New English File Grammar Checker for Intermediate

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Revision FileI r o o o o

Word order in questions Presentsimple Adverbsand expressions of frequency Presentcontinuous:be+ verb + -ing Definitiverelativeclauseswith who,which,where

Revision File2 o ¡ o o o

Pastsimpleregularand irregular Pastcontinuous:wasI were+ verb + -ing Pastsimpleor pastcontinous? Questionswith and without auxiliaries So,because, but, although

Revision File5 o . o o

Goingto Will, won't+ infinitive (predictions) WiIl (promises,offers,and decisions) Reviewof tenses:present,past,and future

Revision File4 o o o r o o

Revision File5 o o o ¡

l6

Presentperfect+ for andsince Presentperfector pastsimple(2)? Usedto I didn't useto Passive: be+ pastparticiple

Revision FileI c o o r

t4

If + present,will + infinitive (first conditional) If + past,would+ infinitive (secondconditional) mayI might+ infinitive (possibility) shouldI shouldn'r(advice)

Revision File7 . r o .

t2

Usesof the infinitive (with ro) Verb + -ing Haveto, don't haveto, must,mustn't Expressingmovement:go, efc.+ preposition

Revision File6 . . . o

ro

Presentperfect (experience) + ever,never Presentperfect or past simple? Present perfect * yet, just, already Comparative adjectives Comparative adverbs Superlatives(+ ever + present perfect)

rs

Somethinganything nothing etc. Quantifiers Word order of phrasalverbs So,neither+ auxiliaries

Revision File9

20

o Pastperfect ¡ Reported(or indirect) speech

lrresular verbs

I

-

22

IA

wordorderin questions Questionswith do I doesI didin present and past simple uestion word

Auxiliar

Where What food

Subiect Infiiritive (= r'erb) \¡()u

lirre r'r,itl-lvour parents?

lent-i1'

Iike Chinese firoel?

)¡ou Jennv

live? like?

Where

I usuallr,-rvork at htrrtie

1 ] r'- ,(

I'hev don't live neal'hcrt: Do vor-rsmoke? Yes,I do. i No, i clon't.

. We often use the presentsimple rvith adverbs usunlL,v, o.ften,sometimes, of frequency (alt+'aVs, hardly ever,never). " Adverbsof frequencygo beforetl'reuain t erb, btrt after be. fIe often goesotLt.NC)T }*rgoeroften-ott' She'salwrys lctÍe.NO'I S]¡c1-hte-ahrat's. (evervda1',onceo of frec¡.ter-rc1' Expressicrns cnd of a sentence. the at ctc.) usuallv.eo n'eek, twice a week. I haveEnglishc/¿r-sscs

helsheiit i-llinly know' tne verv weil. It clo n't otierr rain ircre. l {r,ral i ke Ii :ttsi ci Yes> ..hi ' does \c .i rc doesn' t. Dcl

present Óe+ verb+ ing continuous: Yon \"\Ic 're working Tirev not working \bu \'!e aren't working Thev

I'm working

Are voLr working? he working? Is

Yes, I am. Yes,he is.

IIC 's She working It Hc Sheisn't working It No, I'm not. No, he isn't.

. IJsethe presentcontinuousfor things harppening now, at this rnoment. My brotheris working irr Germanl'' AWhat areyoLtdoing? to Sarnh. B I'm sendinga text niessdge . Rememberthe spellingrulesfor tlle -lr¡gform" cook>cooking stuclv>studving rltn )running live >living ¡r",*Someverbsare not normalh' useciin the presentcontinuous,fot'exauple like,v'nnt, need. have(= possess), yott ttov'. to talk to I need I{OT frnrr€edintrto tal}t+o Tott rlow.

with who,which,where clauses definingrelative A cook is a personwho woriis itr ¿rrcstaur¿rnt. A clock is a thing which tells the time. A post oflice is a ¡rlacewhere )'c)ucan buv starnps'

ffi

i:515==,

(listett to. tttlk i . If a verb is followeciby a prepfinishes sh,s, ch,x: add es go>goes do>does have>has . Rememberthe rvord order in questions(ASI and QUASI - see1A above).

ID

cioiitg? i¡lking .ibout?

offrequency andexpressions adverbs J.-

L

thel' yoll he

In questionswith be,make questionsbv invcrtir-ig the verb and the subject.

present simple I/voulweithev

IC

are are is

What

' In the presentsimple use the auxiliary verb do I does to make questions. . In the pastsimple usethe auxiliary verb didto make questions. ' In thesequestionsthe subjectgoesafkr the auxiliary verb. ' RememberASI (auxiliar¡ subject,infinitive) or QUASI (questionworcl,auxiiiar¡ subject,infinitive) to help vou rvith word order in presentor past simple questions.

