Negotiating Space: Power, Restraint, and Privileges of Immunity in Early Medieval Europe 9781501718687

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Negotiating Space

Negotiating Space Power, Restraint, and Privileges of Immunity in Early Medieval Europe BARBARA

H.

ROSENWEIN

Cornell University Press I Ithaca

Parts of this book have been published elsewhere; permission is gratefully acknowledged here. "Association through Exemption: Saint-Denis, Salormes, and Metz," in Vom Kloster zu m Klosterverband. Das Werkzeug der Schriftlichkeit, ed. Hagen Keller and Franz Neiske (Munich: Wilhelm Fink, 1997), pp. 68-87. "Cluny's Immunities in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries: Images and Narratives," in Die Cluniazenser in ihrem politisch-sozialcn Umfeld, ed. Giles Constable, Gert Melville, and Jorg Oberste, Vita regularis. Ordnungen und Deutungen religiosen Lebens im Mittelalter 7 (Munster, 1998), pp. 133-63. 'Tespace clos: Gregoire et l' exemption episcopale," in Gregoire de Tours et I' espace gaulois. Actcs du L"tmgres intcrnatit>nal, Tours, 1-5 November 1994. ed. Nancy Gauthier and Henri Galinie, 13th supplement to Rec•ue Archeologu)liC du Centre de Ia France (Tours, 1997), pp. 251-62. "The Family Politics of Berengar I (888-924)," Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies 71 (19¢): 247-89. "Friends and Familv, Politics and Privilege in the Kingship of Berengar I," in Portraits of Mediez>al and Renaissance Living: Essays in Memory of Dm'ld Herlihy, ed. Samuel K. Cohn Jr. and Steven A. Epstein (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996), pp. 91-106. "La question de l'immunite clunisienne," Bulletin de Ia Societe des Fouilles archeologiques et des monuments lzistoriques de l'Yonne, no. 12 (1995): 1-11.

Copyright© 1999 bv Cornell L:niversity All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. First published 1999 by Cornell University Press First printing, Cornell Paperbacks, 1999 Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rosenwein, Barbara H. Negotiating space : power, restraint, and privileges of immunity in early medieval Europe I Barbara H. Rosenwein. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and index. rsBN o-8014-3523-4 (alk. paper).- ISB"l o-8014-8521-5 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Immunity (Feudalism) 2. Europe-Politics and government- 476-1492. I. Title. JC1I6.I3R67 1998 320.1'2'0940902-dc21 Cornell University Press strives to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the fullest extent possible in the publishing of its books. Such materials include \'egetable-based, low-VOC inks and acid-free papers that are recycled, totally chlorine-free, or partly composed of nonwood fibers. Cloth printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Paperback printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3

2 1

TaTom

For of the Gods we believe, and of men we know, that by a law of their nature wherever they can rule they will. - Thucydides, Peloponnesian War

God in heaven forbid We should infringe the holy privilege Of blessed sanctuary! not for all this land Would I be guilty of so deep a sin. -Shakespeare, Richard III

Contents

List of Illustrations Prefatory Note

xiii

Acknowledgments Abbreviations Introduction

xi

xv

xvii 1

PART I. PROHIBITION

25

1.

Late Antique Traditions

2.

Entry and Encroachment

3·

The "Secret Enclosure"

4·

The Heyday of Merovingian Immunities

PART I I. C 0 NT R 0 L

27 42

59 74

97

5·

"Playing a New Tune": The Carolingians

6.

A Meeting of Minds

PART III. DIVERGENCE

115 135

7·

A Gift-Giving King

137

8.

The Making of the Sacred Ban

9·

"A Man's House Is His Castle": Anglo-American Echoes 184

156

99

x

Contents Conclusion. Political Theory on the Ground

213

Appendix 1: An Immunity of King Theuderic III (October 30, 688): ChLA 13:90-91, no. 570 219 Appendix 2. A Comparison of Key Clauses in Gorze, no. 4, and Marculf, no. 1 221 Appendix 3· An Immunity of Charlemagne (December 6, 777): ChLA 19:28-33, no. 679 225 Appendix 4· Carolingian Immunities and Asylum Appendix 5· A Concession of King Berengar (August 24, 906): DBer no. 65, pp. 177-78 229 Appendix 6. Foundation Charters of Cluny and Pothieres/Vezelay: Key Clauses Compared 231 Appendix 7· An Immunity of John XI (March 931): Zimmermann 1:107-8, no. 64 Selected Bibliography Index

261

237

235

227

Illustrations

Maps The Merovingian Kingdoms in the Sixth Century 44 Neustria in the Seventh Century 75 3· The Rhine-Moselle-Meuse Region, Late Eighth Century 117 4· Northern Italy in the Time of Berengar I 143 5· Cardinal Peter's Protected Zone for Cluny, 1o8o 178 6. Urban II's Itinerary in France; inset: Cluny's "Sacred Ban" 180 1.

2.

