parts now planned for. As to expansion of stack facilities, see 8s. below. T h e campus will be at a higher level than 34th Street, therefore the 34th Street side will be one floor lower than the campus front.

1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

THE library is the center of modern educational effort, undergraduate as well as graduate. O n its richness and variety, the attractiveness and accessibility of its housing depends, in no inconsiderable degree, the success of the student in securing an education. T h e University library will, in addition, be the seat of a bibliographical center for this region, and will thus be used by scholars of neighboring institutions, and will be consulted by research workers from a distance w h o will learn here where to find the book resources in this district on their subjects. It is desirable to provide for a total seating capacity of 25 to 30% of the student b o d y — e x c l u d i n g the students of professional schools having their own libraries. Without including the seating capacity of carrells and seminar rooms 1,200 seats is a proper minimum; if carrells and seminars are included in the calculation, 1,400 would be a proper minimum.

3. USE OF PRESENT BUILDING

W i t h the exception of the very short period between the end of the summer school and the beginning of the fall session, the library is in constant use. It is desirable therefore to so design the new structure that it may be built without serious interruption to this use. Of the present fabric, the interior of the L e a Library must be retained, by provisions of the bequest; and though not a legal requirement, it is felt essential to retain the Furness Library. It is conceivable that the latter could be moved and re-erected, but that would be costly. T h e location of the present stack makes its retention inadvisable except from the viewpoint of cost, which may on investigation prove to outweigh the consideration of proper placing in relation to the many divisions of the library it must serve.

2. SITE

T h e site selected is that occupied by the present library building, together w i t h the adjacent land to the north. It will thus be centrally located on the campus, readily accessible from the various divisions of instruction and, by reason of its size, will likely provide the dominant note of the University buildings. It, too, will be the building of greatest interest to the general public and the most visited by visitors to the University. T h e site is believed adequate for the library npeds of the University for the next 200 years, larger than required for accommodation of the services listed hereunder, permitting an indication of future possible additions. T h i s expansion should be for public rooms, the catalogues and administrative space, and should

4 . ALLOCATION OF SPACE ON FLOORS

O n the main floor (at approximately the same level as the present main floor) will be placed those rooms used by the greatest number of people—undergraduate reading rooms, circulation department, etc. T h e ground floor, at approximately the level of 34th Street, will contain other rooms for undergraduates, as well as necessary services and some of the administration spaces. Rooms for graduate students, seminar rooms, etc., will be on the upper floors. In a basement below the ground floor will be located mechanical apparatus, storage for lumber and supplies, janitors' quarters, etc., and the public lavatories if they cannot be accommodated on the ground floor.

1 T h e a b u n d a n t literature on the subject of university library construction can b e f o u n d e n u m e r a t e d in Library literature a n d the Internationale Bibliographie. However, attention should be drawn to W . N. R a n d a l l a n d F. L. D . Goodrich. Principles of college library administration. Chicago, 1936, p. 164-190; E. S. E v e n d e n a n d others. Standards for buildings. N e w York, 1938, p. 126-153; J. T . Gerould. The college library building. Chicago, 193«; E. R. H a n l e y . College and university library buildings. Chicago, 1939; L'architecture d'aujourd'hui, v. 9, no. 3; C. P. Baber. A study of four university library buildings. U r b a n a , 111., 1927 (Dissertation, U n i v . of 111.); G o u c h e r College, Goucher College campus competition (Repr.: Pencil points, Dec. 1938); inf o r m a t i o n of the Frankfurt c o m p e t i t i o n in: Wasmuths Monatshefte für Baukunst, v. 19, p. 321 et seq., 1935, and Baumeister, ν · 33· Ρ· 34 2 · 1935; description of the c o m p e t i t i o n for the Biblioth£que Albertine, Brussels, in: Architecture et urbanisme (L'Emulation), v. 59, no. 5-7, 1939.

5 . ACCESS AND EGRESS

Ease of control of egress is essential for the prevention of theft. T h e r e may be several entrances for the p u b l i c — a direct entrance to the Lippincott Library for instance—but only one exit. A l l those going out should pass through a turnstile, and all brief cases must be held open for inspection, and all packages and handbaggage scrutinized. Preferably the control booth should be so arranged that 2 guards and 2 86

SPECIFICATIONS

FOR

turnstiles may operate at rush hours, one at other times. M a i n stairways and general entrance to the stack are to be under the supervision of the circulation desk. T h e r e should be, in addition, a separate entrance for service and freight, preferably from 34th Street, and at basement level. 6.

CONSTRUCTION

Natural lighting of all useful space is essential. T h e unit cost per cubic foot should be kept as low as possible without jeopardizing the quality of building materials and the quality of service which the new library is expected to give. In view of the prominent position which the library is to occupy on the campus, we should not ignore its architectural beauty and fitness in its environment, but if we must choose between beauty and utility we think that emphasis should be placed in planning upon a type of building all parts of which are primarily designed to perform their functions. T h e building should be constructed in a way which permits rearrangement of any parts within the three major units (shelving, service, and administration) without major structural changes. Only thus can a library at all times serve the changing demand. Architecturally this means that the support should be carried largely by the outer wall (shell supported building). If possible the walls of special reading rooms should be movable. T o permit an interchange between the three major parts, it seems advisable to plan the building horizontally in standard distances equal to the distance between the centers of the uprights supporting the ranks of the stacks (4'5") and to plan the elevation in units equal to the height of 1 tier of the stack level (7'7")· 2 Provide for expansion of all three units, either vertically or horizontally. If for vertical expansion, this should be taken account of in the construction. 7-

ARRANGEMENT

T h e main floor entrance should offer direct and easy access to the circulation desk; on this floor should be: Circulation desk Card catalogues M a i n reading room, containing the main reference collection Periodicals room (if possible) Bibliographical rooms (easily accessible from the reference room and from the cataloguing room) Furness Library (if possible) Lea Library (if possible) Order and accessions room (this should be contiguous to the librarian's office and to the bibliography room) 2 This method has been used at the Swiss National Library, Berne.

A UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY

87

Cataloguing room Librarian's offices Coatroom and checkroom ( T h e Lippincott Library, if possible, otherwise on ground floor) ( T h e Penniman Library, if possible, otherwise on ground floor) 8. DETAILED REQUIREMENTS

OF VARIOUS

ROOMS

a. Circulation Desk—The center of the library is the circulation desk. It should be on the main floor level, contiguous to the card catalogues, and should be so placed as to control all traffic (except that to rooms on the basement floor and, of course, the service and freight entrance). Access to stairs and elevators leading to other levels of the building must be subject to this same control. T h e circulation desk should have a length of 50', a depth of 25' behind it for work space (with direct access into the stack large enough for passage of book trucks), and an open space in front, for the public, of the same dimension. Contiguous to the desk, but separated by a partition, should be 2 work spaces of 300 sq. ft. each (for display to those with stack privileges of recent accessions, for making out new cards, correcting file of readers' numbers, minor repairs, etc., and for reference librarian). T h e y need not necessarily have an actual enclosure. b. Card Catalogues—These should be near the circulation desk and openly accessible to the public. T h e r e are 3 catalogues to be housed—serving different purposes: 1. T h e University catalogue, the most used, for the ultimate 2,000,000 vols, (figuring 2I/2 cards per vol.), would require 2,400 sq. ft. It should be housed compactly rather than stretched out in a l i n e — t o avoid walking back and forth; the bottom tray should be at least 18, preferably 22 or 23, inches, top tray should not exceed 5'6" from the floor. W o o d e n trays are better than metal trays (noise). 2. T h e Philadelphia U n i o n Library Catalogue (next frequently used) requires 3,000 sq. ft. to house its 4,000,000 cards; and to provide for 100% increase. 3. T h e Depository catalogue (Library of Congress, etc.), requires 3,000 sq. ft. Nos. 2 and 3 should be located as near as possible to 1. If they are in adjoining spaces, they need not necessarily be separated by partitions. T h e cases of 3 might be superposed over those of 2, operating the trays from the opposite side, the floor being raised for that purpose, in a hollow square. T a b l e s for the convenience of those using the catalogues must be provided. Provision for additional future expansion of all catalogues is extremely important. A balcony may be considered as a solution. c. Main Reading Room—This room will serve both as a general reading room and as a reference room. It should be on the main floor; should have an area of approximately 10,000 sq. ft., seat 400 readers (allow-

88

PHILADELPHIA

i n g 25 sq. ft. per reader), a n d provide in addition space for shelving for 12,000 vols. (Some shelves 18" deep; the large p r o p o r t i o n 10"). Shelves may be 5' high, a n d 5 vols, per foot for each shelf may be used for estimate. Shelving should preferably be a l o n g the walls a n d all o n one floor. If sufficient w a l l space is not there available, a balcony may be used at o n e end of the room. It should be a d j a c e n t to the circulation desk a n d m a i n catalogue, and near of access to the stacks. A m p l e n a t u r a l lighting is requisite for all reading rooms. T h r e e or f o u r machines for r e a d i n g microfilms w i l l be placed in one corner of this room. d. Reserved Reading Room—This r o o m should be near e n o u g h to c. to give its readers ready access to reference books; if o n a different floor (and the g r o u n d floor w o u l d seem to be the most satisfactory place for it, if well lighted a n d ventilated) it should be in the same general region of the b u i l d i n g as c. It should h a v e an area of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5,000 sq. ft. (seat 200 readers) w i t h a book storage r o o m at one end (preferably connecting w i t h the stack) for shelving 25,000 vols, (stacks w i t h narrow circulation, з ' б " с. to с . ) — i,8oo sq. ft. w o u l d give 27,000 vols, on one floor. e. Browsing Room.—Preferably near the Reserved R e a d i n g R o o m , a n d near the entrance, area 2,000-2,500 sq. ft., preferably surrounded by glass partitions. T h e r o o m may be d i v i d e d into separate spaces for: 1. w o m e n smokers, 2. men smokers, 3. non-smokers. T h e r e should be some open shelves for current fiction (not for serious reading): the spaces should have c l u b type easy chairs. If possible, it w o u l d be desirable to have an openair terrace for reading o p e n i n g f r o m this room. f. Periodicals Room—Should be on the same floor a n d adjacent to the M a i n R e a d i n g R o o m . It is desirable (but not mandatory) that it should have direct access to the stacks. It should provide for a p p r o x i m a t e l y 96 readers (2,400 sq. ft.) in a d d i t i o n to shelving 12 inches d e e p (using M i c h i g a n L i b r a r y type of shelving). A c h a r g i n g desk must be p r o v i d e d a n d w o r k r o o m a n d storage space for the staff of the d e p a r t m e n t (approximately 400 sq. ft.). T h e total space required (with sufficient shelving space for current periodicals a n d a d e q u a t e space for display racks) is about 4,000 sq. ft. g. Newspaper Room—Will be dispensed w i t h if the R e s e r v e d R e a d i n g R o o m (or Periodicals R o o m ) has direct access f r o m the stack (it is intended that newspapers will be serviced f r o m the Reserved R e a d i n g R o o m ) ; otherwise a r o o m a p p r o x i m a t e l y 500 sq. ft. area, o n the g r o u n d floor, or in the basement. A microfilm reading m a c h i n e w i l l be placed in the r o o m w h i c h services newspapers. h. Penniman Library—Now contains 48,500 volumes. Provision should be m a d e for an ultimate total of 80,000 and for a r e a d i n g r o o m large e n o u g h to acc o m m o d a t e 200 readers (5,000 sq. ft.). T h e reading r o o m should be located either on the m a i n floor or the g r o u n d floor a n d should be immediately adjacent to the stack. Shelving should be provided a r o u n d the

