More about the Poetry of the Jews of Yemen [Reprint 2021 ed.] 9783112436349, 9783112436332

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R E P R I N T E D F R O M THE JEWISH Q U A R T E R L Y

REVIEW

NEW SERIES VOLUME II. NUMBER 3

MORE ABOUT THE POETRY OF THE J E W S OF YEMEN

BY

W . BACHER

PHILADELPHIA THE DROPSIE C O L L E G E FOR HEBREW AND C O G N A T E LEARNING I QI 2

MORE ABOUT T H E POETRY OF T H E JEWS

OF

YEMEN SEVEN

YEMENITE

POETICAL

COLLECTIONS

IN

NEW

YORK

CITY BY WILHELM

BACHER, Landes-Rabbinerschule,

Budapest

ON the basis of eighteen manuscripts and four prints I have offered in my latest work1 the first comprehensive description of the somewhat remarkable poetical productions of the Jews of Southern Arabia, giving moreover, in a Hebrew division/ an inventory of all the poems found in those manuscripts and prints. I was aware that this inventory, despite the great number of sources used for its preparation, could not be complete; my compilation was rather intended to facilitate above everything else the description and study of further poetical collections of Yemen if such should come to light. However, in an unexpected way I myself am in a position now, immediately after the appearance of my treatise, to enrich its contents in a not inconsiderable degree. Through the great kindness of Dr. A. Marx the learned librarian of the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York-1 was offered the use of no less than seven Yemenite divans, which—mostly from the col1

Die hebräische

und arabische

report of the Landes-Rabbinerstfhule

Poesie

der Juden

Jemens.

I n the annual

of Budapest f o r 1909-1910, and also in

a separate edition (Strassburg, K a r l I . Truebner, 1 9 1 0 ) . s

2-11? pts^AI

p > M -IB>K SKIE»

373

'VB> m e a n

.p'n

n'tp.

374

THE

JEWISH

QUARTERLY

REVIEW

lection of Mayer Sulzberger—have come into the possession of thai institution.

I believe that the best w a y to prove

my gratitude for the generosity which was manifested in the transmission of the seven manuscripts is to describe these minutely, supplementing thus the contents of my published monograph. In the following description I designate the seven N e w Y o r k manuscripts by N 1 and so on to N \

Conforming

exactly to the four divisions of my inventory* I offer a list of contents of every divan in the appendices B - H , while the seven chapters devoted to them contain other information concerning the manuscripts,

special

emphasis

being

given to the new Yemenite poems which are not found in the sources employed by me heretofore.

Altogether there

are over sixty poems in the N e w Y o r k manuscripts with which w e form acquaintance for the first time. Appendix A contains an introduction to the poetical collections, which, however, is only found in two of the N e w Y o r k manuscripts.

A l s o in this introduction, as in the two

published in the Hebrew division of my work (p. 51-53), Shibzi is exalted as the most prominent among the Jewish poets of Yemen, as indeed this poet of the seventeenth century had eclipsed his predecessors and become the leading. master of his contemporaries as well as of his followers.

W i t h regard to the first of the t w o introductions pub-

lished by me previously I beg leave to mention here a fact which escaped my notice then.

T h e matter was called to

my attention by D r . S. Klein of Tuzla (Bosnia) and D r . I. Davidson of N e w Y o r k , and it is to the following effect: The greater part of that introduction, reproduced from a manuscript of the Elkan Adler collection 8

See below, ch. I.

( N o . 126), is

YEMENITE

375

POETRY—BACHER

derived from the eighteenth makamah of Judah Alharizi's Tahkemoni. The anonymous writer opens the introduction with a eulogy on the great Yemenite poet Shibzi and adds to his own laudatory words, without further notice, the words which Alharizi uses in his encomium upon the poetry of Solomon ibn Gabirol.4 From the same makamah he also appropriates, without mention of the source, the exposition of the seven requisites without which a poet cannot be successful. T o be sure, he modifies Alharizi's conditions wherever such a course becomes imperative through the peculiar circumstances of the Jewish poetry of Yemen. For the third condition of Alharizi (which warns against emptiness of contents) another one (warning against profanation of holy things against mistakes) is substituted. H e also introduces essential changes in the fifth, sixth, and seventh conditions. By virtue of this modification, the author of the introduction was placed in a position to consider himself, in view of less strict conceptions of literary property then prevailing, as the originator of the seven propositions.' Also other passages of the introduction show traces of the eighteenth makamah of the Tahkemoni.' In appendix J I offer, in conformity with my inventory, a list of Yemenite poems published by Yellin in the He4

I n m y work, p. 51, 1. 1-3: D'OISJ? . . . .

« i n n 01^133 (1. » 3 )

Dp « S i .

T h e words D ' C " | ' 1 « n l^Nl which do not fit Shibzi a r e wisely omitted. 5

I n the passage concerning the seven conditions the following p a r t s a r e

derived literally f r o m IJarizi: p. 52, 1. 27 ( V"13T . . . . 1.

34-35; p- 53, l-

2 ( p n p w n i j f o n ) ; 1. 4 (.vnn . . . W

' t t j f i n ) ; L 29-31; ) ; 1.

7( •••

W

insp 6

So p. 52, 1. 5, ' w h e r e nOIOl must be read f o r n o i m ; also p. 18-21.—In

addition I wish to r e m a r k that p. 52, 1. 2 13T m u s t be corrected to

1ST and

P- 53, 1- 9—according to a suggestion f r o m my esteemed f r i e n d . Rabbi D r . S. Margulies of Florence—we should read "THN "VETI

376

THE

JEWISH

QUARTERLY

REVIEW

brew periodical Hashiloah of 1895, the second year of its publication. Yellin's treatise ( p'ri 'tJJ) was unknown to me when I dealt with this subject. The general remarks in his preface still deserve perusal, although my comprehensive study has removed most of the queries raised by him. Yellin used a single manuscript, about which, however, he gives no further information. This manuscript is not to be identified with any of the collections of Yemen that have become known thus far. Out of the twentyfour poems printed by Yellin from his manuscript two are new, not appearing anywhere else;' and among the poets figuring in the manuscript, which Yellin registers on p. 148. note 1, there are a few names which are missing in my list.' I 1

N . This codex, bearing the number 488, belonged to the library of Mayer Sulzberger and comes from the Halberstam collection.' It contains 1 3 1 small-sized and oblong leaves. Close investigation shows that the originator of this poetical collection received into his own manuscript a large fragment from an older book of poems— i. e. leaves 40-89 with the exception of 70—, for these leaves T

p. 1 5 7 :

A Hebrew wedding poem of five couplets with the following

beginning: H D S J

By ¡ K 2 S n i N l S m *

SlSTO HDni i n D . - A longer poem

(19 couplets) to a friend lamenting their separation;

the first five verses

show the acrostic Suits'*. • Jepheth

b.

Meoded;

Isaac " i p s S s ;

Amram.—>tP)3 r|D1< is probably

other than the " 1 ' i n f|Dl' found in my index.

The Arab. T i n

no

signifies silk

as does the Hebrew »CD.—KntPO V^IT^N E1EV who appears in the list may be the father of the great

Salim

Shibzi;

yet it is possible that the latter

himself is meant, the acrostic not being known completely. • On p. 5b, there is a statement by Isidor Goldblum of Paris that he sold the manuscript for 3 napoleons to Halberstam in Bielitz, in the year 1887.

376

THE

JEWISH

QUARTERLY

REVIEW

brew periodical Hashiloah of 1895, the second year of its publication. Yellin's treatise ( p'ri 'tJJ) was unknown to me when I dealt with this subject. The general remarks in his preface still deserve perusal, although my comprehensive study has removed most of the queries raised by him. Yellin used a single manuscript, about which, however, he gives no further information. This manuscript is not to be identified with any of the collections of Yemen that have become known thus far. Out of the twentyfour poems printed by Yellin from his manuscript two are new, not appearing anywhere else;' and among the poets figuring in the manuscript, which Yellin registers on p. 148. note 1, there are a few names which are missing in my list.' I 1

N . This codex, bearing the number 488, belonged to the library of Mayer Sulzberger and comes from the Halberstam collection.' It contains 1 3 1 small-sized and oblong leaves. Close investigation shows that the originator of this poetical collection received into his own manuscript a large fragment from an older book of poems— i. e. leaves 40-89 with the exception of 70—, for these leaves T

p. 1 5 7 :

A Hebrew wedding poem of five couplets with the following

beginning: H D S J

By ¡ K 2 S n i N l S m *

SlSTO HDni i n D . - A longer poem

(19 couplets) to a friend lamenting their separation;

the first five verses

show the acrostic Suits'*. • Jepheth

b.

Meoded;

Isaac " i p s S s ;

Amram.—>tP)3 r|D1< is probably

other than the " 1 ' i n f|Dl' found in my index.

The Arab. T i n

no

signifies silk

as does the Hebrew »CD.—KntPO V^IT^N E1EV who appears in the list may be the father of the great

Salim

Shibzi;

yet it is possible that the latter

himself is meant, the acrostic not being known completely. • On p. 5b, there is a statement by Isidor Goldblum of Paris that he sold the manuscript for 3 napoleons to Halberstam in Bielitz, in the year 1887.

YEMENITE POETRY

BACKER

377

differ from the rest of the collection in their script and in that they employ the superior (Babylonian) vocalization both for the Hebrew and the Arabic text.

But page 40

forms, as far as the contents are concerned, a continuation of the preceding page, while 89, which ends in the middle of

a stanza, is continued on page 90 with the close

of that stanza.

Accordingly, the originator of the greater

part of the codex took over the above fragment of an older collection into his own, modeled the latter after the former, and supplied the missing links himself or obtained them from the decayed portions of the older collection.

Whether

the title-page and preface likewise are derived from the older book

or were destined purposely for the new col-

lection as extant in our codex cannot be ascertained.

The

latter is more probable. Folio 1, showing ornamental

designs on the

constitutes the title-page: mar^ o n a j anro

m i s « *>naa |Dpa D-ain n .

margin

not?» D'tc? nDU nr This is followed by an

apology for the small size of the book, the reason being that the reader may be able to carry it with him without any inconvenience ( u n a uDti^ ^avK» n a p p "nan n c y j ) . place and time of the original of the codex we read: n j c a T a x vbivi ni>nT xrnp tuanrn (?) D3t6k

DDK D'ja.10

,t2Dn,i

A s to pnyi

annn njmx na

Thus it was composed at Sana'a in

the year 102, that is apparently 2102 of the Seleucid, and hence 1790 of the Christian era.

The title-page contains

also the words Kcisn tOQD, by which the writer modestly styles himself weak, and, in addition, a statement that the book was written at the wish of his brother whom, howM

Deut. 14, 1.

378

THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

ever, he fails to name (D'Dea Tin ID ue>sai TIN nplBTib 3X1331 'VxD. Folios 2 and 3 offer a table of contents which is defective in the beginning and in the middle (two leaves seem to be missing).

The extant parts of the list in which

the poems are divided and grouped as in the text itself have reference to pages 28&-33Ö and 920-119a. 40-50 contain an introduction to the collection in rhymed prose.

I give it in appendix A .

This introduction

emphasizes as the most important among the poets of the collection Shalom ( = Shalem) Shibzi," whose sources were the books of R. Simon b. Johai

(i. e. the Zohar) and

Bahya (i. e. the commentary on the Pentateuch by R. Bahya b. Asher)."

Besides this the introduction offers only com-

plaints over the sufferings of the exile and prayers for the Messianic redemption.

A t the conclusion the author of the

introduction, and thus probably the originator of the collection, records his name: Judah b. Joseph jxatN. The collection proper begins on folio 7 with the words: JD

'TP IJUS

W I

'LBN

nimm

MM'

'3-1 J K V I . "

mnacni

nwt?

AINAB

IVNM

This is followed by the first

number which is a Sabbath song (folio 6, which was a blank originally, contains a copy of the contents of folio 7 by a later hand).

Only 70 is prpvided with vowel signs (He-

brew points), otherwise the manuscript—with the exception of the above mentioned leaves 40-89—is without points. 11

See Gen. 46, s i .

11

See Ex. 30, 23.

u

That is why the codex is designated "Divan Shibzi" on the back of

its binding. u

The same statement as to Shibzi's kabbalistic sources is also found

in Cod. No. 4114 of the British Museum. Poesie 15

See Die hebräische und arabische

der Juden Jemens, p. 11. Comp, the introductory words to MS. Ga {ib., p. 15).

