Pedagogy of Domination: Toward A Democratic Education in South Africa 0865431531, 9780865431539, 086543154X

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PEDAGOGY OF DOMINATION

Digitized by the Internet Archive in

2014

https://archive.org/details/pedagogyofdominaOOmoku

PEDAGOGY OF DOMINATION Toward a Democratic Education in South Africa

Edited by

MOKUBUNG NKOMO

Africa

World

Press, Inc.

P.O. Box

1892

Trenton,

New Jersey 08607

Africa

Worid

P.O. Box Trenton,

Copyright

1

Press, Inc.

892

New Jersey 08607 ©

1990 Africa World Press, Inc.

First Printing

1990

All rights reserved.

No

part of this publication

may

be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted any form or by any means electronic, mechanical or

in

otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher.

An

abbreviated version of chapter 10 appeared in Perspectives

(1989), pp. 1-18. We are grateful to PIE for granting permission to reprint the article in in Education, Vol. 11,

this

No.

1

volume.

Cover design by Ife Nii Owoo Cover photos: Afrapix Back cover photo: Peter Magubane

Book design and

electronic typesetting

from author's disk

by Malcolm Litchfield This book

is

composed

in

ITC New

Library of Congress Catalog Card

ISBN:

0-86543-153-1

Cloth

0-86543-154-X

Paper

Baskerville

Number: 90-81485

DEDICATIONS (To Past and Future Generations)

To their forebears who taught them how They learned well to and dearly they paid But they kept the

The young

to teach,

instil

learning in others

trust

lions,

Recipients of the collective

Hand

firmly gripped

on

memory

the baton

as they relay the message,

Must now go yet another lap

And

hasten to shorten the distance

Heartened by the knowledge that history can be willed where there is focused purpose and dogged That tyranny has no license on eternity, Like humans, it must expire

iii

pursuit;

Dedications

iv

From

ashes must arise renewed

life

Future awaits eagerly the tidings of the new griots

Summoning them Hercules's

toils

to ethereal heights

are their wage

The past breathes on today The present pours on the morrow Tomorrow beckons anxiously, Bidding necc, neusa, sansco, nascoc, nusas, and Conveyors of the message of generations,

To

detoxify the

Onwards

word

then,

with the business of the moment.

Teach, so they may teach,

and elevate the future beyond tyranny and apartheid's scourge and the ameliorative pretensions Onwards to a new genesis

Keep the Onwards

trust

to a

new

genesis:

This, to expectant forebears

And

the beautiful ones yet to be born

—M. N.

all

CONTENTS List

of Tables and Charts

ix

Acknowledgements

xi

Abbreviations

xiii

Introduction

1

One

Part Chapter

1

Pre-Industrial Education Policies in

and

Practices

South Africa

19

C. Tsehloane Keto

Chapter 2

The Roots of Segregated Schooling

in Twentieth-

Century South Africa Michael Cross and Linda Chisholm

Part Chapter 3

43

Two

Science and Doctrine: Theoretical Discourse in

South African Teacher Education Penny Enslin

v

77

Contents

vi

Chapter 4

Teacher Resistance

in African Education

from 93

the 1940s to the 1980s

Jonathan Hyslop

Chapter 5

The Politics of Student Kami Naidoo

Chapter 6

Modernization as Legitimation: Education Reform and the State in the 1980s Bill Nasson

Chapter 7

The

Catholic

Open

Resistance in the 1980s

147

Schools and Social Reform,

1976 to 1986

Pam Chapter 8

121

179

Christie

Efforts at Creating Alternative Curricula:

Conceptual and Practical Considerations

199

Michael Gardiner

Chapter 9

Youth Transform Education: Observations

at the

Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College Patricia

Chapter 10

217

McFadden

Foreign Policy and Scholarship Programs for Black South Africans: Philanthropy, Realism, or Winning Hearts and Minds?

231

Mokubung Nkomo Chapter 11

Special Education in South Africa

Nomsa

271

Gwalla-Ogisi

Part Three Chapter 12

Post-Apartheid Education: PreUminary

291

Reflections

Mokubung Nkomo Chapter 13

Curriculum in a Post-Apartheid Dispensation

325

Jonathan Jansen

Chapter 14

Developing a Campaign to Eliminate Sebiletso Mokone Matabane

Illiteracy

341

Chapter 15

Towards a Pedagogy for Liberation: Education for a National Culture in South Africa

365

Mbulelo Vizikhungo

Mzamane

Contents Chapter 16

Science Education in South Africa: Future Directions from Present Realities

M. Chapter 17

vii

C.

