National and Global Security Challenges Approaches and Strategies [First ed.] 9789390818228

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National and Global Security Challenges Approaches and Strategies

Edited By Prof. (Dr.) C. B. Bhange

Professor and HOD, Department of Military Science Shri. Shivaji College, Parbhani, Maharashtra

Ashima Sahni

Assistant Professor and HOD, Dept. of Political Science Kanya MahaVidyalaya, (Autonomous College) Jalandhar, Punjab

Devidas Vijya Bhosale

Assistant Professor and HOD, Department of Defence and Strategic Studies Tuljaram Chaturchand College, Baramati, Maharashtra

Bharti Publications New Delhi- 110002 (India)

Copyright © Editors Title:  National and Global Security Challenges: Approaches and Strategies Editors:  Prof. (Dr.) C. B. Bhange, Ashima Sahni & Devidas Vijya Bhosale All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any from or by any means, without permission. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First Published, 2021 ISBN: 978-93-90818-22-8 Published by:

Bharti Publications 4819/24, 3rd Floor, Mathur Lane Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110002 Phone: 011-23247537 Mobile: +91-989-989-7381 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Website: www.bhartipublications.com Printed in India, by KVS Enterprises, Delhi Disclaimer: The views expressed in the paper/chapter are those of the Author(s)/contributor(s) and not necessarily of the publisher and editors. Author(s)/contributor(s) are themselves responsible for the facts stated, opinions expressed, conclusions reached and plagiarism. The publisher and editors of the book bear no responsibility.

PREFACE We are delighted while presenting this book “National and Global Security Challenges: Approaches and Strategies” This book has been compiled to study the changing dimension of National and Global Security. Apart from this Approaches Strategy and Challenges of National and Global Security has been discussed in the book. The goal of this book is to inform the people about various dimensions of National and Global Security. This book will be very useful for students and researchers studying National and Global Security and various aspects of Global Security scenario. A notable feature of this book is that researchers have set out in their chapters on current developments and historical views on Global Security scenario. The Cold War between the United States and Soviet Russia began before India became independent. Naturally, this resulted in a power rivalry in world politics. The whole world was divided into two poles, communism and capitalism. These superpowers began to pull the newly independent nations of Asia and Africa to their side, resulting in the Cold War. The Cold War ended with the dissolution of Soviet Russia. After that, America was the only superpower in the world. Many important developments are taking place in world politics today. Today, as China emerges as an economic superpower. Naturally, this poses a new challenge to the United States. Current environment has created a fertile ground for new Cold War between China and the United States. China’s rise as an economic superpower is a source of concern for the United States. Therefore, there is a need for a comprehensive study of National and Global Security Challenges. For the better understanding of the issues we thought to compile the book “National and Global Security Challenges: Approaches and Strategies” Then we invited Chapters for the book. After reviewing the Chapters, we selected the appropriate articles for the book and included it in the book. This book throws light on the historical background and present scenario in National and Global Security Challenges. We feel that this book will prove useful for practitioners to understand Theories of National and Global Security

iv We are thankful of the authors and researchers who contributed in this book. In the same way, we are grateful to all the well-wishers who helped us directly and indirectly. Finally, we also thank the Bharati publication who published this book in such a short time and presented it to the people. We will always be grateful to them. We hope the efforts made by us must be appreciated with valuable support and responses from the readers and researchers. Your Suggestions, feedback and constructive criticism will always welcomed for continual improvement. Thank you.

Editors

CONTENTS Preface

iii-iv

1. China’s Strategic Implications on Future Waterway (Polar Silk Route) Dr. Thirumaran & Karan Suriya Varma

1-5

2. Human Rights, Human Security and Food Security Dr. Ranjana A. Shringarpure

6-11

3. Global Securities: Time for New Beginning Ashima Sahni

12-19

4. Considering the Effects of Cultural Diversity Global Strategy Sahidul Alam

20-27

5. Challenges to World Peace and Security: A Holistic Picture Dr. P Venkata Rao

28-32

6. World Peace and Security Dr. Alpana Sharma

33-36

7. Nutritional Security Challenges During COVID-19 Pandemic Dr. Shikha Singh & Dr.Shikha Khare

37-41

8. National and Global Security Approches, Strategies and Challenges Tripti Bhushan

42-46

9. Environmental Security and Problems: Impact of Terrorism Dr. Vasudha. N

47-51

10. Environmental Security and Problem Dr. Sunita S. Dhopte

52-55

11. Socio-Economic Environment on Business Culture Influences on Green Environmental Behavior S. Kannadhasan

56-63

12. Collision of Globalization on Trade Workers in the Handicraft Sector Dr. Sabahat Rafiq Qazi

64-70

13. The Concept of Nationalism and Making India in the thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi Dr. Vivek Pathak

71-75

14. Impacts of Norco Terrorism and National Security Dr. Swati Kalbhor

76-80

15. Growth of Modern China-Sri Lanka Economic Relations: An Appraisal

81-93

Dr. Santhosh Mathew 16. Impact of Economic and Political Conditions on Trade Relations between India and Pakistan Dr. Parturkar. M. S.

94-101

17. How India and United Nation Organization Taking Efforts against the Human Trafficking Memoonah Baig

102-107

18. Terrorism in India Capt. Parshuram T. Bachewad

108-114

19. Human Security and Present World Worder: A Simplistic View Biswajit Barman

115-119

20. The Face-Off In Galwan: Interpreting India-China Border Dispute Udaya Kumar Giri & Somnath Pal

120-126

21. Refugee Crisis: A Challenge Before Humanity Dr. Shaikh M A Raheman Bagwan

127-132

22. A Brief Analysis of Problems of Terrorism, Naxalism, Regionalism and Linguistics with reference to India Saraj Lama

133-138

23. COVID-19 and United Nations Approach to Peacekeeping Ananta Gopal Sing

139-147

24. Kashmir Problem: A Big Problem of India’s National Security Dr. Arvind Kumar Kushwaha

148-154

25. India‘s Role in Protecting Human Rights, 155-159 Human Security and The Right to Food: A Review Dr. Kartick Chandra Barman 26. Securing Electricity for Long Term Defence Planning Prakhar Agarwal

160-165

27. Contributions of Mathematical Sciences to National Security Dr. Charudatta D. Bele

166-169

28. Linguistic Reorganization, Consolidation of Regional Identities and Their Accommodation in India Dr. Iqbal Singh & Dr. Prabhjot Kaur

170-177

29. Need to understand the Mirage of Chinese Aggressiveness Devidas Vijay Bhosale &

178-182

Prof. (Dr.) Chandrakant Bansidhar Bhange

1 China’s Strategic Implications on Future Waterway (Polar Silk Route) Dr. Thirumaran* & Karan Suriya Varma** Introduction The poles are melting; Scientists say the arctic has been warming up for the years making the temperature difference between the North Pole and the equator smaller and smaller. This results in warmer oceans fueling extreme weather events. The arctic region lies on the coasts of Russia, Canada, USA, and Greenland. But its melting will affect the whole world. The temperature in Arctic regions is rising faster than the temperature change in the rest of the world. The world’s focus and concern is about Climate change and Artic ice melt, but China appears to be aggressively eying the new sea route created by the rapid ice melt in the Arctic.

China’s Intention China is investing trillions of dollars in infrastructure projects around the world, the Djibouti railway project, a hydroelectric power plant in Ecuador and a technological park in Belarus. However, China is also directing its attention to a less accessible place but of more strategic importance, the arctic region. This might potentially bring about radical changes in the global flow of goods and raw materials.

* Assistant Professor& Head, PG & Research Department of Defence and Strategic Studies, Voorhees College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu **  SPV, Research Scholar, PG & Research Department of Defence and Strategic Studies, Voorhees College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu

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Research on Arctic by China Unless action to stop Global warming is taken immediately, the arctic sea could become open to free shipping by 2030, which will open up a plethora of opportunities for the creation of new sea communication routes that would significantly shorten the path between the main civilization centers of the western hemisphere and eastern Asia, primarily China. This would give China the economic advantage. In January 2018, China published the Arctic policy which defined china’s approach to the arctic that was part of the belt and Road initiative. We can infer that China’s intention in this area is to develop projects and participate in the governance of the region.

Arctic Council and Arctic Policy In the China’s arctic policy, it respects the sovereign interest of eight states belonging to the arctic council (Finland, Iceland, Canada, Norway, Russia, United States, Sweden and Denmark). China also claims itself as a near arctic state (which is a distance of about 1500 km) and has legitimate control over the scientific research, freedom of navigation, air routes, fishing, laying underwater cables, pipelines, exploring and extracting natural resources in the arctic. As 13% of the world’s oil reserves and 30% of gas reserves are located in this area, the stakes are very high. China explains that it is an international space and it should be shared for the good of mankind. While the claims are based on the international right to freely use the open sea,. The approach presented in china’s policy paper, is in fact a deliberate and clever strategy. The thesis put forward by china is based on international law. In addition, China stresses that any disputes should be settled and managed by international organizations and treaties such as the united nations and its convention on the law of the sea or the international maritime organization and its polar code What distinguishes the above-mentioned institutions from the arctic council is that China is a member and signatory of them unlike the arctic council where the Chinese are only an observer.

Reaction of USA Mike Pompeo secretary of state in the Trump administration has almost mocked China’s interpretation of itself as a near arctic country. He said, “There are only arctic states and not arctic states, no third category exists and claiming otherwise entitles China to exactly nothing”. The American secretary of state seems to be correct here because China’s opponent in this fight is Geography. The northernmost point of the china is located nearly 1500 kilometers south of the Arctic Circle. For comparison sake the northernmost point of Poland is closer to the

China’s Strategic Implications on Future Waterway

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arctic than the northern tip of china. As a non-arctic country, china has limited possibilities of directly influencing the region. Therefore, in recent years the Chinese have tried to create a perception of presence in the arctic to convince the eight arctic countries that they are a player in the region.

China in Arctic Region China’s involvement in this area has clearly increased in the last decade, since 1990s Chinese scientists have conducted a series of scientific expeditions targeting the arctic and Antarctica. Currently China has research stations in Svalbard (Norway) and Iceland. In Sweden on the other hand the Chinese have the first foreign satellite station. Therefore China implemented its plan both on bilateral level through joint ventures with Finland, Sweden and Iceland as well as multilaterally. In 2013, China becomes a permanent observer in the arctic council, a crucial legal body in this area. In addition, in 2019 the Chinese commissioned the first domestic made polar icebreaker named as Xuelong 2 (Snow dragon 2). The vessel can break 1.5 meter thick floating ice sheet on the polar region that make sea route navigable.

Maritime Trade The international trade activities are monitored by the intergovernmental body, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). The Statistical report of UNCTAD says that Maritime shipping is the core of world trade. Most of the global trade is done via Waterways because shipping is more economical than the other alternatives viz. Roadways, Railways, and Airways. It is responsible for 70% of the value and 80% of the volume of global exchange, the largest trade exchange in the world takes place between Europe and east Asia, and for the most part this transport takes place via the southern sea route, which stretches through the south china sea, the strait of Malacca, the red sea, the Suez Canal, the Mediterranean Sea and Gibraltar to the ports of western Europe. This is the most important sea route in the world; however, the constantly warming climate change means that this main route which existed without any other alternative for several 100 years may soon have one. We can divide the northern road into two corridors, the first is the northwest corridor connecting the northeast coast of China with the east coast of the United States, The second is the northeast corridor, connecting East Asia with Europe, It starts in the east china sea, runs through the sea of japan, the Bering strait then continues along the northern coast of Russia and finally flows into Europe passing

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National and Global Security Challenges: Approaches and Strategies

the Scandinavian peninsula. The northern sea route would cut the traditional southern route by almost 20 day or by 30% of the current travel time. Moreover, the northern route does not have choke points like the Strait of Malacca or the Suez Canal that Chinese container ships currently must pass through. Blocking this choke point would be a disaster for Chinese shipping.

Russia on Polar Silk road Russia and China are ideological allies and they have been partners in many projects that lie on the arctic region such as Yamal LNG, Payakha oilfield, Zarubino and Arkhangelsk deep-water port (base for polar Silk Road) for which they have been developing logistical infrastructure such as construct and, placement of oil pipelines, Railway links, building ports and hydrocarbon extractions

Indo-Arctic India has a 7,517 km coastline along with 14,500 km of potentially navigable waterways and strategic locations along major international maritime trade routes. Yet, India’s coasts contribute to only 15% of national trade activity. The Arctic may be the northernmost part of the world, geographically far from India. However, the impact of climate change across the coasts of India and the economic fallout should bring up the Arctic more in discussion. An ‘Indo-Arctic’ initiative, as a strategic construct, could provide a platform for India. It could open political space for India to work with like-minded countries to expand its footprint in the Arctic. India could look at the Arctic from the following perspectives: scientific research, climate change, the ‘Look East’ policy and as a larger construct with Russia.

Conclusion The BRI is the China’s emerging trade and investment network, connecting Asia to Europe with China at its center. So, when unfrozen the arctic region will be free for any vessel to navigate. Meanwhile experts say that it is not until 2050 that Arctic Ocean will be ice free. The new route is not yet causing geopolitical friction but china’s plan for the soon to be unfrozen arctic could stir up tension in the future. Before that, India needs to look at the Arctic — both from the prism of climate change and also as a strategic construct. India may also have to work with other countries to establish a strong presence in the Arctic.

China’s Strategic Implications on Future Waterway

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Notes and References 1.

http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2018/01/26/ content_281476026660336.htm

2.

https://arctic-council.org/en/about/

3.

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/06/pompeo-arcticactivity-new-south-china-sea

4.

https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2020/oct/13/ arctic-ice-melting-climate-change-global-warming#:~:text=In%20 the%20Arctic%2C%20the%20warm,ice%20than%20it%20gains%20 back.&text=August%202020%3A%20Following%20intense%20 summer,record%2C%20nearly%20reaching%202012%20levels.

5.

https://arcb.com/blog/major-shipping-routes-for-global-trade

6.

https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2020/05/11/ chinas-strategic-interest-in-the-arctic-goes-beyondeconomics/#:~:text=China’s%20better%2Dknown%20Arctic%20 activities,especially%20energy%20cooperation%20with%20 Russia.&text=Chinese%20companies%20also%20play%20 key,development%20in%20the%20Russian%20Arctic.

7.

https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/why-indiasforay-into-the-arctic-matters/article29517604.ece#:~:text=An%20 ’Indo%2DArctic’%20initiative,Ocean%20and%20the%20Bering%20Sea.

8.

https://unctad.org/news/covid-19-cuts-global-maritime-tradetransforms-industry

9.

https://www.tpci.in/indiabusinesstrade/blogs/ocean-economymaritime-trade-exploring-possibilities/&sa=U&ved=2ahUKEwiUw8nT 5f7tAhWJUn0KHVZ3AmIQFnoECAYQAg&usg=AOvVaw2oydy9OOH ceAtRGOOrR_VQ

2 Human Rights, Human Security and Food Security Dr. Ranjana A. Shringarpure* Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethinicity, language, religion or any other status. Human rights include the right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and expression the right to work and education and many more. Everyone is entitled to these rights without discrimination. One of the great achievements of the United Nations is the creation of a comprehensive body of human rights law - a universal and internationally protected code to which all nations can subscribe and all people aspire. The United Nations has defined a broad range of internationally accepted rights, including civil, cultural, economic political and social rights. The foundations of this body of law are the charter of the United Nations and Universal Declaration of Human rights, adopted by the General assembly in 1945 and 1948 respectively. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a milestone document in the history of human rights. United Nations General Assembly in paris on 10 December 1948 by General Assembly resolution 217 (A) (III) as a common standard of achievements for all peoples and all nations. The right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health is not a new concept. Internationally it was first articulated in the 1946 constitution of the WHO, whose preambles defines “Health is a state of complete physical, Mental, Social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infironity”. The preamble further status that “the enjoyment of the highest attainable

*  HOD, Dept. of Political Science, Smt. Rewaben M. Patel Mahila Kala Mahavidyalaya, Bhandara, Maharashtra

Human Rights, Human Security and Food Security

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standared of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition. Human rights provide a unifying framework for global health governance. An expanding number of international organisations are now addressing human rights in a multisectoral array of global health threats, reflecting the interconnections across health related human right. The constitution of the world Health organisation status that “The enjoyment of the highest attainable standared of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being. Human rights based approach to health provides aset of clear principles for setting and evaluating healthy policy and service delivery, targeting disscriminary practices and unjust power relations that are at the heart of ineqitable health outcomes. In pursuing a rights based approach health policy, strategies and programmes should be designed explicitly to improve the enjoyment of all people to the right to health with a focus on the furthest behind first. So how might a human right approach to health be conceived? The most common conception of a right approach would be one where the human right framework is used to hold government accountable. Human right are basic rights and freedom for every person. Human beings are born with certain inalienable fundamental rights. The right to equality and peaceful existence are basic and inseparable rights of human being. Human rights group of organization is ‘non governmental’ meaning that it is established by private initiative, as free from governmental influence, and does not perform public functions. Human right organization has an aim that is not for profit and has a formal existence with a statute and democratic and representative structure and does normally.

Human Security Human Security refers in its broadest sense to the protection of individuals from harm. The concept of Security from the very ancient period has been interpreted narrowly. First of all it is important to define what human security is in order to understand the concept of security. national Security is not just limited to providing security to nations but to also protect the citizens of the nation, because security is at the end just for people. Hence human security refers to humancentric thinking. Human Security safely for people from both violent and non-violent threats. It is the condition or violent and non-violent threats. It is the condition or state of being characterized by freedom from pervasive threats to peoples right, their safely or even their lives.

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National and Global Security Challenges: Approaches and Strategies

Human Security means an individual is free from threats or violence within his surroundings. The term human security has gained wide usage in recent years and there are number of concepts relates to this term- Human Security has gained wide usage inrecent years and there are number of concepts relates to this term. Human Security is territory from external aggression or as protection of national interests in foreign policy or as threat of anuclear holocaust. The concept of security has been associated with the interests of nation - state than with those of the people. Human Security is a logical extension of recent approaches to international peace & security implies that the Security of our state depends on the security of other states. A secure and stable world order is built both from the top down and from the bottom up. The Security of states, and the maintenance of international peace and security is ultimately constructed on the foundation of people who are secure. a. The right of people to live in freedom and dignity free from poverty and despair. b. Human Security calls for people centred, comprehensive context - specific and prevention - oriented respenses that strengthen the protection and empowerment of people and all communities. c. Human Security recognizes the interlinkages between peace, development and human rights and equally considers civil, poltical, economics, social rights. d. Human Security is based on national ownership. Since the poltical, economic, social and cultural condition for human security vary significantly across and within countries. and it different points in time, human security strengthens national solutions which are compatible with local realities. The adoption of general assembly resolution was a significant mile stone for the application of human security. Human security is an approach to assist member states in identifying and addressing widespread and cross cutting challenges to the survival, livelihood and dignity of their people. Based on this, the General Assembly endorsed the following common understanding to guide the application of human securities approach with the United Nation system. According to article 3 of the universal Declaration of human rights, the right to security of person is a fundamental human right together with a right to lite and liberty. Human society emphasizes the need to strength empowerment of the citizens. Achievements of human society requires a global political culture that is founded on shared values of human dignity and human right. The human security provides a new way of thinking about the range of challenges the world faces in

Human Rights, Human Security and Food Security

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the 21st century and how the global community responds to them. It is multi dimensional analytical framework that can assist the United Nations system to assess, develop and implement integrated responses to a broad range of issues that are complex and require the combined inputs of United Nations system, in partnership with Governments, non-governmental entities and communities. Democracy and good Governance are very important in promoting human security. Human Security does not supplant national security. Building an effective democratic state that values its own people and protects minorities is a central strategy for promoting human security. Human security requires greater colabration and partnership among Governments, international and regional organization and civil society. Human security must be implemented with full respect for the purpose and principles enshrined in the charter of UN, including full respect for the sovereignty of states, territorial integrity and non-interference in matter that are essentially within the domestics jurisdiction of states. Human Security does not entail additional legal obligation on the part of states. The term human security was introduced into international discussion in the 1990 as a response to new “downside risk” that could affect everyone. Although the actual term human security was first used by UNDP in 1994. In the changing international scenario, the threat perception to human security has also undergone a marked change. The diffused nature of conflicts the rise of market. Oriented society in most part of the world and the unever distribution of technological resources pose new challenges. In 1945 almost every nation on the planet made a commitment to ‘eradicate severe poverty. The momentum in poverty eradication can however be maintained only if political, social and economical institutions are guides by goals of human development.

Food Security Food is essential to the survival of people and grain is the principal food. Freedom for hunger is the most fundamental human right. The concept of food security is defined as including both physical and economic access to food that meets peoples dietary needs as well as their food preferences. Food the most elementary need of any human being has always been promised to the segment at the bottom of societal pyramid. Food Security means that all people at all times have physical and economic access to adequate amounts of nutritious, safe and culturally appropriate foods, which are produced in an environmentally sustainable and socially just manner and that people are able to make informed decisions about their food choices. Food Security also

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National and Global Security Challenges: Approaches and Strategies

means that the people who produce our food are able to earn a decent living wage growing, catching producing, processing, transporting, retaining and serving food. Food Security relates directly to nutrition and health. Typically food security is thought of as being related to availability and access of foodstuffs. Food wholesomeness is also an important aspects of nutrition. Food is our energy source and limited access to food impacts health in multiple ways. Food Security is not limited to humans and their environment it is also related to a major sources of their food the animals. The first step towards food security is to make proper and sufficient availability of food to meet the demands of the population. Food have to be sufficiently available for distribution to the public. Food Security is very important to ensure that everyone has enough to eat and families can build their communities without worrying about securing their life. Food security is of closely related to household resources, disposable of closely related to household resources, disposable income and socioeconomics status. It is also strongly interlinked with other issues, such as food prices, global environment change, water energy and agriculture growth. In the early 1970s a time of global food crise, the concept of food security initially focused on ensuring food availability and the price stability of basic foods, which was due to extreme volatility of agricultural commodity prices and turbulence in the currency and energy markets at the time. Food security is a multi dimensional topic. It does not just address the availability of food, but it also addresses its cost, cultural appropriateness, the balanced nature of its protein, fat, carbohydrate and the production practices used to cultivate and harvest product as well as freedom from contamination after harvest. Over the coming decades, a changing climate growing global population, rising food prices and environments stressors will have significant yet uncertain impact on food security. Adaption strategies and policy responses to global change, including options for handling water allocation, land use patterns, food trade, and food prices and safety are urgently needed. Food security is one of the greatest problems faced the world. There is a fact said that food as enough for everyone in the world but because of the great changes which happened rapidly in the world rate of food become less than before and it is difficult to secure it. The roots of the problem can be traced to inability of food production to keep pace with the rate of increase in mouths to be fed. As limitations of horizontal were urbanization and industrialization is swallowing fields, the emphasis on enhancing vertical productivity and diversation to other food avenues was not carried out in a holistic manner.

Human Rights, Human Security and Food Security | 11

Food Security is not limited to humans and their environment, it is also related to a major source of their food the animals. Therefore we can not ignore communicable animal disease, in this scenario - contagious animal diseases can decimate an animal population or greatly reduce their productiveness, this affects food availability and access. Food security helps to enhance the productivity and consecutively the production of food. It can assist in providing opportunities for income generation. And it generally provides improvement of nutrition advice through home-economics programmes and enhances, the quality of rural life by way of comming community development. Notes and References 1.

Food security and Nutrition - Cifor

2.

Human Security - Mary Kaldor

3.

National, International of Human Security : A Comparative introduction

4.

Human security from concept to practice : Amitav Acharya, Subrat K. Singhdeo

5.

The politics of food - Willam D. Schembacher

6.

Jao.org/publication/sof

7.

www.goodreads.com.

3 Global Securities: Time for New Beginning Ashima Sahni* Introduction Covid-19 has put human civilization at a crossroads and is a global threat more precisely a threat without border that cannot be solved by a nation alone rather it demands a global response to ensure global security. Many countries around the world have begun to vaccinate after COVID-19 vaccines became available in December 2020; aiming to save lives of their respective populations as well as ensuring global security. Presently Covid-19 is shaping the contours of global securities which is moving towards a new form of asymmetric security threats and urges for fresh reflections on the issues of global securities. Global security includes military and diplomatic measures that nations and international organizations take to ensure mutual safety and security and assesses the sources of potential regional conflict; and emerging threats to the global security environment and studies, How a range of different security agents interact, cooperate and compete, to produce new institutions, practices and forms of security governance and global studies. In post -cold war era some Neo –Realist, Pluralist and Social Constructivist in I.R. shifted not only the focus from military to non-military nature of global security threats but also security of State to Human Security and brought appraisal of Realist paradigm of I.R. which focused only on Military Security & Inter State Relations. To make global security more meaningful, there is a need to review the current scope and operation of global security and to identifying new threats with a renewed focus on non-military nature of global security threats. Hence, this chapter aims at understanding *  Assistant Professor and Head, Dept. of Political Science, Kanya MahaVidyalaya, (Autonomous College) Jalandhar, Punjab

Global Securities: Time for New Beginning | 13

the current mechanism of global governance and to analyze the effective safeguards to deal with non-traditional security threats such as pandemics as well as analysis of multilateral mechanisms that facilitate the kind of cooperation that will be needed to mitigate the worst impacts of future global crises.

Global Governance and Security Conerns Covid-19 provides a preliminary overview of the current configuration of the global governance and has categorically underlines the need for the comprehensive security arrangements for the future. Global governance brings together diverse actors to coordinate collective action at the level of the planet. The goal of global governance, roughly defined, is to provide global public goods, particularly peace and security, justice and mediation systems for conflict, functioning markets and unified standards for trade and industry. One crucial global public good is catastrophic risk management – putting appropriate mechanisms in place to maximally reduce the likelihood and impact of any event that could cause the death of people across the globe, or damage of equivalent magnitude. The leading institution in charge of global governance today is the United Nations; other institutions that play an important role in global governance are the so-called Bretton Woods institutions: the World Bank and the IMF, whose function is to regulate the global economy and credit markets. Global governance is more generally affected through a range of organizations acting as intermediary bodies. Those include bodies in charge of regional coordination, such as the EU or ASEAN, which coordinate the policies of their members in a certain geographical zone. These also include strategic or economic initiatives under the leadership of one country – NATO for the US or China’s Belt and Road Initiative for instance – or more generally coordinating defense or economic integration, such as APEC or ANZUS. Finally, global governance relies on looser normsetting forums, such as the G20, the G7, and the World Economic Forum: those do not set up treaties, but offer spaces for gathering, discussing ideas, aligning policy and setting norms. This last category could be extended to multi-stakeholder institutions that aim to align global standards, for instance the Internet Engineering Taskforce (IETF) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).1 Covid-19 has exposed the treachery of our unequal and unsurprisingly divided world. Social Scientists have hurried to highlight, which is that world’s global and national institutions are increasingly incapable of managing stresses to the system. In security council, on 9 September, 2020 a meeting on pandemic was held which laid emphasis on implementation of Resolution 2532 of security council which demanded a cessation of hostilities in all situations on its agenda

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to support the Secretary-General’s global ceasefire appeal to combat COVID-19. Under-Secretary-General for Political and Peace building Affairs Rosemary DiCarlo recalled these wide-ranging impacts of COVID-19, which she said “highlight the magnitude of the challenge of conflict prevention that lies before us”. In another meeting of 24 September, the Security Council held a summit-level debate on “global governance after COVID-19” via videoconference. This pandemic may trigger instability, particularly in conflict-affected or postconflict countries, exacerbate security, social and economic crises, and in turn heighten socio-political unrest and pandemic’s aggravation of political and human rights drivers of conflict and the risks posed by its socio-economic disruption. Hence, the current pandemic has exposed the weaknesses of the multilateral system .The pandemic “reinforces the notion that collective action is vital” and that after the crisis there will be a need for a “renewed commitment to true and inclusive multilateralism” to address global problems. Addressing the General Assembly yesterday, Secretary-General Guterres echoed this sentiment, underscoring that current challenges and fragilities require more international cooperation while appealing  “for a stepped-up international effort—led by the Security Council” to achieve a global ceasefire by the end of the year.2 Presently nation states are in collective security arrangements and League of Nation and U.N. are its example, collective security arrangement works on the principle of -‘your threat is my threat’? Mechanism of collective security was established by victor states in the end of first world war, A league of Nation was established which played important role till 1939, however world war -II failed it. After Second World War, the victor states again got to-gather to form collective security arrangement under United Nations to prevent wars. Pandemic has highlighted the failed roles of international organization like W.H.O and U.N. was unsuccessful to bring all the nations to a common platform, thus failing to do its primary role. So, a paradigm shift will be visible in thinking about the collective security system and international organization.3 There will be shift from a Collective Security Arrangement to a more Individualistic approach in post-covid times. The global geopolitical transition, the US hegemony is over to some extent, instead, the world is shifting to a new multi-polar order with the US and China at its center as such there is need to restore and rebuild stable institutions and rules that acknowledge the changed context. There is a need to be more inclusive, representative and legitimate. The role of international mechanisms of cooperation (such as the G20), regional organizations, non-state actors – especially financial and philanthropic actors – will also need to be revised and elevated. The increasing dependency on the state for

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pandemic and people management; economic and social control and decision-making of what “normalcy” post-COVID-19 should look like, presents a new set of enquiries for analysts. While international best practices garner due credit, consistent efforts must also be made to monitor and identify destabilizing patterns of concerns for the international system4

New Threats: Strategic Implications COVID-19 has put additional stress on international relationships, especially those that were already strained before the pandemic hit, such as the US-China relationship. The way EU struggled to create a united front to combat this crisis is emerging as another basis for the future crisis in times ahead. In the current scenario, new threats are likely to appear inform of restrictive measures and tools which will be used both to fight covid as well be continued to be used in post covid times as well. These restrictive measures will challenge the traditional values such as freedom, democracy and religious practice, which when added to strong populist movements can increase preexisting fractures of states .Hence, there will be an intensification of actions towards political exploitation of post-COVID crisis that will be legitimized through military and non-military means. The heightened China-US tensions, amid US criticism; pronouncements blaming China for the pandemic and announcement of its withdrawal from the World Health Organization (WHO) created a tensed environment, on the occasion of 9 September VTC, the US statement was particularly pointed, focusing on China’s responsibility and on holding those responsible “accountable for their actions”, and criticizing the WHO’s “failures” including its lack of independence, transparency and accountability. Hence, in this current era of strategic geopolitical competition, a redistribution of military and political means of power will affect both Europe and the USA, quite possibly leading to a review of the global supply chains currently dominated by China. Some moves to attribute the causes of this crisis to China may increase tensions between major powers and may create rivalry and confrontation between them particularly when China has emerged as a common enemy. On 1 July 2020 – 111 days after the World Health Organization declared Covid-19 to be a global pandemic – the UN Security Council unanimously passed  Resolution 2532. This is the first time that the Security Council has called for a general ceasefire and humanitarian pause in armed conflicts across the globe , recognizing that the unprecedented extent of the novel coronavirus pandemic and danger to maintenance of international peace and security”, the Security

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Council demanded a general and immediate cessation of hostilities in all situations on its agenda, and supported the appeal of UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres for a global ceasefire 5 The pandemic has challenged the current notions of power. This challenge to power may lead to several internal conflict and regional instability. Traditional centers of power are showing signs of weakness as most of the great powers are likely to experience slower economic growth and this can diminish their level of ambition and military footprint in zones of their interest as well as reduce their power projection to zones of their influence.

Authoritarianism versus Democracy: Global Concerns Coronavirus pandemic has not only disrupted democracy but has also reset the terms of the global debate on the merits of authoritarianism versus democracy and the relative desirability of authoritarian and democratic governance. The issues of regime e.g. Democracy v/s Dictorship was very intense in cold war era but Covid-19 pandemic has once again ignited the mad race for such debates. In pandemic times respective sitting regimes across the world are justifying their actions and are using the crisis to grant themselves more expansive powers than warranted by the health crisis and tighten their grip on power. America and China have intensified their actions to build global perceptions about democratic and authoritarian regimes, thus both China and the United States are fighting to control over global perceptions, and with U.S. glorifying democracies the Chinese government is defending its authoritarian approach. Some scholars have projected this development as one of the potential threat to global security in post covid times. These debates can be understood, firstly in terms of handling of corona crisis; secondly how the pandemic is leading to a rapid expansion of executive power around the world and how democratic structures are facing additional challenges of democratic governance particularly electoral processes, civilian control of militaries, civic mobilization. During pandemic democracy was criticized for popularity-seeking instead of pursuing technically sound policies and autocracy has been criticized for repression e.g. Sweden with far less of a lockdown early on has ended up with a much higher death rate similarly, Wuhan authorities played down news of the virus and went ahead with their baibuting mass banquet on 9 February, to disastrous effect. National leaders in the U.S. and Brazil were slow to take the pandemic seriously but in china, the crisis exposed the overly politicized accountability of local government officials in Wuhan. In Italy, mayors have stepped in to enforce what they describe as slightly confusing national messages.

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The U.K. government was slow to mobilize an existing network of local environmental health officers to trace contacts. Some authoritarian regimes have done relatively well so far, like Singapore and Vietnam, while others, like Iran, have done poorly. Among democracies, South Korea and Taiwan have performed admirably, while others, like Italy and the United States, have not. Carnegie scholar Rachel Kleinfeld highlighted the fact such as lessons learned from past health crises and a country’s levels of state capacity, legitimacy, and citizen trust have been more important than its specific regime type in determining the quality of responses thus far. Yet the idea that a firm authoritarian hand is needed for dealing with the crisis may nevertheless gain wider ground, especially China have been successful so far in keeping the virus under control as compared to United States and other western democracies. Democracies lack the incentive systems to address higher-order and longer-term imperatives. There is surging opposition to liberal governance due to rising inequalities and frustration with the perceived failures of the liberal order. Francis Fukuyama and Jan-Werner Muller view populism and the rise of parochial economic nationalism as among the gravest threats to future stability. The risk of a disorderly collapse of the system is more real than ever. Indeed, in times of crises, leaders find themselves facing difficult and limited choices, and their decisions can often damage their electoral standing.6  The pandemic will almost certainly usher in broader effects on governance by overburdening countries’ basic governance functions, taxing their sociopolitical cohesion, exacerbating corruption, unsettling relations between national and local governments, and transforming the role of non-state actors7. Political regimes must work together in the world after covid-19. Victory either for autocracy or democracy depends upon politicians as any system can be tempted to take popular rather than necessary decisions. However, poor leadership results in bad outcomes, whatever the political system.

Conclusion Covid -19 has set the new stage for global securities concerns particularly in the third decade of 21st century. These new realities are re- shaping the global securities challenges and these challenges are more likely to be China centric than ever before. A shift from collective security arrangement to more individualistic approach is likely to shape news security paradigms. The new power game will accelerate the mad race for strategically important next generation technology making the espionage on smart technology more intense as compared to the espionage in the areas of nuclear, space or information. The new

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realities of covid-19 demand the effectiveness of the global security architecture to respond to these newer challenges especially to the issues of global governance. The uncertainty as to the precise nature of these changes is the biggest global security dilemma which the international order is facing at the moment.

Suggested Readings Books 1.

Al-Rodhan, Nayef R. “The five dimensions of global security: proposal for a multi-sum security principle”. LIT Verlag Münster, 2007.

2.

Kaldor, Mary. “Restructuring global security for the 21st century.” 2013.

3.

Buzan B. Weaver, o and de Wilde, J, “Security: A New Framework for Analysis”, Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 1998.

4.

Collins, a (ed.) “Contemporary Security Studies”, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

5.

Mathews. J. “Redefining Security’, Foreign Affairs”, 68(2): 162-77, 1989.

6.

M.C. Sweeney, B., “ Security, Identity and Interests: A Sociology of International Relations”, Cambridge: Cambridge university Press, 1999.

7.

Wexler, Philip, Asish Mohapatra, and Barbara Price. “Global security– introductory essay.” Global Security: Health, Science and Policy 1.1, 2016.

Journals 1.

New patterns of global security in the twenty-first century Barry BuzanInternational Affairs, Volume 67, Issue 3, July 1991, Pages 431– 451, https://doi.org/10.2307/2621945

2.

World Focus , Volume 485,Number 06, June 2020

3.

World Focus, Volume 486, Number 07, July 2020

E- References 1.

https://www.newsclick.in/Spanish-Flu-Lessoons-for-India-in-COVID

2.

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51904019

3.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4262128/

4.

https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PE332.html.