YEMENITE

POETRY

379

BACHER

Other characteristics are the same as in most of the older poetical collections of the Jews of Yemen. In accordance with my inventory of the Hebrew and Arabic poems of the Yemenite Jews," I offer in appendix B a full table of contents of manuscript N\

See especial-

ly the table of Shibzi's poems contained in the first chapter of the inventory.

A s to the index of the anonymous

poems comp. the third chapter of the inventory.

The

poems of the Yemenite poets are indicated by names and numbers, following the arrangement of the second chapter of the inventory.

The names placed under an asterisk be-

long to the list of the non-Yemenite poets (fourth chapter of my inventory).

The above is true also for the de-

scription of the other collections in appendices C to H. M y inventory of the Jewish-Yemenite poems receives an increase of three numbers from the present manuscript. These are marked "new" in the list of contents.

T w o of

these new numbers are Hebrew poems by Shibzi. one (76b) rhyme

The

consists of fifteen two-lined couplets (with the

- throughout) and begins as follows:

b'apK

DV3

WVW

The acrostic reads

I3_n

12K

Vac^K |lj?»t2> . It is an epistle addressed to an anonymous friend, and contains four halakic questions. couplet reads: rrvsn 'JIE^ ("Hear,

n"1

mm

inon

The fourth nan yDB>

friend, my song that speaks in the spirit

of God who made my tongue eloquent").

The other poem

(77ft) consists of twelve Hebrew couplets (rhyme: D^D") with the acrostic

nae* nmrv 12K. The opening is as follows:

trpsn ni-ijtwpi rnin

*iiD3

pnnb •E'sj t t

"nvann d k . From

" See above. " This word is missing in the M S . ; X have placed it here to restore the connection and meter.

380

THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

the contents, consisting of rules and precepts f o r accurate study, including Kabbalah, I cite the following : nana ill c o n o rnbyn ni>$? l a into p^jon riapri. T h e third new number is a Hebrew-Arabic poem containing five stanzas (the second, third, and fifth stanza are Arabic).

It is an epistle which, as the opening shows, the

poet Saadya addresses to his friend Jepheth.

Saadya, prob-

ably b. Joseph, is represented in the Yemenite poetic collections

by

a great number of poems; as to his friend

Jepheth, he is probably identical with the Yemenite poet of the same name ( D i e hebr. Jemens, p. 58).

und

arab. Poesie

der Juden

T h e opening of the poem is as follows:

niDis no jrn p n

'ryon t t

m n o ' T T noip

w

mtppK mina on account of the classification of the sciences which he embodies in the second stanza,1" this classification pointing to the wisdom of the Greeks. poet of

the

It is interesting to see how this Yemenite

seventeenth

century

moves in the spiritual

sphere of the Jewish Aristotelians, forming, it is true, a direct transition from this sphere to that of the Kabbalah. nao nj'Knj jna> ruma

ruwii 'B «sunto DSJ?

jm mq

na'nS n»«atato on

njDnno' «oa «ne»

nj'P> 'B «rwtoto hok

n w j i»a

»3Kynto Dia KÌUB 'IT

t»n

YEMENITE

POETRY

BACHER

381

II N\

This codex comes likewise from the Sulzberger

library and is also marked as "Divan Shibzi," but bears no number. N\

The manuscript is of the same small size as

It comes from a single writer who fails to mention

his name, but who, at the end of the collection

(124a),

indicates the day when he finished his w o r k : Sunday, the 21st of Adar sheni, in the year [51629," hence 1869.

By

mistake, the paging of the leaves does not begin before the second inscribed folio.

On the second side of the unpaged

folio the collection opens with the same introduction as found in N 1 ; then follow the same preliminary remarks as well as the Sabbath poem of Judah Halevi which forms the opening feature of N 1 .

Apart from these similarities,

however, this manuscript differs considerably from N 1 both as regards contents and order of succession of the poems. Appendix C indicates the contents of N 2 in the same manner as appendix B f o r N \ Characteristic of this collection is the prominent number of Shibzi's poems: they form much more than half of the total amount of poems. 2

from N .

M y inventory gets no increase

Only one number is found in this codex whose

author does not appear elsewhere in the Yemenite collections : it is a Hebrew poem in praise of the city of Tiberias (1196).

The author is revealed in the acrostic: David b.

Aaron b. Husein.™

The writer names a Hakam Samuel

from whose lips he heard the poem, for he says in the a

The

number

of

the

year is indicated by

points over several letters

of the biblical sentence (Deut. 24, 5 ) : ilBHn ¡TON B»K np> ' 3 .

This sentence

is chosen on account of the relation of this collection to wedding feasts. 20

p»n von ia pn« 13 i n *yn » i n

¡vn its'» via' bs

nWo nwna n'3

QtSlUn DB>, ed. Benjacob, I, 54, No. 6: n n 3 B

p"p

033 i m p ?

iljAl.

Strophe 11 is found in MS. N 2 as Strophe 8 and vice versa.

Both

» Comp. RE J., L X , 221 ff. 91

begin with

The version in N 2 is more probable, for strophe 11 deals

with Tannaites, while strophe 8 mentions Amoraim. rightly p l a n « instead of JJlSflK.

W1D3 (Calc. is wrong in rendering strophe 16, N2 has rightly 25

In stanza 3 N 2 writes

In the fourteenth stanza N2 has ' 0 ¡V J'Dn 1,-1103 ¡V '13 I'Dri).

C]Un ]'Jp3.

See Weiss, Catalogue, p. 156.

For C|Un )'Jfl3 in

YEMENITE

POETRY—BACHER

383

contains numerous poems by D a v i d b. A a r o n b. Husein, among them also the one treated here (p. 146) with the h e a d i n g : tjnpn n o i x m t i 6 .

I n the divan

dt6K t o p

(Oran

1885) D a v i d b. A a r o n b. Husein belongs to the class of prolific poets, furnishing the greatest number of poems (p. 58, 6o, 68, 69, 138, 184). Ill N3.

T h i s codex of somewhat larger though likewise

oblong size bears n o number.

It has already been described

in E . Deinard's catalogue o f M a y e r Sulzberger's collection of H e b r e w manuscripts and old prints York

1896, p. 8 - 1 4 ) .

poems

which

needs

(vko

"ilN, N e w

D e i n a r d exhibits also a list of the some

correction.

H o w e v e r , this is

scarcely necessary a f t e r identifying the several poems in appendix D with the corresponding numbers of my inventory. 26

T h e manuscript has no title-page, but the first page

records the heading m n n n

T ^ N

i>T M N U K T I I

N R W

JKIH.

A t the end (1O5b) the author states that he finished the divan M o n d a y , the 226. o f Shebat, in the year 2164 leucid e r a ) , hence 1852 C . E. 27

(Se-

T h e postscript, half H e b r e w

half A r a b i c , is partly effaced, especially at the end where the

name

passage

of

of this

the

copyist—Joseph—is

postscript,

printed

given.

quite

faultily

One by

Deinard, reads in reality as f o l l o w s : " M a y he w h o sings f r o m this and finds a plus or minus2® j u d g e me according to the scale of merit.

I have written the divan in distres-

sing circumstances and at a cheap price f o r a good friend, M

It is clearly a mistake when he says in the introduction (p. 8) that

the poems are

partly Hebrew

with

an

Arabic

translation;

Deinard

means

here the bilingual poem in which Hebrew interchanges with Arabic strophes. 27

nD"pa isatr a"3 'a ov jxinn ro'ro ehvi.

M

These words in Arabic.

|>|5«J1 T « t iTB

'pSl D'B ¡Ott> JOl.

YEMENITE

POETRY—BACHER

383

contains numerous poems by D a v i d b. A a r o n b. Husein, among them also the one treated here (p. 146) with the h e a d i n g : tjnpn n o i x m t i 6 .

I n the divan

dt6K t o p

(Oran

1885) D a v i d b. A a r o n b. Husein belongs to the class of prolific poets, furnishing the greatest number of poems (p. 58, 6o, 68, 69, 138, 184). Ill N3.

T h i s codex of somewhat larger though likewise

oblong size bears n o number.

It has already been described

in E . Deinard's catalogue o f M a y e r Sulzberger's collection of H e b r e w manuscripts and old prints York

1896, p. 8 - 1 4 ) .

poems

which

needs

(vko

"ilN, N e w

D e i n a r d exhibits also a list of the some

correction.

H o w e v e r , this is

scarcely necessary a f t e r identifying the several poems in appendix D with the corresponding numbers of my inventory. 26

T h e manuscript has no title-page, but the first page

records the heading m n n n

T ^ N

i>T M N U K T I I

N R W

JKIH.

A t the end (1O5b) the author states that he finished the divan M o n d a y , the 226. o f Shebat, in the year 2164 leucid e r a ) , hence 1852 C . E. 27

(Se-

T h e postscript, half H e b r e w

half A r a b i c , is partly effaced, especially at the end where the

name

passage

of

of this

the

copyist—Joseph—is

postscript,

printed

given.

quite

faultily

One by

Deinard, reads in reality as f o l l o w s : " M a y he w h o sings f r o m this and finds a plus or minus2® j u d g e me according to the scale of merit.

I have written the divan in distres-

sing circumstances and at a cheap price f o r a good friend, M

It is clearly a mistake when he says in the introduction (p. 8) that

the poems are

partly Hebrew

with

an

Arabic

translation;

Deinard

means

here the bilingual poem in which Hebrew interchanges with Arabic strophes. 27

nD"pa isatr a"3 'a ov jxinn ro'ro ehvi.

M

These words in Arabic.

|>|5«J1 T « t iTB

'pSl D'B ¡Ott> JOl.

384

THE

JEWISH

QUARTERLY

REVIEW

Yahya Gayyat by name."2" As a matter of fact, the manuscript is legible, though not nicely written. Its columns are embellished with all kinds of very primitive designs, drawn on the blank spaces between the poems as well as between their stanzas. The Hebrew elements of the divan are punctuated (naturally with the Tiberian system, since the compilation was effected in the middle of the nineteenth century), and the pointing bears the characteristics of the Yemenite manuscripts which are due to the transcription from the superior (Babylonian) system (as e. g. lack of the segol, lack of the Shewa compositum). These peculiarities of the system were responsible for the unjust judgment of Deinard concerning it.*0 This codex contains four poems which are not registered in my inventory. One of them (116b) is printed in Deinard's catalogue (p. 15 f.). It is a contest poem, in which water and wine vie for supremacy in presence of the community ( nViJD DV ^sb ), whereupon a decision is rendered advising the mixing of the two beverages. Zunz" calls it a "wine song," indicating its author as Judah without any cognomen. In our manuscript (henge also reproduced by Deinard) there is the following note at the head of the poem: Dltt p mirp 'D. According to a further statement the poem,served for recitation on the seventh day of the feast of Passover." The name Judah b. 29

n»'j K'rr . . . aits mnS pnn iinni . . . 'nans «mA. nSn oyDai n»i«n bs j>an vh us»« »>« H'a onpun one o1H13 mpuo. 81

Literaturgeschichte

M

This

der

synagogalen

Poesie,

p. 564.

is to be explained by the fact that in the

first

strophe

water also says in its own praise that in it Pharaoh and his army drowned:

nSlid 01' 1^20 lS'lll nyiD '31;

the seventh day of

Passover.

the were

and this day of redemption is

YEMENITE

POETRY

385

BACHER

A d a m was disclosed to the writer of our collection or to the originator of his archetype from the acrostic of the poem, for the initials of the first seven verses yield the two words p

mini, while the eighth verse commences with the

word D1K.

But this last verse shows in the initials of its

lines the two words ptn rrbt*; hence the poet is not called Judah b. Adam, but Judah b. Elijah. 1 " Another new number is a Hebrew-Arabic alphabetic poem (406) whose author is called Joseph in the last stanza but one.

It opens with the w o r d s :

x o n x s jblpa r6bt< "lanx

KDV3'

JTDK «liw

and constitutes a prayer for the

redemption of oppressed Israel. A n Arabic poem (99a) bears the heading pan

TiiT

nuiy

DV ^id^k

TjfD

'loi>

( " B y master Sa'id a l - T a w i l —

the tall—as he was tortured by the Jews of Dibin").

It

contains fifteen stanzas, in which the author makes complaint over the injustice that had been inflicted upon him in the above-named place—which I could not i d e n t i f y — putting the Jews there in a very unfavorable light, among them especially a man named Gayyat Ibn Dawud 6).

(verse

T h e poet himself is mentioned in the ninth stanza.

H e is perhaps identical with

S d nnjiD who occurs in my

inventory (p. 28) as the author of a Hebrew poem.

The

first stanza f o l l o w s :

38

In Deinard's Catalogue, strophe 2, line 4 has 1*130 instead of " P 1 2 B of

the M S . lHtW.