LIBRARIES walls of the r e a d i n g r o o m for at least 6,000 volumes, the balance of the library to be housed in the adjacent stack partitioned off a n d o p e n to access by all readers. Provision should also be m a d e in the reading room for 200 current magazines, some vertical files, a chargi n g r o o m a n d a small w o r k r o o m for the staff. If necessary, a balcony can be used for additional wall shelving. i. Lippincott Library—Specifications here can be only provisional since many matters of policy have first to be settled. A great deal w o u l d depend u p o n w h e t h e r or not L i p p i n c o t t L i b r a r y can be regarded as the potential headquarters f o r a business center a n d service. In any case, provision must be made for 240 u n d e r g r a d u a t e readers (6,000 sq. ft.), 6 small seminar rooms for research students (39 students w i t h allowance of 30 sq. ft. per student equals 1,170 sq. ft.), at least 7,000 linear feet of stack space (1,000 r u n n i n g feet, 7 shelves high) a n d provision somewhere in the stacks for at least 25 faculty carrells (750 sq. ft.). If a business service is c o n t e m p l a t e d , then provision should be m a d e for a b o u t 400 sq. ft. of space to house vertical files. In the r e a d i n g r o o m space must be allowed for: (1) 1,500 linear feet of w a l l shelving; (2) A catalogue of 300 drawers; (3) Vertical files; (4) A filing cabinet of 70 drawers, r e g u l a r size; (5) C o n t r o l desk; (6) Office for librarian; (7) W o r k r o o m s for the staff (500 sq. ft.). T h e L i p p i n c o t t L i b r a r y should be on either the m a i n floor or the g r o u n d floor w i t h direct access to the stack. j. Rare Book Room—An e x h i b i t i o n , rather than a w o r k r o o m , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1,800 sq. ft., w i t h glass enclosed cases, possibly w i t h alcove arrangement. It w o u l d be desirable to have this room a d j o i n i n g the L e a L i b r a r y or the Furness L i b r a r y for convenience of supervision. Some w o r k i n g space has to be provided in the rare b o o k r o o m if not a d j o i n i n g Furness or L e a L i b r a r y . See q. b e l o w for corridor e x h i b i t i o n cases. k.i Bibliographical Center—On main floor, adjacent to the catalogues a n d the Bibliography R o o m ; 1,700 sq. ft., space f o r 3 bibliographers, 2 typists, director (the latter enclosed in partition), shelves for indispensable reference books, and 10 or 12 files (of i n f o r m a t i o n , e.g. list of bibliographies, a detailed card i n d e x of c o o p e r a t i n g libraries, etc.). k.2 Bibliography Room—Must a d j o i n k.i above a n d should be near the M a i n R e a d i n g R o o m and the c a t a l o g u i n g and order departments. It will require 1,800 sq. ft. to provide for 50 readers and 1,650 linear feet of shelving (partly, perhaps, on a balcony) for 8,500 volumes. T h e University's bibliographies a n d o t h e r such catalogues are to be shelved here. I. Furness Library—Under the terms of the Furness bequest, this library was "patterned as closely as possible o n M e r t o n C o l l e g e " . Preferably it should be built into the new fabric w i t h o u t change. m. Lea Library—The interior of the room must be retained as it now is; it c o u l d be taken down a n d reb u i l t w i t h o u t difficulty. A d j o i n i n g the room should

SPECIFICATIONS FOR A UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

be a seminar room of 500 sq. ft., which might also serve as a rare book reading room, if adjacent to /. n. Music Library 1. Reading Room for undergraduates, 16 readers, 450 sq. ft., tables for 4 phonographs for two listeners each surrounded by sound proof partitions, and desk for clerk. This room would have space for open shelves for reference works on music history and criticism, standard encyclopedias, standard biographies, cases for scores of musical compositions. Provision could be made for this room as an alcove of Main Reading Room. 2. Seminar Room for musicology (on an upper floor) approximately 300 sq. ft., 2 tables, 14 seats, 54 lin. ft. wall shelving, some of it behind locked glass doors; a microfilm reading machine. 3. Storage for Singer Collection of Recorded Music; provide for 20,000 records, either in store room adjacent to Music Reading Room, (500 sq. ft.) or add this space to that reading room, the records to be stored in modern locked type cabinets. o. Founders' Room—Largely for exhibition of books and relics to the public; this should be on the main floor or ground floor, and have an area of approximately 800 sq. ft. p. Map Room—If the Main Reading Room has access to stack, this room may be dispensed with; otherwise, a room of at least 900 sq. ft. should be provided, adjacent to the Main Reading Room; possibly p. may be combined with g. q. Exhibition Cases—Suitable space should be provided for exhibition cases either in a separate room or in the entrance corridor and main stair. Lighted wall cases may be arranged as at Yale or Columbia. r. Main Stair—Stair to higher floors should not be placed over steps from grade to main floor. s. Book Stack—It is essential that the stack be located in the central portion of the building or in the center of one side, permitting direct access from at least 2 or 3 departments on every floor, instead of at one extreme end as at present. T h e stack should have an ultimate capacity of 2,000,000 volumes, an immediate capacity of not less than 1,500,000 volumes. It is safe to calculate 15 volumes to the square foot (20% must be allowed for unfilled space on each shelf to avoid constant shifting). Provision on each stack level must be made for one 6' aisle with other necessary aisles 3' wide. Stack ranges should be not less than 4'4" from center to center. One or two stairways, depending upon area of stack floor, should be incorporated in the stacks, giving access to all stack levels, also shafts for 2 small automatic elevators, one to be installed when building is built, the car being deep enough to accommodate a book-truck. T h i s elevator is to be used by faculty and graduate students as well as by the staff. One or perhaps two electric book lifts (the number depending upon the ground area covered) should be provided, and an electric book conveyor (geared to run at not

89

less than 100' per minute) serving the circulation desk from all levels. There must also be a Lamson Pneumatic tube for transmitting call slips in both directions between the circulation desk and every stack floor. On each stack floor should be a closet containing sink, for use of cleaning force. It has been suggested that the remoter part of the stack be constructed so as to allow a greater capacity, i.e. so that 6 stack ranges of the remote part would correspond to 5 ranges of the part adjacent to the circulation desk. Possibly an even closer range could be used in the topmost levels. t. Carrells in Stack—Provision should be made in the stack for as many carrells as possible (450 or more are desirable—approximately 4'6" χ з'о" or 5'6"), to be served by a narrow corridor. Carrells will be without doors. As many as possible should have natural light— the others must be provided with adequate artificial light. u.i Seminar Rooms—On the upper floors, provision should be made for opening from a corridor from which there is access to the stack, 30 seminar rooms, (in addition to the one each mentioned in m and η above), preferably all on one floor (above the main floor). These rooms shall be of 2 types and 3 sizes. T y p e A will be primarily study rooms, with shelving for the pertinent book collections; type B, adjoining but separated by sound-proofed partitions, are for holding classes. There are required 20 rooms of type A, and 10 of type B, so arranged that every 2 rooms of A will have one of B, between them. Of the rooms of type A, 5 should be 800 sq. ft. in area; 5 should be 500 sq. ft., and 10 should be 300 sq. ft. each. T w o rooms of type В should be 600 sq. ft. each, the others 240 sq. ft. each. u.2 Typewriter rooms, and rooms for visiting scholars—Provide several small rooms, on same floor as seminar rooms or floor above, from 40 to 80 sq. ft. in size. It is also desirable to have for each sex a lavatory with small smoking room in the region of the Seminar rooms. Several small study rooms adjoining the stack might be provided for visiting scholars. They could be planned to provide for 4 users each with some shelf space to which books could be charged from the stacks (e.g. five cubicles at 150 sq. ft. or a total of 750 sq. ft., divided by removable partitions). v. Administrative Rooms—It is desirable to have all administrative rooms in one part of the building (even if on 2 floors) rather than scattered through the building. 1. Librarian—approximately 400 sq. ft. 2. Secretary and workroom—500 sq. ft. 3. Room for typists—300 sq. ft. Room 2 may be used as anteroom to librarian's office. These 3 rooms should be interconnecting, each with door to corridor preferably on the main floor not

PHILADELPHIA 9° far from main entrance (Yale p l a n ideal arrangement). Access must not be f r o m a r e a d i n g r o o m . 4. Assistant L i b r a r i a n — 1 2 0 sq. ft. (reasonably near the above), preferably located near M a i n R e a d i n g R o o m , a n d accessible to persons in the reading rooms. T h i s r o o m need not be g r o u p e d w i t h the balance of the administrative rooms. 5. O r d e r a n d Accessions D e p t . — A c c o m m o d a t i o n s for this d e p a r t m e n t must be adjacent to the catal o g u i n g department o n the m a i n or g r o u n d floor. T h e staff of 7 or 8 workers w i l l require 1,300 sq. ft., w i t h an a d j o i n i n g space (200 sq. ft.) for shelving 3,000 volumes. T h e m a i n r o o m should have direct access to the s h i p p i n g department. 6. S h i p p i n g and R e c e i v i n g R o o m — W i l l require app r o x i m a t e l y 650 sq. ft., w i t h direct entrance to the street w i t h o u t steps. (Note: consult C o l u m b i a arr a n g e m e n t of accessions department, b i n d i n g department, shipping, receiving room). It should be located near the storeroom in the basement. 7. C a t a l o g u i n g D e p a r t m e n t — S h o u l d be adjacent to the accessions department. C o n v e n i e n c e of access to the p u b l i c catalogues, the B i b l i o g r a p h y R o o m , and the M a i n R e a d i n g R o o m is of almost e q u a l importance. It is to be located o n the m a i n or g r o u n d floor. If on the g r o u n d floor, it should be connected by an automatic service elevator (for staff and faculty) w i t h the public catalogue, the B i b l i o g r a p h y R o o m , the M a i n R e a d i n g R o o m a n d the delivery desk. Excellent natural light is essential. W o r k e r s in the d e p a r t m e n t now n u m b e r 18; 37 are contemplated eventually. T h e s e w i l l require 4,200 sq. ft., w h i c h provides for 3 offices, an analysis w o r k r o o m a n d a large classifying and c a t a l o g u i n g room, together w i t h a b o o k r o o m (384 sq. ft.) w i t h shelving capacity of 7,500 vols. T h i s d e p a r t m e n t is also used for mimeog r a p h i n g cards, w o r k in connection w i t h departmental libraries, shelf lists, etc. 8. B i n d i n g and M e n d i n g — A r o o m should be prov i d e d in the basement for the preparation of books f o r the binder; a b o u t 1,000 sq. ft. in area w i t h a r o o m of e q u a l size a d j o i n i n g for m i n o r repairs to books.

LIBRARIES T h i s room will provide space for apparatus for the lamination of paper. 9. Preparation R o o m — A room of 200 sq. ft. with shelving for 300 volumes, designed to accommodate 3 or 4 workers preparing new books for use after cataloguing. T h i s r o o m m i g h t possibly be combined w i t h 7. 10. Dark R o o m a n d C a m e r a R o o m — T h i s room, w h i c h should contain about 450 sq. ft., may be in basement. It will also serve for laboratory purposes, filming, etc. 11. Cloak and C h e c k i n g R o o m — S h o u l d be provided near the main entrance o n the g r o u n d floor, w i t h capacity for 1,500 coats (700 sq. ft.). It is a necessary a d j u n c t to the proper inspection of books taken from the building. A space adjacent in the basement may be provided for rush occasions. 12. Staff R o o m s — A d e q u a t e provision for the comfort of the library staff calls for rest rooms, toilets, lockers, lunch room, kitchenette, etc. (2,600 sq. ft.). A n additional cloak r o o m for staff members should also be provided in the basement. 13. Janitors' Quarters—2,400 sq. ft.—basement. 14. Storeroom—750 sq. ft. m i n i m u m — b a s e m e n t . w. Public Lavatories—Ground floor or basement and some smaller units on higher levels. x. Rooms for Mechanical Apparatus—Since it is contemplated to provide for an air-conditioning system, ample space must be provided for vertical ducts as well as for general service shafts. A penthouse will be needed for elevator machinery, probably also for fans and air-conditioning units. Several p u b l i c telephones w i l l b e provided o n the g r o u n d floor, in booths. y. Auditorium—If there is space in the basement, w i t h fairly near access to the main entrance, provide a r o o m w i t h flat or slightly raised floor capable of seating 350 people. T h i s space could be used for lectures about books in the library, in connection with exhibits, meetings of the Friends of the Library, introductory lectures to freshmen e x p l a i n i n g the function of the library, etc.

SUPPLEMENT

CONTENTS

Page Introduction I. II. III. IV. V.

S 2

Chronology of P h i l a d e l p h i a L i b r a r i e s to 1900

s 3~5

C l a s s i f i e d L i s t of P h i l a d e l p h i a L i b r a r i e s

s 6-10

Library S t a t i s t i c s

S 11

Guide to Research Materials

S 12-39

Philadelphia Library Holdings, as Entered in Union L i s t s and B i b l i o g r a p h i e s

S 40-31

Index to L i b r a r i e s

S 42-46

P a g e number p r e c e d e d by S (meaning s u p p l e m e n t ) p a g i n a t i o n of the f u l l r e p o r t .