IB

Questions with be,presentcontinuous, and going to

¿iS

. Use relativeclausesto explain u,hat a place,thing, or person is or does. That's the woman who won the lottery last year. This is the restaurantwherewe had dinner last week. . Use who for a person,which for a thing, and wherefor a place.

You can usethat insteadof who or which. She'sthegirl who I that workswith ntv'brother. It's a thing which I that conflectsttttocotttPtfiers.

IA Put the word or phrasein the right placein the question. b Put the words in the right order to old you work wheredo? How I is yourson?(old) 1 2 3 a 5

shecominghome tomorrow?(is) What problemis he talking?(about) Do start tomorrow?(the lessons) rvVhyyou tell your friends?(didn't) What time did end?(the film)

1 2 3 4 5

?

a haveyou do question?' you to shehow speakdoesoften? bus the time doeswhat leave? teachhow shemany doesstudents? playyou aregoingto golf tomorrow?

IB a Write sentencesand questions with the present simple. I 2 3 4 5 6

b Completewith a verb in the presentsimple.

She usually setsuD earlv. E She/ usuallyget up early E Frank/ like the painting A Sue/ havemuch money E he / alwaysread The Times nyou I havea cat El they I know his phone number El Charlotte/ go out everynight

not get on not have listen +i\re rain speak She lives in Spain. 1 it often herein summer? 2 Tony a mobile. 3We to the radio at breakfast. you 4 good German? 5 Xavier with his brother.

tc a Write sentenceswith the present continuous. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Complete the sentenceswith the present simple or presentcontinuous.

It isn't snowing. E tt / snow. E We / look for the cathedral f What / shereadat the moment . tr She/ weara scarfand a hat job at the moment tr She/ look for a El Hey! you i drink my tea! tr They I driveto Mexico City

ID

1 2 3 4 5

T

a Completethe defi¡itions with who,which, n Q ot where. ZUISIt's the person rvho serves)¡ou in a café. 1 He'sthe personhelpsyou with your luggage' fr | | tz 2 It's an animal haseight legs. ñ 3 It's a room peopletry on clothes.

4rt,s amachine cuts thegras$ { 5 They'repeople

The man in the photo is singing a song.(sing) skiingbut she often. (love,go) Jo Iflyug so I there.(not like, drive) He to the shops.He sometea.(go,need) (meet) Dan always Andreaon Tuesdays? Bob'snot here. he volleyball?(play)

makeyoulaugh.

b Match the definitionsand the pictures.

tr: -l t

g ^-. Á'

c Write sentences with d¡o, which o¡ where. üat / thedog/ always barksat night

f ^,,n fl -.-, f-l

That's the dog which alwaysbarks barhsat nigltt night . t / the cafélI met Sandra y/ y / the cats cats/lhaveno haveno hair hair / the man / livesin Flat 4 t

t7-

-

-^^

^,^

I

1:---

-

l-^

Fl

-r

/

Jfi'J:iiffi*1TJr,* I

? ? ? ?

2A

pastsimple andirregular regular

trtr r I

You He She It We They

stayed in a hotel. went on holiday.

trtEtrDid you

Did you

didn't stay in a hotel. didn't go on holiday.

stay in a hotel? go on holiday?

YesI did. No, I didn't.

Llsethe past simple to talk about finished actions in the past. The past simple is the samefor all persons. [Jsethe infinitive after Did... i and didn't for negatives and questions.

28

infinitive work stay iike study stop

To make the past simple E of regular verbs add -ed. Remember the spelling rules. Many comfiIon verbs are irregular in E past simple, for example go>wentSeethe lrregular verb list on p.155.

pastcontinuous: wlsI were+ verb+ ing I He was working She

pastsimple or pastcontinuous? \Ahen I took the photo, they were writing a song. I was sitting at home when I saw the news on TV.

You We were working They

. LJsethe past simple for a completed action. I took the photo./ I saw the news. . tJsethe past continuous for an action in progress. They were writing a song.I I was sitting at home.

Tt

tr

i He wasn't working She It

stayed liked (just add d if verb finishesin e) studied (y>i aftera consonant) stopped(if verb finishesin consonant-vowel-consonant, double the finai consonant)

You I We weren't working They

E Was he working? Yes,hewas. No, he wasn't. tr !Z --, were' No,theyweren't. Weretheyworking?Yes,they Use the past continuous to describean action in progressat a specificmoment in the past. At sixo'clocklastnight I wasdrivinghome. On April lst I wasstayingwith somefriends in the country.

auxiliaries withandwithout 2C quest¡0ns Questions without an auxiliarY

Questions with an auxiliary uestion tnusic rrlLlJrL What vvlr4L Which CD Who

Auxiliarv do Ll\, did did

Subiect Infinitive you like? /-" he I buY? go with? you

. To make questionsin the past and present simple, we normally use the auxiliary verbs do I doesI did + the infinitive. What musicdo you llk¿iI'{OT @ . The normal order for questionsin the present and pas tis Q UA S I (S e ep .1 2 6l A).