In line 7 of the same strophe Deinard has rightly emended i n t M ' l to A s to the first line of the fourth stanza also, the M S . exhibits the mis-

take of D'DH for l ^ H . — T h e poem was published also in the poetical collection DTiSn

TDtP ,

Oran

1885,

p.

158.

As

to other

appeared comp. Steinschneider, Rangstreit-Litteratur

publications (Wien

in which

1908), p. 71.

it

j86

THE JEWISH

QUARTERLY

REVIEW

JKB^K Ob«» N' blp- XTP JX3ÍKÍ5K "lña p DVÍ5N TÍ>I? "OÍPK lK3j?x dkj Kip j u ñ a ^ t ó n p jn-ÚTI ivJtaD -DK arne DH The poet thus had the cognomen Abu Yahya. Finally mention must be made of an Arabic girdle poem ( 3 6 6 ) , " containing seven stanzas, which has for its subject the yearning after a distant friend and which is perhaps meant to be allegorical. reads nrri>K -itariK men of the J e w s " ) .

A line of the last stanza

spew ("appear among the learned The poem opens as follows:

"orony

'jíujíjk un N' iíwdn

t n h in p b Dian

"okdt d w -pnjw 'jki

y o a^ii pan IKJ? na

MtoDbx t n ' D »aruna»

T o the poem commencing on p. 58b, which is identical with the one marked Solomon 3 in my register, our manuscript appends the name of its author, which is not borne out by the poem itself but must be based on tradition. The heading is as follows rn W l nntreb« t j í d

p

ktp

"i»}

^ri ^ niDan ( " B y master Y a h a Ibn Sa'id al-Zahiri as he was captured in T h a l á " ) .

I have assumed Solomon to be

the author of the poem because out of its seven stanzas (counting the introductory stanza as first) the first begins with the letter b, the third, fourth, sixth, and seventh with the letters noSc?, giving us the word nKb&b.

In manu-

script N* the seventh stanza is missing altogether, and the order of succession of the other stanzas is 1, 2, 3, 6, 5, 4, through which the acrostic is destroyed. 84

It is also found in N®, p. 116b.

Y a h a al-Záhiri

YEMENITE

POETRY

BACHER

387

to whom, according to the heading, the poem belongs is one of the older poets of Y e m e n " and known in Hebrew under the name Haim b. Saadya or Zechariah b. Saadya.

Ibn

Sa'id is the same as "b. Saadya." IV N4.

This codex (as N 1 ) belonged to the Halberstam

collection of the Sulzberger library and bears the number 489.

T h e manuscript has the same large size as N*.

It is

no uniform divan, but is made up of larger and smaller fragments of different Yemenite divans.

T h e first, defec-

tive folio is written more neatly than the other fragments; and yet this folio, which—because it bears a heading—was placed at the beginning, stands entirely isolated.

T h e most

important and probably oldest element of the codex containing 72 leaves altogether is found on folios 19-54 which are provided with superior vowel symbols throughout (the Arabic as well as the H e b r e w ) .

A l s o folio 16 has upper

pointing but from a different hand.

Other contiguous and

closely allied fragments, which differ in their script from those just named and also from each other, appear in the following folios: ( 1 ) 2-13, 17-18, 55-66, 68-72; (2) 14-15, 67.

In the table of contents (appendix E ) I refrain nat-

urally from taking cognizance of the diversity of origin of these different elements, but simply register the contents of the leaves according to their present order of succession, 85

Die

Yafoya Al-Zahiri belongs to the sixteenth century; comp. Steinschneider,

arabische Litteratur

der Juden,

p. 256.

Grunhut's statement in the Monalsschrift, Al-Zahiri, in a work on

A contradiction to this forms

L (1906), 88, according to which

niB'nt2> found in the possession of Grunhut,

names the year B'""lflK (1619) of the Seleucid era = of its composition.

It seems that a

be

Yafcya could

1909 =

1607.

seventeenth century.

1307 C. E. as the date

V fell out after the

still have

lived

fl. O'ltWlN would

in the beginning of the

YEMENITE

POETRY

BACHER

387

to whom, according to the heading, the poem belongs is one of the older poets of Y e m e n " and known in Hebrew under the name Haim b. Saadya or Zechariah b. Saadya.

Ibn

Sa'id is the same as "b. Saadya." IV N4.

This codex (as N 1 ) belonged to the Halberstam

collection of the Sulzberger library and bears the number 489.

T h e manuscript has the same large size as N*.

It is

no uniform divan, but is made up of larger and smaller fragments of different Yemenite divans.

T h e first, defec-

tive folio is written more neatly than the other fragments; and yet this folio, which—because it bears a heading—was placed at the beginning, stands entirely isolated.

T h e most

important and probably oldest element of the codex containing 72 leaves altogether is found on folios 19-54 which are provided with superior vowel symbols throughout (the Arabic as well as the H e b r e w ) .

A l s o folio 16 has upper

pointing but from a different hand.

Other contiguous and

closely allied fragments, which differ in their script from those just named and also from each other, appear in the following folios: ( 1 ) 2-13, 17-18, 55-66, 68-72; (2) 14-15, 67.

In the table of contents (appendix E ) I refrain nat-

urally from taking cognizance of the diversity of origin of these different elements, but simply register the contents of the leaves according to their present order of succession, 85

Die

Yafoya Al-Zahiri belongs to the sixteenth century; comp. Steinschneider,

arabische Litteratur

der Juden,

p. 256.

Grunhut's statement in the Monalsschrift, Al-Zahiri, in a work on

A contradiction to this forms

L (1906), 88, according to which

niB'nt2> found in the possession of Grunhut,

names the year B'""lflK (1619) of the Seleucid era = of its composition.

It seems that a

be

Yafcya could

1909 =

1607.

seventeenth century.

1307 C. E. as the date

V fell out after the

still have

lived

fl. O'ltWlN would

in the beginning of the

388

THE JEWISH

QUARTERLY

just as with the other codices.

REVIEW

O w i n g to the fragmentary

character of the different elements, the poems are partly defective, which, however, I do not deem necessary to indicate. T h e number of new poems, not mentioned in my inventory, is greater in this than in any of the three previous divans.

O f these there are eleven altogether.

It is curious

to note that among these Yemenite poems w e also find the first thirteen distichs of Solomon Ibn Gabirol's grammatical poem ( p j y ) .M

These thirteen couplets are offered as

an independent poem (64ft) with

Tfi (=jiDts) as verse par-

tition, and bear the head nt» TCJ ("beautiful poem").

Of

Yemenite poets the following are named as authors of new poems in cod. N 4 : David:

A Hebrew poem with the acrostic THD (3yb).

It is found after Judah Halevi 7 Ojijmd K3 pl3 DiVNin) is marked

at the head as an imitation

(KnaKU)."

It contains

five

the

latter

verses, the leading one being

as follows : "ODT i>3 n»C5> "ON 13 David b. Solomon:

of

and

1J33 n

p c n j DJVtOn.

A Hebrew poem of twelve couplets

(486), whose initials form the acrostic noise )3TH rhyming word throughout is p K . p « nDvb 'traj i c a JKCK

The

It opens as f o l l o w s :

JDJJK D'Dai njv ioa runx.

It is a complaint over misfdrtune and suffering and a prayer f o r protection against enemies. Solomon

b. Shalem

(Salim):

A poem (53a) without

beginning or end, the folio being defective; the preserved distichs acrostic:

however

still exhibit

p nc6[B>].

the greater

part

of

T h e poem is bilingual: in every

couplet one half is Hebrew, the other Arabic. •« Beginning: mta in? pn 87

the

inn mttBn Djn tIJJ

Comp. Die hebr. und arab. Poesie der Juden lemens,

jn«. p. 31.

YEMENITE

POETRY—BACHER

389

O n e H e b r e w poem ( 1 4 0 ) shows the acrostic It seems to be David

mpE1 p-

f o r the latter, in acrostics

b. Saadya,

of his H e b r e w poems found elsewhere, always writes his patronymic

with ty.6*

T h e poem has

tabernacle of the feast of Sukkot.

f o r its subject

the

T h e beginning reads as

follows: DTIlt33 UK U n i x bin

OTTOE» DEO m i D n

A n o t h e r H e b r e w poem ( y o b ) , of which only the beginning is preserved and w h i c h contains a sufficient number of puzzles, fails t o mention, in the part that is preserved (opening:

Tjf¥

DJ1 nay

"0«), the poet himself, while it

names his friend or teacher tended: ^

pern

2inN

031

Kim,

blob)

porn

f o r w h o m it is in-

being

tjjd

(Sa'td

=

Saadya). T h e new anonymous poems in N* are the f o l l o w i n g : A nuptial poem of the

customary

nT£>K, w h i c h I

met

"iidtd

tb»

never

Cjwki

before

n-WN .

type,

beginning

(42a).

Next

are

with

First

verse:

three

Arabic

p o e m s : ( 1 ) A short encomium upon frugality containing six couplets ( 4 8 a ) .

Beginning:

nytwK' tpibaob (2)

An

epistle

puzzles (48ft).

d^i of

nyKjpSx oaiy p dsj^k rrv-

fourteen

distichs containing various

Beginning:

KDVJO | W 'a ^KD

«"SKC ptW "02180 11 N'.

( 3 ) A n exhortation in six distichs concerning the mode of acquiring knowledge (520).

Beginning:

D l ^ S O [KJ7DN |0

DISJ^kIj Kp^O D ^ N JN flDDpK.

TIT

O n page 126 there is a fragment of an A r a b i c poem whose author is named A l - H a m d i ( nan^K blp'). " See ibid., Hebrew division, p. 18.

390

THE JEWISH

QUARTERLY

REVIEW

V N*. It comes from the library of Mayer Sulzberger and is labeled No. 476. It contains 155 leaves of uniform, not beautiful, but very distinct script, and is pointed throughout. There is no title-page. The defective folio preceding the paged leaves is derived from another manuscript. The list of contents closing the volume enumerates 19 Sabbath poems, 57 niit^J ( = W J ) 82 rm, 8 flNBT. These are concluded with 19 nvnn and 29 irttrn pieces. There are thus, omitting the last group, 185 pieces altogether. Eighty-two out of these claim Shibzi as author. Ten poems are new, yet one of them (ii6£>) is also found in N", p. 36&.1* Of the others three Hebrew poems are anonymous, namely: ( 1 ) A poem propounding an enigma of six couplets (26a) which opens with the words D'OtJ» Dt?6 muJDJ DTiB and closes with a mild exhortation: '"D'otK i ^ c j D'Jip trpa net? boa 1D3 ¡vnri

mit?.

(2) A longer prayer (36a), 23 distichs, in which also the ten Sefirot are mentioned. Beginning: kuji bia' torn ban ibi bainn ban bai San piK. End: mitwi nru»'-^ nyv rp rv ^ j y . (3) A short hymeneal poem (132a) in which, after the current apostrophe to the bridegroom found also elsewhere (|niD3 nnocn }nn Di^b Nia, comp. An. 28; David b. Joseph 1, 3), the first stanza reads: jrvs n:i3D pj

pnv aaiab Tin

pna ptno e^k

pnx nytra Kia.

One anonymous poem (1360) is Arabic and shows the alphabetic order, which is quite frequent in Yemenite m

See above, p. 386.

40

See the proverb in Sanhedrin 1060 (cited by Rab): i j n ' o S

.tj'o pma n'^ mm n'jm«

nSoJ

YEMENITE

POETRY

BACHER

391

poems, by naming the letter in the beginning of each stanza. T h e first strophe f o l l o w s : S)Í>N BTO N"DN NC?

T P J ^ K I?NP

np NO ••a tiuíKi 'onjíj ANSN NK> nsbobs TD in nttbsttb« nbbx JD D^DNI T h e poem belongs to the realm of mysticism and the final strophe is as f o l l o w s : . n s i w i b x « i n mt? 'B . hn^n^n non iNní>N . n s ^ v s b s ana^N briN . n x c v j ? p NO ¡»ns^N nay •HNUN^N

'BE' 1 NHSV1 H n N " I W 1 B'JJNL INHTN

It is strange what the last line says about the " Z o h a r , " Gospel, and the T o r a h which contain all virtues." trinity of

This

holy books is perhaps an application of

Mohammedan

designation

of

the pre-Koranic

books

revelation, only that the place of the Psalms m t

of

(zabür)

is taken by the similarly sounding term f o r the mental w o r k of Jewish mysticism.

the

funda-

It is v e r y improbable

that the Jewish poet of Y e m e n , in mentioning here the Gospel, w a s aware that this constitutes the Sacred Scripture of Christianity. 42

A s author of this anonymous poem

is perhaps to be considered Sa'id Manzur, w h o will be mentioned soon.