S 1

to

avoid

confusion

with

INTRODUCTION This survey is part of the larger report on library problems in the Philadelphia metropolitan area prepared by the Bibliographical Planning Committee and made to the Carnegie Corporation of New York. It is printed as a separate for the benefit of Philadelphia librarians, who, we hope, will find it useful as a tool of ready reference. The information it contains was secured in part by mail questionnaires to the libraries included, in part by personal visits, in part from printed sources. It describes conditions as they existed about the end of the year 1939. The Chronology speaks for itself and serves to reveal the rich historical background of Philadelphia libraries. Sixty-two of them were founded before 1900, most of them still in existence, and many of them of national importance. The classified list of libraries is designed to show at a glance the collections covering the major fields of knowledge. The table of suburban libraries reveals supplementary facilities available within the area. These libraries were not included in our survey and nothing is known of their research resources. Statistics on library costs are based upon figures supplied by only a few libraries, though most of the important ones responded. It is safe to say that there are more than five million volumes in the Philadelphia area; that the library profession numbers about one thousand persons, and that nearly one and a half million dollars is spent annually for library purposes. The charts (Part IV), showing the holdings of nearly one hundred and fifty libraries by subject, in classified arrangement, represent a new approach to the problem of describing research facilities. We hope that it will be serviceable. It might, of course, be indefinitely enlarged. In fact, we have much additional information on file at the offices of the Bibliographical Center and we expect to be adding to it all the time. Ultimately we hope to have detailed surveys of the resources of all our mere important libraries, following the pattern of the one we have already published for the University of Pennsylvania. The alphabetical list of libraries at the end of the report will serve as an index and a brief directory of the libraries within the area. The Library Directory, published by the Special Libraries Council, is still the standard guide for such matters as library locations, library hours, library regulations, and library personnel.

CONYERS READ

S 2

I.

CHRONOLOGY OF PHILADELPHIA LIBRARIES TO 1900

1696

Christ Church Library. Church organized in 1695; first "Church of England" in Pennsylvania. First consignment of books, about 300 volumes, were marked "for the Library of Philadelphia".

1699

James Logan formed Loganian Library. At some date unknown the books were housed in a frame building on the northwest corner of Sixth and Walnut Streets for use by the public. Ca. 1746 a more durable building was erected on that site. In his will (1749) Logan left his library with a small endowment to the City of Philadelphia "for the use of the public in order to prevail on them to acquaint themselves with literature". In 1792 the library was deeded to the Library Company.

1724

Carpenters' Company organized in 1724 as the Society of Carpenters. Moved into Carpenters' Hall, their present home in 1771; incorporated in 1790 as Carpenters' Company.

1727

1731

1740

Junto organized by Benjamin Franklin, a club for mutual improvement. This organization, or possibly another with the same name and purpose, continued until 1766, when its name was changed to "The American Society for Promoting and Propagating Useful Knowledge, Held at Philadelphia". In 1769 it merged with the American Philosophical Society to form "The American Philosophical Society Held at Philadelphia for Promoting Useful Knowledge". Library Company organized by Franklin "for the advancement of knowledge and literature in the city of Philadelphia". First subscription library in America. Incorporated in 1742. In 1769 the Union Library Company and in 1771 the Association Library Company and the Amicable Company, merged in the Philadelphia Library Company. In 1792 the Loganian Library was vested in the Library Company. In 1869, Dr. James Rush left M s fortune to the Library Company for the founding of the Ridgway Branch. University of Pennsylvania. The came successively the Academy (1755), the University of the Pennsylvania (1791). Founded

Philadelphia Charity School established in 1740, beof Philadelphia (1751), the College of Philadelphia State of Pennsylvania (1779), and the University of by Franklin.

1742

Friends' Library originated when Thomas Chalkley gave 111 volumes to the Monthly Meeting of Philadelphia. Now the Department of Records, Society of Friends of Philadelphia.

1743

American Philosophical Society founded by Franklin.

1751

Pennsylvania Hospital. First hospital in the United States. The oldest medical library in the country.

1755

Union Library Company, Hatboro, Pa. founded.

1765

University of Pennsylvania, Medical Department established.

1785

Archives of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the Diocese of Pennsylvania established.

1787

College of Physicians instituted.

1796

St. Augustines Church. In 1844 this church and convent of the Augustinians was destroyed by the Know Nothings. At that time the Library contained 3,000 v. The remaining books were transferred to the Library of Villanova College.

1802

Law Library Company of Philadelphia organized. Merged in 1827 with the Associated Lawyers of Philadelphia, founded in 1807, to form the Law Association. Now known as the Philadelphia Bar Association Library.

See note under 1727. Library started in 1762.

A subscription library.

Library started in 1788.

S 3

1806

Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, the oldest art institution in the United States. Library started about 1876.

1812

Academy of Natural Sciences. study of natural sciences. by 1816.

1814

Athenaeum. One hundred subscribers started a reading room as "a convenient place of common resort in which their leisure hours could be passed".

1817

German Society Library. lence.

1820

Apprentices' Library Company of Philadelphia founded by Philadelphia citizens under the direction of Thomas Kimber "A Society for the purpose of establishing a library for the free use of apprentices".

1821

Mercantile Library. Founded by merchants and business men of Philadelphia to serve as a popular circulating library for members of the mercantile class.

1821

Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science. Apothecaries.

1824

Franklin Institute. The oldest institution in the United States devoted to the promotion of the mechanic arts and the dissemination of scientific knowledge.

1824

Historical Society of Pennsylvania formed by leading citizens as "A society for the purpose of elucidating the civil, literary and natural history of Pennsylvania".

1833

Haverford College founded.

1835

Library Association of Friends organized under the Monthly Meeting of Friends. with Library of Friends'Central Bureau in 1933.

1840

St. Charles Seminary.

1842

Villanova College.

1847

Wagner Free Institute of Science founded by Professor William Wagner.

1848

Girard College, under the terras of S t e p h e n G i r a r d ' s will training of orphan boys.

1848

Friends'Free Library of G e r m a n t o w n

1850

Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania founded as the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania. Name changed in 1876.

1852

Presbyterian Historical Society. Founded to perpetuate the records and deeds of the Presbyterian Church and its members.

1852

First permanent organization in America devoted to the Library Committee formed same year. Library organized

The Society itself began in 1764, primarily one of benevo-

First called Philadelphia College of

Library started the same year. Merged

General library organized for student use.

(1831) for the care and

established.

Philadelphia City Institute began, "its object, the promotion of the moral and intellectual improvement of young persons by means of a library and reading room, lectures and class instruction, and such other measures as the Board of Managers may adopt".

1852

St. Joseph's College.

1853

American Baptist Historical Society established. logical Seminary.

1857

Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia. States. S 4

Now deposited at the Crozer Theo-

First of its kind in the United

1859

American Entomological S o c i e t y . Academy of Natural Sciences.

F i r s t entomological l i b r a r y in America.

Now at

1859

Chestnut H i l l C o l l e g e l i b r a r y started f o r students and f a c u l t y of Mount Saint

1862

Philadelphia D i v i n i t y School of the Protestant Episcopal Church.

1863

LaSalle College. 1929.

1864

Lutheran Theological Seminary. The o r i g i n a l c o l l e c t i o n of the Krauth Memorial L i b r a r y ( e r e c t e d 1908) o r g a n i z e d about the same time by C a r l Rudolph Demme to serve the needs of students p r e p a r i n g f o r the m i n i s t r y .

1864

Swarthmore C o l l e g e .

1867

Hahnemann Medical C o l l e g e L i b r a r y .

1868

Crozer T h e o l o g i c a l Seminary. In 1912 the Seminary assumed the housing and c o o p e r a t i v e administration of the l i b r a r y of the American Baptist H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y .

1871

Friends' H i s t o r i c a l Library of Swarthmore College.

1876

P h i l a d e l p h i a Museum of A r t . Exhibition.

1876

Academy of the New Church L i b r a r y , Bryn Athyn

1883

Pedagogical Library of the Board of

1884

Temple. Study groups organized by the Rev. Conwell which resulted in the e s t a b l i s h ment of Temple U n i v e r s i t y . Library s t a r t e d in 1896.

1884

A f r e e l i b r a r y known as the St. Mary's Street Library opened. Developed from the P r o g r e s s i v e Workmen's Club started by Theodore Starr in 1878. Now the Starr L i b r a r y .

1885

Bryn Mawr C o l l e g e opened f o r

1885

Schwenkfelder H i s t o r i c a l Library.

1885

T h e o l o g i c a l Seminary of the Reformed Episcopal Church.

1886

L i b r a r y of the Law School of the University of Pennsylvania, founded by the f a m i l y of George W. Biddle.

1891

Drexel I n s t i t u t e of Technology founded by Anthony Drexel " t o open to young men and to young women new and h i g h o c c u p a t i o n s involving knowledge and s k i l l " . Institute L i b r a r y opened the same y e a r .

1891

Free L i b r a r y of Philadelphia. Charter granted February 18, 1891. Founded by Dr. William Pepper under the w i l l of George S. Pepper. In October 1892 the Wagner I n s t i t u t e Branch was opened, the f i r s t in s e r v i c e under the F r e e L i b r a r y .

1892

General I . J. Wistar founded the W i s t a r I n s t i t u t e of Anatomy and B i o l o g y .

1894

Commercial Museum founded by the l a t e pansion of American f o r e i g n t r a d e .

1895

Dropsie C o l l e g e established under the w i l l of Moses Aaron Dropsie " f o r the promotion of and instruction in the Hebrew and Cognate languages and t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e l i t e r atures and in the Rabbinical learning and l i t e r a t u r e " . Opened in 1909.

1896

Opening of the Diocesan L i b r a r y .

1899

U n i v e r s i t y Museum, U n i v e r s i t y of Pennsylvania. S5

Joseph.

Removed to enlarged quarters in 1886

Beaver College Bryn M a w r C o l l e g e C h e s t n u t Hill C o l l e g e D r e x e l I n s t i t u t e of T e c h n o l o g y Dropsie College Girard College Haverford College Immaculata College LaSalle College Rosemont College St. J o s e p h ' s C o l l e g e Swarthmore College Temple University. . . U n i v e r s i t y of P e n n s y l v a n i a Villanova College

18,600 171,200 26,000 64,750 46,500 60,000 145,000 16,000 11,400 26,400 12,150 118,750 192,100 934,150 56,000

under medical libraries under religious libraries under miscellaneous

S P E C I A L L I B R A R I E S BY ART

SUBJECT FIELDS

indicate

departmental

ll33>

(7)

'Free L i b r a r y . P e p p e r Hall Moore I n s t i t u t e of Art, S c i e n c e and I n d u s t r y . P e n n s y l v a n i a A c a d e m y of Fine Arts P h i l a d e l p h i a M u s e u m of Art P h i l a d e l p h i a M u s e u m S c h o o l of Industrial Art. 'Temple U n i v . S t e l l a E l k i n s T y l e r Art L i b r a r y . 'Univ. of P e n n a . F i n e Arts S c h o o l •Stars

of

,

COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY

In a d d i t i o n , 12 s c h o o l s are l i s t e d 11 s c h o o l s are listed 3 s c h o o l s are l i s t e d

number

libraries.

S 6

. .

. . . .

33,000 4,000 3,000 20,000 2,000 3,000 9,950

(1)

(21 (3)

volumes

Approximate

ADVERTISING

Commerce

.

.

(2)

INSURANCE

Phila

6,000 200

(4)

other business not r e p o r t f o r

5,000 2,500 10,000 Inc

and i n d u s t r i a l c o r p o r a t i o n s m a i n t a i n p r i v a t e libraries this survey. Some a r e i n c l u d e d u n d e r S c i e n с e - T e c h n o 1 o g y . (3)

EDUCATION

Pedagogical Library State Teachers College U n i v . of P e n n a . P e n n i m a n

Memorial

Library

42,300 34,000 49,600

. . . .

B u r e a u of M u n i c i p a l R e s e a r c h Free Library. D e p t . of P u b l i c Documents P e n n s y l v a n i a Economy L e a g u e U n i v . of P e n n a . I n s t i t u t e o f L o c a l a n d S t a t e Gove rnmen t HISTORY

Bucks County H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y C h e s t e r County H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y Germantown H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y of F r a n k f o r d H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y of Montgomery County H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y of P e n n s y l v a n i a M i l i t a r y O r d e r of t h e L o y a l L e g i o n of t h e Schwenkfelder H i s t o r i c a l Library Allan

Poe

House

listed

under

6,000 60,600 1,500

(6)

1,500

(8)

U.S..