Endnotes 1. 2. 3. 4.

https://globalchallenges.org/global-governance/ https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2020/09/ security-council-summit-on-post-covid-19-global-governance.php Vijay Khare, Post Covid-19: Will Global Power Structure Change or Will Internatinal Geopolitics Remain Unscathed, World Focus ,Volume 485,Number 06, June 2020 P.65 https://www.orfonline.org/research/state-responses-to-covid19-andimplications-for-international-security/

Global Securities: Time for New Beginning | 19 5.

https://www.ejiltalk.org/covid-19-as-a-threat-to-international-peaceand-security-the-role-of-the-un-security-council-in-addressing-thepandemic/ 6. Mark Landler and Stephen Castle, “With Boris Johnson in Intensive Care, U.K. Faces a Leadership Quandary,” The New York Times, April 7, 2020. 7. https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/04/06/how-will-coronavirusreshape-democracy-and-governance-globally-pub-81470

4 Considering the Effects of Cultural Diversity Global Strategy Sahidul Alam* Notwithstanding the huge measure of multifaceted exploration indicating the solid effect of culture on strategic policies around the globe, social variety has not been completely incorporated as a significant develop in essential administration investigations of globalization. Force distance is the acknowledgment of the inconsistent circulation of intensity in the public arena, while vulnerability shirking reflects abhorrence for uncertainty and danger. By Hofstede’s definition, individualism…implies a loosely knit social framework in which people are supposed to take care of themselves and their immediate families only, while collectivism is characterized by a tight social framework in which people distinguish between ingroups and out-groups. (Hofstede, 1980). At long last, manly social orders esteem emphaticness and material procurement, while female social orders accentuate human nurturance and personal satisfaction. In spite of the fact that censured by a few, Hofstede’s powerful detailing remains as just one among numerous such systems that may demonstrate valuable in understanding the intricate elements of culture as it encroaches upon globalization endeavors. The connection between enhancement system and firm execution is for over thirty years. While these endeavors have delivered a rich base of hypothesis and acquired considerable observational help, they have not responded to numerous inquiries relating to globalization

* PhD Research Scholar, Dept. of Education, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh

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and its subsequent presentation results. Simultaneously, the writing on social variety has commonly centered around homegrown models, overlooking the impacts of a company’s openness to different public societies on hierarchical execution. The system created here is an endeavor to address these lacunae. The level of relatedness that two specialty units share relies on how much two specialty units can tap basic corporate assets. The equivalent could be said of relatedness as applied to an association’s global activities, and we fight public culture presents a valuable establishment for this thought. In a nutshell, firms can oversee worldwide specialty units all the more effectively when those organizations are set up in nations that are ‘related’ regarding public culture. We examine the hidden rationale for this assumption underneath and present explicit suggestions got from it. Gains from social relatedness may emerge from a few capacities in the firm; however the most basic direct advantages are those including markets, creation, and advancements. Global firms are better off when their techniques exploit the likely economies of scale and different efficiencies that outcome from movement trades. One of the basic determinants of the potential for combining market exercises between worldwide divisions might be the social variety of those units. As variety expands, there is a more prominent need to redo the promoting blend and capacity to manage more heterogeneous shopper inclinations. Promoting is probably going to be especially touchy to the social variety of the different business sectors served. Be that as it may, socially related divisions are bound to exploit these economies. On the other hand, this sort of sharing would be significantly more testing among American and Indonesian divisions. The basic contrasts pivot upon something other than language. It involves values, of attitude, of market responses. Since promoting is proposed to engage the estimations of the market, which differ by culture, the accomplishment of uniting this capacity relies on how intently values (culture) are coordinated. Further, geologically proximal nations can encounter media overflows, prompting inclusion in more than one nation without added cost. Philip Morris, Inc. had the option to misuse this overflow impact when they discovered that Canada unexpectedly ingested publicizing coordinated at the American market, inciting the organization to present its home image in the new market. Another potential cooperative energy includes the strategically pitching of items to public business sectors to lessen dispersion costs. Items reasonable in one culture may not sell in another. High-vulnerability evasion people may buy the item to appreciate the advantages of future unwavering quality and unsurprising execution, however this may not be valid for

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those whose capacity to bear vulnerability is a lot more prominent. This may clarify why Japanese makers have had the option to build up a solid standing for item quality; the Japanese culture underscores the utility of profoundly dependable items, persuading firms to give them. Episodically, Porter (1990) sees that American shoppers endure far lower item quality than Japanese purchasers. Multinationals can exploit other market-related efficiencies. This procedure could decrease statistical surveying expenses and promoting overhead, giving a serious edge over nonintegrated MNEs. Also, a few types of collaboration may advance effectiveness when geographic vicinity allows the actual mix of assets. Multinationals that broaden universally with thought of the social relatedness of this extension exertion will be in a superior situation to misuse market-related efficiencies between worldwide divisions. For the worldwide firm, socially related broadening may advance the abuse of creation related efficiencies. This preferred position stems generally from the capacity of socially related MNEs to make items that permit some level of normalization without forfeiting buyer interest. Since culture impacts purchaser inclinations, individuals from comparative societies are probably going to esteem and, accordingly, buy comparative items. Thusly, tasks serving comparative societies can accomplish economies of scale through consolidated offices, while acquiring added efficiencies from longer creation runs and machine specialization. Social similitude advances coordination of the worldwide creation framework, which speaks to an expected upper hand. Activities serving socially related business sectors frequently produce similar items; along these lines allowing the combination of creation, which brings down expenses as well as normalizes the bases of separation at each progression in the chain of creation. Truly uniting creation offices additionally supports consolidated provider related exercises, yielding lower cargo costs since material requests are bigger and are delivered to just a single area. Expenses for input dealing with are likewise decreased. This centralization additionally legitimizes interest in better innovation to accomplish solid conveyance and to contain costs from postage harm. Socially related firms can misuse this type of cooperative energy on the grounds that the assortment of their item contributions is little when contrasted with multinationals that serve a few socially different business sectors with a perplexing cluster of items. Indeed, even socially related worldwide firms may need to adjust items fairly to expand deals over its business sectors. Notwithstanding, adjustments will be negligible contrasted with the socially different company’s contributions, and the finished results are bound to

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incorporate shared parts. This prompts lower segment creation costs, which decreases the expense for every unit of yield. Notwithstanding cost decrease, the expansion underway legitimizes interest in better innovation to improve the nature of the cycle, giving an extra base to separation and upper hand. Social relatedness and the decrease of item assortment additionally grant the union of fundamental get together offices, testing and quality control capacities, and aberrant exercises. This at last allows the firm to diminish costs and improve the nature of creation. Analysts have since quite a while ago perceived that innovation is fundamental to worldwide intensity and, in this manner, should be successfully organized between worldwide divisions. Regardless, direct examinations of culture’s effect on innovative turn of events and move have as of late arisen. Many have placed that innovation is most handily moved between nations of comparable culture and improvement. …cultural values between an MNC in a developed home country and a host organization in a less-developed country may serve as a barrier. For example, technology transfer from a country such as West Germany, where assertiveness and achievement are valued, to a country such as India, where value is placed on social relationships above money and achievement may be difficult for the host country. India has a traditional and structured social power system, so technologies that disturb that power system may also be resisted. (Keller & Chinta, 1990, p.37) A few potential advantages emerge from innovation move between a worldwide company’s specialty units. To begin with, because of efficiencies, for example, expectation to absorb information impacts, a consolidated R&D work decreases item and cycle configuration costs. It likewise permits the firm to abbreviate configuration time, which helps serious capacity. Second, innovation move between divisions builds the minimum amount in R&D so the firm can pull in better individuals to improve the creativity of item or cycle plans. At long last, combining the R&D work encourages innovation move among divisions. At whatever point R&D can be effectively moved between divisions, each advancement permits early passage into new advances for different specialty units. Culture can impact the utilization of innovation through shopper interest too. That is, culture conditions individuals to acknowledge distinctive item ascribes, which move the interest for various types of advancements. Social variety diminishes the company’s capacity to effectively decipher innovation between business sectors, to misuse the economies that come about because of expanding the size of consolidated R&D activities, and to

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pull in the most brilliant specialized staff conceivable. As opposed to consolidating exercises between specialty units, the idea of roundabout advantages alludes to the exchange of the executive’s information starting with one business then onto the next. However long the increases exceed move costs, roundabout advantages contribute evident points of interest. While these exchanges may demonstrate valuable across units in various ventures, they are more averse to rise above social obstructions. That is, contrasted with other multinationals, socially related MNEs can all the more likely endeavor backhanded advantages to build efficiencies and at last lift firm execution. The essential administration measure incorporates three fundamental stages: technique definition, usage, and control. Worldwide firms should consider the elements of culture at every one of these stages to viably deal with the cycle and keep up firm efficiencies. System definition includes getting ready for assembly of firm assets for rivalry, including assessment of opponent firms and planning for key reaction. There is little inquiry that organizations from different nations contend in an unexpected way, and to a degree their system is guided by public culture. Therefore, the exchange of information on business procedure between these two nations is generally hard to accomplish. Systems are not detailed in a vacuum by completely levelheaded leaders, however by chiefs who depend on their very own patterns or mental portrayals of the world, and this gives a vehicle to them to develop reality socially. Prahalad and Bettis allude to this pattern or general mental structure as predominant rationale, which they characterize as an attitude or business idea that guides objective setting and dynamic in the firm. This shared point of view settles upon a psychological guide that is basic to all individuals from the predominant alliance in the firm and is communicated as a particular arrangement of critical thinking reactions. Prahalad and Bettis apply their conceptualization explicitly to technique detailing, …is processed through pre-existing knowledge systems. Known as schemas..., these systems represent beliefs, theories and propositions that have developed over time based on the manager’s personal experiences….organizational schema is primarily a product of managers’ interpretations of experiences.... (Prahalad and Bettis, 1986, p.489). The methodology plan cycle of socially different worldwide firms may endure in light of the fact that the prevailing rationale of the different units is probably going to be incongruent. Consequently, social disjointedness will prompt numerous predominant rationales among compelling chiefs in the MNE. This is probably going to

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impede successful correspondence and agreement among key leaders. While firm system will in general be molded by culture, the usage of that methodology is frequently comparably coordinated. Among different concerns, effective usage pivots upon the fitting plan of an association’s structure. The worldwide firm might be enticed to plan its global units to reflect the structure of the home division to look after proficiency; however this isn’t practical when societies vary an excessive amount to help the exchange. Social variety in the worldwide firm can likewise confuse another critical component of procedure usage; the administration of HR. Worldwide firms should continually adjust arrangements and practices to coordinate the remarkable settings in which they lead business. Manly societies underline financial motivators, acknowledgment, and advancement to fortify execution, while female societies repay representatives with personal satisfaction rewards. Moreover, staffing rehearses are unequivocally impacted by social standards. The foundation of control frameworks is the last phase of the essential administration measure. It includes observing the advancement of the association along important key measurements, allowing changes as per that assessment. The degree of key control a firm requirement depends to some extent upon the social focal points of its administration. Since these frameworks are exorbitant, low vulnerability evasion chiefs may see them as an unnecessary cost. The noticed control direction likewise fluctuates by power standards. Nations that are high on force distance will in general depend on top-down interchanges, customary lines of order, incorporated and tall hierarchical structures, noticeable prizes that task power, broad carefulness given to directors to control their turf, and individual steadfastness to bosses. The inverse will in general be valid for nations that are low in force distance. All in all, socially comparative units are more obvious and oversee from the corporate focus, in this way decreasing the company’s exchange costs. Social variety is considerably more than a miniature level concern. As firms seek after worldwide techniques with their imperative accentuation on coordination across overall activities, the issue takes on an essential measurement too. Since globalization expects chiefs to arrange the endeavors of gatherings from various public societies, lopsided degrees of misconception and struggle are probably going to go to these endeavors. Consequently, socially related firms may likewise acquire from backhanded advantages between global divisions. We don’t contest the idea that organizations gather monetary advantages by extending abroad, regardless of associative expansions in social variety. Nonetheless, ceteris paribus, we fight that

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socially related worldwide firms can all the more likely endeavor the advantages of social cooperative energies by adroitly dealing with the exchange of exercises and information between divisions to augment firm efficiencies. The advantages of social variety may likewise be weakened by the administrative restrictions of worldwide chiefs. This relationship has been proposed by the connection among internationalization and firm execution. They discovered proof that expanding global extension is, to be sure, emphatically associated with improved execution. Nonetheless, that connection plainly gets negative past an ideal degree of worldwide contribution. This marvel might be clarified to some degree by the trouble of overseeing more elevated levels of social variety. Also, we have not proposed that worldwide activities are hurtful to firm execution since these organizations may abuse openings abroad that are inaccessible to simply homegrown concerns; rather, we fight worldwide firms accomplish ideal efficiencies when they specifically enter socially related business sectors or in any case consider while extending globally. As one creator as of late noticed,… cultural familiarity makes staffing problems easier. Managing an international staff is arguably the biggest single problem faced by multinational firms. Other things being equal, an American firm is likelier to find it easier to employ Mexican or Argentine managers than Korean ones. (Economist, 1993, p.12) Finally, it is important to note that the arguments advanced here concerning international cultural diversity may not hold within the domestic context. It may well be that cultural diversity within the U.S. can provide important organizational benefits if it is effectively managed. Theorized salutary effects of employee diversity within U.S. firms include …less emphasis on conformity should improve the level of creativity... better decision making through critical analysis of issues…and increased flexibility to respond to environmental changes. (Cox & Blake, 1991, p.46) American representatives share a social base, and this may give an adequately solid normal attach to permit associations to gain by the likely advantages of homegrown variety without capitulating to the entropic powers that hamper overall coordination of the activities of worldwide firms. To conclude I would like to say that, just before the 21st century, perhaps the main difficulties associations face is that of adequately overseeing social variety. This is an issue for homegrown firms just as for those that extend universally looking for new business sectors, modest work, new advancements, and different favorable circumstances. As we contend here, acclimating to different social

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powers doesn’t come without costs. Be that as it may, our goal isn’t to depict the future with excessive cynicism. Or maybe, we accept that by being insightful of the hierarchical cycles set off by variety, firms might have the option to dodge the negative results laid out above. Earlier examinations recommend that socially enhanced firms may in reality have the option to figure out how to wrestle with the conceivably useless parts of that variety. Notes and References 1.

Cox, T. & Blake, S. (1991). Managing Cultural Diversity: Implications for Organizational Competitiveness. Academy of Management Executive, 5: 45–56.

2.

Economist. (1993). The Non-Global Firm. March 27: 10–14.

3.

Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values, Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.

4.

Keller, R. T., & Chinta, R. (1990). International Technology Transfer: Strategies for Success. Academy of Management Executive, 4: 33–43.

5.

Porter, M. E. (1990). The competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: Free Press.

6.

Prahalad, C. K., & Bettis, R. A. (1986). The Dominant Logic: A New Linkage between Diversity and Performance. Strategic Management Journal, 7: 485–501.

5 Challenges to World Peace and Security: A Holistic Picture Dr. P Venkata Rao* Introduction World Peace for long and even today is seen as a lofty ideal and is usually associated as the task or mandate of Multilateral Organizations like the UN Security Council and other similar entities. It is important to note though that these organizations are made of people belonging to different countries having varied aspirations and hopes and so it is illogical to assume that any decision made or steps taken to achieve peace don’t have an underlying motive. The Developed West which is looked up as the World Leader and the torch bearer of the World’s move towards a Peaceful 21st century is itself plagued with Internal Security problems as seen in rising cases of Lone Wolf attacks in USA, France along with escalating tensions with other Nations in the World. For Example – Rising Tensions in the Bilateral ties between China and USA, France and Turkey. In this Context, the Call for a Multilateral World by many Developing Nations spearheaded by India has attained significance considering the withdrawal of the United States from the Role of a Big Brother and the adoption of an Ultra Nationalist Stance as evidenced by their recent moves (Tightening Immigration Norms, Withdrawal from the Paris Agreement and other Treaties). As Albert Einstein once said, “Peace cannot be kept by force; it can only be achieved by understanding”. Therefore, this paper attempts to list out the Challenges to World Peace in the Modern Era so as to make sure that we have an understanding of the Problem before delving into the Solution. * Principal, Government Degree College, Narsipatnam,, Andhra Pradesh

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Violent Extremism – Extremist Religious Groups The first and foremost Challenge to World Peace is the increased intolerance of certain Religious Groups and the growing instances of violence over Non Believers. Religion was supposed to be a cure and instead turned out to be a cause of the problem. Just a few days back, there was News of close to 350 School going children being kidnapped in Nigeria by an Islamic Extremist Group named Boko Haram. The reason cited for the kidnap is the Western Education being received by the children. This case illustrates the intolerant ways of these organizations that refuse to look beyond their archaic beliefs and see reason. The increased penetration of Internet has led to easy prey for these organizations in the form of young adults who are brainwashed into becoming one of them. Global Patterns of Terrorism are dominated by groups in Largely Muslim States. Extremism is generally understood as constituting views that are varied from the majority of the population. When these views try to change the social order through violence, they constitute a challenge to peace. ISIS in Syria is a prime example of this behaviour. Their notion of an Islamic World order belies the fundamental tenants of their religion and threatens the World Peace in ways not seen before. Their video killings and brutal beheadings have started a terror wave and the Muslim Nations like Pakistan, Afghanistan and Turkey are being looked at with mistrust by many countries. This has created a divide in the World with countries making harsh laws to check the growth of these organizations and innocent people facing the wrath. These people then try to pick up arms and thus start a vicious cycle of Violence.

Race for Nuclear Weapons The threat of a Nuclear War looms big more so now than ever as proclaimed at the NATO’s London Summit in 2019. The end of the Cold War was thought to be the end of the possibility of any Nuclear War but sadly it was not to be. Countries have begun a Nuclear Arms Race with the five Security Council members being joined by India, Pakistan, Israel and North Korea as Nuclear States. There are Nations that have not declared their Nuclear Status but are suspected to be equipped. This only adds to the apprehensions of Nations and with a proper treaty not in place to check the growth of Nuclear Arms, it is one of the major threats to Global peace. A Case in point is India and Pakistan. The Nuclear armed states have been having constant border disputes with a major escalation in 2019. Imagine one of them trying to start a Nuclear War. This would have a Domino effect with other Nations like China, Russia and USA

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throwing their hats in the ring. These fears have gained traction in the recent times with the failed negotiations between Russia and USA for a New START Treaty regarding Nuclear Stockpiling as well as USA walking away from the JCPOA deal with Iran regarding their Nuclear ambitions. Mikhail Gorbachev famously said that, “A Nuclear War can never be won and should never be fought”. This perhaps shows the gravity of the threat that Nuclear Weapons pose to Global Peace and Security.

Maritime Security Issues – Increased Assertion of Certain Nations In recent times, the issue of Maritime Security has been brought up to the fore in Global Security Concerns with the aggression of Nations like China in the South China Sea and Indian Ocean Region and Turkey in the Mediterranean Sea. In the past, a strong Navy was termed as an indicator of a Nation’s Strength (Queen Elizabeth’s Famous Statement) as evidenced by the British Navy that went on to colonize half the world and the Spanish Navy that took over Latin America. The recent trend shows the rearing up of this notion with increased assertion of China in South China Sea with a bid to subdue Taiwan as well as claim other Islands in the region (Example: Senkaku Island Dispute with Japan). To counter this, USA has come up with a renewed Quad comprising Australia, Japan and India. This is being seen with apprehension by China and a further escalation may result in a conflict that threatens to brew into something big thereby challenging the Global peace.

Ultra Nationalism and Conservative Politicians Nationalism is a positive thing as a person needs to love the country that gave him birth. Ultra Nationalism though is an extreme form of Nationalism that is harmful to the existing social order. It leads to Racism and other forms of discrimination which can only come back to haunt the Security of the Nation. An example of this is the severe protests that broke out after the George Floyd incident in USA and the resultant violence and shoplifting that followed in the aftermath. In the recent past, there has been an increase in this form of Nationalism with Conservative Leaders taking charge of the Nations. One can cite several such instances ranging from Donald Trump of USA and Jair Bolsonaro of Brazil with their Anti Immigration policies, KP Oli of Nepal and the dispute over certain territories belonging to India to Recep Erdogan of Turkey and his campaign of going back to the past (Hagia Sophia being made a Mosque). All these cases show a single trait, that of a Nation First policy.

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To add to this, there has been an increase in Regionalism as well, with Secessionist Tendencies of certain areas threatening the Nation’s Internal Security. Examples include Catalonia in Spain, Lombardy in Italy, Naga Insurgency in India etc. The problem with this is that it leaves the Nation vulnerable with other countries looking at it as a chance to interfere in the Internal Issues of the Region and thus undermining the Home Nation’s authority. Increased Multilateralism at the UN Agencies is the only solution to tackle this threat.

Social Issues like Poverty, Hunger According to UN, more than 700 million people live in Extreme Poverty in the world. To quote the US President Jimmy Carter, “The World cannot intend to achieve World peace with 1/3rd Rich and 2/3rd Poor”. Poverty has been a roadblock to development for long and is a threat to Global peace. A case in point is Guatemala where Peace accords were signed recently to put an end to a 36 year civilian war. By no means can a piece of paper be used to resolve Structural Issues entrenched in the society. Uprisings are still going on as Poor people trying to fight the injustice being meted out to them have adopted a violent stance with some non state actors siding with them to cause instability in the region. The Millennium Development Goals by the UN have on their part tried to address the issue of Poverty and Hunger by providing a Platform and Technical assistance to achieve the ideals of Zero Hunger. This has not materialized though with Developing Nations refusing to part with a higher share of their GDP towards Developmental Projects as the race to become a Developed Nation has brought out a Market Economy in several Countries (including India, 1991 LPG Reforms) which has left behind the poor and impoverished to fend for themselves. These steps can only incite the poor masses which when combined with the malicious intent of some External Actors results into a grave threat to Global peace.

The India Story The above challenges summarize the major threats to World Peace. India on its part has always played a positive role in bringing about a peaceful World Order. The idea of India being a peaceful member and respecting the International Treaties is enshrined in the Constitution of India in the Directive Principles of State Policy (Part-IV). This has been dutifully followed by India with them being one of the founding members of UN and the adoption of Non Alignment and the creation of a third Block in retaliation to the bipolar world present during the Cold War era.

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Even in the 21st century, India has been a vocal supporter of Multilateralism with their agenda as a Non Permanent Member of the Security Council for 2021-22 being termed as NORMS (New Orientation for a Reformed Multilateral System). This is not to say that everything is peachy at India. The constant border skirmishes with the Neighbours is an increasing threat to the security of the Nation as well as the harrowing plight of the lower Strata during the COVID-19 pandemic has been a rude awakening. Below are some indices with respect to the Challenges shown in the paper and India’s performance compared to the World. S. No

Index

Organization

1

Global Terrorism Index - 2020

Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP)

8/163

2

Human Freedom Index - 2020

Cato and Fraser Institutes

111/162

3

Human Development Index - 2020

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

131/189

4

Maritime Security Stable Seas Index - 2020

Score of 60/100 (Termed as Average)

5

Global Peace Index -2019

141/162

Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP)

India’s Rank

All these Indices paint a grim picture for India and measures need to be taken to improve them while sustaining its core values system.

Conclusion Peace starts with you. One needs to look within themselves for Reform. A change at such a microcosmic level can build on to bring about new and creative policy changes that’ll help make the World a better place for the future generations. Notes and References 1.

un.org

2.

Wikipedia for Index Values

6 World Peace and Security Dr. Alpana Sharma*  Today, a human being is walking on the edge of destruction in the lap of death. Man has held man with his selfishness. He does not see anything today. He can only see selfishness. Today, to meet this selfishness, terrible and difficult weapons are being vied for. Today, this is why man is showing his immense power by making atom bomb, atomic bomb etc. for the destruction. It has forgotten everything that is appropriate and what is unfair in creating this turbulent and terrible environment. In this way the whole world has reached a period of great unrest. As if the story of unrest is a history of peace. In the last half century, there have been two major wars and they too have increased from one to the other. Now preparations are being made for the Third World War. Even though no country wants war, there is such an atmosphere in which there is no solution other than war. Imperialism is the biggest weapon of warlike means. In the First World War, on the one hand, the British occupied the markets of half the world and on the other hand, in many dense countries of Europe, there was not enough space for the urban people to breathe freely. On this basis, Germany invaded England in 1914 to usher in the First World War. This was the first spark of unrest. Now the era of swords and arrows has passed, while the effect of war was on a few people. After first world war second world war became another threat to world peace and security. During that period there was a new kind of outcry in the whole world and due to which a lot of people and assets were lost. World War I and World War II were

* Vice Principal, SSR College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Silvassa

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not only the cause of destruction and insecurity, but there are other challenges also which are a threat to world peace. The category of potential threats to peace and security addressed by UNO is likely to be classified under six broad head: • Poverty, disease, and the threat of environmental breakdown (threats to human security identified in human resource development goals). • Danger from conflict between states. • Violence within states and large-scale human rights violations threatened. • Threat from terrorism. • Threat from organized crime. • Danger from proliferation of weapons - especially WMD, but also conventional. Apart from this UNO also issued a report on peace challenges and sustainment of peace in the world. As the United Nations Secretary General Antonio Guterres releases his new Peacebuilding and sustaining peace report. In this report it is argued that the UN must boldly address five big challenges constraining its peace efforts. UN peace efforts face five big challenges today: 1. Geopolitical aggression and intransigence: Conflicts are distracted by intense rivalry between global powers and regional powers as they support predictions for waging war abroad. Wars in Syria and Yemen are prime examples of this. 2. The practice of relabeling conflicts as counter-terror struggles: This trend leads to the neglect of the factors and actors driving the conflict and the erosion of the space necessary for building peace. We have seen this in high profile cases such as Syria, but also in Egypt, Turkey and elsewhere. When leaders use counterterrorism as an excuse to crush dissent and political opposition, it exacerbates violent conflict rather than reduces it. 3. Legacies of military intervention and regime change: Framed as interventions to counter terror, save civilians or remove rogue regimes, in case after case military intervention and regime change have failed to bring lasting stability or to defeat fundamentalist groups. On the one hand this has brought deep distrust of interventionism – but at the same time there are huge risks in simply giving up on supporting constructive, peaceful change in the face of repression. 4. Panic over forced displacement: As desperate people flee conflict zones; the impact of forced displacement is hitting neighboring

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countries hardest and they are coping as best they can. Meanwhile, Western governments are making hasty deals to support border and security forces in transit countries to close their borders and shut the problem out. But this train, equip and ignore approach – as in the EU’s Khartoum Process – fails to address the root causes of the problem. 5. Struggling humanitarianism: Undoubtedly humanitarians have a tough job. The UN and others are making enormous efforts, with inadequate resources, to assist the victims of conflict. But they are not yet good enough at defending humanitarian values, working for prevention during crisis or empowering those affected by humanitarian crises to take the initiative. And if UN Security Council members – either directly or through allies they support – continue to bomb hospitals or attack humanitarian convoys, we are unlikely to see this change. Beyond the report if we analyze the issue of world peace and security, we find that today the inevitability of world peace has become much greater and faster. There are many reasons for this disturbance. The main reason for this is also that today many powerful nations of the world promote heavy industries to keep each other weak and powerless nation in their clutches. For this, they are only increasing their personal power and assurances. At the same time, their contacts remain equal in trying to provoke or exorcise other powerless and small nations. In this way, today the whole world is seen doing constant industry to reach the trough of mutual destruction divided in many parts. Therefore, the need for peace of the world is increasing today. How and how world peace can happen. This is a question to ponder. For this subject, we can say that for the sake of world peace, the spirit of brotherhood is the first. The spirit of brotherhood, harmony and mutual interest will be great steps and meaningful work in the direction of world peace. The feeling of mutual suffering, happiness and establishment of welfare will be concrete steps for world peace. For world peace, understanding and behaving like ourselves will be a concrete and effective idea. If such goodwill and best thoughts will be generated in the mind of a living being, then there cannot be any sense of disturbance and disorder in the world. Increased maladies can be eliminated. To bring world peace and the world in equal condition, we should organize a human welfare function. Through this, it should awaken in the people how we should avoid inhuman and animalistic evils. The cynicism, malevolence and demonetization has entered into us. How can he end. How can gentleness and humanity arise in it.

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These types of ideas should inspire us to adopt various schemes and programs. This is only possible. When we will be able to abandon the materialistic view. Instead, we should adopt naturalistic and naturalistic approaches. For the sake of world peace, we should strive to return from the forest of materiality to the flat plain of spirituality. In this sense we have to understand the supernatural and divine life message of the sages and sages of our ancient period. We have to follow them. In the pursuit of world peace, we have to adopt the life principles and practices of great philosophers and mahatmas. Will have to walk according to them. We have to understand its consequences and influence the other, only then will there be a meaningful and concerted effort for world peace. Today it is a matter of good fortune that many big nations of the world are seen trying in the direction of world peace. The horrific consequences of the First World War and the Second World War and the life forms affected by it are also being considered. Many concrete and effective steps have been taken for this. The establishment of the United Nations is the result of this approach. This resolves mutual quarrels and conflicts. The biggest achievement of the United Nations is that in the last five decades, due to this, events like World War II have not happened again. World War II had completely destroyed many countries of the world, in which about 30 million people were killed. It created an atmosphere of friendship and fraternity in the world and by removing their differences, it has prevented the emergence of a third world war situation. The United Nations played an important role in the Indo-China War, the Arab-Israel War, the Iran-Iraq War and the 1991 Iraq-Kuwait War. United Nations ‘UNESCO and’ I. L.O. Institutions, ‘ The United Nations peace forces and the United Nations Rehabilitation Organization are engaged in the task of providing relief to countries embroiled in war and territorial disputes. UNO is working its own level but there should be some more similar industry and efforts globally. To provide all kinds of facilities to those who are backward and unhappy nations of the world, we must establish a joint organization at the world level. Non-Aligned Institute is a very successful and reasonable effort in this direction. There must be some effort like this. In this way we must adopt some idea and approach to established world peace and security.

7 Nutritional Security Challenges During COVID-19 Pandemic Dr. Shikha Singh* & Dr.Shikha khare** The COVID-19 out break around the world impose the crisis on the food system in the world since late 2019. Health crisis arise due to pandemic not only block the food supply network but badly affect the global economy. The consequence of this crunch results in low prices of some foods and halt the second Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) i.e zero hunger, According to FAO(2020) about 2 billion people experiences moderate to severe level of food insecurity. This numbers has been raised in past 5 years. A significant risk of food insecurity was reported in about 25 countries. Food production sector will be worsely affected if this situation persist for the longer period.

Affects of COVID-19 on Food and Nutrition Security Food security is not only the availability of food it also includes the food accessibility utilization and stability. According to FAO(2008) food security is a situation that exist when each and every individual have social, physical and economic assess to safe nutritious and adequate amount of food to ensure their daily requirement. Food security consists of mainly four dimensions availability accessibility stability and utilisation. The two more dimensions were added to the traditional four pillars of food security. The two more dimensions were

* Assistant Professor, Department of Home Science, Nehru Gram Bharati

Deemed to be University, Jamunipur, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh ** HOD, Department of Home Science, Nehru Gram Bharati Deemed to be University, Jamunipur, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh

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agency and sustainability. The pandemic had affected every aspect of food security. There are many factors that affect food insecurity such as individual constraints (knowledge, habit, symptoms), household constraints (production, purchasing power of the consumer, household distrebution) and external constraints which includes stigma ,price hike market fluctuations. Sometimes natural calamities like as droughts, flood and conflict etc. also leads to food insecurity. During pandemic the food supply network was interrupted due to the strict lockdown in various countries. Thare are number of factors which reinforces the distortion of food system leading to food and nutrition insecurity which are as follows 1. Interrupted food supply – Since the actual cause and proper medication of covid 19 was not known. The only way to discontinue the spread of the virus is to impose strict lockdown in all over the world. During the lockdown food supply was interrupted resulting in high price , low availability of food. 2. Global Economy Decline - The pandemic provoke the global recession leading to loss of job and income globally. According to the World Bank report (2020) the global remittance will be lowered by approximately 20 percent. The purchasing power food will decline and hence the food demand will be contracted utimately affecting the food and nutrition security. 3. Interrupted social welfare programme – Social welfare programme run by the government agencies provides food assistance to school going children via various meal programmes During lockdown the government exert excesive effort to to furnish social protection for those who are most affected by the pandemic. Most of the countries financially supported each other during this tough time but unfortunately several countries are constrained by global economy breakdown. 4. Gender inequalities- The spread of the COVID-19 along with decline in the economy reinforced the existing societal inequalities in most of the countries. These differences in turn affects the rights as well as the accessibility to basic requirement and lastly to food and nutrition insecurity. In developing countries like India gender inequality are existing from decades. Global economy breakdown interrupted food supply social welfare programs in gender inequalities leads to the altered food environment. Food may not be the vector for the transmission of virus but the Lock down imposed to block the transmission covid-19 among the human beings indirectly affected the food supply system. Informal markets were closed which are the sole source for the supply of food and

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livelihood in most of the developing countries. Poor totally depend upon these market for other food as well as for their livelihood. Initially food security consist of four pillars latest availability accessibility stability utilisation in which two More dimensions ( agency and sustainability) were added. The pandemic had affected every aspect of food security. Nutrition security “hot spots” include: fragile and conflict-affected states, where coordinations and dispersion are troublesome indeed without social distancing. Countries influenced by numerous emergencies due to climatic changes such as flood, draught etc and destruction cause by locust infestation which affected about 23 countries all over the world. Vulnerable section of the society as well as poor constitute 690 million individuals who were severely or acutely affects the nutrition insecurity before the COVID-19 crisis. Countries with noteworthy cash devaluation (driving up the fetched of food imports) and nations seeing other product costs collapse (diminishing their capacity to consequence nutrition ). At the nation level, the World Bank Bunch is working with governments and worldwide accomplices to closely screen residential nourishment and rural supply chains, track how the misfortune of business and salary is affecting people’s capacity to purchase nourishment, and guarantee that nourishment frameworks. In India, women’s self-help bunches, backed beneath the National Rural Livelihoods Mission co-financed by the World Bank, mobilized to meet scarcity of masks and sanitizers, run community kitchens and reestablish new food supplies, give nourishment to vulnerable and high-risk families, give budgetary administrations in country zones, and spread COVID-19 advisories among rural communities. These self-help group built over a period of 15 a long time, tap the skills of around 62 million women all over India. For a durable FSI, the requirements of these four pillars should be fully met. The pandemic has however had perilous implications for food security, particularly of the poor and most vulnerable. This was demonstrated in more than one way by the singular phenomena of the fragile living of over 100 million migrant workers, who had to walk miles and miles but empty stomachs. Even the national managers of the pandemic could not foresee such a situation. The availability of food grains does not seem to have been adversely impacted so far. As of March 1, 2020, the country had sufficient buffers of food grains: 58.4 million tons and pulses 3 million tons. However, it is not so for other commodities such as fruits and vegetables, eggs,

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meat, milk, and sugar that constitutes 78 percent of the total food consumption. Disruption in supply chains and a decline in demand had caused a huge loss of production and income to the farmers, traders, and consumers. As against other sectors of the economy, agriculture has surely shown more resilience. The country’s farmers have successfully harvested winter crops. Even sowing of summer crops has progressed well, despite constraints in timely supplies of inputs at reasonable prices. Since agriculture directly impinged on FSI, most of its operations were exempt from restrictions imposed due to the pandemic. Access to food was not fully assured as a result of the decline in incomes and loss of livelihood after the Pandemic COVID-19. It was further impaired by socio-economic inequities. The food supply chain (FSC) was stressed. There were widespread disruptions owing to restricted movements, the ban on transportation, and border sealing. FSCs were exempt from lockdown, but only 6 percent of the total supply chain was organized. Moreover, private players who are averse to the risk of the virus largely control it; therefore, the role of PDS was critical in ensuring equitable access to food. The regional disparities in the availability of food grains and pulses were also responsible for skewed access to food. The stability of availability and access to food turned out to be fragile due to global economic slowdown; uncertain incomes and reduced purchasing power; unavailability of labor/manpower and restrictions on movements- local, imports and exports. The pandemic has revived food nationalism. It has made wholesale supplies of food cheaper whereas retail consumers faced a rise in prices because of the disruptions of food supply chains (FSCs). Even for future productions, uncertain supplies and shortage of inputs have raised the cost of production. The stability of food availability and access will depend on how soon the contagion is controlled to allow free movement of goods and persons to restore food supply chains. As of now, 67 percent of the population is getting free and subsidized ration under the NFSA. Recently the number has been increased to 800 million people. The utilization of food is impacted by the absorptive capacity of people, which is constrained by incomes and health standards that are adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The capacity of the common man to purchase and absorb nutritious food declined due to rising health issues as a result of novel coronavirus; comorbid ailments and seasonal diseases-such as dengue fever, common flu. Unaffordable retail prices of non-grain food items and a decline in

Nutritional Security Challenges During COVID-19 Pandemic

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purchasing power compelled the common man to focus more on calories than wholesome energy. The people were constrained in their choice of preferred food as per local habits/traditions. ● To remedy the situation emerging out of the COVID-19 pandemic and to prevent any major devastation by way of loss of human lives and livelihood, the country has unitedly taken unimaginable quick decisions. The care for the poor and most vulnerable populations was perhaps the most arduous task. The government had to enhance social safety programs including direct benefit transfers such as cash transfers under PM Kissan, more liberal financing under MGNREGA; advance disbursement Social Security Pensions; direct cash grants to construction workers; and release of free and subsidized food grains under PMGKY to about 800 million people to ensure food for all. Rapid up-gradation of health infrastructure and manpower; and swift readjustment of policies and programs with active association and participation of all stakeholders, be that politicians, governments, NGOs, and private sectors, were other daunting tasks performed very well by the governments. The battle against the Pandemic COVID-19 however continues unabated. We need new rules of business and make structural, administrative, and legal reforms to live with a new normal enforced by the pandemic, which requires a complete change in social behavior and approach to living. The government has recently promulgated three ordinances to deregulate agricultural marketing; encourage contract and corporate farming; and allow bulk storage of essential commodities by private warehouses without any limit. However no legislation for social safety of migrant workers has yet been enacted. These new ordinances are viewed by the farmers as instruments of protection and incentives to the private trading companies at the altar of assured procurement of agriculture produce at the minimum support price. Their apprehensions of subjugation and exploitation of the market, which is skewed in favor of private trade and against the peasant farmers, are not totally unfounded. In peasant farming as in India, the agriculture produce market is not perfect to be completely unregulated and farming units are too small for any gainful negotiations with the private traders. Deregulation also goes against the underlying need of effective control and management of food stocks in a crisis of the kind the pandemic COVID-19 has unfolded before the country.

8 National and Global Security Approches, Strategies and Challenges Tripti Bhushan* Introduction There are all types of ethical truths that see the planet from different perspectives, and none of them need to necessarily be more right than the others. This underscores the importance of education: alongside family structure and cultural context, education has the capacity to influence every aspect of how we expect about the planet . It’s crucial in our context of unprecedented globalization to place this powerful tool to use within the interest of tolerance and cultural understanding in ways in which foster harmonious co-existence, and cultural synergies. When the elemental importance of education becomes fully appreciated, it are often revitalized and adapted to encourage openmindedness, inclusion and cooperation.

Primary Education Primary and Middle (lower primary (Standards I to V) and upper primary (Standards VI to VIII)) education is compulsory and free in India. Primary education begins at age 6 with Middle/Upper grade school education ending at age 14. Schooling is obtainable at staterun and personal schools, however, private schools often have poorer facilities and infrastructure than government schools. The regional language is that the medium of instruction for many primary schools and English as a second language generally begins by grade 3.

* Academic Tutor & TRIP Fellow, Jindal Global Law School, O. P. Jindal Global University, Sonipat, Haryana

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Secondary Education Secondary education begins in grade 9 and lasts until grade 12. The secondary stage is broken into two, two year cycles, generally mentioned as General/Lower lyceum, or ‘Standard X’, and Upper/ Senior lyceum , or ‘Standard XII’. Education continues to be free at government schools, although private education is more common at the secondary level. Public examinations are held at the top of both cycles and grant access to grade 11 and university level study respectively. General curriculum for lower lyceum in India consists of three languages (including the regional language, an elective, and English language), Mathematics, Science and Technology, Social Sciences, Work/Pre-Vocational Education, Art, and education . Secondary schools are affiliated with Central or State boards which administer the lyceum Certificate at the top of grade 10. Based upon performance within the first two years of lyceum , and upon the SSC results, students may enter Senior/Upper lyceum . Upper lyceum offers the scholars an opportunity to pick a ‘stream’ or concentration of study, offering science, commerce, and arts/ humanities. Education is run both in schools or two-year junior colleges which are often affiliated with degree granting universities or colleges. Curriculum for the upper Secondary Certificate Examination is decided by the boards of education of which there are 31. Although the HSCE is that the commonest Standard XII examination, the All India Senior School Certificate (CBSE), Indian School Certificate, Certificate of vocational training (CISCE), Senior Secondary Certification (NIOS), Intermediate Certificate and therefore the Pre-University Certificate also are offered.

Vocational Education Young people who don’t wish to travel on to tertiary education, or who fail to finish lyceum often enroll at privately-owned vocational schools that concentrate on only one or only a couple of courses. Unlike within the us , vocational and technical education isn’t highly specialized and is quite a broad overview of data applicable to employment. The curriculum offered consists from a language course, foundation courses, and electives, of which half electives are practical in nature. Examinations at the top of vocational training are conducted by the All India and State Boards of vocational training .

Tertiary Education India’s education system is very centralized and undergoing large changes since its inception in 1947. Largely based upon British system of education, educational policy is ever-developing.

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University education is overseen by the University Grants Commission (UGC), which is liable for the event of upper education, allocating funds, and recognition of institutions in India. The National Accreditation and Assessment Council (NAAC) was established by the UGC to assess universities and college based upon an alphabetical ranking system starting from A++ to C. The assessment and Accreditation is broadly used for understanding the standard Status of an establishment and indicates that the actual institution meets the standards of quality as set by the NAAC. Participation within the accreditation process of NAAC is voluntary. The All-India Council of Technical Education (AICTE) was also established to oversee internal control of technical education and regulate establishment of latest private professional colleges. All recognized universities are members of the Association of Indian Universities (AIU), which is integral to the dissemination of data and is an advisor to the govt , UGC, and therefore the institutions themselves. There are various sorts of tertiary institutions in India, namely Universities (Central, State, Open), Universities of National Importance, and Deemed universities. Instruction of the bulk of scholars, almost 80%, is completed at affiliated colleges with the curriculum, examinations, and final degree being designed and granted by the university. Constituent and Autonomous colleges also exist; though less common although they are doing enjoy greater autonomy with regard to curriculum development and assessment. Admission to undergraduate courses generally requires completion of the quality XII years of schooling and admittance to college depends almost exclusively upon performance on the examination. Bachelor’s degrees within the fields of arts, science, social studies, and commerce are almost exclusively three year programs. Diploma programs exist and range from 2 – 3 years long and are provided at polytechnics, usually during a specialized engineering or technological field, and culminating in a complicated or Post Diploma. Professional Bachelor’s degrees, within the fields of drugs , Architecture, Law, etc., vary from 4 – 5.5 years depending upon the discipline. Admission to graduate (Master, Post Graduate Diplomas, MBA, etc.) programs depends upon completion of a bachelor’s degree (3 or 4 years, depending upon the subject) with a Second Class pass or higher. Non-university education in Management is popular in India, with many institutions offering Post Graduate Diplomas in Management, lasting 2 years and usually like an MBA. Doctoral level degrees require a minimum of two or three years and contains research and a thesis or dissertation.