2D

Subiect What Which country \A4ro

i i Verb happened after the concert? i won i the Eurovision Song Contest? their sonqs? writes

. When the question word (\Mho?Ihhat? Which?How many?) is the subjectof the verb in the question,we do not use an auxiliary (do, does,did) and the verb is in the third person. Wo writes their songs?NOT

but,olthough so,becorrse, andso because

but andolthough

Shewas driving fast becauseshewas in a hurr¡ (reason) Shewas in a hurry so shewas driving fast. (result) Hannah spoketo the DJ becausethey didn't like the music. (reason) They didn't like the music so Hannah spoketo the DJ. (result)

Shetried to stop but shehit the man. Although shetried to stop,shehit the man. It was late but she couldn't sleep. Shecouldn't sleepalthough it was late.

Use becauseto expressa reason. Use soto expressa result.

Use but and althoughto show a contrast. Abhough can go at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence.

2A a Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple. b Re-orderthe wordsto makequestions. Wheredid )tougo on holiday?go whereholidayyou on did? yearwe had (have) Last (ly)to a holiday inltaly. We1 2 3France. (stay) Rome (see) andthere forthreenights. We (eat)some everything ? nice haveweathervou did? andwe4fantastic food- we s6(have) pizza a delicious last night. onour I also It was Yery nice and warm. (buy)loads ofnewclothes. ? stayyou did where? 7 8With my sister. (hire) (drive) Then we a carand to Pisa. But (anive) (cannot)finda hotel whenweewer0? you long go how did for? (stay) room! Intheendwerrina little hotel, butitwaslovely gleep) (go) andwe12 really well. Thenextdaywer3(break toSiena inthecar,butthenweradown)l My 15(ing)forhelp, (wait) boyfriend butwe16anhour 17 (come) before someone totakeusback toourhotel.

Ten days. 4

? did mountainsseethe you? Yes,my sister'shouse is in the mountains. ? did interestingdo you anything? Yes,we went walking in the Alpr.

28 a Completewith a verb in the pastcontinuous. I 2 3 4 5 6 7

b Put the verbsinto the pastsimpleor pastcontinuous.

abroadwhen he met Helen.(live) all night for the news.(wait) he a bagwhen he arrived?(carry) Who you to at the cinema?(speak) It when we got to the hotel. (snow) I dinner when I cut my finger.(make) The sun when we left. (not shine) He They

1 2 3 4 5

She arrived when we wereeatinglunch. (arrive,eat) I when it raining. (sunbathe,start) He his keyswhen he round the town. (lose,walk) Where when you your flat?(live,find) I my hand when I squash.(hurt, play) I when you me. (drive,call)

2c a Cross out the wrong question. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Who yoü^did / did you seelast night? Who paid I did,payyou? What meansthis word / doesthis word mean? How many peoplespoke/ did speakto you? Which train goes/ doesgo to the centre? Who left I did leavethe room first? What askedthe student / did the student ask?

b Write the questions. Do you know the answers? Who said 'I'll be back'?(say) I Which competitionin 2005?(Liverpool/ win) 2 Who the bestactressOscarin 2006?(win) 3 Who the 2005 fiIm King Kon{ (direct) 4 When PrimeMinister of the UK? (TonyBlair / become) 5 Who TheDa Vinci Code?(write) 6 What beforehe becamean actor?(Tom Cruise/ do)

2D a Completewith so,because, but,or although.

b Match the sentencehalvesand complete with so,because,but, or although. We missedthe bus we walkedhome. so I had too much work ffi A -y computerwasbroken. The soupwashorrible he ateit. .ffi 1 I've started playrng golf B it washer birthday. I wanted-y moneyback it wasbroken. 2 His Frenchis terrible C he lived in Parisfor years. Shecalledme ¡..;É¿{t I wasout. W I 3 went his house to he getsangrya lot, peoplelike him. '{ffi @ 4 She'sabroad E I want to get fit. I wastired I went to bed. g.m 5 I tried to sendan e-mail F he wasn't there. The shopswereclosed it wasSunday. 6 I bought her some G she can't come I liked Jeremy he didn't like me. so

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

floweis

ffi

tonight.

present forfuturearrangements cont¡nuous

goingto tl i:-l

I'm going to work in a restaurant. i She'ssoinq to meet me at the airport. We aren't going to stayvery long. i He isn't eoins to like the weatherthere. Are you going to find a job? \A4renis your brother going to visit you?