.

13,000 6,000 3,000 2,300 4,000 300,000 5,000

Miscellaneous LAW

(4)

H i r s t F r e e Law L i b r a r y P h i l a d e l p h i a Bar Association T e m p l e U n i v e r s i t y Law S c h o o l U n i v . of P e n n a . B i d d l e Law L i b r a r y

22,000 98,200 18,450 104,200

MEDICINE

(23)

(12)

Hahnemann M e d i c a l C o l l e g e L i b r a r y J e f f e r s o n Medical College Library P e n n a . S t a t e C o l l e g e of O p t o m e t r y P h i l a d e l p h i a C o l l e g e of O s t e o p a t h y P h i l a d e l p h i a C o l l e g e of P h a r m a c y a n d Stars

(5)

(4)

GOVERNMENT

SCHOOLS

I4) (4) (4)

1,000

F i d e l i t y M u t u a l L i f e I n s u r a n c e Co I n s u r a n c e S o c i e t y of P h i l a d e l p h i a P r o v i d e n t M u t u a l L i f e I n s u r a n c e Co T o w e r s , P e r r i n , F ö r s t e r and C r o s b y ,

Edgar

SO,000 3,000 18,950 5,000 40,000 1,650

F e d e r a l R e s e r v e B a n k of F . P. R i s t i n e a n d Co

Several but did

volumes

(4)

N. Vi. A y e r a n d S o n , I n c C h i l t o n Co C u r t i s P u b l i s h i n g Co R. L . P o l k and Co FINANCE

of

(15)

BUSINESS

GENERAL ( 5 ) C o m m e r c i a l Museum P h i l a d e l p h i a C h a m b e r o i Commerce Temple U n i v . B u s i n e s s L i b r a r y U. S . E u r e a u of F o r e i g n and D o m e s t i c U n i v . of P e n n a . L i p p i n c o t t L i b r a r y

number

indicate

departmental

28,500 34,600

Science.

.

.

4,000 24,000

libraries. MEDICINE

(Continued)

MEDICINE

(Continued)

Approximate SCHOOLS

HOSPITALS

11,750 >.

OTHER MEDICAL L I B R A R I E S

(7)

NEWSPAPERS

185,600 12,500 З.500 14,300

(10)

(4)

Evening B u l l e t i n Evening P u b l i c Ledger Philadelphia Inquirer P h i l a d e l p h i a Record

3,000 10,000 4,000 3,000 RELIGION

(23)

(4)

C h r i s t Church D e p t . of R e c o r d s Diocesan L i b r a r y Friends' Central

(Society

of

Friends)

3,200 4,000 1,800

Bureau

(11)

Academy o f t h e New C h u r c h ( S w e d e n b o r g i a n ) . . . . Crozer T h e o l o g i c a l Seminary ( B a p t i s t ) D i v i n i t y S c h o o l of t h e ^ P r o t e s t a n t Episcopal Church Eastern B a p t i s t T h e o l o g i c a l Seminary Gratz College (Jewish) Lutheran T h e o l o g i c a l Seminary Pendle H i l l (Quaker) P h i l a d e l p h i a S c h o o l of t h e B i b l e St. C h a r l e s Seminary ( C a t h o l i c ) T h e o l o g i c a l S e m i n a r y of the Reformed E p i s c o p a l Church Westminster T h e o l o g i c a l Seminary ( P r e s b y t e r i a n ) .

52,550 62,600 27,000 15,000 5,000 42,000 6,000 5,000 95,000 14,500 15,500

(8)

American B a p t i s t H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y ( a t C r o z e r T h e o l o g i c a l Seminary) American B a p t i s t P u b l i c a t i o n S o c i e t y American C a t h o l i c H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y (at S t . C h a r l e s ) American Sunday S c h o o l Union C h r i s t i a n S c i e n c e R e a d i n g Rooms . . · · • · . . . F r i e n d s ' H i s t o r i c a l L i b r a r y of Swarthmore C o l l e g e Presbyterian Historical Society Young M e n ' s and Young Women's Hebrew A s s n •Stars

11,600(7) 1 0 , 3 0 0 (8) 6,250 5 , 4 0 0 (9) 11.500

10,000 2,300

Biochemical Research Foundation (Franklin Institute ) C o l l e g e of P h y s i c i a n s I n t e r n a t i o n a l Cancer Research Foundation Pennsylvania Hospital P h i l a d e l p h i a County Medical S o c i e t y P h i l a d e l p h i a H e a l t h C o u n c i l and T u b e r c u l o s i s Comm i t t e e Wistar I n s t i t u t e

SOCIETIES

6 , 000

I4)

Lankenau H o s p i t a l Misericordia Hospital Philadelphia General Hospital U. S . N a v a l H o s p i t a l

SCHOOLS

of

(Continued)

"Temple U n i v . M e d i c a l L i b r a r y "Temple U n i v . P r o f e s s i o n a l S c h o o l s IDentistry, Pharmacy ) " U n i v . of Penna. D e n t a l S c h o o l (Evans D e n t a l Institute) "Univ. of Penna. M e d i c a l S c h o o l " U n i v . of P e n n a . Henry P h i p p s I n s t i t u t e " U n i v . of P e n n a . V e t e r i n a r y S c h o o l Woman's M e d i c a l C o l l e g e o f P e n n a

CHURCHES

number

indicate

departmental

libraries.

S 8

60,000 10,000 19,000 10,000 75,000 10,000

(11)

volumes

SCIENCE

-

TECHNOLOGY

(33)

Approximate SCIENCE

TECHNOLOGY

1 3 0 , ООО 98 , ООО 4 , ООО 5 , ООО 1 , 900 2 .ISO 11 . 5 0 0 6, ООО 3 , 350 I S ,900 4 .950

12 .650 25 , ООО 2 ,000

CORPORATIONS

5,000 121,600

City Transit S c h o o l of E l e c t r i c a l Scientific

School

4,000

Library

4 , бОО 19,100

.

(14)

Atlantic Refining Co Ealdwin Locomotive Works B e l l T e l e p h o n e C o . of P e n n a Electric S t o r a g e Battery Co Gulf Oil C o r p o r a t i o n E. F. H o u g h t o n a n d C o L e e T i r e and R u b b e r C o . , Inc L e e d s and N o r t h r u p C o Philadelphia E l e c t r i c Co P h i l a d e l p h i a T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Co RCA M a n u f a c t u r i n g C o . V i c t o r D i v i s i o n , Engineering Library S h a r p and D o h m e , Inc Sun O i l C o United Gas I m p r o v e m e n t Co

1,000 2,000

3 , 700 7,ООО

indicate

Excluding

departmental books

libraries libraries

2,500

(4) C a t a l o g u e d

items

University university

(Dooks

500 29,ООО

2 , 6ΟΟ ΐ5,οοο

Library for P e a c e

and

9,000

Freedom

and

libraries. jurisdiction. jurisdiction.

books

library.

located

Sullivan Main

Memorial

library

alone

alone ca.

ca.

iSO.OOO

62S..OOC v.

pamphlets).

(8) A n d

volumes

(9)

7,000

(5) E x c l u d i n g b o u n d p a m p h l e t s . (6) A n d fc8i,7J9 u n b o u n d d o c u m e n t s . (7) T o t a l r e p r e s e n t s lOj 1 2 0 c a t a l o g u e d 26.COC

(13)

5 .100

libraries.

in d e p a r t m e n t a l

under under

(12)

6,000

MISCELLANEOUS

A rms t ron g As sn Carpenters' Company C u r t i s I n s t i t u t e of M u s i c Edgar Allan Poe House Penna. Military College P e n n a . S c h o o l of S o c i a l W o r k Philadelphia H o u s i n g Assn W i l l i a m B. S t e p h e n s M e m o r i a l Women's International League

(2) All (i) All

volumes

(5)

Engineers'Club Franklin Institute P h i l a d e l p h i a D e p t . of ' U n i v . of P e n n a . M o o r e Engineering ' U n i v . of P e n n a . T o w n e

(1)

of

(14)

A c a d e m y of N a t u r a l S c i e n c e s i n c l . A m e r i c a n Entomological Society American Philosophical Society G e o g r a p h i c a l S o c i e t y of P h i l a d e l p h i a Penna. Horticultural Society S c h o o l of H o r t i c u l t u r e f o r W o m e n " U n i v . of P e n n a . Morris Arboretum " U n i v . of P e n n a . E o t a n i c a l L i b r a r y ' U n i v . of P e n n a . E d g a r F a h s S m i t h M e m o r i a l L i b r a r y " U n i v . of P e n n a . M a t h e m a t i c s R e s e a r c h L i b r a r y . . . " U n i v . of P e n n a . M u s e u m ' U n i v . of P e n n a . P h y s i c s L i b r a r y ' U n i v . of P e n n a . Z o o l o g i c a l L i b r a r y W a g n e r F r e e I n s t i t u t e of S c i e n c e Z o o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y of P h i l a

•Stars

number

in M a i n

and pamphlets;

(9) N u m e r o u s a d d i t i o n s w e r e m a d e t h i s y e a r . ! 10) A n d 27/745 r e p r i n t s . (11) S u p p o r t e d a n d c o n t r o l l e d by S w a r t h m o r e C o l l e g e . (12) Incl. b o u n d p e r i o d i c a l s . (13) And l.OOC p a m p h l e t s .

S 9

SOO

dissertations.

ν.

PUBLIC LIBRARIES IN THE OUTLYING PHILADELPHIA AREA Excluding New Jersey anri Delaware C1rculatlon

Volumes

Town

Income

7,651

14.599

S1,800

Ardmore

20,000

0 9.394

9.900

Bala-Cynwyd

13.891

62,220

7.400

7,350 18,246

1,937 59,758

15,000

40,000

976

1,016

9 .253

3 0,000

Amb 1er

Eerwyn Bryn

Mawr

Conshohocken Cooperstown Darby Downingtown

*

Doylestown

$

500 1 , 50ü 1,268

6, 028 1,037

5,000

3 , ООО

7,900

*

12,000

Eureka FalIs i ng ton George

Expendltures B o o k s /с P e r i o d i c a l s

School

*

3,300

1,600

13, 542

25.787

25 1,790

5,500

Cladwyne

4 ,413

4,066

1 .865

1 , 682

Glenside

10,000

2,500

1 , 200

1,000

17,198

30,649

J e f f e r s o n v i 1le Jenkintown Kennett

"

Square

Lansdale

10,000

"

Llanerch Media

21,647

3 .67 1

Lansdowne Marcus

937 5.670

Hook *

9.700

44,590

10,000

77,l8o

8,923

28,763

7 20 6,000 3 ,863

13.707

N a r b e rth

10,197

44,296

New B r i t a i n

4,900

2,000

100

New

2,445

2,337

50

Hope

Newtown North

Wales

Norwood

Station

200

34,800

6,150

1,137

868

1,217

8,100

Phoenixville Plymouth

Meeting

Po11stown Prospect

Park

Quakertown

*

2О8

7 , 500

10,742

32,677

4 ,070

4,96s

18,083

3,071

11,179

42,078

5.000

730

10,000

22,000

1,000

950

11,000

20 .4b0

1,700

5 00

5,000

7,103

Park

Rutledge

3,000

Springfield,

450 2 ,249

4.500

Royersford

Del.

Co..

Swarthmore West

1,419

8,000

4,168

Pennsburg

Upper

9,000

4,000

13.587

'

Ridley

13,000 2,500

Oakmon t Paoli

1,012

4 .059

2,700

9 , 300

250

125

2,600

500

9,000

25,000

Darby

17,000

109,817

17,798

3,171

Chester

25,380

59 .805

6,734

1 ,268

1 , ooo

200

Wycombe Yardley

*

6,000

Information Star

(»)

taken

indicates

from

3 , 700

25

9 , 000 the

figures

American are

S 10

1,000

1 , 087 Library

repeated

from

400

Directory, the

1915

i9J9. edition.

