MPLS and Next-Generation Networks: Foundations for NGN and Enterprise Virtualization [illustrated edition] 1587201208, 9781587201202
The book appears to be a compilation of white paper drafts by different people - no clear purposes for solutions, featur
345 43 4MB
English Pages 400 Year 2006
Recommend Papers
![MPLS and Next-Generation Networks: Foundations for NGN and Enterprise Virtualization [illustrated edition]
9781587201202, 1587201208](https://ebin.pub/img/200x200/mpls-and-next-generation-networks-foundations-for-ngn-and-enterprise-virtualization-illustrated-edition-9781587201202-1587201208.jpg)
![MPLS and VPN architectures [illustrated edition]
1587050021, 9781587050022](https://ebin.pub/img/200x200/mpls-and-vpn-architectures-illustrated-edition-1587050021-9781587050022.jpg)
![QoS for IP/MPLS Networks [1 ed.]
9781587052330, 1587052334](https://ebin.pub/img/200x200/qos-for-ip-mpls-networks-1nbsped-9781587052330-1587052334.jpg)
![Techniques and Tools for the Design and Implementation of Enterprise Information Systems [illustrated edition]
9781599048260, 1599048264](https://ebin.pub/img/200x200/techniques-and-tools-for-the-design-and-implementation-of-enterprise-information-systems-illustrated-edition-9781599048260-1599048264.jpg)
![The business case for storage networks [illustrated edition]
1587201186, 9781587201189](https://ebin.pub/img/200x200/the-business-case-for-storage-networks-illustrated-edition-1587201186-9781587201189.jpg)
![MPLS and Next-Generation Networks: Foundations for NGN and Enterprise Virtualization [illustrated edition]
1587201208, 9781587201202](https://ebin.pub/img/200x200/mpls-and-next-generation-networks-foundations-for-ngn-and-enterprise-virtualization-illustrated-edition-1587201208-9781587201202.jpg)
- Author / Uploaded
- Azhar Sayeed
- Monique J. Morrow
- Similar Topics
- Computers
- Information Systems: EC businesses
- Commentary
- CHM to pdf conversion - needs improvement
File loading please wait...
Citation preview
MPLS and Next-Generation Networks: Foundations for NGN and Enterprise Virtualization By Monique Morrow, Azhar Sayeed
!
" • • • • ( '
'
( )* % & '" # * +, * % & # " '
" " )* *
)# ' ## "
% & * ' . '" "
# $
" ## "
"
% & "
"
'" # " "
#
' *(
% &
# *
" % &
#
% & "
'"
' )
% & .
$
#
"
( $
)
. " " ! % & #' ( " % & / * . ) # % & " $ " *# .# ' ' ' ( " " " # ' % & '" # ' # ( ) ' " ( ' ## " ( # " # ' $ *# " " *# $0 * +, * " $ *# " * *# " # " * ) " # % & '" " # " " # " " " $. ( )* * . ' " '" " " *# ). # " * ) % & " *# * . " " *# ' " " % & ( ) #
"
$
$
Copyright About the Authors About the Technical Reviewers Acknowledgments Icons Used in This Book Foreword Introduction Part 1: The Business Case for MPLS Chapter 1. The Dynamics of Service Creation and Deployment Industry Dynamics and Challenges What About the Enterprise Market? Business Drivers and Requirements Service Providers and Enterprise: The Battle of Outsourcing Versus Do-It-Yourself Subscribing to a Managed Layer 3 MPLS VPN Service The Case for Building VPNsLayer 2 or Layer 3 Existing TechnologiesFrame Relay, ATM, and IP-Based Networks: What Can They Solve? Service Examples Summary Chapter 2. The Scope of Service Types Overview of Layer 2 Services Next-Generation Network Overview and Interworking Functions Layer 3 Services Remote Access Value-Added Services Summary Part 2: The Technical Case for MPLS Chapter 3. Technology Overview: Making the Technology Case for MPLS and Technology Details Available Technologies and Options Why MPLS? (High-Level Detail) MPLS and Quality of Service Benefits MPLS Technology Details Layer 3 VPNs Carrier Supporting Carrier and Inter-Provider Autonomous Systems Traffic Engineering DiffServ Layer 2 VPNs Summary Part 3: Mpl Services and Components Chapter 4. Layer 2 VPNs Taxonomy
Introducing AToM Layer 2 Interworking Virtual Private LAN Service Provisioning and Signaling Benefits of L2VPNs Inter-AS L2VPNs Supported IETF Standards Summary Standards and References Chapter 5. Layer 3 VPNs Technology Overview Corporate Intranet Corporate Extranet Internet Access Scaling MPLS VPNs to Multi-AS, Multi-Provider, and Hierarchical Networks Heterogeneous Networks Managed Central Services Supported IETF Drafts Summary Chapter 6. Remote Access and IPSec Integration with MPLS VPNs Technology Overview PE-CE Routing Protocols Scalability and Network Convergence for Remote Access Summary Chapter 7. MPLS Security Security and NGN Security Overview and MPLS MPLS VPN and Security Attack Scenarios IPSec Layer 2 and Unmanaged VPN Service Considerations Overall Best Practice Recommendations Summary Standards and References Chapter 8. Traffic Engineering Problem Statement Technology Overview TE Applications and Examples Protection and Restoration Scaling MPLS TE MPLS Traffic Engineering and Multicast Standards and References Summary Chapter 9. Quality of Service Problem Statement Standards and References Summary Chapter 10. Multicast and NGNs
Problem Statement MPLS Multicast VPN Overview MPLS Multicast VPN Applications and Examples Multicast Security and Management Considerations Standards and References Summary Chapter 11. IPv6 and MPLS Problem Statement Technology Overview Management and IPv6 Summary Part 4: Bringing Your MPLS Plan Together Chapter 12. Network Management and Provisioning Problem Statement Fault Management, Configuration Management, Accounting Management, Performance Management, and Security Management VRF-Aware ICMP Ping and LSP Ping/Trace Mechanisms Dealing with Equal Cost Multipaths Virtual Circuit Connection Verification and Bidirectional Forwarding Detection A Word About Interworking OAM Generic Failure Types Configuration Management for MPLS-Based Networks Accounting for MPLS-Based Networks Performance Management for MPLS-Based Networks Security Management for MPLS-Based Networks Per-VPN Management Standards and References Summary Chapter 13. Design Considerations: Putting it All Together VRF-Aware Feature NAT-PE System Flow Deployment Guideline Summary Management, Provisioning, and Troubleshooting Equipment Scalability Versus Network Scalability Summary Chapter 14. MPLS Case Studies The Background on Equant VPN Bridge Case Study Summary Chapter 15. The Future of MPLS Integrating IP and Optical Networks (Transport Area) Future Layer 3 Services Future Layer 2 Services Future Enhancements in Provisioning and Management Increasing Enterprise Deployment of MPLS Summary A View from George Swallow A View from Adrian Farrell
Index
Copyright ! %
-
%
#$
(
34
" 12
5
"
#
$ $
* .
"
$ " 6
7
89 #
.
1 * $ #
:94:
! 1
' # $* . * . " #
$ $
' *
&
1*
"
"
! /
"
)* $ # * " " . " ' $ *. ( -
"
4
4
"
* " #$ . ( # * ' (
#
$ "
. *
:;9568
9
$
"
*
4
; ;
Trademark Acknowledgments 1
* * ' "" "
) $" # 2 * $ $
## # "$ '
)
(
*
" ! *
" * '" *
)
$
) * .
'" * " "
)
) )
Warning and Disclaimer ) * ) *#
*
$ (
# )
* * . " # " ) * #
# $
#
' " *#
' '
* ""
< * "
< $ #
)
" ! #
$ 7' .
.
# * *
" $# * " * $ "" *# $
$ (
.
$
"
$
" $
$
"
$
* .
"
Feedback Information 1
"
. 7 "
' ' "
"
#* " " **
+ " **
0
>
(
#
" (( "
$ ##
" " # " . * *
" -
")
"
# *# .$ " * )
$ " *
")=" " # *
$
#
) " ' ' $
$
' "
) *
" $
"
-
$
#
$
'
$
).
(
* )
"
"
Corporate and Government Sales " "
# /
"
*
$% % " #
*
.#
& =#
(
'
#
- -+ ' & / + * '+
?
6
64
: 8
"
=#
" *
( $> ?
1
$
") @ $A
+ &0 + * B
&
"
'
) ' * ) + , &
2 (
$
" '
-
1 1
-
#" * !
.
)(
"
! "
/
+
"
# "
#. *
. 7' &
)
) # 1
' %
.
?
# /
"
)
3 "
$
4 5) * . " * ' . 1 8; : 5 9
5 > ? ! 1 ((( " " " * : 6 ;49 : 6 ;; 7 C9 65D / : 6 ;49 : 3
6 4 5) " $ * . " 96 + + E46 # ( # 968 4 ((( " " " * F9; 9 5 5555 / F9; 9 5 5588 +)
& "
A A
4
5) * # ) ( 8 A 1* * $
((( F / F " *
B
# " " " * 6 4 58 4 ;5 *
4
" ( " >
(
1 777%
.# %
* . 8- 8 66
34 9 " $ * . " 1 ' B . " . " * ) " $ * . "G > $> > ). & ' . $. & '" * ) " $ * . "G 1"" + .1 . H. $ . 1. . 7. . 1. . . " . " ( )7 # . " , " . " $ * . " $ * # . " $ * . " ! $ 7 # I ' .7 .7 / .7 ( " ./ #. / (% ( ./ * .J ' .J "). A * & ). K . , . I B. K 7 # . K . K + " " . K ") $. & *. & ) $ . % " . %JH. ( ) 1" *$. ( )+ . ") . H. " .+ %!H. " # . . %1+ . ")> . / > $ " L K . * ) " $ * . " I ! " " 1
* # " '
(
) *
" * (
#
>
# *# $
#
#
$ #
#
(
"
$
" *#
$ C 9 8+D
Dedications 5) " ( $ " 1 $. *$ # ' * ( '
'
) ' B
*$ # ' $ ' #
* ( 2 )$
, A
% (( *# ( '
M
' # # ( ' # " *$ * $ * * *$ ( * G *$ ( 1 NG *$ # ' . " . ## * . ( ) G *$ % 2 " * ) " ' ' # *$ " * * #. " . # ( * ) # ( $ $$ . ( $ * . *$ $BN $@ * $
39* ' ( ( *$ )
0 *
" * 1 . " $
" *
About the Authors 5) : " " $ 7 $ * . " * 4 $ # " ( " . *# * " *# " * # N " . ' #* '" # ' % ' ' ' * ( ) '" . " * "" &1 ( " # ' ' * % ( ) # " *# ! 7 # 888. % * % & B # $* 7 # '" % %
-
#
'
"
"
% * 1
-
%
-
" ' " " $. % -
0
"
#"
% &
'" '" # ' # N " # '
1
$.
) %
"
"
" ) '" #
"
( '"
" )
) '
7 / ! " ** " '" " # $
#
'
J /
( * *
"
,1% % 1
*
' #* #" % ( " # " ! N "
( ) A " " # % % & C " A .4 D '( ' ( & ) C% @ * . 4 4D
* &* " # " $. B ( "" A # " . ' * *
1"
0 " '" # ' " # ) / " " A ( ) H # N " #
$
)(
.%
" '
" "
0
B *
* # #*
" . " #
* 7" ** "
# " .
!
7( ) 7## '" " H 4;. / * + O& ( #. " # *2 #
'" " % & $. &1 * ) . "$"
"
0
7-
'"
(
" * * " $ 7" % & ." 888. % / "
# # *
.%
( .%
* '" .
" # " ##
.
#
' "
"#
# .
'
/+. 1 %.
.
) $' "
(
)
" % ( / " *# " " *@ (
" 1
/ " ' " " ! ' $. J1
"
. *7
/ " * 0 J7 7&. / " .
% 1
Acknowledgments > ( ") ( * # # ( ' * )# * $ *# $ " $ * . * " * A * "). ' . # #. J * . 1 > ## . )( ' ( > " " ' ( . * " $ * .? / " . # % 7$ $" ' " $ > ( ) ) ' ( * # # ) # " 1 $. ( ( ) ") ( " $ * ' ( ' " C ) ( $D $ G?*J " G J $ 2 N )G % ") G J ( (G ? 1#" G A + ) G ? ) M> ( ) ) " .'" # $ * " $ * ) * ' $ $ " ( ( ) / $. ( * " * + A . $A ) . (. ? * " " . ** ( ) $( ) ) # " # " J "
.
( G+#
)
Icons Used in This Book [View full size image]
Command Syntax Conventions "
" ' "
'
# , "
•
'
"
" ** ** + (
"
" **
C D
* #
$
) **
"
+
) $(
$
( • •
" B
"
( " $ ' .*
* "
## $ " $ "
' '
*
• • •
-
") " " *
RS (
PQ " ")
" # " " PR SQ "
* -
"
" (
#
Foreword 889.
" 2
" $
. " C D1
4
2 $ '
" (
*
) * " # ( " ( " " ** " # ## *# *
" . ( " # " .% # '" ' '" #
> $ % & " ' " * $ # * " *D * " ) # '
(
) CB
D
" -
" # *
A
N •
•
•
$T ( " .% &
4
*
% &
J '
(
" * ) ( ( " C% & D. 4; '" # ' " % & # $ % & *
" *
$ *
" * * #. * % & C
(
#
2#"
$ *#
*"
(
% &
J% &
F ,# "
"
*# " % &
$
888. " *J '" " % & ' # . .' " . ' ( ) '" # 2 ## $* ## " % & " *# ' '" & ' 1 * " ' ' $. ' $. ( )# * " B '" ' " " '" % & B 7'" ( " " # " ## " 7( " * * ( ) '" ( " B " # " ' ' % & # ' " '" ' * " '" * " # # * " " . " '" .* " . " . " *" * ' " .' . " # $ ? # 0 A " # ' " $ ' 0 B # '" # ' *
•
. " & %
"
# ( ) (
' ( # ' " " " * " * ' " $ ' " CK D. ' . ' . ( ' " * " * ' " ## " " " '" # ' ) * * " * ! * $. " ' # ") ( ) ( # ' '" '" "
'"
' ' & $ "
(
( "
'" # /
,/ $ 1 %
"
*
#
'" % & '" " (*
* % & * " **
"
" "
" 2 '
7 /
" • $ (
) '" ' "
>
#
'"
* ). % % % & " $ # " " ** ( '" # ' ( .# " " # " # " # " # " * * # " )(
'"
"
7 $
" .'" # * . "
#$
2
( ' " #
12
$ $" $.
(
. ' " ' $ $
)
$
' '
;
' '
.
$ ( ## "
(" # .
##
'
$
$ * $.
*% &
Introduction % & %
" * 4; ( )
" $ " " & $ 4 '" # ' # " * # ' & $ B . *# * " * # * # ( ) . " ' % & " $ "
*
$
. ( )* " ' * $ " ") / *# . $" " $. $" ( '" '" & $ 4 & $ " $ " " ( " ' ( " $" / ' * ) " ' ' ' ( " '" * * . ( )* * . " ) " # " (& $ 4 & $ '"
.
* * ) ") # $* " *# * * *
" '"
.
* "
& $ '
'"
*
. "
(
' % & . " " '" #
'" # ' " " & $ 4 # # ")
$
#
"
(
)
"
'" ( )
' * ( $ " . $ . " $ ( #" ( )* " % &
" '"
(
Who Should Read This Book? # * '" #
$ '
" # "
# $* " $ ( '
)* * % &
*
$ $ "
) " . " " $ . " )
, . * '" " " ( '" " ** "
" *
)# ' ## "
' *(
#
% & "
.
(
% &
$
#
.
."