Éf

tr nl

(predictions) 5B will,won'f+ infinitive

trtr

i : l

'll be late.

Contractions:

'll = wilh won't = will not

rJsewill I won't+ infinitive for future predictions. (You can also use going fo. See3A above.) The future of thereis I are = therewiII be; the future of I can - I'Il be able úoNOT Fll-€an.

5C

Will

won't be late.

tr

g

rtl I You He She It We They

lTheyaren'tcg@ What are )/ou doing this evening? Is shemeeting us at the cinema?

You can also usethe presentcontinuous for future arrangementswhich we haveplanned for a fixed time or place. Don't usethe presentsimple for this. i'{OT Lsee-some #iendstoftight The presentcontinuous is especiallycommon with the expressionstonight,tomorrow,this weekend,efc.and with theseverbs: go,come,meet,see,letve,and arrive.

lJse (be)going ro + infinitive to talk about future plans and predictions. l'm goingto work in the tJK for sixweeks.(plan) I think it'sgoingto rain this afternoon.(prediction) When you usegoing to go,you can omú to go. I'm going to go to universitynextyear or I'm going+egoto universttyrrcxtyear.

I You He She It We They

j I'm seeingsome friends tonight. We're havine dinner at their housetomorrow. Sheisn't leaving until Friday.

I yotl he she be late? it we they

r I

you he Yes, she will. rt we they

No,

I you he she won't. lt we they

. We often usef think I I don't think ...+ will... I think he'Ilfail the ex.atn.I don't thinkhe'II passthe exam.NOT f@ i e ,

ranJ *r,p,"oplruse sftal/(not i" g t.ttt*n."t*ith Somffi.t will), but this is very formal (for example,ln á businessletter). I shall write to vou when I havestudiedvour case.

anddecisions) offers, will(promises, Decisions I I won't have the fish, I'11have the steak. We'll take the 6.30 train. I'll help you with your homework. Offers r Shall I open the window? Promises I'll alwayslove you. I won't tell anyone.

lJsewill I won't + infinitive for making decisions,offering, and promising. I'Il helpyou with thosebags.NOT +$deToft tJseShall1...?or Shallwe .,.i when an offer is a question. ShaIII pol,?ShaIIwe call you tonight at 7.00?

past,andfuture present, of tenses: 5D review Tense present simple present continuous

Example I live in the city centre. She doesn't smoke. He's looking for a new job.

Things that happen alwaysor usually. Things that are happeningnow or in the near future.

I'm leaving tomorrow

past simple past continuous going úo+ infinitive willlwon't+infinitive

We saw a good fihn last night. i We didn't_4t ""yttti"g y.tt..¿qf He was working in Paris. What were you doing at7.00? j I'm going to seeTom tonight. It's soins to rain. You'll love New York. I'll phone her later. I'll help you. I'll pay you back tomorrow.

I Finishedactionsin the past. Actions that were in progressat a past time. Future plans and predictions. Predictions,instant decisions,offers,and promises.

5A a Complete with going to * a verb. bry

1 2 3 4 5

€offi€

be

wear

start

relax

not do

What ¡i¡ns are you goingto come tonight? Hurry up! We late! you-anewcar? university in September. Ien Ianythingtoday.I instead. It's so cold that I a scarfl

b Cross out the wrong form. Tick (/) rfboth forms are possible. I m€et / 'm meetirg -y girlfriend tonight. I Where are you going / do you go this weekend? 2 PauIthinks it is going to rain / raining tomorrow. 3 We'regoingto go out / out tomorrow night. 4 I'm phoning / phone Jackieat 3.00. 5 Who is going to find / finding your hotel in Rio? 7 He'sgoing to make / making a cakefor you.

5B a Write sentences and questionswith will I won't.lJse contractions where you can. I 2 3 4 5 6 7

tr E f E tr tr tr A

it I be difficult he / get better,doctor we / finish before5.00 you / speakto her it / be cold in Berlin now you lwant to go there she/ loveyour present he / can find my house

b Completethe predictionswith will I won't+ a verb. be

It'lI bedifficult

do

have last

'I

will be don't think there a woman prime Minister in my lifetime.' MargaretThatcher, 1973 'It's I a bad joke. It l Coco Chanel (about the miniskirt)

2 I don't think we is probablythe last.'

anotherwar.This one

Richard Nixon, 1971 (talking about the Vietnam war)

4

'He

never an¡hing important in life.' AlbertEinstein's teacher(saidto hisfather)1895

5c a Match the sentences. I 2 3 4 5 6

b Completethe sentences with will I won't(or shall)+ a verb.