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Ό 5

IV. GUIDE TO RESEARCH MATERIALS IN LIBRARIES OF THE PHILADELPHIA AREA

corrections

The following charts have been compiled for librarians and for the users of libraries,

from

this printed

in search

librarians

have

been

entered

in

form.

of reading materials in specific fields. They represent in abstracted form fuller information

Center, vania.

on

The information presented

file

here is a compromise

Bibliographical

between elaboration and simplification. To its com-

Fine Arts Building, University of Pennsyl-

pilers, the form chosen seems the most satisfactory

at the office

of

the Philadelphia

The information was secured through

personal

as a quantitative as well as qualitative evaluation

visits to libraries, through questionnaires, and in some cases from printed sources.

Without

the

of the wealth

full

libraries.

of material

It is

hoped

found

that

it

and ready cooperation of librarians, thischart would

specific

not have been possible. A preliminary checking copy

and that it

was

the general reader in search of

issued

during

October 1940

and additions and

Di are

printed

large type, and numbered

in

(1-29).

in

the second

column

corresponding

or

other

supplementary

is simple enough to serve the needs of information.

in special aspects only.

not repeated under sub-headings, to study both

to

the major

and

users are advised

the

minor

covering their field of interest. In many

these major headings; they are printed in bold type. Special strength,

enough

5. Because libraries with general coverage are

Li-

braries covering several aspects within major fields are entered

contains

information to satisfy the research worker,

includes libraries strong

the first column in

consecutively

Philadelphia

ions

1. The Guide isdlvided into 29 major sections. Their headings

in

sections instances,

this need of consulting different parts of the guide

informa-

is indicated by ample cross-references and references

tion, is to be found under Explanatory Notes in the

to explanatory

notes.

last column. 6. Several libraries 2. Libraries

with

general

coverage

are

not

repeated under the sub-headings of major sections. 3. Within some major sections adistinction been made between

primary and secondary

true of college Library,

has

term

secondary, therefore,

indicative only

of

should

of

libraries.

of

the collection,

cases,

turn

for particular

to items,

or

but

It seemed

the chart by repeating the names

to contain special material

not

found

libraries appear most of ten because detai led information on their holdings hits been made available through

special

A Faculty

Additional

Mercantile

in other collections. The University of Pennsylvania

problems. 4. The section labelled

and the

of these libraries with good general holdings except

"secondary" for

This is especially

university libraries, the Free

the Library Company,

where known

The specialist

these

and

unwise to overload

is not necessarily

the more limited program.

in many

libraries

the quality

the area cover almost

Library for nineteenth century material.

This division is based on the scope of the library. The

in

all fields of human knowledge.

Libraries

Survey

of

the University

Libraries.

(Bibliographical

Philadelphia,

1940)

of

Pennsylvania

Planning

Committee,

Contents Information in this chart is arranged in classified order which follows loosely the Library of Cong classification scheme:

1 1 . Law 1 2 . Education

2 1 . Biological Sciences

2. Religion 3· History

13. Geography, Travel, Maps

23· Agriculture

4- Anthropology and Ethnology

14. Geology

24. Bibliography

5- Language and Literature

IS· Astronomy

25. Incunabula and Rare Books

6. Art and Related Fields

16. Mathematics

26. Manuscripts and Autograph:

7- Music

17. Physics

8. Economics

27. Public

18. Chemistry

23. Newspapers

19- Engineering

29. Microfilm and Photostat

1. Philosophy

9· Sociology 10. Political Science, Government, »ΤΛ

го. Architecture

S 12

22. Medicine

Documents

Equipment

T o f a c i l i t a t e the u s e of lows. H e a d i n g s for the m a j o r headings are included: Subject

this s e c t i o n an a l p h a b e t i c a l index with page r e f e r e n c e s folc l a s s e s a r e e n t e r e d in c a p i t a l s ; a s e l e c t e d n u m b e r of s u b - ·

Page

Accounting 24 A c o u s t ics 29 Advertising 24 A e s t h e t ics и AGRICULTURE 33"3· U S (Л cd — ι » I О. Cd О Ό *-» С >» я) I•ч (ϋ « Iф .О

о о «3

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cd к.

о о · » сь · < и

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4-1 о

ь 10

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Not

Unbound

available.

Bound

Number of items

None.

Good coverage.

Penna. laws; departmental reports; reports of a few other states.

Selective; t a x a t i o n and f i n a n c i a l stat i s t i c s of government .

Early material; cur- Early Penna. Senate rent f i l e s in scien- and House journals; geological reports of t i f i c fields. several states; agricultural experiment station publications.

Not available.

(η) Penna. Economy League

Statistical and meteorological observations frctn a few foreign countries; publications of the International Institute of Intellectual Oooperation (only set in the area).

All countries for f i n a n c e j commerce and d i r e c t o r i e s . None.

All Penna. and N . J . publications relating to commerce, and some r e l a t i n g to labor.

Census (general and special) and departmental reports. Selective. Distributing agency for p u b l i c a t i o n s of the U.S. Dept. of Commerce.

Not available.

(m) U.S. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce

P u b l i c Administra— t i o n ; Good Government .

Domestic and Foreign. Trade.

Planning; P u b l i c Admini strat ion; T r a i n i n g for Public Admini st rat ion; Public Reporting.

C i t y and S t a t e Administration; Civil Service.

Social w o r k ; Labor; Municipal A f f a i r s ; S t a t i s t i c s ; Crime; Home and Home L i f e ; Child Study.

Some reports from B r i t i s h Dominions.

All P h i l a . departments. Reports of governmental u n i t s in Penna.

OJ

All Penna. adminis t r a t i v e department s.

8 ΙΛ Only those w i t h inf o r m a t i o n on s t a t e and local government .

rO

Not available. No d i s t i n c t i o n made between documents and other publications.

8 ΙΛ

(o) American Philosophical Society

Special Interests and explanatory notes

In f i e l d of s p e c i a l - Lconomi cs. i z a t i o n ; Gt. B r . j Canada, France. Stat i s t i c a l annuals of these and of Australia., Hungary, Norway, Peru, Sweden.

Foreign

Scattered m a t e r i a l s i n - f i e l d of interest.

i5 largest and some other c i t i e s ; cities with city managers. Civil service, c i t y charters.

Penna. laws, b i l l s and acts, departmental reports; handbooks of states., etc.

S e l e c t i v e : Some Congressional comm i t t e e s ; general and special reports; s t a t i s t ics.

Selective.

iO largest c i t i e s . Finance' and government .

Particularly strong in Penna.

Census (general .and s p e c i a l ) . Congressional and departmental reports.

Municipal

State

Federal

a υ Φ о. О) u

(1) Univ. of Penna. Institute of Local and State Government

(к) Penna. School of Social Work

( j ) Bureau of Municipal Research

( i ) Univ. of Penna. Lippincott

Name of Library

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. r-t си Чч о (Л 01 1—1 Ьч

V . PHILADELPHIA LIBRARY HOLDINGS As Entered In Some Major National and Local Union Lists and Bibliographies

(ι) Unι on List

of

Serials.

Ed.: W. Gregory.

(2) Union List of Serials. ( 3 ) American newspapers, (4)

List

of

the

Serial N.Y.,

Publications

Congresses

(6) Ricci, S. de, (7) Bibliographical

ed.

N.Y., J. C-

Foreign

Governments.

Conferences,

of Medieval of America.

1815-1931.

Ed.:

W.

Gregory.

1840-1937.

Ed.". W. G r e g o r y .

N.Y.,

1938.

and Renaissance Manuscripts. N.Y., 1935-1940. Incunabula tn American Libraries. A Second Census.

194О.

Dictionary American

of Books Bibliography.

Historical Records PennsyIvania.

(11)

Historical Historical

Survey. 2nd

Records

1900.

Relating to America. N.Y., Chicago, 1903-1934·

Survey. Guide to Harrisburg, 1939.

Records

Philadelphia. (12) У.Р.А-

of

and

Census Society

(10) V.P.A. U.P.A.

1927·

1932.

(5) International

(8) Sabin, (9) Evans,

N.Y.,

E d . : W. G r e g o r y . N e w e d i t i o n . In p r e p a r a t i o n . 1 8 2 1 - 1 9 3 6 . E d . : ¥. G r e g o r y . N . Y . , 1937·

Phila.,

Depositories

Checklist

ed. P h i l a . ,

Survey.

of

1868-1936. of

Manuscript

Philadelphia

Collections

Heuspapers

Available

1.

Academy

2.

•Academy

of N a t u r a l of

Checklist

of

Maps

Pertaining

to

Phi ladelphia,

Sciences

1

2

X

X

X

6. 7.

American

Philosophical

X

X

Society

X

Society

•Athenaeum Bryn Mawr C o l l e g e Bucks County Historical Society

ii. 12.

•Carpenters

13. 14.

Chester County •Christ Church

• B u r e a u of M u n i c i p a l

X

X

6

7

8

9

X X

X

X

X

X

17.

Commercial Museum Croier Theological

18.

Curtis

19. 20.

Divinity School, Protestant Drexel Institute

X

24.

•Evening Public

X

X

Episcopal

X

X

X

X X X

X

X

X

X

X X

X

X

X

X

Church

X

X

Seminary

X

Ledger

X

Institute

Library

of

of

Friends)

X

X

X

X

X

X

X X

X

X X

X

X

X

. ..

X X

X

X

X Swarthmore

College

...

X

X X

X

College

X

X

College

34.

Historical Historical

Society Society

35.

•Immaculata

College incl.

X X

X

26. Free Library 27. • D e p a r t m e n t of R e c o r d s ( S o c i e t y 28. • F r i e n d s ' C e n t r a l B u r e a u

•Libraries

X

X

X X

Seminary

Baptist T h e o l o g i c a l Bulletin

Haverford

X

X

of M u s i c

Friends' Historical German Society

X

X X

Dropsie College

23.

X

X

X

16.

•Eastern •Evening

12

X

X

Society

C o l l e g e of P h y s i c i a n s

Institute

11

X

X

Research

Historical

1Ü X

Company

15.

•Girard

5

X

Free Library

8. 9. 10.

31. 32. 33.

4

X

X

Apprentices'

Historical

X

Baptist

C a t h o l i c H i s t o r i c a l Society Entomological Society

29. JO.

3

X

American

Franklin

in

the N e w Church

American American

25.

to

LIBRARY

3.

22.

up

1935-1936.

4. 5.

21.

in

1937.

Entered NAME OF

tn

in

X of F r a n k f o r d of P e n n a

X

X

X

X

X

X X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X X

X

X

X

X

X

X local

sources

only.

S

40

NAME O F

16. 37 18. 19. 40 41. 42. 41. 44. 45.

Entered

LIBRARY

1

Jefferson Medical College Library Company Lutheran Theological Seminary Mercantile Library Pedagogical Library •Penna. Phila. •Phila. Phila. Phila.

X

5

X

in

6

7

Я

Я

10

X X X

X X X

χ

χ

χ χ χ

И

12

χ

χ

χ

χ X χ X

X

χ χ

X

Presbyterian Historical Society Schwenkfelder Historical Library State Teachers' College Swarthmore College Temple Univ

51. 52. 51. 54. 55. 56.

U n i ν . of P e n n a

X

X X X X

U n i v . of P e n n a . B i d d l e L a w L i b r a r y Villanova College •Wagner Free I n s t i t u t e •Westminster Theological Seminary Wistar Institute Totals

in l o c a l

X X

4

X

46. 47. 40. 49. SC.

incl.

3

X

Hospital Bar Assn Inquirer M u s e u m of Art Record

•Libraries

2

sources

only.