' )
"
)* #
"
( $
)
' . " ## " . . " " ! '" " # " % & #' ( " % & ) # % & " $ " *# .# ' ( ' ' ( " " " $ # ' % & '" # ' # ( ) ' " ( ' ## " ( # " # ' $ *# " " *# $0 * + ' * C+, D * " $ *# " * *# " # " * ) " # % & '" " # " " # " . " " $. ( )* * . ' " '" . " $ " *# ). # " * ) % & " *# *
How This Book Is Organized )
'
* N
.< # $* •
# ' *#
•
.
4.
1 " " ' $ " % & '" . " ' & $ % & B " " >1 " " ' $" *
* * * ". . ( ) ( * # " $ # " * TA (* " $ # '" T> # " * " " # " "$. # " * * ' #
" # *T A ( * " " # $ * * '"
Enterprise Segmentation > $
• • •
* ( * $# B
#
@ @ '@
/
$ !'
7
# ' '" * " *# *
; -)
# '
# " # ""
/ ( " #
) ".
' * '"
E% +
*
'
*
&
. * ' " *# "
## " B
2 *
$
(
" "
'"
.
" "
*
/
2
-
( )T "
'
" (
*# .
@
)
( . " B&1 < ( '" .( ( " " # /
) '9
[View full size image]
"
"
.B
< # (
#
# ##
$.
*
* "" "" ,
" ** " "
"
" ) $
## " * ( ) $ # # $ "
*
# ' " " & $ 4 .( " ) # * # # ( ) ' # # ( 2 * ' " ( " D # " ( )( " #
" *# / (
" ( " (
$ *
" & $
( $
&
4 & $
) ( )
.
. #
'
*
) ' $ " *# $ # $ & $ C & $ 4 * $# ( & $ * ( " ' $( C ' & $ 4 ( "
( *
) D" "
.( '
*
"
Central Services with an Enterprise Campus ,
* *# # " # ( ' $B 2 '" # ' " B . $ # "" B . " " *# ( # "" * " *# " ** ( ## " " # ' ( ) $ B
" " *
2 ( $ '" #
'" '
$ #
& $ "
% &
B "
" *# $ '
$
"
$# " * * # ' " B
" *# . " ** # * . -
B "
#
" '
( 2
" ( #
'
B "
$
(
" *
G
" *#
* .
"
"
"
.
2
" " "
$ '" B B&1 . ( " # *
2 '"
. " .
* ##
C B
$
" **
" (
"* 2 ( ( B D.
" (
( " ( " "
. '"
$ #
" (
D
)
$# " 2 # " " B C - ' ' (
Subscribing to a Managed Layer 3 MPLS VPN Service ,
*
(
" '"
* (
& $ " * '" # ' . # ( # " % & # " "
( ) $ # " $ ." " " . " * . " # # " * " " " " " ** " ( # $T % " C+ D. 7 J+ . , /. J . " # 7 J+ . # "
*
" * '" # ' . " * ## " /
"
#
#
"
.
$.
*
'" '
( " * " #
"
"
-
* "
#
"
* " > * " >
##
$ *
CJ+7D
* *
*
/
'
'" # " # '" # ' " + ## $ ## 7 /
"
*
'"
.
" "
B
"
"
". * " "
. $
% & # "
.
'
##
( • • •
+ > (
#
( (
• • • • •
>
* "
#
&1 ). I .* # " TA ("
.
* ) $" '
## '" # "( "
# ) "
$ ' ' $ % &
' (
. *
' #
" )
" ) #*
(
(
*# * * 0 ( ) % & # % & " % & ( " ' )T 1 $. ( " T> " * " * ' T, ( '" T * # " &1 T '" #
'
"
" #
. $
")
(
" " ## # $* & $ C J B D '" T > " " '" # ' ## " " # ## " . " K .* " . '" " # T '" ' * " # T # " ' * ) # # $ # % # " " $. ( '" # ' *# * < < &1 T '" # ' " ( '" T 1 *# # $* '" # ' 0 " * " 2 & $ % & B * '" T # ' $ # ' " # " '" # $* T
• • • • • • • • •
• •
• • • • • • • •
>
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
#
'
"
" % &
, #
"
'" #
"
' '
.$ *
-
* # " * 0 ## "
(
## " ( # B T1 # " (& $ % # " ( '" # ' * 1 . '" # ' ' $ ( * " " * T ! . $ A " $ 1"" * " A 11 ( " A 11 " " " ' # # ( " " * ' *# " " ( " * $ * * " # "
" *
(
/ $ &
.
.
T
T
'" *# . # " ' & $ B '"
$ *# . $ 1" CA 11D ( N A 11 2 $ .
"
(
* # '
$ "
A 11 C7 D.
*
#
# * -
)
2 $.
"
1 '" # ' # ' " *# ( T
1 " "$
) " ( '" .
Chapter 2. The Scope of Service Types "
# '" ' # ' ' ' "" G ' '" . " * * '" . ( ## " $ " # " ' * '" " # :. 1 D " * " # (
( "" " *# *
"
$0 " "
$* *
" #
J
% &
B
#
'
" 7
" # " ' ( $" ' '
# .
$ $ # * (
(
* ) *
'" 4G & $ G . ' * *# . # * & $ .
$ ' " C7> D # # ( '" G 7 + $ ' " C7+ D # * # '" ' $ " ' $( ( 7 1"" & $ '" / 4 # " 7+ . ( " * $ * / * + $ / * + $( ) # "# # * ' " " C B D " " " .( # ( " + ., / * + $ ( ) '" ( " " # # $ " ( - ' 7+ B&1 + ( '" # ' # " B&1 * / * + $ )" " C & D. ( " $ ' # # " " " * # * - #* C 7D " # ' $ '" # ' ( " " *# * $ / * + $ 1 %
# " # " # $ '" # '
'
" " *# . 7
; -)
1*
#
* ( (
( "
* " B&1 " " # 7
. " " * * 1
C /
* +
%+ *
# 7
D 1 %"
$
'" # ' 1"" & $ * 7 & / 4 4 " ( * ' * # C # $ " " " 7 . '" # " " (
'"
( *# *
%+ *
$
, ' 0
7
' + C7 +D. ( " '" " 7+ 7 + # ' ** 2 7 + '" " * 0 .( " " %D # " " ' $ C+ +D . " * # " " # # # # A# '
# '
; -)
)
,
-
7
% # ' " C7% D " ** $ ' # ' &1 ' " CB & D '" ( 7 + $% # ' " C7+% D # ' * " # $. ) 7> 7 +. ( / 4 7% '" ( 7 1"" & $ '" " ** '" # $* @ $ 7+% " $ $" " ' $ & $ 4 '" # ' ( ) " * %1 . " * B&1 . 7" '" # " # "" * %1 >1 * ( ) ' 7 ' H. ( H" / * + $ &. *#
; -)
E% + *
)' &
[View full size image]
/
4 :
; -)
**
2
%+ *
'" "
2
@ F
"
< 0
E3
[View full size image]
0
0
Next-Generation Network Overview and Interworking Functions $. '" # ' ' # $ &4B ( " ## * # '" < $ *" '" # $* " " ./ * + $ * . " # $ * $ / * + $B " " ' " " * " * $ 1 $# " / * + $ # " $ " # * " / * " G ( ' . " * '" C # ' I% & (
%
# ) . *# " ' '" ./ * + $ # ( " # " # D"
'" # ' " " / " #
)
"
; -)
$
!
=3
' / * + $ 1 %. ( ) " # < * # ' ( ( " # " $. * * " "
## 4 ;
$ **
( 8
"
"
"$. "
.
( "$. '
# $
'
'"
"
'" '" . '" ##
' 2
"
#
)&&
- 3''
< J 7D > ) J # # ( * " * 7 " ( " # * & $ 4 " # . " $ " " ( 7 # ' C 7D & +$ , > 1 # ( $# # ( . # "
# * & $ 4 " # ( ) " * " # * (
* ' ' '
C )
) D
* ) * " *
# " "
# )
( ( "
"
"$ 1 % ( " * " "
)C *
( • • •
'
" $#
# "$
"
* ( " . # " 1 %. / * + $. 7 * $# " # '
.
• • •
" **
)
$
#
" * 1
. #
" "
"
& $ ( ) #
'" * "
#
4
#
$"
1 % / * + $ / * + $ 7 1 % 7 # $*
*
"
" '
" ## *
$ (
" *
/
*# . " " " # / * + ' % & * # ' "" . * N $ " # # "
# 8 # #
" "
H ' % & & $ 4B ' % & # $ " '" " # ' " " A ( ' .& $ 4B ' ( ' ## "" # ) '" $ / * + $ '" % & * , * " #" $ ( $# '" . B "$ ' " . / . " "* $
"* " "
##
"$.
*
"
' & $ 4% & B $ ' * & $ 4 *# '" # " . /+. 1 %. H4; ( ' " *
/
* +
(. "$ " " 0 & $ 41 % ") '" # ' ' " " $* ") $ . '" # ' 0 ( " 1 %. / * + $. 7 . &* " ( ) * & $ 4" " * . " * ) +
"
5) & " ' $ # T
6 "
> '
* " # % & # # ( "
$
!# # '
•
( (
&4B
$ &4B
(
• •
)D
1 % ' % & C1 % % & D / * + $ ' % & C/+ % & D 7 ' % & C7 % & D
1 $ * '" " ' "
"
( *
$
1 %
' ## *1 % " ' $ * " " ' $ # " "
'"
)
'" # ' - #*
I% & "
'
*
,
• •
& # ' + * 7 # " #
• " #
:
A (* " ( * # ' T ' ' 0% $ '" # ' ( '" . * * ( ) ' % $ '" # ' ) ' $ % & ' * # '" ' * ' $ * 7 '" '6 ) 5) & G +H .# ' .* * . ## # . " " ' " " ' $"
$
6
"
"
$
& $
4B
"
'" *
'" .
"
7 " "
'
% &
Layer 3 Services ** • • • • • •
& $
% &
& $
% &
B
'"
"
(
B
"
'"
K
7 + * B
'" "
"
"" '"
"
#
"
"
1B "
7 "B
( B "
*#
$. (
'"
& $
% &
B
'" " # ' N " " . & $ % & B ' " * " * & $ 4 ' $ " # # $ '" 1
$. '"
"
B *
" # ( " '" .
" **
" "B 2
( .& $
'
"
C' D# ' $" " ' $( *# ' " $ # $ $ '" # ' $ $" " ' $ ## # $* I' " I'
'" "
'
2
.
"
"
#
B & $ " # $ '" "
" J B '
(
'"
$ .& $ 4 '"
" ## " '" % & " *
% & & $ 4
)
& $ "
$
' B . & $ '" 4 '"
' # # ) '
"
*
* " * " $ "
( #
" * " * " " " " B 888 7 # # ' ## "
'
.$ & $ # " ,D '" # ' . " I% & ( ) # '" .' " '
# * # I,# '" .*
.( "
"
#
'
"
* $ & $ % & " * '" " # " * & $ •
. # '" $
.
#
& $ 4B " # " " $. # ") ( & $ * ' " * *
") & $ C &D # . * * ) * "" ' . # 9
; -)
*
%A
& $
% & B " . " & $ "" B ' > / $ C> / D " ( # $ * ( B ' "" &" * * # / 4 9 #" ." . & + * ""
,
3
< '
[View full size image]
1
( .
3.
% &
"
"$
# ' # $# " # B " "
; -)
%
" (
)
). "
" $ /
A66
'" ' " 4 5
3
[View full size image]
" $# (
*
'"
&
@
/
$. '" # ' '" ' '" ( *# "
#
" * " " ") # & $ % & B " $ * C *# . ") # "$D ' & / " # 1 $. " * ") # ( )# * " $ * ") # ( #
; -)
%
2
#)&
,
[View full size image]
" "
# ## # # ' $ *
4 6# ("
'" -
'
A&
*
Value-Added Services B
.( . " *# '" '" # ' $ " ' & $ % & B " $ 1 $. * " $ ( '" . "" .B ( ' " B . ' '" " # $ & $ % & B " $ ## $ * ' # ' '" " ' ' # # $ '" & $ % & B " $ 1 '" # ' " *# * * " '" . " B ( A + IB++ ' "$. B ( 1 . * " B / " "" . ( " 7 ( ) . " . * $ '" # ' $ # / 4 8 ( *# " "" '"
; -)
%
)
(
3
[View full size image]
'" C "
" D#
'" ") . '" C D( " '" '
'" # '
' " #
" " B
' . !+& * 1 & $
# * . *# % &
B
"
$
; -)
(
/
4
%(
@
'
84
-< .
* [View full size image]
'
"
; -)
"
B " '" # '
%(
@
*# * *
* @ 2 -
"
# .
$# '" D
# 2
" '
'" #
/
/ * + $ * + $*
B C& $ 4 & $ 4 B '" # ' # $. . '" '
B
# -
* +
"
$
(
)
$C
* '" ) '" .( " " * ( ( # " * ' ' B " *# $ B " *# $. * . ## "
* ) '" # '
D '" * 7
* " *
* & $ ' '" . # $T '" # ' * # ' *# . B ( ; ( * # 2 B " ' CB # ' " B > ( $ . '" # ' * # ' '" # ' " 1 . " # ' B * " . " ' " $# " * B ( ' '" *
/
'" ./ * + $ & $ 4" "( * ) " * ( *# * ( " # ' # ' # # " B * '" # ' G # # B # $ * C 7D .$ ' " CK D # " . 2 / '" # ' .& $ 4' " " $
#
" *
" #
$6 X
* 4 "
* "
$. " / * + $. '" # ' * B * 44; B D. '" # ' * # $ '" # ' H B * " " * # " * "" # '" # ' " $ '" " " . % & " " " *
Why MPLS? (High-Level Detail) %
#
## "
"
( " ( % &
" # ")
. " * % & $
# % & ( ) .
/7 * # % " * ## *
" # #
" " . # ") ( " " " # G . # ") ( # ( ).
*# * * " # % & * &+ & * /7
1 & " * 2
* " /7 ( "
# ") & .
7 / +/ . 1 % & * # " " # " - ' " " C/7 D $. . $ ( ) C& +D ( "
( " " /7 , 1 /7 . # ") (
( .
#
& + ( "
*
"
$ " ## % &
"
; -)
# ")
. & " > " " *# 1 % & $
E
%
'4
" " & + ( # ") & + % &
* 7 " & + $2 # * & + " & + # # . ( & % & ' & $ 4 / 4 #" ## "
% &
6
[View full size image]
*
#
. .
$ #'
* '
# ## ( "
*
" * $ # ") # ( " % &
$
( " "
'
" "
#
/7 *# # ")
" *# *
"
" ##
*
" # & & # & $ " " " ) $ . + $. 1 % B . ' " " # ") . " " 1% ' " " CB D " / 7 " . # C *D # " . * * * 2 ( # " * " ( ) $ # ** 2 * " * /
* # ")
(
; -)
E E%
"
7
6 4 . " . " " # " # CB D ' . ./ . " ( ) & +# * " # ") " *
A&
[View full size image]
* * '
# (
" *
% &
./
#
"
)
1 # #
'
$*
. "
( " " # $ " $% & "
• •
I " 2!
& @ /
•
• •
I
#
# " 1 '
" & $ -
" # ")
#
" $
% & *
"
# *D.
" (
'
#
# ") *
"
) $
( #
# # ")
$
D # *
( ## *# .
C **
" # $ # # * ## " 7 *# ## " (
"
*# * $ '" * " ( ( J ( $ " C J D . '" # ' " J " ( '" # ' B '" "
66 " ' . " ' # $ ' # $ # )' ) " # " " /7 # " " ) " " " / * + $. 1 %. 7 " "" # " . 1 ( ) . *# *
" -
C *
#
"
(
. #
# %
G
"
'
#
* " (
/7 )( "
"
* " ( $# " C %D ' 4
* " *
(
"
" %
/7 .A .
' ' "$ ( ) '" . & ' & ) CA & D. ( )' ' $ "" # ' " ** % & " * ' ' * *
•
!