It's hot in here. ffi n I'il explainit for you. ,,Fi4F I'm cold. The TV is too loud. iíÉftc shall I carry one? I don't understand. & o I'll turn it down. The baby'stired. fÉ n ShallI tell her? I havetoo many bags! ffi e ShallI put her to bed? Jodoesnt know the news! ffi G I'll light the fire.

get ha¡re help give tell I 3 4 6

A \tVhatwould you like? A I can'tclosemy bag. A Can I contactChris? A Nobody knows! A My flight'sat 2.00.

'lI have the fish. B| B-I-you? BI you his e-mail. BI anyone. B-I-youataxi?

5D a Complete the sentenceswith an auxiliary verb. Where did you havedinner yesterday? 1 2 When 3 4 Who 5 Who 6 7 What 8 -

you often wakeup early? Eric stayingwith us? you seeLukeon TV lastnight? you speakingto when I left? you think win the game? Urs come from Switzerland? you going to tell him? you working hereyesterday?

b Put the verb in the right form. A What are we doing tonight?(do) B We r-

to a party. (go)

A But we 2-

B Yes,but Tina 3-

i- ]:: *Y: _o __

out last night! (be)

us to go. (want)

_!__

(buv) _::T_:_ :*mpagne?

B It's 7.00!What s_ to you?(happen) 6A When I work 17to buy the champagne.(leave,go).And then I 8Iim in the shop... (see) B Well hurry up. We elate! (be)

4A

+ ever,never present perfect (experience)

tr

tr

I've (I have) l You've (You have) He's (He has) been to She's(Shehas) London. It's (It has) We've (We have) They've (They have)

I haven't You haven't He hasn't worked in Shehasn't a bank. It hasn't We haven't They haven't

tr

tr

V

I ;fb Compare the presentperfect of go and be. ' ', i He'sgone to Paris.= He's in Paris now. ', He'sbeento Paris.= He went to Paris and came back. i

Have you worked in a bank? Yes,I have. No,I haven't. Has he been to London? i Yes,he has. No, he hasn't.

perfect present or pastsimple? A Haveyou everbeen to Mexico? B Yes,I have. A When did you go there?

B I went lastyear.

. lJsethe presentperfect to talk about past experiences when you don't sayexactlywhen they happened. I've beento London NOT My brother has worked abroad. . For regularverbsthe pastparticiple is the sameasthe past simple (+ ed). For Irregular verbs seep.155. ' lVe often use the present perfect wifh ever (= in your life until now) and never. Have you everbeento London? I,{0,I've neverbeenthere.

Conversationsoften b.g* in the presentperfect (with a general question) and then changeto the past simple (with questionsasking for specificdetails,when, where,who with, etc.) {Jsethe past simple to ask / sayexactlywhen something happened.

+ yet,just,olready perfect 4B present yet

just

already

A Haveyou finished your homework yet? B No, not yet. I haven'tfinished yet.

A Would you like a coffee? B No thanks.I've just had one. My sister'sjust starteda new job.

A B A B

lJseyet + the presentperfect in E and E sentencesto ask if something that you think is going to happen has happenedor to sayit hasn't happened. Pat vet at the end of the sentence.

4C

big

Comparative shorter bigger

busy relaxed

busier more reiaxed

good bad far

better worse further

Use alreadyin E sentencesto saythat somethinghappenedbefore now or earlier than expected. Put alreadybefore the main verb.

adverbs comparative

comparative adjectives Adiective short

4D

' Use justin E sentencesto saythat somethinghappenedvery recently. . Put iustbeforc the main verb.

Do you want to seethis film? No, I've already seenit three times. Shall I buy a newspaper? No, I've already bought one.

one syllable:+ er one vowel + one consonant double final consonant

c o n s o n a n l +y : y + | e r two or more syllables: nlore+ adjective Irregular

Adverb Regular quickly slowly

Comparative more quickly less slowlv

Adverb Irregular hard well badly

Comparative harder better worse

Use comparative adjectivesto compare people and things. My brother'staller than me. Use comparative adverbsto compare actions. He drivesmore slowly than me. You can also use (not) as + (adjective/ adverb) + as. I'm not as tall as my brother. He doesn'tdrive as fast as tne,

perfect) (+ ever+ present superlat¡ves Adjective cold

hot pretty beautiful good bad far

Comparative colder

hotter prettrer I more beautiful better worse further

Superlative the coldest the hottest the prettiest the most beautiful the best the worst the furthest

. Use the + superlativeadjectivesto saywhich is the biggest,etc. in a group. It's the highestmountain in Europe.She'sthe bestin the class. . We often use a superlativewith the present perfect. Russiais the coldestplace we'veever beento. It's the most beautiful churchI've everseen.