S 41

X X X

X

X

12

26

X X X X

χ χ χ

χ

χ X

22

X

О

5

X X X

X

12

15

χ

χ

X

χ

χ χ

χ χ χ

8

7

Я7

17

8

INDEX TO LIBRARIES Numbers

refer

to

pages

Alphabetical l i s t , with addresses, of l i b r a r i e s mentioned in any.part of these charts. Exceptions are the suburban public l i b r a r i e s l i s t e d on page S 10 and certain individual duPont l i b r a r i e s on page S 29· Acadeny of Pine Arts see Pennsylvania

Academy of tke

Fine

Acadeay of Natural Sciences 1900 Race St. Academy of the New Church Bryn Athyn, Penna. Aeerioan Baptist Historical Society (at Crozer Theological Seminary) Chester, Penna. American Baptist Publication Society 1701 Chestnut St. American Catholic Historical Society (at St. Charles Seminary) Overbrook, Penna. American Entomological Society (at Academy of Natural Sciences) 1900 Race St. American Friends' Service Committee 20 S. 12th St. American Philosophical Society Drexel Bldg. 5th & Chestnut Sts. American Sunday School Union 1816 Chestnut St. American Swedish Historical Museum 19th St. & Pattison Ave. Apprentices' Free Library Broad 4 Brandywine S t s . Archives of the Protestant Episcopal Church (Diocese of Pennsylvania) 202 S. 19th St. Armstrong Association of Philadelphia 1434 Lombard St. Athenaeum of Philadelphia 219 S. 6th St. Atlantic Refining Company 260 S. Broad St. Atlas Powder Company Wilmington, Del. Automobile Club of Philadelphia 23 S. 23rd St. Ayer, Ν. W.' 4 Son, Inc. West Washington Square

S 4.9.11.17.19 22.27-29,31-33 40 S 5.8.11.16.3940 S 4,8,14,40 S 8,14

S 8,15.40 S 5.9,32.40 S 20,25 S 3,9.11.16-22 26-29. 31.33"35 37 . 39-40 S 8,16 S 18 S 4,6.11.20.27 40

Baldwin Locomotive Works Paschal1 Station, P.O. Bar Association see Philadelphia

Bar

Bibliographical Center and Union Library Catalogue

Arts

see Philadelphia Bibliographical Center and Union Library Catalogue

Bibliographical Planning Committee University of Pennsylvania Fine Arts Bldg. Biochemical Research Foundation (Franklin I n s t i t u t e ) Newark, Del. Bryn Mawr College Bryn Mawr, Penna. Bucknell Library see

Crozer

Theological

S 9.20 S 4,6,20,40 S 9,29 S 29-30 S 26 S 7.24 S 9.30

S 8.32-33 S 5.6.11.14.17 19-23,27-29,32 34-35.39-40

Seminary

Bucks County Historical Society Doylestown, Penna. Builders Exchange and Employers Association see Philadelphia Builders and Employers .Association

S 7.19.26.40

Exchange

Bureau of Municipal Research 311 S. Juniper St.

S 7,11,25-26,37 40

s 29-30

Campbell Soup company Camden, N.J. Carpenters 1 Company 320 Chestnut St. Chamber of Commerce see Philadelphia

S 3

S 2,35

S 3>'Λ40 Chamber of

Commerce

Chester County Historical Society West Chester, Penna. Chestnut Hill College Chestnut Hill, Penna. Chilton Company 56th & C h e s t n u t S t s .

Christ Church 20 N. American St. Christian Science Reading Rooms 123 S. Broad St. (and others at various addresses) City I n s t i t u t e see Philadelphia

City

S 6 S9

s 7 S 3.8,15.40 S 8,15

Institute

see Philadelphia and Science

College

of

Association

S 28

s 5-6,15

College of Pharmacy and Science Pharmacy

College of Physicians of Philadelphia 15 S. 22nd St.

Bartol Research Foundation (Franklin I n s t i t u t e ) Swarthmore, Penna. Beaver College Jenkintown, Penna. Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania 1835 Arch St.

S 7.16,18-19 26-27.40

Commercial Museum 34th below Spruce St. Crozer Theological Seminary Chester, Penna. Curtis I n s t i t u t e of Music 1726 Locust St. S 42

s 3.8.11.19 28-29.31-32 35. 39-40 S 5.7.11.19 24-25.27,33" 34. 36. 40 S 5,8.11,14 20,40 S 9.23.40

U i r t i s ttiblishing Company independence Square Delaware County H i s t o r i c a l Society Chester, Penna. Department of Records (Society of Friends) 302 Arch S t . Diocesan Library (Church House) 202 S. 19th S t . Divinity School of the P r o t e s t a n t Episcopal Church 42nd 4 Locust S t s . Dresel I n s t i t u t e of Technology 32nd 4 Chestnut S t s . Dropsie College f o r Hebrew and Cognate Learning Broad 4 York S t s . duPont de Nemours, Ε. I . , 4 Co. Inc. Headquarters: Wilmington, Del. Eastern Baptist Theological Seminary Overbrook, Penna. Edgar Allan Poe House 53О N. 7th S t . E l e c t r i c Storage Battery Company 19th S t . 4 Allegheny Ave. Engineers' Club of P h i l a d e l p h i a 1317 Spruce S t . Evening B u l l e t i n F i l b e r t 4 Juniper S t s . Evening Public Ledger Independence Square Federal Reserve Bank of P h i l a d e l p h i a 925 Chestnut S t . F i d e l i t y Mutual L i f e Insurance Company Parkway a t Fai mount Ave. Frankford H i s t o r i c a l Society see

Historical

Society

of

see

s 5.8.15 S 5.8,14-15.17 21.35.40 S 5-6,11,19-24 27-31.34-35.40 S 5-6,14-15.17 20-23.25-27,35 40 S 20-31.39 S 8,14.40 S 9.17-18,21

s 9.29-30 s 9.30

S 8,17.38.40 S 7,24,39 S 7.24

Free Library of P h i l a d e l p h i a Logan Square Department of Public Documents, and Municipal Reference Division Music Department Pepper Hall P r i n t Department Friends' Central Bureau 1515 Cherry S t . Friends' Free Library 5418 Germantown Ave. Friends' H i s t o r i c a l Library of Swarthraore College Swarthmore, Penna. Friends' Select School Parkway a t 17th S t . Friends, Society of. Department of Records

s 7.25-26.36 s 23 S 6,19 S 22 s 4.8.15.25 40 S 4.6.11.15

S 9.27 S 4,6.20,27.40 S 7 S 4.6,11.18,20 22, 24. 40 S 22 S 8,15 S 9.29 S 5.7.32 S 4,6,11,14-15 17.20-21,28 35-36,40

Health Council and Tuberculosis Commi t t e e see Philadelphia Health Tuberculosis Committee

Council

and

Hercules Powder Company. Experimental S t a t i o n Wilmington, Del. H i r s t Free Law Library 123 S. Broad S t . H i s t o r i c a l Records Survey V.P.A.

Historical

S 29-30

s

Records

S 7.18-19.21-22 27.40 S 7 S 4,7.11.16-20 22-23.25-27.31 35-36.39-40 s 9.29-30

Houghton, E. F. and Co. 240 West Somerset S t . Housing Association see

Philadelphia

Housing

Association

Immaculata College Immaculata, Penna. I n s t i t u t e of Local and S t a t e Government of

S 6.15,35.40

Pennsylvania.

Insurance Society of P h i l a d e l p h i a 232 S. 4th S t . I n t e r n a t i o n a l Cancer Research Foundation Lincoln Liberty Bldg. Broad 4 Chestnut S t s . J e f f e r s o n Medical College 1019 Walnut S t .

S 43

7.25

Survey

H i s t o r i c a l Society of Frankford 1507 Orthodox S t . H i s t o r i c a l Society of Montgomery· County Norristown, Penna. H i s t o r i c a l Society of Pennsylvania 13ОО Locust S t .

see University Institute.

S 15

Society

Hahnemann Medical College 235 N. 15th S t . Haverford College Haverford, Pa.

20

S 5.8.15.46

Historical

Gulf Oil Corporation Technology Division 30th S t . 4 Penrose Ave.

see

S 4,9.11.22 24.27-31.33 40 S 5-6,11-12 16-27.31-36 38-40

Presbyterian

Geographical Society of P h i l a d e l p h i a Witherspoon Bldg. German Society of Pennsylvania Spring Garden 4 Marshall S t s . Germ an town H i s t o r i c a l Society 5214 Germantown Ave. Girard College Corinthian 4 Girard Aves. Graphic Sketch Club 719 Catherine S t . Gratz York College below Broad S t .

S 8,17.38.40

Frankford

Franklin I n s t i t u t e Parkway a t 20th S t .

see Department of Records (Society of Friends)

S 27 S 3.8,15.40

S 19

Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania 13ОО Locust S t . General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, U.S.A. (Presbyterian H i s t o r i c a l Society)

S 7. 24. 39

S 7.24

S 8 S 7,11,20,32,41

Krauth Memorial Library see Lutheran Theological

Seminary S 8.32

Lankenau Hospital Girard 4 Corinthian Aves.

s 5.6.11.15.20

LaSalle College 20th St. 4 Olney Ave.

Philadelphia Bibliographical Center and Union Library Catalogue University of Pennsylvania Fine Arts Bldg. Philadelphia Builders Exchange and Employers Association Brown Bldg., 4th 4 Chestnut Sts.

Lee Tire and Rubber Company, Inc. Conshohocken, Penna.

S 9.29-30

Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce 12th 4 Walnut Sts.

Leeds and Northrup Company 4901 Stenton Ave. Library Company of Philadelphia Broad 4 Christian Sts.

S 9.29-30

Philadelphia City Institute 218 S. 19th St. Philadelphia College of Osteopathy 48th 4 Spruce Sts.

S 3.6,11-12.14 16-23, 25-28, 31 32-36, 39.41

Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science 43rd St., Woodland 4 Kingsessing Aves.

Lutheran Theological Seminary Aliens Lane 4 Germantown Ave.

S 5.8.15.35,39 41

Mercantile Library 16 S. 10th St.

S 4.6.11-12,17 Philadelphia Commercial Museum 18-20 . 22. 27 , 34see Commercial Museum 35. 41 Philadelphia County Medical Society 301 S. 21st St. S 7.18 Philadelphia Department of City Transit S 8.32 City Hall

Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States 1805 Pine St. Misericordia Hospital 54th St. 4 Cedar Ave. Moore Institute of Art, Science and Industry Broad 4 Master Sts. Museum of Art see Philadelphia Museum of Art

S 6,22

New Church Book Association 2129 Chestnut St. Numismatic and Antiquarian Society (at Historical Society of Pennsylvania) 1300 Locust St.

Pendle Hill Wallingford, Penna. Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts Broad 4 Cherry Sts.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society 1600 Arch St. Pennsylvania Hospital 8th 4 Spruce Sts. Pennsylvania Military College Chester, Penna. Pennsylvania School of Social Work 311 S. Juniper St. Pennsylvania State College of Optometry 12th 4 Spencer Sts. Pennsylvania Tuberculosis Society 311 S. Juniper St. Perkiomen History and Science Society Pennsburg, Penna. Philadelphia Bar Association 600 City Hall

S 4,19

S 5.7.11,22-23 26. 31-32,39.41 S 8.15

Pedagogical Library Parkway 4 21st St.

Pennsylvania Economy League, Inc. 123 S. Broad St.

S 16

S 4,6,22,32 S 7,25.37 S 9. 31. 33~34 S 3.8.18,31-32 35.41 S 9.26

S 9.11.20,24-26 33.37 S 7,28-29.33

S 7.23-24,31 S 6 S 7,33

S 4,7.28-29.31 39

S 8,32

S 9 S 9.24,29-30,39

Philadelphia General Hospital 34th below Pine St.

S 8,32

Philadelphia Health Council and Tuberculosis Committee 311 S. Juniper St. Philadelphia Housing Association 1600 Walnut St. Philadelphia Inquirer Broad 4 Callovhill Sts.

S 8,32-33 S 9,24-25,31 S 8,17,38-39,41

Philadelphia Insurance Society see Insurance Society of Philadelphia Philadelphia Museum of Art Parkway 4 25th St. Philadelphia Museum School of Industrial Art Broad 4 Pine Sts.

S 5-6,11,18-19 22-23. 34.39.41 S 6,22

Philadelphia Record Broad 4 Wood Sts.

S 8,17,38,41

Philadelphia School of the Bible 1721 Spring Garden St.

S 8,16

Philadelphia Transportation Company Mitten Bldg. Broad 4 Locust Sts.

S 9,24

Photographic Society of Philadelphia 1420 Chestnut St.

S 22

Peirce School of Business Administbation 1420 Pine St. Polk, R. L. and Company 401 N. Broad St.

S 19

Presbyterian Historical Society Witherspoon Bldg. Walnut 4 Juniper Sts.

S 44

S 31

Philadelphia Electric Company 9th 4 Sansora Sts.

S 32

S 3,7.11.14.2^26. 35,41

S 12.34-35.39

Protestant Episcopal Church, Archives see Archives of the Protestant Episcopal Church

S 23-24 s 7,25

S 4,8,11,15,1819 , 27 . 39 , 41

P r o t e s t a n t E p i s c o p a l Church, D i v i n i t y see Divinity School of the Protestant Episcopal Church Provident Mutual L i f e Company 46th 4 Market S t s .