'9 $
*# * " " # . # " $ ( 1
' "
'
' $2
# "
* *# )
< < * C $ ## # *
% & " # " $ & C $ " " *
* "
*
) # " $ # * "
J% & *
H
' (. % & ( ## * ## . " * # * ) " $ # *2 " * ' (
* # "
*
" $ . " " " ( ) ,# " " * "# * " J% & # $* ) " # " $# ' * " " ' C # ' D
G! (
$ /
" "
$ # " $
* "* #
' (
( ) " 1 $ ## $ * " .
"
)
# " " " # * ( ' " # " $ ( ) " . * # " . * * ( ) " *# # .( * $ * ' ( * ( ( ) # D ) ( . ' ( .$ " " *# . $ " ' " # " $
# " *# "
' .(
$ # * '
*# .
+ $ #
" ' $
# . (
$ "
"
)* #
) (
" "
" D * *
#
" $
" $
" (
MPLS and Quality of Service /
K . '" " # " ) #
' *#
$ 1 "$ (
& ) $ * * • •
( "
'" * C &D " + ' C 7 / +/ 44
+ " #
"
) C' + B D ' +( * ,
"
'D # " ( " ' " CJ D " C+ B D $. $ D - ' '" $ ( ) A # ") "" $ * "# * * * $ # ") " " " *# " ( " . ## " ## $ ( )( * " $ # * < )$ ") < " $ " ( ) (# " $ ( # * " * *# * &
0 5) ) " * " 7 -* 6 5) ) " # " $ ( " " ( '" " " ## # * " $
'
C
( -
.
#
$-
G7;IH ' . ( ( # # ( .$
,
" '
$ (
&
*
( $ ) ' "" ' # ")
$ #
" '
* # ' "
# * ' ( $ & $ *# * *# # " ") C # ' $ " D D' " " ' "" / ## " ' " ' " '" " " ( (# ' # "
$.
* "
# " '
" ## "
( " ( ) * # $ . "" " .( " ( '" # ' "$. '" # ' " ) . ' .% & # # ( & /7 ( * #
$
*# * ' " " ' # ") ( ). * * ## " * ) ( # $ %B ## ## " $ .+ $ . K ") * B
( #
% & ' '" #
"
# ' " # $ $ '" # * . " " . *
" " # # $' " ' " B. > ( %
'" # ' # $ & $ 4B " % ( " * " 1 % " $ * & $ 4 '" . " / * + $. 1 %. .A & . 7 / ./ + # ' ( ) " # " A / $. J% & " # $ $ 2 ( * ( ) '" " * # " . " # " * ( # ( " ) $ ' J% & *# * * " ( J% & " ") * . " J% & ( ) .
** # $'
$. % &
*
'"
; -)
E
%
"
$ '" " "
'" # ' *# * #" /
; )
6
" # '" 9
@ ')
3
$
' '
# $
MPLS Technology Details "
*
(% & " ' " / 5 " " " *# " & $ '" G& $ 4B GB ' * " J% & G ) $" # " . " C& D. J . + B . . " ' # ' $ " # . ) $ # ( # " * C # D " # # * ## " ' # * & $ '"
B
'
## "
•
"
*# *
I *# * $ '" .( " " 0 E@ ! J '" # " " ( J # " " 1 66 -! ( ) # " $ " 2 )' ) ( # ' 4 %#
• •
• •
0
"
@ $ # "
" " %
$
"
& $ B . '9.
; -)
(
'
.* ( " . " J% &
E
%3
'" * " & ( # ' 0 '" # /7
" (
(
)(
'
"
*
/
"
/7 "
"
" (
)
G /7
4" " ' % & . " ** & $ 4B . . " & $ 4B '"
$ & $ "
4
. $
.
'"
"
"
)
D
"
+ B # *2
"
"
*
* .
,
& $ " .K
% &
/7 "
* ") *
#* ' " $# . " #" % & ' " G " G &1 ' " CB & DG '9. & " '" " 1 * % & " " # ") * C " # # $ "
6
3
[View full size image]
#
.
& $
'" 4B
.
Layer 3 VPNs 1' # ' " ( 1B ' * # ' # " # " B * N " " # " . ' * # ") .N
( (
)" ( ) ( 2 . ' # "$ " " . . " $ " ' 2 " ( ) # " ( 1 '" " ' " *# # " . B " " * " $ # " *# $. '" # ' " ( " # # " * &1 *# . ( ) ' $C * . # . D. * * * * ( . . * * * "$ (
!
" ( $# "
* * "
" ' $
"
% & "
"
$
' " '"
" '
" " " $*
'
$* . ( ' . 2 ' " " # *2 . ' $. *# * " # CJ+7D # " ( )" " *#
; -)
'
E
%
.# '
'
(
) ( # $ $ * * ' $ $ 1 % '" .( " $ ' & $ 4 " # * " $# " $ # *2 * * " " N " " " "
*
# "
1
"
-
(
/
* + ") ' " ( ") . " . * & $ $
" '
' *#
$*
' 0
(
'
& $
'
/
6
" * ;)''0
$ '
*
# '
0
@
Peer-to-Peer Model #
#
# " * '
* *
( * .
)
" " * * -
'" * "
B
." * # ' " " ( '" # ' " *# " * * # ' # * ". # * ' '" # ' 0 J # " # "
'" ' % & " " ** * . % & B # & $ * # " J # B " % & B " " C 7D # ' C 7D # ' C D ' ) (
"
' $* ' " * $ " " * 0 - #* * ## * 7 " " % ' . 2 # * * * * " * B ( " *# (
#
" * "
" 1 "
" . B '" # '
* B
1
" 0 *
* ")
" * # " " $ # " "
' B
" " " $
•
* B " G " *
!'
' "
7# B
7*
% &
)
-
"
; -)
6
* B D
B
*#
E
%
* " *
'" # )
"" @ "
(
' "
•
* "
0
"
% &
7.
$
B
#
'
0
( B
C
D
7
': *# " " ( B+/ * #
(
*#
#
# ' " " $"
G@,;H * ' *
&'
"
C 7
/
#"
'
8
' "
"
## D
C
" 1
'
" " /
B $. ' " *C $ &
)
$. $ ' #
" (
* 7
"
" (
C .0 % & 7
(
B ##
% &
D .
1" (
"B # $ G " * $
"
-
7 "
## $
"
'" 1 D
.
* # # ) "
1 4. ? J "
.B
" " * # D# "
# 7
+ #
. "
.
.
/ *# . $ " C ' ## * .( " ( " * ( ) "
7
*# * B+/
%
& "
7 B&1
" ) "
"
" " # " *
$
7 1
" %
'
&
$" B+/
B+/
"
##
#
7
#
B+/ " "
0
2
>
# $
% "
* " " "
" "
/
"
:
; -)
"
(
E
&
*#
%
)'
B+/ #
* " B+/. "
" " *# '
#
"
K
%
B+/
# $*
@,;8@,;
+3
*
)
< A&
'
' [View full size image]
>
' B "
" > ##
'
"
.(
##
& $
#
"
"
'
*# B+/0
% &
" % & B *# * 1 " " . # " " $
B
J
$#
#
. "
" *
#
#
*
Carrier Supporting Carrier and Inter-Provider Autonomous Systems % & B " " " " 1 / *# . B " " ' $ % & B ( B * # * " B * ") * * # ' B ** 2 1 '" # *
; -)
E
%(
*# * * '" # ' # # ' 0% & ( # ' '" " $ / ' #
3
* ''
[View full size image]
; -)
E
%
)
0
6(
[View full size image]
3
A&
' " # "
$
'" #
. .
. ") #
-
*# $ ' ;
9
" ")
.( % &
* (
" )
*# *
'"
Traffic Engineering " ' ( ) ( "
# . #
) . *
• • • • •
( "
' $
( 7 "
( . 2 #
+ +
# (
D ( #
" (
#
( C 7D $#
2
# ") &4 B ( J # &4 B > ) J # >7 > ) . # . " # # # " I# ( " # ") ( ). ( ) J # " " ' $ # '
" " ( ' & $ 4" " " ( • • • • • •
"
* " *
C 7D " "
J
# &4B #
&4
# ' C1 D 1 1 "
C 7D $
7 7 B&1 / * + $ & 1 % B IB A
& '
" C D" & ) CA & D )
"
# $ "
>7 (
"
• •
") ' * ' I7 " "
. " * '
, 7 C , D ) % # C %D "
" " " "
7
"
( & ) L
#
(
C >D " " " " " ' "
>
& $ 4 ( ( )C D * " * " ( .
7
'"
*
'
7
#
.
(
#
*
* " # * 7
# ( " * "
"
/
( 7 " " ) " * % . & $ 4 * .( ( # ( # I% & ( ) &4 # " " # , $ ( * " #
( # # ") " (
'"
.
% & ")
& $ % &
$" ( 74 7
4B & $
.
I7 I
: 4
*
.
$#
( " * " " / : ( & $ 4 . " * " * . " ' ' # ( . # # *
## * ## * " " 74 * 4B
#
$ " # # ") ( "
* % & . ( " #
1
1 * %
C&
D
Introducing AToM 1
%
1 $ # * ' * " * 1 % " " * * % > ( " # * #
' % & % & ( "
$
& " % . * & ' * / * + $
* )
* " * % & ") & $ $ * % ' #*
*
$
)
" # '
4B $ 1
1
%
& % &
%" *
"
(
" .( & ' ** " . ". ' $ / * + $ '" " * I% & ( ) # $* % " .( ) ( " . # $# ' * " % & " # $# ( * * # N ". * ( " ( * ( ' 1 % 11&; * " % & ( ) * " " # / * + $ ' % & . 1 % 11&; ' % & " * # ( 1 % ' % & " # $ # *# 2 " " # ' & $ 4 * & $ 4 # . " 7 B&1 . 1 % " . * . A & ' & ) CA & D * * ) *. ( # * ." " $1 % 1 7 / ( # . " ' ( $ "" # " " * " () ( * # ( % & ( ) # * " * ) ( * & " %
% ' # (
( $ ( " ' " CB > D $ ' # " * # - ' " C ) ) D # # $# & $ 4 * *
*$ ' ( $# ' # ' &1 # ( " " * B > " $ # $# . ( ) * # $#
*
/ : 4. $ " '" ' # ' ' " CB & D B > " " * '" C D . # ' ' ' * # $# " C $ $D " 7
Pseudowire Systems Architecture &
" /
" : :
* +
*# $B
/
* + ' ( )
$ ' *
% & "
(
(
)
* '
B
(
/
; -)
%;
, ' 0
1
*
'A
"
[View full size image]
1 &
* 4
74 4 (
#
' &
)
% & 8 74. 74 ' * 7 74 " # #( &
(
).
J & 74. ' # ; .8 . , ( " #
&
(" &
(
" * 4
& &
4
,
1
* 7 #
/
" " $ 4 4.
&
% & ;
( " # " ' $ ,
.
74 ' ' % &
: : "
7 .
(
* (
&
"
-
# 4 # ,
74.
"
&
" 4
&
(
.
4
#
(
4.
74 "
-
"
(
" #
(
" ( 7 # *
# 74
( " * 7 " * 7
4
!# #
" ( " (
( #
&
&
4
.
"
4
&
4 4.
"
7 . "
7 & (
74 - '
#
" " "
C/7 D
( #
(
# B $# . 74
# ( )
( ( # ( ' $) ( ( " " ". $ " .
(
" J & # ") (
#
G
4
#
(
* $
( # 74 ' # $
7 ) "
4 (
(
7 # # : : 7 74 4 ( $) ( % & & A ( ' .( &4 '" . # $ " " /
$
Packet Forwarding >
#
" *# . * " ( / * + $ * ( 7 1 * " ' & " ' . ## " ( C+ 7 / +/ 86;. +/ : 6;. +/ :::5. +/ :::6 D " ( : $ " $ * . &4 . " * * " ' ## " " / * + $. " ( " ( / * + $ ( # " " " C/7 D. ")( # " " " C 7 D. " C 7D. " ** I # C I+D # ( *# G " " '
* $. * " ' & 4. 4 *# * ( % & # ") D ( 74 J & ( 74 ; $ 7 ( *# ; % & # ") ( ( ." . ( % & * 4 & $ ( ## ; ( 8 4 * ( " ' # $ 74. ( " # * 4. ( , # . 4 # ( # ( # ") 74 74 ) # # ( . " 2 * " & 4 . * ' . " * $ . ( # $ / * + $ & 4 ( * $ & 4 4. 74 " 2 4 ( ## # $ . * # .& $ 4 * " ( " # ") ( ) C
" B&1 A &
C
" # " ( " ) .1 %B
* &4 " " # ") " ,1%
# # "
$ # IB
# (
.
$# . *
B&1 1 % 11&;
. # " 2 . * # #
" D.
7 .
*
*
" " . * * ## # 4. < ( )%
* " C,1%D ( * * '
* ,1% " %
B & 7 $# * $# " $ * B&1 # * # B . " ( " 7 " " " *# " ,1% * * ##
" " * .
") "
"). $
") . $ .
)
#
## " * * * ")
$ A ( ' . *
* . (
Benefits of L2VPNs '
& $
" •
•
'
I% &
"
'
.
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
•
4B (
•
•
•
•
•
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
2 " / "
& $ 4B ' % & " * * ' " $ " ' ") , ( . * ( ) * ( " *# " * > '" # ' ( )C J D & $ ' " . &4B " * " " '" # . I% & # ' " '
# * # ' & $ 4 # "
' # # "
'" ' J
.
Inter-AS L2VPNs >
# '" # # 1 G '" # * "
' ( " ' *
. "
( " 7 * 1 " (
#
"
( 1 *
( 1
+4
"
$
(
* 7
* #
*. " +
& *
$
( " $
# #
$( "
$ *
' " * *# .
1 '
*
(
"
/
%(
7 " $ ' * " ( 7 * ' 7 . &
7 #
4.
; -)
" "
L
* (
'
#
#
74.
#
"" "
( 1
+ . ( "
. $
1
/ (
# (
: ;
3
)
"
[View full size image]
# # *
* & $ ( ( (
" 4" # *
1
"
( $ #
) " #
(
+
*
# " "
" *# $( $ * # '
" 1 + # " ' &1 (
" $
*
Supported IETF Standards " 0
*# * 2 J #. ( &4B > ) J ( 7 / • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
+/ +/
1
1 %
#
%
B & B &
7 / +/
#
" ' $ " *
7 / ") # " $
#
7 / >7 > ) $ ##
)
8 9. 7 D< :::6. 7 1 " " < +/ : 85. 7 D< 7 / * + * $< D ,1% % % ##
#
#
*
'
' B
J
% & $ B *
7
*. " I * " # '
#
/ .$
* % " $ B ': # ( ) $ " $ * " &+ # # B+/ ( * # ( " # (
7
':
B # # * "
"
* "
: 9:
"
'
'
( " ' $( B
" #
+
*
*
#
6
1
(
-
': #
-
'
$
. $ . $'
B
" 7 / +/
B
.B
$ & B " *
FB -
C+ D * # )
B +
*
# " J D J " ** $ J # .# " ' # "
$
"
'
# *
"
J C% C &+ D 1 " '
7
$ $
$
) # ")
( "
# (
#
" $# A ( ' . # ## " . " # " * " # ' " # "$ " B * "
/
#
# #
" . " -
"
&
.
" -
* * " # * # (
# #
J
$
"
(
' J
"
$
7 .
/
;
Forwarding Packets Through the Network Core 1
C(
. " * J " C J D 7 *# * " C+ "
7
* #* J "
D 1 D.
( $
B
# 7
A ( ' "
.
' ,
# ") $ J
/. #
. 7 J+ . " . "
( $
+ &
+ B "
7 $
7 (
( " # ") D
B
C B
*
#
G
( # ")
C& (
$
"
(
* & ") + * *
* B ")
"
& #
*
*
D
#
(
'
# *
' ' # ") % &
7
*
"
7 # $ # ") B
"
J
.