4A a Write sentencesor questions with the present perfect. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

b Right (/) or wrong (XX Correctthe wrong sentences.

he / ever/ be there? you I evereat / sushi? I / not see/ the newstoday. they lneverbe / to the new cinema. Chris / live in Poland/ all his life? they lgo / to live in Tahiti. shei neverdrive I a carbefore. he / not meet/ his brother'swife. you I speak/ to Yvain before?

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

He'sgot up latetoday. ffi He got up late today. We'vebeento Praguelastyear. ffi Haveyou evergoneto Vietnam? ffi gone to town. She'lIbeback toon.W#, fane's "ffi I like your TV.Wheredid you getit? I've readthe book lastyear. ffi I askedhim a moment ago. My sister'smet the Queenfivetimes. W The Cold War hasendedin 1989. ffi

W

4B a Order the words to make sentences. Haveyou seenher vet z her seenyou yet have? I schoolalreadyleft for she's. just we've. 2 somehad sandwiches 3 haven'tI flat found a yet . just I've got text a . 4 message 5 aheadyme askedthey've.

b Write sentences or questionswith already,just,or yet. I 2 3 4 5

he / leave.(already) I / haveI a cupof tea.(just) you /finish on the phone?(yet) they / meet.(just) he / go to the airport. (already) you I find him? (yet)

4c a Write comparative sentences. London is / expensive/ Manchester. Londonis moreexpensive than Manchester 1 Mike is / tall I me. 2 We're/ busy I today/ yesterday 3 Glasgowis / far from London / Bristol.

b Rewritethe sentences soth.y meanthe same.Useas... as. Mikeis strongerthanJim. Iim isn'tasstrongasMike I 2 3 4

Kateis more relaxedthan me. This car is largerthan the BMW. Istanbulis biggerthan Helsinki. The cinemais more popular than opera.

4 The history examwas/ bad lthe Frenchexam.

5 My sisterlearnslanguages fasterthan me.

5 ]uventusplayed/ well / Chelsea. 6 I work / hard I my brother. 7 This caféis / noisy/ the other one.

6 He works harderthan Stuart. 7 Italy playedbetterthan Scotland.

4D a Complete the sentenceswith a superlative. the best city in rhe world?(good) Is this 1 Mondaywas dayof the year.(cold) 2 Is this streetin the city?(noisy) 3 He's personI know. (friendly) 4 This is paintingby El Greco.(famous) 5 May is time to visit the island.(bad) 6 It's city in Europe.(polluted) 7 I've flown is to SanDiego.(far)

b Write sentences with ever. it / hot place I I I be to

lt's the hottestplace I've ever been to .

1 she/ patientpersonI I I meet 2 it lbad film / I / see 3 it I easyexamI we I do 4 it lexpensive thing lhe lbuy 5 they/ bestband I I I hear 6 it lbeautiful town / I / see 7 it lbest pastaI I I have

5A

(withfo) usesof theinfinitive infinitive+ fo Use fo + the infinitive after: - some verbs (want, need,would like, etc.) SeeVerb Forms p. 154. - adjectives It isn't easyto find a job. Nice to meetyou. The negativeinfinitive is not to + verb. Try not to be late tomorrow.

I want to go to the party. I need to buy some new clothes. It'll be nice to meet some new peopie. It's important not to be late.

infinitive of purpose IJse fo + the infinitive to saywhy you do something. I came to this schoolto learn English.I\TOTfet-.learn_Eng}ish.

A Why did you go to the party? B To meet new people. I went to the party to meet new people.

5B verb+ -ing Eating outside in the summer makesme feel good. I love reading in bed. I'm thinking of buying a new car.

' lJse verb + ing; - as the subject of a sentence Smokingis badfor you. - after someverbs,(like,love,hatq enjoy,etc.)SeeVerb Forms p. 154. I hategetting up early.

- after prepositions He left without sayinggoodbye. . Rememberthe spelling rules for the -ing form (Seep. 126 IC )

5C haveto,don'thoveta,must,mustn't haveto, don't hoveto trl

i Shehas to get up at 7.00 everyday. , You have to drive on the left in the UK.

mustI mustn't E

' Yo.t must do ,vourhomework tonight. Shemust tidy her room before shegoesout. You mustrlt smoke in class. They mustn't leavetheir bagshere.

tr

We don't have to wear a uniform at this school. He doesn't have to work on Saturdavs.

ifl

It

Do I haveto buy a grammarbook? Does shehave to study tonight?