T o him belong t w o poems immediately

following the above-named. N" poems.

furnishes

a new

number

to the list of Shibzi's

It is a H e b r e w poem consisting of fifteen distichs

( 3 7 a ) with the acrostic Nnco

and constitutes an

epistle to his friend Sa'id (named in the last stanza: porn) 41

Apparently "INÍ1TN is only an Arabism for the Hebrew

"int.

Different indeed is the mention of the Gospel by Shahin. Zwei judisch-persische Dichter, p. 21, note 3. 42

See my

392

THE

JEWISH

QUARTERLY

REVIEW

in which he advocates the knowledge of the fundamental principles of Kabbalah." inscribed to this

A l s o other poems by Shibzi are

Sa'Id.4*

M y index of the Jewish poets of Y e m e n is increased by two new names through this manuscript. b. Judah:

An

Arabic

poem of

shows the acrostic mirr pnVD^NI

p

fifteen

One is Sa'td

strophes (122b)

TjiD 'JN. Its first words Da^N

"itap l u b « sound

like

those

of

some

Shibzian poems (78-81, 146-147; see also Joseph b. Israel 15).

It has f o r its subject the suffering of the Jews of

Sana'a.

T h e poem immediately preceding (1210) belongs

perhaps also to Sa'Id b. Judah, but the poet is mentioned only in the final stanza (jeiij» is in need of knowledge).

TpS porn

=

It" is a Hebrew-Arabic girdle

poem beginning with the w o r d s : pis nmxn Til |xarn.

Subject:

Sa'Id w h o TD IMS

complaint over oppression and prayer for

redemption. Sa'td Manzur

is the name of the second poet appear-

ing here for the first time. -I1VJD

Tj?D

"OK.

T w o poems exhibit the acrostic:

One (138a) is Arabic and begins with

the following w o r d s : TU^K H

D^D

-|1-)CJ6N 3D nsbo

The second poem by Sa'id Manzur begins (139a) with the words pom author.

bxp which reveal the name of the

It is a Hebrew-Arabic girdle poem containing

eleven stanzas and having for its subject reflections and meditations, especially of the mystic kind. strophe the poet styles himself

In the ninth

^Kjm^N porn , i. e. Sa'id

of Sana'a, and speaks furthermore of his study of the Zohar:

-iNnsobx ninrs^x. 3sri3 D-IIKI nifi H "itoDsin« iD3 epjfio

tijj 'B

( " I study the chosen book Zohar in the leafy garden and recognize the deep mysteries which it contains").

We

have already spoken of the Arabized appellation of the Zohar. VI N".

It comes from the Sulzberger library and bears

number 556.

This small manuscript, containing only 47

leaves, does not have the usual oblong size of the Yemenite divans, but small i6mo. ferent origin.

There are two fragments of dif-

Leaves 1-9 are older and provided with

upper pointing throughout.

Leaves 10-47

a r e n°t

pointed."

The first fragment contains three, the second eighteen numbers.

Out of these twenty-one poems no less than twelve

are new, and of these only three are anonymous: ( 1 ) an alphabetic liturgical DnHX3

n ^ n i piece (186) with the beginning

cn^K bxb i>i>nx; (2) a Hebrew-Arabic girdle

" Only here and there upper pointing.

YEMENITE

POETRY

393

BACHER

^XNB^X '31 PHD ''B

^Kp^N ^p DKDIT

''bvixiwi mx^N in

'i>»to ppno nSp

nubxb DNT IPIJNDnNI

^'Nta *1$>3D nsbo

The second poem by Sa'id Manzur begins (139a) with the words pom author.

bxp which reveal the name of the

It is a Hebrew-Arabic girdle poem containing

eleven stanzas and having for its subject reflections and meditations, especially of the mystic kind. strophe the poet styles himself

In the ninth

^Kjm^N porn , i. e. Sa'id

of Sana'a, and speaks furthermore of his study of the Zohar:

-iNnsobx ninrs^x. 3sri3 D-IIKI nifi H "itoDsin« iD3 epjfio

tijj 'B

( " I study the chosen book Zohar in the leafy garden and recognize the deep mysteries which it contains").

We

have already spoken of the Arabized appellation of the Zohar. VI N".

It comes from the Sulzberger library and bears

number 556.

This small manuscript, containing only 47

leaves, does not have the usual oblong size of the Yemenite divans, but small i6mo. ferent origin.

There are two fragments of dif-

Leaves 1-9 are older and provided with

upper pointing throughout.

Leaves 10-47

a r e n°t

pointed."

The first fragment contains three, the second eighteen numbers.

Out of these twenty-one poems no less than twelve

are new, and of these only three are anonymous: ( 1 ) an alphabetic liturgical DnHX3

n ^ n i piece (186) with the beginning

cn^K bxb i>i>nx; (2) a Hebrew-Arabic girdle

" Only here and there upper pointing.

394

T H E JEWISH

QUARTERLY REVIEW

poem of five stanzas (19b)

with the beginning

rma "

Of the Yemenite poets already registered in my index the following are represented in N" by new poems: Shibzi: A Hebrew poem (376) designated at the head as a hymeneal hymn (jnr6t6 n e t ) ; acrostic Kfitro D^t? 'ON and within the poem

fiDV

.

The beginning reads:

T n n a ub mat iHDna oiw jhk. Joseph b. Abigedor:

An alphabetic Arabic poem (14b)

beginning with the words:

riDT ND ^ « 3 ruDN

(comp.

p. 87, An. 120, 169, 170).

In the last stanza but one the

poet is named ( "IJ'3N p

t)DV ) with the abbreviation of

the patronymic. Moses

b. Said:

A n alphabetic Hebrew poem (100)

of which the first fivev stanzas are missing. stanza the poet is named pDtn nib' HE'D. with the Kabbalah.

In the last

The poem deals

Shibzi's poem following it (p. 87) is

intended as a rejoinder to the one preceding it ( naxu ). Solomon b. Abraham: A Hebrew-Arabic girdle poem (6a) of which the end is missing. hibited here have the acrostic

The ten strophes ex-

Dm [ax] p

strophes beginning with K and 3 are missing. ning is as follows:

no^D.

The

The begin-

Y E M E N I T E POETRY

•OKJiDbx DTnnb

395

BACHER

einxnbx pus? JKDD

•osôaTi -IVJD3

eipto

'CU

'JiX «IKSC DK33

fpjp oxnobs 1D3 |D1

'3NnoÎ3K i s a n x p

epxy n ba 'pD^i D'Dan man ^ a D^oijE' non itys D'D'DD nnubi

Religious reflections form the subject of the poem. Identical with Solomon b. Abraham is probably Suleiman b. Abraham

whose name appears in the acrostic

( prn Dni3N p JXD'i>D ) of a Hebrew-Arabic poem (22b) in which the exodus from Egypt is celebrated. vid 1 D^b ncnjn h

vu6Ki> (sic)

Kona^K 3") m^j

Beginning: 'mD

viiui vv mi»

The following are new names of poets occurring in this codex: Harun Ma'uza:

A n alphabetic Hebrew-Arabic poem

(42b) in couplets, the last but one indicating the name of the poet: i m to m Sans nsipo jnxn 'j'jm to 1DD1K3 Nipnw The beginning is as follows: ijkd&K I^KDI inj^s W

JK i>3p ^ 3 DÎ5SJ? K'l

It is a prayer for Israel and against Israel's oppressors. How much the originator of the M S . valued it is shown by the unusual heading which he gave it: TE>n nt njpi nar

396

THE JEWISH

QUARTERLY

REVIEW

ni>D jox nxuni nxj na'naa 46nD-ian'i ma11 u ' a 131 noe» ia toipn. As

to Harun

other

Ma'uza

than the

himself, he

friend of

Shibzi

dedicated two of his poems.

seems

to

be

no

to whom the latter

In one of them (No. 163)

Ma'uza is even the subject of great praise.

I formerly

believed that this man was another friend of Shibzi."

Now

it is apparent that Shibzi's friend is identical with Harun Ma'uza, the newly discovered poet, both of whose names Shibzi mentions in that poem.

Similarly we must assume

that the Ma'uza to whom Shibzi dedicated a puzzle in rhymes (No. 158) is no other than Harun Ma'uza. Moses b. Hibat:

A Hebrew-Arabic girdle poem (26b)

of nine stanzas, the acrostic being nan p nE>D. nan is probably an abbreviation of the name n^K ( = Hebr. Jews. 4 "

Han, Hibat-allah

bionj ), which was customary also among the

The beginning reads: nbnp man 'to nisiJD Pit '33

P^xabx K'h 'B to

JSDD

pSKT b"D3 n^K

The poem deals chiefly with the revelation on Sinai and the Messianic redemption. A f t e r the poem by Moses b. Hibat follows a HebrewArabic girdle poem (30Z?) with the title naKU s a m " and the acrostic n o ^ D in the first five and n p in the last three stanzas. The letter i represents the full name n m a s .

This

poem therefore belongs likewise to the above-mentioned 46 Perhaps 13'3 =: 12M3 (his pain). As to nD"OfV there is only one explanation: it is a verb derived f r o m the Arabic on account of the rhyme and means "to m a i m " : Through this poem pain departs and becomes powerless.

** See Die hebr. und arab. Poesie der Juden " See Steinschneider in JQR., X, 521. 0

See above p. 388.

Jemens,

p. 43.

YEMENITE

Solomon b. Abraham.

POETRY

397

BACHER

This hypothesis is confirmed by the

circumstance that the first stanza of this poem reads just as the first stanza of the first poem in our manuscript, which also belongs to Solomon b. Abraham:

tnn vea

^nxnbx pnc? jxdd pp!po rraDro

•6np nx n»e>i> nbnb riD'-n

«idx^

r6bx nbxD

Another Hebrew-Arabic girdle poem (34a) is still to be mentioned.

Its author is called [XO^D in the acrostic

and paa C= n»^>E>) within the poem itself.

This may be

the Sulaiman of my inventory^ The poem, a friendly epistle, offers praise to a learned friend, whose name is designated twice with the letters poJSC.

According to the

B>"3 n"K system used in the disguise of these names, this would be m u , Bôria, a name unknown to me.

A t the

close, a second friend of the poet is mentioned: n»DD, i. e. XVP, Yahya.

The poem opens with the words nSbx OXÎjd

Dï'xibx p . As a special characteristic of the larger fragment in N" let it be mentioned that in the case of two poems also the melody (Arab, nix, properly voice'1) are to be sung is indicated.

A t the head of the anonymous

poem on p. 19b we read : nobî^> nobyi)

with which they

nix X^y bip X"im.

By

is probably meant the poem of Sa'Id i 1 beginning

with these words.

A t the head of Solomon 3 (38b) we

find m»XD D3XWÎ5XÎ) xd ni¥ xbv, by which is meant the poem in An. 196.

Apart from the two, the Yemenite di-

vans do not indicate the melody.™ 80

Die

A s to hâtif designating a personification of the poetic inspiration see

hebr. und arab. Poesie 81

der Juden Jemens, p. 45.

Concerning the musical signification of the term see Dozy,

I, 851. 42

See Die hebr. und arab. Poesie

der Juden Jemens, p. 32.

Supplément,

398

THE

JEWISH

QUARTERLY

REVIEW

VII N*.

It comes from the Sulzberger library and bears

the number 482. distinguished Yemen.

In size as well as in script this codex is

from the

customary

poetic

collection

of

It is not oblong, but small octavo, and the script

of the entire manuscript, coming from one and the same hand,™ is not cursive but quite uniformly square. page

has

pE>DT

T h e first

a note which probably comes f r o m Deinard.: "13133 npjjn p

vnxsin.

Accordingly, this col-

lection was discovered in the Genizah of Jobar, a village situated at a distance of twenty-five minutes from Damascus.

This village has an old synagogue which is visited

on festive occasions by many Jews from Damascus. 54 in its make-up this divan, absolutely Yemenite

Also

from its

contents, is different from other poetical collections Yemen.

of

It is intended for marriage celebrations only in a

secondary

degree; primarily the poems contained in it

serve for religious holidays.

T h e title-page and the first

leaves are missing, as is the end; but since the poems are numbered continuously, it is seen at a glance that those missing at the beginning are the first eight and the opening of the ninth.

T h e close of the last preserved piece (No.

163) is likewise lacking.

T h e first numbers (8-20)

intended for the festival of Passover. 21 ( 1 1 a ) w e find the label cost

msy

follow

H31D

p3v;

poems

No. 79

e>n-6 ; before No. 68 (8jb)

without

:

any

D'TiB p y .