B
Packet Flow Through the Network #
(
# ")
"
; -)
$.
/
%.
'
; 4
*
[View full size image]
7
B
1 ' 7 C 7
"
( ) ( (
"
7
#
# # ") *( " B
& J (
*D # B + / , # ( " "
"
(
7 D*
*
. # ")
#(
* # ")
7
7 ( ( # ") 7 7 ( D # ") #
# ") 7 > " ' . 7 (* *# ( )" # ")
B
7 ( J . "
(
* '" . 7 # # ) # B
&
" 7 # J .
* ' " * * '
$
"
7 ( # ( 7 $ 7' 7 B " ' # ") . 7 *# B .( " B # ") ( B 7 *# ( C B C 7 * J ( * & ** * ## #* . ) # B . (
* > "
"
7
( ( # $# " ' " * "" J J & * " ' $ J " A ( ' . & ( " ' $ J " . J ( " ' J " C J #" D # ' * ' B * # ' " ( ) > ' " ' " ( " " # .< 1 < &1
Corporate Intranet % &
B
( $ "
#
" #
"
' ( "
# "
* ( ) % & ( ( •
) " ##
)*
* * * * ( *
• • " •
# '
#
# ( ) C>1 D $ . $" ' ' &" " " ' $ * # # " . ' ' " % & B >1 . * * (
( )* " # ## # $# . )7 . / * + $. C D. A & ' CA & D. ") ' , 7 C , D. 1 % # * # B&1 &1 % & B 7 # * # * % & # " " % & B # $ *" # " " 7 7 # " # " # " " * # # ' ( ) % & B " * " $ '
# *
# * $ $
K * $ * *
• • % &
(
# ' " *
"
% &
• • • •
• •
" B
"
" ) C&1 D ") ' * ( " * #
(
B
"
"
#
' ' " CK
"
$
$
#
'
$
-
*
7 B
* B
% &
D* ## ( % & B # $ " $" " " ' $ " $ # " (# # ) B
# $" # #
" & )
$*
.
"
" ' $
"
( • • • •
•
•
% & B&1 + *
##
) & B B+/ % & B 7 7 "" " * ## % & B $ * " " "" " " $ 7 " " " * # B . " " " B " " * # C 7D B 1 $ " $ *" # " C, /. . + '4. J . 7 J+ D " ( 7 7 " . " 1 B ## C D. " " B ( ) # * # # # ' ( ) / 1 .# 7 / +/ : 9: " 7 $ ) ( * " B .$ "
* ##
"
• •
"
% & B " " ( B . ' . B # ( ) 7 " '" ( ( ) * $ " B I * 7 " ## * B A " . " $ *# $ " * '" $* B ': ' * ' J ## # .$ " $ * # ) B # " " * " &I" $ * ## * ## # $ B+/ * " . " B&1 B+/ * ## B+/ ( 111
.
Corporate Extranet 1 *# * " # $ ( " *# * " $ / *# . * * * ( " # " ** " ( " " ** " " . " " * * " " ** - ") $ " ' $( . ## . * " " 1 * ( " *# * " $ > "
% &
B
. " ** (
"
$
$ &
"
" 0
##
4 I 9 I 9 I 9 1
"
$
")
I 9 * $# " # ' # " * . $
" '
""
/
"" I 9
B+/.
# *
*
*
"
# ") ) ((
+ # ' " "
*
" .
/
' " " *# *
(
0 # ")
B+/G
") 4 I 9
" "
( " N
; -)
$ $#
E% (
*#
B+/
' *
&
% & (
*#
-, )
[View full size image]
" *# " ' $
( "
( ) I 9. 7 ( 4 I 9 ##
. # ")
; *# .
$
"
B
"
@,;
/ * ' * #
$ 0
.$ 7
Internet Access 1 *# '" " * ' ( $ ( " # ' " * " " " * (B "" ( $ % & B " * * * ' ( # & /
$ ; :
( $ "" $"
" ; ;D
; -)
B
"" ""
B ( ( . ( ( $ " " ' $
" "
B
"
( $ 2 *
( $
3
# B
'" ( $G * ' '"
GA&
%(
3
GA&
C
H
[View full size image]
E
7 " '
[View full size image]
; -)
B *# B
.
( $
' * "
% &
'
'
(
%;
( #
H
• • • •
,# ,# ,# ,#
&
" 4
#
" : %
"
B
""
7
B ")
7 "
'"
""
"
Dedicated Per-VPN Internet Access 1
(
/
; :. * B
"" ' ' ( ) * " ( ( $ " " ' $ B " ## $ $ B " * # $ " " " ' $ *# . B # ' # " ' " B # ' ( ) B
B
" "
#
*
" B
"
'" 1
# " $ "
"
" " ' $
B " " ' $. * $# ' . * " " # # '
*
Shared PEInternet and VPN *
" " " "
" ' $ B "
$ " .
"
*#
7 B+/. *
)"
"
7 B
.
( $" B C &
B " D
* I
$
"
*
B
" 1 I "
" (
"
1 B (
# & .B . *# * 7 ( $ D B . "
CAK '
" ' $ ## * " $. 7 . ( " $ #
' $
"
# B
"
.
"
(
* (
"
" "
"
7
'
7 " B #
* -
" " $#
" B
7(
' " ' $
"
7
* *
"
C D (
#
"
$
"
'
" " " ( $
7
' "
( $
*# . " " ' $ A ( ' . # " ' *
$ " " " '
( B
( *# * 7
"
"
"
#
$(
Dedicated PEShared Backbone # " #
B
' " * ") " ' $ " ( B $
" &
B ""
" ' $( "
" $
7 " # $ B A ( ' . $ ( # C& D * # B * . " J ( #
(
" ' $# ' *2 ( " *# " " ' $ / * B " * B
* "
"
7"
" 7*
$
#
*
" 7
. $
7" $ ) " ' ( * ( )" ( # & * # " " $ B 7 & 7 " ( )" *# $ J " " ' $ 7 7
"
* "
* B
$
B
"
7* * ' (. " $* # " "
" #
A ( '
. "
*
Managed Central ServiceShared Internet Access * * ) (
& ( 7"
) B+/
' '"
( B+/ "
* # * ( $I 7 *
B+/ ( " $ C 1 D.
'" *"A ( .
*
' 1
B *
(
$B * I 9
'
"" C A D. # C, 1 D ( D " B+/ "
'" *
#
#
# ' # " B " B 1
* C 1 ., 1 . (
# " # " C $ I 9
* D. B+/
B
(
1 . .
7" * " "
" 1
(
* # .# '
* "" # '
'" " * ( ) ' B "
( $ ( $ 7" $ *
"
'
" ' $ B " # ' ( ( $ "
B $
"
" #
$
"
(
*
). ? J " # .
' " * $ # "$ "
"
)
" * $
"" # #
(
*
.
' *
# (
•
.%" "
.B
$ &
*
4
" %
@
$
*#
'
( D "
( #
•
"
. *
"*
"
"
•
"
" " "
B B+/ CB ( $ 7" " ' $
B
.
' "
" *
&
$** %
-
%
(
.
" /
" " .
1 % #
.
Scaling MPLS VPNs to Multi-AS, Multi-Provider, and Hierarchical Networks 1 $B * *
" B
" * # ) ! " $. * # B * B * ( ) * ## A " . ( ) * " * (% & B " . *# $ ' B # $* * D # B * C[ D B $* " # "" ** " * ( "" ( )
# " " C[ " (
$*
#
> *
B *
# ##
( J
"
* #
) . "
% & . J
B
" *
) B * C1 D # '
$
'
( .(
0
DB $ "
' (
)
J+7 *
". B
( (
" #
$ *
C
"
B " * 2 >
(
( ) *
$* # * . 1 (
B $
'
* "
" (
"
*
$
*
Inter-AS VPNs +/
: 9:
"
"
$ "*
" ' $ • • •
B
1
") ") B ': " ': "
"
*
#
1 * 1 ( "
" +/ 4;:5
" *#
* ' " * ( '
" ' $
(
1
#
* 1
$
*
# ( " B+/
+ (
#
B&1 # " ' $ " *# . 1 + 4 ( 1 + 1 " 1 1 + ' +. ( ) " # ' A
B
(
* " " "
% & "
( B 1 ")
+ " ") " ( 1
1 1 * "
1 ")
" +
" +4
+ +
B
# .
1 "
") ' B B "
/ " "
" B
" " ' $. 1 + " B . B " # * # 1 . B B: * # 7 ( / ( 1 * * # N B . * . $ # B
': # 1 ( * # " "
*
" (
# " '
" ' $ ## " ' $* . 1 +
(
' ':
"
" "
( "
B
7 " *
$ # ' 1 " 1
' #
': B
" . "
" ' $ ' # " ' 1 # # . " J " " # * * ( " 1 "
* # ' * ( ) ' " *
B
* +
': *
': #
1
.
$ " " $
+
* ': $
( ':
( ") > ( $ .% & B " " ( ) * ) ** * % & B " ' " # $ * $" $
*
"
Carrier Supporting Carrier 1
*
"
* C B
" D
# " " B
. " J
"
"
7 C .( 7 7
0
" ( )
" "
( " $ (
'" ' # " " # $ & ($
" .B (
"
)
" $ " "
"
$ * ( )* '" # ' "
"
* !
7 " / ' #
"
$ 7 "
)
# * "
" " B '" * % & B B ( " * " ( # " " B . " "
" >
" " $.
( )* '" . B " * B * # " * * '" # ( ) C&1 " *
"
B
"
" 0
B
$ B #
" " "
% & " *
B
#
' B 7 D
#
' $ #
(
" $ # "
" 4;:5 $
+/
.
" " " ' $
" "
7
"
* . ) " " * B *# . $ # " D( B ( # '
( . " 4 $ $ "
" '"
% &
/
*# . * # * * '" # " * * C * # ' '" . D ' " ( ) ( ) * * $. " # " * $ B * ( ( B $ " " ' $. B .
* ). ? J "
" " .
$ 0 ,
# B
Heterogeneous Networks .(
' % &
*
A ( ' % &
# .$
* ( " #
* ( )
% & J+7 % & % &
1 7
#
&4
'
# ( "
"
* *#
"
.
/ % &
':
# * " $
. ( .
" '"
" * . * "
( #
"
*# . % & # ") " " " ( ) # ' " # " " (" ( " $ ( ) % & % & # ") % & ( ) " . ' ( ) . # ") ( $ # " $ "
)
" A ( '
.
J "
% &
' ( ) * ##
" . '
&4 '
(
* "
"
$ #
" ' ( +/ : 9:
7 / "
" $ #
$ ( " *
* (
B 7
" #
'"
# #
# " B "# " " *
'
% & "
(
' ( (
)
B "
*
)
)
" * 7 J .N J
" B
(
$ $
)" $
* % & $
/ #
' % & * )
"
7
"
( ' (
* D
*
" *#
)
7 *
J
"
#
*# (
*"
*" *
# ")
*# 7
( $
B
!
B
* $
% & "
"
" ; 4.
"
.
" "
B
': "
"
( ) % & A " .( ( " # C& ' % & "* ' ( $
% & )(
( B
% & * ( )
B
' "
$ 7 B
( " % &
"
( ) % &
" • • • •
( ) *# ( )
)
B
# ") $# 0 #
$.
Managed Central Services >
B+/ B+/ "" " # " . " 1 ." * "# ( " *# # " '" C '" $B ) (
B
#
( #
' * * "
*
"
& (
% & B ( % & " $
( # $ (
B
• • • • • • • •
"
"
(
%
"
(
'"
"
'" #
*
1 * ) " '" " B ' #
* $
B "
B+/ " *# ' # " " # (
" ' $ "
'
" # B
$
B (
D
" # $
B+/
") " * 7 > * >
(
'
$
'"
" * ) *
$
* *
"
% * "$ "
+ % %
* $ $ ""
" ,
* *
7 "
# ' " B+/
" "
*
K
B
$
'"
$# " " " . $ *# $ * ) B
B
'" "
"
"
" "
2
'"
$ * B+/
(
.
Making Applications and Services VRF-Aware " ( ## ' "
'"
( ( (
( ( D
CB > * * *B
)
*
' "
# .
" ## B
"
'" (
G#
*
-
"
" "
B
) * * *B 1 B ( . ' " # B # B ( B ) #G " ( ' B #
B+/ ,
" . '" " " "
( ( /
* . # ") *# . ## ' " " A 4 * # * G *B 1 ( B+/
(
.
' " "
-
*
* * ) # " *# * ) $ B+/ " # " $ J * B+/ ( • • • • • • •
B ' "
( (
B+/ B+/ B+/ B+/ B+/ B+/ B+/
( ( ( ( ( ( (
( ( $ "
) ## "
#
"
-
B+/ ( $ *# * " & $ ( *
*
.
# ##
-
* *
B+/ $
B .( ' *# # "
*
C 1 .
A
(
., 1 .
A
B+/ "
+
$D
1 ( A + IB++ CB IA 4 I%J * * # "$ #
+
+
C% C
.
"$
J
(
" D " D
( $ % D
"
VRF-Aware Address Management & "
* *
" *
# # B " ' '" A 1"
#
*
* ( " # $ ' *B " ( ( "
*
* '"
1
" '" " " * (
A
" A
*
. 1 B+/ ( $ *
.
# " "
* *
'" '"
#
# #
'" # ' ' '
"
# ")
B
* "
( # $ " ' $
(
* * " * ( # " * / " # '" . " ( $ ' * I 9 *B 1' I 9 * *# * * & ( B+/ ( 1 B+/ ( A I A + $
# $ B+/ ( 1 ( $ ' 1 " > " A . ## A " $ 2 B * . " A #$ A #$ #$ B " " *
A *
'" A & B # ( *
(
*
"
"
* " .
1 "
A "
* $
-
A .
+
$
(
(
B B " ( " "
7
7
( A
* A
A ' " ' . * # "#
#
'
A B
7. "
' "
1 7 B
1 # $
B+/ .
( 7
(
. ' # . (
" ( $ . $* ) #
"
'"
+
/
; 9
; 5
%
-
; -)
"
2 6
[View full size image]
; -)
%
-
36
@,; 3"
[View full size image]
% '
I" * ' "
.$
'" $
'
#
" B
(% &
" * )
( $ " ' $ #
'" # ' *
Supported IETF Drafts % &
& B
( ( "
' " #
$ B
"
#
4;:5 ## 1 . +/ : 9: # J+7
' ( "
* * " ## ' ' B . (% & B "
7 / +/ 4;:5 " * +/ 4;:5 ( +/ : 9: +/ : 9: ## " '
Summary "
# B J L % # & B B ( ) "
( % & ' ' " ( B " ' $
" ( ) % & & B ( ( ) '" " ( B '" " " ' $ " # # (% & $ * * $ * * # ' $ " ( ) " 7 * & $. $ ' (' '" " ( % & & B * " '" L
& B ' (
"
"
(
*
Standards and References J " #
. ? *. ? .
1#" "
.
'
#
N )
$ &
Chapter 6. Remote Access and IPSec Integration with MPLS VPNs #
' " ' $.
" "
( " # * " ' /
* *
" "
*
" ' $
"
# + *
(
D* $# ' " * "" " ( ) 7 # " * " N " ' $ * $ * "" " 1 " " # * " * "" " " ' $. " " * *
( $
'" # "" "
+ * " " ' #
B
# ' * B ) C>1 D " *
" "
'
C D# " ' $ * " # B ""
"
( " ""
" " )
# .
(
*
) CB
' (. $ " # B " # B $ # #( B "*
"" *
/ % &
"
"" '"
&. " (
" " *
# *# . " * "" B # '
"
#
'
" " $#
*#
.