Contraction: mustn'f = must not

Don't contract haveor has. I have fo go. NOT ++e+o€o. Use have¿o+ infinitive to talk about rules and obligations, or to say something is necessary. rJsedon't have to + infinitive to saythere is no obligation,or somethingis not necessary. llse do I doesto make questions and negatives. Do I have to go?t{OT ++aYe++o€o? Éa Must and have ta arc very similar, but there is a small difference.We normally use have to for a generalobligation (a rule at work or a law). We normally use mustwhenthe speakerimposesthe obligation (for example,a teacherto studentsor a parent to children). But often you can useeither.

llse must + infinitive to talk about rules and obligations. You must turn off your mobilephonesbeforecoming into class. must I mustn't are the same for all persons.It is not often used in questions(have fo is more common). IJse mustn'r + infinitive to say something is prohibited. You mustn't smokehere. You can use mustn't or can't to talk about rules. You mustn't park here.Youcan't park here. Mustn't and,don't have to have completelv different meanings. Compare: Yaumustn'tgo = You can't go. It's prohibited Youdon't haveto go = You can go if you want, but it's not obligatory/necessary.

go,etc.+ preposition movement: 5D expressing The man went up the stepsand into the church. I ran over the bridge and acrossthe park. He drove out of the garageand along the street. . To expressmovement use a verb of movement, for example,go, come,run, walk, etc. and a preposition of movement (up, down, etc.)

. Be careful with in I into and out I out of, Use into ! out of + noun, but if there isn't a noun just use in or out. Come into the living room. Come in. He went aut of the house.He went out.

5A a Complete with to + a verb. not pay

I 2 4 6 ,7

go

I'm planning It wasnice Do you want Try Be careful He'sdecided

leave not tell

Match the sentencehalves. meet

have

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

to go

to the USA next month. Richard. steaktonight? her.It's a secret. too much for your ticket. his iob.

They want to go to Paris He'sstartedjogging You'll needa visa Canyou phonethe theatre I went to the kitchen She'sgoneto the supermarket I went on the internet I'II text him

l-)

A B C ffi E F G H

to find a cheapflight. to get somebread. to book our tickets? to tell him we're here. to visit Kenya. to losesomeweight. to buy someeggs.

5B a Complete the sentenceswith a verb in the -ingform. be p+r'y look after tell write

I 2 3 4 5 6 7

swim work

teach

I reallyenjoy DIaYing tennis. I'm thinking of a book. eveningclasses is tiring. Sheleft home without her parents. I've spenthours on this project. I hate late. young childrenis fun, but tiring. I love in the sea.

b Put the verbsin the -ingform or infinitive. Hashefinished teachingnow?(teach) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

yogais reallypopular in London. (do) We'vedecided in a hotel. (not stay) It's impossible early.(leave) She'sreallygood at . (dance) I promised them.(help) I love the guitar. (play) I don't mind

but I hate

(lose,giveup)

5c a Write sentenceswith the right form of have to. tr I / work on Tuesday I don't haveto work on Tuesday. I E Jane/ go to York today. 2 A I / weara tie 3 E Fatma/ help you 4 trI/startthismorning 5 tr what time we / get up tomorrow 6 El they I givehim the news 7 Ewe/hurry

b Complete the sentenceswith have to, don't have to, of mustn't. \h{sdon't haveto go to schooltoday.It's a holiday. 1 You touch that switch.It's dangerous. 2 The park is free.We pay. 3 Sorry,I go now. 4 The noticesaysyou smokehere. 5 You tell me. I know the answer. 6 I'm so tired I sit down. 7 You sayanything if you don't want to.

5D a. Cross out the wrong preposition. My mobile stoppedworking when we went a€r.oss/ through a tunnel. 1 The girl ran across/ to her mother,andjumped into / out of her arms. 2 when we go over / out of the bridge,you'll seethe famouschurch. 3 I walkedalong / over the sameroad for a long time. 4 Hundredsof birds flew on I overour house. 5 The car drovetowards / to me,but then stopped. 6 we came over I out of the tunnel and in / into the city centre. 7 The runnerswent under / round the track eight times.

b Complete the sentenceswith in, into, out, or out of, I 2 3 4

He jumpel into his car and drove away. We go everyFriday night. Ask forgeto come please. He took his passporthis bag. He walked the cinemaand sat down.

6A

will + infinitive(firstconditional) ff + present, lf'I miss the bus,I'll get a taxi. Shewon't be angry ;á'youtell her the truth. What will you do ir'it rains?

,d&You can also use the imperative or can. If you miss tlte bus,get a taxi. If you missthe bus,you can get a taxí.

lJse l/+ present,will + infinitive to talk about a possiblefuture situation and its consequence. The i/clause can come first or second. I'll comeif you like. OR If you like, I'll come.

(second conditional) 6B if + past,would+ infinitive It'a bear attacked me, I'd run away. lli I didn't have children, I wouldn't live in the country. Would you take the manager'sjob ii'they offered it to you? use z/+ pasr,would + infinitive to talk about an improbable / impossibleor hypotheticalfuture situation and its consequence. If a bear attackedme, I'd run away.= I'm imagining this situation. It's very improbable. would I wouldn't is the samefor ail persons. 'd (I'd, you'd, he'd,etc.) and of The contraction of would is would not is wouldn't.