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The Content of Education for a Globalized World The premise that we learn the foremost about ourselves by learning about others might sound sort of a platitude but the importance of the thought continues to be underappreciated and therefore the concept remains under-applied. When students first encounters different mythologies not only do they are available to know others more thoroughly, but they also becomes capable of assessing the role that mythology—as well as dogma—has played in their own culture. Such multicultural study simultaneously creates the premises for more tolerant and self-critical attitude, while instilling a greater understanding of the ways in which cultures have evolved. However, this outcome doesn’t occur often enough because so as to assimilate mythology during this way, students should even be cautioned against the false but pervasive view of essentialism. a various cultural education must also emphasize intra-cultural variety, and therefore the malleability of individual citizenry when their cultural and social contexts shift. Such learning is enriching on another level as well: it teaches us that our histories are intertwined,. Furthermore, it shows that our ‘civilizations’ aren’t as separate as popular discourse would have us believe but rather that they developed through constant mutual borrowings. most significantly , transcultural education reveals that human history may be a cumulative effort, where no culture can claim monopoly over another but instead is indebted to others for his or her contributions. we’d like to move towards an academic paradigm that promotes an ‘ocean model of civilisation’: a metaphor for human civilization conceived as an entire , like an ocean into which different rivers flow and add depth. Perhaps most importantly of all, education must be updated to be more objective and to present information during a fair and balanced manner. As is well-known, education has too often been the venue for indoctrination during which half-truths or outright falsehoods are perpetuated. Familiar cases include the inferiority of the “other” manifested within the language wont to characterize intercultural relations. More insidiously, and ubiquitously, facts concerning violent conflict have long been distorted or blatantly suppressed. for instance , the Gulf of Tonkin incident involved deliberate deception regarding the presence of North Vietnamese boats and false claims that the NVM later initiated hostilities. While it’s now a well-documented case, at the time things was less clear. The dissemination of this sort of disinformation is widespread and badly skews our understanding of history. Beginning in 2015, the selection Based system (CBCS) was introduced by the UGC in attempts to encourage a more interdisciplinary

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approach to education and offer more flexibility and selection to students. The reform also introduced a uniform assessment and grading plan based upon a ten point scale. Since its inception, the system has faced scrutiny by students and administrators, noting that although the system promises choice and adaptability, the infrastructure of the tutorial system now could also be too weak yet to support the overhaul. An ideal program that protects the national identity and heritage of states while being globally inclusive and promoting cultural security and understanding should include the subsequent eight features: • Empowerment and development of inclusive national narratives • Global knowledge of cultures and histories • Cultural respect and understanding • Communication, exchange and exposure • Global citizenry through responsible media and political statements • Global values and equality • Avoidance of dehumanization of the opposite and abuse of data • Other moral truths and views. Educational practice must be updated to trace and promote current and emerging challenges. it’s the only most powerful tool for pushing back against an always-looming state of nature, and for promoting a more just, secure, equitable, prosperous and sustainable global order.

9 Environmental Security and Problems: Impact of Terrorism Dr. Vasudha. N* Encyclopedia Britannica defines Environment as the complex of physical, chemical, and biotic factors that act upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival. The Oxford dictionary defines environment as the aggregate of surrounding things, conditions or influences called the surroundings. The word Environment is derived from the old French word ‘Environer’ which means to surround, enclose and encircle. It refers to an aggregate of conditions or surroundings in which living beings such as humans, animals, and plants live or survive and non-living things exist. The word Environment was coined by Carlyle in South of Scotland in 1828. The basic components of environment include – Atmosphere or air, Hydrosphere or water, Lithosphere or rock and soil and Biosphere – the living component of the environment. The five basic elements of environment are earth, water, fire, air and space. The three types of environments include – • Natural environment which includes water, light, land, air and all organisms that live in nature. • Industrial environment is a term used to describe working conditions that may be outside of optimal. Industrial environments are usually harsher than normal work environments, such as an office. In an  industrial environment, people and equipment are exposed to more extreme conditions.

* Assistant Professor, Department of History, Government First Grade College, Ramanagara, Karnataka

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Social environment, social context, sociocultural context or milieu refers to the immediate physical and social setting in which people live or in which something happens or develops. It includes the culture that the individual was educated or lives in, and the people and institutions with whom they interact. Healthy ecosystems include clean water, purified air, maintained soil, regulated climate and recycled nutrients and provide us with food. They provide raw materials and resources for medicines and other purposes. They are at the foundation of all civilization and sustain our economies. Good and healthy environment is a highly essential factor required for sustainable development. However, in the era of modernization, industrialization and development environmental security has become a major concern today. Five Major Environmental Issues have been listed by UNEP for 2019. These include • Biodiversity - the most complicated and crucial aspect of our planet. • Water pollution - a massive problem for us and our environment. • Deforestation – the need to have plants and trees to survive. • Pollution – the necessity to have healthy air for breathing. • Climate Change – the effect of changing climate and its implications on the environment. Though UNDP enlists the above mentioned five problems, there are other problems related to the above mentioned factors. Major current environmental issues may include climate change, pollution, environmental degradation, and resource depletion. The conservation movement lobbies for protection of endangered species and protection of any ecologically valuable natural areas, genetically modified foods and global warming. Environment also faces threat from chemicals, toxics and heavy metals. For the year 2020 apart from the above mentioned environmental issues, Climate crisis, environmental sustainability and Conservation of aspects of environment, another major issue of concern has been Global Public health. The impacts that these factors have on the environment have become clear and include - Climate change including Global warming, Acid rain, photochemical smog and other forms of pollution, Ocean acidification, Displacement / extinction of wildlife, Resource depletion - forests, water, food. Another important factor which has far reaching impact on environment is ‘Terrorism’. Terrorism has a harming effect not only on economic and social life but also on the environment. •

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The environmental damages caused by terrorism include terrestrial conflicts,  terrorist camps and bases, training activities, the carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) related to energy consumption. Terrorism, as defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), is “the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.” The destruction inherent in any act of mass terrorism inevitably causes secondary environmental pollution effects, many of them serious. Acts of terrorism can also be directed against the environment itself, or specific natural resources such as freshwater, oil, or agricultural products. The secondary environmental effects of terrorism can often be as significant as its primary effects. The attack on the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York City on September 11, 2001, had negative health consequences beyond the staggering loss of life. The collapse of the structures and subsequent fires spewed an enormous cloud of dust and toxins into the air over the city. Pulverized concrete, building materials, heavy metals, and human remains were inhaled by residents and rescue workers in lower Manhattan until a heavy rain three days later washed away most of the dust. The immediate environmental fallout from the WTC collapse contained asbestos and fibrous glass from the building structure; mercury, dioxins, furans, and other cancer-causing toxins from the burning of fluorescent light bulbs and computer screens; heavy metals such as cadmium and lead and volatile organic compounds like benzene. Federal, state, and local agencies went right to work monitoring air quality and cleaning up dust and debris from the WTC collapse, but these actions themselves have serious environmental consequences. With the passage of time, and through the cleansing effect of rainfall and the specialized cleanup efforts of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), air quality in lower Manhattan has now returned roughly to pre-9/11 levels. However, despite reassurances from the EPA and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), residents of lower Manhattan worry about the long-term health effects of dust and particulates deposited on rooftops and windowsills, and in the ventilation systems of nearby buildings. After the attacks of September 11, 2001, federal and state authorities began to wonder what else might offer a tempting target for terror attacks. The environment can also be a conduit for terrorism. Biological elements such as disease-causing bacteria and viruses can become potent weapons when taken out of their natural environment – the biological terrorism. Bio contamination has been a threat not only to

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the safety of United States of America but to all the nations of the world. Human activities are having great impact on the environment. These are causing greater effects on various factors of the environment and may have far reaching effects on human race and lifestyle. Without a serious focus on green growth, falling water tables, rising food / water / energy prices, population growth, resource depletion, climate change, terrorism, and changing disease patterns, catastrophic results around the world are likely and will force migrations over the next few decades to make much of the world. To reduce this potential for conflict, developed societies are being encouraged to recognize that global resource consumption and international security are connected, and that obtaining resources cooperatively rather than competitively will enhance long-term security. International agencies can help to ensure the equitable distribution of critical resources both between and within countries. In addition, nations can contribute their relative expertise to finding new sources of natural resources, to developing substitutes for commodities such as oil and natural gas, and to enhancing conservation and efficiency technology to certify that existing resources are used to their maximum benefit. If poorer citizens can be assured they have access to the resources needed to live, they are less likely to adopt combative ideologies that lead to terrorism. Protection of the environment is the basic responsibility of all the human beings and the dire responsibility of all the governments. Environmental security is environmental viability for life support, with three sub-elements - preventing or repairing military damage to the environment, preventing or responding to environmentally caused conflicts, and. protecting the environment due to its inherent moral value. Environmental protection refers to any activity to maintain or restore the quality of environmental media through preventing the emission of pollutants or reducing the presence of polluting substances in environmental media – and this should be the aim of all countries for making the world a healthy and safe place to live in. Notes and References 1. 2.

Brown, L. 1977. “Redefining Security,” WorldWatch Paper 14 (Washington, D.C.: WorldWatch Institute) Dabelko, G.D. 1996. “Ideas and the Evolution of Environmental Security Conceptions.” Paper presented at the International Studies Association Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, April 1996

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Homer-Dixon, T.F. 1991. “On the Threshold: Environmental Changes as Causes of Acute Conflict, International Security 16, No. 2 (Fall 1991): 76116 Mathews, J.T. 1989. “Redefining Security,” Foreign Affairs 68, No. 2 (Spring 1989): 162-177 Myers, N. 1986. “The Environmental Dimension to Security Issues.” The Environmentalist 6 (1986): pp. 251–257. Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF (13 November 2017). “World Scientists’ Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice”. BioScience. 67 (12):1026–1028. 

10 Environmental Security and Problem Dr. Sunita S. Dhopte* Introduction The notion of “environmental security” emerged in international discussion and debate about environmental change in the late 1970s. In 1977 a spokesperson from Worldwatch proposed that “environmental security” was rapidly becoming an important issue because of the increasing risk of violent conflict arising from environmental change and natural resource scarcity. In 1981 these same concerns were reflected in Global 2000, a report commissioned by the U.S. Government. The 1987 Brundtland World Commission on Sustainable Development reiterated those concerns and proposed the implementation of a global management plan in its report Our Common Future. The 1990 United Nations General Assembly and the 1995 United Nations Commission on Human Rights linked environmental security to peace and human rights issues. Also in 1995, the Commission of Global Governance suggested the need for global security strategies that would reverse the deterioration of the global ecosystem. However, in spite of the widespread recognition of the importance of environmental security, no consensus over its meaning has yet been achieved. What environmental security means and how best to achieve it remains controversial. To clarify the basis upon which environmental security continues to be controversial, this article identifies three major approaches, referred to as geopolitical,

* Head, Dept. of Sociology, Smt. Kesharbai Lahoti Mahavidyalaya, Amravati, Maharashtra

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comprehensive, and social justice. Each approach is characterized by a distinctive, although not necessarily mutually exclusive, security referent. The security referents are, respectively, the security of the nation-state, of the global ecosystem, and of human welfare. These different ways of thinking about environmental security contribute to challenging or legitimizing a status quo of global inequality, and this issue is at the heart of the controversy over its meaning. Since its emergence in the late 1970s, the environmental security agenda has been dominated by international security preoccupations with geopolitical security. From this development, geopolitical environmental security has emerged. The security referent of geopolitical security is the nation-state against whose sovereignty environmental or other “threats” are assessed. The articulation of environmental threats with national.

Securing the Nation Geopolitical Security and the Nation Since being raised in the late 1970s, the notion of environmental security, or at least the notion of an environmental threat of some kind, has been put firmly on the national security agenda of many nations. The accelerating pace of environmental degradation around the world has been perceived as having potential cross-border repercussions that could threaten the security of otherwise non-involved nations. Concerns have been primarily raised by North nations, with their attention on the South as the main source of this kind of cross-border threat. These security threats centered on the potential for violent conflicts over distribution and quality of resources necessary for economic development, traditional livelihoods, and immediate living environments. This understanding of environmental “threats” has its origin in geopolitical approaches to national security. Geopolitical security has traditionally been centrally concerned with protecting national borders from unwelcome intrusions, generally by military means. It originated in the pre-twentieth-century European experience of territorial expansionism of empires by military means. The emphasis on “national” security has continued to dominate Western security policy through its reformulation as realism and neo-realism in the latter part of the twentieth century and into the twenty-first century. The national security orthodoxies assert a nation-oriented approach to security whereby 1) the international system ideally consists of independent and sovereign nation-states in an anarchic arena of competing national interests; 2) national sovereignty is highly valued;

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and 3) citizens’ interests are conflated with the national interest. The security referent is the sovereignty of the nation, and the threat involves internal or external factors that undermine sovereignty or otherwise threaten the nation. However, particularly since the 1970s, a range of new issues has emerged as national security threats, defined in relation to their capacity to limit significantly policy options of national governments. Central to this reformulation has been “economic security.” The importance of economic security must be understood in the context of the post-World War II Cold War period.

Summary This article identifies three major approaches to environmental security, each of which embodies a distinctive although not necessarily mutually exclusive security referent. These approaches can be understood as: • Geopolitical environmental security, where the security referent is the nation-state against whose sovereignty environmental or other “threats” are assessed. The articulation of environment threats with national security has emanated from developed nations concerned about the cross-border impacts on their national interest arising from environmentally caused conflict in the developing world. • Comprehensive (environmental) security, where the security referent is the global ecosystem upon which all human life depends. The security threat is the cumulative destructive impact of human activities on the global ecosystem that places the global commons and all humanity at ecological risk. • Social justice approaches to environmental security, where the security referent is the impoverished global majority, most of whom are in the developing world. The security threat is the interrelationship between increasing polarization of wealth and Notes and References 1.

2.

Barnett J. (2001). The Meaning of Environmental Security. Environmental Politics and Policy in the New Security Era. London: Zed Books. [This excellent work presents a thorough discussion of environmental security from the social justice perspective.] Carius A. and Lietzmann K.L., eds. (1999). Environmental Change and Security. A European Perspective (International and European Environmental Policy Series), 322 pp. London: Springer. [This collection presents a diverse range of recent research into environmentally caused conflicts.]

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4.

5.

6. 7.

Deudney D.H. and Matthew R.A., eds. (1999). Contested Grounds. Security and Conflict in the New Environmental Politics, 312 pp. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. [This excellent collection presents articles with widely divergent approaches to environmental security.] Gleditsch N.P., ed. (1997). Conflict and the Environment (Proceedings of NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Bolkesjø, Norway, June 1996 NATO ASI Series), 598 pp. Boston: Kluwer. [This collection presents a diverse range of articles on differing approaches to environmental security and environmentally caused conflicts.] Käkönen J., ed. (1994). Green Security or Militarized Environment, 207 pp. Aldershot, U.K.: Dartmouth. [This collection presents a range of diverse articles on the appropriate role for the military in addressing contemporary environmental problems.] Myers N. (1996). Ultimate Security. The Environmental Basis of Political Stability, 308 pp. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. [This work focuses on environmentally caused conflicts and provides some useful case studies.] Sachs W., ed. (1993). Global Ecology. A New Arena of Political Conflict, 262 pp. London: Zed Books. [This collection provides excellent background and discussion about the social justice approach to environmental security, including strong criticisms of comprehensive security.]

11 Socio-Economic Environment on Business Culture Influences on Green Environmental Behavior S. Kannadhasan* Introduction Social institutions refer to structures such as family, school, etc. that are essential to maintaining the social structure of orderly arrangement. There are five types of social institutions: 1. family, 2. economics, 3. religion, 4. education, 5. state. There are five types of social institutions. There are also a number of secondary institutions from which each of these primary institutions is derived. Matrimony, divorce, monogamy, etc. are the secondary institutions derived from family. Property, trading, credit banking, etc., are secondary economic institutions. Churches, temples, etc. are the secondary institutions of religion. Schools, universities, universities, etc. are the secondary institutions of education. Interest groups, the party system, democracy etc. are the secondary state institutions. All institutions face the issue of constantly adapting to a changing society. In all social institutions, changes in the social environment may bring about changes. Inflation, for instance, can have a big influence on marriage, death, crime, and education. The collapse of economic institutions can have a radical impact on political institutions.

Business Culture Company corporate accountability applies to the task of business organizations to compromise on strategies and action measures for the social benefit and for the social welfare. Corporate social obligations

* Cheran College of Engineering, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Karur, Tamilnadu

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ought to be taken into consideration in strict regard to the obligations of owners, staff, clients, the government and the general public. The entrepreneur can encourage public services and help establish decent housing standards, as well as help to strengthen the administration of urban and industrial relations by having citizens comply with the legislation. Moreover, to set up socially acceptable living conditions for themselves, businessmen resist ostentation, excessive spending on marriages, celebrations, and parties. Business in India’s social responsibilities also require businessmen to give customers a fair deal in terms of price and quality, ensure product availability, and avoid unfair trade practices. Likewise, their accountability to the state has been established with regard to the paying of taxes and toward the purchase of political patronage and the abuse of public servants. Each business enterprise must function for the good of society and ensure a balance between the environment and ecosystems by making productive use of society’s limited resources for economic growth, as well as considering the socio-cultural factors that lead to the better future of its business. In a modern company, external factors typically affect the well-being of a corporation in the long term. The nature of the demand for goods and services depends on changes in the habits and customs of individuals in society. In the recent past, demand for households as well as other items, especially packaged food, has increased with population growth. Company practices are profoundly affected by the shifts that arise from time to time in the socio-economic climate.

Culture and Media Culture is the perception of human goals and awareness of different facets of human life and practices. It is a type of personal contact and is conveyed by analytical and symbolic action. Any part of culture begins from a fundamental philosophical basis, whatever the origin of culture might be. While culture evolves from conventional conceptions, there is no barrier between the secular and the religious. It promises to be the end of secular and theological inspiration. There is harmony between the secular and the sacred and the universallyexpanding ideal. From the conventional point of view, there is no perception that society is not the representation of the natural being, nor is there any historical result of natural practices. Culture and the media are inseparable, since culture is part of the media. The numerous cultural heritages and practices are reflected by the media, since it is the mediator between culture and individuals. The media transmits the signals on its own and may alter the mindset of individuals and society directly. The propagation and protection of culture is an

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essential task for media outreach. The press increases awareness in connectivity. In cultural exchange, several cultures are portrayed. Cultural components are methods of transmitting society across the media. The nation’s resilience is built on the basis of culture. Between community and civilisation, there is a major gap. Culture is individual in itself, but humanity stems from culture. Culture is man’s inner state and society is the outward component. Community, by shifting its direction, relies on and adjusts according to age. The history, environment and media that form popular perception are affected by environment. Indeed, the media is a means of societal reliance. Media imperialism plays an active part in influencing domestic society. The whole form, however, depends on the national culture. In the protection of Indian cultural culture, national and regional media organizations in India play an important role. Via imbalances in the flow of mainstream media information, cultural sovereignty is compromised. Globalized media is seen as a mechanism of cause and effect, and from senders to recipients, the media conveys thoughts and ideas. Culture has a common dimension in which images, myths and assets are formed into this culture. The ethos of the media offers individuals with independence from their cultural climate. Media culture consists of class, gender, color, ethnicity and national ideologies. In numerous media texts, media culture interprets diverse viewers in different types of media. Media culture is the basis of materials to construct behavioral beliefs and also personalities. The media society practices various fashions, beliefs and habits. Culture ought to be a component of social ties. Community and the social facets of life are linked. In conventional political and cultural economies, social media and the internet do different work. There are numerous cultural variants, such as Smartphone society, TV culture , national culture, transnational culture, and internet culture. The fourth screen might be handheld, but cinema is the incarnation of a modern culture distribution medium. Mobile movies have unique forms of cinema-derived social relationships. Phones and the Internet are building a modern networked cultural forum that shapes the participatory media’s new social ties. The analogue to digital technologies transition shifts the features of output, storage, as well as culture replication and distribution. The digital aspects of society are what we exist in. This digital society influences human rights in realistic ways. Cultural forms are found at several stages of culture, from cinema and radio to telephones and television. The value of written newspapers has opened up a cultural room for democracy that encourages citizens to reflect and behave accordingly. Analog techno-cultures also altered

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people’s climate. Media represents the moral questions and moral problems that are articulated in contemporary social and cultural contexts through a platform.

Environmental Culture Hall points out that culture are knowledge and knowledge is culture. We benefit from communication culture, while the representation of our culture is communication. Culture relies on the way we behave and on our behavior. It is the link between persons, our emotions, our acts and our beliefs. India as a nation should find the solutions of sustainable development by approaching our origins of culture & lifestyle and going ahead on the road of progress instead of only continuing the cycle of over-exploitation of natural capital for production and then seeking ways to reduce its impacts on the climate. There will be several options to minimize our carbon footprints by only modifying our existing eating habits and urban lifestyle by moving back to the environment of our conventional living. Our society may be a catalyst to addressing the problem of environmental destruction due to overconsumption & lifestyle that does not care for the climate. Social, environmental, technological, economic, political, administrative and geographical contexts form and form lifestyles. In a coherent world-view, the Indian vision of life is expressed in a state of inter-related equilibrium in which all its dimensions reside, regulated by a fundamental order that is represented in all spheres of human existence. The human being is part of a well-ordered structure in which all facets of life and nature have their location, and are in peace with each other rather than in conflict. Indigenous people have been gathering rain water for decades, as we have long understood the value and availability of fresh water. For the imaginative reuse of the extra food cooked, various samples can be found from north to south & from east to west, thereby growing the waste. Easy principles of environmental use, such as shutting off unused household equipment, are absorbed at a young age in homes and classrooms. People also tend to sleep out in the open, in courtyards or on the terrace throughout the summers, resulting in decreased use of cooling equipment in houses. The tradition of sun-drying laundry and hand washing dishes eliminates the use of energy-intensive tumble dryers and dishwashers. Growth just implies economic growth, higher GNP & per capita income & more products for sale in the current period. The world was oblivious of the impact of this form of linear growth on the condition of our natural ecosystem until these nowdeveloped countries began the road to growth by industrialization.

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Because only a minority of countries followed this road of growth by industrialization at the period, they were able to sustain a wealthier lifestyle focused on mass consumption.

Society Culture Society and society have an influence on any part of global corporations’ overseas sector. While community and culture are not specifically involved in corporate activities, they exist implicitly as crucial factors in defining how the organization is operated, from what items are made to how and by what methods they will be marketed, to developing management and organizational trends and deciding the performance or failure of international subsidiaries. 1. The Culture; 2. Language; 3. Religion 4. Educational level; 5. Preferences for customers; 6. Society’s approach to global products and services. Socio-cultural variables remain outside the influence of a global subsidiary’s management. Consequently, a global corporation can foresee the effect of all socio-cultural influences that are outside the reach of the managers of the subsidiary in order to determine the real success of an international subsidiary. In the other side, when evaluating management efficiency, a global corporation can ignore the influence of socio-cultural influences outside the control of the managers of the subsidiary. The propensity of employees to remind the concerned personnel or supervisors regarding the community of their respective countries is another aspect that the experience of culturally diverse employees may be beneficial for the company. This allows preventing, or at least mitigating, the cultural shock while they operate as expatriates in a foreign nation; they have adequate knowledge about the society of the foreign country. The results of organizational cultural diversity may be both positive and adverse. A broad information base generated by a range of cultural interactions, an in-house platform for cultural trainers and informers, and a higher propensity to extend company in international cultures are beneficial results. The consequences of cultural diversity in the workplace rely, for the most part, on how effectively corporate leaders handle them. World religions provide a unique collection of universal principles and laws, each in their own form, to direct human beings in their interaction

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with the environment. Religions often have punishments and provide stiffer penalties for those who do not regard the creation of God with reverence, such as fear of hell. Through the unchecked growth of urbanisation and industrialization, the extension and intensification of agriculture and the degradation of natural environments, rapid population growth and economic progress in the world are degrading the climate. One of the key factors for environmental destruction in India may be due to the fast population increase that has an antagonistic impact on natural capital and conditions. Without natural destruction, the developing population and ecological weakening face the test of maintained improvement. The existence or non-attendance of ideal property assets will promote or impede the economic development phase. The population is a significant source of growth, but where it reaches the threshold limits of support structures, it is a major source of environmental degradation. Environmental pollution, to a large degree, is the product of the collapse of the economy, including the non-existent or partially working environmental products and services industries. Environmental pollution is a special case of external usage or generation, expressed by the uniqueness of private and social costs / benefits in this specific circumstance. One explanation for such consumer dissatisfaction may be the lack of very highly established property rights. Then again, the pursuit of environmental targets can be irritated by highlight contortions rendered by importance restrictions and endowments.

Conclusion The paper deals with the principles of multinational corporations socio-cultural variables and efficiency. Multinational businesses function globally in numerous host countries and have to contend with a broad spectrum of fiscal, political, legal, socio-cultural and technical variables. A socio-cultural setting is one of the essential components of the market world. It is quite difficult to determine their distinct impact on the corporate activities of global firms owing to the close contact that occurs between them. A mixture of social and cultural influences constitutes a socio-cultural climate. Notes and References 1.

Bloom, D.D., Canning, D. & Malaney P., 2001, ―Demographic change and economic growth in Asia‖, Population and Development Review, 26, supp., 257-290.

2.

Bloom, D. E. and J. G. Williamson, 1998, ―Demographic Transitions and Economic Miracles in Emerging Asia‖, World Bank Economic Review, 12 (3), pp. 419-55.

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3.

[Bruce, J. and C.B. Lloyd, 1992, ―Finding the Ties that Bind: Beyond Headship and Household‖, Working Paper, No. 41 (New York; The Population Council).

4.

Bruce D. Keillor, G. Tomas M. Hult, 2004, ―A Study of the Service Encounter in Eight Countries‖, Journal of International Marketing: Spring 2004, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 9-35.

5.

Chakravorty C. and A.K.Singh, 1991, Household Structures in India. Census of India. Occasional Paper No.1. Social Studies Division, Office of the Registrar General, India

6.

S. Mahendra Dev and K.S. Babu, 2008, ―India‘s Development: Social and Economic Disparities‖, Manohar Publishers, Delhi.

7.

Udai Prakash Sinha, 2007, ―Economics of Social Sector and Environment‖, Concept Publishing Company.

8.

Utsav Kumar, September 2010, ―India‘s Demographic Transition: Boon or Bane? A State-Level Perspective‖, Economics Program Working Paper Series #10 – 03.

9.

W. Indralal De Silva, August 2005, ―Family Transition in South Asia: Provision of Social Services and Social Protection‖, Asia pacific population journal

10. Laroche, M., Bergeron, J., Tomiuk, M., & Barbaro-Forieo, G. (2002). Cultural differences in environmental knowledge, attitudes, and Behaviors of Canadian consumers. Canadian Journal of Administrative Services, 19(3), 267–283. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-4490.2002. tb00272.x 11. Lindenberg, S., & Steg, L., G. (2007). Normative, gain, and hedonic goal frames guiding environmental Behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 6(1), 117–137. 12. McCarty, J. A., & Shrum, L. J. (2001). The influence of individualism, collectivism, and locus of control on environmental beliefs and Behavior. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 20(1), 93–104. https://doi. org/10.1509/jppm.20.1.93.17291 13. Milfont, T. L., Duckitt, J., & Cameron, L. D. (2006). A cross-cultural study of environmental motive concerns and their implications for proenvironmental Behavior. Environment and Behavior, 38(6), 745–767. 14. Clark, T. (1990), ‘‘International marketing and national character: a review and proposal for an integrative theory’’, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 54, October, pp. 66-79. 15. Thompson, M. and Rayner, S. (1998), ‘‘Cultural discourses’’, in Rayner, S. and Malone, E. (Eds), Human Choice and Climate Change, Battelle Press, Columbus, OH, pp. 265-343.

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16. Vilanilam, J.V. (2005), Mass Communication in India. A Sociological Perspective, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA. 17. Wallendorf, M. and Reilly, M. (1983), ‘‘Distinguishing culture of origin from culture of residence’’, in Bagozzi, R. and Tybout, A. (Eds), Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 10, pp. 699-701. 18. Wright, S. (1998), ‘‘The Politicization of culture’’, Anthropology Today, Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 7-15. 19. Zhang, Y. and Neelankavil, J.P. (1997), ‘‘The influence of culture on advertising effectiveness in China and the USA’’, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 31 No. 1/2, pp. 134-50.

12 Collision of Globalization on Trade Workers in the Handicraft Sector Dr. Sabahat Rafiq Qazi* Introduction India has a rich tradition of crafts deeply embedded in its cultural history. The handicrafts sector has strengthened India’s rural non-farm livelihood economy for centuries wherein women have pursued the activity not only for profit, but also for the convenience it offers in terms of flexible working hours suited to other household commitments. The low initial investments required and the corpuses of traditional skills passed on from generation to generation have allowed handicrafts to be pursued by even the poorest in large numbers. A liberalized market regime in a rapidly globalizing Indian economy catalyzed the transformation of the carpet sector with demand factors influencing both levels and strategies of production. The ban on goods produced by child labour in the international markets replaced child workers with women workers in the sector, albeit at wages lower than their male counterparts. Once the capacities of women workers were enhanced to meet the production and market needs within the sector, the opportunity to participate in the production process could have been expected to pave the way for their economic and social empowerment through financial freedom with greater say in household decisionmaking. Despite expectations, such an end could not be achieved for the carpet and embroidery sectors in particular, considering the unorganized nature of production that allowed intermediaries to take advantage instead. Increased competition from the market and the demand for goods at lower prices later led to the shift witnessed in

* Higher Education (JKUT)

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the sector to mechanized production of ‘tufted’ carpets from ‘hand knotted’ products over the last decade.

Review of Selected Literature Nordas (2003) has confirmed that there is evidently a positive correlation between women’s share of employment and export in countries such as Mauritius, Mexico, Peru, Philippines, and Sri Lanka. The correlation stems from variations between sectors rather than within sectors over time, demonstrating that export-competing industries tend to employ women while import-competing industries tend to employment. However, the statistical test yields a general result from which only a broad trend can be deciphered. The present study aims to explicitly observe the pattern of change in employment for women, given the changes in productivity and efficiency within the structure of the handicraft industry in India. Ozler (2000) has investigated the relationship between export orientation and female share of employment in the Turkish manufacturing sector during 1983–5 following the onset of the exportled industrialization policies. Using plant-level data, Ozler found that the female share of employment in a plant increases with the export to total output ratio of the sector. Broad trends based on cross-country analyses indicate that export promotion and trade liberalization policies have led to feminization of the labour force in developing countries (Wood, 1991; Cagatay and Ozler, 1995). Support for this overall trend is found in a large number of country case studies that associate the feminization of labour force in developing countries with the spread of export-led industrialization (Cagatay and Berik, 1991). However, the direction of change towards or away from Feminization is not uniform across countries (Joekes, 1995). Moreover, the interpretation of underlying processes that lead to the feminization of the labour force is not uniform. In some interpretations, feminization is a consequence of a shift of production to sectors where women have been traditionally employed (Wood, 1991, 1994). Other studies suggest that feminization is the consequence of substitution of expensive male labour by ‘low cost’ female labour (Standing, 1989, 1999). Some research also points to the possibilities of feminization because of decline in jobs handled by men (Elson, 1996). Due to the diversity of observed patterns and underlying processes, cross-country studies should be complemented by country-specific studies. Over the last two decades, there has been a significant increase in women’s share of industrial employment, owing to the spread of

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export-oriented industrialization from its initial base in Mexico and the four Asian tigers (Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore) (Pearson, 1998) to other regions. This expansion has not been universal and country-specific variations are observed. There is, however, some evidence suggesting that the association of increased intensity of female employment with export-oriented industrialization might be reversed (Joekes, 1995) due to the introduction of new technologies, skill up gradation of export producers, and reorganization of production, especially the multitasking of flexible labour engaged in high-performance production. In the face of such technological and organizational change, those women who manage to retain jobs get an opportunity to emerge as multi-skilled workers, as noticed in the just-in-time production cultures (for example, in electronics and garment-making in Mexico)(Pearson, 1998). Existing studies on female employment in the manufacturing sector of the developing economy suggest that women tend to be employed in low-skill, lower paying jobs, in small-scale plants with low-capital intensity, and men tend to be concentrated in higher paying and larger capitalized sectors. It is also suggested that intensity of female employment might decrease with technological change, indicating lower incidence of skill up gradation efforts among women (Joekes, 1995). Jha and Ahmed (2006) documented consequence of increased trade on employment and analyzed the relationship between women’s empowerment and export shares normalized by state domestic product (SDP) for different states. The empowerment of women has been measured by them through a composite index of demography, education, health, drudgery, social status, labour participation, economic status and leadership. The derived result shows a significant positive relationship between export share in SDP and women’s empowerment. The regression result indicates that higher the share of exports in economy, higher the empowerment of women. However, if one removes education and health from gender development index, the effect of trade liberalization on gender development becomes insignificant, which highlights the crucial role of education and health in delivering holistic benefits of trade liberalization. The study by Fontana et al (1998) observed that improvement in income earning capacity of women strengthens the incentive for investing into the education, health and skill-development of the girl child. Even a casual look at the experience of Kerala shows that a greater proportion of women participation in working population has definitely resulted in proliferating schools and learning centres for girls. The productivity and income gains of the women workforce

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are expected to contribute positively to eradication of poverty and to ensure improved accessibility to education, credit, health and other facilities. Angela Keller-Herzog (1996) suggests that in the advent of globalization the main problem lies with the level at which women are absorbed into industrial work. The outcomes are (i) lower wages for women for equal work in comparison to male counterparts, (ii) denial of access to many areas of work (including managerial), (iii) poor working conditions, (iv) significant barriers for women, particularly those with children, (v) sex segregation, (vi) absence of worker’s right, and (v) lack of provision of facilities such as toilets and crèches for women workers. Table 1.1 Distribution of Sample According to Qualification Age in years

Qualification Illiterate

Middle

Matric

10+2

No.

%

No.

%

No.

%

No.

%

15-20

4

28.57

10

41.67

2

11.11

1

25

20-25

6

42.86

10

41.67

6

33.33

1

25

25-30

3

21.43

4

16.66

8

44.44

1

25

30-35

1

7.14

-

-

2

11.12

1

25

Table 1.1 reveals the qualification of the sample under study in the four different age groups and depicts that majority of the sample 44.44% were matriculates with an age group of 25-30 years. While as very few 7.14 % were illiterate in the age group of 30-35 years. However, an equal number of sample I.e. 25% of each group had qualification of 10+2 Table 1.2 Opinion of Workers for Marketing their Products Best marketing place

Types of craft Carpet weaving

Chain stitch

Needle work

20.68

-

Within the state

29.41

Within the country

70.58

62.06

100

Western countries

-

17.24

-

Table 1.2 reveals that opinion of workers regarding the best market of their products. It depicts that maximum number of respondents i.e. 70.58%, 62.06% and 100% in carpet weaving, chain stitching and needlework respectively find India as the best market. 29.41percentage in carpet weaving and 20.68% in chain stitch observed state of J &K as a good market for handicraft items. Replied that handicraft products

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are sold within the state at good price. While as a very few i.e. 17.24% doing chain stitch observed western countries as best market for their products. Table 1.3 Workers Planning for Enhancement of Production Types of craft Reasons

Carpet weaving

Chain stitch

Needle work

No.

%

No.

%

No.

%

I will work hard in future for enhancing production.

1

14.28

1

10

3

30

I will open own centre for increasing income

4

57.14

6

60

6

60

I will train the younger ones for gainful employment

2

28..57

2

20

1

10

Innovation of new products and design

-

-

1

10

-

-

Table 1.3 shows the future planning suggested by the workers in handicraft sector for enhancing the production. Most of the workers about 60% in chain stitch, 57.14% in carpet weaving replied that they will open up their own center to increase their production. Reply of about 14.28% in carpet weaving, 30% in needlework and 10% in chain stitch was to work hard in future for enhancing production. However, 28.57% of workers in carpet weaving, 20 % of workers in chain stitch and 10% in needlework suggested that they should train the younger ones for gainful employment and only 10% workers engaged in chain stitch by making innovative new products and designs to enhance the production.

Conclusion It is observed that there is a alter in women’s contribution in workforce and empowerment with increasing access to open markets, though the changes are not as direct as thought to be. The benefits of globalization are percolating gradually into the sector. Most women are engaged in employment to support their families and for greater security of livelihood. Globalization has increased over time for all human resources in general and women workers in particular. The status has remained the same even after trade liberalization. The study has found that women generally prefer to be employed with contractors as against men who work with producers. This may be one of the reasons for the low wages obtained by women workers. It is noteworthy that most workers are unanimous in their belief

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that wages have increased due to increase in exports. Most women believed that financial contribution to the household has empowered them. Their improved economic status has had a substantive impact on their improved decision making power especially on use of own earnings and maintenance of family income. Control over own earnings and amount of investments are other important indicators that have changed significantly. However, it is equally important to observe that women still have no say in children’s education or matrimony decisions. Notes and References Angela Keller-Herzog, (1996), ‘Globalization and Gender Development Perspectives and Interventions’ prepared for Women in Development and Gender Equity Division, Policy Branch, Canadian International Development Agency, Quebec, Canada. 2. Cagatay, N. and G. Berik (1991), ‘Transition to Export-led Growth in Turkey: Is There a Feminization of Employment?’, Review of Radical Political Economics, Vol. 22, pp. 115-134 3. Cagatay, N. and S. Ozler (1995), ‘Feminization of the Labor Force: The Effects of Long-term Development and Structural Adjustment’, World Development, Vol. 23, pp. 1883--94. 4. Elson, D. (1996), ‘Appraising Recent Developments in the World Market for Nimble Fingers’, in A. Chhachhi, and R. Pittin, Confronting State, Capital and Patriarchy:Women Organizing in the Process of Industrialization, Basingstoke. Macmillan. 5. Fontana, M., S. Joekes, and R. Masika (1998), Global Trade Expansion and Liberalization: Gender Issues and Impacts, Department for International Development, London. 6. Jha, Veena and Shahid Ahmed (2006), ‘Export Orientation of the Economy and Women’s Empowerment: Empirical Evidence from India’, Paper presented at Workshop on Gender in Global and Regional Trade Policy: Contrasting Views and New Research, 5-7 April. 7. Joekes, S. (1995), Trade-related Employment for Women in Industry and Services in Developing Countries, Occasional Paper Number 5, UNRISD, Geneva. 8. Nordas, H. K. (2003). The impact of trade liberalization on women’s job opportunities and earnings in developing countries. World Trade Review, 2(2), 221-231. 9. Ozler, S. (2000), ‘Export Orientation and Female Share of Employment: Evidence from Turkey’, World Development, Vol. 28, No. 7, pp. 1239--48. 10. Pearson, R. (1998), Feminist Visions of Development: Research Analysis and Policy,Routledge, London. 11. Standing, G. (1989), ‘Global Feminization through Flexible Labor’, World Development, Vol.17, No.7, pp. 1077--95. 12. Standing, G. (1999). ‘Global feminization through flexible labour: a theme revisited’. World Development 23 (3). 1.