(
"
& $
*
( B
% &
Technology Overview . *
.( "
*
" C 7D
*
- ") $ " " " $ *
"
; -)
%,
" * ( ""
"
# (
3
## # " " $. '" " '" # ' ( . ## " . /
* ( $
)
J "
" "
' ' "
" # "
"
# (
'" # ' $ " ** " # * " # *# * " *C D. * $
" *
$ 1
#
(
$
)
* .
#
" J
" ""
*
.
* $ "
" '
" #
,
$. " $ ) ' *# " ( # $ * , $ 1 , $ # " $ " $ * . 7, /, * # $ " *# ' # # < " < ( " " *# " $ ' $ $ * * * ( " 1 " *# $0 "" $ * # " # $ * . $ * " . " ( ' ( ' $ $ ' * " $ " "" , $ ' ( # * . % & " $ # " # ' # # " * ( )
$
Security Overview and MPLS >
)
* ")
" $
$" " # . $ * ( T< * * $ . *# . " $ N ( 0 #. . " . )* ' ' $ " . # G # " $ " ( ) # *
*
"
-
"
$* ' "
7
$
" (
% &
B " $ " $# " % $ *. * ( ' (# "
- ' " ( " $# ( )
B -
" $ , " # . # "
# .( ( '
*
*
. (
" )
.
$
. .% & $ " *
$
* # ' " '
$C N
B #
" (
"
% & B * 0 #
) * '
# ' "
% &
' '
'" # ' # & .( " *# . # $ " " $C * ") * "" " * % & .
$ .
" B
.
$
$"
/
" B
* / ( ) ") ( )
" '"
# "
$ ( ) $ * " "
" $
$ # " *# " D
$"
* D
( ) * *
$ '
' ( * ( * '" # ' 0 # # " ' * . *# . * B '" # ' . ) $ . * '" # " *# % & B *# *
" * ( " " ( )2 * " ! 7 " 2 ( " $ # "$ * . * $" " ( $ " " $ 2 ' ' # * " 2 ' " * " * * . # " $ * " $ # " ' $ *" # " " 7 $ * " # " " * $ " * " ' '
'
* * * " *#
*# . * 7'
, $
*
" $# " #
) $ $ ) $ " #
" *
" #
' /
' * # " ' * *
"
,
*. " '"
" $# * (
# $ " $# ' " " $#
#
" *
. #
"
" ) $ "
" $# *
*
'
" $# ) $ A ( ' . . " ")
(
#
.
'
$
*(
'
#
"
" # $ (
*
""
$ *
*# * *
(
' #
##$
) "
.
,
. #
1 ( "
( ) < *
* $ * '
.
$#
# *
"
'
(# N " " .< # ' " * . "
M/ 2
$. $
' '
"
# * . ' $ ' " ( * * " " . " $ ' " ' " ' # " 1* ## " $ * < " $ " # " ' < " $ # "$ * " * " $* ( $ * # " ' % $ " % & B " $ ' " ** " $ $2 " " , *# $" * " * ( ) " * B " '" # ' " ( "" # # ") * '" # ' ( ) " * " ' # * " # ' C 7D. B # ( $ " " . . % & " " " " " . . " # * * " # # *. ( " " "" $ " $ " " " " # " " $
7' * # # " # ' # '
"
.( (
.( ). $
( •
)
* * *# ( # "
" '
B
$ " , " .
$
" * # ( (
$ ( *
' $
'
'
"
$ *
$2
. * .$
" "
•
, "
.
" "
$
. A ( '
.
*# "
*
T *
' **
$ #
' (
*.
" " *#
3 * ) '* ) * # " " " $# # $. 0 * G " % & B . * # " " +/ 4;:5 ( &' 6 * * ) '* *# * ( " " * " $ *# * ** # $ A& * 6 / " $# # $. ) $ ' ' G ( ) . *# ( ) # (
•
1 %.
$"
" # " #
(
)
% &
B $
0
$ "
*
$ •
6 "
' 0 $C * .$ "
-
0
'
*
#
"
"# D >
' 0 " $
) $
( "
# "
$#
#
*
-
( " " $# # $ *#
*# "
/ $ # . . ## "
/ #
*# #
"
% & #
" * D
C" •
. 6 " $
"
• ( # $
$B *
"
" $
1 % *
* $
$
(
#
(
$
# '
(
*
(
) ) " " ** # " " " " ' . " " *# ) . *# # ( ) " *# $ $ $# " ") "" ' . ") * ' " * ( )
*.
' #
"
" " # "
'
$ #
6
# * (
')
") # * " " $
$* "
"
' "#
*#
# A ( ' .( ## # C AD
") # * $
% &
* ).
$ % &
)
) "
( ""
* # "
'
B
2 2 . '
# (
. '
& * ' $
$
* A ( ' (
,'
*# . * $ $" $ ' * *# . ( ' . ' $" $
) * B
"" ") # *
*#
'" $" / * + $ " *
' " # '
* #
" $ '
$
$ " # * "
$ $*
" ** G ( ' . A ' # # "#
" " .* $ ' "
$ '
$ .
$ $
, 4B . " " ' # "
MPLS VPN and Security ,
% & % &
" "
B
B "
*
#
. "
# " "
'
#
$ J B > # "
. * "
$
#
' B
$#
.% &
" " ' "
B
" % & *
% & ( ). $# " $ #
' " * ' "
$ * ( ). " * ## " " " " * *
"
" B
. (
. "
"
"
•
•
$' " '" # ' B " * " % & ' ( " $ " " * ( ) $* "
B
* $ *# " $ , 1 % ( ). ( * ' " " " " A ( ' . ' " " " ' " ' " * " " , % & ( ). # ( " " ( ) " ( ( " " " # ' " *# $ " A ( ' . " * 1 '" # ' " * " $ B " * * $ (
' " # " $( '" " " # % & " $. " # % & " ( ( " " # " " "
"
$ *# . * " *
"
"
-
*
B
# '
" (
* " "
-
*
* % & # ") ' ' ' '
$ $
)
'" " #
")
*
' "
$ ( $
#
6 -) " . " " " " $
# " " % & B * ## . " " " " $ "" A ( ' . $ # " * " " " . @ 6 ' 0 ' # ") ' % & " % & " '" *# " " # $ B '" # ' C D " ' % & " C
" *# * $# " $
' "
&
' #
# /
"
" " " *# . . 7.
. "
$
# " ** # *
" 7 " )
"
$
# 0
" # '
.
B *#
(
) * # ( $ # '" # ' " ## # $ ". "
B '
$
" " $#
" •
3
# # 6
D *
")
#
(
B # ")
#
)-* # "" B . ") " # % & ) B . '" ' ( ' .( " # % & ' B " B
") ")
.
" # " "
)
" * B
% & " " # ")
"
% &
" "
" ) * ") "
"
"
"
"
"
"
$ "
*
% & B ' (
'
$ ")
( ' "
" ( "" # '" # ' * " # $ " ""
-
"
* % &
*
" "
"
$ "
$)
) 0 7' $ ") * B " # ( # ") ( B # ") .( " " # ( B
#
(
>
% &
*
$ *
1
•
(
'
(
" % & G
* $
"
B
")
) ." )
" ( ) *#
7(
( ")
$ '
#
"
#
$
#
(
(
#
% #
$
#
' "
#" B
"
$
1
'
* ' * '
%
B
)
B % &
'" B "
/ ! 5
* + $. " *#
$ "
1 % # "
"
0 & 31 8;
2 " , ' 0 31 8; , ' 0
,
) #
4
-
-
6 * ) )
6 (
&
' 0
&
6
+
+
6@
L
L
L
L
L
L
' 0 % &
+
"
"
(% & # • • • J
#
# II((( * " & $
B + A B "
#" # # C J D *#
#
" $# "
"
/ ( " "
#
% &
$
B
D#
#
#
* " % & D
#
*# * # 5 5 4D '" # ' 7 " * *# . * * )
; -)
IO'Z 9O Z "
B
L
-
O Z' B
'"
*
"D ") "
% &
G$ *
(
Z
C
& $ " .( #
B
" * " *IT
" C
%& #
%3
'
"
B
#
( " * *
. '" # ' ' % & " $C *# . ' " " " * J ( $ " * (
"
") "
" ")
.
(
$
#
" "
Attack Scenarios ' '
"
$ "
2 "
* 2
* "
#
2
1 " *#
*
( * "
. " *# ' " '" / " "
% & .$
"$D * " * " # " " * $ " * / *# . * " * * " . $ # # * $ # * " * $ $ . " *# * * ) " $ " . " 2 "" ( ) # " . * ) . ( ) " . ' * 1 ( ) # " C , D '" # ' # # $ * ( ) " ## ,1% " $# "
$ *
$
C
"
"
*
% &
"
$#
2
B * *#
.
$
* "
2
'
# *
.
B (
> " $ . " ( ) ( . * " ") " ( ) . " 1+ # ." ( " ' % & B ' / * + $ A ( ' . # . " * * " " * B . 2 * * " # " " *# / * + $ & ) " C & D' " " ( ## * B # " $ " " ' $2 ") C&1 D ( " "
" 1 $B $2 "
•
(
)
•
. " (
.
•
/
5
"
* .
$ % &
"
' ( % & B
)
B
" '" .
B B 6
'
#
6
"
"
*
)
G. # / '" # '
#" " " * # * $ '
* "
H6
"
#
$
(
/
*# . *
B /
)
.
"
.
*# .
*# .
*( " B '
*
B
.
* "
C D. #
* "
" * B
.
*
$
# " "B C4D. "
C D (
)
*
.
' "
.
. "
( ) B
- #* *#
E% 3
#
"
.$
"
# ")
B
; -)
[View full size image]
1
* "" & $ 4 # ") (
/
$0 .
5 :
( "
C4D. $* . (
'9 # ") * *
") ) .
#
) .
; -)
$" * C D > # "
" $ " * #
"
#
%
'
. " $
)
B B C D. $ ' " ** " 2 . " 2 ( " ( ) * $ *
*
' "
#
$ (
.
': # ") ( ) #
*
0
63
[View full size image]
#
" B " "
% &
B
'
*
. (
# "
$
"
(
)
* # "
"#
#
'
# ' B > % &
"
.
$
#
"
A ( ' . * % & '" # " * * *
" '
1
" # * " B .( "
% & 7
.
") B
"
. B (
(
.
*
*
"
A ( '
.
") B
"
)
" ' $# # * " ' B
* #
B
.
1
)
"
"
B "
)
.
" "
) $
" *
")
2
(
( *
B * (
" .
"
B
* #
.
A ( ' . ## " $ / *# . B " "
B
*
'
'
# ") "
$
"
"
. ")
") .
( ") " ").
7 7. '
")
" $
B & : 9:. < J I% & B ( ). B " * " " • •
( .
)
6 '
6
% & *
"*
$
' "
"
* " $
. C/
" D
' (
"
111 .
7"
#
$
' *
.
"
' * (
1 %
( " '" #
" , " '" # ' ( / * + $
(
" *
$*
) .
. 111.
*
'
"
" *#
" (
" .
" " " $ - ' ( ) A ( ' . ) # $ ( ) . # " " ( B % & " # $' ") * . # " ## # $ " " " $" % & " . " " $ # " *# * .B . 1 ' . ' ( " ' " ' # ' * # * A ( ' . # * " '
'
##
'
* % & B " 1 $#
- #* " *# $# " $#
" * "
"
"
B "
) .
'"
- #* " " $*
" % &
#
# $*
*
" ""
B
"
) #
(
"
B
. ) $# " B
$*
)
,
*
" .
. " " *#
" ( )
" .(
" $
* " " B
"
") "
## # " $ * " *# $. ( * " ' "* ' " CK D * '" '
% & " * " " " $ "
( ( "
"
( ) ") * B 2 # ") . " " * # "# ## # ' " # " . ) * C &1D
. ' * * " "
)
") * B
B
$ "
" '" # " * "
$" '
7
1 "
' $ $"
""
$
"
*# -
* " " / *#
*
B+/ 5
( " " **
'
B+/ ) #
+ &' , ) 1
(
$ "
CB+/D B
" ' $# " "
* "
' # )0 B
.
B
"
7 *# " ** (
" " . #
7 " C & D ( B+/ - #* C 7D "
.
" .
*# " " B+/
A # " ' B+/
% -
6 -) + , )
6 1"
"
. " ( B+/ ( .
7
@,; " *
ip vrf bank_A rd 1234:10 route-target both 1234:33 ip vrf bank_B rd 1234:11 route-target both 1234:34 interface serial 0/1 ip vrf forwarding bank_A interface serial 0/3 ip vrf forwarding bank_B
1 4
+ *
* ( )
(
#
""
$ $# " " **
(" #
&'
(
(
%( @,;
6 -)
7 & A ) 1.
" " 7 .# ( 7 * * B IB ( # ( ' * * G . B 1 " B *# # " $ ( . " $ * B B " $" " * " * B ' $ * # $ " ' " (
" "
* $ *# " *#
* # '
" # "
( *
'
* " "
*# .
#
.
#
* " ") B "
$ ( " *
"
" *
"
" " ( "
# " . # " .
. (
*
* * ( "
*
$ $ ' $ ##
B
. .
*#
(
A ( ' . $# * " '" # ' . # # $ ) ( * " '
'
# "
* # ' )
( " * ( " . 1
# )1
'
" * $
$
*
# * .
"
"
# *# * "
,
*
*# ( # '
"
" "
' "
'" # .
# (
'" # ' ) $
' "
(
'" . #
"
# ' * " # " " . # " " " J $. , , . $
. * " *
*
" ' $
$
" * "
* "" # $
)
" $ $ #
"
#
" *#
) #
A
# (
# " " .* $ * " * " " ' * " " * " ( , " 1
(
$
( ). )
( " * " . " " $ # ( " "
# "
" *
*
#
" .
.
"
.
$
( '
* )* . 111
( * '
$
/ * * # * "
)
'
$
.
* $
*
" '
,
# *
" * . * $ ( )
"
/
I / "
$ *
$
"
% & . * # * $ * ( # " ) B . N B ( ) # " *# # * " $# *
'
#
"# $ $# $.
1 # ' (
( ") ,'
.
"
) #
. $
, (
)"
Internet/Extranet and MPLS Security $# * $" * " *# # ' (. ( ( ) /
$
* $
; #
( ) # $* . " *# $" ". . " $. * " * *< .< ( " ( " '" # ' ( )% & * ( ) ( , " ; # " *
* # $ "
' *
$
"
#
"
$
$ ' (
1
2 * '
'" # "
'
)
' (
#
( $ ## # # "# * # " " $. ") * " '" # ' ( ) ( . " ' ( ( * #
.
"
"
" /
. "
* "
* .(
$ * . (
"" '" # ' *
$ .
"
'" # ' # * $ .
*
" *
$
"
$
"
/
. #
" #
( ) * . " +/ 4645 C
" #
'
"
# " "" (
% & B " ' $ " ' $ * #
"
" ' " $ # '
" "
1
#
#
•
"# #
(
•
*
"
6 $*
-
) 7
" #1 . " B "
•
1
" . *
$
" 2
.
)
" 2
#
.
2
. " " $ " " $ # ) " # ' " # 2
$
$*
$ " B *(
"
.
"
*
* 2 "
$
"
"
"
*
.
$
."
*#
$ )
# $*
" $
" (
* N $ #
B
@
"
"
(
% &
#
#
$B " * ( " '"
'"
*
* ( $
" 1
%
) .
## $
1* 9 # ' 1* " > 2 ;
•
(
* "
* ' % & B % & # ' . "
# $
" $ ## $ 6D
.
#
"" *
"
% &
(
(
""
#
#
.( "
% &
B
'" •
•
•
1 B ( # '
( ' '" # ' * " " ' $ ' B . ") B * * B # $* . " / * + $ 1 % 1 * % & B B " *# * " * 0 " # $* " $ ( . " $ # ( > * " * B ( # $ " " $ " . ( " $ # " " # ( * ( $ *
**
")
*
$. ( # " " " #
2 $ "
. .