. The fphrase can come first or second. If I saw,a bearI'd run. OR 17 run if I saw a bear. . Rememberwith can, Lrsecould + infinitive, not weul4ean. If I had a car, we could drive there. With the verb beyou can use were(insteadof was) after I and he I sheI it. If he wasI were here,he'd help you. Use were(not was)in the expressionIf I wereyou... We often use this expressionfor advice.

F ir s tand s e c o n dc o n d i ti o n a l s Comparethe first and secondconditionals: Use the first conditional for possible future situations. If I have time tomorrow,I'll help/ou, (= maybe I will have time) Use the second conditional for improbable / impossible or hypothetical situations. If I had time tomorrow,I'd help /ou. (= I won't have time.)

6C

(possibility) mly I might+ infinitive We might have a picnic tomorroq but it dependson the weather. I might not go to the party. I haven'tdecidedyet. I may go to the part¡ but I'm not sure. I may not have time to do everything today.

dg Yo.t can also useMay 1.., I May we... to ask fbr permission. May I useyour phone?(= can I useyour phone). ,

Might not and may not aren't usually contracted. . use might I moy and might not I may not +infinitive to talk about a future possibility. It might I mq, rain. = It's possiblethat it will rain. . Might I Moy (nor) is the same for all persons,I might I may, he might I may, we might I may, etc.

6D shouldI shouldn'f(advice) I think you should changeyour job. The governmentshould do more for old people. Use shouldI shouldn'r+ infinitive to give somebody advice or saywhat you think is the right thing to do. Youshouldcut your hair. - I think it would be a good idea. shouldI shouldn'r+ infinitive is the samefor all persons. You cán also use ought to I ought not to insteadof shouldI shouldn't. Youought to changeyour job.

6A a Match the sentencehalves. If you leavenow 1 It will be easier 2 If you seehim, 3 You'll enjoythe party 4 If it snows, 5 We won't havetime 6 If you look for the book,

A if we wait too long. B you'll find it. +yo++Ueon-time D if you help me. E will you say'hello'? F if you come. G will you go skiing?

b Complete with the correct form of the verbs. 'll pass If you work hard, you (work, pass) 1 2 3 4 5 6

If he speaking, (start,listen) they _. He huppyif he _. (not be,find out) If you it down,you _ it. (not write, forget) ' you me if they today?(call,come) If we at 5.00,we -the bus.(go,get) If you polite,people nice.(be,be)

6B a Match the sentencehalves. 1 2 3 4

You'dfeelmuch better I'd work more hours If you atemeat Would you get married If I wereyou,

b Complete with the correct form of the verbs.

C A I'd cook lasagne.

5 I wouldn't be stressed 6 Would you visit me

If I moved to the USA 1 would live in Seattle. (move, live)

B I'd move house.

@ D if I went to live in Peru? E if you had more money? F if I didn't haveso much work. G if I didn't havethe children.

I We the flat if it _ (buy,have)

another bedroom.

2 I fancy dress, if I _ (not wear, go) 3 If you

a crocodile,you

4 If you

here, you -

5 She 6 I -

to the party.

happier if she there if it -

(see,panic) work here. (live, can)

more. (look, smile) safe. (swim, be)

6c a Match the sentencehalves. Wear a coat.

b Complete the sentenceswith may I might + a verb.

2 Phone the museum.

A It might break. B It might help. C I might be late.

3 Don't walk on the ice.

@

4 Let's buy a map.

E F G H

1 Let's go to India.

5 Get some advice. 6 Wait for me. 7 Let's ask the man.

be Simone be at lunch like it win

seeDirk

go+€+h€-€in€ffia

['m not sure what to do tonight. I might go to the cinema .

We might getlost. He might know. It might be closed. We might seetigers.

I 2 3 4 5

The phone'sringing. It He isn't here at the moment. He

It's an interestingfilm. You If we'reluck¡ we If you go to Rotterdam,/ou

6D a Completewith shouldor shouldn't. ysu

shouldn't

eat too much red meat.

1 You

work 12 hours a day.

2 You

start doing exercise.

3 You

lose a bit of weight.

4 You

eat more fruit.

5 You

drink a lot of coffee.

6 You

put salt on your food.

7 You

stop smoking.

aaL

W l=l

b Completethe sentences with shouldor shouldn't+ a verb. get up

leare

go

bry

walk

wear

We should leave earIy.There's a lot of traffic today. I You the red jacket. It looks great!

2 3 4 5

Your shoesare terrible! You You She We

some new ones.

alone late at night. on holiday. She needs to relax. at 5.00.We need to be there at 7.00.

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