Next

special

title;

decidedly as such is to be regarded first No. 89

(94b),

M

hymeneal

before

A t the head of No.

p y , hence f o r Pente-

before No. 64 (76b) : r w n

(79b):

are

Only folios 108 and 117 are from a later hand, apparently to replace

the two original leaves which somehow became damaged. M

See Bädeker, Palästina, second ed., p. 387; Jew. Enc., I V , 419.

55

The poems belonging to this group are not concerned with feasts alone.

Y E M E N I T E POETRY

399

BACHER

then the wedding ritual after No. 92 (100a), and further hymeneal hymns beginning with No. 93 (p. 105b). 106 (109b) bears the title the divans begin.

No.

nat? pi?

117 (118&)

No.

with which most of is labeled n^K

py,

which can have reference only to the next numbers intended for the close of the Sabbath.

No. 120 (1200) is

still an Elijah poem, but through a lacuna in the manuscript the numbers 118 and 119 as well as the close of 47 are missing.

N o 122 ( 1 2 1 a ) opens, without epigraph, a

series of six poems for feasts of circumcision, whereupon follows the ritual f o r the redemption of

first-born

jvib "hd ht).

Numbers

C|m D^nu m c

irjniD

128

135, with which the second part of our

(1276)

to

•'En p n

the

divan begins, are again Sabbath poems. No. 136 (133a) without

epigraphs.

Every

provided with the title T>E> ) .

Commencing with

the poems are on various subjects and mnx

number of (scil.

m'E>),

None of them has any pointing.

the collection is rarer

inx

(scil.

T h e orthography

of the Arabic texts differs from that in the other Yemenite collections through the frequent application of vowel letters, even f o r short vowels. circumstance

that

it

Characteristic of N* is the

contains

only

nineteen

poems by

Shibzi, the preponderant part of which ( 1 6 pieces) is found in the second part of our divan beginning with No. 128 (124&).

It is permissible to assume that in the first part,

which forms the basis of our collection and which differs also in its arrangement from the Shibzi collections, Shibzi's poems were avoided purposely, perhaps on account of their mystic allegory. F r o m N ' my inventory reaps a rich harvest, the number

of

new

poems there

being twenty-nine.

From the

hands of non-Yemenite poets we find among them a poem

400

THE JEWISH

QUARTERLY

REVIEW

by Abraham Ibn Ezra (onarn in -jntfii, 16b)," a piyut by Solomon (KHJ no i>X ne>, 16a; see Zunz, Literaturgeschichte der synagogalen Poesie, p. 590), and an anonymous old piyut ( TO IPX na-on nxn, 176; see Zunz, p. 84). Yemenite poets are represented here by nine poems: David b. Saadya: A poem for the feast of Tabernacles which is also found in N* (14a). Joseph: A Hebrew poem containing four (92b), with the acrostic tier. Beginning: Dmi

distichs IT

Dmn "pay 23b nx. Joseph b. Abigedor: An alphabetic poem in distichs half of which is Aramaic and half .Arabic (330). At the close the author styles himself TpB Tjren D'iX p ^01' D ^ x . " The beginning is as follows: n^xb jrutrin ruc^x Joseph b. Israel's Son: A Hebrew-Arabic girdle poem consisting of six stanzas ( 9 J b ) , which is alphabetic at the same time, naming the letters at the beginning of the verses. The beginning is not quite legible due to the decay of the ends of the leaves. It reads: ....an m o 'a ynb ns^x e^x xcvybx nDDi6 jxnax io m x 3 px3 xon:6xi> nsxxi jxd^s p» iu jio'ii The poem contains religious reflections. In the last stanza but one the poet names his teacher Israel, in the last he reveals himself: ^xidk px spDV This son of the most important poet of Yemen after Shibzi is perhaps M

It is the poem which is found in our Simfeat Torah ritual.

" See above.

Y E M E N I T E POETRY

4OI

BACHER

identical with Israel b. Joseph, who is represented in my index by a poem." Moses b. Sa'ld:

An alphabetic Hebrew-Arabic poem

(190) constituting a prayer for the redemption of Israel from the oppression of the exile. Dnira nan -iK>K BHp nub

Beginning: nbxcx d t 6 k The author names him-

self at the close: nnj?D pny pb n^a, then pom. "niv, hence Moses the son of Saadya b. Isaac or also the son of Sa'Id. Saadya:

A

acrostic nHj?D .

Hebrew-Arabic

with

poem- (78b)

the

The opening stanza reads:

nnabn jnn

-iN-iDxbx d V Kin |D jxmiD

m m by nan

-isaabx sini mnibxi rybx n

nnicn bapoi

-iKaSbx xim ^ab"1 pa^Knb

It is a prayer for atonement. Sa'id

b. Suleiman:

An Arabic poem' (3a) with the

name of the author at the close: 'DDK Tj?D Tl?KE>i>K XJN, but more precisely within the poem: txo^D

'DDK Tj?D.

Sa'Id b. Suleiman is possibly identical with Saadya b. Solomon, who appears in my index as author of an Arabic poem.

Our poem, containing religious reflections, opens

with the words: Ktron NOD^X ""D 33X13 KE>3X nbxb IV3DK. The other new poems in N* are anonymous and are as follows: Hebrew—12a: A song for the feast of Revelation with the beginning: 1DC3 X13J Dl> TiW .

106a: A

hymeneal

hymn in the form of a litany; beginning: SO in»E> XJ iriDE> jnnn nn»KO

(comp. An. 106).

bridegroom; opening:

minim

107ft: A prayer for the nbiun 1b "iK>x.

poem for the feast of circumcision; beginning: M

See Die hebr. und arab. Poesie der Juden Jemens, p. 54.

121 o: A

blD'jb Dlbc

402

T H E J E W I S H QUARTERLY REVIEW

bmt5» babl 'b nannb

'b

in^o

122b: ditto; beginning: i ^ n T ^

n •'E'BJ T i a c ^ B J

verses

repeat

the

first

TiaE> phrase

W i t h o u t t h i s r e p e t i t i o n it w o u l d r e a d a s f o l -

lows : ^vW

^>33 'bin n »

••bjn

3 1 Kim S i n KJK ND1D N"1 ^Kp 'basp

JN3 s b l HJ?3 n ^ K n o p "pan i m m a r

nob

i b i i p i l i n o KDjii

. n o y TDTpi - | r i ' 3 ibi3"i> 44b: A

prayer

for the restoration

L a n d ; beginning: '31VI.

^

of

n t n n ^ 1 p njiDC'

81 b : A

girdle poem

religious h y m n .

Beginning:

of

1

Israel

^"lTJi''

- p m ton ^

m i x i D^U

riKD

Kin

nTE>n

rue»

x

JKiD^K TO^K J K O m b T D D J K n D n ^ K 216:

An

exhortation

to

cognize God's power and

study

2b: ditto; 'B n ^ K and

«"«03.

25a:

and

ephemeral

the

Reflections

IKViK^K D S » n .

an

appeal

of

to

man.

eternity The

re-

commenc-

^ D 1 HJJJ abttV^K

concerning the

character

beginning:

beginning:«'

rule over the w o r l d ;

ing with the following w o r d s : 3 ^ «

a

aman

t o n KHJ

K' r P 3 D .

n^strK

'TT

Arabic—20: A n exhortation to exalt G o d ; D^ta^K

Holy

six stanzas constituting

m « J 3 "inoi n e i p m i y n-inD

in t h e

bulk

of of

KDD God the

YEMENITE POETRY—BACHER

403

poem consists of an enumeration of the great personages of the Bible, with the question: Where is Adam? etc. until: Where is Ezra? It opens with to DN3¥s6s< tr P^snS n"1 niwb iri3D jnixn . 360: A hortatory poem ot 39 couplets; beginning: nxnix^x meis« n^K !>N3 JH3K t«K 4yb: A girdle poem consisting of four strophes; beginning: JNXiN^K pis TlJm D'jin jsabx noip yJD. Only the first half of the last stanza is in Hebrew, praising the poet's teacher "iDin HE'D, who is then named more fully in the Arabic second half of the stanza: Musa Ibn Manzur.—66a: A poem of 23 quatrains in which Gen. 24 is told in such a manner that Abraham's servant, the hero of that chapter, appears as narrator without being named. The beginning is as follows: T^DKB» iOK nrno N.—149a: A friendly epistle in 16 couplets; beginning: N' T^I? 'Joi>N3 rrxm "auno!>K i b x i N^K '»k^d ^ i h l I'D . Special mention is due the poem beginning on p. 42b, which contains 30 strophes, each one having three Arabic and one Hebrew line and the syllabic rhyme being ni" throughout. The first stanza reads: D

lSj?S3 D W

nilKOD^K 313 iH3N

nv!>3 D]> 3 ^ ipm

rmoNiw "no in h

The poet, who remains unnamed, tells of his journey during which his caravan was overrun by robbers and all his fortune was lost. Among other things he mentions his saviors in that emergency: Yahya Ibn Musa, Suleiman, and Imran. Finally, special mention must be given to a wedding poem on page 97a, which opens thus: 'E> 6 'B> D'JJinis Dli>65> ' r o ^33 6 . The stanzas following after that exhibit the acrostic f ^ r p rm\ My index knows of a Yahya b. Joseph

404

THE JEWISH

with the sobriquet 'JN^yi.

QUARTERLY REVIEW

The poem itself, however, is

indicated by me under Yahya b. Israel ( ¡Cn >TE>, p. 25) ; for I have found it in the Aden publication

D'Jnn

nam

( I l i a , 10), where of the stanzas of the poem as it appears in N' the two with 1 and S of the name RÉT are missing, and, conjecturing from the two final stanzas, I have completed the patronymic which was absolutely sure to follow the p of the acrostic.

In order to furnish a survey of the new Yemenite poems appearing in the seven New York manuscripts I deem it proper to add here some figures indicating the total obtained: 1. Shibzi is represented by four new numbers, all in Hebrew; 2. Of the other Yemenite poets already named by me sixteen are represented by 22 new poems; 3. The names of five new poets appear with six numbers; 4. New anonymous poems: 12 in Hebrew, 5 in Hebrew-Arabic, and 9 in Arabic, total 26; 5. NonYemenite poets: three already named in my index appear with one poem each, and two new names with one poem each.

The total amount of new poems is sixty-three

YEMENITI;

POETRY—BÂCHER

405

A P P E N D I X A INTRODUCTION

TO T H E Y E M E N I T E MS.

POETIC

COLLECTION

IN

N1

( d i t t o in N 2 )

neniw nriexa . OB' w k

on^n

nnw

oy n'rpr

, Dnsiaon

DiijE» T ' n n o

.

onaiDn î^ri c o a n n

D'oarin n a n

59Dnai

in»E»

D'ar . D 1 - n n D

non

mita . aniNob p x a

nsDD

nanx

.

DTIÎJK IJN C J U N N

N R

p-im

.

nbitabtD

baai. dmnon . ont T a

by

-IB>N .

nnai .

•»D'PTIXQ

"man

.

'"3tn

CVKD

ruannoi

nan

ton

. o n t ni v i s a

j x ~\y . D n m b

njiyoi n a n o

.

r p m OMIVO

-ie>k •

m a n . o n i y : r a n « VJD5> m a r e

m i D C n r i K t n m a i

o n a m o n » n -»nai

ONIDN DH ^NIE» RIDJ3 BYI

onnora

rrmaK

b » « D ^ O B>toai

nnD,K

-ono

vn

- w

.

D'Jiaan

una

onpBa ^ n o

nonpn

. n n r i D J i D'biJ m a n IE»« . o n e « j?»D r o a r i o n a B » . D*ve>n

nobja

.

by ntmnn

nave

.

d't-ik nn^nn

yi~\ b a m

. o n r « snr bv T ' e n m f c n n n o . n n r o inanK

ronnya

¡ v b n pi

. onnxb

mayi

)jitb b a x . o m i x n o n x n o n . o n r p n a i D -IEOD

. NNS T

ny

. o m r a n u a u a i t o 1T031

m c

«b

n^y

r w i i>aai

n-'jivn nr i>a n b i m . o n i p p

m a j VJ NTO' O

.

n n a y o NA'P* IDB>

. « " C V n n p i m i a a B N R . o n t a s D W K D n n o p j m p j ' . ONN E»K-ID now

. o n t a j on

. annn

« u p -id« 1 1 ia

n^nna p p

These two words are missing in N2.

60

Missing in N 2 .

M

N> O N N .

62

Missing in N2.