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13. Wood, A. (1991), ‘North--South Trade and Female Labor in Manufacturing: An Asymmetry’, Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 27(2), 168-189. 14. Wood, A. (1991), ‘North--South Ttrade and Female Labor in Manufacturing: An Asymmetry’, Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 27(2), 168-189. 15. Wood, A. (1994), North-South Trade, Employment and Inequality: Changing Fortunes in a Skill-Driven World, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

13 The Concept of Nationalism and Making India in the thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi Dr. Vivek Pathak* Mahatma Gandhi has not revealed any clear ideas regarding the Nation. Nationalism is a broad term, which has many meanings and definitions. When a crisis arises over a country’s identity or independence, then the ideology of nationalism reaches its climax. “Nationalism is basically a modern idea, whose roots can be traced back to the eighteenth century. Nationalism has emerged as a result of the concept that politics is the central point of the concerns of the nation-state. Thus, ‘defining nationalism, it is said that it is a political principle’ that establishes the ideology of modern society and the legitimacy of its dominance’.1But while other scholars have long debated nationalism, Gandhi has not presented any definite concept on the relation of nationalism, but in the debate and thought presented by Gandhi on all issues, his nationalism and building India. The concept of can be explored. Gandhi Nationalism “The country makes no distinction between love and human nature. It is considered human love to love the nation. Both are same. I am a country lover because I am a human lover. My country love is not exuberant. He further says that” I will not harm England or Germany to serve the interest of India.” Gandhi’s nationalism ‘gives no place to imperialism, caste-discrimination, communalism, exploitation and inequality’.2 He further says that “I want to build India so that the whole world can benefit from it. I do not want India to be built on the destruction of other countries”.3Therefore my fantasy of nationalism is that “My country should be independent so that the whole country voluntarily * Guest Teacher, Department of History, Rajendra College, Takkar Mode, Chapra, Bihar

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embraces death for the protection of mankind when the purpose is present.” There is no place for caste envy in it. I wish that our nation’s love is like this”.4 Within Gandhi, a feeling of love for the nation and love and compassion for his people was awakened not only in India, but during the Satyagraha in South Africa, a sense of national love towards his country should be awakened in him. Which Indian politics was his unique use of truth-non-violence and satyagraha.In short, Gandhi was an experimenter. Mahatma Gandhi’s views “cannot be inter-nationalist without being nationalistic.” Inter-nationalism is possible only when nationalism has been proved - that is, when the residents of different countries have organized themselves and got the ability to work together. There is no harm in nationalism; the evil is in the contraction and exclusion, which is mixed like poison in the psyche of the existing nations. Every nation wants to gain by harming another and wants to win over its destruction. But Indian nationalism has taken a new path. He wants his union or his entire holiday of self-revelation for the benefit of the vast mankind, for his service.5 This is the reason that ‘Gandhi has never been in favor of promoting narrow ideology. He wanted that by churning every ideology, the entire path of progress and development of the nation can be found. His national love was associated with goodwill rather than harm to a nation. Gandhi’s Nationalism;”Adjustment, emancipation from colonial power, civilization, post-assimilation, and mass-based and internationalism were intact”.6Any nation and nationalism without the love of the country is as incomplete as the body without the soul. My fantasy of patriotism is that it should always, without exception, be consistent with the greatest interest of mankind in every situation. If this is not the case then there is no cost for patriotism. Not only has this, my religion and the scope of my patriotism presented by that religion only included zoological. I want to prove brotherhood and monogamy not only with beings known by the name of man, but also with all beings - with beings like creeping snakes, etc. - to experience the same monologue.7 Explaining nationalism, Gandhi goes on to say, “Our nationalism can never be a cause of crisis for other countries. Because just as we will not let anyone exploit us, similarly we will not exploit anyone. Through Swarajya, we will serve the entire Human-caste.8 This is the reason, “Gandhi kept on awakening the concept of nationalism within the people only through his experiments in places like Champaran, Kheda, Bardoloi and influential movements like nationwide to give a new dimension to nationalism.9 Most important in Gandhi concept of India Making was brotherhood and goodwill. He believes that in the creation of a strong India, the way of nation building goes. Prabha

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Majumdar writes in her article ‘Mahatma Gandhi’and Nationalism’ that “History is a witness that the creation of any nation is a continuous process and to determine its pace, direction and path, for that society and country the concept of nationality of leaders, thinkers and common citizens matters a lot. This concept, in the context of religious, cultural, scientific consciousness, is constantly refined over the course of a long ideological movement, undergoing the analysis, analysis of various components and components”.10 When Mahatma Gandhi did not join politics as soon as he returned to India from South Africa, it was his priority to try to understand India. Because India was already divided into many ideologies. Addressing the seminar on the topic ‘Gandhi’s role in Bharat Making’ as the keynote speaker, Dr. Satish said that “Gandhi was an experimental thinker whose existence has been trying to connect India every moment while adding cultural consciousness.” Gandhi was the first person in history to have united the nation at the level of political public consciousness.11This is the reason that the movement which was confined to the first few people of Gandhi due to nationalism started affecting every public in India. National language; national education, goodwill, Swadeshi, Swarajya and freedom of individual were prominent in Mahatma Gandhi’s nationalist ideas. Gandhi considers Indian civilization better than the civilization of other countries, because he has seen the elimination of untouchability and opposition to alcohol in India. He said in a speech by Indoor that, “If we follow the civilization of Europe, then we will be destroyed.” India should not leave its civilization, you will be fearless, as long as you have different types of fears, and you cannot progress. You can never conquer.12 In short, “Gandhi wanted to renovate Indian society. If we want to progress, we will not only have to revisit history, we will also have to create new history. Some of the traditions that our forefathers have devised also give us their own contribution. We will have to give. If we continue to pursue the West, our spiritual bankruptcy will be removed. There can be exceptions to this, but exceptions cannot be the rule. It is not necessary that we degenerate first and only then we will be Become human by drinking ambrosia”13In Gandhi concept of Bharat Making, considering the need for communal unity as important for everyone, he thinks that “The first need for creating communist unity is that the Congress people, then they should be of any religion, consider themselves Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Jews should be considered as representatives of all communities. In order to prove such intimacy, a person must have a personal friendship with those who follow a religion other than his own religion, and he must have

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the same love for his religion as he has in his heart. Do it with religion also.14 Neither can nationalism be strengthened by criticizing other religions nor the intention of building India, because “criticizing the texts of other religions should not be the work of an individual.” In Hinduism, Jesus, Muhammad, Zeruthustra and Moses have equal place for all”.15Bread is spirituality for the poor. You cannot affect those crore of hunger in any way. Nothing else can attract their attention. Yes, if you go to them with food, they will consider you as their god.16In this way, communal unity is necessary for the creation of an inclusive country, in the same way untouchability must also be eliminated. Gandhi statement is, “Who would deny that the rest of our Harijan siblings are kept away from themselves by Hindus, and because of this, the situation that the Harijans have to face is an example somewhere in the world.” You will not be found. It is a part of the work that has been taken up by the people who took up the building of Swarajya.17 For any country, national language and economic equality are the soul of that country. In Gandhi dream of building India, “In order to deal with the whole of India, we need one of the languages ​​of India, which today most people know and understand and the rest of the people can learn quickly. The famous proposal made by the Congress in its 1925 Kanpur session. In this, the same language of all India is called Hindustani. Since then, no matter in theory, Hindustani was considered the national language.18In short, “working for economic equality means permanently erasing the conflict between capital and wages, not accepting the goods or facilities that millions are deprived of; and the other thing is that we can save our lives quickly.” Mold it.19 Do not accept the goods or facilities that millions of people are deprived of; and the second thing is that we mold our lives as quickly as possible.20The collection of excess items is against the principles of self-government and non-violence. In this way, the principles of Mahatma Gandhi’s nationalism and Bharat Making are mainly obtained after churning his ideas. The concept of Bharat Making stands at the foundation of an equal, non-discriminatory society, a community without exploitation, truth-non-violence and nonviolence. Notes and References 1. 2. 3. 4.

Sinha, Manoj. (Editor) Gandhi Studies. Second Edition.2011.p. 96 Gandhi, India of my dreams.p.16 Young India, 12/3/1925. Gandhi, India of my dreams.p.16

The Concept of Nationalism and Making India... 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

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Ibid. 16-17 Sinha, Manoj (Editor) Gandhi Studies. Second Edition.2011.p.100-103 Gandhi, India of my dreams.p.16 Above mentioned Sinha, Manoj (Editor) Gandhi Studies .Second Edition.2011.P.103 Majumdar, Prabha. Mahatma Gandhi and the concept of Nationalism Swadhin - run by the National Movement Front. Link - http://swaadheen.blogspot. com/2018/07/blog-post.html,July 27, 2018 Dr. Kumar, Satish. Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapeeth, former head of the Department of Politics, is at the root of nation building, Gandhi’s thoughts, Link https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/hazaribagh-13316315.html, Published, 17 December 2015.Time - 9:36. Professor.Singh,Parmanand (Editor) Gandhi’s History Vision. 2005. p.182 Ibid.p.215 Gandhiji, (Translator-Kashinath Trivedi). 1946.Creative Program: Its Mystery and Place. p. 11 Harijan, 30/1/1937 Young India, 5/5/1927 Gandhiji, Gandhiji (Translator-Kashinath Trivedi) First Frequency. 1946. Creative Program: Its Mystery and Place. Pp. 14 Ibid.p.34 Ibid.p.35 Young India, 13/10/2019

14 Impacts of Norco Terrorism and National Security Dr. Swati Kalbhor* Terrorism is spread all over the world. It has many dimensions and many perspectives. Terrorism is mainly related to the security, it is basically a political term. But in the course of time, it is forced other disciplines to learn and think over it. Terrorism is not only related with wars but now we can see that it is reaching to the society also. Every discipline has its own and different view to look over it. Defense and strategic studies, Political leaders and thinkers, Economists, Feminists, Entrepreneurs, Psychologists , Social thinkers and leaders, Historians, Educationists, everyone has its own interpretation and definition .When the approaches are different there are different definition. Accordingly there are various types of terrorism.State terrorism ,Cultural terrorism, Socio terrorism, Agro terrorism, Bioterrorism, Imaginary terrorism Eco terrorism Nuclear terrorism ,Cyber terrorism, Norco terrorism and so on. Here I would like to elaborate some aspects of Norco terrorism. What is terrorism? There is no internationally agreed definition of Terrorism. Most common definition of terrorism include only those acts which are intended to create fear (terror),are pretreated for an ideological goal and deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants. According to FBI terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government the civilian population or any segment there of infertherence of political or social objectives.1. We can find hundreds of such definitions of terrorism; they are related with violence and unlawful actions. * Associate Professor, Smt. C.K. Goyal Arts and Commerce College, Dapodi, Pune, Maharashtra

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Since 1994 the United Nations General Assembly has condemned terrorist acts using the following political description of terrorist, “Criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general, public, a group of persons or particular persons for political purposes are in any circumstance unjustifiable, whatever the consideration of a political, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious, or any other nature that may be invoked by justify them. What is Norco terrorism? What is the connection of it to India? Who are these people? What are they getting from it? What is the action of Government against it? And what is the impact on society? Norco terrorism is a term coined by former President Fernando Belaunde Terry of Peru in 1983, when describing terrorist type attacks against nations anti narcotic police. In the original context, Norco terrorism is understood to mean the attempts of narcotics traffickers to influence the policies of a government of the administration of justice by the systematic threat or use of such violence.2. The term is being increasingly used for known terrorist organizations that engage in drug trafficking activity to fund their operations and gain recruits and expertise. Norco terrorism refers to the nexus between narcotics and terrorism. The term itself suggests Norco terrorism combines two criminal activities, drug trafficking and terrorist violence. Norco terrorism is motivated mainly by economic reasons as it helps the terrorist organizations to raise huge sums of money with minimum cost for their activities. Thus the political, ideological, religious and the ethno-nationalist motives generally associated with terrorism are secondary to the economic gains associated with it. Norco trafficking is not new for Asia .Addictive drugs were first prohibited in the late 19th and early 20th century. An illegal Drug trade emerged during the 19th century. British merchants and shippers took the opium to China earning enormous profits from selling the drug in a country where addiction to it was spreading fast. When the Chinese government tried to stop the importation of opium, Britain used force and trough two Opium wars (1839-42 & 1856-60) brought China to heel.3.Opium trade was always been a spectacle to the world. In the 19th century opium was grown in British territory of Banaras and Patna also in the native state of Malwa.Opium was monopoly of which the company was getting larger even from this monopoly. Selling the opium at a profit of more than 200 %.4. This shows that trade or trafficking of narcotics was always profitable. When we look at the current scenario and with the terrorist perspective the situation is that narcotics trafficking are plying a vital role. Different activities of the terrorist organizations need tremendous power

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of money. Nowadays terrorists are using advanced weapons and techniques. They need money to buy the weapons they need to train people, to use them, they need to buy and install new technologies and to install and use it also they need trained technicians. If they do not get the trained people they need to give training to them .To plans the activities and to execute them also need tremendous money. The terrorist organizations are always seeking for the funds for their activities. The fact is that they are getting funds or economical support by these Norco traffickers. Narcotic trafficking , the phenomenon which started as an organized cross border crime has now emerged as a threat to nation states because of its diabolic alliance with terrorist groups. The Golden crescent is the largest producer of illicit opium. Afghanistan and Pakistan alone shared nearly 6000 metric tons of total illicit production in 1999.5.It is a matter of serious concern to India, because these drugs are the major source for funding Pak sponsored terrorism in this country. Opium trade generates huge sums of money in the international market. The drug proceeds are used by the Pakistan government and nongovernment agencies to destabilize India. These two issues are vital in the regional politics of South Asia and the security environment of India. It is because of the enormous money involved in the illicit drug trade that terrorists have established links with drug traffickers, smugglers and underworld dons to meet the expenses for operation terrorism. Dawood Ibrahim, the undisputed crime lord of South Asia, wanted in India for his role in the 1993 Mumbai blast that killed over 200 people, and accused of smuggling massive narcotics shipments into the UK and Europe. Dawood Ibrahim is the only person designated both “Global Terrorist supporter” and a “Foreign Narcotics Kingpin”.6.He brought off Mumbai’s cops, and dabbled in Bollywood and fixing cricket matches. In 1984, he fled India for Dubai, where he transformed his D- company gang into a global crime conglomerate.Thenafter he began working in the region’s opium trade. If we want to see the connection of international terrorism and Dawood or the relation between Taliban and Dawood one can see the US government fact sheet. It says “If you want to understand what Osama bin Laden is up to, you have to understand what Dawood Ibrahim is up to”.7. Ajmal Amir Kasab , a gunman arrested for participation in the November 2008 Mumbai attacks that killed 173 persons has confessed to authorities according to reports that Ibrahim’s organization provided arms and explosives to the Lashkar-e-Toiba group that were used to carry out the attacks.8. Today Dawood is believed to play a major role in laundering drug proceeds from the Afghan opium

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market. He remains at large, reportedly spreading most of his time behind the high walls of a Karachi mansion. Around the world agents from India, Interpole, and the Treasury department are building a case against him. Dawood’s involvement in drugs and terrorism is undeniable. But it is also true that there are many such dons and organizations use simple techniques to make sure that drug and terror money slips past the notice of authorities. To prevent the Norco terrorism some actions are already taken. Article 2.1 of the 1999 Secteral United Nations International Convention for suppression of the financing of terrorism defines the crime of terrorist financing as the offence committed by “any person” who ‘by any means, directly or indirectly, unlawfully and willfully , provides or collects funds with the intention that they should be used ,or in the knowledge that they are to be used in full or in part introductory out ‘an act” intended to cause death or serious bodily injury to civilian ,or to any other person not taking an active part in the hostilities in a situation of armed conflict, when the purpose of such act ,by its nature or context, is to intimidate a population or to compel a government or an International organization to do or to obtain from doing any act. In India Act No. 61 of 1985, 16th Sept. 1985 is regarding the control of illicit drugs the act is known as Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act. Further in 2001 this Act is amended as Narcotics Drugs & Psychotropic Act No. 9 of 2001 .These Acts helps Central Government to take measures for preventing and combating abuse of a illicit traffic in Narcotics. Though the Government is trying to avoid the terrorist activities the casualties are happening .We can very well see the impacts of Norco terrorism which are visible and no visible. People who have a comparative advantage in conducting illegal activities are been attracted to the business of supplying the illegal drugs. Contracts for the purchase and sale of illegal goods are not enforceable through legal channels. Buyers and sellers of illegal drugs must therefore resort to private methods of contract enforcement which often means violence. Drugs drain money from a country, and they do not bring the profits back. Addiction amongst the youngsters is another major problem for the nation. If we look at the situation after 26/11 in Mumbai the economic impacts were much more danger Exports fell down by 12.1%. Real estate market suffered a lot .Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) Sensex fall down to 9000 which was 21000 earlier in January. For three days trains have run empty, schools and offices remained closed. There was uncertainty and fear with impacts of economic activity. Hotel occupancy gone down to 25%.9.Destruction of property, loss of life, loss of money ruined the life of many people in the city.

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Conclusion Whether narcoterrorism applies to narcotics trafficking or political terror, it has become a serious threat with domestic and national implications.Narcoterrorism links the drug problem with the terrorist problem, and is a domestic and international security threat. Whenever a force, such as narcoterrorism, can cause social, economic, and political unrest and disruptions throughout the world, our national security interests are in danger. Narco-terrorism, though it is a major concept for counter measure efforts, but still only a part of the threat image portrayed by the threats of narcotics and terrorism and the entirety of the security threats can’t be eliminated if the major focus is placed only on the parts where they converge. The strong emphasis placed on combating narcoterrorism is not only directing resources on a limited range of countermeasures, it is also responsible for an unequal distribution of resources accommodated in the war on drugs and the war on terror.

Endnotes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

www.wikipedia.org/wik/Terrorism www.wikipedia .org/wik/opiumwar. Irfan Habib, Indian Economy (1858-1914),Tulika books, New Delhi, 2007, p.126 Romesh Chander Dutt, The Economic History of India ol 2,New Delhi, fifth reprint,2006, p.68. Kshitij Prabha, Narco Terrorism and Indias security, a paper on www. idsa.india.org/an. Gretchen Peters, Seeds of Terror, Hachet, India, 2009, p165. Ibid p.166. Press Trust of India, Nov. 29,2008-Dawood gang provided Logistics to Lashkar militants. www.asiaecon.org/an.

15 Growth of Modern China-Sri Lanka Economic Relations: An Appraisal Dr. Santhosh Mathew*

Introduction to Sino-Sri Lankan Economic Relations The historic relations of China and Sri Lanka date back to circa third century BCE. Beginning with the travels of the Chinese monk Fahian, to maritime explorations during the Ming dynasty and the introduction of Chinese tea trees to Ceylon during the British East India Company period has formed extensive religious, cultural, trade, and maritime ties between the two countries (Wang & Ye, 2019). However, the formal Sino-Sri Lankan trade practices begin with the signing of the famous Rice-Rubber Pact in 1952. Sri Lanka facing a severe rice shortage due to the increasing population in the early 1950s, gained an established market for its agricultural surplus in China. Sri Lankan rubber (alongside coconut based products such as copra and coir) that failed to produce a profit in the western markets was accepted by the Chinese market at a rate that was 40% higher than the market price, in addition to fulfilling a sizeable portion of the country’s rice requirement. The pact is considered as a landmark of South-South Corporation and enable China to promote its reputation as a nation that is friendly towards the developing states at the time. For Sri Lanka, the Rice-Rubber Pact was one of the longest lasting and successful trade pacts negotiated with China and it paved the way for inaugurating formal Sino-Sri Lankan diplomatic ties1 between the two countries as well (Kelegama, 2014).1

* Assistant Professor, Centre for South Asian Studies, Pondicherry Central University, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry

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Constant shifts in the political landscape of Sri Lanka has challenged the Sino-Sri Lankan ties since the establishment of the Rice-Rubber barter; the UNP led governments following pro-capitalist policies whereas the SLFP governments being welcoming towards communist states.2 However, China has always made a deliberate effort to promote and maintain the established trade and commercial ties with Sri Lanka, irrespective of the political ideologies of the government in power. Ever since, economic relations between the two states fostered, with the signing of the Economic and Technological Cooperation agreement in 1962, maritime cooperation in 1963 to grant MFN standing to cargo and passenger vessels of the two states, and bilateral aid packages during the time of the Bandaranaike government. During the 1990s, the Sino-Lanka Joint Commission for Economic and Trade Cooperation and the Sri Lanka- China Business Cooperation Council was formed. However, Sino-Sri Lankan economic relations accomplished greater success under the Rajapaksa administration in 2007, where a state visit of the then Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa to China resulted in eight bilateral agreements and MOUs which included fields of economic and technical cooperation, urban development, investments and agriculture mechanization (Kelegama, 2014). Post-Civil War Sri Lankan economy was fortified by Chinese economic contribution via aid and investments in infrastructure development projects such as the Hambantota Port Development Project affiliated with the Belt and Road Initiative. By 2014, China-Sri Lanka bilateral trade amounted to 2.7 billion US Dollars and in the same year the process of negotiating a Free Trade Agreement between the two states was launched. The following section would focus on the present status of China-Sri Lanka trade relations. Growth of Modern Sino-Sri Lankan Trade Relations As the Chinese economy experienced robust growth over the past few years, the trade relations between Sri Lanka and China also reflect those changes. By 20193, the share value of Chinese imports has grown to 20.2% whereas the share value of Sri Lankan exports remain as low as 2.0% indicating the clear imbalance between the economic strength of the two states (Central Bank of Sri Lanka, 2020). As a result, while the upsurge of Sino-Sri Lankan bilateral trade continues over the years, the trade deficit on the Sri Lankan side widens every year.

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Figure 01 Sri Lanka’s Exports, Imports and Trade Balance with China: Value in Rs. Million 2015–2019 Year

Exports to China

Imports from China

Balance of Trade

2015

41,849

504,619

-462,770

2016

30,733

581,824

-551,091

2017

37,732

603,042

-565,310

2018

38,849

668,941

-630,092

2019

42,986

721,115

-678,129

Source: Central Bank of Sri Lanka (2020). Note: data for 2019 is provisional

As indicated by Figure 01, even after the negotiations for a free trade agreement between Sri Lanka and China began in 2014, there have been continuous growth in the bilateral trade between the two states. The Sri Lankan export value records a significant drop from 2015-2016 attributed to a period of sluggish economic growth and unfavourable weather conditions affecting the agricultural sector in Sri Lanka4 and has taken a period of three years to recover. In comparison, the Chinese import values have steadily improved over the years, with the balance of trade gap widening on an average 10.19% over the period from 2015-19. China is also Sri Lanka’s largest source of imports and the tenth major export destination, whereas India is the second largest source of imports and the third major export destination. However, despite the advantage of lengthier Indo-Sri Lankan bilateral and regional free trade agreements5 in place, India was nonetheless surpassed by China into becoming Sri Lanka’s largest trading partner. This provides insight into the ineffective and dysfunctional state of trade relations within the South Asian region6.

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Figure 02 Sri Lanka’s Major Exports to China: 2015–2019 Commodity Description

Value in US$ Million %Avg.

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

Apparel

53.65

65.30

59.77

52.84

67.44

2.46

Tea in bulk

27.03

25.14

40.32

36.92

41.50

12.42

Activated carbon

4.16

6.64

10.03

13.80

17.78

36.36

Electrical and Electronic products

5.66

10.64

12.48

14.30

12.65

19.05

Mattress fibre

6.41

5.56

5.02

4.75

8.33

3.65

Petroleum Oils

2.51

3.41

13.60

12.48

7.35

34.52

Rubber and articles thereof

1.74

2.03

1.45

2.75

5.61

26.42

Growth

Source: Sri Lanka Export Development Board (2020).

In accordance with Figure 02 indicating major exports from Sri Lanka to China, it is evident that a variety of commodities both natural resources and finished products have a stable market in China. A concerning factor in the export sector in the past years is the decline of export shares in products such as coconut fibre and rubber that previously had a lucrative market in China. For example, fibre products including mixed coir fibre, coco peat, fibre pith and bristle fibre reported negative average growth (Sri Lanka Export Development Board, 2020). However, export of activated carbon used diversely in the industrial and medical sectors has expanded significantly over the years, whereas the export value of Sri Lanka’s major export items tea and apparel seem to fluctuate from 2015 to 2019. In general, Sri Lankan exports to China display an upward development over the period of the past five years but with the exception of activated carbon, other exports have only a passable performance in the Chinese market. In comparison, Chinese imports to Sri Lanka have experienced an exponential growth over the period from 2013 to 2017, as denoted in Figure 03. Infrastructure related imports such as iron and steel combined with ships, boats and floating structures record a sharp incline in the onset of the negotiations for a free trade agreement. In addition, high-tech commodities such as electrical equipment, machinery, accessories and parts have become leading Chinese imports indicating high demand in the Sri Lankan market. Moreover,

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with the exception of cotton, all Chinese imports to Sri Lanka are finished products related to either infrastructure, manufacture or processing sectors and thereby has increased values in the market. Alternatively, with the exclusion of electrical products and apparels, all other major Sri Lankan commodities exported to China can be categorized as unprocessed natural resources with lower market values. Consequently, this factor contributed to the widening trade deficit between the two nations despite the steady growth in overall export value in the past five years. Although Sri Lanka has the comparative advantage in terms of availability of natural resources, the low demand in the Chinese market has resulted in China accounting for only 1% of total Sri Lankan exports while China makes up nearly 22% of the total Sri Lankan imports (Sri Lanka Export Development Board, 2020). Although under normal circumstances a trade deficit with a larger economy like China is to be expected, the strenuous economic circumstances caused by a global pandemic would become detrimental to Sri Lankan economic growth if the trade deficit cannot be reduced. Figure 03 Sri Lanka’s Major Imports from China: 2013–2017 Value in US$ Million Commodity Description

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

%Avg. Growth

436.96

400.66

483.07

608.43

676.49

12.35

and appliances

514.54

496.27

530.08

585.31

559.41

2.31

Knitted or crocheted fabrics

204.87

227.93

247.20

268.05

307.92

10.75

Cotton

186.56

210.70

188.01

251.98

257.06

9.55

Ships, boats and floating structures

81.91

118.72

633.24

223.06

238.11

105.08

Iron and steel

81.23

140.34

295.83

273.35

214.51

38.61

Man-made staple fibres

135.38

170.89

198.40

218.80

212.23

12.40

Electrical machinery and equipment Boilers, machinery

Source: UN Comtrade Database.

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China and Sri Lanka are both a part of the preferential trade agreement known as the Asia Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) since 1975 that enables export of nearly 2200 Sri Lankan goods to China at concessional duty charges7. Nonetheless, apparent through the above analysis is that whereas APTA has fulfilled the role of managing reasonable trade between the two nations, modern Sino-Sri Lankan economic relations might gain an even more substantial boost if a bilateral free trade agreement was in effect. While negotiations for such an agreement has been in progress since 2014, and five rounds of negotiation have already been conducted to enforce positive progress for both nations, negotiations have come to a halt in 2017. The recent visit of a high-level Chinese delegation to Sri Lanka in October 2020, revealed the willingness of China to resume negotiations of the free trade agreement in order to assist Sri Lanka to reduce the trade deficit. Furthermore, development in the sectors of digital economy and Blue Economy has been identified by China as areas of interest in Sino- Sri Lanka bilateral relations (Daily News, 2020). Therefore, with the advent of a Rajapaksa government that has the precedent of pro-Chinese economic policies, it is a fair assumption that China-Sri Lanka economic dealings will be revitalized through a prospective free trade agreement and gain momentum in the future as well. Sri Lankan Development Projects under the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative Another crucial element that needs to be scrutinized in the appraisal of Sino-Sri Lankan economic relations is the Chinese investments in the development projects under progress in Sri Lanka. The first infrastructure development investment made by China dates back to 1970s, the Chinese construction of the Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall (BMICH) in a gesture of goodwill towards Sri Lanka. Although earlier Chinese investments were in the form of outright grants, during early 2000s this system was converted into a more profitable mode that included

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Figure 04: Chinese Development Investments in Sri Lanka

Source: Chinese Investment and the BRI in Sri Lanka by Chatham House, (2020).

interest-bearing loans and direct investments (FDIs) in Sri Lanka. Consequently, the transport, water supply, telecommunications and energy related development projects undertaken by the previous Rajapaksa administration (2005 – 2015) fall under the renewed criteria, with the major Chinese financed infrastructure projects in Sri Lanka estimating close to $1.7 billion during the period from 2006 to 2012. Conversely, the nature of Chinese direct investments in China has changed drastically since 2013 when the Chinses President Xi Jinping declared the official proposal for the ‘One Road, One Belt’ more commonly known as the Belt and Road Initiative. The objective of the Belt and Road Initiative was to develop East-West trade and infrastructure linkage, joining East Asia with Europe. The initiative is two-fold; firstly, the Silk Route Economic Belt via Central Asia and Middle East and secondly, the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road via the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, connecting East Asia and Europe from both land and sea routes. With the commencement of the Belt and Road Initiative, incentive for Chinese investments grew higher as Sri Lanka occupies a historic geo-strategic location in the Indian Ocean that can serve as a maritime hub, which is pivotal to the suggested sea route of the project. Consequently, the amount of Chinese investments has risen sharply after Sri Lanka was formally engaged in the Belt and Road Initiative as indicated in the Figure 04. The upsurge of capital invested before and after the declaration of the Belt and Road Initiative from 2012 to 2013 is quite moderate. In comparison, the incline of nearly $2 billion from 2013 to 2014 is

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accounted for by the Colombo Port City development project that commenced in 2014, with an investment of $1.3 billion. Few of the infrastructure projects invested in by China under the umbrella of the Belt and Road Initiative includes the Mattala International Airport, Colombo Port International Container Terminal Development Project, the Southern Expressway, the Outer Circular Highway, the Katunayake Expressway and Hambantota Port Development project in terms of Transport. The energy extraction sector investments include the Lakvijaya Power Plant in Norochcholai and the telecommunication sector is covered by the Lotus Tower in Colombo. In terms of urban development, primary concentration lies in the Colombo Port City project, whereas Kandy Pathadumbara and Katana Water Supply can also be considered. The most recent project undertaken by China as a joint-venture is the construction of a waste water management plant in Wellawatte at the cost of $20.96 million. Despite the numerous projects undertaken in the name of Chinese investments, they only comprise 14% of the total GDP of Sri Lanka, which does not imply an overt economic reliance on China for infrastructure development (Chatham House, 2020). It should be noted that with the completion of the above mentioned projects, Sri Lanka will reap multiple economic benefits. For example, in addition to the revenue gained through tolls, the expressways have considerably reduced the time of commute to Galle and within Colombo as well. Hambantota port project is expected to serve as an industrial zone catering to primary industries, whereas the Colombo International Container Terminal is the only deep water terminal that increases freight handling capacity in international shipping, making the Colombo Port one of the best ranked ports in the world. The Colombo Port City project is guaranteed to attract financial giants all over the world into establishing services in Sri Lanka and increase ease of conducting business. The Lakvijaya Power Plant in Norochcholai accounts for 33% of the energy generated in the year 2018 (Chatham House, 2020). Hence, it could be said that Chinese investments have fulfilled the infrastructure vacuum caused by a thirty- year Civil War in Sri Lanka, enabling the island nation to rise in the world infrastructure ranking due to rapid improvement in logistics, ease of access, telecommunications, urbanization, and trade capacity.

Prospects and Challenges in Sino-Lankan Economic Relations Sri Lanka’s economic association with China has presented the small island state with many previously inaccessible prospects. For example, Sri Lanka’s inclusion to the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (of which China is a key member) as a dialogue partner in 2009 has

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widened the scope in which the country could engage in global trade discourse and resolve financial issues as the Shanghai Cooperation is also closely associated with multilateral forums such as the BRICS. Moreover, Sri Lanka with its abundance of natural resources and exports in the primary sector can develop a niche market in China, especially as the Chinese demography changes in the future to accommodate rapidly developing but smaller economies. For instance, such an accomplishment is the Sri Lankan speciality tea company ‘Heladiv’ that expanded from three to twenty exclusive outlets in China. Another possible avenue that can be explored in terms of exports is the market for gems and jewellery as there is a growing demand for luxury products in China. It is evident that concentration on speciality products such as spices, herbal products, coconut and rubber based items, might be an opportunity for Sri Lanka to create a lucrative market for Sri Lankan goods in China. However, the potential free trade agreement between the two nations are bound to alter the existing relationship – both positively and negatively. In the consideration of benefits gained from a trade agreement, Sri Lanka would experience lowered trade barriers that would lift the limits on export commodities through preferential access enabling Sri Lanka to create more vigorous trade relations with Asia’s fastest-growing economy. As previously mentioned, Sri Lanka’s exports to China remains limited in the APTA and has the potential of expanding if the concessional duty charges are significantly lowered. In contrast, a bilateral agreement would enable Sri Lanka to renegotiate terms of Chinese imports that enter the country on a dutyfree basis and insist on the removal of tariff barriers imposed on Sri Lankan exports. On the other hand, the establishment of a bilateral trade agreement also presents a list of potential challenges to Sri Lanka. Primary concern is that the establishment of FTA might further widen the existing trade deficit between the two nations. Added to this is the fact that Chinese FTAs tend to be more comprehensive; inclusive of not just trade goods, but also that of trade services, investments, procurement, and facilitation. Sri Lanka in inexperienced8 in negotiating such comprehensive trade agreements and thereby is at the risk of settling for unprofitable terms. Another risk factor is that Chinese FTAs tend to have tariff rate reductions over a higher number of goods with increased liberalization. This also leads to limited ability in terms of safeguarding the domestic industries due to the weakening use of para-tariffs measures to prevent the proliferation of Chinese imports in the local market. It should be noted that while China has the tendency to treat trade partners equally despite the

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economic capacity of the country, Sri Lanka should be cautious in the negotiation of a bilateral trade agreement considering the pros and cons in an unbiased manner before entering a deal. Another aspect of the Sino-Lankan economic relations that should be discussed in depth are the prospects and challenges in the infrastructure development investments. At the conclusion of a thirtyyear Civil War, Sri Lanka was in a clearly underdeveloped state and there was a pressing need to update infrastructure facilities in order to recover the economy. Chinese investments conveniently managed to fulfil this necessity in a time where foreign aid to Sri Lanka was limited. From the Norochcholai Power Plant to the Port City project, China has already constructed $15 billion worth infrastructure facilities in Sri Lanka with more projects underway. China remains the largest infrastructure stakeholder of Sri Lanka, accounting for 33% on the total loans taken for infrastructure development from 2005 to 2019 (Verité Research, 2020). These constructions have boosted the economy not only through improving infrastructure, but also by generating employment opportunities. However, the controversial leasing of the Hambantota Port for a period of 99 years had led Sri Lanka to take a closer look at the loans obtained in the name of development. The economically unstable period from 2009 to 2014 where the Sri Lankan government struggled with debt repayment and the proceeding negotiations with China resulted in the deal that granted 80% ownership of the Hambantota Port to China Merchants Port Holdings Company Limited (CMHI) which caused the common misconception that Sri Lanka has fallen to Chinese ‘debt-trap’ diplomacy. The port deal is not a debt-equity swap and Sri Lanka is expected to repay the debt to China, in return CMHI became the major stakeholder of the Hambantota port for $1.12 billion that was used by Sri Lanka to repay several short-term debts and bolster the country’s foreign reserve. In an analysis of the risk posed by the leasing of the Hambantota Port, a report by Chatham House stated that Sri Lanka cannot be considered as a victim of Chinese debt-trap but has a general problem of managing foreign debts instead. In addition, a study by Verité Research mentions that loans from China has increased risk of being non-concessional and include unfavourable procurement practices, advising for policy reforms that strengthen regulations for obtaining investments for infrastructure development. It is evident that due to the scale of investments made, Sri Lanka can ill-afford to lose China as lender for infrastructure development despite the threat of increasing debt. However, China’s investments in Sri Lanka are motivated by the Belt and Road Initiative and as a

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result, China is more receptive towards maintaining cordial relations with Sri Lanka which would be harmed if the smaller state was overly pressured by either India or US to cut ties with China. Hence, when the newly elected President Gotabaya Rajapaksa suggested revisiting the terms of the Hambantota Port deal it was favourably received by China. Moreover, in a show of goodwill the Chinese government also extended a $90 million grant as post COVID-19 development aid to Sri Lanka at the conclusion of the visit of the high level Chinese delegation in October, claiming that the Sino-Lankan relationship was not based on debt-trap diplomacy but rather on mutual interests (Daily News, 2020).

Conclusion The growth of modern Sino-Lankan economic relations has progressed a long way from the Rice-Rubber Pact in 1975, enforced by both positive diplomatic and cultural ties. Since 2005, the bilateral economic ties have strengthened significantly under the Rajapaksa administration which consolidated China’s position as one of the largest investors of Sri Lanka. While China offers a stable policy framework in terms of engaging with Sri Lanka, in comparison, Sri Lanka struggles with constant shifts in economic policies due to internal power struggles. Hence, despite the rapid growth of trade from 2013 to 2019 and five rounds of negotiations since 2014, the two countries have been so far unable to form a bilateral free trade agreement that would further foster the trade ties. An accurately negotiated trade agreement with reduced trade barriers will make a great contribution towards the growth of Sri Lankan export market and decrease the trade deficit significantly. For China, Sri Lanka offers two-fold benefits of gaining a foothold in the Indian Ocean region as well as presenting an example of positive South-South Cooperation. As for Sri Lanka, the relationship presents both merits and demerits at an equal level. Merits include being able to infuse the economy through creating a niche export market in China and the constant flow of large scale direct investments, especially to the infrastructure sector. These merits are offset by demerits, the primary of which include that Sri Lanka would have to foster Chinese ties at the cost of damaging other similarly important relations with India and the US. Both US and India has already cautioned Sri Lanka against the growing economic dependence on China, counting Sri Lanka as a casualty of the Chinese debt-trap. The example of the Hambantota Port in 2017 serves as a tale of caution, Sri Lankan government needing to assess the feasibility of projects under Chinese investments to avoid unfavourable conditions in the

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future. In conclusion, China as the more powerful partner bears the responsibility of converting the relationship in to a positive sum game, ensuring win-win conditions for both countries in order to avoid accusations of debt-trap diplomacy which would hinder the progress of the Belt and Road Initiative in Sri Lanka. Whereas Sri Lanka despite the benefits gained should exercise caution in order to avoid becoming overly dependent on Chinese trade and financing or allowing China to monopolize trade taking the initiative to foster other economic relations, especially with neighbouring India and other South Asian countries to preserve economic autonomy of the country in the post-pandemic world order.

