Palestinian Syrian Texts: From Palimpsest Fragments in the Taylor-schechter Collection 1593331843, 9781593331849

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PALESTINIAN

SYRIAC

FROM PALIMPSEST

TEXTS

FRAGMENTS

IN T H E TAYLOR-SCHECHTER

COLLECTION

PALESTINIAN SYRIAC TEXTS FROM

PALIMPSEST

FRAGMENTS

IN T H E T A Y L O R - S C H E C H T E R

COLLECTION

E D I T E D BY

AGNES SMITH HON. PHIL

DR.

LEWIS

EDITOR

OF

SOME PAGES OF T H E SYRIAC PALIMPSEST A PALESTINIAN

M.R.A.S.

HALLE-WITTENBERG

SYRIAC L E C T I O N A R Y F R O M T H E

RETRANSCRIBED

PENTATEUCH,

PROPHETS,

ETC.

AND

MARGARET

D U N L O P GIBSON JOINT EDITOR

THE

PALESTINIAN

OF

SYRIAC LECTIONARY OF T H E EDITOR

OF

S T U D I A S I N A I T I C A NOS. I I , I I I ,

V AND

& GORGIAS PRESS 2005

M.R.A.S.

VII

GOSPELS

First Gorgias Press Edition, 2005. The special contents of this edition are copyright 2005 by Gorgias Press LLC. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States of America by Gorgias Press LLC, New Jersey. This edition is a facsimile reprint of the original edition published by Cambridge University Press, London, 1900. ISBN 1-59333-184-3

GORGIAS PRESS

46 Orris Ave., Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA www.gorgiaspress.com

Printed and bound in the United States of America.

CAROLO TAYLOR

ET

SOLOMONI

SCHECHTER

VIRIS DOCTISSIMIS ET HEBRAICAE LINGUAE PERITISSIMIS HOC OPUSCULUM DEDICANT

AGNES SMITH LEWIS ET MARGARETA DUNLOP GIBSON.

ERRATUM On page x for

cot\SOOSn

read

QsOiilo(Ua

INTRODUCTION. /~T~"*HE

1

fragments of M S S . from which the following texts have been

copied are all palimpsests, and formed part of the great collection

of Hebrew parchments, so long stored in the Genizah of the s y n a g o g u e in Old Cairo, which D r Schechter received from the Grand Rabbi of E g y p t in 1897.

T h e y were presented b y him and b y D r T a y l o r , Master

of S t John's College, to the University of Cambridge in 1898. them were eleven

leaves of the Original

Hebrew of

Amongst

Ecclesiasticus,

belonging to two manuscripts, discovered b y D r Schechter, with some leaves of the H e x a p l a , and some autograph letters of Maimonides ; and an autograph letter of Cushiel; also the fragment of A q u i l a found b y Mr Burkitt;

and many documents of great, though somewhat lesser

interest. A l l the Palestinian Syriac palimpsest fragments contained in this volume, were picked out from the heap of miscellaneous scraps

by

D r Schechter himself, partly for the sake of the upper Hebrew script, and partly because he suspected the under one to be Syriac.

In this

he was confirmed b y Mr Burkitt, who happened to see some of the earliest specimens, including probably No. I I I . or V . which D r Schechter had laid aside for our inspection.

T w e n t y - o n e fragments were entrusted

to Mrs Gibson and me in 1898 by D r T a y l o r and D r Schechter, for the purpose of editing, and nine more in June 1899 b y the Syndics of the University Library.

T o the texts of these we have added that of four

scraps belonging to ourselves, two of which, though purchased from dealers in Cairo, came originally from the Genizah. T h e 30 documents (or 34. counting our own) differ considerably in age, in value, and in the degree of their preservation ; or rather, I might say, of the ill-usage to which they have been subjected s. F.

b

Vili

INTRODUCTION.