Genealogical Tables 1. Sixth-Century Merovingian Kings and Queens 43 2. Later Merovingian Kings and Queens 6o 3· The Early Carolingians 85 4· The Later Carolingians 139 5· The Supponids 141

Figures 1. Pope Urban II Consecrates the Altar of Cluny 2 2. The Immunity of King Theuderic (October 30, 688)

86

Prefatory Note

THE S P E L L IN G of personal names is regularized here, so that, for example, "Chaino," is always so spelled, even though in the sources he also appears as "Chaeno" and "Chagno." The Latin form of names is normally kept: an example is "Godinus." But this rule is modified in the cases of names that have, by common use, crept into English in shortened form. Examples include "Balthild" (rather than "Balthildis"), "Brunhild" (rather than "Brunechildis"), "Fulrad" (rather than "Fulradus"), and "Leudegar" (rather than "Leudegarius"). In Chapter 5, when the family that will eventually become the Carolingians is introduced, it is called the Carolingians right from the start, even though "the Pippinids" would probably be a more correct (though still modern) designation. King "Charles Simplex" used to be rendered as "Charles the Simple," but I adopt here the better translation of the epithet given by Janet Nelson: "Charles the Straightforward." The orthography of other words has not been regularized. Thus, for example, the same word appears in sources as dicio, dictio, and ditio; the spelling used here follows the particular source quoted. The names of churches and monasteries are, where possible, given by hyphenating the name of the saint to whom they are dedicated. This practice allows author and reader to differentiate between the saint himself (Saint Denis, for example) and his church (Saint-Denis). In Chapter 9 the spellings and punctuation of early modern English sources have been modernized for the sake of clarity.

Acknowledgments

F 0 R THIS book, which ranges over more than seven hundred years and was in the making for about seven more, a great many people have been consulted and large debts accumulated. I am grateful to several institutions for supporting my research and providing the financial means to make it possible: Loyola University Chicago for leaves in fall 1989 and fall 1996; the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation for a fellowship in 1992; the Newberry Library (Chicago) for a National Foundation for the Humanities-Newberry Library grant for a semester (fall 1997) in residence. A subvention from Loyola University helped defray the cost of this book's illustration program. Let me turn now to my colleagues. Above all, I want to record a special debt of gratitude to Ian Wood, who read the entire manuscript in draft and whose influence on my ideas and formulations will be evident throughout. Other colleagues read the manuscript as well, and I thank them warmly: Giles Constable, Thomas Head, Ruth Karras, Lester K. Little, Maureen Miller, Alexander Callander Murray, and Cornell's two anonymous readers. Still other colleagues read complete chapters or generously shared their expertise on particular points: Robert 0. Bucholz, Wendy Davies, Albrecht Diem, James D'Emilio, Allen J. Frantzen, Patrick J. Geary, Richard Gerberding, Charles Gray, Paul Hyams, William C. Jordan, Theo Kolzer, Elisabeth Magnou-Nortier, Valerie Traub, Cecile Treffort, Stephen D. White, Patrick Wormald, and Elisabeth Zadora-Rio. I want to single out Dominique Iogna-Prat for special thanks; his encouragement and advice nurtured this project from start to finish. In Fall1992 I had the opportunity to present my work in various venues. I thank the following along with their students: Alain Boureau and Jean-Claude Schmitt of the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris; Hartmut Atsma of the Deutsches Historisches Institut, Paris; John Van Engen of the Medieval Institute, Notre Dame. Thanks are also due to Mayke de Jong for the chance to speak at the University of Utrecht in fall

xvi

Acknowledgments

1996; and to Frederick Hoxie and participants of a two-hour seminar devoted to discussing Chapter 9 at the Newberry Library in fall1997. Still other experts, too numerous to mention here, are named in the relevant footnotes. Generous colleagues such as these make the profession of medievalist something rare and special. I thank Lorna Newman, head of Loyola University's Interlibrary Loan Services, and my Loyola students, especially Marc Hanger, Matthew Seeberg, Laura Wilson, and Alan G. Zola for their help. John G. Ackerman, director of Cornell University Press, a>vaited this study with patience, intervened when necessary, and generously read and edited the entire manuscript when it was complete. I count myself verv lucky to have him as my publisher. Finally, let me turn to my family. My parents, Roz and Norm, have always encouraged my work and endured my proccupations. My children, Jess and Frank, remain a welcome antidote to a life that at times veers dangerously close to the dull and compulsive Mr. Casaubon's. Moving into their college years, Frank and Jess have made very clear to me what sort of book a student should have to put up with. I have tried to write so that they can read it-if they want to! I dedicate it to my husband, Tom, with whom I discussed its topics large and small over breakfast and dinner and vvho read it in countless early drafts. BARBARA

Fmnston, Illinois

H.