References 1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Karl, D. J. (2018). Sri Lanka, the Maritime Silk Road, and Sino- Indian Relations. In China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative and South Asia; A Political Economic Analysis of its Purposes, Perils, and Promise (Jean-Marc F. Blanchard, Ed.). Sinagpore: Palgrave Macmillan. Samaranayake, N. (2011). Are Sri Lanka’s Relations with China Deepening? An Analysis of Economic, Military, and Diplomatic Data. Asian Security 7 (2), pp. 119–146. Sri Lanka Export Development Board. (2020). Export Performance Indicators 2019. Colombo: Sri Lanka Export Development Board. Central Bank of Sri Lanka. (2020). Economic and Social Statistics of Sri Lanka 2020. Colombo: Statistics Department, Central Bank of Sri Lanka. Suryanarayan, V. (1994). Sri Lanka’s Policy Towards China: Legacy of the Past and Prospects for the Future. China Report 30 (2), pp. 203–214. Anand, J. P. (1977). Sino-Sri Lanka Trade Relations: Twenty-Fifth Anniversary. China Report 13 (6), pp. 3–6. Wang Z. and Ye, F. (2019). China–Sri Lanka Relations in the Context of the 21st- Century Maritime Silk Road: Motives, Challenges, and Prospects. Asian Perspective 43 (3), pp. 481-503. Verité Research. (2018). Sri Lanka-China FTA: Challenges and Opportunities. Colombo: Verité Research. Retrieved from https://www.veriteresearch. org/publication/sri-lanka-china-fta-challenges- and-opportunities/ Verité Research. (2020). Financing Infrastructure: The (non) Concessionality of Concessional Loans. Colombo: Verité Research. Retrieved from https://www.veriteresearch.org/publication/financinginfrastructure-the-non-concessionality-of-concessional-loans/ Wignaraja, G., Panditaratne, D. et al. (2020). Chinese Investment and the BRI in Sri Lanka. London: Chatham House. Kelegama, S. (2014). China–Sri Lanka Economic Relations: An Overview. China Report 50 (2), pp. 131–149.

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15. Daily News (2020, October 10). China Pledges Continuous Development Cooperation. 16. Daily News. Retrieved from https://epaper.dailynews.lk/ 17. Hameiri, S. (2020, September 09). Debunking the myth of China’s “debt-trap diplomacy”. The Interpreter. Retrieved from https://www. lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/

Endnotes 1.

2. 3. 4.

5. 6.

7. 8.

As a recently decolonized state, most of Sri Lanka’s diplomatic ties at the time were Eurocentric with limited contact with Communist states. With the signing of the Rice-Rubber Pact, Sri Lanka faced a backlash as financial aid from capitalist countries were withdrawn. Refer Anand (1977), pp. 3-6 for a comprehensive account of the shifting China-Sri Lanka ties due to various political ideologies of Sri Lanka at the fulfillment of the 25th anniversary of the Rice- Rubber barter. Statistics for the year 2019 provided by the ESS, Central Bank of Sri Lanka are provisional. According to the Annual Report by the Central Bank of Sri Lanka, the poor performance of the Sri Lankan economy during 2015-16 can be attributed to lowered export rates, GDP growth and FDI inflows caused by inadequate policy frameworks and structural adjustments that supported long-term growth. The Indo-Sri Lankan free trade agreement became operational in 2000 and both nations are also a part of the SAFTA, the multilateral free trade agreement initiated by SAARC in 2004. By 2018, China has become the largest trading partner of Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Nepal in addition to Sri Lanka. Since, China remains one of the top trading partners of the South Asian region, based on the World Integrated Trade Solution database maintained by the World Bank. Formerly known as the ‘Bangkok Agreement’ the other members of the Asia Pacific Trade Agreement comprise of India, South Korea, Bangladesh, and Laos. China became a member of only in 2001. The only bilateral Sri Lankan trade agreement that covers more than trade goods in the Sri Lanka- Singapore FTA established in 2018.

16 Impact of Economic and Political Conditions on Trade Relations between India and Pakistan Dr. Parturkar. M. S.* Introduction The level of trade flows between India and Pakistan is one of the most widely debated issues within the academic and policy arena in and outside South Asia. A number of studies have found that an expansion of trade would reduce political tension and the threat of conflict, while also enhancing economic development in these two neighboring countries (Chowdhry, 2012; De, Raihan, and Ghani, 2013; Gopalan, Malik, and Reinert, 2013; Khan, 2010; Mamoon and Murshed, 2010; Taneja, 2013). Scholars, while divided on specifics, generally embrace the linkage between trade, economic development and peace. Economically, expanding trade can raise incomes, reduce poverty, lower unemployment, expand foreign investment, improve production technologies and reduce cost of production, lower The level of trade flows between India and Pakistan is one of the most widely debated issues within the academic and policy arena in and outside South Asia. A number of studies have found that an expansion of trade would reduce political tension and the threat of conflict, while also enhancing economic development in these two neighboring countries (Chowdhry, 2012; De, Raihan, and Ghani, 2013; Gopalan, Malik, and Reinert, 2013; Khan, 2010; Mamoon and Murshed, 2010; Taneja, 2013). Scholars, while divided on specifics, generally embrace the linkage between trade, economic development and peace. Economically, expanding trade can raise incomes, * Head & Assistant Professor, Faculty of Commerce & Management Science, Shri Shivaji Arts, Commerce & Science College Parbahni, Maharashtra

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reduce poverty, lower unemployment, expand foreign investment, improve production technologies and reduce cost of production, lower consumer prices and increase variety of products available to consumers. Over time, the channels from trade to higher growth seem to be increased savings and investment, enhanced technology transfer, and improve macroeconomic policy and governance (Wacziarg, 2001). Politically, trade expansion has the potential to decrease rivalry, reduce severity of conflicts, and increase partnership, promoting regional peace and stability (Anderton and Carter, 2001; Barbieri and Levy, 1999; Morrow, 1999). Such stability itself could foster further regional development by expanding trade, investment, and other beneficial interactions within a region. Despite these tangible political and economic gains of trade, the level of trade between India and Pakistan has remained anemic over the past six decades. Why hasn’t trade grown between India and Pakistan? Prospects of trade expansion between these two countries? The answer to these questions requires an examination of a broader question on the growth of trade: i.e., under what conditions cross-border trade expansion occurs between two neighbors? It is widely recognized that trade flows between India and Pakistan are largely determined by political factors. Thus, a political economy approach that studies the interaction of political and economic factors – specifically, the influence of political processes on economic policies and the influence of economic factors on policymaking process— seem to provide a useful analytical framework to explain the trade flow dynamics between India and Pakistan. Based on the two influential models of international trade - HeckscherOhlin model and Ricardo-Viner Model-- researchers have generated an extensive body of work on political economy approaches to trade policy that can help us develop greater clarity about forces promoting and impeding trade flows between two countries (Grossman and Helpman, 1994; Hiscox, 2002; Mayda and Rodrik, 2005; O’Rourke and Sinnott, 2002; Rogowski, 1989). This body of literature is also useful in identifying key issues that can be drivers of trade growth between India and Pakistan.

Objectives of the Study Keeping in view of the significance of the study, the following are the main objectives of the preset study. 1. To Study about the impact of Economic and Political Conditions on Trade Relations between India and Pakistan. 2. To understand various emerging approaches of Economic and Political Conditions on Trade Relations between India and Pakistan.

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3. To focus on Economic and Political Conditions on Trade Relations between India and Pakistan. 4. To give suggestions for improving Economic Welfare and Trade Relations between India and Pakistan.

Hypotheses of the Study The following specific hypotheses have been formulated to meet the above objectives of the study. 1. There is big impact of Economic and Political Conditions on Trade Relations between India and Pakistan. 2. Healthy Trade relation are necessary for Economic Welfare.

Research Methodology of the Study As it is not possible to go outside for data collection due to lockdown, information are collected from different secondary sources therefore this study totally depends on secondary data. Secondary data on India-Pakistan trade has been collected from various data bases that include the IMF Direction of Trade statistics, World Bank Development Indicators, UN Comtrade, WTO Trade profiles, and a wide range of published papers and government data. The data have been used to evaluate trade trends and trade potential between India and Pakistan Secondary data on India-Pakistan trade has been collected from various data bases that include the IMF Direction of Trade statistics, World Bank Development Indicators, UN Comtrade, WTO Trade profiles, and a wide range of published papers and government data. The data have been used to evaluate trade trends and trade potential between India and Pakistan. The study have been review for formulate conclusion’s Economic and Political Conditions on Trade Relations as well as Economic Welfare between India and Pakistan.

Scope of the Study The present study confined only overview “Economic and Political Conditions on Trade Relations as well as Economic Welfare between India and Pakistan” And based on secondary data only.

Discussion About “Impact Economic and Political Conditions on Trade Relations between India and Pakistan” 1.  Trade Barriers Both India and Pakistan have relatively low trade shares of GDP. As shown in Table 1a, India, at about 48 percent, is below average for South Asia during 2099-2011. Pakistan, at less than 36 percent has the lowest ratio in the region.

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Furthermore, as shown in Table 1b, India’s trade share has substantially increased since its unilateral liberalization in the early 1990s, while Pakistan’s share has remained low and even declined, despite the era of globalization. Both India and Pakistan have relatively low trade shares of GDP. As per WTO Trade Profiles, India, at about 48 percent, is below average for South Asia during 2009-2011. Pakistan, at less than 36 percent has the lowest ratio in the region. Furthermore, as shown in WTO Trade Profiles, India’s trade share has substantially increased since its unilateral liberalization in the early 1990s, while Pakistan’s share has remained low and even declined, despite the era of globalization. It should be noted that in addition to the variables shown, infrastructure quality (proxies by road density per square mile) and democratization were dropped from the initial specification, due to lack of significance, caused in part by fewer available observations in the complete dataset. As described below, we believe that the poor quality of infrastructure in these countries, particularly the infrastructure to facilitate crossborder trade, helps to explain the low levels of actual trade, relative to the model prediction 2.  Rivalry and Trade Relations Relations between India and Pakistan have been complex and largely hostile due to a number of historical and political events. Relations between the two states have been defined by the violent partition of British India in 1947 which started the Kashmir conflict, and the numerous military conflicts fought between the two nations. Consequently, their relationship has been plagued by hostility and suspicion. Northern India and Pakistan somewhat overlap in certain demographics and shared lingua francas (mainly Punjabi, Sindhi, and Hindustani). relations Within the scholarly literature, economic transactions in terms of trade flows are generally conceived to be lower among countries that are rivals.viii A rivalry is generally treated as a dyadic phenomenon, existing between a pair of states in competition with each other. The rivalry relationship is characterized by military confrontation and war, with both sides formulating foreign policy in militaristic terms (Diehl and Goertz, 2001) 3.  Domestic Politics and Trade Policy Outcomes Domestic politics and trade policy outcomes Based on the two-level game framework (Putnam, 1988), we argue that while bilateral trade agreements involve bargaining and negotiation among governmental actors at the international level, the speed and nature of these trade agreements are likely to be determined by the political leader’s

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strategic calculation of domestic win-sets—acceptability of all trade agreements by domestic constituency. The support of key domestic actors for the trade agreements is essential for two important reasons: (1) domestic actors’ ability to politicize issues, thereby making ratification and implementation of trade agreements more difficult; and (2) the leaders’ concern for political survival (Solingen, 1996; Milner, 1997). While the power-retaining objective is vital, the willingness of political actors to pursue trade agreements can vary with the relative strength of governments (Huelshoff, 1994).xi While it is possible for strong governments to take initiatives for trade cooperation, weak governments face different domestic political dynamics. Because of their lack of broad public support and social base, the leaders in weak governments are less able to design and implement trade policies independently without the support of dominant domestic actors. 4.  Key Issue for Trade Expansion: Market Access Trade analysts agree that market access remains the heart and soul of any trade agreement between countries. India’s economic liberalization policies since the early 1990s have produced significant economic growth and export opportunities. Previously, until the mid-1990s, India had achieved only limited access to the markets of Japan, North America, and Western Europe due to these countries’ protectionist policies and nontariff barriers against Indian products (Rizvi, 1993). And with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the gradual incorporation of Eastern Europe into the Western European economy, India has lost two of its privileged market links. In an effort to expand its market links, India has taken several initiatives including its active diplomatic role in the formation of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IORARC) in March 1997, involvement in the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), signing of IndiaASEAN Free Trade Agreement in August 2009, willingness to join the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and East Asian Summit (EAS), and renewed focus on the ‘Look East’ policy as reflected in its involvement in a wide range of bilateral trade agreements with Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Japan, China, and South Korea. From India’s perspective, although it makes sense to explore markets in other regions, it can no longer ignore its own base in South Asia. Not surprisingly, in the post-1990 period, India has shown increased willingness to implement SAPTA (South Asian Preferential Trade Agreement) and to expedite the process of the SAFTA (South Asian Free Trade Area) agreement.

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5.  Trade Liberalization Economic theory suggests several ways in which smaller countries actually gain more from international trade than larger ones. First, countries gain from trade based on differences between domestic prices and international prices: the larger the difference, the greater the gain. Large countries set those international prices, and small countries can export large amounts without significantly lowering those prices. Secondly, small countries’ firms remain small and unable to lower their costs through scale economies if they do not engage in international trade. Countries that tightly restrict trade invariably restrict technological inflows as well. Finally, consumers reap large benefits from trade liberalization in small countries, as new varieties of products are introduced and domestic monopolies or oligopolies are broken up, lowering prices. The case for liberalizing Pakistan’s trade policy, particularly vis-à-vis India, is complex and multifaceted. It requires taking a long view, which is often a problem for politicians. India’s economic liberalization in the early 1990s followed the successful liberalization of its strategic rival, China, a decade earlier. The short-run disruptions of liberalization are offset by long-run gains in efficiency and competitiveness. Pakistani officials may also fear a short term reduction in tariff revenues following liberalization and complaints from potential losers from trade expansion. However, if trade volumes and values increase, much more revenues can be generated in the long run from lower tariff rates. 6.  Energy Cooperation One of the greatest benefits of normalizing trade relations between India and Pakistan would be in the area of energy cooperation. Over the past decades, India’s energy needs have grown dramatically. Pakistan can play an important role in fulfilling this need by providing a transit route for energy from Central Asia and Iran. In this context, the recent signing of a $7.6 billion Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) gas pipeline project in May 2012—backed by the U.S. and Asian Development Bank—is significant. The United States supports this project as an opportunity to bolster Afghanistan’s economy and, more importantly, as an alternative to the proposed Iran-Pakistan-India (IPI) pipeline. The U.S. opposition to IPI is based on its geopolitical strategy to isolate Iran from substantial economic linkages with South Asian countries.Energy cooperation between India and Pakistan acquires added significance in the context of worsening electricity deficits in Pakistan. Although India’s power generation capacity is still not sufficient to meet its own growing domestic demand for electricity, the problem is much greater in Pakistan.

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7.  Regional Stability Several studies suggest that increased bilateral trade between India and Pakistan can be a valuable confidence building measure, leading to a decrease in conflict between the two countries.xvii These findings shed light on ‘rational signaling’ as the primary mechanism through which economic interdependence reduces the severity of conflict. As trade between two states increases,the variety and range of signals sent increases greatly. Increasing signals through increased dyadic trade provides rivals more tools through which to communicate and lessen hostility (Morrow, 1999).Trade expansion between ChinaTaiwan, India-China, U.S.-China, and U.S.-Russia, despite their political tensions, illustrates the point that trade cooperation remains an effective instrument in improving inter-state relations. In this context, Pakistan’s willingness to embrace the ‘India-China model’ of economic cooperation, as agreed by Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari during his visit to India in April 2012, remains a positive move. This model provides a pragmatic approach to engage in mutually beneficial trade ties while simultaneously pursuing negotiation on contentious bilateral issues. Pakistan’s willingness to embrace the ‘India-China model’ represents a shift in its long-held ‘Kashmir-firstand-trade-later’ policy preference.

Conclusion This article has identified several economic and political conditions explaining the limited trade relations between India and Pakistan over the past six decades. Our analysis has addressed a broad range of evidence that suggests that trade expansion can play a role in promoting economic development and at the same time in reducing the severity of conflicts between India and Pakistan. While there are tangible economic and security benefits of expanded India-Pakistan trade through bilateral liberalization or a broader, regional free trade agreement, developing institutional arrangements to achieve this goal will not be easy. While Pakistan’s announcement of MFN status to India is an important first step, the path of India-Pakistan trade expansion could well be determined by the events of the next several years (De, Raihan, and Ghani, 2013). A marked worsening of IndiaPakistan tensions on border, terrorism, and economic transactions would have severe implications for regional peace and prosperity. Such developments would tend to confirm the assessments that discount any future constructive engagement between India and Pakistan and to anticipate a rapid growth of Chinese power and influence in South Asia. This article has identified several economic and political conditions explaining the limited trade relations between India and

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Pakistan over the past six decades. Our analysis has addressed a broad range of evidence that suggests that trade expansion can play a role in promoting economic development and at the same time in reducing the severity of conflicts between India and Pakistan. Why hasn’t trade grown between India and Pakistan? What are the prospects of trade expansion between these two countries? Drawing on the growing political economy literature, we have identified four facilitating conditions to explain the growth of trade flows between a given pair of countries: distance, trade complementarity, rivalry, and government strength. In this article, we examine the dynamics and implications of these four conditions for trade relations between India and Pakistan. Following this analysis, we identify several key issues - trade liberalization, market access, energy cooperation, and regional stability - that can provide impetus needed to drive these two countries toward greater trade expansion with entitled “Impact Economic and Political Conditions on Trade Relations between India and Pakistan” Notes and References 1. 2. 3.

4.

Anderton, C. H. and Carter, J. R., 2001. The impact of war on trade: an interrupted times-series study. Journal of Peace Research, 38(4): 445–457. Barbieri, K. and Levy, J. S., 1999. Sleeping with the enemy: the impact of war on trade. Journal of Peace Research, 36(4): 463–479. Bose, S. and Jalal, A., 1998. Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy. London: Routledge. Burki,S. J., Hashwani, A., Khan, A. U. and Sulaiman, M., 2006. Facilitating Freer Trade Under SAFTA: Issues in Pakistan, India, and Afghanistan. USAID, May. Solingen, E., 1996. Democracy, economic reform and regional cooperation. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 8(1): 81 –96.

17 How India and United Nation Organization Taking Efforts against the Human Trafficking Memoonah Baig* Introduction Human dealing is the trade of humans with the end goal of forced work, sexual slavery, or commercial sexual abuse for the dealer or others. This may incorporate giving a mate with regards to forced marriage, or the extraction of organs or tissues, including for surrogacy and ova expulsion. Human dealing can happen inside a nation or transbroadly. Human dealing is a wrongdoing against the individual in light of the infringement of the casualty’s privileges of development through coercion and due to their commercial exploitation. Human dealing is the trade in people, particularly ladies and kids, and doesn’t really include the development of the individual starting with one spot then onto the next. (Gabhan, 2006) People smuggling (additionally called human smuggling and traveler smuggling) is a connected practice which is described by the assent of the individual being carried. Smuggling circumstances can slip into human dealing through coercion and exploitation. Trafficked people are held against their will through demonstrations of coercion, and forced to work for or offer types of assistance to the dealer or others. (Ne, 2018) As indicated by the International Labor Organization (ILO), forced work alone (one part of human dealing) creates an expected $150 billion in benefits for each annum starting at 2014. In 2012, the ILO * Research Scholar (West Asian Political Science), Department of West Asian and North African Studies, Faculty of International Studies, Aligarh Muslim University, Uttar Pradesh

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assessed that 21 million casualties are caught in advanced slavery. Of these, 14.2 million (68%) were misused for work, 4.5 million (22%) were sexually abused, and 2.2 million (10%) were misused in state forced work. The International Labor Organization has announced that kid laborers, minorities, and sporadic travelers are at impressive danger of more outrageous types of abuse. Measurements shows that over portion of the world’s 215 million youthful specialists are seen to be in perilous areas, including forced sex work and forced road begging. Ethnic minorities and exceptionally underestimated gatherings of people are profoundly assessed to work in probably the most shady and harming areas, for example, calfskin tanning, mining, and stone quarry work. (SIMON, 2013)

Different Aspect of the Human Trafficking Human dealing is the third biggest wrongdoing industry on the planet, behind medication managing and arms dealing, and is the quickest developing action of trans-public criminal associations. (Feingold, 2005) Human dealing is denounced as an infringement of human rights by international shows. Moreover, human dealing is dependent upon a mandate in the European Union. As indicated by a report by the U.S. State Department, Belarus, Iran, Russia, and Turkmenistan stay among the most exceedingly terrible nations with regards to giving security against human dealing and forced work. (Everts, 2003) Although human trafficking can happen at neighborhood or homegrown levels, it has global ramifications, as perceived by the United Nations in the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, particularly Women and Children (additionally alluded to as the Trafficking Protocol or the Palermo Protocol), a peaceful accord under the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (CTOC) which went into force on 25 December 2003. The convention is one of three which supplement the CTOC. (Malloch, 2016),(James, 2012) Trafficked people are held against their will through acts of coercion, and compelled to work for or provide administrations to the dealer or others. The work or administrations may incorporate anything from fortified or constrained work to business sexual misuse. The course of action might be organized as a work contract, however with no or low installment, or on terms which are profoundly shady. Once in a while the game plan is organized as debt bondage, with the casualty not being allowed or ready to take care of the debt. (Choi-Fitzpatrick, 2012)

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Reinforced work, or debt bondage, is presumably the most unknown type of work dealing today, but is the most generally utilized technique for subjugating people. Victims become “fortified” when their work, the work which they, at the end of the day, recruited and the substantial merchandise they have purchased are requested as a method for reimbursement for an advance or administration whose terms and conditions have not been characterized, or where the estimation of the victims’ administrations isn’t applied toward the liquidation of the debt. By and large, the estimation of their work is more prominent than the first amount of cash “acquired”. (EXPLOITATION CREEP AND THE UNMAKING OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING LAW, 2014)

Efforts Taking by the Organization The International Organization for Migration (IOM), the single biggest worldwide provider of administrations to victims of dealing, reports accepting an expanding number of cases in which victims were exposed to constrained work. A recent report sees that “… 2010 was especially eminent as the primary year in which IOM helped a greater number of victims of work dealing than the individuals who had been trafficked for reasons for sexual misuse.” The IOMs’ principle center is “to provide secure, dependable, adaptable and practical administrations for people who require international relocation help To offer counsel, research, specialized collaboration and operational help to States, intergovernmental and non-administrative associations and different partners, to assemble public limits and encourage international, local and two-sided participation on relocation matters...” (Getu, 2006) Child work is a type of work that might be risky to the physical, mental, profound, good, or social advancement of children and can meddle with their schooling. According to the International Labor Organization, the worldwide number of children associated with child work has fallen during the previous decade – it has declined by 33%, from 246 million of every 2000 to 168 million children in 2012. Sub-Saharan Africa is the district with the most noteworthy rate of child work, while the biggest quantities of child-laborers are found in Asia and the Pacific. (Silkstone, 2006) The UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has further assisted many non-administrative associations in their battle against human dealing. The 2006 outfitted clash in Lebanon, which saw 300,000 homegrown specialists from Sri Lanka, Ethiopia and the Philippines jobless and focuses of dealers, prompted a crisis data crusade with NGO Caritas Migrant to raise human-dealing mindfulness. Furthermore, an April 2006 report, Trafficking in Persons: Global

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Patterns, assisted with recognizing 127 countries of beginning, 98 travel countries and 137 objective countries for human dealing. Until now, it is the second most habitually downloaded UNODC report. Proceeding into 2007, UNODC upheld activities like the Community Vigilance project along the outskirt between India and Nepal, just as given endowment to NGO dealing anticipation crusades in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. (Lagon, 2011) UNODC endeavors to spur activity launched the Blue Heart Campaign Against Human Trafficking on 6 March 2009, which Mexico launched its own public rendition of in April 2010. In 2013, the United Nations assigned July 30th as the World Day against Trafficking in Persons. (WEITZER, 2014) In January 2019, UNODC distributed the new version of the Global Report on Trafficking in Persons.The Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2018 has uncovered that 30% of all victims of human dealing authoritatively detected globally between 2016 and 2018 are youngsters, up 3 percent from the period 2007–2010.

Conclusion The Global Report recorded victims of 137 distinct ethnicities detected in 142 countries between 2012 and 2016, during which period, 500 unique streams were recognized. Around half of all dealing occurred inside a similar district with 42 percent happening inside public fringes. One special case is the Middle East, where most detected victims are East and South Asians. Dealing victims from East Asia have been detected in excess of 64 countries, making them the most topographically scattered gathering around the world. There are huge provincial contrasts in the detected types of abuse. Countries in Africa and in Asia by and large capture more instances of dealing for constrained work, while sexual misuse is fairly more much of the time found in Europe and in the Americas. Furthermore, dealing for organ expulsion was detected in 16 countries around the world. The Report raises worries about low conviction rates – 16 percent of reporting countries didn’t record a solitary conviction for dealing with persons between 2007 and 2010. As of February 2018, 173 countries have confirmed the United Nations Trafficking in Persons Protocol, of which UNODC is the guardian.Significant progress has been made regarding enactment: starting at 2012, 83% of countries had a law condemning dealing with persons as per the Protocol . (Lalani, 2008) Individuals are sold via online media and cell phone applications. (Bain, 2013). In India, the trafficking in persons for commercial sexual exploitation, forced work, forced relationships and homegrown bondage is viewed as a coordinated wrongdoing. The Government of

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India applies the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2013, dynamic from 3 February 2013, just as Section 370 and 370A IPC, which characterizes human trafficking and “gives severe discipline to human trafficking; trafficking of children for exploitation in any form including actual exploitation; or any form of sexual exploitation, subjection, subjugation or the forced expulsion of organs.” Additionally, a Regional Task Force actualizes the SAARC Convention on the counteraction of Trafficking in Women and Children. (Trajano, 2018) Shri R.P.N. Singh, India’s Minister of State for Home Affairs, dispatched an administration online interface, the Anti Human Trafficking Portal, on 20 February 2014. The official articulation clarified that the target of the on-line asset is for the “sharing of information across all partners, States/UTs and common society associations for powerful usage of Anti Human Trafficking measures.” • Provide extensive information on enactment, insights, court decisions, United Nations Conventions, subtleties of dealt individuals and dealers and salvage examples of overcoming adversity. Additionally on 20 February, the Indian government reported the execution of a Comprehensive Scheme that includes the foundation of Integrated Anti Human Trafficking Units (AHTUs) As of the declaration, 225 Integrated AHTUs had been made operational, while 100 more AHTUs were proposed for the impending monetary year. (Verma, 2014) Notes and References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Bain, V. G. (2013). The Emergence of Cyber Activity as a Gateway to Human Trafficking. Journal of Information Warfare , 12 (2), 41-49. Choi-Fitzpatrick, A. B. (2012). From Human Trafficking to Human Rights: Reframing Contemporary Slavery. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. Everts, D. (2003). Human Trafficking: The Ruthless Trade in Human Misery. The Brown Journal of World Affairs , 10 (1), 149-158. EXPLOITATION CREEP AND THE UNMAKING OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING LAW. (2014). The American Journal of International law , 108 (4), 609 615. Feingold, D. A. (2005). Human Trafficking. Foreign Policy , 26-30. Gabhan, S. N. (2006). Human Trafficking: A Twenty-First Century Slavery. The Furrow , 57 (10), 528-537. Getu, M. (2006). Human Trafficking and Development: The Role of Microfinance. Transformation , 23 (3), 142-147. James, N. K. (2012). The Tragedy of Human Trafficking: Competing Theories and European Evidence. Foreign Policy Analysis , 8 (3), 231.

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Lagon, M. P. (2011). The Global Abololition of Human Trafficking: The Indispensible Role of the United States. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs , 12 (1), 89-98. Lalani, N. H. (2008). Editorial Introduction. St Antony’s International Review , 4 (1), 5-15. Malloch, M. (2016). Human Trafficking: The Complexities of Exploitation. Edinburgh University Press. Ne, F. Y. (2018). Human Trafficking: In the Shadows of the Law. S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies. Silkstone, J. W. (2006). Human Trafficking as a Form of Gender-Based Violence: Protecting the Victim. Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity , 1,2; (70), 110-118. SIMON, S. H. (2013). Human Trafficking Around the World: Hidden in Plain Sight. Columbia: Columbia University Press. Trajano, J. C. (2018). COMBATTING HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN EAST ASIA: MIND THE GAPS. S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies. Verma, D. N. (2014). HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN SANTAL PARGANAS DIVISION OF JHARKHAND. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress , 75, 1241-1246. WEITZER, R. (2014). Introduction: New Directions in Research on Human Trafficking. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , 653, 6-24.

18 Terrorism in India Capt. Parshuram T. Bachewad* Terrorism is a universal threat. Terrorists have access to free flow of information, communication and information technology. The magnitude of destruction due to terrorist attacks spreads panic among the population that slowdowns human activities including investments. The rise in terrorist attacks has been phenomenal and is often tied to diverse ideological, religious and political goals. The terrorists with their digital networking abilities have expanded their reach beyond international borders. The whole world today is under the deadly scourge of terrorism. Terrorism is a form of violence that all the patterns of civilization that mankind share. It targets innocent and defenseless people, the task has been ever challenging for the institution around the world .Throughout the last four decades, a growing body of research has emerged to analyze terrorist organizations. A common framework within the study of terrorism suggests that terrorist attacks are the product of two primary elements, motivation and capabilities. Terrorism clearly has a very real and direct impact on human rights, with devastating Consequences for the enjoyment of the right to life, liberty and physical integrity of victims. In addition to these individual costs, terrorism can destabilize governments, undermine civil society, Jeopardize peace and security and threaten social and economic development.Exploring the transfer of knowledge between individuals and organization adds an important dimension to our

* Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Deogiri College, Aurangabad, Maharashtra

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study of the terrorist world. International terrorists have developed a global knowledge network through which tactics and strategies are creasingly shared. For example, there is increasing evidence that at Al-Qaida has learned new strategies and tactics from Hizabullah and vice versa. Individuals who become terrorists often are unemployed, socially who have dropped out of society. Terrorism is the act of violent activities damaging human life and property which also includes the foiled and failed attempts. Those are undemocratic and illegal actions of a group of individuals concerned withtheir self-interest and un-concerned to the general interest of the innocent population. It is the anifestation of unacceptability of a particular position in the existing system and demonstration of the ability to inflict damage and destabilize the system in order to force the acceptance of the position of their choice.errorism may be defined as the disruptive activities of a group(s) of highly trained individuals motivated with, religious, territorial, regional or parochial interests intending to destabilize an existing system and tilt the balance in their favor to establish the system of desired design. Such activities are negative in character and destructive in nature having no consideration for humanitarian value system. It is interesting to note that though many States sponsor terrorism, either through clandestine channels or direct, none ever support the terrorists openly; those who support do so in the albeit of calling them as protectors of a belief.

Five Types of Terrorism You will need to be familiar with the five types of terrorism. 1. State-Sponsored terrorism, which consists of terrorist acts on a state or government by a state or government. 2. Dissent terrorism, which are terrorist groups which have rebelled against their government. 3. Terrorists and the Left and Right, which are groups rooted in political ideology. 4. Religious terrorism, which are terrorist groups which are extremely religiously motivated and 5. Criminal Terrorism, which are terrorists acts used to aid in crime and criminal profit

List of Terrorism Organization in India • Indian Mujahedeen (IM). • Hizb -Ul- Mujahedeen. • Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front.

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• Jamiat -ul- Mujahedeen. • Muslim Janbaz Force. • Tehrik -ul- Mujahedeen. • Lashkar-e-Jabbar. • Al Umar Mujahedeen. • Communist Party of India-Maoist Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate (ISI) network in India has collaborated with selected disruptive groups in order to encourage regional, ethnic, or religious cleavages with a view to disrupting normal life and undermining confidence in the government. ISI has also established links with crime syndicates in order to facilitate drug trafficking, weapons smuggling, and the distribution of arms and explosives to subversive elements already active in the country. It also has a sophisticated communication network from which it launches cyber-attacks, and it gathers intelligence, establishes safe houses and arranges border crossings for covert operations and terrorist activities. Finally, in addition to recruiting and training subversive elements for purposes of sabotage, it has coordinated attacks on India’s industrial and economic infrastructure, as well as on special targets such as the Indian Parliament. A general survey of terrorism and violence-prone regions in India reveals common features that promote terrorism and violence. Outside of urban areas we can divide India into four zones where terrorism has appeared in some form – the northeast, western, southern, and central zones – with the northern state of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) being viewed independently.

The Northeast Zone (Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Tripura) India’s northeast constitute a very complex set of diverse cultures, many of them tribal in nature. These states have more than 4,000 kilometers of international borders, and the entire region has been prone to some form of insurgency and terrorism for decades. In the last 20 years there has been a gradual escalation of the violence in all of the insurgency-prone areas of the northeast. The United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) has staged a comeback in Assam. It was able to establish bases in Bhutan out of the Indian security force’s reach. Eventually, the Royal Bhutan Army mounted a special operation to evict the ULFA. The militants formed links with tea estates and with other industries and bought safety. This provided the militant groups with easy and almost unlimited sources of financial help. The top command of the ULFA has well-established links in London, Singapore, Bangkok, and Katmandu. The ISI continues to maintain

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close links with the ULFA and other militant cadres through its proxies in Bangladesh. The All Bodo Students Union issued a call for a separate state in November 1998. Despite an agreement between Bodos and non-Bodo tribes in 1993, peace did not return. Neither the Bodos nor the non-Bodo tribes were happy with the arrangements suggested in this accord. As a result, brutal attacks, killings, and ethnic cleansing continueInsurgency and terrorism in Manipur continues because confrontation between Meities, Nagas, and Kukis results in brutal killings. Different militant groups, however, have varied political aspirations and demands. Therefore, much confusion prevails. Insurgencies have continued unabated in the northeast for the last 50 years. The northeast falls along the transit route used to smuggle narcotics from the Golden Triangle of Southeast Asia. This facilitates arms smuggling. Terrorism has been used as a political weapon whenever movements in the region start losing momentum. It is a factor in the unrest and insurgency in Nagaland, in the Naga-Kuki conflict in Manipur, in tribal violence in Tripura, and in the Bodo and ULFA movements in Assam. The northeast states have a tenuous connection with the rest of India because of the narrow SiliguriJalpaiguri corridor. The region is extremely vulnerable to external influences because it shares extensive international boundaries with Myanmar and Bangladesh and it has diverse, warlike tribal populations that spill over state and international boundaries. The people of this zone have close ethnic religious affiliations with the people of Bangladesh and Myanmar. Movement of insurgents and weapons to and from Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Myanmar into this zone can never be fully controlled because of porous borders, difficult terrain, and ethnic affiliations.

The Western Zone The entire western zone (including the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Rajasthan) has been prone to international terrorism. Maharashtra and Gujarat have had serious communal problems. Mumbai and Ahmedabad have been targets of retaliatory terrorism with the help of jihadi groups based in Pakistan and crime syndicates in the United Arab Emirates. Rajasthan has been a convenient route for arms smuggling and for drug trafficking across the Pakistan-India border because it is not easy for the authorities to patrol such a vast desert area. The communal divide that has been created deliberately in Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir has led to a particularly brutal form of terrorism.

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The Southern Zone This zone includes the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu faces Sri Lanka across the waters of the Gulf of Mannar. The main cross channel traffic is of small boats across the Palk Strait. The heavily forested terrain in western Ghats, Annamalai, Cardamon hills and the Niligiris suits brigands and terrorists. The majority of the people speak Tamil, the language of the Liberation TigersSuggested Citation:”: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11848. Of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Ethnic and linguistic affinities as well as easy access to and from Jaffna enable the LTTE to find safe houses both for terrorists and for arms caches. Random terrorist activities have been frequent in Jaffna. Former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated in this region with the connivance of the LTTE. Karnataka provides excellent areas for covert operations of both crime syndicates and subversive groups. LTTE cadres were active here some time ago. Kerala has extensive jungle cover and a long coastline from which traditional trade links have existed with the United Arab Emirates. The coastal Kerala has been a transit area for the smuggling of arms. The population mix and easy access to Gulf money also makes it a popular hideout for terrorists on the run. The southern tip of Kerala faces the Gulf of Mannar, which the LTTE has used for arms smuggling.

The Central Zone Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and parts of Madhya Pradesh Bihar Jharkhand and Chattisgarh are presently the main areas where armed leftist groups or Naxalite are active. The People’s War Group (PWG, now also called People’s War) and the Maoist Communist Center (MCC) operate in Bihar and are among the most ruthless killers or terrorists. Other elements have lately stepped up violence in various areas. The PWG has affiliations with crime syndicates for the procurement of arms and is a natural ally of the international terrorist gangs and Maoists of Nepal. The avowed aim of these groups is to fight socioeconomic injustice. They regularly attack the police, officials, and politicians. They make extensive use of improvised explosive devices to attack vehicles. The chief minister of Andhra Pradesh was recently wounded in one such ambush. Remote jungle areas with hilly terrain provide ample cover for the training and operations of Naxalite terrorist groups. Private military groups such as the Ranvir Sena are castebased armed groups who terrorize other castes by gruesome killing.

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Jammu and Kashmir The situation in the northern state of Jammu and Kashmir deserves special attention. There are a number of reasons for the high incidence of terrorism in this state, including a lack of effective governance and corruption at multiple levels of the administration, ethnic and religious divisions, the inaccessibility of certain areas because of a lack of infrastructure, weak information management and counterpropaganda techniques, and ethnic and religious affiliations with Pakistani-controlled Kashmir. In J&K, Pakistan’s psychological warfare and effective religious indoctrination remains largely unchallenged. It has launched highly trained jihadi-terrorist groups for terrorism, sabotage and attacks on high-security areas, and supplied arms, training, and financial support to domestic terrorist groups. As part of its strategy, Pakistan launched jihadis into Kashmir with the objective of thwarting the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), an independence movement launched in Kashmir, and converting it into a religious and pro-Pakistan movement. Pakistan has also used jihadis to wrest Muslim majority areas of Kashmir from India through a combination of political subversion and insurgent-terrorism. Terrorism has been used to intimidate the people and state authorities and make them meekly submit to Pakistani aims, and Pakistan has sought to awaken Islamic fundamentalism in order to assert Islamic identity and obviate any chances of compromise between the people and a secular government. One other strategy has been a campaign of ethnic cleansing designed to force Sikh minorities to leave Muslim majority areas in the state, and to incite communal trouble in Kashmir and in the rest of India. Pakistan’s overall goal has been to bring attention to the Kashmir problem to the international level, presenting India as a repressive state that is using military power to suppress a popular uprising in J&K. The current phase of terrorism poses a threat to the composite culture in Kashmir and to the territorial integrity and unity of India. Influenced by Pakistani extremists, a crucial change has taken place in the religious ethos among the Kashmiri Muslims. They have shifted away from moderate Islam to radicalism. Some religiously based Hindu parties of India are inadvertently helping Pakistan to consolidate its position in J&K by calling for a separate identity and making provocative statements against the Kashmir Muslims. Although Pakistan has not been able to achieve its political objective of wresting J&K from India, it has succeeded in creating anti-India feelings and a Hindu-Muslim divide in a large segment of the population. To defeat jihadi terrorism, both armed and unarmed, fundamentalists must be

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defeated in Kashmir. However, even this would not stop cross-border terrorism completely unless Pakistan takes firm steps to dismantle the terrorist infrastructure erected for jihad in Kashmir. Notes and References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Alex P. Schmid, “The Definition of Terrorism,” in The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research, edited by Alex P. Schmid (London, New York: Routledge, 2011) Ram, S.: Terrorism in India Annual Report 2008-2009. Ministry of Home Affairs. Cherian, S. 2004. Terrorism and Legal Policy in India. Fautlline. Volume 15. South Asia Terrorism Portal. Dutta, S.S. Koppikar and D. Mitra. 2008. The Armies of the Night. Outlook. (December 15). Singh, D.R.K.J. 2008. India Defence Year Book. 12th edition, Delhi: Natraj Publisher. Phares, W. 2009. Strategic analysis of the Mumbai attacks: Ram, S. 2002. Tackling Insurgency and Terrorism. New Delhi, India: Dhume, S. 2008. India’s Counter terrorism Failings. Wall Street Journal Asia. (July 28).