383

Mehl

Education with Production in Post-Apartheid South Africa

393

Bethuel Setai

Chapter 18

Education, Labor Power, and Socio-Economic

Development Sibusiso Nkomo and Renosi Mokate

Appendix

A

Resolutions from the First National Education Consultative Conference

Appendix B

403

421

Resolutions from the Second National Education Consultative Conference

429

Contributors

437

Bibliography

441

Index

469

LIST

OF TABLES AND CHARTS

Black Student Organizations in South Africa Total

Number

of

SAEP

128

Students at the Beginning of Each Year

254

Scholarship Holders by Country of Origin

256

UNETPSA

256

Distribution of

Students by Region

Projected Handicapped Children in 2020

277

Provisional Organizational Chart for the Education

Department

Per Capita Expenditure on Education in South Africa Illiteracy

312 319

Rates in South Africa for Registered Population

Groups, 1960-1980

320

Percentage of Literates in Any Language: 15 Years and Older According to Area, Home Languages, and Sex

351

Percentage of Literates of Any Language According to Area,

Age and Sex

352

Percentage of Pupils Reaching Std 4 (Grade 5) and 10 (12)

Symbol Distribution

in Physical Science

Academic Qualification of Teachers

HG

Who

1983

387

Have a Teaching Diploma 388

Academic Qualification of Teachers Without a Teaching Diploma

ix

386

388

List of Tables and Charts

X

Employment of High and Middle Level Human Power by Occupational Group 1985

415

Vacancies and Vacancy Rates Per Occupational Group, High and Middle Level Human Power 1985

416

Total

Blacks as Percentage of All Persons in Certain Occupational Groups 417

Projected Labor Supply by Year 2000

418

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS would like to take this opportunity to thank the individual contributors to this volume for their faith and commitment to the successful completion They displayed a good-natured of their commissioned assignments. I

disposition during the entire period of exchanges that the editing function

required.

My fellowship at the Yale University Southern African Research Program (1988-1989) could not have

come

at a better time.

All the essential

resources to carry out the task, the time, interaction with other scholars,

and the well-endowed library livened by the boundless energy of John M. D. Crossey, the Curator of the Africana Collection, were splendid. It was, indeed, a stimulating time and place. At the University of North Carolina at Charlotte I wish to thank in particular Mary Thomas Burke, the chair of the Department of Human Services, my colleague Jonnie McLeod, and Dean William H. Heller of the School of Education and Allied Professions,

who were

critically

a leave of absence that

made

instrumental in facilitating the granting of

this

volume

possible.

A grant from the Ford

Foundation made easier and brought to reality a project that would otherwise have taken a longer time and, most certainly, could not have been sustained by my meager resources. I also thank the United Church

xi

Acknowledgements

xii

Board for World

moment. I must

Ministries

who

offered valuable assistance at a crucial

also express gratitude to the following individuals for their

commentaries on certain parts of the volume: Muxe G. Nkondo, Ben Magubane, Hunt R. Davis, Jr., Robert C.-H. Shell, Gerald E. Thomas and William Beinart. Though, to one degree or another, I benefitted immensely from all of them, regretably, sole responsibility for any transgressions that may have been committed rests squarely on my shoulders. For other support, I thank most dearly Diana Wylie for arranging a most congenial sanctuary during my stay at Yale that made life so

much more charitable. Florence Thomas undertook

the typing of the manuscript with a calm

and deciphered the hieroglyphics of the various softwares from disks dispatched by the contributors that a lesser soul would have been compelled to resign due to irritability caused by seeming incompatabilities. This and other adversities seemed to fuel her desire to prevail professionalism,

over technoglyphics.

I

could not escape the contagion of her

Lyndall Hare offered special assistance for which

am

spirit.

Working with Lynora Williams, copy editor at Africa World Press, was a most satisfying experience. She brought a keen editorial eye accompanied by an ability to be both objective and deeply involved with the text. I am I

grateful.

grateful for her enthusiastic cooperation.

My family was, as always, most gracious during the period of engagement with this project.

May

their generosity yield fruit for eternity.

ABBREVIATIONS AAC ACA

Atlantic

APS

Association of Private Schools

ANC

African National Congress

ANCYL ATASA AZAPO AZASM AZASO

African National Congress Youth League

BCM

Black Consciousness Movement Cape African Teachers' Association

CATA CATU

All Africa

Convention

and Continental Assurance

African Teachers' Association of South Africa

Azanian Peoples' Organization Azanian Students' Movement Azanian Students' Organization

Cape African Teachers' Union

COSAS CP

Congress of South African Students

DET FRELIMO HSRC

Department of Education and Training Frente de Libertacao de Mozambique

ICU

Industrial

HE JMC

Institute of International

MEDUNSA

MDM

Communist

Human

Party

Sciences Research Council

and Commercial Workers' Union Education

Joint Military Council

Medical University of South Africa Mass Democratic Movement

xiii

L

Abbreviations

xiv

IVyfPT A iVlx .LA

IVlOVlIIieiltU l (jpilldJ

Uc

J-il

UCI

Lily d.O

Uc

/VllgOld.

National Student Co-ordinating Committee National Education Crisis Committee IN Hi

U JV1

1M OI1-1L 111 OpCdJl UIllLy iVlOVCIllCIlL

TVTT7T TC A

iNauonai iLaucauon union 01 ooutn Ainca

INr

iNauonai

"MP

lNd-UOIldjlal x al Ly

AC IN UoAo

National Union of South African Students

VTC A7TYTT T JNWLll

North Western Districts Teachers Union Pan African is L Congress jrori jLuzaDein leacners union

XTT TC

U

rorum

DTA r 1A

xareni leacners Associauon oouui lean ueiense rorce oOUul rill ICdJl JLUuCalxUIl xlOglalll

QATPP oAllvK

oouui aii ican insutuie 01 ixace iseiauons fcoutn

Aincan

ooutnem

oAox CAlSIAr OAxNAIj

j>tuaents organization

Airican otuaent r rogram

1

kVAIN oV^i

w

CACM oAYLU O/AOiVl

30ULI1 /AlilCdll rN