ROSENWEIN

Abbreviations

Sources AASS

Acta Sanctorum quotquot toto orbe coluntur, ed. Joannus Bollandus et al., 67 vols. (1640-1940)

AJD

Archiv fiir Diplomatik, Schriftgeschichtc, Siegel- und Wappcnkunde

Annates: ESC

Annalcs: Economies, Societes, Civilisations

BEC

Bibliotheque de l'Ecole des Chartes

BHL

Bibliotheca hagiographica latina, 2 vols., Subsidia hagiographica 6 (Brussels, 1898-1901) and Novem supplementum, Subsidia hagiographica 70 (Brussels, 1986)

CCM

Corpus Consuetudinum Monasticarurn, ed. Kassius Ballinger, 14 vols. (Siegburg, 1963-)

CCSL

Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina (Turnhout, 1952-)

ChLA

Chartae Latinae Antiquiores. Facsimile Edition of the Latin Charters prior to the Ninth Century, ed. Albert Bruckner and Robert Marichal, 46 vols. (Lausanne and Dietikon-Ziirich, 1954-1996)

Charles the Bald

Recueil des actes de Charles II le Chauve, roi de France, ed. Georges Tessier, 3 vols. (Paris, 194355) Recueil des actes de Charles III le Simple, roi de France, ed. Philippe Lauer, 2 vols. (Paris, 1940)

Charles the Straightforward Cluny

Recueil des chartes del' abbaye de Cluny, ed. Auguste Bernard and Alexandre Bruel, 6 vols. (Paris, 1876-1903)

XVlll

Abbreviations

Cone. Gall.

Concilia Galliae A.511-A.695, ed. Charles De Clercq, CCSL 148A (Turnhout, 1963)

CT

Codex Theodosianus, ed. Theodor Mommsen et al., 2 vols. (1904; reprint, Dublin, 1971), trans. Clyde Pharr, The Theodosian Code (Princeton, 1952)

Cuddihy, "Fourth AmendmentDissertation"

William J. Cuddihy, "The Fourth Amendment: Origins and Original Meaning, 602-1791" (Ph.D. diss., Claremont Graduate School, 1990)

Cysoing

Cartulaire de l'abbaye de Cysoing et de ses dependances, ed. Ignace de Coussemaker (Lille, 1883)

DBer

I diplomi di Berengaria I, ed. Luigi Schiaparelli, Fonti per la Storia d'Italia 35 (Rome, 1903)

OBI

Dizionario biografico degli Italiani (Rome, 1960-)

DCharles III

MGH, Dip. reg. Ger., vol. 2: Karoli III. Diplomata

DGui

I diplomi di Guido e di Lamberto, ed. Luigi Schiaparelli, Fonti per la Storia d'Italia 36 (Rome, 1906), pp. 3-68

DHGE DLamb

Dictionnaire d'histoire et de geographic ecclesiastique I diplomi di Guido e di Lamberto, ed. Luigi Schiaparelli, Fonti per la Storia d'Italia 36 (Rome, 1906), pp. 71-111.

DLouis III

I diplomi Italiani di Lodovico III e di Rodolfo II, ed. Luigi Schiaparelli, Fonti per la Storia d'ltalia 37 (Rome, 1910), pp. 3-92 (Italian diplomas of Louis of Provence)

Documentary History

The Documentary His tory of the Ratification of the Constitution (Madison, Wis., 1976-93)

DRod

I diplomi Italiani di Lodovico III e di Rodolfo II, ed. Luigi Schiaparelli, Fonti per la Storia d'Italia 37 (Rome, 1910), pp. 95-141 English Historical Documents

EHD 1

Vol. 1: c. 500-1042, 2d ed., ed. Dorothy Whitelock (London, 1979)

2

Vol. 2: 1042-1189, 2d ed., ed. David C. Douglas and George W. Greenaway (London, 1981)

Abbreviations

xix

ER

English Reports (Edinburgh, 1900-1930)

Ewig, Gallien

Eugen Ewig, Spiitantikes und friinkisches Gallien. Gesammelte Schriften (1952-1973), ed. Hartmut Atsma, Beihefte der Francia 3, parts 1-2,2 vols. (Zurich, 1976-79)

Foerster, LD

Hans Foerster, ed., Liber Diurnus Romanorum Pontificum (Bern, 1958)

GC

Gallia Christiana, 16 vols. (1715-1865)

GeM

Paul Wamefrid, Liber de episcopis Mettensibus, MGH, SS 2:260-70

Gorze

Cartulaire de l'abbaye de Gorze, MS 826 de la Bibliotheque de Metz, ed. A. d'Herbomez, Mettensia 2 (Paris, 1898)

Greg.; Hist.

Gregory of Tours, Historiarum libri decem, ed. Bruno Krusch and Rudolf Buchner, 2 vols., Ausgewahlte Quellen zur deutschen Geschichte des Mittelalters 2-3 (Darmstadt, 1977)

Jaffe, Regesta

P. Jaffe et al., ed., Regesta Pontificum Romanorum, 2d ed., 2 vols. (Leipzig 1885-88; reprint, Graz, 1956)

LD

Liber Diurnus

Lorsdz

Codex Laureshamensis, ed. Karl Glikkner, 3 vols. (Darmstadt, 1929) Recueil des actes des rois de Provence (855-928), ed. Rene Poupardin (Paris, 1920), pp. 49-124 (Proven