#
"
( $ "
' .
"
B % & " (
( ). ( " % & " ' $"
* " .( $# " .#
"
$
" "
$
" " # $
" ' $ "
$
" ' $ ( 2 " " " ' $ " $ . "
(
.
#
$2 *
-
"
$
'
1 % (
"
) $ *
'
( "
*
( "
'" # # * ( )
. "
' "
"
* " # B
'
$
*
") 2
"
*
B
.
*
"
(
2
$
.
B
# ' " $"
(
'
*
"" ## " " *# 0 *# " " * " " ( ) '" # ' (" $" #
" ") ' ' "
.
)
% & # . (
"
"
$
( ) ' $ *# " ' * " # " *# " A ( ' . # " '" . " ## *
'" # ' " $ # " " ") .$ * " # C " # ' ( )D ' ( , " . C " . * ") # D " " $# " $ ' ( "( " . # * " $ * N 1 # * "$ N " .* ( # " "# * " $
$
" .
'
" -
*#
"
) $
"
* " ## "
-
. % &
" " 7 " " " . " # " * + $
/
#
, *
*
B % & % &
"
# ' B *# " $
'
2
.
"
$ '
2
*# " # '
"
$"
" " # ( 1 % & B
* B
"
") # " ' ' ( '"
* ' . '
* ( • • •
$ 1
( ) ( )(
#
7
7 " *#
"
"
" $.
'
# "
( ( $. '
" "
' $' ( ) "
$
#
(
( ' $" " # " "
' N
)
$
" $ ##
*
( '" #
" "
*
*
" "
0
#
(
" ' " "
" # . . '"
. ""
" ** '
## " $
D.
. "" ( #
'" # '
' ")
*
D
'
#
*# " " "
"
"
* " * $
"
* "
'
$# " "
##
" "
" " # * " * * $
## # ( * *2
"
" * $ ")
"" ( ""
%Y '
"
# " (
* ##
*2
" " 7
.
. 7.
") 7 "
7
"
'
.
$# #
$
" **
$
$. .(
7
* "
(
1 ( 1 ( 1 ( ## "
' ( $
"" *# " "
" $
( "
*
2
$( ")
$* " 7
*
'
" "
$ " *# *
$
""
7 '"
( *
#
" 7 "
*
(
'" ' " " ( *# *
"
# ' '
" (
7
# " '
# " ' "
'
J
$ "
'" B+/ "
- ")
" " **
) '
7
(
) #
.
(
* *
$
"
"$ .
"
" $" .
*B "
*
(
"
B * "* "
(
*
( D*
""
" #
.( " "
"
"
A ( ' . C% & IB " " $ ( # " * * "
" 7
#
#
' # $*
" '
# 7
#
• • •
" $
( # $ # #
"
""
'
"
# 2
B
B
"
"
"
C * '
"
B " $
"
7 B 1 ( . # "
' -
"
) 2
( "$ " ** %Y
#
( #
"
7 $# '
#
'"
7
"
"
#
B
C (
B ) *#
#
")
#
.
.* $" # '
*# * # " $
" " " (
C 1 D '"
#
'
* " * 1
. "
(
)
' -
* " "
( ) $" *
*# * $
IPSec " % & " *# 9. " ( C # * 7# # / $ " " " # " ' # ") ( " # ( " # C& D. J+7 1 * 66
*
" D.
- " **
"
# ")
6 &
(
66
*
) " @,;
" &
"
$
B
""
7. " B " ( . $# " $ ' ) (
*
B
B
':
.
" " # ") B
(
B
B # " "# # " " " (
B
# '" #
'
"
# " ':
"
""
** 1 A +
# "
* ' $B
B ':
"
7
> " • • •
" B
2
# " % & "
" ")
% & # "
"
$
-
*
(
7
•
*# $
$
B
). " *# * "# " ' "D ( ) ( ) D 1
"
(
#
$"
' ' C
"" ( )D )' " D C# $. * " $ ' "
$ ( * " ") $
C C
* ' "
* #
.(
$ A ( ' (
$ . *
(
* ( *2 # '
( "
" $. " *# *
$
( #
(
# " '" # ' ' ## . ( )*
•
'
0 "
"
)
" #
'
$
" $ .
$
$ ' (# " . " " " *# $ "
2
(
" '"
* '
*
'
$. ""
* C &1D " *# * " * * '" ( "
" (
"
"
'"
# " # # " ' ( #
## $
*
) " *# " ") $ '"
"
"
") $. " **
$ " *
. #
'
.
" .* 7 7 % B
) * # " ' " * "
'" #
• • • •
* *2 " " * $ $. ( $ (
$# .
$ ' *( "
* ""
( (
. $
" '
$.
*
$
*
#
" '
*
"
*
• • • • • • •
7 ## 7 7 ' 7 # 7 #
* (
0 "
"
#
"
# " '
)
*
'"
(
I #
(
$
# I $
) '" # #
'
'" # " **
' &1
"
* *
( )# * $ # * $ $ " * " * " * " * " *# * # " * * '" # ' $ " * ( ) ( " 0 " * % " * I# " " * " *# * # " * * * '" # ' ( )
Layer 2 and Unmanaged VPN Service Considerations $. ' $ #
$#
# $ " "
' "
$ "
"
#
' ' * ( ' " " '
" "
*
" $ C
$# " "
" 7
*
"
" * "
D "
D
"
7. #
" "
- #* $ " $ * (
" * "
#
* " " " "
*
" '
7 # (
* "
/ * + $ $" $ ( " # " # " " " .* )
# $ " $. ""
"
' $
A ( ' ( "
$ "
#
$
1 %. (
. # $ " $#
-
$
# $ " "
"
""
C B "
B *
'
•
( "
' #
'
'"
#
&1 . $ * # # " * # * " * $# " $. # * " # C $. ' '" " " # " '" * * B ( " $ " $( " . " ## *# " ## " ( ) #
)
& ' -0 "
. $
*# " * # ' * "
Design Option Examples % & B # $*
7
# $ " $
' " *
.
")
B B
"" # " * (
"
$ " *# * ( ) * " $" ""
(
( '
(
" D"
" $ -
.$ " ' $ *
## # " 7 # "
) . $* #
* '" (
*
B&1 #
"
( $
* " ) *
*
.
7 * 1 " > - ") $
-
C B D
( " " " ** " *
" " * " $
'
"
, " #
) ' "
"
#
7 #
(
# (
'
" 2
. "
$
"
"
*
* ""
$'
B C 1 D "
/ $ N
" "
"
## * " *# * 4) & #
•
"
# ""
*# . #
# " (
" ' & ' -0 "
'" $#
*# . " # ' % & " " ( ## " "
( '" # '
(
# )
.
#
" *#
" '
B ""
"
'
'
"
'" * I 1 * " * " " ( # ) . ##
$
# " "
'" # "
"
* • • •
' . * 0 " .
" " ) $# ' * (
B
'
" # A ( ' . " # ( )#
# " * " . $# "
. ( $
7
" " ** *# * > " 7"
1"" ( (
(
7 "
• #
' "
*
* 0 * "
7
*
"
' ")
* "
.
*
J
" *
(
"
*#
"
#
0 *
.
-
( #
0
B
" "
0 7
$
* $ '" # # " # " " # $* '" # ' * . "
" " "
* *# " "
*
*
# " ""
(
* 0 " J *
#
"
" ) " *
' . *
*
# ( B
#
* • •
" "
* # * ## ' *
# •
"
" *# $ C D ' "" * # ( ) " ** " $ " * * ( # ' * N $ " ' $C " ( "" * ( * * $
'" $.
* #
*
' $
* (
"
*
* "
" *
)
" ' $ # ' '"
3 0 0 & ' -0 > "# " " ** " ( . $ $" " ' $* ## # *# # $ *# * * % & # # " ' *# I # # " C+ D * ( ' B
# ' (
1
' *
# 7
#
"
# $"
*# *
/
•
* # % & B ) "" $* B
J $ $ D
"
* .
#
" "
(
# " 1"
* B " $ " * 1 * * C # # " "" # * ( ) * ' " * $ " ** " " $# ' " * " 0 ( ) ' * * " * *
)
• • • / "
$* '
' ( "
* " "
* " $
.
#
# * 7
#
( 1
*
"
*
B
( "
( " $ # ) " "# # " ' D. ( $ * * 7 . * " # ( " * # * C & $ % & B # ' D 7 " ( * (
*
* # 7 ( ) # * 7
'
A ( ' *
' *
'
" (
# * $
) #
"
" .
* 0 # * 0
) $"
"
#
' *
*
*
#
"
*
(
( +
" *# ' % *2 #
*
"
I *
# " ' . $ ##
"
# " & $ " # ' # " C D * " # " * .
• -
J $
0 # "
• •
"
"
* *
* "
* ( B
'
*
*# "
(
#
7 '" #
"
* "
" *
"
( $ .
( *
7 #
"
&1
#
"
# "
7 & $
4 (
# "
'
""
)
$
7
" " ( '
" # "
$
'
Carrier's Carrier Network and Inter-Autonomous Considerations 0 B # '
C
D '
( *
) " .
" " ' " ( " * " * 0 " *# $ 1 # ' % & B '" * # " " ( ). * " " " 1 " . ( ) '
' ( # " " " $ '" # ' # $ " * .( ( * ' " # " *# . * * ' " * A ( ' . * " * 0 " # # ' " * " " ( " $# * -
* " $ * ' # # ( $.
" "
" #
' ( * *
"
" '
0
"
"
*
' ( "
.
% * "
*
* $ "" *# * * " * ## B " $ $ "
* (
# )
'
"
* "
( • • •
" "
. $# "
#
' " .
" ( * ##
$
$#
"
. "
&1 $
$
( " (
7
" *
* # ' *# * $
(
*
*
"
.
$" G
" "
" $ .
* "
* "
( .
* * "" " & $ 4 "
" & $
4
2 *
*
".
7
#
"
" . *
" " *#
*
!
*
1+ "
$
# * *
2 $
"
"
"
" $ "
" *#
""
( $" ( )
.
4 ) "
" $ "" . $
& $
## " # "
"
7
" *
'
#
"
"
& $ '
*
.
"
" $ *# " 4 . 1+ ( *
"
*
* " 4
"
' " *
-
"
#
#
" ' $ $# " & $ .& $ *
$
$ #
## " $ ' $" * ( ( ( ) ( $" *# $ 0 # # & $ ' * ( " * 0 ( ) & $ 4 ' " $# # * ' * . " * # & $ " ".# $ * B&1 . 7& $ ( 7 ) ") # & $ '" " * & $ "" ( ( ( ) *# * ( " * " # ( " ( ) " *# "
" $
"" *#
"
"
.( *
1
" . (
#
&1 (
"
$
# " ' $
( (
+
$ &
B
## "
"
B *
B
* B .
'
" . *# . " ## # " " ) # " * # & $ 4 ( ) " * ' "" * " . .
*
B
C
#
.
" " & $
' "
" * & $ * &4 # C " 1 % &
B&1 & $ 4 # " . * ") ( 4 *
.K
B
"
G
$
1
# ") B+/ "
"
"
* •
.
#
*
7 " '
"
* *#
$
# " "
" ' $ " & # $. * # ' 7' # $
" "
" ' $ 1. #
#
.
: 9:
*
"
" **
# #
$
. #
* "
. .1 $ I
' . $ * $ *. # '
'
" * $ "
* + *# * * " # # "
#
$
' "
B $) (
" *
"
" ' $( " $ " " " * #
# * J
" .
( # .
#
'
" *
"
(
C *
' # (
"
'
(
( N "
*
# 1
' ( " '
"
+/
+
$ +
(
"
( 1
7 '
"
* * N "
*# .
(
" "
" "
"
" ' $* "
"
1
/
D
(
#
* "
"
' "
#
' *# "
*
,# . " ' $ ( " * ' " # 1 )
> " ' " *# I # ## " D
##
"
" * ': 1
& $
( **
( # #
* "
# B
. 7
# # . # ' " * " * ## * . " B " " ' $ ' ' " . * # * $ *
1
,#
*
" * * * $
*
,# ")
'
'
* *# . # #
.
'
#
4
D
$
# " * ( $ " " ' $" ( )* #
-
*
2 "
(
( " * + ( 7 ( " B " " * # " " ' $' ' $ " ' 1 +
# $ 7
'
* ) A ( ' .
*
$ "
"
*
" *# " " B
"
"
(
' "
•
" *# " " # '
*
" *
"
$ # "
7 " * ' " B * $ * " * * " * $ * * " * ( C D! ' .( " # ' .* " " ( " * $ # ' G C4D ' $# " " " * N $ B # 1 " * * * E7 " " 7 ( ) & * * " ) & * ' B ( N " * $ * " ** " * " " * 0 # ' 0 ' " ( " B # " * . ( ' . * # ' # B+/ " ' 7 ( ' B " * 1 B % # $* " ** " ( # 1 ") ") B+/ * ' # * " $ ,# " # $ 1 * ( " # ' * * ' * " .( $ " $ " " * " " # ' '" *
"
•
Customer Edge Router Security Considerations / + '
7
. (
/ 7 *#
+ /
" # ") + /
0
" 7
"
( *
$ •
" * "
( " ( * # *
*
" " * * . B
7
K *
" '
$ '
•
$ ## " '
7 ( + /* " * " "'
#'
" C $"
#
. *
# ") ( # ( ( )
* " * 1 *# $
$
! "
" * ")
0
7
# ") 7/
"
" "" D#
" ' ( "
*
" *
*# * ## # **
"
7
. " .
'
"
"
' $ *( " (
"
# ) #
C + /D
# ") 0 # ") "
"
" (
' #
" (
"
# )"
"
(
.(
"
#
) &
" *
( ) A ( ' . * (
% & $
" # "
"
"
7 * "
B
"
.
" *
7 (*
" '"
* (
(
( ) A ( ' . # . $ # * 1 '
( ( "
" ' " . '
*# "
* " * # ")
## *
( "
7
7*
N " #
"
#
"
( ##
$
7 ( * " ' * # *# . * # " * B * # ' " $ # . " *# # ' "$ ( * *# " '" # ' A 7 " $ # " " * ( 7 7. * & $ # * . " . ( # " # " " ( & $ ## $ $ % & B ( ) A ( ' . % ' ' # ( # " # * ' " $ $ *# " *# . " " " " ( " • •
(
"
*
'
"
* #
*
"
$
# G 7 / *
"
&
" $ # " "
(
B . " "
* $ *" ' * 7 7" " " " " (
* '
$
"
/
!
2 •
'
N " # *
( "
) # " "
"
"
( .
#
* " $* '" # ' D $. $ J " " # $ $# " $ $ $ J # # % & B " * * * " * J G ." ' * * *# / # " $. 7. +/ " ** 7 + / ) # " " 7 0 7 " " 7 0 7 " " + / *# ' $ " " * # ") "" ' " *( " ( " ' C $ " ") 7/ D # ( " # ")
C
*# *
" C
$ ;65 ;
7 :
4.
"
D
$
" # " **
Overall Best Practice Recommendations ( •
/
•
!
** " " 7 7
) •
• • •
#
"
(
#
" "
% &
(
"
# *
*
#
B
"
""
"
1 *# * " D " # $* * # * # . # $ 2
/ # '
.
( 1 " # '
$(
") $( $ * D. $ 1
1 #
# $*
$ C1 & D
"
*
" . J J ( * " *. " % ; C% ;D 7 " # 7 7 ) ( # " * B *# * & " C& D ( / B+/. * * * * # # ( B ! J * * *# " " * " * ( " * ,
•
/ B
C 7F D.
2
# "
( " C% ;D " ' $* J
"
") B+/ *# * C " # * # C( " * " " ( " # / * * '
. *# *
'
1 ,
*
$
&1
C( B&1
" **
"
# ")
"
" **
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
/
'
B&1
D.