The place in which they were so long stored merits description. W e were enabled, when in Cairo, through the kindness of Dr Schechter, to visit it T h e synagogue is a plain, whitewashed building, round three sides of which runs a gallery. A t one end of this gallery a rude ladder, with rungs very wide apart, gives access to a door in the wall, some fourteen feet above the floor. Through this door one of the synagogue servants jumped, and as he alighted in the inner darkness, we who stood below heard the crash of ancient vellum beneath his feet. We had to content ourselves with a peep, from the top of the ladder, at this lumber-room, the Genizah, whence have issued from time to time so many ragged scraps of writing to make glad the hearts of European scholars For centuries, whitewash has tumbled upon them from the walls and ceiling; the sand of the desert has lodged in their folds and wrinkles ; water from some unknown source has drenched them ; they have squeezed and hurt each other ; whilst all the time some of them were keeping for us very precious secrets. It was my not altogether pleasant duty when in Cairo, to separate and cleanse those of the Genizah fragments which Mrs Gibson and I had acquired, and, ab nno disce omnia, I found each little bundle of heterogeneous leaves glued together, some loosely, through having been dried after immersion in water; some tightly, by a treacle-like sticky substance formed out of their own decay. Sometimes a handful which I supposed to consist of three leaves would be found to conceal a dozen, each differing in character from its neighbours, and amongst the dust which covered them I discovered not a few very tiny insects. Thus the numerous holes with which our palimpsest leaves are studded have certainly been produced by long adhesion to a slowly mouldering mass of parchment and paper. The fragments differ much in the degree of their legibility. Dates, in cases where none are given, are impossible to fix, and only a vague guess can therefore be made about the epoch to which each fragment belongs. This resolves itself ultimately into a question of handwriting, and in this matter we can only invoke the diligent consideration of our

INTRODUCTION.

IX

facsimiles, and the tentative judgment of those who are more skilled in these matters than we are ourselves. We feel justified in saying, however, that no earlier specimen of the language is known than these texts of Jeremiah, Joel, Hosea, Corinthians, Thessalonians, Timothy and Titus. We are certain, also, that these are no parts of a Lectionary, but are the remains of an early Syriac version, translated from the Septuagint. It will be observed that there is no indication of a rubric between the conclusion of Hosea and the beginning of Joel in Fragment VI., and that Fragment X I . exhibits the headings ojcv^j.^ and k'Au.iiA* "second (Timothy)." It was natural to suppose from the character of the upper Hebrew script, that those Fragments which contain texts of I. Thessalonians and of II. Timothy must be portions of the same MS. as those edited by Mr Gwilliam in Anecdota Oxoniensia, Semitic Series, Vol. I. Part V. , but whereas two of the Bodleian fragments measure 12 inches by 8-^, the longest of the Cambridge leaves measures only 9§ inches by 7§. Moreover in the Bodleian fragments the Hebrew script runs across the Palestinian Syriac, and in the Cambridge ones it runs the same way. A re-agent, hydro-sulphuret of ammonia, has been employed, by special permission of the University Librarian, only on Fragments II. X I X X I I . X X V I . X X X , with I and I I of our own, and on portions of Fragments I. I I I . V. V I I . It has in no instance been used where the words could be deciphered without it; nor where the leaves were riddled with holes, experience having shown us that under the latter conditions more would be lost than gained by its application. Fragments I. and II. of our collection would have been perfectly illegible without it; the under script in these was mistaken by me for a faint brown streak of dirt; and it was thus left to Dr Schechter, who knew the appearance of the Hebrew script m the fragments of his own collection, to recognize that this streak was really an ancient text. Mrs Gibson and I are separately responsible for the decipherment of those Fragments to which our initials are appended. The plan

INTRODUCTION.