19 Human Security and Present World Worder: A Simplistic View Biswajit Barman* “The world can never be at peace unless people have security in their daily lives “

Introduction Security is the essential for Human beings all over the world. Human security is concerned with safeguarding and expanding people’s vital freedoms. It requires both protecting people from ticklish and Extending threats and empowering people to take charge of their own lives. Today Human security is an emerging paradigm for realisation worldwide defenceless . Human security express a people-centred and multi-disciplinary understanding of security. The concept of human security represents a powerful, but controversial, attempt by sections of the academic and policy community to redefine and broaden the meaning of security. United nations Declarations of Human rights (1948) is a big pillar of the Human Security. According to former General Secretary of UN , Kofi Annan (2001 )- Human Security can no longer be understood in purely military terms. Rather it must encompass economic development, social justice, environmental protection, democratization, disarmament, respect for Human rights....moreover this pillars are interrelated; progress in one area generates professor in another.

* M Phil Research Scholar, Raiganj University, West Bengal

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Objective of the Study This study mainly focus on emerging concept of Human Security in global world order. To find out the relevance of Human Security in Developing society. To Find out the initiative of UNOs protection on human security .

What is Human Security? The notion of Human Security , it is a difficult task to define. Many researchers have gave definition in different type of Human Security. Now we will learn about some definitions. In 1994 UNDP statement by Human security can be said to have two main aspects. It means, first, safety from such chronic threats as hunger, dis- ease and repression. And second, it means protection from sudden and hurtful disruptions in the patterns of daily life- whether in homes, in jobs or in communities. Such threats can exist at all levels of national income and development. According to Mahbub ul Haq (1995) ,Human security is not a concern with weapons. It is a concern with human dignity. In the last analysis, it is a child who did not die, a disease that did not spread, an ethnic tension that did not explode, a dissident who was not silenced, a human spirit that was not crushed. For Canada, human security means freedom from pervasive threats to people’s rights, safety or lives policy, Canada has chosen to focus its human security agenda on promoting safety for people by protecting them from threats of violence. Through its for- ... (Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Canada) 2000) The concept of human security had better be confined to freedom from fear of man-made physical violence, also referred to as direct, personal violence . A broader understanding of human security as freedom from structural violence will undermine the clarity of the notion and make it difficult to develop priorities and devise effective policy responses. (Sverre Lodgaard 2000) in essence of Human Security is , an effort to construct a global Society. where the safety of the individual is at the centre of international priorities and a motivating force for international action. UN commission on Human Security (2003) stated that the objective of Human Security is to safeguard the vital core of all human lives in ways that enhance human freedoms and human fulfilment.

Scope of Human Security The 1994 UNDP Human Development Report defined the scope of human security to include seven areas:

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1. Economic securityEconomic security’s theme is assuring a basic income for individuals, usually from productive and remunerative work, or, in the last resort, from some publicly financed safety net. 2. Food securityFood security means ensuring that all people at all times have both physical and economic access to basic food. 3. Health securityHealth security means guaranteeing a minimum protection from diseases and unhealthy lifestyles. 4. Environmental securityEnvironmental security refers to shielding people from the shortand long-term ravages of nature, man-made threats in nature, and deterioration of the natural As environment. 5. Personal securityPersonal security’s theme is protecting people from physical violence, whether from the state or external states, from violent individuals / sub-state factors, from domestic abuse, or from predatory adults. 6. Community securityWe do understand of Community security, safeguarding people from the loss of traditional relationships and values, and from sectarian and ethnic violence. Next 7. Political security— Political security means ensuring that people live in a society that honours their basic human rights, and that individuals and groups are free from government attempts to exercise control over ideas and information.

Key Points of Human Security a. In its broader sense, human security is distinguished by three elements: (1) its focus on the individual/people as the referent object of security; (2) its multidimensional nature; (3) its universal or global scope, applying to states and societies of both the North and the South. b. The concept of human security has been influenced by the rejection of economic growth as the main indicator of development and by the accompanying notion of ‘human development as empowerment of people. c. It also reflects the rising incidence of internal conflicts and civil wars and the impact of globalization in spreading transnational

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challenges such as environmental degradation, pandemics, forced migration, and the post-cold war emphasis on human rights and humanitarian intervention. d. The concept of human security offers a powerful example of how concepts and approaches developed from non-Western contexts and by non-Western scholars can have significant global impact and enrich the theory and practice of international relations, development, and security, laying the basis for a Global International Relations (Global IR).

The Key Trends in these Challenges to Human Security While extreme poverty in the world has declined, with the world’s population living at or below $1.90 day dropping from 37 per cent in 1990 and 44 per cent in 1981 to 12.7 per cent in 2012 (World Bank 2015), there were 6.3 million deaths among children under the age of five in 2013 (WHO 2014). More than 34 million people have died from HIV-related causes, with a global death rate of about 1.2 million people in 2014 alone (World Health Organization, HIV/AIDS, Fact Sheet No. 360, July 2015). . Deaths from tuberculosis fell by 47 per cent between 1990 and 2015, but in 2014, it still produced 9.6 million illnesses and 1.5 million deaths. Low- and middle-income countries account for over 95 per cent of tuberculosis deaths (WHO ‘Tuberculosis’ 2015). • Almost half of the world’s population-some 3.2 billion peopleare at risk of malaria. Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for 89 per cent of malaria cases and 91 per cent of malaria deaths (WHO ‘Malaria’ 2015). The recent Ebola outbreak in West Africa claimed 11,314 lives (although this could be an underestimate) in its first 19 months after it was reported in March 2014 in six countries: Liberia, Guinea, Sierra Mapping the outbreak’, 6 November 2015). Leone, Nigeria, the US, and Mali (BBC News ‘Ebola: • Other major pandemics include the 2003 SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) outbreak in Asia, the 2009 HINI swine flu’ outbreak, which killed more than 18,000 people, and the 2012 Middle-East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-COV) outbreak, which infected 1,179 people in 25 countries and caused 442 death. The director general of WHO warns that the world is ill prepared for sever and sustained disease.

Conclusion: The concept of Human Security is very much important to international peace and cooperation for Human beings. The right to security of persons is a fundamental human right. Together with

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a right to life and liberty. Human society em­phasizes the need to strengthen empowerment of the citizens. Achievement of human society requires a global political culture that is founded on shared values of human dignity and human right. Human security is a people-centered approach which has gained considerable attention in recent years. Because it is founded on the fundamental principle of the centrality of the individual, it is a concept that is likely to stay permanently in the international dialogue. As the world becomes more conscious of its interconnectedness and as human beings recognize their responsibilities to each other in the “global village”, the concept of human security is bound to find increasing application and wider adherence. “Not until the creation and maintenance of decent conditions of life for all people are recognized and accepted as a common obligation of all people and all countries -- not until then shall we, with a certain degree of justification, be able to speak of humankind as civilized.” — Albert Einstein, 1945 Notes and References BAYLIS, JOHN ; SMITH, STEVE AMD OWENS,PATRICIA(ED.) (2017).THE GLOBALISATION OF THE WORLD POLITICS, AN INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS , OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2. https://www.sociologydiscussion.com/human-security/humansecurity-concept-and-challenges-sociology/13517 3. https://www.e-ir.info/2016/02/29/the-significance-of-the-humansecurity-paradigm-in-international-politics/ 4. https://walterdorn.net/23-human-security-an-overview 5. Human Security Hand Book ,United nations trust fund , United Nations, January 2016 6. Human Security: concepts and practice, online at http://mpra.ub.unimuenchen.de/2478/ MPRA Paper No 2178, posted 07 Nowmber 2007/0230 7. Francisco ROJAS ARAVENA; Human security: emerging concept of security in the twenty-first century ,2002 8. h t t p s : / / e n . m . w i k i p e d i a . o r g / w i k i / H u m a n _ security#:~:text=Human%20security%20is%20an%20 emerging,human%20rather%20than%20national%20level 9. https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/ 10. h t t p s : / / w w w . b r i t a n n i c a . c o m / t o p i c / h u m a n security#:~:text=Human%20security%2C%20approach%20 to%20national,complex%20social%20and%20economic%20 interactions.&text=The%20concept%20of%20human%20 1.

security,the%20security%20of%20the%20state

20 The Face-Off in Galwan: Interpreting India-China Border Dispute Udaya Kumar Giri* Somnath Pal** Introduction “As the International system confronts the political realities of a new century; the two emerging powers of Asia, India, and China continue a long and tangled relationship. There was a continuous border conflict between the two countries starting from independence”. The major areas like Ladakh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh are the hotspot of border conflict between the two countries. The ideological differences, strategic cultures, domestic circumstances, international environment, and Chinese exponist nature are the main reason behind the border conflict between the two countries (Frazer, 2004). At the same time, two Asian giants India China share a common past of colonial history with a cordial relationship but by the passing of time, their relationship witness’s continuous conflict and mistrust. Starting from 1947 to now the relationship is characterized as cordial initially and conflict in a later period (Jagannath P Panda, 2017). Over the past decades, the relationship between India – China witnessed a high level of complexity. In the twenty-first century, in a globalized world, both countries continuously suffer from mistrust and conflict. Two Asian neighboring nations India and China sharing

* Research Scholar, M.Phil. in International Politics, Center for International Politics, School of International Studies, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat ** Research Scholar, M. Phil. in Political Science, Department of Social Science, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, Odisha,

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a common past of colonial precaution and won the autonomy of decision making at about the same time. Since independence, they have crossed many paths starting from very intake bonhomie manifested in the “Hindi China Bhai Bhai” slogan to a bitter revelry in the aftermath of war. According to the archaeological and historical report, both the countries had bilateral religious and economic ties stretched back to the first century AD when trade and pilgrimage flourished through Silk Road Corridor and there is the transformation of Buddhist religious practice. (Wojczewski, 2016).  On the other hand, their cordial relationship witnessed with the sign of “Panchsheel” five principles of peaceful co-existence between Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Chinese primer Zhou Enlai. Nevertheless, though both countries have a glorious past until there is some territorial and border conflict. It is because of the Chinese dream to become a world leader both economically and territorially in Asia as well in the world there is border conflict between two countries starting from Aksai Chin to Ladakh. So the present paper deals with elaborating the border conflict between India- China and gives special reference to face off at Galwan, in the Ladakh.

Conceptual Framework Aristotle the father of political science has rightly said “Sate is a living organism” to survive it must have to grow. In a nutshell, it is defined that like human beings there is a gradual process of growth from birth to death, like that state being a human-created institution should have to grow to survive. It is not wondering to say that the Indian China border stand-off can only be understood by this premise. Being a living organism China should not want to leave behind its territorial expansion at the same time India does so. Starting from the time of independence to now China made this the only mantra for survival. As a result of this, there is a continuous and ongoing border standoff between India and China has witnessed. Although Historically it is seen both the countries have a glorious past of friendship and mutual co-operation and both share a common heritage of colonialism with the presence of cultural and religious transformation. But with the coming of Red China into power, the relationship transfers from cooperation to continuous confrontation. Again their relationship can only be understood by the “Mandal theory” of Kautilya. As Kautilya has rightly said that “every immediate neighboring state is an enemy, the state next to the neighbor’s state will be the enemy of the enemy. In the simplest sense it is said that alternate states are enemies of each other” . for instance it can be said that two odd numbers can be a friend means one and three can become a friend

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but the one odd number and one even number can not become a friend. By taking this premise being India as a strong neighbor of China in Asia and being a strong challenger in south Asia China always wants to dominate India both economically and territorially. As a result of this, it will become a world Guru and the boundary of China will expand. So the Mandal theory is also witnessed in China’s Relation with The SAARC Countries. It is a strategic narrative of China that it wants to make a cordial relationship with the neighboring countries using economic help. So that India will be one alone, and China will become the strongest one by getting support from a neighbor of India.  

Objectives This paper mainly focuses on understanding the geopolitical existence of the border between India-China. At the same time, it also focuses on explaining the history of the India-China border conflict. Lastly, it wants to focus on the India China border conflict at Galwan vally of East Ladakh.   

Methodology The proposed study will be based on the historical, descriptive, and analytical review of the data collected both from primary and secondary sources. The analytical study of the available sources is conducted in light of the rapidly changing world politics. The study will also undertake all the new developments taking place all over the world and their impacts on the relations between New Delhi and Beijing to make an empirical examination with a keen observance. Apart from the available secondary sources like- books, journals, newspapers, periodicals, etc. The Primary Source of Data includes such as- official documents, parliamentary documents, UN documents, ministry of external affairs documents, etc, and the secondary source of data are-journal articles, newspaper editorial, news coverage, periodicals, books. This will give a more accurate view of the subject.

Analysis Geopolitical History of Ladakh and Demarked Boundary between India and China: According to the history in 1834 Tranquil and sea neck Ladakh annex with the Sikh Dynasty of Maharaja Ranjeet Singh. In 1846 Jammu and Kashmir became a princely state and Ladakh comes under the control of the British. After Independence in 1947 October, 26th Ladakh becomes a part of Indian territory and comes under the Jammu and Kashmir region of India. But the disturbance emerges with the India China war 1962 and the result is 30 km of land from Ladakh that is

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known as Aksai Chin comes under the control of China. The stress relationship again doubled with the territorial agreement between Pakistan and China after Julfikar Ali Bhutto became the foreign minister of Pakistan and he provides 5180 square km of the territory of India occupied by Pakistan to China out of which 4300 square km of land comes under the Ladakh region. (Lall, 1989) It can be notified that there is around 16 dispute spot starting from Ladakh to Arunachal Pradesh in between India and China. The major dispute spot, particularly in Ladakh, are Demechock, Chumar, Tring heights, Damchele, Pangong Tso, Spanggur cap(Rajdeep Sardesai, 20 June). India Shares 4557 Kilometer of land with China and that is divided into three sectors. From the eastern sector, it shares 1327 K.M of boundary that includes Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh with China. From the middle sector, it shares 554 kilometers of land that includes Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh with China and in the eastern sector, it shares 2176 Kilometer of land that includes Ladakh. With this, there is also the existence of LAC(Line of Actual Control) that includes 520 Kilometer of land. India officially accepted the Mac Mohan line as the boundary between India-China after the 1914 Simla Agreement with Independent Tibet but still, China doesn’t recognize this boundary.

History of India China Border Conflict The India–China boundary is usually trifurcated intro three segments – the Western Sector (covering proximate areas of the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir with Tibet, and also the segment which technically is now Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, with Sinkiang), the Middle sector (proximate areas of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh with Tibet), and the Eastern sector (the proximate areas of Arunachal Pradesh with Tibet), (Joy Thomas Karkatu, 2014). With the occupation of Tibet on 23 May 1951 Chinese pave the way to enter into the northeast and northern region of India. Thereafter the border conflict begins and for the first time witness in 1959 when China publishes its faulty map and claims Arunachal Pradesh and Ladakh come under its territory (Karcatu, 2014).  Instead both the countries signed an agreement of peaceful coexistence in 1954 but due to China’s illegal construction of a highway at Aksai chin and India’s forward policy, India China war fought on 20th October 1962 (Sheru Thapliyal, 2018). During this war, China overwhelmed 7 infantry Brigade deployed on the Namka-Chu River in Western Arunachal Pradesh and launched massive offensives both in Ladakh as well as Arunachal Pradesh. At last, after fulfilling its objectives it announces a unilateral ceasefire on 20th November

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1962. In 1967 another border conflict witnesses in Nathu La region of Sikkim where troops of both the side come eye to eye and the result is 85 Indian soldiers and 300 Chinese soldiers have passed their life. With this, on September 10 India decided to fetch this border with three layers of the barbed line but Chinese troops protest against it. After the diplomatic conversation on both the side on September 14 both the countries want to unilateral ceasefire (Sushant Singh, 2018). In 1897 another border conflict took place in Arunachal Pradesh and Twan region. The dispute started with the argument that China claims this region as its territory, on the other side, India does so. Both the countries deploy their forces and thereafter conflict started. But after a strong discussion at the diplomat level, conflict was solved and the era of rapprochement started and continued till 2013(Hongzhou Zhang and Mingjiang Li, 2013). In April 2013, another border conflict witness between two countries over their Himalayan border where India accused Chinese troops of having crossed the Line of Actual Control (LAC) by setting up camp in Indian-claimed territory. In response, Indian forces set up their camp 300 meters opposite the Chinese facility. Initially, China attempted to play down the tensions by denying the allegations (Ahemad, 2015). 

The Face-off Between India-China at Galwan The Galwan river flows from the Aksai Chin that is a part of India as well as China towards Ladakh. In actuality, this river originates in the area of Samzungling on the eastern side of the Karakoram Range. (Ajaya, 2020). At the same time, the Chinese Foreign Ministry Claims that the entire Galwan river is located on the Chinese side of the Line of Actual control and so also red China claims the sole sovereignty over the Galwan river. (Krishnan, 2020). Where both the countries claim this region as comes under their territory, China plays a bolshie by creating a highway on the LAC without interpreting India. Thereafter started the conflict between the two countries. China has greater importance of Galwan vally because by controlling the entire region of Glawan vally, China wanted to dominate the Shyok route passes that are close to the River. If China fails to do so then India will get an opportunity to use the river vally to enter the Aksai Chin Plateau and which will be a threat to Chinese Existence (Rohit, 2020). Again this policy of China continued with the bloodshed struggle between the Indian Army and PLA at Galawan valley of Ladakh. It is because China always claims that from finger 2 to finger 8 regions of LAC comes under Chinese control. So it continuously built a tent in the finger 2 region which is the eastern part of Ladakh under Indian Territory and India continuously opposed it. On 6th June 2020, a

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bilateral discussion was made between two counties and the result is Chinese troops remove their tent from the finger 2 region of Lac. After passing few days Chinese troops again built their tent in finger 2 region, to make a discussion with Chinese troops, Indian 16 Bihar regiments cornel Babu along with 35 Indian shoulders went on 15th June 2020 but in this spot, the Chinese troops are changed and they are in an aggressive mood. After the disagreement of not to remove tent by Chinese troops, Indian shoulder burnt their tent. After that continuous stone-throwing and firing took place by the Chinese troops as a result 40 Indian shoulders died in the Galwan river of Ladakh. There is not any data on how many Chinese tropes are passes their life.

Conclusion At the end of the analysis, it is concluded that before red China and the early part of red China, the relationship between the two countries defined as mutually cooperative. But with the coming of Maozednog, five finger policy that includes three major parts of India comes under Chinese territory problems started between two Asian Giants. Thereafter the result is border conflict between two nations in 1962, 1967,2013,2020. Instead of having a lot of agreement for confidence-building measure still, there is not witnessed of any cordial relationship. The bloodshed of 15th June 2020 brings a lot of challenges to their mutual friendship. It is because of the absence of any demarked boundary, Chinese dream to become a world guru not only in Asia but also in India China always eying towards India, as India is one of the biggest competitors of China in Asia. In a nutshell, it can be said that there is the necessity for mutual discussion both at the ministerial and diplomatic level to bring a tension free relation between the two nations.    Notes and References 1.

Ahemad. (2020, May 30). Delhi is unlikely to opt for an escalation with China that affects its economy. The Indian Express. https://indianexpress. com/article/opinion/columns/india-China-border-disputearmy-6433680/ 2. Ajaya, L. (2020, June 20). India-China border clash: Is China modifying the Galwan Valley geography? The Financial Express.  https://www. financialexpress.com/defence/india-China-border-clash-is-Chinamodifying-the-galwan-valley-geography/1997888/ 3. Krishnan, A. (2020, June 21). The Hindu Explains | Who does Galwan Valley belong to? The Hindu.  https://www.thehindu.com/news/ national/the-hindu-explains-who-does-galwan-valley-belong-to/ article31879418.ece

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6.

7. 8.

9.

Lall, J. (1989). Maps and Traditional Boundaries of Ladakh. China Report, 25(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/000944558902500101 Rajdeep Sardesai. (20 June). (2077) The History Of Ladakh And IndiaChina Dispute | In-Depth With Rajdeep Sardesai—YouTube  [Vedio content]. India Today Prime Report. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=L1LXeKKNav8&t=346s Rohit Vats New, June 18, 2020UPDATED:, & Ist, 2020 14:43. (n.d.). Ladakh standoff: A deep dive into Galwan Valley where India, China are confronting. India Today. Retrieved January 1, 2021, from https://www.indiatoday. in/india/story/india-China-border-faceoff-exclusive-maps-pangongtso-ladakh-galwan-1688727-2020-06-13 Sheru Thapliyal. “1962 War: A Critical Analysis.” Indian defense Review.  Indian Defence Review (blog), March 30, 2018. http://www. indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/1962-war-a-critical-analysis/ Sushant Singh. “India-China Border Dispute: What Happened in Nathu La in 1967?” The Indian Express (blog), June 18, 2020. https:// indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-happened-innathu-la-in-1967-india-China-border-dispute-6462532/ Wojczewski, T. (2016). China’s rise as a strategic challenge and opportunity: India’s China discourse and strategy. India Review,  15(1), 22–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/14736489.2015.1092748

21 Refugee Crisis: A Challenge Before Humanity Dr. Shaikh M A Raheman Bagwan* If Humanity dies, what’s left on the earth? A wasteland of demons full of burning hearth Life is worthless death dances on the ghost’s birth Innocent yelling for aid scandalous live in mirth If Humanity dies, what’s left on the earth?1 (Shaikh M. A. Raheman) Literature is a dynamic socio-cultural discourse which depicts human realities with its nuances and subtlety. It is a source of pleasure at the same time it also touches upon highly grim and gloomy issues of human life. At times it pains deeply causing tears in the eyes of the sensitive and sensible people. It deals with all the physical and metaphysical concerns of human life. It not only takes us away into the fictional world of the author but at times makes us realize the grave and gloomy realities of life. It is at times more realistic than reality and more fictional than imagination. It is an effective medium that interrogates certain socio-culturally, geo-politically and religiously adopted traditions and perspectives that govern human behavior and psyche leading to either constructive and positive transformation or violence, destruction and annihilation. It also challenges and subverts these notions and demands holistic and harmonizing social order. So, a literary piece of work is not simply printed words on the white page but they also unlock infinite shades of human life its passions, feelings, hope and hopelessness so on and so forth. Printed words tell the tales of sorrows and happiness.

* Department of English, Shri Shivaji College, Parbhani, Maharashtra

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These days, by and large, the area of literature has ever been expanding including innumerable issues dealing with every aspect of society directly and indirectly and surfacing those ambivalent and confronting problems affecting the very existence of not only human life but also ecology. Hence, in the present time, the function of literature is very crucial as it has become the voice for many neglected and silenced groups of the large society in the world. Although there is great number of disputes that literature discourses at length yet there are some highly sensitive hitches which demand an urgent attention and one of them is the problems related to the war affected people including women, old people and small children who have been forcefully dislocated in unknown regions of the world. This chapter is an attempt to throw light upon the war and violence affected innocent people who have been lynched, tortured and forced to migrate into unknown directions and geographical areas and how these people fight for their dignified existence but they are denied all the essential things to survive. Currently the world is gong through unimaginable crises and the world has realized the fact that how humans are helpless before the force of nature. There are many challenges cropping up every day and man has no solution to tackle them effectively. The humanity has been threatened and is on the verge of the end. One of such challenges is the crisis of the refugees in the world. This is an analysis of my own poem entitled The Broken Star… I have tried to take into account some of the countries wherein majority of innocent people including small children, old people and women have been tortured and forced to flee their own homelands. Over 60 million refugees are there in the world as a result of war, conflict and persecution. The Syrian Refugee Crisis:-The Syrian refugee crisis remains one of the largest humanitarian crises since the end of World War II. The number of refugees who have fled the country now exceeds five million, including more than 2.4 million children. Syrian went against the government of Basher Al Assad in 2011, but the first three months of 2017 saw more than 250,000 additional Syrians, according to refugee Agency, UNHCR. Families are struggling to survive inside Syria. Those who are trying hard to get shelter in other European countries are denied. They have lost their nationality and are in search of their identity. Dead bodies of men, women and small babies have seen on the sea shores. For more of the refuges, the journey of displacement has been desperate one filled with trails that are extreme on women and children. It has been a very painful reality on the planet.

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The Rohingya Muslim Refugee Crisis: - Currently in Myanmar, the stateless people that have been denied citizenship despite it being their homeland for generations, have faced continuous hardship and persecution forcing hundreds of thousands to seek asylum in neighboring regions. The current population of 1.3 million Rohingya’s that reside in the Rakhine State formerly Arakan are denied education and civil service jobs as well as continuous ill-treatment and torture, which has been described by UN officials as an unfolding ethnic cleansing of this people. The Congo Refugee Crisis:- According to the BBC, the Democratic Republic of the Congo has suffered from political instability and violence since its independence in 1960. From 1997 to 2003, the country experienced a violent civil war. The extreme level of violence and human rights abuses in the eastern DRC have caused thousands to flee the area. The fighting has been going on to control the resources, but at the cost of precious human lives. It involves political powers to make the innocent women and children flee their homelands. More than a million people displaced in less than a year, thousands killed and dumped in mass graves. The suffering of the refugees go on endlessly. The Afghanistan Refugee Crisis: The second highest number of refugees come from Afghanistan (2.6 million) followed by Somalia (1.1million). The largest refugee- hosting country worldwide is Turkey with 1.84 million. Within Europe Germany hosts largest number of refugees (1 million). These are some of the countries where the issue of refugees has been painful. This is a challenge before the world to resolve the predicament of the refuges in the world. There have been several grounds on which this crisis seems to have emerged like economy, religion, caste, race, politics, color, culture and so many other reasons are there. But, the researcher is more interested to look at the terrible conditions of the displaced people including old, women and small children. As we all are aware of the fact that literature is metaphorical. It has an implied meaning. Hence, the poem may sound different shades of meaning. But the poem was composed during the Syrian civil war and as a result of that how innocent people running here and there protecting themselves from the monsters, the enemies of humanity. A broken star surrounded By hatred and violence Hanging in the vacuum Struggling with itself For dignified existence.(Shaikh: 02)

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These lines indicate the sorrowful condition of the displaced people especially small children and women. The life of people has been crushed down by the selfish powerful political leaders for their personal benefits. The refugees have parted with their own homeland. They are tortured, women are raped and small children are left to die. They strive and long for existence but they are denied their natural right to survive. It is chased by violence, bloodsheds, Fears and wars; unaware of causes, Running into unknown directions Losing its nears and dears, Searching for an inch space, but denied. (Shaikh: 02) Innocent women and small children run here and there safety. The monsters who are devils in the form of human beings killing people with bullets and bombs. The refugees flee their countries to other countries for shelter but denied tagged as terrorists. They are being treated as animals. Its sufferings will go on, Till the ruthless vultures Satiate their hunger and thirst For temporal pompous powers Dancing on dead bodies, they eat flesh and drink blood. Humanity is wounded, dumb and mute By selfish, crooked and dark desires Who will mend them? Who will end sufferings? God or Lucifer or some incarnations? (Shaikh: 03) The poet seems to be negative about the endless suffering of the refugees. The world leaders are not that much concerned about the plight of these refugees. On the other hand they are politicizing the issue. Until their vested interest are fulfilled so called leaders will not stop persecution of refugees. The problem of refugees has been of the serious conflict and it requires an immediate solution before it takes a horrible form.There is another highly painful poem by an Nigerian novelist and poet entitled ‘Refugee Mother and Child’.The poet describes the bitter hardship in Biafra during its civil war with Nigeria. The poet sees starvation and diseases in the refugee camp. Old men, women and small children die regularly. Nobody is there to look after them. The poet examines one case where one mother did care and continued to treat her child as if he would live. The poet describes the painful situation in the refugee camp:

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The air was heavy with odours Of diarrhoea of unwashed children With washed out ribs and dried up Bottoms struggling in laboured Steps behind blown empty bellies (Achebe: 101) This is an appealing picture of the refugees who had been cut off their homeland. They were displaced and had no food to eat and proper drinking water to drink, unfortunately, there were pregnant women who delivered their babies and those newly born babies and their mothers had no medical access. They even did not have enough water to bathe their babies and mothers. Therefore, the air became very filthy. Women had a lot labour pains but there was not a single doctor to look after them. Newly born babies died as their mothers could not feed them milk. This is the reality of the refugee people who have been denied basic human needs, and how innocent babies and women die. The poet further observes: Most mothers there had long ceased To care but not this one; she held A ghost smile between her teeth And in her eyes the ghost of a mother’s Pride as she combed the rust coloured Hair left on his skull and thenSinging in her eyes- began carefully To part it…(Achebe: 101) The poet Chinua Achebe presents a painful picture of the refugees in Africa in the above lines trying to draw the attention of the so called leaders of the world to this crisis and also hinting at the future dangers if the solution to the problem is not sought quickly.

Conclusion The world is going through tough times, there are deadly calamities threatening the very existence of human civilization. It is true that all these natural and human made disasters are the outcomes of human activities. The origin of this worldly catastrophic situation lies in the selfish mottoes of the rich nations which are trying to control the world. The refugee crisis has become one of the most dangerous challenges before the world. This crisis has several dimensions at times this pains and it has also raised the serious issue of national and international security. There is a need to deal with this problem rather

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in a humanitarian way. Every human being deserves his or dwelling on the earth. Notes and References 1. 2. 3. 4.

(2015) UNHCR: Mid-Year Trends Report (2017) Eurostat: News Release Dr. Shaikh, M A. Raheman. (2018) The Broken Star and Pains of Humanity: Newman Publication, Aurangabad. ( all the quotes taken from these poems.) Achebe, Chinua. Refugee Mother and Child. Edt. The Spectrum: McMilan Publishers, India 2013.

22 A Brief Analysis of Problems of Terrorism, Naxalism, Regionalism and Linguistics with Reference to India Saraj Lama* Introduction We know that most of countries of the world have been becoming the victims of the terrorist attacks last for few decades. In respect of this fact, it can be said that India is one of the countries of the world that suffered from the most frequent terrorist attacks, as well as thousands of people lost their lives in terrorist gun fire or in blasting. As a consequence of it, people feel insecure to move anywhere. However; presently, Terrorism has become a serious concern in the entire world. But in respect of India, it is seriously confronting with the issues of Terrorism, Naxalism, Regionalism and Linguistics. All these issues are the main hindrances to the path of the development for the democratic country. Until and unless these issues are completely being solved till then the prosperity will not reach the zenith and people of the country will be the victims of the various kinds of the issues. The country will surely go poor to poorer. So, in full swing the government should try to set its country free from the all type of issues that come from the inside or outside that which may be threats to its sovereignty.

Terrorism in India Terrorism in India has become a serious issue for its security. In India, mainly terrorist attack stepped up its foot in the year 1980 June 8th in

* Assistant Teacher, Mathabhanga Vivekananda Mathabhanga Coochbehar, West Bengal

Vidyamandir,

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Tripura which is called as Mandal massacre. In this attack, 500 people lost their lives. Thus, terrorism started spreading its scourge all over India challenging India’ defense power and threatening its security measures too (An Article sighting mandal massace).

Major Terrorist Attacks in India 1. Bombay [presently-Mumbai] Blasting in the year 1993: It was one of the lethal terrorist attacks which resulted in killing around 257 people and more than 700 people were seriously injured and estimated damages approximately 27 crores. In this year, a series of 13 bomb blastings was caused in which the most iconic buildings were destroyed. Dawood Ibrahim was the mastermind in this serial bombing in Bombay. 2. Terrorist Attack in the parliament of India 2001: It was the day of 13th December of 2001 which witnessed a very noxious moment in the history of India. In this terrorist attack, main victims were from Delhi police personnel, a women from Central Reserve police [CRPF],2 parliament watch and ward staff and a gardener and also a journalist who was seriously injured but later died. In this cross fire between Terrorists, and India security force 5 terrorists were shot dead.Lashkare-Taiba and Jaish-e- Mohammed were the principal accused in connection with the attack in the parliament as per the security agency report of India. According to the reports, a note along with 3 AK-47 rifles, magazines and UBGL grenades were recovered from the site of the occurrence. 3. Bomb Blasting in the year of 2005 in Delhi: In the year 2005, 29th October, in the capital of India-Delhi was seriously rocked by a series of explosions caused by the terrorist group of Lashkare-e- Taiba. Terrorist gang mainly targetted crowd markets and city areas to blast the bombs. In these series of blasts around 66 persons lost their live and more than 200 persons were injured. The blasts mainly took place sarojini Nagar, paharganj (goyel, 2020). Causes of terrorism in India Behind the growth of terrorism in India several factors are responsible; those are mentioned below step by step1. Religious Causes: The Religion is one of the causes of the terrorism in India. Generally, it can be said that in Punjab it was felt that Sikhs were ignored in Indian Society .As a consequence of it, there was an armed movement in the year of 1980 and later turned into violence and sought independence from the Indian Union.Babbar Khalsa, a sikh terrorist group blew up Air India Aircraft in 1985 killing the innocent passengers, thus they

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spewed up their grievances to the government .Really, that was truly a heart-rendering incident in India. In Jammu and Kashmir, mainly Muslims belonging to different organizations that was created to terrify and also seeking to be merged with Pakistan in respect of religion and demanding for religious polarization for muslims which is not healthy for the democracy. Thus, Terrorism is growing in Indian Soils in name of magnifying their religious perspectives. 2. Political Causes: Political cause is also a major factor behind the growth of terrorism in India. Mainly in Assam and Tripura, the government of that concerned states have not been able to control a large scale of illegal immigration of Muslims from Bangladesh and were also unable to fulfill the demand of economic benefits for the sons and daughters of the soil. As a consequence of it, the actual habitants of those states went against the government. 3. Ethnic causes: Feelings of ethnic separateness are another cause of the terrorism in India which was mainly found in the northern states of India such as-Nagaland, Mizoram and Manipur – Terrorist Group like ULFA etc 4. Economic Causes: Behind the growth of terrorism in India economic cause is another cause that leads the exploited people to take up the arms against the Government. It is mainly found in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal ect (Butler).

Naxalism in India Naxalism in India became headlines in the year of 1967 mainly in the state of West Bengal. Later it gradually spread in the several states of India.Naxalism follows Maoist ideology as well as claims itself as legacy of the communist party of India and makes an effort to get their rights using force against the Government.

Responsible Factors behind the Emergence of Naxalism 1. Issues related to mismanagement of forest Land 2. Issues of Implementation of Government policies related to tribal people 3. Issues related to the growing of inter and intra regional disparities 4. Issues related to lack of proper land reforms for the interest of the peasants and absence of industrialization (ANWAR, 2017). Presently, Naxalism is in form of Maoism in India. It can be said that issues of Naxalism or Maoism can be solved by the Government by fulfilling their demands.Naxalism or Maoism are not the terrorist group, they are the followers of the particular ideology for the right of

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the common men. Ideology of Naxalism or Maoism cannot die rather those ideologies will survive the more day exploitations, oppressions and domination will be continued.

Regionalism in India There are various reasons for its emergence of Regionalism in Indian Politics such as: 1. Language Language is an major factor of integrating people. Although, the demand of linguistic states has been decreased now, though the regional conflicts keep rising in the interest of language. Therefore, the problem of determining the national language of India has been an issue for a long time. Orissa Province became the first Indian state (pre-independence) organized on a linguistic basis due to the effort of Madhusudan Das who is considered as the Father of Oriya nationalism. Post-independence, the first state created on a linguistic basis was Andhra in 1953, created out of the Telugu-speaking northern parts of Madras State. 2. Religion It is also one of the important factors behind the growth of regionalism in India. For instance,The demand of three autonomous states in Jammu & Kashmir is mainly based on religion. The bases for their demands are- Kashmir for Muslim dominated, Jammu for Hindu dominated and laddakh for Buddhism dominated region. The spirit of self religion provokes for the growth of regionalism. 3. Regional Culture In Indian context the historical or regional culture considered the prime components of regionalism. The historical and cultural components interpret regionalism by way of cultural heritage, folklore, myths, symbolism and historical traditions. The North-east states were created on the basis of cultural aspect. 4. Economic Backwardness It is also major factors for the regionalism in India because the uneven pattern of socioeconomic development has created regional disparities. The categorization and sub-categorization of the states on the basis of socioeconomic indicators have generated resentment against the central leadership. Under the planned development, the differences between agriculture, industry and other infrastructural development encourage the regionalism (ANWAR, Do you know the reasons behind the birth of Regionalism in India, 2018).

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Problems of Linguistics India itself seems to have about whether Hindi is the national language or the official language, or both. Technically, according to the Constitution of India, Hindi is only the official language. In actuality, it seems that Indian leaders at the time of independence thought of Hindi more as the national language. According to Das Gupta (1970, p.36),If the framers of the Constitution of India took care to choose one single “official language,” the status of this category has not always come out clearly in the political and social deliberations in India. A good deal of semantic confusion has persisted from the very first demands for national language during the early phase of nationalist struggle. A lack of appreciation of the complexity is governing the question of a national language in a multilingual society that can be discerned in the speeches and writing of the leaders and intellectuals during this phase of Indian nationalism. These leaders rarely drew a distinction between the categories of common language, national language, and official language. They tended to use these as interchangeable categories.Truly,this “semantic confusion” seems to exist to the present day, for even in books regarding the language issue, one finds Hindi being referred to as both the national language and the official language. Also, while the participants in the discussions for the most part understood the difference between national and official, they still considered Hindi as one or the other or both. This certainly stems from the way Hindi was formally labeled an official language but was simultaneously forwarded in a nationalistic manner. If it must be defined, Hindi is an official language which aspires to be national. Some might argue that even though it is not officially recognized as the national language, Hindi does enjoy that status. After all, it is the most widely spoken language in India with the most geographically diverse population of speakers. However, this cannot change the fact that vast regions of India have little or no knowledge of Hindi, and some are quite opposed to its dominance. (Baldridge, 1996).

Conclusion In conclusion, it can be said that behind the slow development in India Terrorism, Naxalism, Regionalism and Linguistics are the major causes. India is one of the countries of the world that is confronting with the lots of internal as well as external issues that leads India to very slow growth in every aspect of its development measures. Until and unless these issues are not completely solved till then the fullfledged development of India cannot be expected. We know that “a baby plant needs protection, water, manure, observation and proper maintenance to grow smoothly if disturbance comes during growing

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then it will not grow rather it dies like that if a country confronts with the lots of issues frequently during its growth then a country will surely go beyond the range of the development. First of all, the government should take a stiff action to make its country free from all types of issues that threaten its progress, security and sovereignty then a proper development can be expected’’. Notes and References 1. 2.

5.

An Article sighting mandal massace. (n.d.). ANWAR, S. (2018, june 6). Do you know the reasons behind the birth of Regionalism in India. ANWAR, S. (2017, May 23). Naxalism and its Causes. Baldridge, J. (1996). Reconciling Linguistic Diversity:The History and the Future of Language Policy in India. Butler, T. (n.d.). WHAT CAUSES TERRORISM?

6.

goyel, s. (2020, May 21). List of 8 major terror attacks that shook India.

3. 4.