/
5 9 # $*
5 5 % &
**
; -)
; -)
2
#
" "
"
%2
%
)
- *
[View full size image]
$
" **
)
0A
"
Summary " J
# ' "
"
" " "
$( J ' ' ( " . *# * # % & " " ** * # ") " "
$# #
% & > '
. C J
B
• • • •
B
"
'
# #
" " "
" 1
' # $
1
# ' - ' / * + $ "
"
" ( ) " " " $ ( "
*
"
$
B
% & ")
.
$ #
% & (
+/
" B #
$
# " '"
" "
: 9:. % &
B
"D
B
( * ' " % &
"
"
" $.
** " # B
'
1 "
" $. *
C
* "
"
"
.% & B 1 %
>
#
#
B
.
"
D"
* ( ) # *# 1 . # $ > # B ' " **
"
$ " *#
$ -
1 " "
#
' " *#
B * #
& $
% &
4
0 ." " /
* *
) " .
( " *
"
"
" 1* B . '
B '
$ B
( ) ( )
" #
"
$( " $
(
) *# *
"
"
Standards and References .%
% %
+/
: 6 1
$
+/
: 9: J I% &
+/
4 64+
4% ;1
+/
4 ;:,
/(
+/
4 6;
% &
+/
% &
+/
4:
J 4
# " 1 " * .
* -
"
"
& "
$ " $
#
# "
.*
* + B #
"
#
(
2
7
*
"
$ $
" * # "
"
(
" 1
( (" .
" #
2
>
(
#
( * ( $* 2 ( '
( " "" # "
-
# (
'
.
(#
*
* #
. *
"
#
N "
7
(
" "
*
2
" "
" " ( ( ' #
""
'
$
"
$
( # " * # " * ( "
#
# % ' " 1 " #
*
.
( *
7
% $* 7
%
#
(
# " " *# " / % &
% & " * C J! (
" . . $7 ",
7 ( )* %D # " # '
$. $ #
* $ # ' 7 " * ) # *2 " # *2 " # " ' . # $ " " ) # ' # *2 " " " # ' ( ) * $ # " $ # "
" 4
")
'
"
' $
( " 1N $
*
2 C
"
'
* % * " # " "
" ** " " 0 " * " *# # # " * # * " # 7
# *2 )( . 4 4D " C & D *
$ "
") # # *
' " 7&
'
TE Applications and Examples $ (
' )'
( 7 # " $
" *#
( ( -
" (
7 #
" ( 7
"
7 "
* * "
# (
" #
# 7 K
*
$"
# " $ *
"
# " .
( " $
$
*
G
#
* #
( 7
#
#
) * ) / *# . # " $# " ( )
( ) $ * . A ( 7 "
"
* "
'
" .(
7
"
" (
* " K
( 1
# $
$
$ ) ) #
( "
*
##
" (
*
7
"
"
) ( ). % &
*
" # "
(
$(
* )
$
*
(
Intra-Area TE > * 7 ' .
.
% & (
" "
7 ) J
* *
J "
' #
'
( #
" '
" " *# $ # " . #
" *#
$' #
$
# *
7 '
# )# " # ")
) # * $ # ") " . " '
:
; -)
%
#
.
"
. *# " * ") #
) ") # ") # ( $ * # * ( /
. $ 6
[View full size image]
/
# # . *# . ( $ ( ( # " % ' " 1 " ' / 6 :. # " ' >
"" '
(
' " * # $ # " ) ( ' " ' ' " ' # * $ " ( ' ") # (# " # " ) ( * '
. "
(
% &
# ") ") # " ( # % & # ") $. "
/
#
(
, 7
(
*
) '
" ) " )
*# (
( A
" *
( "
#
" ") # #
!#
" " .
"
. # * " ( $
") # * * " #
'
( $
# "
* $
*
.
# *
, 7 )# " #
#
"
" # .
#
# (
# # ")
Node Protection )#
$
( '
(
' ( *# " # * $
(
" )
'
*
" ' ") # " ) # * $
"
C &+D
(
% &
' " ) ( # " " (
" # ")
") # * *
# " $ ") # . D ( # # * *# ") #
" # $ * % & # ") ( " / 6 ;
#C ") # "
#
" # " * "
#
#D A ( ' . $* ' ") #
C
$ ") # " $
" $
"
; -)
.
" *#
% [View full size image]
1 $ . "
#
*# " $. ( " * # " # * $ ( $ ( # ' ") # # " ( 1 ( *. " ( ( #
" '
' "
* $ .
(
>
# ")
##
'
$ .
C ") #
)
( (L # "
"
*
"
$
*#
*# . ( '
* 1 " (L
"
# $
# *
.
"
' (
$ "
'
" ' L ) ' # ")
#
" # (L )
*1
) $ D ( .
. (
$
'
# * "
$
G (
. $#
(L *
)
(
( "
Path Protection $# # * ( $ 1 % # * $ .
* # 6 9
" # (
* " ' # "
) .
*. " #
#
"
; -)
%
"
.
#
* ") # $ * "
$
#
* ( B )
C
)
D ") # #
.
$ # " ") # * ' # * $ ( /
*
[View full size image]
% "
$ " * .
*
") # " ") # ") # *# ") #
* # * A ( '
" # * $ ( ' $# * $ # # "
* # ") # (" *
$ .
" "
"
.
* $
# ( "
)
#
*
" #
7
* "
*
. "
Usage Scenarios % &
/++ "
*
# $ ") #
. ). *
. .
( #
#
*# A . )
# # # /++
% &
( #
(
7 # / # *
"
" #
,
(
# * #
"
" # $*
7 (
# *
$
$ # # * $ ") # ) . # * $ ") # * )# " ' % &
> " # $ (
#
1 ( ) ") # "
" $
$
$
" )
Scalability of Protection Mechanisms "
#
* " # " $"
" * " & )# " 7 7I * $ -
* 7I
#
"
##
*. $
") # " ") ( " ' $# " ") # ") #
" . ") #
* #
" ") #
#
.(
* -
"
" *# (
. V* & ) #
" "
) % "
#
( $
"
# )
'
$ $ .
"
"
( * " $* ( )(
*
" $
) )
# * "
* (
") # )
* ( # ") # (
-
-
## #
" .
Z
*
* .( #
$
" $
)
#
"
" ##
*
* *
* " *#
" * .
" ' $. ( *
" ' $
" ' $ -
" (
*
*. ") #
") #
"
# # # * $ # $ .
"
*
* #
# # )
.
#
* # * " #
# *
# " " "
$
") # * " # * *
") # "
"
" *
#
* #
*
(
.
*
.
* ( #
* /
*# .
(
)
+
"
=,
4
*
" # * $ ") # # " ' * ( )(
2
/ *
B #
") # " *
# *
"
" ( $0 1 %
* . * . G ( ' . ( # # .
/
* *
") # " *
"
. ( 1 %I/ * + $ ( B * * + $ ( )
2
" * * .
* *
2
(
* ) '
( '
$ #
'
' * # " B
Scaling MPLS TE ,
* " ** 0 *< % &
' 0< 1" % & . $# / %
7
"
"
"
"
7 " ;.
+ B
"
# ' 0< L 7
"
.+ B
7
#
" (
(
#
.
("
"
A ( ' #
.
*
"
#
% &
7 "
" "
##
$
% &
.
. " * * *
#
'
"
*
* ). %
( (
"
7 '
"
"
*
# $ '
A ( '
* "
.
# "
,
T
.
( #
0 *< %
-
(# " # "
"
.(
' 0< L . * # " ( ' * * 1 * .( *
#
"
" '
*
$
# " *
%
% &
#
0 *< + B
,
$
(
+ B $.
#
( ' " ( ( )" " " ( ( " " . ' " " ( ( ( ( ' .+ B % & 7 *+ B '" C 'D '. + B ' # *# ' G % & 7+ B " ' # " . $ 7' * " " ( ( , # ( ** $. + B ( ( " # 4 * # "
,
# -
" ** N "
. '
# ." #
#
( "
*# *
"
7
# "
$
(
1 *
MPLS Traffic Engineering and Multicast 1 *
* "
## "
% &
'
(
)
'
' $ #
#
* #* A
"
" *#
1 $
* 1 A* +7 B * .
& *
# ' #
#
.% & * # " 1 A*
#
(
"
" $. * " + " ' * # 7 ( (
+ B * " .$
#
%
% & "
) "
' *
# * (
#
. *
. * "
#
' * $
*
; -)
& " % & 7" # ") # "
#* 7
#
" ' $ > +7 B * . " " # * " # * (
*( "
( "
)' & [View full size image]
C
/
1
66
") "
(
.
" 6 5D
* *
+ -
-
*# . (
*
"
" *
1 A* 1 (
. (L +7 B * "
* (
). #
*
" 1 A # # * "
)
$ ") +7 B * ( * +7 B * ( " * * (L ) ( +7 B * * " +7 B * " # "
")
# " "
$
)
# " # " (
)
" # " * * # " " "
.
(L
).
< < ") ( ( +7 B * *1 ' ") +7 B ' ") ( ' ' " " * * C
"
J $
#
#
*
.
% ( 7
"
* J
.( "
% "
**
* B 7 J
.
"
(
# "
* #
#
7
•
# ' " " ' $' J *
"
. + /"
*
7 #
% # $ # $
%
'
" # $*
" "
) #
' "
. *
" "
L # # ' * 0 * ( )
( ). # " %B A ( ' .* " * * " * 0 0 * " ( ) / * " # ") * $
MPLS Multicast VPN Applications and Examples " ## " # ' " #
"
( $
. 0 0 *
##
$
"
"
# "
' A
0 0
" " ( * N " *# 0 0 $ * . ## * " . # "" *# " # # " " # ' $ ( ) '" # ' $# " $. " " C " * D 0 0 ( " ( .# )C D # ) # ) ( " * # I # ) > * # # ) . " ** - #* C 7D " $ # ( " * " ' # ( $ # ( " " .$ * * C " * " ' D 7 # ' " $ " .
$. * " " " ** " $ " G ## 0 0
0 0
"
" **
1
( (
) . #
B *# * "
; -)
' 5# /
* *
) #
*
' "
' "
*
* #
(
* " *# "
* $ * . ' ( %B * .
" *# B. '
'
' 5. (
" "
"
%
)
)'
"
+ 3
# $ '" # " " # *
# '
)
" # * ] *
" ]4
* 0 0
$" #
$
N
( # $ " " $ ' " * " $ A 0 0 " ' ## " * * , ## " %B " * " # $ / 9 '" * " 1 & " # * G ( '" $ *" 2 # * "
'
@
< +66 2
[View full size image]
"
*
$
6
; -)
% A&
9
-@
.
[View full size image]
)
.0
)'
Multicast Security and Management Considerations 1 #
*
'" $
" " . # +/
*
"
" B
.
*
"
" % & "
"
+ 7 # + " / ")
#
* "
C +D
.
#
7 D(
B "
7
+ )
)
$
"
.
*#
* * * #
. "
-
$ "
#
G
,
"
# %B+/
.
*
$ B
G
"
# * * ")
"
" #
(
" .$
"
* "
# *B
%" *
"
.
"
.
* "
(
#
"
I# '
B "
"
#(
"
+
N
"
""
'
" '
" '
*
"
")
7
&* ' P + /QD &*
•
7 #
"C '"
"
• •
*
%* " ## % * ( $ 7 " B " * "
" *
2
* #"
"
*
$. ( * ( B . * " ! " % # ")
. "
**
7 " B "
•
"
"
(
1 # %B
"
$
: 9:
• • • • •
" *
# )
(
2' " $"
#
* *
" '"
C
" "
" '
I
P1 &QD #
(
'
#
C1 & '
" 2'
D #
C+ D
* 7
" I#
" "
C "" "
.$ " I " '
")
. CV.JD N
#
# (
") # #*
(
*
( G
# # * "" # .
. " **
&&
-
2' '
+ C 1
+
D
*
* (
# # * "
C
" *
"
." " ' $ " ") ## # *# . 6 " '' " "
' # # &'
#* &
* D
( # * %
7 / ' ' ( " " "
$
Standards and References 1 * % & I J %B •
( B
"
$ $
# @ ( .)
• •
" "
##
)' -
%
). 7 /
* *
% %
( "
'# *" ' #* # $ %B
.
' '9 9B 7 / C *
.( ) # '9
(
) ( #
$ ' ( '9
(
" * " *
' ## & " $(
" '9
"* + B (
D* '9
&
'9 " )( 7
"
'9 # #
&
7 #
'9
#
" "
(
9 7. J
7
+ B $
" " (
9B 7
# & " * ## #
7
'9 " # .& " # .&
. J + B ( 9 7
.
" '9 # . "
* ## * -
(
'
"
#
.
'
" #
"
"
'9
'9 # # " . 2 .
"
*
) *
.
': # "
(
% & (
'
Inter-AS Networks for 6PE and v6VPNs 1 " # * $ ( 7 C1 +D ': '9 : 9: ## $
•
2
$ *# * C1 D ( ) # * * ': # * ': '9
#
-B
#&
# " @
& " 1
( ':. ( •
( ': # ( ( '9 $
* -1 &
# ' * * " "
'9 (
'9 •
" '9 1 .
+ #
( ) * " $ * 1 + * " * " *
"
" " '9
" # B "
(
'9 .
+
* " 1 $+ ( +/ $ "
" "
(
B+/
(
1
+
'" " 1 " ( B '9 . * " ( " 1
# ") # " 1 + ( # B 1 + * '9 " # & * . $ ': # " $ ' ( 1 ") ' '9 " " C++D " 1 * . ") * '9 '" ) # " ' # $ 1 $ *# $ * " ++ "
(
1
) ## 1
+ 7 $
+
0 ': 7 (
( '9
':
*
IPv6 QoS K " # '9 * "
* $
'9. "" "
': ':
$
'"
$. "
. .
# ': G *
4:
' * +/ ( $
$ '9 ( ) # $ '9 "" % & ( ). " .# " . " .
)
1 "
' $ " . "
'9
" #
.
*
( ( "
G *
6 * '"
* ##
* " " # 8.
(
' " *# L * # " "
" % &
L
* '"
*
( # " * " ( $ #
$ #
)
' .(
" *
# ' " ( # " "
( $ "" " * " .
.
"
"
(
"
) CB $
" *# "
B
*$ * ' I% & " # " *
"
" '" & ' "
#
D" " ' $# * )7 # C 7D ' " CK D " " *# " * % & I
(
1 %" ( ) " $.
(
)
* I% &
"
,1% " *# # " .* . ' $ &1 ## " " * # " *# ' ## " A ' * * ( ) * " ** " ** C & D ." . "" . G
" *
" ( $
*
(
( )* G #
( ) &1 * ( *
. (
# * " ' , " ' $ ) ( ( " ( # ( ) (
•
J
' )
• •
# ' ( )
' " . 1 %. / * * & # * '" ' ' % & $ # ' * $ "
" # * # "
" % & 7* % * # ' " *# % & ." " # C/ 1 D % & 7*
* "
. "" %
*
( ) .# * " . " "
" (
$
)
/
4
G
" *#
; -)
*
%
#"
"
-
3
#
*
)
[View full size image]
%
% & ' # *
" '
> *
"
> "
" %
'
*# * ( ) *# * * ( )
" *#
.
* "
*
# $* # ' " ** ## " * " * "
. (
" .# ' ) . " " / 1 # "
# " / 1 * # % & ,1% ( ) > " ** " ( * * * " * . " & # . " . ' " " " " ' $' " CB BD. > " * " * . " " ( " C / D. & + . ,1% * * ## C ( ) ,1% * D # % & ,1% ) > # ' ' ' ( B # ' ' " C D * "" # * " * " * $ ( " , '" & ' 1 * C " &1D *
* * B
/ 1
" ; C%
2 # " *
B
* ## *
"
( ;D (
*# * * * B * *#
" ** "
" #
& $
#
$* "
* .