. onn

mi>

nmx

. o n t y j vn"1 h c r n r y a i . n n n a i o

M

" N2 o ' p n s i D .

1

antn D^toa

406

T H E J E W I S H QUARTERLY REVIEW

N1)

n a i J i T y s , i h s < n D n b pisvd T n j n o n nr ( o n l y i n tiDiai n » s n 'oi) n d v {Ksm siDvb p

mirr

B N1

C o n t e n t s of M S . [5*. = my

Shibzi.

An.

=

t h e list of a n o n y m o u s p o e m s

in

inventory.] n3B> p j y b : Ja,

°Judah Halevi 23.—jb, °Judah

3.—8a,

° J u d a h H a l e v i 1 4 . — 8 b , S . 6 4 . — 1 0 b , ° M a n z u r . — 1 1 a, D a v i d b. J o s e p h 2.—12a, D a v i d 13.—12b, A n . 99.—14a, S. 15a, S. 6 2 . — 1 6 0 , " A b r a h a m I b n E z r a 5 . — 1 6 b , S . n3B> Ibn Ezra

niTB» i b s i : 18b,

Halevi

Abraham

: 19b, ° S o l o m o n I b n G a b i r o l 9 . — T h e s a m e

°Judah Halevi

10.—20b,

An.

107.—lb.,

°Judah

12.

nxst

' « b i n i : 2 1 a, ° J u d a h H a l e v i 2 2 . — 2 1 b, T h e

24.—22b, T h e ham

118

27.

D^nn p j ^ 2.—20a,

Saadya 2.—190,

91.—

Ibn

127.—25a,

same 26.—23a, T h e

Ezra

11.—240,

An.

31HN 2 . - 2 6 b ,

28.—256, flTB>K

David Jeshu'ah

same 9.—23b,

b.

Joseph 1.—lb.,

1.—24b, A n . 3in«

7.—26a,

12.

r n ^ n ' t ^ i n i : 2 j a , N o . 2 of t h e m ^ n i Ber.—276-28, A

same

"Abra-

list of o t h e r s i m i l a r

piece of

Cod.

poems.

nwe> 't^ini : 28b, S. 112.—29b, A b r a h a m I b n E z r a 5 ( =

1 6 a ) . — 3 0 b , S . 122.—310, A n . 1 8 6 . — 3 2 b , S . 116. W J 'N^irn : 3 4 a , ° L e v i . — l b . , ° J u d a h H a l e v i

Solomon Joseph

b.

Sa'Id.—lb.,

11.—36a,

An.

Abraham

b.

61.—35a, David

21.—346,

David

2.—36b,

12.—35b, 0

M o s e s b.

406

T H E J E W I S H QUARTERLY REVIEW

N1)

n a i J i T y s , i h s < n D n b pisvd T n j n o n nr ( o n l y i n tiDiai n » s n 'oi) n d v {Ksm siDvb p

mirr

B N1

C o n t e n t s of M S . [5*. = my

Shibzi.

An.

=

t h e list of a n o n y m o u s p o e m s

in

inventory.] n3B> p j y b : Ja,

°Judah Halevi 23.—jb, °Judah

3.—8a,

° J u d a h H a l e v i 1 4 . — 8 b , S . 6 4 . — 1 0 b , ° M a n z u r . — 1 1 a, D a v i d b. J o s e p h 2.—12a, D a v i d 13.—12b, A n . 99.—14a, S. 15a, S. 6 2 . — 1 6 0 , " A b r a h a m I b n E z r a 5 . — 1 6 b , S . n3B> Ibn Ezra

niTB» i b s i : 18b,

Halevi

Abraham

: 19b, ° S o l o m o n I b n G a b i r o l 9 . — T h e s a m e

°Judah Halevi

10.—20b,

An.

107.—lb.,

°Judah

12.

nxst

' « b i n i : 2 1 a, ° J u d a h H a l e v i 2 2 . — 2 1 b, T h e

24.—22b, T h e ham

118

27.

D^nn p j ^ 2.—20a,

Saadya 2.—190,

91.—

Ibn

127.—25a,

same 26.—23a, T h e

Ezra

11.—240,

An.

31HN 2 . - 2 6 b ,

28.—256, flTB>K

David Jeshu'ah

same 9.—23b,

b.

Joseph 1.—lb.,

1.—24b, A n . 3in«

7.—26a,

12.

r n ^ n ' t ^ i n i : 2 j a , N o . 2 of t h e m ^ n i Ber.—276-28, A

same

"Abra-

list of o t h e r s i m i l a r

piece of

Cod.

poems.

nwe> 't^ini : 28b, S. 112.—29b, A b r a h a m I b n E z r a 5 ( =

1 6 a ) . — 3 0 b , S . 122.—310, A n . 1 8 6 . — 3 2 b , S . 116. W J 'N^irn : 3 4 a , ° L e v i . — l b . , ° J u d a h H a l e v i

Solomon Joseph

b.

Sa'Id.—lb.,

11.—36a,

An.

Abraham

b.

61.—35a, David

21.—346,

David

2.—36b,

12.—35b, 0

M o s e s b.

YEMENITE; 2.—3ja,

Maimun 38b, S.

S.

POETRY—BÂCHER

45.—37fr,

An.

n w e ' "•«bint : 3 9 a , S . 9 3 . — 4 1 b, S.

167.—48b,

55a,

S.

163.-570,

150a.—66a,

S.

124.—50a,

S.

1 1 7 . — I b . , °Judah Halevi

7.—76b,

An.

n ^ n c S.

1, 3 - 8 o f

11.—110a,

9 7 b , S.

An.

52

new.—64fr,

b.

Haim

178."—83ft,

S.

1110.-870,

S.

72.—93fr, 103.—101a, 199.—108b,

Ibn

Sa'id 2 . — 1 1 6 a ,

: 119&,

An.

Iwadh

S.

105.—

S.

Alnuheibi.—114a,

° I s r a e l b. M o s e s

22.—121a,

An.

12.

87.—122a,

9 7 . " — 1 2 4 a , An.

b, A n .

43.—126a,

An.

203.70—127a,

73.—Ib., S.

17.—

missing).

The close of the poem is missing, for a leaf was lost here. T h e end of the poem is missing (as in note 63).

M

With the superscription rP'n"IJ> StOpK.

« Heading: n"nS? j n ' S « ¡ n j ? » t o of the late poets of Yemen.

160.—

Abraham

135.

Joseph

( t h e c l o s e is

S.

66

m

S.

Hakohen.

64

perhap$ =

S.

composi-

Ber.—76a,

S.

Suleiman.—122

185.—125b,

128a, S.

Joseph

159.—98b,

193.—110&,

'xinm

B.

Cod.

70.— 145.—

74—776,

S. 9 8 . — 1 0 7 a , A n .

1 7 6 . — 1 1 4 b , Judah

Simon

147.-620,

S.

S.

to 75b, m ^ b m

:ra 9 2 a ,

— I b . , the same 5 . — 1 1 7 & , Titra

191.—45a,

the list of

An.

xbixni

103a, S. 8 8 . — 1 0 5 a ,

An.

91.—

21.

n w c

165.—

S.

18.85—74a

188.66—80b,

J o s e p h b. I s r a e l

An.

An.

170.—52fr,

7 3 . — 6 9 b , S.

S.

n e w . — 7 7 b , new.—78a,

— 7 9 b ,

An. S.

164.—59fr,

59.—67b,

S.

tions, the n u m b e r s

95a,

22.—38a,

2."

46b,

S.

407

>aiy n i D D n .

Hence from one

W h a t the first word means I do not know;

iTlDNDO, "nightly diversion."

This title

"Shibzian

poems" I

have not found thus far.

Yet

only

the first eight poems of this group bear the name Shibzi. •

With the introductory remarks Sp? nn»i»i>K »IT '10S D ' i l t W i n D n n n '3.

T h e first three strophes of this poem belong thus to Y a l j y a al-Zahiri. 70

hand.

The

two

leaves

following

hereupon

(127,

128)

come from

another

408

THE JEWISH

QUARTERLY

REVIEW

jneri riDiJ : 129a—131a, Benedictions and texts for the performance of the wedding act. C Contents of MS. N2. M C pjyb : ia, °Judah Halevi 23.—2a, David 13.—Ib., An. 29.—3a, S. 91.—4a, S. i l l . — 4 b , S. 29.—5a, S. 131.— 6a, An. 84.—6b, S. 64.—8a, S. 136.—9a, S. 108. From here on we meet the epigraph HC3 on every column: 10a, Abraham b. David 3.—10b, David 2.—11a, Judah b. Sa'Id 3 . — l i b , The same 1.—12b, °Judah Halevi 13.—13a, S. 57.—136, An. 12.—14b, S. 43.—:15a, °Judah Halevi 21.—15b, S. 178.—16a, S. 1.—16b, Judah b. Sa'id 2. —17b, Joseph Ridha Mashta.—18a, Simon b. Sälim 1.—i8i>, S. 3.—19b, S. 13.—20a, S. 18.—20b, S. 4.—210, S. 14.— 21 b, An. 54.—22a, David b. Saadya 6.—23b, S. 19.—24a, S. 36.—Ib., An. 170.—25b, S. 177.—260, S. 21.—2ja, An. 97.—27b, S. 158.—28a, Joseph 22.—29b, S. 83.—30a, S. 87.—31&, S. 45.—Ib., An. 203.—32a, °Israel' b. Moses 9 . — 32b, "Moses b. Maimun.—330, S. 12.—33fr, Solomon b. Sa'id.—340, S. 24.—34&, An. 18.-350, S. 35.—35fr, Joseph b. Israel 1.—36b, S. 77.—38a, S. 2. ni>'D

: 39a, S. 52.

riKBT "»ttbini : 39b, 0 Judah

An.

66.—40a,

An.

107.—40b,

Halevi 11.—Ib., The same 10.—41a, Same 24.—41 b,

David b. Joseph 3. riN'ne> niTC? ^ l m

42a, S. 56.—45a, S. 126.—44a,

Joseph b. Israel 20.—45a, An. 149.—47a, S. 88.—48a, S. 62.-490, S. 114.—50&, S. 130.-520, S. 7 1 . - 5 3 0 , S. 72.— M

See above note 68.

than in N 1 .

Quite different poems stand here in this group

408

THE JEWISH

QUARTERLY

REVIEW

jneri riDiJ : 129a—131a, Benedictions and texts for the performance of the wedding act. C Contents of MS. N2. M C pjyb : ia, °Judah Halevi 23.—2a, David 13.—Ib., An. 29.—3a, S. 91.—4a, S. i l l . — 4 b , S. 29.—5a, S. 131.— 6a, An. 84.—6b, S. 64.—8a, S. 136.—9a, S. 108. From here on we meet the epigraph HC3 on every column: 10a, Abraham b. David 3.—10b, David 2.—11a, Judah b. Sa'Id 3 . — l i b , The same 1.—12b, °Judah Halevi 13.—13a, S. 57.—136, An. 12.—14b, S. 43.—:15a, °Judah Halevi 21.—15b, S. 178.—16a, S. 1.—16b, Judah b. Sa'id 2. —17b, Joseph Ridha Mashta.—18a, Simon b. Sälim 1.—i8i>, S. 3.—19b, S. 13.—20a, S. 18.—20b, S. 4.—210, S. 14.— 21 b, An. 54.—22a, David b. Saadya 6.—23b, S. 19.—24a, S. 36.—Ib., An. 170.—25b, S. 177.—260, S. 21.—2ja, An. 97.—27b, S. 158.—28a, Joseph 22.—29b, S. 83.—30a, S. 87.—31&, S. 45.—Ib., An. 203.—32a, °Israel' b. Moses 9 . — 32b, "Moses b. Maimun.—330, S. 12.—33fr, Solomon b. Sa'id.—340, S. 24.—34&, An. 18.-350, S. 35.—35fr, Joseph b. Israel 1.—36b, S. 77.—38a, S. 2. ni>'D

: 39a, S. 52.

riKBT "»ttbini : 39b, 0 Judah

An.

66.—40a,

An.

107.—40b,

Halevi 11.—Ib., The same 10.—41a, Same 24.—41 b,

David b. Joseph 3. riN'ne> niTC? ^ l m

42a, S. 56.—45a, S. 126.—44a,

Joseph b. Israel 20.—45a, An. 149.—47a, S. 88.—48a, S. 62.-490, S. 114.—50&, S. 130.-520, S. 7 1 . - 5 3 0 , S. 72.— M

See above note 68.

than in N 1 .