X

which we have followed was for one editor to revise the other's work ; then to submit the printed text to Dr Nestle, of Maulbronn, and to verify his suggestions; it was then re-read from the manuscripts by Dr Rendel Harris, of Cambridge, and received its last revision from ourselves. T h e early Creed on Fragment X I I I . was identified and deciphered almost wholly by Dr Harris. I had copied a few words, amongst which were t»cu»cisa even, and this at once suggested to #

Dr Harris both the word ofioovcriot been applied. [The Hebrew text is a portion of the Talmud of Jerusalem the same MS. as No. I X . ]

Tractate Sotah, chap lx.

From

XXVIII. Two conjugate leaves, much decayed, the ink used for the Palestinian Syriac script having eaten away the substance of the vellum so as to riddle it with holes. As this has occurred on both sides of the leaves it has rendered the ancient writing quite illegible. The leaves originally measured each 7f inches by 6f, but large portions have been torn off. The Hebrew script, in one column, numbered 29 lines. [The Hebrew text is from the Talmud of Jerusalem.

Tractate Pesahim, chaps, vn., x.]

XXIX. A pair of conjugate leaves, much damaged; a piece being torn out of both together at left-hand foot. There are many holes, due to decay. The length is inches, maximum breadth 6J inches. The upper Hebrew script is m one column, in a neat, clear hand. Folio 1 a has 34 lines, f. 1 b has 30, f. 2 a has 31, and f. 2 b 32. There is a piece broken off, the edge being rolled up and glued together with the product of its own decay. The lower Syriac script is in two columns: it is in a fine straight hand, with a marked tendency to carry a straight line along the foot of each word, and to prolong it before the final letters of the line. Capital Waw occurs four times and capital He once, all outside the column. [The Hebrew text is from the Jerusalem Talmud. century.]

Tractate Shekalim, chap. 1.; 11th or 12th

XX

DESCRIPTION

OF T H E

FRAGMENTS.

XXX. A single leaf of rather thick vellum, well scraped on both sides, measuring 9 inches by 6. Parts of the inner side have been torn away, and there is one large hole. Both the upper Hebrew and under Edessene Syriac script on the flesh-side have been made legible by the re-agent, but on the hair-side the latter has been almost completely erased. Both are in one column, running the same way, the Hebrew having 36 lines, the Syriac 2 1 . T h e latter appears to belong to the fifth or sixth century. This is the only Fragment in the present volume whose under script is not Palestinian Syriac. [The Hebrew text is a portion of a Liturgy Piyut

LEWIS-GIBSON

for a sabbath ( n t h century).]

COLLECTION.

I. A broken leaf, of thin vellum, about a third of it torn off lengthwise, with several large ragged holes. Its length is 7§ inches, its present maximum breadth is 4.4 inches. T h e upper Hebrew script is m one column, and clearly written, though some letters at the beginning of the line on the flesh-side have been rubbed away. There are 26 lines on either side. T h e lower Syriac script runs across the Hebrew, and is in two columns. T h e lines are straight, the handwriting is bold, but so much faded as to be only legible in a few places with the help of the re-agent. [The Hebrew text is a portion of the Talmud of Jerusalem.

Tiactate Horayoth,

chap. 111.

Conjugate leaves in Hebrew M S . No. I I . of this collection and No. X X I I

of the Taylor-Schechter collection belong to the

same M S both as legauls the Hebrew and the G i e e k scripts ]

II. A broken leaf, of thin vellum, conjugate with No. I., maximum measurements 8 inches by 4|- inches. A piece, it is impossible to say how large, has been torn irregularly from the left s i d e , the right side is torn, there is a large hole at the

DESCRIPTION

OF

THE

xxi

FRAGMENTS.

bottom, besides two large and many small irregular holes in the body of the document.

For description of the two scripts see No. I.

There is a broken

portion of another similar leaf beside it.

III. This and No. I V . were found when the remains of the binding to our small Palestinian Syriac Lectionary, of which the text has been published in No. V I . Studia

Smaitica,

were split up on the occasion of the book being rebound.

T h e y were enclosed m a kind of bag or envelope of blank vellum similar to that on which they were written.

This was evidently the framework for something

else, perhaps of an ornamental character, seeing that it has attracted the attention of the spoiler. holes.