"
"
B . * $ J ( ) # .
B
* "
"
#
>
*
%
%
*
*
*
" / (
$. ( #
# '
' )
' (
$
C% D " ' $ '
## "
% &
(
)
Fault Management, Configuration Management, Accounting Management, Performance Management, and Security Management '
" #
* ( % # * -
" * " )
% & * * * / 1 *
" $ N " ' * " $
$
*
*
% & # * *
) $ " " $
( I% &
$ $* "
* )
' " ' ) (
(
-
* '"
*2
% & #
# ) $
,1% % * &
)
#
"
MPLS OAM ,1% •
•
•
#
'
(
H 1 $ ,1% ) & " " # # " $ " . " " ' " 7 % " # 1* A3 * " ## (
" #
. G
'
'9 # '
6 )
# " $ $
#
" # &
' $
'
"
*
&
* "
* " $ * % & & 1 ## " * # " '
" .( " * . $. # " C7 % D # -
* )' )&& 5) ' )' & * 7 % ' & " " $ * # " . ,1% * " * " ' $ # * # ( * * ! $. *. $ " " # " # # " $ " " ". * 1* ' 0 ' "* 6 ') 1 " ' ( $ " * # * " # $ * ## " $ " !#
" & + &
*
" *
# * "
) & . " ( )* * $& $ 4" " . & $ 4 ' *
-
*
" $ "
*I * / &
" )
*# .
'
# "
&1 .
"
N ,
. #
' "$ D
'
"$. * % ' (. $
# ") '" # # "
'
) $
* "
# N
( ) ' ' . # ") .
$ C 1
VRF-Aware ICMP Ping and LSP Ping/Trace Mechanisms B+/
(
# ) #. *
# ")
*
#
$
" $ .(
# ' "
L " " # " " $ * " $
"
"
" (
" (
)
* % & % & $ # #
$ * '
# $* ! *
. " # " *# % & & ' $ #
# #
* (
# ") ( " "
" - ' # " * " ' *
% & " " & & +. ( " # & + *
" " /7 #
" . " "
# " * ' #
. " / /7
%
% &
C #
(
I
"
# "
2 "
$ "
. " * &
'
"
$ # # ") ") " * . "
' '" .# *
" # ( $
" .# " "
" ' $' # $
% &
" B+/
. ""
2
" '
'
(
& # #
.
/7
'
"
" #
" ". #
" # ") .
/7
# #
"
"
#
B+/
(
"
.
$
"
" &
$ C/7 D
"
" $ B+/ (
* ' ( )
"
D "
"
% & " /7 > # % & " ' & # *
" ' $
# & +. -
#
" "
(
& + C
"
.
'
"
#
& # I " # ' & > & ' % & " # / % & . # ' " ( ) % & ( ) I " # * % & # $ % & ( )
'
" ** " -
*# * #
"
% & # # # # ") *
*# ( )
# #
" B+/
(
# ") *# * * & + " # % # ") C # % # ") " * #
# 7 .
( " D # ")
"
" B+/ .
B+/ #
/7 D
* *# . # * #
# " ") "
# #
" ( * *
")
" " # ' C
'
# D
(
)
* " " *
&D % &
% &
#
(
,1% " #
*
C
"
#
( #
'
* #
"
'
Dealing with Equal Cost Multipaths /
-
$. & .& "
' ' # *
) #
/7 " ") # #
$&
* # "
. "
" ' 45I6 *
"
"
*
& +
' * *" # ")
* " /
' $
#
" .
*
-
< . % & # " # ")
#
"
(
#
" " " '
.
" " & +# '
"
" "
# < "
#
"
(
I
" % & " & + "
*
(
"
.
*
% & *&
" '
"
Noncompliant Routers "
% & & +
" * $ * #$ 4
#
I " /7 ") " * * & + * " & + (
**
2
1 + -
&
'
*
" *# ( " . # ## % & # . #$ & + ## % & # . #$ & $. & + " ( & Z F . F 4. F) # ** ## % & " -
#
"
"
%
-81
" % &
"
)
")
*
% & B
$
#
" % !
"
% &
% &
&
#
C
% &
&
"
% &
&
"
&
#
#
% D
" # #
" ' $" $
# "
"
' #
% &
" #
& + ' # "
#
( .
#
*
' * .
") "
2
1## "
': &
#
.B
': #
7 % & 7. B .% & 7 /
+/
" " ' $ 7 ## "
% &
#
.% &
: 58
LSR Self-Test & +
(
# $ )
"
* ' 7 % * ) (
$ ' * " * & + *
" * #
' ( .*
'
$
* 1 & + .( " C / & + #
" " # . " 7 % " & + % & *& + . $* # ) ( A ( ' . & +. * ) #
$ < '
4 4D
$
' #
'
" #
" * ' (
%
,
'6 1
" % & ( ) .$ $ " * / ( "* " * " # I " B B. / # ' " ** 2 B B. / " "
1 + -
*
'
%
1
$
) # "
,
0
6@
@ 3&&' "
* ' *
#
(
$#
(
% & & # " C 7 7" " ' $D.
* B
B #
# ")
( (
"
'"
C >D
( " *# " *# # ( "
% &
' 0
'
"
B
*
" ** #
" *#
"
B
B
B "
># $
& 4 4
" $#
!
#
$# 4 ! $# 1## "
"
>"
(
% &
%
& $
# ")
#
4
&
#
'
% &
/+ % & . 1 % % & . 7 % & 7 /
#(
>
'
'" # B+/ (
'"
' #
7 "
! !
.
"
% & B .( ,1% . " % & # I "
# "
.%
"
4
'""'
# B+/
I (
% &
#
.
# " (
$
" #
* I "
7
'
" (
B "
"
#
I
,1%. "
.
1
*#
*
" ' $ " ' $ (
B 7
' B
' ! :
* *
I#
I $
"
&
*
#"
"
( #
"
"
" * "
"
/
" " #
# ") ( ! #
# / "
B "
% & B
B " "
&
B B ( * #
B / #
*
( & + "
7 "
*2
#
*
#
"
* " ( (
"
' %
% &
1 / . # ") # "
# # ")
*#
" (
' #
1
" # ! * # 56: :84;4 9;; ;. ( " # ") " 56; B B / " " *# * B B " ( # # ( , # ( % & & * " * " * / * G . / *# * $ ' " ' ( * / " " # ' ( # / $. . / " ' ( " ' * 4 " *# B B / * ( * " " *# * B B " # # ( B B / * ( ) ' % & ( ) . $# % & . ". &4 . J+7.
1
'
%
E% @
@ 2;.
) @
/
B #
B
L
B
B
L
@ " ,'
"
/
@ "$
L
A & (
/
A Word About Interworking OAM >
" * " " C1 D # ( C >D $# . &4B * " # * C ) ) D. # " # 7' # ( ) . * * ) ( ) ( ) " # > # # ( ) * ( " * " " " "$ 1 % ( )C ( )D # ( * * " " "$ ( )
* .
'"
( • • •
$#
)
) &4B
'
" * &4 ' ' " C1 D
% &
1 % % & /+ % & 7 % &
Any to Any 1 $ *
$ &4B $
* & $
( #
)
C"
(
4
'
'" *
# '" . " $#
"
#
**
$
$ "
• • •
1 % /+ /+ 7 1 % 7
1
" . 1 %. /+. 7 D" '
. 1 '"
# . # "
* #
#
(
Local Switching > "
1 %
&4B
"
"
*
*
.
&
Encapsulation Types and Modes ATM over MPLS * " D % & I •
1 %
.
1 %" ( (
) *
" 7 * $. "
( *
* ## $#
CB . B . #
D
# * # ")
> C
" "
*
$
"
'
•
1 %
*
CB IB D
* # ") • •
*
##
"
# ")
#
"
"$
*
$. (
" #
1 % 1 %
!* !*
C C
11&;D 11&;D
ATM N:1 Mode " # ( " .
#
## " " # B IB * * *
" " # ")
"
* "
*
* . ' ") * ##
# B IB $B .B . * " B >
# >
"
$. *
ATM 1:1 Mode *
.
" "
B >. >
* ## I B >
B
>
" 1 %B
$ B
1 %B "
B '
*
AAL5 SDU Mode 11&; " #
!
" # "
*
" "
*
$
11&;
$ 11&; '" 11&; *
!
11&; . "
! .
B + .
"
# AAL5 PDU Mode # * # * 1 %
$ ## " ## " 1 % $ * ' " $ ## "
* " # 11&; "
' $ #
$ 1 % ,1%
Frame Relay over MPLS $. ( *
#
#
/
* +
$ '
% & •
A #
•
B
* . / * + $" > C " " D ( 7 /+ # * # ' # ( # " *# /+ * " . ' ' $ 7G " 7
1 >" # A ( '
$ .
* "
$
. *
' '
"
( " 0 * " "
" (
* ##
7# * "
. ") /+ B ' /+
" " **
$ "" ""
. # (
. " $ "" #
" ,1%
$" *
I 7'
"
$
. #
( " $ # *
." ) . ,1% ( *
.
Generic Failure Types " )
(
"
" "
$# "
( .#
" (
% & .
&
"
Interface Failure "
'
.
"
"" C J D
( " "$.
* .
) N "
.
, 7 1 . 7 7 ) J ( $
$ "" "
$ &
Pseudowire Failures >
( •
>
•
>
•
&
) N " "$ ' # % & ,1% & #
)
#
# J
"
'
(
""
7
" "
(
*
( ) "
" % &
,1%
"
"
. >
"
B
B. % & .
Tunnel LSP Failures 1 $ J % & " / "
" N "
#
*
"
" "
% & ' (
'
.
"
"
)
& &
'
"
" (
# " "
( ) (
#
"
"
#
$.
* #
$
"
" (
'"
( • • • • • •
' " " $ D ** ' $# >/D % * * ' # *# $ " " ' ' " * " "
$ # (
* )
"
" ' $ ' * # # # $D * * ( " W [ >W [ " *
" C C
*# . "
(
"$
"
* "
#
C
' ( " "
D
)
C
*
•
* % &
>
)
(
.$ * ##
)
" * " '"
*
"
* * ## "
" (
$(
) ,1% # $ 1 $
,1% #
'
Configuration Management for MPLS-Based Networks # $ " # . ( ) * "" '" # " *# ' # ' * B '" '" # ' G
; -)
% & B '" # " ( # $* .* " . '" * # " " ' ' # * ) / " *# '" - ") $ " ' $# .# ' $ / 4 *# $ # . * # $*
E%
* "
-
* " * . ( ' . # " "
-
(
)
* # '"
.
* ''
. % &
-
[View full size image]
*
#
#
• • • • • • & $
. B 1 1 &
B
* " * * ## * "
'
(
,1% 7 '" " ,1% '" #
*& $
"
(
)
'"
#
7.
" " ' "
$
# '"
& $
" ' * % .#
4B
**
"
"
'" #
'
"
( '"
# 4 "" # ' /
" .
& $
B & $
" * ( " & $ B # " "
" $
. *
•
. '" # $
'
B % & %
% & 7
# * 1
2
"$ %
' B "
• •
'" # ' $. .7
- #* 7 * "
* "
'" '"
&1 C7 D B
* # " ""
•
*
" '
% &
# *
(
$#
7' *# " 1 % & . * 1 $ # *
C
.
'
B
)*
" " * " *
*
)
7 ( (
- ") $. " "
$ "
". 1 % '
% & . B
"
7*
*
>
'
"
$ ' '"
C7B
DG
)
.
.
( " ( " % & B " $ ( " ' $ - ") $ $2 . # " " * " ( ) # " C , D B ' (
"
" $ "
"
* +
" * .
7
"
$ .
/
#
( "
" $ *# $. # ' " * & $ B # ' $ " C J :D. . ## " " # B ( )
" 7 C & DG
*
#
C 7D " * *# * ( $
.
'" " & $ &1 .
'
B .*
.
% & % & " *
.
" ' $
"
D % & B
( " ' *
"
B * +
J .
#
" #
'
'" # ' '" # $ "" " * '" ## $ * C D & $ 4 % &
"
#
#
"
# " *#
(
& $ 1 %. /
* "
"
"
"
•
" B "
# "
" " & $ '" # ' 0 ( ) C & $ 4D B " " ' ( J ( $
& $
# ,
.
#
(
#
& $
$ '" # ' . " " ' $
" "
"
*
(
B
" $" # * * ' % ' "
"
" - ") $ # * " '
. % &
"
$ "
* '" ' " "$" ' ( ) . "
$ , # '
$ .
/
,
"
*
* ** '" #
"
*
( • •
* # " '
"
. " " CH%& ' ,
0
" '
( A
D
#
'
" *
*
## "
"
*
*
" $"
.
'
"
#
$
*
"
"
( "
#I
B+/ #I
(
(
B+/
* C*
B+/
/ "
.
#I
$
* '
" . B+/. C
%
#
$
* "
" .
$ " '"
."
*
' "
$# • • •
D
(
.
B
)"
"
#
.
B&1 D. "
" *# "
#
'
.
*
" & $ 4 "" % & B & $ 47 "" * B&1 7 + $ ' " C7+ D. 7 > % & B '" " $ ## % $" * " '" 1
*
"
B&1
$' *
.*
.
" " & $ 7
' " C7> D. " % * & $ 47
$ *# " * "
$" *
* "" 4 "" '" "
* $"
"
.
*
*#
" #I ( B&1 # ( '" #I (
% & B & " I ( "
( # &4 B
" ' * " * " '" # $ . ( ) # " " # $ '" 1" ' ' ' '" -
$ " "
# "
( #
) / , "
" '
#
"
, / "
& " ** % &
B
( '"
#
"
)
'" .
"
#
*
" 7
7 * * )
#
.
"
( "
Network-Wide Scale A '
"
' $
•
#
"
* *
"
' ' ( ) " * " ( ( ) ( /
$ ( # "
(
* )
# *# * ' *# * ( ) * # B+/ ( '" " * $ (
* ( ) (
"
( ) " ** $
*
"
(
)
*
C* ' ( )DA ' $ A ( ' .( * ' # " . # $ " " " " $# * * '" " " '" " # " * $ ' " $ # ) '" " " # # " " . * " * ) " '" ## # $ . '" ## # B+/ '" " # " * $
.
.
* # /
•
#
"" # # '
'
*
*
" 1 #" $ " # ). ( / * J ( # * ( # A ( ' . * # " ## # '" * * J * ( ) " * 7 . ' * J * # + " ( " B 7 " " " " # " $( 7 . $" # $# ( * 7 , 7 . $ # $( ( " * 7 " * J 7 " J # " # * ( )" ' " ( ( " *# * J . $ " ' " " $ A # ) ' * % / * + $ 1 %B # ) . ( % & & B . * " " ' $ * * " A ( ' .( B . * " . " " * *# . " * # ) * ( " * * "
•
* " " #
" J
"
.
Management and Scalability ( ) ## "
*
*
. $ . & ) * * '" $ * % " #
# ") (
" ,
%
. ## ##
" " "
(
* B # $ # A ' # ' 7 " " B * " " ** $* " * " $ N "
< # * * *
"
##
) ' (
" )
I * # (
; * # '
*
* * *. * $( % "" # # # ' &7 % ## ( " * # B # " '" A ( ' . ( ( )* * C %D # $ # " % "" $ " ' % " ( ) *
( ) " $ * " *# 1 * * $. *
( ( # ' ,# * $
)
# 7
" * ( )
$ (
C* * $ * D " $ $ , " ( " " # " . ( . ( ) " $" " ' $ ( ) " $ '" A ( ' . $ * " . *# $ $ ' " * $ *0 * $ % ' . # ( * * .( # # # ' $ *. ( # * " 1 * '" " ' $ * * $
&
"
* * " * ) '
" "
> *# ( (
J . # ) # "
( ) *
*
# ") ( ' * " / ## P% 7Q
' "
* # * + * ( )
.
B ( $"
( *
" * # '