23 COVID-19 and United Nations Approach to Peacekeeping Ananta Gopal Sing* Introduction ‘Peacekeeping’ term has been highly dynamic in nature because facing new challenges, not guarantee because of its definition most physically and problematic environment. It has a unique global partnership, it builds a merge of Security Council, General Assembly, the secretariat, police contributors and troops, and the host governments to maintain peace and security. Apart from that the UN achieve a record over 60 years of existence and achieve novel prize(UN Peacekeeping n.d.). In the modern world use of the military in a complex world often challenges the security, political, and socio-economic (Rietjens and Dorn 2017). Over the last two decades, peacekeeping has been more flexible and deployed in many patterns. However, it not only maintain peace and security but also demobilization and reintegration of former combatants, protects to civilian, support to organizations of elections, assists in the disarmament, protects human rights, restores the rule of law(UN Peacekeeping n.d.). In International relations imperfectly define ‘peacekeeping’, everyone has an own sense of peacekeeping and it has complex and ambiguity on their boundaries. Even its definition is complicated, still uses the term for a political purpose(MacQueen 2006). Peacekeeping is an effective tool existing to the UN to provide supports to the conflict states for sustainable peace. The UN has a special strength, burden sharing, legitimacy, and ability to deploy troops and police in the world to maintain peace and integrated them with civilian peacekeepers1. * Ph.D. Scholar (Central University of Gujarat)

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COVID-19 is the greatest threat to public health of the current century and WHO is categorized as Pendamic (Chakraborty and Maity 2020). The epidemic of COVID-19 (Coronavirus) spread worldwide within a couple of months leads to the number of deaths also increases day by day and gradually global economic crisis. To come out of this pandemic number of the country try to develop a vaccine for coronavirus but fail still today. Initially, there is no specific medicine for treatment to infected person but subsequently, available only assist to patient’s immunity(Chen et al. 2020). The first time COVID-19 was dictated in December 2019 in China at Wuhan, Hubei province. It is an RNA virus, initial cases of the virus is origin from the seafood wholesale market. COVID-19 Stands for ‘CO’ for ‘Corona’ ‘VI’ for ‘Virus’ and ‘D’ for disease and 19 represents the year 2019. However, COVID-19 is a serious public health concern but it more escalates disastrous political and Socio-economic crises in infected countries (Chakraborty and Maity 2020). Since the 1990s, the nature of conflict has been the change from interstate war to civil war, subsequently war on terrorism, cyber warfare and current with the virus, under the pandemic how UN has been a response to combat COVID-19 and sustains peace and security? Are there any changes in the response processor expansion?

Peacekeeping On 29 May observe as United Nations day of International peacekeepers and pay to attribute those who have lost their lives during service as UN ‘Blue Helmets’ and thanks to them currently participate(Nadin 2013). The technique of peacekeeping develops by the United Nations to resolve conflicts. But there no agreed definition and when the first peacekeeping operation was established. However, the UN’s view that UNTSO (United Nations Truce Supervision Organization) is the first peacekeeping operation was established. Other hand Professor Alan James in his research work published in 1990, peacekeeping practice at end of the first world war and the beginning of 1920, established the Delimitation Commission which redraws several European frontiers. However, they are unarmed military observers, for the first time in 1948 supervised war between Israel and its Arab neighbors. A month later similar groups deployed at Kashmir. Moreover, Brian Urquhart the architecture of peacekeeping illustrates that “UN mission in Egypt to have been a face-saving operation of a unique kind”(Sitkowski 2006). These questions are more and fuller understanding of the definitions. In the international system, the UN provides supports to the countries in three principles are “consent of the Parties, impartiality and Non-

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use of force except self-defense and defense of the mandate”(UN Peacekeeping n.d.). During conflict situations “sustainable peace” is the best measure to successful peacekeeping and to achieve this by three key factors i.e. ‘the amount of international assistance provide, the degree of hostility of the factions and the extent of local capacities remaining after the war’(Doyle and Sambanis 2007). Goulding in his work “the evolution of United Nations Peacekeeping” in 1993 established five principles for peacekeeping i.e. operation by the United Nations and their mechanism (Korea, Somali, Kuwait), ‘consent of the parties to the conflicts’ (Egypt), ‘impartial between the Parties’ (unlike Korea where UN and its allies use force against North Korea), ‘troops required for United Nations peacekeeping’, the last one is ‘use of force in self-defense matter’(Goulding 1993).

UN and Peacekeeping United Nations provides the opportunity to monitor or resolve the conflicts. The peacekeeping operation of the UN is multidimensional management in a complex peace operation to termination of civil war, provide security, and assist parties to make institutions, ideational transformations, and material for maintaining peace. Since the cold war peace operation was limited and focused on policies and monitored to hostile parties. Subsequently, its scope expanded and robust because in the 1990s response was failed to stop the violence and insufficient mechanism where the loss of human rights(Tardy 2011). However, the origin of peacekeeping controversial, and peacekeeping operation is multidimensional but from the beginning, it works till now. Apart from that peacekeeping operations working viz-BINUH (United Nations Integrated Office in Haiti) was started at Haiti on 16 October 2020 to advise the government for strengthening and promoting political stability, UNAMA (United Nations Assistance Mission In Afghanistan) to develop human rights, strengthen the rule of law, across Afghanistan, UNAMI (United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq) UN supports a role in Iraq and established Security Council resolution 1500 and supported elections and National dialogue, UNIOGBIS (United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau) to monitor elections and development in the country, UNMHA (United Nation Mission to Support the Hudaydah Agreement) UN monitor as government wise ceasefire, mine actions operations and redeployment(United Nations n.d.). UNOWAS (United Nations Office for West Africa And the Sahel) maintain elections in pandemic situations(United Nation 2020), UNSMIL (United Nations Support Mission in Libya) work for all

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parties to protect Libyan people, protect state sovereignty and end of foreign interference(United Nations 2020d), UNSOM (United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia) UN condolences to the families of the victims and wishes for speedy recovered(United Nations 2020c), UNSOS (United Nations Support Office in Somalia) for achieving gender equality and realization of women’s rights(United Nations 2020a). Since the Covid-19 escalated conflicts as threatened to peace and increase social inequality leads to “rethink and developed UN peacekeeping further”. In a seventh virtual ministerial-level meeting in October foreign minister of Finland said that “The Action for Peacekeeping initiative, which aims to make UN peacekeeping fit for purpose, remains in the midst of pandemic as timely as ever”. Finnish foreign minister said that This means the peacekeeping political process, development cooperation, and humanitarian aid should be planned and implemented in tandem, requiring close cooperation between the UN peacekeeping operation, the country team, and other partners, civil society, and NGOs, and we should not forget the role of the UN policing and other civilian experts(IPI 2020). With the conclusion of the meeting, Sherman said (IPI senior Director of programs) UN and member state mange the risk and effectively deliver their work as providing training, rotation, and deployment of troops, community engagement and patrolling, delivering medical support and technology, the participation of women peacekeepers, protect human rights, development and response to humanitarian needs as comprehensive approach(IPI 2020). Since the last couple of years, UN peacekeeping gradually changed due to failed of use military in peacekeeping missions (Libya, Darfur South Sudan), emerged debate among the thinkers and scholars. During COVID-19 is a new challenge, it impacts not only in health but also on social, economic, and psychology. Thus it is necessary to study how to treat and sustain peace.

COVID-19 and UN Peacekeeping Since the end of 2019, COVID-19 has to dominate the News. 5.4 million were infected and 340,000 were causalities by 25 May 2020. UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres called for ‘Global Ceasefire’ and lay down the arms on 23rd March(The Hague 2020). WHO expand scientific knowledge, working with experts, governments, and partners on the Coronavirus and advise to the countries and individual take measures to prevent the spread. The UN troops work with precaution, to promote security, safety, and health to all

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UN personnel for continuing operations. By the guidelines of WHO restricted travel temporally but not on UN staff for deployments, official business, arrangement the travel during a meeting in affected areas to experiencing COVID-transmission. Set up rule of law and security institutions to respond to pandemics especially prisoners (UN Peacekeeping n.d.). UN plays an important role in supporting the host government, developing medical facilities as PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) and established quarantine zones(The Hague 2020), social awareness (radio channel ‘Radio Miraya in South Sudan) (United Nations 2020b). “Addressing COVID-19 requires critical preparedness and a coordinated response, particularly in prisons. The Justice and Corrections Service has developed practical guidance and operational tools including an Operational Toolbox: COVID-19 Preparedness & Response in Places of Detention, together with UNITAR, which provides communication tools composed of clear and concise information and visuals for direct use by prison administrators and staff to mitigate and address COVID-19 in prisons, guidance on the immediate measures required to decongest prisons and guidance to help ensure access to justice through remote alternatives and court hearings during and after outbreak”(UN Peacekeeping n.d.). Since COVID19, the UN has to transform the peacekeeping approach due to pandemics and it not only impacts on health but also economic, social. The current conflict, number of drivers, and different from a decade ago because of changes in the environment, new technology, social and economic impact. It is difficult to manage peacekeepers in a large and multi-dimensional situation(Hunt 2020). Guterres told on the effectiveness of the health system, institutions, and governance “All of this means that our commitment to sustaining peace is more urgent than ever”(UN News 2020). The approach is to conflict-sensitive approaches to health, maintaining coherent, maintaining sustainable peace, development and peace actors, integrated and coherent approach through humanitarian, collaboration with Peacebuilding commission to the collective response. Ban Ki-moon argued on the debate “a timely opportunity” to respond to the crisis and sustain peace in the post-covid-19 era (UN News 2020). Since the last couple of years the UN has gradually declined experienced peacekeeping missions in Darfur and DRC (Democratic Republic of Congo) failed to improve security. Thus the world leader rethinks on peacekeeping strategy. Due to COVID-19 pandemic effects on economic tensions, logistical issues, and political instability, the UN has transformed the peacekeeping approach. Stephane Dujarric (spokesman of the secretary-general) announced “all troop

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rotations would be frozen until June 2020 to slow the spread of the virus”. Suspended military training and patrolling with the local partner and follow the guidelines of social distancing at least two meters from people. UN deployed small-scale missions in selected areas like Cyprus. Follow the community-based protection strategy, which generally contacts with local populations. “Any new troop rotations require a 14-day period of quarantine, creating personnel shortages and placing pressure on the units already on the ground”. In Pandemic situations, challenges on the economy may shrinking funds by an additional 30% to 50%. To overcome this issue and member states are redirecting resources towards economic recovery and public health. The Challenging part of UN peacekeepers were economic issues, terrorist activity (distributed food, and health care facilities) to gain support from civilian, attacked on hospital and health centers by warring groups from Mail and CAR (Central African Republic), economic insecurity and resource scarcity UN changed the way of the peacekeeping mission in future. UN planned virtually through teleconferencing, improved new technology for communication. Focus on environment, economic issues, and outbreaks viral, peacekeeping shift away from military operations. UN more evaluate the conflicts and response as per the situations, the small scale of mission, improve the intelligence capability, partnership with private sectors, socio-economic stability, security imitative by civilians, resident coordinator to prevent conflicts as Colombia(Mulaomerovic 2020). Young people between 18 to 29 contributed to peacekeeping missions, however, resolution 2250 was adopted and policy acknowledges “the important and positive contribution of youth in efforts for the maintenance and promotion of peace and security”. In COVID-19 young people were contribute to building a culture of peace, resolving a dispute, preventing conflicts, and monitor to spread COVID-19 like UNMIK mission in Kosovo, UNFICYP in Cyprus. Marko Rakic said that “We have come together to fight a common enemy, COVID-19”(Uner 2020). UN peacekeeping focuses to protect civilians continue to patrol, support a peace process, humanitarian assistance, protecting important infrastructure, force protection, assist to local authorities and their institutions. Peacekeeping is a multidimensional approach, so it changed during COVID-19 because several unarmed force work from headquarters to accommodation mission, the mission is conducting through video teleconferencing, and speed unit, modernized the response process and changed the headquarters functions use technology 9 DRC and South Sudan is an example), nearly 10 percent of international staff working outside the mission era (EPON 2020).

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Conclusion United Nations is the largest international organization and the number of an operated peacekeeping mission in the world. The number of countries involves in the peacekeeping mission and loss of lives apart from that UN continue mission to protect human rights and protections of lives. The UN’s peacekeeping operation’s main objective is to resolve conflicts and sustain peace and security. UN faced many challenges during peacekeeping operations as non-armed groups and terrorist organizations, such those issues new challenges and again threats human lives and raise the question on security. UN has been the use of military force to resolve issues like civil war, interstate war, or any non-combat groups, but last four years UN rethink on their approach especially the decline of UN strategy and decline at Darfur. Since the pandemic UN has been following different approach especially social awareness, lay down the arms, environment, assist the economy, support the peace process, collaborative work with civilian, collective work, apart from that use video conferencing, social media, news channel, small scale of mission, improve intelligence capability and from the headquarters monitor the mission. If we ask again, peacekeeping, sustain peace, and security is a difficult task in the complex world.

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Chakraborty, Indranil, and Prasenjit Maity. “COVID-19 Outbreak: Migration, Effects on Society, Global Environment and Prevention.” Science of The Total Environment 728 (August 2020): 138882. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138882. Chen, Min, Miao Li, Yixue Hao, Zhongchun Liu, Long Hu, and Lin Wang. “The Introduction of Population Migration to SEIAR for COVID-19 Epidemic Modeling with an Efficient Intervention Strategy.” An International Journal on Information Fusion 64 (December 2020): 252–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2020.08.002. Doyle, M., and N. Sambanis. “The UN on Peacekeeping Operations.” Internatinoal Journal, 2007, 494–518. EPON. “COVID-19 Will Change the Way the UN Conducts Peacekeeping Operations in the Future.” EPON, May 8, 2020. https:// effectivepeaceops.net/blog/covid-19-will-change-the-way-the-unconducts-peacekeeping-operations-in-the-future/. Goulding, Marrack. “The Evolution of United Nations Peacekeeping.” International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-) 69, no. 3 (1993): 451–64. https://doi.org/10.2307/2622309. Hunt, Charles T. “Why COVID-19 Offers a Chance to Transform UN Peacekeeping,” 2020. https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/why-covid-19offers-a-chance-to-transform-un-peacekeeping. IPI. “COVID-19 Crisis an Opportunity to ‘Rethink and Develop UN Peacekeeping Further,’” October 7, 2020. https://www.ipinst. org/2020/10/un-peace-ops-during-covid-19-high-level-dialogue.

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12. 13. 14. 15.

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

MacQueen, Norrie. Peacekeeping and the International System. Routledge, 2006. Mulaomerovic, Neval. “Transformations to UN Peacekeeping in the COVID-19 Era.” Medium, October 28, 2020. https://medium.com/unanca-snapshots/transformations-to-un-peacekeeping-in-the-covid-19era-a664e87f6dfc. Nadin, Peter. “Peace Support: A New Concept for UN Peacekeeping? - United Nations University,” 2013. https://unu.edu/publications/ articles/peace-support-a-new-concept-for-un-peacekeeping.html. PTI. “Over 800 Indian UN Peacekeepers in South Sudan Awarded for Commendable Service.” The Week, December 7, 2020. https:// www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/12/07/over-800-indian-unpeacekeepers-in-south-sudan-awarded-for-commendable-service.html. Rietjens, Sebastiaan, and A. Walter Dorn. “The Evolution of Peacekeeping Intelligence: The UN’s Laboratory in Mali.” In Perspectives on Military Intelligence from the First World War to Mali, 197–219. Springer, 2017. Sitkowski, Andrzej. UN Peacekeeping: Myth and Reality. Westport, Conn: Praeger Publishers Inc, 2006. Tardy, Thierry. “A Critique of Robust Peacekeeping in Contemporary Peace Operations.” International Peacekeeping 18, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 152–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2011.546089. The Hague. “The Impact of the Corona Virus on UN Peacekeeping at the Field, State, and Global Level,” June 15, 2020. https:// www.thehagueuniversity.com/about-thuas/thuas-today/ news/detail/2020/06/15/the-impact-of-the-corona-virus-on-unpeacekeeping-at-the-field-state-and-global-level. UN News. “Amid COVID-19, UN Commitment to Peace ‘More Urgent than Ever.’” UN News, August 12, 2020. https://news.un.org/en/ story/2020/08/1070082. UN Peacekeeping. “Current Peacekeeping Operations.” United Nations Peacekeeping. Accessed December 30, 2020. https://peacekeeping. un.org/en/current-peacekeeping-operations. ———. “Impact of Covid-19 on UN Peacekeeping.” United Nations Peacekeeping. Accessed January 8, 2021. https://peacekeeping.un.org/ en/impact-of-covid-19-un-peacekeeping. ———. “List of Un Peacekeeping Operations 1948-2017.” UN Peacekeeping, 2017. https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/ unpeacekeeping-operationlist_1.pdf. ———. “Past Peace Operations.” United Nations Peacekeeping. Accessed January 2, 2021. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/past-peacekeepingoperations. ———. “Troop and Police Contributors.” United Nations Peacekeeping. Accessed January 4, 2021. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/troop-andpolice-contributors. ———. “What Is Peacekeeping.” United Nations Peacekeeping. Accessed December 30, 2020. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/what-ispeacekeeping.

COVID-19 and United Nations Approach to Peacekeeping | 147 23. Uner, Idil. “Young People Who Are Shaping the COVID-19 Response with UN Peacekeeping.” United Nations. Medium, December 18, 2020. https://medium.com/we-the-peoples/young-people-who-are-shapingthe-covid-19-response-with-un-peacekeeping-64def3f0b5d8. 24. United Nation. “The Special Representative for West Africa and the Sahel Commends the People of Ghana on the General Elections and Urges All Parties to Address Election-Related Disputes through Legal Channels.” UNOWAS, December 11, 2020. https://unowas.unmissions.org/specialrepresentative-west-africa-and-sahel-commends-people-ghana-generalelections-and-urges-all. 25. United Nations. “Activities.” UNAMA, September 1, 2014. https:// unama.unmissions.org/activities. 26. ———. “BINUH | Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs.” Accessed January 2, 2021. https://dppa.un.org/en/mission/binuh. 27. ———. “Peacekeeping Radio Stations Provide COVID-19 Information to Vulnerable Communities in Conflict-Affected Countries.” United Nations Western Europe, March 27, 2020. https://unric.org/en/ peacekeeping-radio-stations-provide-covid-19-information-tovulnerable-communities-in-conflict-affected-countries/. 28. ———. “UNAMA.” UNAMA. Accessed January 2, 2021. https://unama. unmissions.org/. 29. ———. “UNAMI | Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs.” Accessed January 2, 2021. https://dppa.un.org/en/mission/unami. 30. ———. “UNIOGBIS.” UNIOGBIS. Accessed January 2, 2021. https:// uniogbis.unmissions.org/en. 31. ———. “United Nations Condemns in Strongest Terms Attack at Galkaayo Stadium.” UNSOM, December 18, 2020. https://unsom. unmissions.org/united-nations-condemns-strongest-terms-attackgalkaayo-stadium. 32. ———. “UNMHA, Hudaydah Agreement | Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs.” Accessed January 2, 2021. https://dppa.un.org/ en/mission/unmha-hudaydah-agreement. 33. ———. “UNSMIL Congratulates the Libyan People on Independence Day, and Urges Them to Consolidate Efforts towards National Elections.” UNSMIL, December 24, 2020. https://unsmil.unmissions. org/unsmil-congratulates-libyan-people-independence-day-and-urgesthem-consolidate-efforts-towards. 34. ———. “UNSOS.” UNSOS, 2020. https://unsos.unmissions.org/. 35. United Nations, United. “Amid COVID-19, UN Commitment to Peace ‘More Urgent than Ever.’” United Nations. United Nations. Accessed January 9, 2021. https://www.un.org/en/delegate/amid-covid-19-uncommitment-peace-%E2%80%98more-urgent-ever%E2%80%99.

Endnote 1.

United Nations Peacekeeping. “What Is Peacekeeping.” Accessed December 30, 2020. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/what-ispeacekeeping

24 Kashmir Problem: A Big Problem of India’s National Security Dr. Arvind Kumar Kushwaha* Research Design/ Research Methodology In this research Paper secondary data has been used, which is collected from the different official websites of Government of India’s Ministry, newspapers, journals, books, magazines and library of Central government’s agencies like central universities in India, central government import ant’s library like Trimurti in New Delhi and State government’s library like Government Library in Prayagraj (Allahabad), Uttar Pradesh and so many. This research paper is descriptive in nature which emphasizes on studying the current hurdles and threats or challenges on Kashmir issues and National Security Problems.

Background Jammu and Kashmir was one of these princely states. In the dying days of the short-lived Sikh Empire, the Dogra Rajput generals of Jammu conquered many small Himalayan states such as Kashmir Valley, Gilgit, Baltistan and Ladakh. They even tried to conquer Tibet but were beaten back. When the British beat the Sikhs, they sold Jammu and Kashmir to Gulab Singh Jamwal, a Dogra general of their rivals. Jamwal abandoned his Sikh masters and cast his lot with the rising British East India Company. This enabled him and his successors to rule the second largest princely state in the Indian subcontinent.In 1947, Hari Singh, Jamwal’s successor and the last Dogra king, wanted

*  Guest Assistant. Professor, Chaudhary Mahadev Prasad (CMP) P.G. College, Prayagraj, U.P

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independence. However, he was effete, ineffectual and debauched. As a Hindu king ruling over a majority Muslim population, his power base was slipping. As in much of India, communal tension broke out in Jammu and Kashmir. This excited emotions in Pakistan. Ideologically, many in Pakistan saw Kashmir as an integral part of a new Muslim nation. On the night of October 21-22, the Pakistanis sent tribal militia and soldiers in civilian clothing to annex the state. Sheikh Abdullah, the most important Kashmiri leader and a friend of Jawaharlal Nehru, opposed the Pakistani incursion. So did the ruler Singh. In panic, he signed the Instrument of Accession, ceding Jammu and Kashmir to India. Indian troops arrived by air and pushed Pakistani forces out until Nehru took the matter to the United Nations.India and Pakistan gained independence from British rule in 1947; the various princely rulers were able to choose which state to join. The Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh, was the Hindu head of a majority Muslim state sandwiched between the two countries, and could not decide.1 He signed an interim standstill agreement to maintain transport and other services with Pakistan. In October 1947 tribesmen from Pakistan invaded Kashmir, spurred by reports of attacks on Muslims and frustrated by Hari Singh’s delaying tactics. The Maharaja asked for Indian military assistance. Whether the Instrument of Accession or the entry of Indian troops came first remains a major source of dispute between India and Pakistan. India insists that Hari Singh signed first, thereby legitimizing the presence of their troops. Pakistan is adamant that the Maharaja could not have signed before the troops arrived, and that he and India had therefore ignored the standstill agreement with Pakistan.2 The population of historic Kashmir is divided into about 10 million people in Indian-administrated Jammu and Kashmir and 4.5 million in Pakistani-run Azad Kashmir. There are a further 1.8 million people in the Gilgit-Baltistan autonomous territory, which Pakistan created from northern Kashmir and the two small princely states of Hunza and Nagar in 1970. The government of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir has often been led by the National Conference, a pro-Indian party led by the Abdullah political dynasty. Pakistan runs Azad Jammu and Kashmir as a self-governing state, in which the Muslim Conference has played a prominent role for decades. The National Conference moved from an almost pro-independence stance in the 1950s to accepting the status of a union state within India, albeit with more autonomy than other states.Jammu and Kashmir is diverse in religion and culture. 3 It consists of the heavily-populated and overwhelmingly Muslim Kashmir Valley, the mainly Hindu Jammu district, and Ladakh, which has a roughly even number of Buddhists

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and Shia Muslims. The Hindus of Jammu and the Ladakhis back India in the dispute, although there is a campaign in the Leh District of Ladakh to be upgraded into a separate union territory in order to reflect its predominantly Buddhist identity. Article 35A of the under the Indian constitution was an article that empowered the Jammu and Kashmir state legislature   to define «permanent residents» of the state and provide special rights and privileges to those permanent residents It was added to the Constitution through a Presidential Order, issued by the President of India on 14 May 1954, under Article 370 The state of Jammu and Kashmir defined these privileges to include the ability to purchase land and immovable property, ability to vote and contest elections, seeking government employment and availing other state benefits such as higher education and health care.non-permanent residents of the state, even if Indian citizens were not entitled to these ‘privileges’. On 5 August 2019, the President of India Shri Ram Nath Kovind issued a Presidential Order, whereby all the provisions of the Indian Constitution are to apply to the State without any special provisions. This would imply that the State’s separate Constitution stands inoperative, including the privileges sanctioned by the Article 35A. Article 370 of the Indian constitution gave special status to Jammu and Kashmir a region located in the northern part of Indian subcontinent which was administered by India as a state from 1954 to 31 October 2019, and a part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since 194 conferring it with the power to have a separate constitution, a state flag and autonomy over the internal administration of the state.The article was drafted in Part XXI of the Constitution: Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions.The Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir after its establishment, was empowered to recommend the articles of the Indian constitution that should be applied to the state or to abrogate the Article 370 altogether. After consultation with the state›s Constituent Assembly, the 1954 Presidential Order was issued, specifying the articles of the Indian constitution that applied to the state. Since the Constituent Assembly dissolved itself without recommending the abrogation of Article 370, the article was deemed to have become a permanent feature of the Indian Constitution.This article, along with Article 35A, defined that the Jammu and Kashmir state’s residents live under a separate set of laws, including those related to citizenship, ownership of property, and fundamental rights, as compared to residents of other Indian states.4 As a result of this provision, Indian citizens from other states could not purchase land or property in Jammu & Kashmir. On 5 August 2019, the Government

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of India issued a constitutional order superseding the 1954 order, and making all the provisions of the Indian constitution applicable to Jammu and Kashmir based on the resolution passed in both houses of India’s parliament with 2/3 majority. Following the resolutions passed in both houses of the parliament, he issued a further order on 6 August declaring all the clauses of Article 370 except clause 1 to be inoperative. In addition, the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act was passed by the parliament, enacting the division the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories to be called Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir and Union Territory of Ladakh reagonThe reorganization took place on 31 October 2019. The state of Jammu and Kashmir’s original accession, like all other princely states was on three matters: defence, foreign affairs and communications. All the princely states were invited to send representatives to India’s Constituent Assembly, which was formulating a constitution for the whole of India.5 They were also encouraged to set up constituent assemblies for their own states. Most states were unable to set up assemblies in time, but a few states did, in particular Saurashtra Union, Travancore-Cochin and Mysore Even though the States Department developed a model constitution for the states, on 19 May 1949, the rulers and chief ministers of all the states met in the presence of States Department and agreed that separate constitutions for the states were not necessary. They accepted the Constitution of India as their own constitution. The states that did elect constituent assemblies suggested a few amendments which were accepted. The position of all the states (or unions of states) thus became equivalent to that of regular Indian provinces. In particular, this meant that the subjects available for legislation by the central and state governments were uniform across India. Jammu Kashmir state officially bifurcates into two Indian union territories—J&K (Jammu and Kashmir) and Ladakh—which will be administered from New Delhi. Senior bureaucrat Girish Chandra Murmu is currently lieutenant governor (L-G) of J&K, while Radha Krishna Mathur is currently lieutenant governor (L-G) of Ladakh. This marks the downgrading of the former kingdom’s status from one of the 29 (now 28) Indian states to one of its nine union territories now. With this, J&K also loses its relative autonomy from the Indian government, its separate flag, and a constitution. This former arrangement was the condition under which J&K, under its late king Hari Singh, acceded to India following the subcontinent’s independence from British rule. On Aug. 5 this year, the Narendra Modi government rendered Article 370 of the Indian constitution which formed the bedrock of this autonomy, ineffective through an amendment in parliament.

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Since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947,  the country had refused to recognize the accession of J&K with India, making multiple failed bids to militarily seize the region—1947-48, 1965 and 1999.In his UN speech in September, Pakistan Prime Minister, Imran Khan, warned against a “bloodbath” in Kashmir once India lifts the curfew. In its response India reiterated its stand that the country “does not need anyone else to speak on its behalf. 6This, though, did not stop Pakistan from lashing out more against India. On Oct. 29, Pakistan’s minister for Kashmir affairs and Gilgit Baltistan, Ali Amin Gandapur, warned of a nuclear attack against India and countries supporting its stand. Since the division of the sub-continent in 1947, the foundations were laid for the long-standing conflict in and around the regions of Jammu and Kashmir that persists today. India and Pakistan have fought three wars over territory there, and each state continues to assert claims over its entire area. China also holds a large portion of the contested territories. Tensions and unresolved grievances around these historic disputes continue to feed wider regional instability and undermine efforts for demilitarization in the region. Territories administered by India and Pakistan are divided by the Line of Control. This constitutes a contested dividing line in the disputed region. This dividing line is heartily contested by Indian and Pakistani militaries often resulting in cross-fire and loss of lives. Bursts of violence erupt regularly along multiple political divides, mainly between Indian security forces and militant organizations contesting Indian rule on the Indian side of Kashmir.7 The line of control split many families, with people stuck on either side of the divide unable to visit relatives and friends. Trade across the line has also been disrupted, and over the years of violent conflict the diverse populations of Jammu and Kashmir on either side of the line of control have become disconnected and mistrustful of each other. Despite a highly militarized standoff persisting between India and Pakistan and an erratic bilateral dialogue process at the official level, civil society in India, Pakistan and on either side of the line of control in Kashmir has continued to actively promote engagement across divides. Historic measures since 2004 to re-establish some links across the line of control have been enthusiastically supported by the public right across Kashmir.8 These openings offer hope for greater collaboration and peacebuilding across the line of control.

Conclusion Until 1947, modern-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh were part of British India. Yet it was not as simple a matter as the transfer of power from the British to the Indians. The British had propped up a number of princely states ruled by local monarchies that acted as their loyal clients. When the British decided to leave, the future of

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these states came into question. Both India and Pakistan wanted to absorb these vestigial states into their territories. The populations of most princely states were in favor of joining either India or Pakistan. The rulers themselves had three options. They could either join India, Pakistan or declare independence. The princes were known for their opulence decadence and misrule. Besides, many saw them as traitors who had been rewarded for betraying their countrymen to the British. So, in the post-independence environment, there was little chance of these princely states retaining independence. Without the teat of the British Empire to suckle from, they were simply not in a position to survive. All the above matter was closely associated with the part of India and Pakistan history, but the present situation are very gravious for India National Security. Both countries also tried to solve this complicated matter but some internal and external problems from both side always came as a big hurdle to find any clear solutions between them. But for the security and peace we have to find a very smart and crystal solution on it, because without any peace there is no any development. So for the development for both countries the solution is very important in present and near future. Notes and References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Shah, Giriraj, Challenges of internal security, Mehra offset press, 2000, New Delhi. Gopal Ram, Indo Pakistan War and Peace, Knowledge world publication, 2004, New Delhi. Kushna, Rotto, Kargil Sangharsh, Mohit publication, 2007, New Delhi. Sarkar, Bhaskar, Kargil War: Past, Present and Future, Lancer Publication, 2007, New Delhi. Bindra, S.S. India & her Neighbors: ‘A Study of Political Economic & Cultural Relations & Interaction, India publications, 2009, New Delhi. C.Joshi,conflict and peace in new world order, forward books publication,2010, New Delhi. Surjit, Man singh,: India’s search for power, SAGE, 2014, New Delhi. Singh, Hand Books of Military Terms and Definitions, Neha Publishers & Distributers , New Delhi,2013.

Webliography 1. 2. 3. 4.

http/data.world bank.org/region/WLD http/www.cia.gov/library/Publications/theworldfactbook/ fields/2034.html www.census.gov.PK/areadensity.htm/religion.html www.cia.gov/library/publications/the world - fact book/field/2034. html.

154 | National and Global Security Challenges: Approaches and Strategies 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

www.cia.gov/ library/ publications/ the world - fact book/geos/bg. html. www.cia.gov/library/publications/the world-fact book/field/2034. html. www.cia. govt/library/ publications/ the - world fact book field/2034. html. www.cia.govt/ library/ publications/ the world - fact book/geos/mv. html. www.cbs.gov.np/ wp -content/ uploads/ 2012/nepalinfigure.

Journals 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Indian Journal of Asian affairs, Vol-5, No 1-2, 1992, Jaipur, India. USI Journal, Vol-CXXII, No 510, October-December, New Delhi,1992 Suraksha Paridrishyua, Amethi, Uttar Pradesh.. Journal of Defence Studies, NEW Delhi.. Strategic Analysis, Vol – 27, No- 04, October-December 2003 World Affairs, Vol-Seven, No. Four, New Delhi, 2003 Indian journal of Strategic Studies,Department of Defence & Strategic Studies,University of Alalhaabd, Prapagral,India 8. Online.edu.www.org 9. IDSA, New Delhi 10. Higher Education for Future: SAGE, New Delhi. 11. National Congress for Defence Studies, ,Department of Defence & Strategic Studies,University of Alalhaabd, Prapagral,India 12. Raksharth, ,Department of Defence & Strategic Studies,Deen Dayal Upadhaya University, Gorakhpur,Uttar Pradesh.

Paper and Magazines 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

The Times of India Hindustan Times The Hindu The Economics Times Front Line World Focus Outlook India Today

25 India‘s Role in Protecting Human Rights, Human Security and the Right to Food: A Review Dr. Kartick Chandra Barman* Introduction Human rights are the vital opportunities for human life, rights, equality and a dignified life. Human rights are the birthright of human beings. Rights can never be taken away from anyone. On December 10, 1948, the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It has identified basic human rights. For this reason, December 10 is celebrated as the International Human Rights Day. Human rights are a set of statutory laws or rules that define the conduct and special features of the members of the human race and which are protected by a set of local and international laws that are an integral part of fundamental rights. In this, a person will enjoy the relevant rights because he is a human being by birth. In other words, all human rights recognized by the state constitution are called human rights, meaning that “all people are born free and have equal dignity and rights.” The right to food is essentially a human right. In a word, the right to food is essential for the fulfillment of other human rights. It cannot be compared to any gift or favor. It is associated with the assurance that all people will be able to afford their own food with dignity. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1947) recognizes the right to food as a human right. Article 25 (1) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that everyone has the right to food, clothing, shelter, medical and essential social services and the right to security of person and family in the event of unemployment, illness, disability,

*  Assistant Professor, Department of History, Krishna Chandra College, Hetampur , Birbhum, West Bengal

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widowhood, old age or inability to earn a living. There is a right to a decent standard of living for welfare and good health. Referring to the 25th anniversary of the National Human Rights Commission, the Prime Minister said, the constitution maker. Babasaheb Ambedkar introduced many legal provisions to protect the constitutional rights of the poor. Inspired by his ideals, the National Human Rights Commission was formed on 12 October 1993. In a few more days, the National Human Rights Commission will complete its 25th year. Apart from protecting human rights, the National Human Rights Commission has also protected the self-esteem of the people. Highlighting the ancient Indian Vedic teachings and ideals, the Prime Minister said that the teachings of happiness and equality were given by Vedic India. Human rights are an integral part of Indian philosophy and the National Human Rights Commission has further strengthened this ideology through public awareness. Referring to the contribution of the late former Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee to the country’s human rights, he said, “Our beloved former Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee has made it clear that the concept of human rights is not an idea imported from abroad” The purpose of our National Human Rights Commission is Vedic ideology. ‘Sarbe Bhavantu Sukhin’ means that everyone should be happy. The National Human Rights Commission has taken many public awareness measures to protect human rights. Over the course of 25 years, it has built hope and trust among the people. Which has been identified as the best democratic system in a healthy society? Today, in addition to the National Human Rights Commission, there are State Human Rights Commissions in 26 states.

India towards Human Security The right to human life and property and the right to a healthy life are protected by the state and protect the basic human rights of citizens. Keeping other people safe and living is one of the responsibilities and duties of the state. No individual, association, organization, external enemy or state itself may attempt to deprive any citizen of this right; rather the state will be obliged to ensure the safety of the lives of its citizens at any cost. No one can live safely without civil rights. In a society where human rights are violated, there is no rule of law. The Union Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology have banned 117 mobile apps under Section 69A of the Information Technology Act of 2009. These apps are known to pose a threat to India’s sovereignty and unity and to organize activities against the defense and security of the people of India. There are allegations

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against these mobile apps used through Android and iOS, that they are stealing users’ data illegally and secretly and sending it to some servers outside India. All this information is being used against India’s defense and security, which has raised concerns about the country’s sovereignty and integrity. This is a very important issue and urgent action is needed to curb this trend. The Cyber ​​Crime Coordination Center of India under the Union Home Ministry has also recommended a ban on these suspicious apps. Similar allegations were made in and out of parliament, as well as by the opposition. There is a strong demand to take strict action against these apps which are against the sovereignty of India and the privacy of the citizens of the country. In the interest of India’s sovereignty and integrity, defense and security of the country, the Central Government has decided to ban the use of these apps on all devices that can be used on the Internet, including mobile phones. The decision was taken to ensure the sovereignty and security of Indian cyberspace. The biennial Army Commander’s Conference has started with the top Army officers of the Indian Army. The conference started on October 26 and will continue till October 29. At the conference, the top representatives of the Indian Army are discussing the current security situation, the situation across the border and various aspects in recent times. Apart from this, internal security and obstacles of the country are also being discussed. Issues related to organizational restructuring, logistics of the army, administrative and human resource management are also being highlighted. On the third day of the conference, Defense Minister Shri Rajnath Singh addressed the top leadership officers of the Indian Army. The Defense Minister lauded the role of the Indian Army as one of the bravest, most trusted inspiring agencies in the country. He said the army has been playing an exemplary role in our country’s border defense and fight against terrorism. He also called upon the government and the administration to provide them proper assistance. The Defense Minister said the role of the Indian Armed Forces in the fight against Kovid-19 was commendable. He said the main goal of the Indian Army is to protect the country’s integrity and sovereignty. The Defense Minister also said that the Indian Army had responded appropriately to counter-terrorism and ceasefire violations at the country’s borders. Mr Singh said the work being done in coordination with the CAPF and the police and army to tackle issues like terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir was commendable. As a result of this coordinated operation in the Valley, on the one hand, counter-terrorism has been possible, on the other hand, the overall development and prosperity of Jammu and Kashmir. The Defense Minister said the formation of the

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Chief of Defense Staff (CDS) and the Department of Military Affairs (DMA) was an important decision in the history of India. The idea of forming ​​ Integrated Battle Group, Integrated Theater Commands and Integrated Air Defense Commands will be a game changer for the Indian Armed Forces in any future battle. The Union Minister said the Union Government has taken several important steps for the welfare of the soldiers. There were no shortcomings in the budget to meet the needs of the army. He said the decision to give permanent commissions to women in the army was a historic event.

Human Rights and Food Security Food is one of the basic human rights. Article 25/1 of the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that the right to food is guaranteed to every human being. In the light of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Economic, Social and Cultural Agreement was signed in 1986, in which Article 11 recognized the right to food as part of international human rights law. Food Stability: Keeping food intake stable; Access to food: ensuring adequate food for all people according to their physical and economic needs; Food sustainability: Ensuring adequate food supply for present and future generations; Adequacy of food: Ensuring adequate supply of food to meet the nutritional needs of the people, which is free from harmful substances and culturally acceptable. Food security refers to the availability of food and the right of people to use food. In general, food security refers to a situation where a person does not have to worry about his food resources. Food security depends on various socio-economic and natural factors. Just as the annual variation in food production depends on the regular climate, so does the long-term impact of climate change on food production. In addition, about 200 million people are living in various forms of food insecurity. These 200 crore hungry people are spread all over the world. The revolution in agricultural production has further ensured our food security. But we also have some natural and climatic factors that affect food production. Storms, tidal surges, droughts and droughts often occur. At the same time, issues such as population growth and declining arable land hinder production in many ways. This right is recognized in the constitutions of all the countries of the world. International law. Many countries around the world have recognized the right to food as a fundamental right in their constitutions.