No. I I I . measures 6f by 2f inches, it has two splits and several

Half of it is palimpsest, both scripts being m Palestinian Syriac.

The

lower script is of a reddish-yellow c o l o u r , the upper, which runs across it, being very black.

It is impossible to say of either whether it was in one column or

two, as the fragment is merely a strip cut from a page to fit into the binding. Eight lines of the upper writing are visible, and 19 of the lower

IV. This is like No. I l l , a cutting from a longer leaf. by 2|.

It measures 5 inches

Four lines are visible on either side, containing the text from Numbers

identified by Mr Stennmg.

T h e facsimiles T

which we give m this volume have been executed by Messrs

and R. Annan and Sons, of Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, from photographs

taken by Mr Edwin Wilson, of Cambridge. A.

S.

L.

M. D. G.

I N D E X TO T E X T S . PAGE Numbers

XXll. 1 7 - 2 2

110

XXI1. 3 7 b ,

HI

xxni

41

111

5

D e u t e r o n o m y XXXI. 3 - 1 4 XXX l Psalms

Isaiah Jeremiah

Joel

2

xiv. 4 - i o a

34

x i v . i o b - J o e l i. 6

36

11. i o b - i 5 *

38

ii. I 5 b - 2 0

40

4

S. J o h n

xiv. 1 5 ,

cxvm. i o

77

Romans

V.

CX1X. 1 0 9

108

2 Corinthians

Ill

1. 4 , 5

109

20-29

xii. 1 2 - 1 4 xil.

7-xin.

4

...

XIV. 4 - 7 ...

16

44

6-9a

109

2-9»

46

lit. 9 b - ' 5

48

6

111. i 6 - i v . 4a

8

iv. 4 b - i o a

12

XXIX. 3 2 - x x x . 6

I T h e s s a l o n i a n s iii. i - 6 a

14

...

50 52

.

...

54

iii. 6 b - i 3

56

XXX. 6 b - i o

16

IV. 1 - 7

58

XXXI. 4 - 8 »

18

iv. 8 - 1 4

60

XXXI. 8 b -I2=>

20

ii. 1 6 - 2 0

62

xxxi. I2b—I5

22

ii. 2 2 - 2 6

64

xxxi

26

Ili. 3 b - 7

66

ni. 8 - 1 2

68

35^3«

2 Timothy

Titus

xxxi. 39-XXXll. 2

28

xxxn

30

Creeds

32

V i t a S. A n t o n i i

XXXll Ezekiel

PAGE Hosea

b

35 -39

•••

42-43

xx. 9 - 1 5 ( E d e s s e n e )

106

...

72 >8-105

L I S T OF

FAC-SIMILES.

Taylor-Schechter

Collection. JDeut. xxxi. 3 - 8 1 2 - 1 4 (John xiv. 15, 16

("Fragment I. a [Fragment VI 11, a

PLATE

I.

PLATE

II.

Fragment II. f. i a, f. 2 b

Jer. xu 12-14, xiv. 5-7

PLATE

III.

Fragment III. f. 2 b

Jer. xxxi. 8 b -i2

PLATE

IV.

Fragment VI. f. 2 b

Joel ii. i5 b -2o

PLATE

V.

Fragment IX. f. 1 a

2 Cor. in. 2-9

PLATE

VI.

Fragment XI. f. 2 b

Titus 111. 8-12

PLATE

VII.

Fragment XXIII. b

Lewis-Gibson

PLATE V I I I .

Collection. [Romans v. 6 - cf\Numbers xxn. 20, 21 Numbers xxn. 37b, 41

Fragment III. b Fragment IV. a

ERRATA. V

Page 21, col. 2, 1. 14

After avrov add S and put '12'

Page 23, col. 2, 1. 18.

For eialv ov read eia-iv' 01!.

Page 72.

For Creed II. read Creed.

one line higher.

111

IV. recto Numbers xxii. 37 b , 41. *

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