Insurance

RCA Manufacturing Company. Victor Division. Engineering L i b r a r y , Camden, Reformed E p i s c o p a l Church, T h e o l o g i c a l Seminary see Theological Seminary of Reformed Episcopal Church

S 9.29-30.39

S 7 S 15 S 6,15

S t . C h a r l e s Seminary Overbrook, Penna.

S 4,8,14-15,17

S t . Joseph's College 54th S t . 4 C i t y Ave.

S 4,6,11.15.20 29

S t . V i n c e n t ' s Seminary 500 E. Chelten Ave.

S 15

School o f H o r t i c u l t u r e f o r Women Ambler, Penna.

Sharp and Dohme, I n c . 640 N. Broad S t . and Glenolden, Penna. Library

I n s t i t u t e o f Local and S t a t e Government 3446 Walnut S t . L a b o r a t o r y o f Hygiene 34th below Walnut S t . Lea L i b r a r y o f Medieval H i s t o r y 34th S t . 4 Woodland Ave. L i p p i n c o t t L i b r a r y , Wharton School 36th S t . 4 Woodland Ave.

S 5-6,11,14,16-17 2 0 , 2 3 . 2 5 - 2 6 . 2 9 , 34 36, 39. 41

Mathematics Research L i b r a r y 215 B e n n e t t Hall 34th 4 Walnut S t s .

s 7.23-25

Medical School Libraries 36th 4 P i n e S t s .

St. s 7.25-26

St.

Medical L i b r a r y Broad 4 O n t a r i o

Sts.

Professional Schools 18th 4 Buttonwood S t s . S t e l l a E l k i n s T y l e r Art School Beech 4 P e n r o s e Aves. T h e o l o g i c a l Seminary of the Reformed E p i s c o p a l Church 25 S . 43rd S t .

Moore School o f E l e c t r i c a l Engineering 200 S . 33rd S t .

S 8 32-33 S 8.33

Morris Arboretum Chestnut H i l l , Penna.

S 6.22

Penniman L i b r a r y Bennett Hall 34th 4 Walnut S t s . Physics Library (Randal Morgan L a b o r a t o r y ) 34th below Walnut S t .

S 5.8,15 S 45

9.27.31

S 8,32 S 9,27.29

S 6.14.22-23.31

Henry Phipps I n s t i t u t e 7 t h 4 Lombard S t s .

S 5-6,11,14,17,18 20-31.34-36, 39,41

Law L i b r a r y 35 S. 9 t h

F i n e A r t s , School o f Edgar Fahs Smith Walk

I l l m a n - C a r t e r Unit o f the School o f Education 4000 P i n e S t .

Library

s

Edgar Fahs Smith C o l l e c t i o n 34th 4 Spruce S t s .

S 9.29

Park Ave. 4 Berks

s 3.6.11-12 1 4 , 1 6 - 2 2 , 2425. 2 7 - 2 9 . 31 32-36,39.41 S 5.7.14,25 35.41

D e n t i s t r y , School o f . (Evans Museum and Dental I n s t i t u t e ) 40th 4 Spruce S t s .

S 7.22-23.26.41

Temple U n i v e r s i t y S u l l i v a n Memorial L i b r a r y Park Ave. 4 Berks S t .

S 8.32

Botanical Library c/o Z o o l o g i c a l L i b r a r y 38th S t . 4 Woodland Ave.

of

S 7,24,37

Ave.

B i d d l e Law L i b r a r y 3400 Chestnut S t .

S 5-6,22

Sun O i l Company 1608 Walnut S t .

S 33

University of Pennsylvania. L i b r a r y (Main) 34th S t . 4 Woodland Ave.

S 9.29-30,33

S t a t e Teachers College West C h e s t e r , Penna.

Business

U. S . Naval H o s p i t a l 17th S t . 4 P a t t i s o n

S 5.7.16,18-19 41 S 27

Seamen's Church I n s t i t u t e 211 Walnut S t .

Swarthmore C o l l e g e Swarthraore, Penna.

s 9.24.30

U. S. Department o f Commerce. Bureau o f F o r e i g n and Domestic Commerce 1510 Chestnut S t .

S 9,33-34

Library

S t a t e C o l l e g e o f Optometry see Pennsylvania State College Optometry

S 3

U. S . Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e . E a s t e r n Regional Research L a b o r a t o r i Chestnut H i l l , Penna.

Rodeph Shalom 1338 Mount Vernon S t . Rosemont C o l l e g e Rosemont, Penna.

S t a r r Center A s s o c i a t i o n 725 Lombard S t .

Union L i b r a r y Company Hatboro, Penna. United Gas Improvement Company 1401 Arch S t .

the

R i s t i n e , F. P. 4 Company 123 S . Broad S t .

Schwenkfelder H i s t o r i c a l Pennsburg, Penna.

Union L i b r a r y Catalogue see Philadelphia Bibliographical Center and Union Library Catalogue

S 7 . 2 4 , 2 8 , 39

N.J.

S 7.24

Towers, P e r r i n , F ö r s t e r and Crosby, I n c . 12 S . 12th S t .

School

S 8,32

s

23.26,31-32

S 7,25.37 S 33 S 14.17.26 S 7,23-25.2728-37 S 9.28

S 3.8,32-33

S 9.14.28.30 S 9.31 s 7.22-23,26

S 9.28

University of Pennsylvania (Continued) Towne S c i e n t i f i c School Edgar Pahs Smith Walk University Museum Library 33rd 4 Spruce Sts. Veterinary Medicine School 39th St. & Woodland Ave. Zoological Library 38th St. A Woodland Ave. Villanova College Villanova, Penna.

S 9.30 S 5.9.11,17.19,21, 39 S 8.33-34 S 9.14.21 S 3-4,6, 14-15.17 2D. 26.30, 34-35 41

W. P. A. Historical Records Survey S 16.27 1913 Arch S t . Wagner Free I n s t i t u t e of Science S 4.9.27-29,31.41 17th St. i Montgomery Ave. War Documentation Service S 17 c/o Philadelphia Bibliographical Center and Union Library Catalogue University of Pennsylvania Pine Arts Bldg.

Westminster Theological Seminary Chestnut Hill, Penna. William B. Stephens Memorial Library 146 Krams Ave. Manayunk Wistar Institute 36th St. к Woodland Ave. Woman's Medical College of Penna. Henry Ave. & Abbottsford Rd. Women's International League for Peace and Freedom 1924 Chestnut St.

Young Men's and Young Women's Hebrew Association Broad 4 Pine S t s .

Zoological Society of Philadelphia 34th St. ά Girard Ave.

S 46

S 8.11.15.21.41 S 9 S 5.8.19.31-32.41 S 4.8,32 S 9.25

S 8.15.23

S 9

INDEX Academy of Natural Sciences, 1, 2, 3, 2021, 23, 26, 45, 49, 54, S4, S9, S11, S17, S19, S22, S27-S29, S31-S33, S40 Academy of the New Church, 20, S5, S8, S11, S i 6 , S39-S40 Adams, C. F., 53 Agnes Scott College, 28 Alexander, Mary Louise, v, 1, 58 American Baptist Historical Society, 20, S4, S8, S14, S40 — Baptist Publication Society, S8, S 1 4 — Catholic Historical Society, S8, S 1 5 , S40 — Entymological Society, S5, S9, S32, S40 — Friends' Service Committee, S20, S25 — Library Association, 35, 42, 53, 54, 81 — Philosophical Society, ig, 20, s i , 23, 2 4 · 37> S3, Sg, S i l , S16-S22, S26-S29, S 3 ' . S33-S35, S37, S39-S40 — Sunday School Union, S8, S 1 6 — Swedish Historical Museum, S 1 8 Apprentices' Free Library, 12, 15, S4, S6, Si 1, S20. S27. S40 Archives of the Protestant Episcopal Church, S3 Armstrong Association of Philadelphia, 22, Sg, S20 Ashurst, J o h n , 15 Athenaeum of Philadelphia, 12, 13, 17, 54, S6, S20, S40 Atlanta University, 28 Atlantic Refining Company, S9, S29 Atlas Powder Company, S29-S30 Auskunftstelle, Berlin, 26 Automobile Club of Philadelphia, S26 Ayer, N. W., & Son, Inc., 18, S7, S24

Baldwin Locomotive Works, Sg, S30 Bartol Research Foundation, 2 1 , S28 Baugh, Albert C„ v, 2, 58 Baylor University, 29 Beaver College, 10, S6 Bell T e l e p h o n e Company of Pennsylvania, Sg Bemis, Dorothy, v, 3, 58 Berthold, Arthur В., 26, 29, 70, 73 Bibliographical Center, Denver, 29, 7 1 — Planning Committee, v, 1, 4, 16, 22, 80, S2, S35 bibliographies, 32-33 Biochemical Research Foundation, 2 1 , S8, S32-S33 Bishop, W . W „ 5 1 book depositories, 53-54 book selection, 48-50 Boyd, J u l i a n P., ν Brakeley, George Α., ν British Museum, 27 Brooklyn Museum, гд, 53 Bryn Mawr College, 1, 10, 11, 17, 22, 37, 55, S6, Si ι, S14, S17, S19-S23, S27S2g, S32, S34-S35, S39-S40

Bucks County Historical Society, S7, S19, S26, S40 Bureau of Municipal Research, 18, S7, S11, S25-S26, S37, S40 B u r t o n , E. D., 53 Cadualader, Charles Μ. В., ν, 58 Campbell Soup Company, S29-S30 Carnegie Corporation of New York, v, 1, 4, 16, 28, 29, 5 1 , 58, 59 — Institution, 29 Carpenters' Company, S3, Sg, S40 cataloguing, 41-44 — costs of, 44 — standardization in, 44 Chester County Historical Society, ig, 57, S 1 8 - S 1 9 , S26-S27, S40 Chestnut Hill College, 10, S5-S6, S 1 5 Chilton Company, S7 Christ Church, S3, S8, S 1 5 , S40 Christian Science Reading Rooms, S8, S15 Clark University, 28 College of Physicians of Philadelphia, I, 2, 3, 19, 23. 26, 37, 49, 54, S3, S8, Si ι, S19, S28-S29, S31-S32, S35, S39S40 Columbia University, 29, 53 Commercial Museum, 18, 55, 66, S5, S11, S19, S24-S25, S27, S33-S34, S36, S40 consultants, 5 1 - 5 2 cooperative book selection, 48-50 — cataloguing, 26, 41-42, 44 — order work, 50-51 — purchasing, 33. 50-51, 80 coordinated cataloguing, 42 Crozer Theological Seminary, 20, 37, S5, 58, Si 1, S14, S20, S40 Curtis Institute of Music, 22, Sg, S23, S40 — Publishing Company, 18, S7, S24, S39 David, Charles W., v, 58, 73 Delaware County Historical Society, S27 Department of Records (Society of Friends), 20, S3, S8, S 1 5 , S40 desiderata, 33 Diocesan Library (Church House), S5, S8, S 1 5 Divinity School of the Protestant Episcopal Church, 20, S5, S8, S 1 4 - S 1 5 , S 1 7 , S21, S35, S40 Drexel Institute of Technology, g, 10, I I , S5-S6, S i l , S19-S24, S 2 7 - S 3 1 , S34S35, S40 Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning, 10, 20, S5-S6, S14S15, S 1 7 , S20-S23, S25-S27, S35, S40 Duke University, 28 duplicates, 5 1 D u P o n t de Nemours, Ε. I., & Co., Inc., 2 1 , S28-S31, S39