Quite different poems stand here in this group

Y E M E N I T E POETRY

409

BACHER

54b, S. 127.-56«, S. 1 1 3 — 566, Joseph b. Saadya 1 — 590, Joseph 2.—60b, An. 1 8 3 . - 6 1 b, S. 150.—636, S. 172—656, S. 40.-670, S. 117.—686, S. 181.—700, S. 11.—71a, Joseph b. Israel 17 (the close is missing).—720, S. 179.—736, S. 125.—750, S. 141.—76b, S. 159.—77b, S. 59.-786, S. 73-— 80a, Judah 1.—81 b, S. 86.—83ft, An. 165.—84b, S. 98|— 86a, S. 61.—87a, S. 112.—89b, S. 168.—91 b, S. 70.-930, S. 121.—95a, S. 167.—97a, Saadya b. Amram 2.—98b, Joseph b. Israel 15.—100b, Abraham 11.—102.0, S. 85.— 104a, S. 69.—104&, Iwadh Ibn Alnuheibi.—1076, An. 119. —1090, Saadya b. Amram 1.—1100, An. 173.—1110, S. 53.—1120, S. 160.—1136, Joseph b. Israel 19.—1156, S. 105.—1170, S. 123. nxsr : 1180, 3ins< 5.—lb-, am« 2.—1186, mN 4.—1190 (with superscription,

An. 201 ; but only the first four stanzas of this

poem (it is a contest poem, the contest being between Taizz and Sana'a (see my article in Mélanges, Derenbourg, Paris, 1909, 131).

Hartwig

The continuation is to

follow at the close of the book ( iSDn c\id

), but it

is not found there. 1196, n w nTB>, new.—120ft, 3int< 12.—lb., "Solomon Ibn Gabirol 7.—1210, Joseph 11.—lb., °Judah Halevi 2 . — 1216, Joseph 1.—1220-1236, 1296, 1306, Table of contents CnnSD) with the motto H r 6 mnai> 'JK Ti»p (Ca. 5, 5). 1240-1296, D'jnri nana. 130 contains various annotations, 1310, the close of a poem.

4IO

T H E J E W I S H QUARTERLY

REVIEW

D Contents of M S . : i a , Judah

J"I3K> 29.—2b,

An.

Samuel

Judah H a l e v i "Abraham 10a,

12a, S .

Halevi

23.—lb,

David

1.—3b, A n .

84.—4b,

0Judah

Ibn Ezra

HI.—13a,

Ibn

°Abraham

19a,

136.—lib,

S.

new.—18b,

D':nn

3.—5a, 91.—8b,

1 1 . — 9 a , Y a h y a b. S ä l i m H a l e v i

Hakohen.—11a,

16a, ° I s a a c . — 1 6 b ,

13.—2a,

b. J o s e p h 2 . — J a , S.

1 4 . — D a v i d

Saadya

Ns

Ezra

Saadya

"Solomon

9a.—

rvttni

2.—

25.—13fr, S.

64.—

2.

Ibn

Gabirol

7.—19b,

S a m e 1 . — I b . , S a m e 2 . — 2 0 a , S a m e 9 . — 2 0 b , °Judah 10.—21a,

Same

11.—21b,

niTE»: 22a, A n . 1 1 0 . — 2 2 b , S . 1 2 6 . — 2 4 a , S . S.

134.-270,

59.—34b,

S.

S.

149.-290,

107.—36ft,

S. 70.—316,

new.—38a,

S.

S.

159.—26a,

105.-330,

150.—40b,

43a, S. 108.—44a, S. 165.—45fr, S. 9 8 . — 4 7 b , S. S . 1 1 8 . — 5 0 b , °Judah 53a,

125.—54b,

S.

—59a,

°Abr. Ibn Ezra

S.

S a a d y a b. J o s e p h 4 . — 6 8 b , S . :

70a,

112.—49a,

Afi.

19.—

160.—58b, Solomon

5.—60a, A n .

S.

new.—

H a l e v i 7 . — 5 1 a , Joseph b. I s r a e l S. 8 6 . — 5 6 b ,

62a, S S . 9 4 . — 6 3 b , Joseph b. I s r a e l

"WJ

Halevi

Hasdai.

1 8 6 . — 6 1 a, A n . 18.—65b, S.

3.

188.—

61.—66b,

1500."

18.—Ib.,

Joseph

b.

Moses

2.—71a,

S . 8 2 . — 7 1 b, S . 8 3 . — 7 2 b , A b r a h a m b. D a v i d 2 . — 7 3 a , S . 35. — 7 4 a , S . 5 8 . — 7 4 ^ , S . 5 7 - — 7 5 b , S . 142b.—76a, 1 1 3 . — 7 7 b , S i m o n b. S ä l i m

An.

1 8 2 . — 7 9 b , S. 9 0 . — 8 0 b , S. 1 5 8 . - 8 1 0 , 8 1 b,

72

Same

21.—82a,

An.

91.—82b,

0Judah

°Judah

At the close of this group there is this statement:

now» verse I

p n i nny IDPAKI nan n n u n n t m m » y a . T T

S.

1.—77a,

1 . — 7 8 b , S. 175.—79a,

An.

Halevi

17.—

Halevi

13.—

PlII'tt^K

flöfl

o f the utter half of this

understand the last two words ("May Haman be placed in ana-

thema!").

411

YEMENITE POETRY BACHER

83a, S. 178.-84«, S. 3.—85a, Meir.—85ft, An. 203.—860, An. 22.—lb., An. 73.—86b, Joseph Hadhiri.—87a, °Judah Halevi 2.—87b, S. 44.—88b,

0

Moses b. Maimun 2.—lb.,

Solomon b. Sa'id.—890, An. 95.—89b, "Israel b. Moses 3. —90a, Joseph b. Moses 1.—910, An. 87.—920, S. 13.—92b, 5. 17. D-Jfiri pjyb nvnn -tibim: 93a, °Judah Halevi 11.— 93&, Solomon Ibn Gabirol 7.—94a, An. 107.—lb., Sa'id 6.—94Z?, °Judah Halevi 10.—lb., 0 Solomon Ibn Gabirol 9. —95a, An. 66.—95&, 30 (Ber.). 0

D^nnbb DKSr : 96a, °Judah Halevi 24.—97a, Same 26.—97b, David b. Joseph 1. nvnn 1*61:11 : 98a, am« 2.—lb., ¡tvcx 8.—lb., am« 6.—98b, DTCK 2.—990, new.—101 a, S. 149.—102&-104&, mbbni compositions. 105a-106 £>, Table of contents (nrptrn nnso). Hasdai's poems on p. 21 b has the epigraph mirr '1!) ibn.

This poem is built upon a poem of

Judah Halevi

(No. 19 in the inventory, p. 48), for to the verses of the latter exhibiting the acrostic m w verses with the acrostic

wen .

were added

other

Here the fifth stanza

(with the initials ' and n ) is missing; instead of that there is this verse at the close: "pai.

T o y "ova "|rjn tD'an 'bns

This is the opening verse of another poem (An. 6)

which is also built upon Judah Halevi's poem referred to above.

Both poems were published by Yellin

( nibti>n

II, 150 f.) together with an exposition of their relation to the poem of Judah Halevi.

412

THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW E Contents

of

N4

MS.

i a , S. 3 5 . — l b , S. 3 . — 2 a , S h e m a i a h . — l b . , S. S.

160.—6a, S. 102.—80, Close of a H e b r e w

David

b. J o s e p h

2.—9a,

David

13.—c)b,

118.—4a,

poem.—lb..

An.

19.—10b,

°Abraham Ibn Ezra 25.—11a, An. 9 9 . — l i b , An. 29.—12b. A n . 84.—130, Samuel 1.—140, new.—14&, new, close of a poem.—150, ( =

Close

of

a poem.—15b,

David

b. J o s e p h

2

8 0 ) . — 1 6 a , S a a d y a b. A m r a m 2. niWn

VD

'N^im: 17a, m b b m c o m p o s i t i o n s , t e n n u m -

bers. 180, C l o s e o f a S h i b z i a n p o e m . rimeon

niTC

'tibini :

19a,

"Solomon

Ibn

Gabirol 1 . — l b . , S a m e 7.—20a, S. 84.—210, D a v i d 15.—22a, Joseph

b.

Israel

S. 6 2 . - 2 5 S .

18.—23a,

Same

19.—24b,

1 3 5 . — 2 6 b , S. 167.—27&, S.

40.—29a,

S.

86.—30b,

Ibn Ezra

5.—31&,

Saadya

al-Zahiri

S a a d y a b. A m r a m

S.

63.—250.

116.—280,

S.

2.—31a,

°Abr.

2.—32b, S.

134.—

340, S. 112.—34b, S. 98.—360, S. 117.—370, ° J u d a h H a l e v i 7.—37&, n e w . — 3 8 a , Y a h y a 1 . — 3 8 ^

0

S o l o m o n Ibn Gabirol

2. n s s t "ii^ini: 26.—39&, Same

Same

385,

°Judah

5.—40a,

Same

Halevi 4.—lb.,

24.—39a, Same

Same

22.—41a,

9. mvin

: 4 1 0 , a m s n . — 4 1 & , 3int< 7 . — lb.,

5.—42a, n e w . — l b . ,

m^ni.—An.

¡tvb>n

182.

430, Close of a H e b r e w p o e m . — l b . , D a v i d

13.—43ft,

S. 3 . — 4 4 a , A n . 2 2 . — l b . , S. 35.—44&, D a v i d 12.—45a,

S.

8 2 . — l b . , S. 58.—45&, S. 142&.—46a, A n . 75.—46ft, "Israel b. M o s e s 9 . — l b . ,

Same

3.—470, An.

52.—47^

Abraham

YEMENITE b.

David

—49b, S-

2.—48a,

Joseph

59-—51a,

new.—lb.,

b.

Israel

Joseph

170.-530,

new.—540, S.

193-—630, S.

68o,

An.

S.

4.—50a,

S.

S. 43.—64b,

45.—66b, 91

8.—69a,

An.

°Judah

150.—yob, n e w . — J i b ,

new.—lb., Alharizi

1—54&,

166.—610,

S.

Halevi

14.—68£,

°Moses

b.

S . 1 7 . — 72a,

6.™—lb.,

—lb.,

S. S.

S. An. 55.— 76.—

161—lb.,

An.

Maimun

An.

S.

91.—550, 172.-630,

174.—65ft,

rvttni

new.

new.—52ft,

S.

An.

133.-670,

40.—lb.,

413

83.—52a,

new.—650,

An.

.—lb.,

°Judah

S.

Samuel

94.—5yb,

BACHER

Meir.—48b,

11.—516,

105—560,

66o,

POETRY

2.—69b,

S.

181.

F Contents The tain

on

defective the

folios

second

page

of

MS.

preceding the

N5 the

beginning

paged

leaves

of

Judah

b.

23.—Ib.,

David

conSa'id

3rae> An.

Samuel —4b,

: 1 o, J u d a h An.

1.-—3b,

An.

131.—80, is

pjib

99.-20,

0

Judah

19.—5&, S.

136

b.

Moses

45.—120,

13b, Joseph

b.

S.

An.

David

64.—70, S.

13.—1

b,

84.—30,

b. J o s e p h

2.

29.—yb,

S.

:S. 108

(beginning

2.

An.

54.—106,

2.—11b,

Halevi

Israel

S.

is m i s s i n g ) . — 9 a ,

: lb.,

9.—lb., Judah

3.—2b,

14.—40,

91.—60,

Saadya

-I11K0 ' i ó i n i

"Judah

Halevi

S.

(end

missing).—9b,

Halevi

29.-/6.,

Solomon

21.—lb.,

1."—140,

S.

Same

David

^ This poem beginning with the words

17.—no,

b.

°Israel

Said.—lb.,

2.—12b,

2.—14b,

An.

S.

12.—

Abraham

b.

P D C , in which

Ezra and his grave are glorified, is found in the thirty-fifth chapter of the Tafykemoni. w

A t the close of the preceding poem

(An.

12) the writer placed the

last ¡thirteen distichs of this poem which, like its predecessor, begins with the words n^HtPK D^hSk.

Those distichs bear the name of the poet: Joseph b.

YEMENITE b.

David

—49b, S-

2.—48a,

Joseph

59-—51a,

new.—lb.,

b.

Israel

Joseph

170.-530,

new.—540, S.

193-—630, S.

68o,

An.

S.

4.—50a,

S.

S. 43.—64b,

45.—66b, 91

8.—69a,

An.

°Judah

150.—yob, n e w . — J i b ,

new.—lb., Alharizi

1—54&,

166.—610,

S.

Halevi

14.—68£,

°Moses

b.

S . 1 7 . — 72a,

6.™—lb.,

—lb.,

S. S.

S. An. 55.— 76.—

161—lb.,

An.