Conclusion The Union Cabinet of India has decided not to implement the Food Security Bill Ordinance It will be passed after discussion in the parliament A special session of Parliament will be convened for this

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purpose. If the bill is passed, every poor family will get the legal right to get 25 kg of food grains at a lower price per month. The government claims that if the Food Security Bill is passed, two-thirds of India’s 1.2 billion people, or 70-82 crore people, will get the legal right to food and nutrition. Of these, 90 per cent are in rural areas and 50 per cent in urban areas. Through the mass distribution system, each person will be given five kilograms of food grains per month, which will be available at a lower price of one to three rupees per kilogram. The mass distribution system has been streamlined otherwise; it will be like the mid-day meal scheme. The nutritional feeding program for small school children in marginalized families in rural areas will be marred by negligence and corruption on the part of the authorities. However, if the Food Security Act is properly implemented, it will have a significant positive impact on poverty and nutrition. Notes and References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Chatterjee, Aneek.,(ed.),Indian Parliamentary Democracy in Transition,1996 Chatterjee, Suhas., Bipanna Manabadhikar-Ei Samayer Bhabona, Progressive Publishers, Kolkata,2007. Basu, Durga Das., Introduction to the Indian Constitution of India, Wardha, Nagpur Publishers, Hariyana, rpt.,2010. Baxi, Upendra., The State of Human Rights Movement in India, Sage Publications, New Delhi,1998. Desai, A.R., (ed.),Violation of Democratic Rights of India, vol. I, Popular Prokashan, Bombay. 1986. Desai, A.R., (ed.), Agrarian Struggles in India after Independence, OUp, Delhi, 1985. Darren O’Byrn., Human Rights, Pearson, New Delhi,2007. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, International Fund for Agricultural Development, World Food Programme. The state of food insecurity in the world. FAO. 2015.  Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The state of food and agriculture: food systems for better nutrition. FAO. 2013. Guha Roy,Siddhartha., Human Rights,Democratic Rights and Popular Protest, Progressive Publishers, Kolkata, 2002. Hazarika, Bolin., Human Rights in India.1990. Ishay, R.Micheline., The History of Human Rights, Orient Blackswan, 2004. Raphael, D.D., (ed.), Political Theory and the Rights of Man, Macmilan, New Delhi.

26 Securing Electricity for Long Term Defence Planning Prakhar Agarwal* India is the world’s fastest-growing major economy with a population of 1.4 billion. The Indian government has made impressive progress in recent years to achieve the goal of clean and affordable energy for all (SDG 7). To achieve this goal, several energy-market reforms and schemes like Saubhagya, Ujala and Street Lighting National Programme (SLNP) were introduced. With an increase in access, reliance on electricity as a fuel for different purposes is also increasing. Any interruption in the flow of electricity can result in disastrous situations. According to the BP Statistical Review of 2019, India was the thirdlargest energy consumer in the world after China and the United States of America and its need for energy supply continues to climb further. Primary energy consumption in India has nearly tripled between 1990 and 2018. Due to India’s population, modernization over the past years and the economic growth, the country continues to face several challenges to meet the growing energy demand. The population of India has grown 11.88% from 2012 to 2020 while the Per-Capita Electricity consumption has increased by 37% during the same period. Per capita, electricity consumption in 2019-20 was calculated as 1208 units (kWh) whereas the world average (last calculated in 2014) was 2969 units (kWh). India’s energy consumption set to grow by 165% the fastest among all major economies by 2040. India’s share of global electricity demand * Project Engineer, Pune, Maharashtra

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is expected to rise from 5% in 2017 to 11% in 2040. The demand for electricity to be used for cooling (HVAC) is projected to grow expeditiously. Presently the government is aiming to shift cooking fuel usage to clean energy sources like LPG and Natural Gas, but it is expected that in future, electricity would be promoted as cooking fuel as soon as there is an increase in the share of renewable energy in the national grid. If electric cooktops are adopted, dependency on electricity would rise further. The government targeted sales of 6-7 million electric and hybrid vehicles in India under its National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP). So far, the government has implemented FAME-1 and FAME-2 scheme (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles) in which all vehicle segments i.e., 2-Wheelers, 3-Wheelers Auto, Passenger 4-Wheeler vehicles, Light Commercial Vehicles and Buses are incentivized. Hence there is no doubt that the future of mobility is based on electricity and thus, Availability, Affordability, Accessibility (to all), and Acceptability (from a sustainability standpoint) of electricity is extremely important. Power outages result in huge economic loss to the power industries, including sales revenue reduction due to a decline in electricity sales and troubleshooting costs. Power outages result in industrial production interruption and thus a reduction in total production, none of the electronic transactions can be completed successfully. The indirect economic impact of the blackout refers to the additional cost that users pay for reducing the impact of power outages and adjusting their activities or cost of using standby energy. It also includes the economic loss caused by the psychological panic caused by power failure plus industrial related economic loss caused by the blackout. Indian power delivery system is a remarkably complex network of substations, transmission lines, distribution lines, and other components that one can see as one travel around the country. It also includes the less visible devices that sense and report real-time data on the state of the system. Below are the two types of Vulnerabilities concerning the power sector:

Physical Vulnerability Even a small disruption in the power management system can result in huge problems in any part of the system. Bigger substations and high-voltage transformers that they contain, are largely vulnerable, as are the transmission lines where the destruction of even a single

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tower can bring down many kilometres of power line resulting hours of a power outage. Below are the two such examples citing physical vulnerability of the power infrastructure: 1. In November 2019, a large group of people attacked a power substation and torched plant pipes in Uttar Pradesh’s Unnao district. They were protesting low compensation for the land that the government was acquiring. At least 500 unidentified protestors were booked by the police in connection with the incident. 2. On 27 October 2018, terrorists attacked a power grid canter in Nowgam area of Jammu and Kashmir. Rajesh Kumar, an Assistant Sub Inspector with the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) who was guarding the canter, died after he was reportedly hit by bullets on his head when terrorists attacked the guard post. Hand grenades were thrown at power grid infrastructure. Soon, CRPF and the army unit from Rashtriya Rifles reached, but the terrorists had escaped immediately from the location after the attack.

Cyber Vulnerability Present power system infrastructure relies heavily on centralized control of equipment, automation and high-speed communications. The most critical systems are the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems that gather real-time measurements from substations and send out control signals to equipment, such as circuit breakers. The grid is managed from Grid Transmission offices (on-site) and Load Dispatch Centres (remotely). If hackers gain access to this network, they could manipulate SCADA systems to obstruct the flow of electricity and transmission signals to operators managing the grid remotely. Cyber-attacks at the particular facility need meticulous planning and precise information about the instruments deployed, its design and process flow documentation. Sensitive and classified information which traverses through the interconnected communication networks are stored and processed over IT systems, so they become an obvious and a soft target. According to Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) and NTRO (National Technical Research Organization) which is the elite technical intelligence agency of India, a majority of such attacks originate from China, Singapore, Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States countries. Below are the three incidents which indicate the importance of securing the power infrastructure:

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Mumbai Power Outage The financial capital of India had to go through one of its worst blackouts in decades as technical glitches caused its power-transmission network to shut down, leaving millions of people without power for hours on 12 October 2020. Mumbai, a megacity of 20 million people rarely faces citywide power outage, but that day a series of events led to several power substations switching off simultaneously, ceasing the power supply to the broader city. Train services came to a halt, people had to deboard train and walk to the nearest station on feet, homes and businesses were without electricity as a grid failure resulted in massive power outages across Mumbai on 12th October. It took 2 to 3 hours for the electric supply to be restored in a phase-wise manner. Although the power was completely restored only after midnight, in some areas supply continued to be erratic on the next day as well. The state energy minister said that the possibility of sabotage could not be ruled out. It is estimated that Mumbai load loss was 2600MW and power discoms lost millions of rupees because of it. The investigation carried out by the cyber cell detected the presence of multiple suspicious logins into servers connected with power supply and transmission utilities. These suspicious logins were made by accounts operating from Singapore and a few other South Asian countries.

Uttar Pradesh Smart Meter Shutdown The sudden shutdown of thousands of smart meters at the consumers’ home disrupted the electricity supply on 12 August 2020. At around 3:30 PM IST, a command was given by someone to the servers for the disconnection of all 1.2 million smart meters in Uttar Pradesh. In U.P., the power distribution is managed by a government subsidiary, UPPCL (Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited) whereas the servers for smart meters are managed by L&T under supervision of EESL (Energy Efficiency Services Limited), a central government energy services company. The incident took place on the eve of Janmashtami, which is one of the most celebrated festivals in the area. The employees of UPPCL had to face the heat of the consumers. In response, the state heads of the EESL and L&T were suspended for dereliction of duty immediately and EESL set stricter protocols to prevent such incidents in future. At present only a small percentage of people have smart meters installed in their homes. Government of India aims to install smart meters in each household by 2024. An incident like this could reduce the energy demand suddenly creating an imbalance in the grid as the stability of the grid depends on the balance between demand and

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supply in real-time. This could lead to the failure of the grid, affecting the whole nation.

Cyber-attack at Kudankulam Nuclear power is pivotal to energy security for any country. Given the vulnerability of nuclear power projects to accidental, adversarial, and environmental events – Chernobyl (1986), Stuxnet (2010), and Fukushima (2011) – they have been subject to tight safety regulations. Nuclear programmes and research facilities themselves are of great strategic importance and they are closely guarded. Not surprisingly, they become a prime target of espionage operations. On 28th October 2019, malware infection in the IT network of the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (located in Tamil Nadu) was reported. The co-incidental shutdown of one of the plants in the preceding week led to speculations that the two incidents were connected. Initially, such reports were denied but after a thorough investigation, these reports were confirmed. NPCIL (Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited) along with National Cyber Security Coordinator (NCSC) confirmed identification of malware on the internet-connected administrative network but said that the critical internal network was isolated. Security researchers analysing the available evidence believed that Lazarus group of hackers (based in North Korea) were behind the malware, which was custom made to gain access to the IT network of the nuclear facility, and that those controlling the malware might have the access to the entire IT network. Lazarus group was held responsible for the 2013 cyber-attacks in South Korea and WannaCry ransomware attacks in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2017. ‘Issue Makers Lab’, a malware analyst from Seoul having vast expertise in analysing North Korean malware, also produced evidence supporting the argument. Although the intention was not clear, one of the possible motives could be to gain technical knowledge for the associated technology. Other objectives could be to gather information on the reactor which could be used for a sabotage operation at an Iranian facility, which uses the same reactor or simply to ring an alarm amongst international society about the insecurity of nuclear power plants in each part of the world. As per government prevention was successful to the extent and attackers were only able to access the administrative network. India has seven nuclear power plants with a net generation capacity of 6.3 GW, representing about 2% of total utility-based generation capacity. As of August 2020, seven reactors with a combined net installed capacity of 4.8 GW are under construction and several others are in the planning stages.

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Following the susceptibilities, there is a growing concern that the country’s power infrastructure could be the next target of terrorists looking to cripple its economy. Even the local power systems could be damaged to cause havoc in a local area. IB and local police intelligence have alerted the power discoms time and again of mobs planning to attack substations or fake distress calling to shut down supply in an area. Hence, the issue should be discussed seriously amongst the stakeholders as energy security is extremely important for long term defence planning. Notes and References 1.

International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2019, Annexes; BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019. https://www.eia.gov/ international/content/analysis/countries_long/India/india.pdf 2. “Growth of Electricity Sector in India from 1947-2020”, (15 April 2020); CEA, Ministry of Power, Government of India. https://cea.nic.in/wpcontent/uploads/pdm/2020/12/growth_2020.pdf 3. Uwe Remme; et al. (February 2011). “Technology development prospects for the Indian power sector”. International Energy Agency France; OECD. 4. “Making the world hotter: India’s expected air-conditioning explosion”. (5 December 2018) https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/ news/coal/making-the-world-hotter-indias-expected-air-conditioningexplosion/66933622 5. A Panagariya, AK Jain. Niti Ayog “Electricity and Clean Cooking Strategy for India”. https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/document_ publication/NITIBlog28_VC-AnilJain.pdf 6. Read more at: https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-andcentral/agitating-farmers-attack-power-sub-station-500-booked-777061. html 7. https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cisf-guard-dies-after-attack-atpower-grid-centre-in-jammu-and-kashmirs-nowgam-1938402 8. “Confirmed: North Korean malware found on Indian nuclear plant’s network”. ZDNet. 30 October 2019. https://www.zdnet.com/article/ confirmed-north-korean-malware-found-on-indian-nuclear-plantsnetwork/ 9. Cherian Samuel & Munish Sharma. IDSA, “Kudankulam: One Incident, Many Facets” (17 December 2019) https://idsa.in/system/files/ issuebrief/kudankulam-incident-cherian-munish-161219.pdf 10. Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises, PIB Delhi, 09 JUL 2019, https://bit.ly/3q6MDP5 11. Zero Emission Vehicles: Towards A Policy Framework, Global Mobility Summit 2018, https://bit.ly/38x535p

27 Contributions of Mathematical Sciences to National Security Dr. Charudatta D. Bele* Introduction National security is another area that relies heavily on the mathematical sciences. The National Security Agency (NSA), employs include people with backgrounds in core and applied mathematics, probability, and statistics. The mathematical sciences are also essential to logistics, simulations used for training and testing, war-gaming, image and signal analysis, control of satellites and aircraft, and test and evaluation of new equipment. The Mathematical Sciences in the 21st Century, captures the broad range of ways in which the mathematical sciences contribute to national defence.

Science and Technology Investment to Benefit National Security The Department of Defence has adopted seven current priority areas for science and technology investment to benefit national security. 1. Data to decisions. Science and applications to reduce the cycle time and manpower requirements for analysis and use of large data sets. 2. Engineered resilient systems. Engineering concepts, science, and design tools to protect against malicious compromise of weapon systems and to develop agile manufacturing for trusted and assured defence systems.

* Head and Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Shri Shivaji College, Parbhani, Maharashtra

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3. Cyber science and technology. Science and technology for efficient, effective cyber capabilities across the spectrum of joint operations. 4. Electronic warfare/electronic protection. New concepts and technology to protect systems and extend capabilities across the electro-magnetic spectrum. 5. Countering weapons of mass destruction (WMD): Advances in DOD’s ability to locate, secure, monitor, tag, track, interdict, eliminate, and attribute WMD weapons and materials. 6. Autonomy. Science and technology to achieve autonomous systems that reliably and safely accomplish complex tasks in all environments. 7. Human systems. Science and technology to enhance humanmachine interfaces, increasing productivity and effectiveness across a broad range of missions.24 While the mathematical sciences are clearly of importance to the first and third of these priority areas, they also have key roles to play in support of all of the others. Advances in the mathematical sciences that allow simulation-based design, testing, and control of complex systems are essential for creating resilient systems. Improved methods of signal analysis and processing, such as faster algorithms and more sensitive schemes for pattern recognition, are needed to advance electronic warfare and protection.

Mathematical Skills and its Effect on National Security The effect of mathematical skills in a nation’s security can be highlighted in some characteristic areas. These are: 1. Cryptography (Data Security) This makes use of Number Theory (Modular Arithmetic) and concept of Prime Number, and is the science of using mathematics to encrypt and decrypt data. Data security is a chief security concern when it comes to transmission of computer passwords, electronic e-commerce, private conversations and Automatic Teller machine (ATM) cards (Jiang, 2013). Cryptography is the practice of hiding information, converting some secret information to a non-readable text. It enables one to store sensitive information or transmit it across insecure networks (like the internet) so that it cannot be read by anyone except the right person(s). Applications of cryptography include military information and intelligence, electronic commerce, bank and payments and electronic building access. It is one of the cornerstones of internet security .

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2. Wavelet Transformation (Signals Intelligence) This is a new technique which is very important in all types of signal transmission and it is based on transmission of a series of numbers. Wavelet analysis is an exciting new method which applies principles of mathematics and physics in solving difficult civil and security problems. Some applications of wavelets are powerful statistical tool which can be used for a wide range of applications namely: • Signal processing • Data compression • Fingerprint (which is more surprising), for detecting the properties of quick variation of values • In internet traffic description for designing the services size • Industrial supervision of gear-wheel • Computer graphics and multi-fractal analysis • Wave propagation • Image processing • Pattern recognition • Detection of aircraft and submarines. 3. Food Security Mathematical skills are used to calculate food security indicators such as: Household Food in Security Access Scale (HFIAS); Household Dietary Diversity Scale (HDDS) – measures the number of different food groups consumed over a specific reference period (24Hrs/48 Hrs/7 days); Household Hunger Scale (HHS) – measures the experience of household food deprivation based on a set of predictable reactions captured through a survey and summarized in a scale. Coping Strategies Index (CSI) – assess household behaviour and rates them based on asset of varied establishment behaviours as how households cope with food shortages. Food Security can be explicitly explained using mathematical variables as percentages, rates, graph and numbering.

Mathematical Sciences Program Sabbaticals Each year, some of the nation’s leading mathematicians take on an extraordinary challenge--they go to work for the National Security Agency. NSA’s Sabbatical Program in Mathematics offers an opportunity to work on a short-term basis with the leading employer of mathematicians in the United States. A sabbatical tour offers a personal challenge to develop skills in directions that would be impossible anywhere else. Sabbatical employees have the choice to

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work on a variety of different mathematical problems during their stay at NSA. Sabbatical work may involve cryptology, signals analysis, algebra, probability, statistics, number theory, discrete mathematics, or analysis of data sets, among other topics.

Conclusion The utilization of mathematical skills in the nation’s security systems is important. The various forms of security and the role that mathematics plays in each of them are vital role. Thus, it is being recommended that there should be effective and functional mathematics education at all levels so as to transform skills realized for mathematics to solve the nation’s security challenges. Notes and References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Carletto, C., Zezz, A. & Banerjee, R. (2013). Towards a better measurement of household food security: Harmonzing indicator and the role of household surveys. Elsevier Journal of Global Food Security. 2(1), 30-40. Jiang, Z.(2013). Applications of Number Theory in Cryptography. Retrieved from http://www.math.uchicago.edu/~may/VIGRE/ VIGRE2011/ReuPapers/Jiang. Trombley, R.J. & Weiss, D.J. (1993). Measurement of Basic Skills of mathematics, Berkeley, C.A.: National Centre for Research in Vocational Education. “Connections Between the Mathematical Sciences and Other Fields.” National Research Council. 2013.  The Mathematical Sciences in 2025. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/15269. National Research Council, 2012. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. European Scientific Journal November 2014 edition vol.10, No.33 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431

28 Linguistic Reorganization, Consolidation of Regional Identities and Their Accommodation in India Dr. Iqbal Singh* Dr. Prabhjot Kaur** India is a multi-cultural, multi-ethnic and multi-linguistic state and often regarded as a land of multiple religions. These ethnic and linguistic differences contributed to a segmented political divide in the past.1 Basically, India has a culture of inclusiveness i.e. accommodation of all manner of differences within a framework of social harmony, which contributed to its greatness and facilitated growth. But the growth of communal organizations has proved as a major threat to the future security, stability and prosperity of the country.2 In practical terms, India is a country of huge population, large size and immense diversities.3 In India, the modernization process has not led to any major cracks in the traditional social organization and there has been a blending of tradition and modernity at different stages; and this has resulted in new channels being opened for the expression of various identities in the democratic process.4 The territorial identity of regions gets reflected in the federal character of the Constitution, but the overall constitutional emphasis is to condition the growth of regional identity.5 As early as 1902, Rabindranath Tagore had cautioned that unity cannot be brought about by enacting a law and in 1949 Sardar *  Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Kanya Maha Vidyalaya (Autonomous), Jalandhar, Punjab **  Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Bebe Nanaki University College, Mithra, Kapurthala, Punjab

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Vallabhbhai Patel (the architect of integration of states) had laid emphasis on the process taking ‘healthy roots’ and bringing forth ‘a wider outlook and a broader vision’.6 The fundamental problem of nation building in post-colonial South Asia, thus, is a contradiction between the territorial boundaries and the ethno-cultural affinities.7 Before independence, the debates in the Constituent Assembly of India suggest that it clearly intended the proposed political system to be basically federal in character.8 The Assembly was to work as temporary legislature over and above its Constitution framing responsibility.9 Most importantly, Jawaharlal Nehru claimed that the Constituent Assembly was “the only proper method of establishing a free democratic state”.10

The First Phase (1947-50): Integration and Consolidation As per the article 3 of the Indian Constitution, the Parliament has a power to form the new state. The current provision of this article was introduced by the Constitution (Fifth Amendment) Act, 1955.11 The exercise of redrawing of State boundaries first involved clustering and consolidation of small states into a single coherent entity, followed their administrative integration. The second form of integration was that of conversion of states into centrally administered areas. The third form of integration was the formation of unions.12 In most of the cases, the political parties have raised a voice in defense of the regional language, particularly if the state was created as a linguistic state.13 The reorganization on the basis of language gave equal recognition and dignity to all the dominant language groups. The various regional languages are the official languages in the linguistically reorganized states. These are also listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.14 The Convention of linguistic provinces met at Delhi on 8 December 1946, on the eve of the Constituent Assembly under the Presidentship of Dr. S. B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya and pressed upon the authorities a proposal for constituting Andhra, Tamil, Kerala and Karnataka as linguistic provinces under new Constitution. The Conference accordingly urged strongly upon the authorities concerned, “to immediately reconstitute the provinces in India, as far as possible, as linguistic, cultural and homogeneous units”, as a preliminary to the formation of the Union of India.15 During partition, there were 27 states as specified in Parts A, B and C of the First Schedule and the Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands specified in Part D of the same Schedule. In general, the 9 states of Part A comprised former British provinces, the 8 states of Part B comprised the former Indian states (516 out of 522), which had acceded to the Indian Union, and the 10 states of Part C category were the former Chief Commissioner’s provinces like Delhi and some small Indian

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states.16 The most persistent and consistent demand for linguistic States of their own however, came from the Maharashtrians and the Andhras (Telugu speaking people). The government appointed the Dar Commission (17th June 1948) to report on the question of the formation of Andhra, Kerala, Karnataka and Maharashtra, which rejected the proposal of the reorganization of the country on linguistic basis as it would create chaos and national disintegration. Later on, the Indian National Congress at its Jaipur session in December 1948, appointed a Sub-Committee of three persons i.e. Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel and Pattabhi Sitaramayya, known as JVP Committee to go into and report on the issue of the linguistic States. The report suggested the formation of an Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking areas of the undivided Madras State without the city of Madras. In the meantime, Potti Sriramulu undertook a fast unto death and actually died on the 15th December 1952 after a fast lasting for 58 days. Four days after this tragic event, the Prime Minister of India announced that the Andhra State would come into being by December 1953.17

Second Phase (1950-56): Reorganization of States In response, the Government of India appointed the States Reorganization Commission (SRC) in December, 1953 to examine the tangled question of the reorganization of states “objectively and dispassionately”. The Commission was headed by a former Judge of the Supreme Court of India, S. Fazl Ali, besides two members i.e. H. N. Kunzru and K. M. Panikkar.18 Considering the various aspects of group and other narrow loyalties, the SRC upheld the need to develop Indian nationalism into a positive concept.19 By the early 1950s, demand for linguistic states had come up in a big way in several regions.20 In 1956, five Zonal Councils were created by the Union government with the objective of curbing the rising regional feelings and to promote co-operation in resolving regional disputes.21 The creation of eight linguistic states in 1956, followed by the formation of Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1960 and Punjab and Haryana in 1966, proved in the longer run to promote legitimacy and stability.22 The strongest reaction against the SRC’s report and the States Reorganization Act came from Maharashtra, where widespread rioting broke out and eighty people were killed in Bombay city in police firings in January 1956. Finally, the government agreed in May 1960 to bifurcate the state of Bombay into Maharashtra and Gujarat, with Bombay city being included in Maharashtra, and Ahmedabad being made the capital of Gujarat.23

SRC’s Approach to Reorganization Therefore, the linguistic reorganization of states in 1956 proved to be a master stroke in shaping the future institutional arrangements. This

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decision contributed significantly to the expansion and consolidation of federal democracy in India.24 In the 1960s, ethnicity became a very powerful force for reorganization of states in certain areas like Punjab and North-Eastern region. On the other hand, Jammu and Ladakh regions in Jammu & Kashmir state have for been demanding separate states in order to preserve their respective ethnic identities and to secure an overall economic development.25 The matter of the fact is that the partition of the Indian sub-continent, based on religion created a sense of fear and anxiety about the balkanization of the country.26 The reorganization of North-East India in 1972 went against language principle, in as much as the newly created hill states were hardly unilingual. Throughout that period, the focus shifted from the major language groups to smaller ‘tribal’ communities.27 The establishment of the Naga Hills-Tuensang area in 1957 was the first of a series of concessions by the Central government to the political aspirations of tribal peoples of India,28 which have struggled for a greater control over their affairs and even for secession particularly by Nagas and the Mizos.29 The Union government “reorganized” some states under the Assam Reorganization (Meghalaya) Act, 1969 and the North-East Areas (Reorganization) Act, 1971 and converted Union Territories into full-fledged States.30 In 1972, the Union territories of Manipur and Tripura, and the Meghalaya section of Assam gained full statehood. The North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) was formed into the Union territory of Arunachal Pradesh, while the Mizo district of Assam became the Union territory of Mizoram.31 Since 1963 to 1972, the reorganization of North-East India was the result of a protest against ‘Assamese dominance’.32 Naturally, the problems of North-East are viewed as emerging from the poverty and exploitation of the tribals by their advanced neighbours and sought to be tackled by the developmental and protective strategy of the Fifth Schedule and the Directive Principles of the Indian Constitution.33

Formation of Uttaranchal, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Telangana States In 1990, the Inter-State Council was set up in accordance with Article 263 of the Indian Constitution that aims consultation between governments at the state and the Union levels. Its primary function is the debate on reforming Centre-state relations and it also functions as an important policy forum for informal discussions on other political issues affecting the states.34 In 2000, the formation of Uttarakhand, Chattisgarh and Jharkhand states raise serious questions of stateformation in India. In the last two cases, the proposed states lack compositeness as adjacent territories (based on the principle of

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contiguity and natural affinity, and social composition) from neighbouring states have not been transferred to these two. Moreover, the formation of three states was necessitated more by immediate electoral and political compulsions than by any objective and genuine concern for delineating units of self-rule.35 On 2 June 2014, Telangana became the 29th state of India. Since 1956, this region remains the part of coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema. It took several rounds of struggle for activists of Telangana to gain a separate identity.36

Reorganization of States: An Assessment The formation of Telangana has led to a series of demands for new States. Starting from Assam, there is a demand for statehood for the tribal district of Karbi Anglong in the northern area of Assam. In the southern areas, there is a demand for Bodoland. The Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) leader Mayawati had a resolution passed in the Assembly proposing the division of Uttar Pradesh into four states on the ground that U.P. was a huge unwieldy state consisting of 71 districts.37 There are also little known demands for other states such as Kamtapur out of Assam, Garoland out of Meghalaya, Kukiland out of Manipur, Bhojpuri Prant out of Bihar and U.P., Saurashtra and Bhilistan out of Gujarat, Koshal out of Odisha and Ladakh out of Jammu and Kashmir. Consequently, a demand has now arisen for a Second States Reorganization Commission so as to take care of all these demands. Another problem is that the formation of more states would lead to a huge administrative and financial burden on the Centre.38 So, invariably States have emerged from legitimate demands for political autonomy anchored by political parties which either motivated or benefited from the creation of new States.39 The six major states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh have been formed on the basis of artificial synthesis of natural regions, resource regions, historic regions and socio-cultural regions.40 In this regard, the overriding concern of the government has been the maintenance of unity, territorial integrity and security of India.41 In August 2019, the Union government repealed article 370 in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, thereby converted the state into two union territories i.e. Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh.42

Concluding Observations The above analysis indicates that regional identity as a reality of India is symbolized through regional, political and social formations, which are able to reflect the aspirations of their region and people. The people are now concerned with the betterment of their political environment and surroundings, which proved as a healthy extension of successful

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democracy in terms of development. In the age of 21st century, the modern means of transport and communications have brought the members of particular communities together to demand separate territorial identities. Moreover, the spread of modern education and growth of regional literature have created ethnic awareness among the members of the ethnic communities. In socially changing and democratically evolving multilingual and multi-religious society like India, evolution of bases of federal units is still undergoing. This process also facilitated the smooth consolidation of identities through their accommodation in a democratic way.

Endnotes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Amalendu Misra, “Religion, Politics and Violence in India”, in Ali Riaz (ed.), Religion and Politics in South Asia, London: Routledge, 2010, pp. 7981. Ibid., p. 90. A. K. Rastogi, “Changing Profile of Federal Governance in India”, in Akhtar Majeed (ed.), Federal India: A Design for Good Governance, New Delhi: Manak Publications, 2005, p. 103. Akhtar Majeed, “The Disputed Structures of Indian Nationalism”, in Akhtar Majeed (ed.), Constitutional Nation Building: Half a Century of India’s Success, Delhi: Manak Publications, 2001, p. 167. Ibid., p. 178. M. Hamid Ansari, “Accommodate Plurality of Identities”, The Tribune, 7 November 2013, p. 9. Shibani Kinkar Chaube, Politics of Nation Building in India, New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House, 2012, p. 115. A. S. Narang, “Ethnicity and Federalism: The Case of India”, Indian Journal of Federal Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2000, pp. 62-63. Binod Kumar Sinha, Governor as a Factor of Indian Federalism, New Delhi: Classical Publishing Company, 1992, p. 18. William F. Kuracina, The State and Governance in India: The Congress Ideal, London: Routledge, 2010, p. 118. Arghya Sengupta and Alok Prasanna Kumar, “Interpreting a Federal Constitution”, The Hindu, 4 February 2014, p. 6. Ajay Kumar Singh, “Sub-Regions and State Formation”, in Majeed (ed.), n. 4, pp. 133-134. G. N. Devy, “Preserving Heritage of Language Diversity”, The Tribune, 9 September 2014, p. 9. Rajeev Bhargava, The Promise of India’s Secular Democracy, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 46. Krishna Kodesia, The Problems of Linguistic States in India, Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1969, pp. 9-10.

176 | National and Global Security Challenges: Approaches and Strategies 16. Ranabir Samaddar, “Rule, Governmental Rationality and Reorganization of States”, in Asha Sarangi and Sudha Pai (eds.), Interrogating Reorganization of States: Culture, Identity and Politics in India, London: Routledge, 2011, pp. 54-55. 17. Krishna P. Mukerji and Suhasini Ramaswamy, Reorganization of Indian States, Bombay: Popular Book Depot, 1955, pp. 6-7. 18. Singh, n. 12, p. 135. 19. Sajal Basu, Regionalism, Ethnicity and Left Politics, Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 2005, p. 9. 20. B. L. Shankar and Valerian Rodrigues, The Indian Parliament: A Democracy at Work, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 179. 21. Rastogi, n. 3, p. 123. 22. Susanne Hoeber Rudolph and Lloyd I. Rudolph, “An Intellectual History of the Study of Indian Politics”, in Niraja Gopal Jayal and Pratap Bhanu Mehta (eds.), The Oxford Companion to Politics in India, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 570. 23. Bipan Chandra and et.al, India Since Independence, New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2008, pp. 128-129. 24. Zoya Hasan, “Introduction: The Political Career of the State in Independent India”, in Zoya Hasan (ed.), Politics and the State in India, New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2000, p. 17. 25. S. H. Patil, “State Formation in Federal India”, in Abdulrahim P. Vijapur (ed.), Dimensions of Federal Nation Building: Essays in Memory of Rasheeduddin Khan, New Delhi: Manak Publications, 1998, pp. 153-155. 26. T. K. Oommen, Nation, Civil Society and Social Movements: Essays in Political Sociology, New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2004, p. 14. Mukerji and Ramaswamy, n. 17, p. 13. 27. Chaube, n.7, p. 126. 28. Joseph E. Schwartzberg, “Factors in the Linguistic Reorganization of Indian States”, in Asha Sarangi (ed.), Language and Politics in India, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 161. 29. T. N. Madan, “Religion, Ethnicity and Nationalism in India”, in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby (eds.), Religion, Ethnicity and Self-Identity: Nations in Turmoil, London: University Press of New England, 1997, pp. 65-66. 30. C. P. Bhambhri, Hindutva: A Challenge to Multi-cultural Democracy, New Delhi: Shipra Publications, 2003, p. 116. 31. H. P. Chattopadhyay and S. K. Sarkar (eds.), Ethnic Composition and Crisis in South Asia, Vol. 1, Delhi: Global Vision, 2003, p. 16. 32. Chaube, n. 7, p. 135. 33. Ibid., p. 158. 34. Subrata K. Mitra and Malte Pehl, “Federalism”, in Jayal and Mehta (eds.), n. 22, p. 47. 35. Ajay Kumar Singh, “States’ Reorganization in India: A Critical Note”, Indian Journal of Federal Studies, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2001, p. 100.

Linguistic Reorganization, Consolidation of Regional... | 177 36. Editorial, The Tribune, 3 June 2014, p. 8. 37. T. V. Rajeswar, “Reorganization of States”, The Tribune, 12 August 2013, p. 8. 38. Ibid. 39. Sudhir Krisnaswamy, “Telangana: No Constitutional Barriers”, The Hindu, 4 January 2014, p. 8. 40. Singh, n. 12, p. 146. 41. Ibid., p. 147. 42. https://www.livemint.com/news/india/jammu-kashmir-amit-shahmoves-rajya-sabha-to-scrap-article-370-1564984999538.html as assessed on 10 January 2020.

29 Need to understand the Mirage of Chinese Aggressiveness Devidas Vijay Bhosale* Prof. (Dr.) Chandrakant Bansidhar Bhange** Introduction China’s ambitious and expansionist policy is threatening India’s interests. To confront China, India needs to focus on how to build peaceful relations with as many countries as possible by creating antiChina sentiment at the international level. As part of these efforts, India is signing a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the countries of the Indian Ocean region, which will serve as a multiplier for the Indian Navy. Apart from this, China is worried about the growing alignment of India’s with opponents of china like Japan, Australia, Vietnam, etc., and its growing proximity to the United States. But it is not enough for India to stop there; it needs to set a broader agenda on the economic front. The stability and development of world politics depends on the strategic and security relationship between India and China. But while China’s credibility is in doubt, India will have to develop a far-sighted vision to respond without ignoring China. It needs to be given strategic strength, not just political declarations. China’s aim is not only to intimidate India but also to be more comprehensive and insidious. Tensions in Galwan and the overall incident that followed, some important issues need

* Assistant Professor and Head, Dept of Defence and Strategic Studies, Tuljaram Chaturchand College, Baramati **  Professor and Head, Dept of Military Sciences, Shri Shivaji College Parbhani

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to be discussed. China’s aggressive stance has always seemed to increase tensions between the two countries. For many years, China has been increasing its influence in South Asia. Although China has a primary role to play in gaining control of the markets of these nations, the intention behind it is clear to contradict India. China’s ambitious policies are hampering India’s strategic interests, often leading to tensions between the two countries. In addition, some of China’s ambitious plans not only limit India’s strategic interests, but also raise the question of national security, which is becoming more and more complex. As the national interests of the two countries are at odds, it is time to analyze the issues that have caused tensions between India and China and why China has become so aggressive. Research Objective: Looking at the overall situation in the world today, due to Covid-19 world is facing a new crisis and in such a weird situation China is becoming aggressive on many fronts. Researcher made attempt to investigate the reasons behind the aggressive act on every front.

Analysis of China’s aggressive Stand China’s progress was unhindered before the pandemic situation. Since the beginning of covid-19, China has been left alone on the world platform, which has exacerbated its problems. This is due to both China’s internal situation and its foreign policy or international relations. Chinese President Xi Jinping has put all power in his hands. Although China’s internal problems do not come out easily, it is worth discussing here. Former US President Donald Trump had imposed a number of trade and economic sanctions on China. As a result, China was hit hard economically and commercially. Points of contention: In November 2019, a serious viral illness broke out in Wuhan, China. But China, in cooperation with the World Health Organization, is concealing information regarding the severity of the disease. This kind of information started coming to the world and then anti-China atmosphere started to form at the international level. In some parts of the world, the Covid-19 virus has been called as Chinese virus. This posed two major challenges to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). One is resolving questions posed by an international level scientists and expert community regarding the origin of the virus and its destructiveness. Another is damage to China’s global reputation and demands for compensation. As a result, China got into trouble and devised a plan to escape. Aggressive roles were taken in three places, as follows 1. China unilaterally announced two new structures for administrative work in the South China Sea on April 18, 2020.

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As a result, the issue of waterway freedom was raised by the US Navy for the next year. Theodor Roosevelt, a powerful American aircraft carrier warship, was patrolled region of South China Sea with his defense fleet. Through this, everyone’s attention was conveniently diverted from the Covid-19 epidemic. 2. The conflict that erupted in the Galvan Valley on the 15th was part of this effort. A bloody conflict ensued, in which twenty Indian soldiers were killed in a conflict with the Chinese army. As per the Indian army seventeen Indian soldiers who are seriously injured were died later. On the other hand, although no casualties were confirmed from China, their casualties were high compare to India. The situation in galwan was deliberately chewed up by China through this; China deliberately created a warlike situation and attracted the attention of the whole world toward it. 3. By terminating the one-nation two-system policy on June 30, 2020, China has introduced a new security law to challenge Hong Kong’s sovereignty. Protests were held in Hong Kong and objections were made around the world. The agitation in Hong Kong was suppressed by China. Through this, everyone’s attention was conveniently diverted from the Covid-19 epidemic.

Current Challenges to China In China, President Xi Jinping has launched a “clean plate” campaign for food security. Earlier in 2013, China had launched “Operation Empty Plate” which raised awareness about the food security crisis in China. Chinese President Xi Jinping has taken all power into his own hands. He imposed a number of oppressive restrictions on the Muslim community in China’s northwestern Xinjiang province, Mosques are closed. By setting up special educational camps to reform the opposition, they were imprisoned. Key opponents fired over allegations of corruption, many have also been arrested. At the international level, China is isolated and its problems are growing. Donald Trump had already imposed restrictions on China’s trade. New President Joe Biden is unlikely to make much of a difference. China’s Belt Road Initiative (BRI), an ambitious project, has slowed down. Due to political instability in Pakistan, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) project has not progressed as expected. The port of Gwadar on the Makran coast is operational. However, instability in Balochistan and the growing nuisance of separatists have hampered the proper use of the port. China’s problems are thus spread around the world.

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India’s Growing Reputation Varieties of vaccines manufactured in India after Covid-19 pandemic and India has started supplying vaccines to small neighboring countries in a friendly manner. This has helped to enhance India’s reputation internationally. No one except Pakistan seems to believe in the vaccine produced by China. Pakistan has also expressed interest in importing vaccines from India. And the positivity shown by India in that regard has also enhanced India’s reputation. Although China is richer and more powerful than India, the gap between the two countries in ‘soft power’ will not be narrowed easily. Another example is trade. Today many multinational corporations are leaving China and turning to India as an alternative.

Future Way Ahead to India India and China both countries are expected to make similar efforts to reduce tensions, the confidence-building process is important for conflict resolution and management. India needs to set aside its ‘national equality’ policy and change its policy towards China. China is making extensive use of economic elements and military diplomacy in its foreign policy. China is using its economic potential and investment program to establish diplomatic relations and increase its own support. Corona has created anti-China sentiment globally; India can take advantage of it. Today, India can be the next post-China option for Multi-National Companies. From that point of view, it is important to drive industrialization is more important. At the same time, it is important to note that agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy. At least two-thirds of India’s population depends on agriculture for their livelihood. Food production should increase at the same rate as the demand for food is increasing rapidly in a country with a growing population of India. Therefore, the traditional approach to agriculture should be changed and if farming is done commercially, jobs will be available to a large section of the population. Low wage costs and self-sufficiency in supply, benefits India in the field of agricultural exports. No country can survive without agricultural development and no country can progress without industrialization. In China, President Xi Jinping has launched a “clean plate” campaign for food security. Earlier in 2013, China had launched “Operation Empty Plate” which raised awareness about the food security crisis in China. This means that there is a shortage of food in leading China. For this, India needs to identify its current strengths and formulate a comprehensive development program for the development of both agriculture and industrialization. In that sense, by formulating a dual strategy, India can move towards self-sufficiency in both agriculture and industrialization.

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Conclusion If China had warned of an epidemic, it might have helped bring the situation under control. Therefore, China is being held responsible for the spread of the epidemic. On the other hand, China has started putting pressure on neighboring countries like Taiwan and India to put a curtain on the internal situation. India has imposed restrictions on many items imported from China since the Galwan incident. In the current economy, it is impossible to completely ban Chinese goods. But, this action shows the purpose and direction of India. China cannot do anything about it and therefore takes anti-India action whenever it gets a chance.

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