93

Eastern Baptist Theological Seminary, 20, S8, S14, S40 Edgar Allan Poe House, 22, Sg, S 1 7 - S 1 8 , S21 Electric Storage Battery Company, Sg, S29-S30 Eliot, Charles \V„ 53, 54 Emory University, 28 Engineers' Club of Philadelphia, Sg, S30 Enoch Pratt Library, 4g Evening Bulletin, 20, S8, S17, S38, S40 Evening Public Ledger, 20, S8, S17, S38, S40 Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, 18, S7, S24, S3g Fidelity Mutual Life Insurance Company, S7, S24 Foster, W . E., 53 Frankfort Union Catalogue, 26 Franklin Institute, 3, 20, 2 1 , 24, 37, 4g, S4, Sg, S i l , S22, S24, S27-S31, S33, S40 Free Library of Philadelphia, 1, 2, 3, 10, 12, 1 3 - 1 5 , 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 34, 44, S5-S6, S11-S12, S16-S27, S 3 1 S36, S38-S40 Department of Public Documents and Municipal Reference Division, S7, S25-S26, S36 Music Department, S23 Pepper Hall, 17, S6, S 1 9 Print Department, S22 Friends' Central Bureau, 20, S4, S8, S 1 5 , S25, S40 — Free Library, 12, 13, 15, 34, S4, S6, Si 1, S 1 5 , S20 — Historical Library of Swarthmore College, 11, 20, S5, S8, S15, S46 — Select School, S 1 5 Gammon Theological Seminary, 28 Gates, T h o m a s S., v, 58 Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania, Sig General Education Board, 42 Geographical Society of Philadelphia, Sg, S27 Georgia School of Technology, 28 German Society of Pennsylvania, 12, 17, S4, S6, S20, S27, S40 Germantown Historical Society, S7 Girard College, 10, S4, S6, S i l , S18, S20, S22, S24, S40 Graphic Sketch Club, S22 Gratz College, S8, S 1 5 Griffith, Beatrice Fox, ν Gulf Oil Corporation, Sg, S29 H a h n e m a n n Medical College, S5, S7, S32 Haverford College, 10, 11, 20, 22, S4, S6, S i l , S 1 4 - S 1 5 , S17, S20-S21, S28, S35S36, S40

94 Hercules Powder Company, S29-S30 Herring, James M„ v, б Hess, Gertrude, v, 58 Hirsch, Rudolf, v, 1, 58 Hirst Free Law Library, 19, S7, S25 Historical Society of Frankford, S7, S18519, S21-S22, S27, S40 — of Montgomery County, S7 — of Pennsylvania, 1, 3, 18-19, *°· *3· 32, 37, 66, S4, S7, S i l , S16-S20, S22S23, S25-S27, S31, S35-S36, S39-S40 H o u g h t o n , E. F., a n d Co., S9, S29 S30 H o w a r d Library, 29 Immaculata College, 10, S6, S15, S35, S40 Insurance Society of Philadelphia, 18, S7, S24 inter-library loan, 34-40, 81-85 International Cancer Research Foundation, S8 — Institute of Intellectual Cooperation, 28 Jefferson Medical College, 19, S7, S11, 520, S32, S41 J o h n Crerar Library, 29, 41, 46 J o h n s Hopkins University, 29 Kingery, Robert E., v, 1 K r u m b h a a r , Edward В., ν Lane, W. C„ 53 L a n k e n a u Hospital, S8, S32 LaSalle College, 10, S5, S6, Si 1, S15, S20 Law, Marie H., 12 Lee T i r e and R u b b e r Company, Inc., S9, S29-S30 Leeds and N o r t h r u p Company, S9, S29S30 Lewis, J o h n Frederick, Jr., v, 58 Library Bureau, 41 Library Company of Philadelphia, 3, 12, 13, 15, 16, 20, 23, 37, 55, 66, 71, S3, S6, S11-S12, S14, S16-S23, S25S28, S31, S32-S36, S39, S41 library cooperation—Europe, 26-28 — U. S., 28-29 Library of Congress, 28, 41, 51 library specifications, 59-62, 86-90 Linderoth, R u t h W., 73, 77 Louisiana State University, 29 L u t h e r a n Theological Seminary, S5, S8, S15. S35. S39, S41 McClelland, George W., v, 58 Medical School of Virginia, 28 Mercantile Library, 1, 3, 12, 13, 16-17, 23, 37, S4, S6, Si 1-S12, S17, S18S20, S22, S27, S34-S35, S41 Metropolitan Museum, 29 Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, S7, Si8 Misericordia Hospital, S8, S32 Moore Institute of Art, Science a n d Industry, S6, S22 Morehouse College, 28 Morris Brown College, 28 National Academy of Sciences, 29 — Central Library, London, 27

PHILADELPHIA

LIBRARIES

National Library, Berne, 27 — Library, Vienna, 27 Newberry Library, 29, 46 New C h u r c h Book Association, S16 New York Public Library, 29, 34, 49, 53 Numismatic a n d A n t i q u a r i a n Society, S4, S19 order Work, 50-51 Oslo University Library, 28 Pan-American U n i o n Library, 29 Peabody Institute, Baltimore, 29 — Nashville, 29 Pedagogical Library, 18, S5, S7, S11, S22-S23, S26, S31-S32, S39, S41 Peirce School of Business Administration, S23-S24 Pendle Hill, S8, S15 Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, S4, S6, S22, S32 — Economy League, Inc., S7, S25, S37 — H o r t i c u l t u r a l Society, S9, S32, S33S34 — Hospital, 20, S3, S8, S18, S31-S32, S35, S41 — Military College, S9, S26 — School of Social Work, 22, Sg, Si 1, S20, S24-S26, S33, S37 — State College of Optometry, S7, S28S29, S33 — Tuberculosis Society, S32 Perkiomen History a n d Science Society, S19 Philadelphia Bar Association, 19, S3, S7, S11, S14, S25-S26, S35, S41 — Bibliographical Center, v, 4, 5, 25, 3 8 . 39. 55. 56-58. 59- 61, 62, 80, 88, Si2, S34-S35, S39 — Builders Exchange a n d Employers Association, S31 — C h a m b e r of Commerce, 18, S7, S23S24, S31 — Churches of, 64 — City Institute, 12, 13, S6 — College of Osteopathy, S7, S33 — College of Pharmacy a n d Science, S 4 , S7, S28-S29, S31, S39 — County Medical Society, S8, S32 — D e p a r t m e n t of City T r a n s i t , S9 — Education in, 63, 65 —• Electric Company, 18, 22, S9, S24, S29-S30, S39 — General Hospital, SS, S32 — H e a l t h Council a n d Tuberculosis Committee, S8, S32-S33 —- H o u s i n g Association, S9, S24-S25, S3» — Inquirer, 20, S8, S17, S38-S39, S41 — learned societies of, 63 — Metropolitan Library Council, 4 — M u s e u m of Art, 3, 17, 37, S5-S6, S18S19, S22-S23, S34, S39, S41 — Museum School of Industrial Art, S6, S22 — p o p u l a t i o n trends of, 8-9 — Record, S8, S17, S38. S41 — School of the Bible, S8, S16 — T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Company, 18, ϊ ί , Sg, S24

P h o t o g r a p h i c Society of Philadelphia, S22 Polk, R . L., a n d Company, S7, S25 Presbyterian Historical Society, 20, S4, S8, S i l , S15, S18-S19, S27, S39, S41 preservation of books, 52-53 Provident M u t u a l Life Insurance Company, 2, 18, 37, S7, S24, S28, S39 R C A M a n u f a c t u r i n g Company, 22, Sg, S29-S30, S39 Read, Conyers, v, 58 Read, Evelyn P l u m m e r , ν restoration of books, 52-53 R i c h m o n d Public Library, 28 Ristine, F. P., & Company, 18. S7 R o d e p h Shalom, S15 Rosemont College, 10, S6, S15 Royal Library, C o p e n h a g e n , 28 St. Charles Borromeo Seminary, 20, S4, S8, S14-S15, S17 St. J o s e p h s College, 10, S4, S6, S i l , S15, Sao, S29 St. Vincent's Seminary, S15 Scarrett College, 29 School of H o r t i c u l t u r e for W o m e n , S9, S33S34 Schwenkfelder Historical Library, 19, 55, S7, S16, S18-S19, S41 Science Museum Library, London, 27 Seamen's C h u r c h Institute, S27 Sharp a n d Dohme, Inc., S9, S29-S30, S33 Special Libraries Council of Philadelp h i a , 4, 10 specialists, 51-52 specialization, 45-47 Spellman College, 28 Starr Center Association Library, 12, 15, S5-S6, S22 State Library, Berlin, 27 State Teachers College, West Chester, 18, S7, S22-S23, S26, S41 subject catalogues, 31-32, 43-44 Sun Oil Company, S9, S29 Swarthmore College, 10, 11, 20, 22, 37, S5-S6, S i l , S14, S17, S18, S20-S31, S34-S36, S39, S41 T e m p l e University, g, 10, 11, 17, 19, 22, 37 Business Library, S7, S23-S25 Law Library, S7, S25-S26 Medical Library, S8, S32-S33 Professional Schools, S8, S22 Stella Elkins T y l e r Art School, S6, S22 Sullivan Memorial Library, 11, S556, S11, S14, S16-S17, S20, S23, S25S26, S29, S34, S36, S39, S41 T e x a s State Library, 29 Texas State University, 29 Theological Seminary of t h e Reformed Episcopal C h u r c h , S5, S8, S15 T h o m s o n , J o h n , 15 Towers, Perrin, Forster a n d Crosby, Inc., 18, S7, S24 T u l a n e University, 29 U n i o n Catalog, W a s h i n g t o n , 3, 31, 37, 67

95

INDEX Union Catalogue of Texiana, « 9 —· catalogues, 30-33 — Library Catalogue, ν, j , 4. 5> 1 ' · 2 °> 81, 23, 3°-33· 37- 3 8 · 39. 42. 44· 48, 5 ° . 5 ® . 5 ® · 59- 62, 66-8ο, 87, S i 2 , S34-S35, S39 — Library Company, Hatboro, S3 — Theological Seminary, Richmond, 28 United Gas Improvement Company, 18, 22, Sg, S24, S30 U. S. Department of Agriculture. Eastern Regional Research Laboratories, S33 U. S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, S7, S24, S37 U. S. Naval Hospital, S8, S32 United States, population trends of, 6-8 University of Chicago, 54 — of Michigan, 51 — of North Carolina, 28 — of Pennsylvania, 1, 2, 4, 9, 10, 11, 1 7 , 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 3 2 , 3 7 , 45, 54. 55· 56. 57. 5 8 - 59-62· 86-90, S3, S6, S11-S12, S 1 4 , S16-S22, S24-S25, S27-S29, S31, S32-S36, S39, S41 Biddle Law Library, 3, ig, S5, S7, S 1 4 , S25, S35, S 4 i Botanical Library, Sg, S27, S31 Dentistry, School of (Evans Museum and Dental Institute), S8, S32

Edward Fahs Smith Collection, Sg, S27, S29 Fine Arts, School of, S6, S 1 4 , S22-S23, S3i Furness Library, 10, 60, 86, 87, 88 Henry Phipps Institute, S8, S 3 2 Illman-Carter Unit of the School of Education, S23, S26, S31-S32 Institute of Local and State Government, S7, S25, S37 Laboratory of Hygiene, S 3 3 Lea Library of Medieval History, 60, 86, 87, 88-89, S 1 4 , S 1 7 , S26 Lippincott Library, Wharton School, 3, 1 7 - 1 8 , 6 1 , 62, 86, 87, 88, S7, S23S25, S27-S28, S37 Mathematics Research Library, Sg, S28 Medical School Libraries, S3, S8, S32533 Moore School of Electrical Engineering, Sg, S 1 4 , S30 Morris Arboretum, Sg, S 3 1 Penniman Library, 18, 6 1 , 62, 87, 88, S7, S22-S23, S26 Physics Library, Sg, S28 T o w n e Scientific School, Sg, S 3 0 University Museum Library, S5, Sg, S u , S 1 7 , Sig, S 2 1 , S39 Veterinary Medicine School, S8, S33534 Zoological Library, Sg, S 1 4 — of Richmond, 28

Vanderbilt, Paul, v, 1 , 3 , 66, 67, 80 Vanderbilt University, sg Villanova College, 10, S3-S4, S 1 4 - S 1 5 , S i 7 , S20, S26, S30, S34-S35, S41 Virginia Historical Society, 28 — Mechanics Institute, 28 — State Library, 28 W.P.A. Historical Records Survey, S 1 6 , S27 Wagner Free Institute of Science, 2 1 , S4, Sg, S27-S2g, S31, S4i War Documentation Service, 4, 7 1 , S 1 7 Westminster Theological Seminary, S8, S i l , S 1 5 , S 2 1 , S41 Widener Library, Harvard

University,

59 W i l l i a m B. Stephens Memorial Library, 2 1 , Sg Wilson. H . W., Co., 44 Wistar Institute, 20, S5, S8, S19, S 3 1 S32, S41 Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, S4, S8, S32 Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, Sg, S25 YoTing Men's and Young Women's Hebrew Association, S8, S15, S23 Zoological Society of Philadelphia, Sg