Maimun

An.

S.

91.—550, 172.-630,

174.—65ft,

rvttni

new.

new.—52ft,

S.

An.

133.-670,

40.—lb.,

413

83.—52a,

new.—650,

An.

.—lb.,

°Judah

S.

Samuel

94.—5yb,

BACHER

Meir.—48b,

11.—516,

105—560,

66o,

POETRY

2.—69b,

S.

181.

F Contents The tain

on

defective the

folios

second

page

of

MS.

preceding the

N5 the

beginning

paged

leaves

of

Judah

b.

23.—Ib.,

David

conSa'id

3rae> An.

Samuel —4b,

: 1 o, J u d a h An.

1.-—3b,

An.

131.—80, is

pjib

99.-20,

0

Judah

19.—5&, S.

136

b.

Moses

45.—120,

13b, Joseph

b.

S.

An.

David

64.—70, S.

13.—1

b,

84.—30,

b. J o s e p h

2.

29.—yb,

S.

:S. 108

(beginning

2.

An.

54.—106,

2.—11b,

Halevi

Israel

S.

is m i s s i n g ) . — 9 a ,

: lb.,

9.—lb., Judah

3.—2b,

14.—40,

91.—60,

Saadya

-I11K0 ' i ó i n i

"Judah

Halevi

S.

(end

missing).—9b,

Halevi

29.-/6.,

Solomon

21.—lb.,

1."—140,

S.

Same

David

^ This poem beginning with the words

17.—no,

b.

°Israel

Said.—lb.,

2.—12b,

2.—14b,

An.

S.

12.—

Abraham

b.

P D C , in which

Ezra and his grave are glorified, is found in the thirty-fifth chapter of the Tafykemoni. w

A t the close of the preceding poem

(An.

12) the writer placed the

last ¡thirteen distichs of this poem which, like its predecessor, begins with the words n^HtPK D^hSk.

Those distichs bear the name of the poet: Joseph b.

414

THE JEWISH

David

2.—15b,

S.

J u d a h b. S a ' ï d 18b,

S.

Judah lb.,

An.

S.

S.

175.—24a, b.

S.

Joseph

S.

43.—2ya,

S.

4.—31a,

b.

Saadya

6.—320,

2.—340,

S.

S.

An.

S.

Joseph

1 3 — 3 4 ^

S.

S.

b.

S.

S.

S.

22.—33b,

6.—32a, Moses

S.

new.—380,

S.

59.—470,

118.—51a, Saadya S.

b.

S.

127—480,

An.

Amram S.

72.—lb.,

S.

Gabirol 9.—64a, Abr.

Ibn Ezra

67b,

An.

710,

S.

S.

9.—38b,

S.

Saadya

88b, S.

S.

An.

2.—98b,

An.

Israel ( > T 3 J

S.

S.

S.

170.—99Î7, t|DV

S.

173.—58ft,

An.

no.—610,

96.—63b,

"Solomon

1.—lb., S.

Ibn

139.—650, S.

52.—

S.

77.—70b,

S.

173.—73a,

S.

88.—74b,

Joseph

S. S.

181.—78a, 130.—83a,

Joseph S.

136.—

S.

125.—92b,

117.—976,

105.—84a,

S.

112.—100a,

S.

Saadya S.

b.

2.—79b,

1 5 9 . — 8 7 0 , J o s e p h b. Israel

S.

S.

85.—54&.

134.—66b, S. 53.—670,

73.—910,

74.—96a,

72.—496,

70.—69b,

2.—Sib,

103.—900,

79.—95a,

S.

11.—770,

86.—85ft, S. 62.—86a,

S.

158.—

102.—46a,

S.

149.—56Î), 116.—60b,

2.—lb., Same

5.—65ft, S.

179.—726,

b.

An. S.

106.—630,

188.—680,

Israel 20.—76a, Joseph

1.—550,

S.

150.-530,

b.

82.—35t.

126.—43&, S.

113.—48fc,

S.

44.—60a,

Same

S.

S.

116.—51&,

114.—59&,

An.

S. 98.—430,

35.—

21.—30a,

S i m o n b. S â l i m 3 . — 3 9 b , J o s e p h b. I s r a e l 3 . — 4 0 a , S . 40b, A n . 2 2 . — 4 1 a ,

12.—

"Levi.—25b,

Saadya

1.—35«.

S i m o n b. S à l i m 4 . — 3 6 a , n e w . — 3 7 a ,

178.—

32.—210,

19.—27a,

18.—29b,

David

S.

57.—23b,

S. 3.—25a,

new.—26b,

ii.—30&,

Maimun

Mashta.—16b,

Meir.—20b,

12.—24^

1.—260,

Ridha

58.—22b,

87.—28b,

Joseph David

S.

David

Sàlim

REVIEW

18.—17b, S. 3 1 . - 1 8 0 ,

203.—20a,

b. S a ' ï d 2 . — 2 2 a ,

Simon 270,

24.—lb.,

1.—170,

90.—196,

QUARTERLY

S.

19.—

94.—93b, b.

Amram

71.—101a,

>DtP ; the writer replaces S^Dl' with D l t a ) .

S. But

the writer repeats the first of those strophes at the end of Joseph b. Israel, then breaks up in the

middle of a verse, puts the repeated strophes in

parentheses, and excuses himself with the words ei'DinS.

'iJNail

'JB^

ItSW

]Kl>in

YEMENITE 160.—102b, Israel

An.

177.—104a,

15.—106ft,

—110a,

S.

—1140,

An.

An.

S.

new.—1240,

56.—119a,

9.™—126a,

S.

Joseph

174.—108a,

121. 123.

Ibn

124.—113a,

168.

S.

Iwadh

S.

b.

S.

182.—116ft, new.—117ft, S.

Joseph

David

415

167.—105a, An.

S. 61.—112a,

199.—115a,

—122b,

S.

183.—107a,

1 7 2 . — 1 1 \b,

—118a,

Halevi

POETRY—BACHER

Alnuheibi.™—121a,

b.

Israel

13.—125ft,

Halevi.—12jb,

S.

new.

°Judah

170.—129a,

S.

75riKST: 1.—130&,

130a,

10.—lb.,

An.

nvrtn: 133a,

107.—lb.,

HTtTN

new.—lb.,

4.—lb.,

147ft,

Vat^n n D U

i53o-i5Sft,

as

mbbm

contents

in

3inn

2,—1350,

Judah

Same

11.

133ft,

new.—141ft,

Jeshu'ah

22.—131ft,

126.—132ft,

and

An.

Abraham

Halevi

An.

66.—

6, 8, 2,

11.

181.—1360, 11.—142ft.

13.

compositions.

(Benedictions

L,ist o f

epigraph

Halevi

Judah

29

7.—lb.,

Same

An.

b. J e p h e t h . — 1 4 4 a , i44a-i47ft,

Gabirol

°Judah

new.—1390,

rv6^n :

same

Ibn

26.—131a,

12 and 8.—1330,

new.—138a, Zachariah

Halevi

1320,

nTB>K

—1340,

the

°Solomon

°Judah

and

(the

texts).

end

is m i s s i n g )

with

N*.

G Contents 1 a, S.

S.

98.—3b,

87.—14ft,

—19ft, 26b, and

new.—22b,

new.—30b, 410,

Iwadh 78

Joseph

new.—16ft,

17.—6a,

new.—25ft, new.—37ft,

Alnuheibi

MS.

Solomon

Fragments.—42ft,

Ibn

of

(the

b.

N' new.—10a, Shalim

nTCK

14.—26a,

new.—386, new.—45a, close

is

new.—120,

2.—18ft, mnN

Solomon new.—47ft

missing).

With an addition at the end.

" Here the epigraph names Abr. Ibn Ezra as author.

new. 6.—

3.—40ft to

49ft,

YEMENITE 160.—102b, Israel

An.

177.—104a,

15.—106ft,

—110a,

S.

—1140,

An.

An.

S.

new.—1240,

56.—119a,

9.™—126a,

S.

Joseph

174.—108a,

121. 123.

Ibn

124.—113a,

168.

S.

Iwadh

S.

b.

S.

182.—116ft, new.—117ft, S.

Joseph

David

415

167.—105a, An.

S. 61.—112a,

199.—115a,

—122b,

S.

183.—107a,

1 7 2 . — 1 1 \b,

—118a,

Halevi

POETRY—BACHER

Alnuheibi.™—121a,

b.

Israel

13.—125ft,

Halevi.—12jb,

S.

new.

°Judah

170.—129a,

S.

75riKST: 1.—130&,

130a,

10.—lb.,

An.

nvrtn: 133a,

107.—lb.,

HTtTN

new.—lb.,

4.—lb.,

147ft,

Vat^n n D U

i53o-i5Sft,

as

mbbm

contents

in

3inn

2,—1350,

Judah

Same

11.

133ft,

new.—141ft,

Jeshu'ah

22.—131ft,

126.—132ft,

and

An.

Abraham

Halevi

An.

66.—

6, 8, 2,

11.

181.—1360, 11.—142ft.

13.

compositions.

(Benedictions

L,ist o f

epigraph

Halevi

Judah

29

7.—lb.,

Same

An.

b. J e p h e t h . — 1 4 4 a , i44a-i47ft,

Gabirol

°Judah

new.—1390,

rv6^n :

same

Ibn

26.—131a,

12 and 8.—1330,

new.—138a, Zachariah

Halevi

1320,

nTB>K

—1340,

the

°Solomon

°Judah

and

(the

texts).

end

is m i s s i n g )

with

N*.

G Contents 1 a, S.

S.

98.—3b,

87.—14ft,

—19ft, 26b, and

new.—22b,

new.—30b, 410,

Iwadh 78

Joseph

new.—16ft,

17.—6a,

new.—25ft, new.—37ft,

Alnuheibi

MS.

Solomon

Fragments.—42ft,

Ibn

of

(the

b.

N' new.—10a, Shalim

nTCK

14.—26a,

new.—386, new.—45a, close

is

new.—120,

2.—18ft, mnN

Solomon new.—47ft

missing).

With an addition at the end.

" Here the epigraph names Abr. Ibn Ezra as author.

new. 6.—

3.—40ft to

49ft,

4IÖ

THE J E W I S H QUARTERLY REVIEW

H Contents of MS. N' ia, Close of an Arabic poem.—2a, new.—2b, new.— 3a, new.—4a, An. 157."—5a, An. 188.—$b, An. 167.—6b, An. 187.—yb, Imrän Ibn Abulfath.—8b, An. 200.—9b, An. 119.—11a, David 7.—Ib., °Judah Halevi 15.—11 b, °Abr. Ibn Ezra 15.—12a, new.—12b, An. 106.—13a, David b. Gad 2.—14a, Suleiman b. Balmak.—16a, new.—16b, new. —1 yb, new.—18.a, new. 18b, Meir.—19a, new.—20a, An. 159.—21 b, new.—23b, An. 186.—25a, new.—26b, An, 176. —29a, 0 Abraham Ibn Ezra 18.—30b, An. 136.—32b, An. 128.—33a, new.—34b, An. 169.—36a, new.—38fr, An. 180. 41 b, An. 196.—42b, new.—44fr, new.—45b, An. 190.—4yb, new.—49a, David 17.—50a, S. 139.—51fr, Solomon b. Moses.—52b, Solomon 3.—540, Joseph b. Saadya 6.—58a, S. 149.™—62b, An. 179.—64b, An. 116.—66a, new.—68b, S. 171.—72a, Joseph b. Israel 21.—76a, Solomon b. Sa'Id. —y6b, An. 33.—yya, An. 11.—yyb, An. 46.—78fr, new.— ygb, new.—80a, An. 60.—81a, °Abr. Ibn Ezra 9.—Sib, new.—83a, An. 35.—83fr, An. 13.—84fr, new.—85a, David 4.—85 b, Hasan Ibn Kantal.—86a, Saadya Tawil.—8ya, An. 68.—8yb, °Abr. Ibn Ezra 2 8 . - 8 8 b , new.—89a, Joseph 3.— 90a, new.—91a, Solomon Ibn Gabirol 2.—91 b, Eliezer 1. —92a, Solomon Ibn Gabirol 9.—92b, new.—Ib., S. 137.— 94a, An. 195.—94fr, Saadya b. Amram 2.—96b, m ^ n i 17."—97a, new.—9yb, new.—99b, An. 127.—100a, j?3B> n w a (Benedictions and texts).—105fr, °Judah Halevi 10.—106a, new.—106a to 107a, 31ns 2, 6, 4, 1.—107fr, " With the epigraph t n o S « DVlp» " Epigraph

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