Mochlos IA: Period III. Neopalatial Settlement on the Coast: The Artisans' Quarter and the Farmhouse at Chalinomouri. The Sites (Prehistory Monographs) [Illustrated] 1931534063, 9781931534062

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MOCHLOS IA Period III. Neopalatial Settlement on the Coast: The Artisans’ Quarter and the Farmhouse at Chalinomouri. The Sites

Mochlos IA Period III. Neopalatial Settlement on the Coast: The Artisans’ Quarter and the Farmhouse at Chalinomouri. The Sites

Frontispiece. IB.338 (P 94).

PREHISTORY MONOGRAPHS 7

Mochlos IA Period III. Neopalatial Settlement on the Coast: The Artisans’ Quarter and the Farmhouse at Chalinomouri. The Sites by Jeffrey S. Soles contributions by Thomas M. Brogan, Costis Davaras, Charles Frederick, Dimitra Mylona, Ann M. Nicgorski, David S. Reese, Anaya Sarpaki, Werner H. Schoch, R. Angus K. Smith, and Cameron Walker

series editors Jeffrey S. Soles and Costis Davaras

Published by INSTAP ACADEMIC PRESS Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 2003

Design and Production The Institute for Aegean Prehistory Academic Press Printing Sun Printing Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Binding Hoster Bindery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Soles, Jeffrey S., 1942Mochlos Ia : Mochlos, period III, neopalatial settlement on the coast : the artisans’ quarter and the farmhouse at Chalinomouri / by Jeffrey S. Soles ; with contributions by Thomas M. Brogan ... [et al.]. p. cm. — (Prehistory monographs ; 7) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 1-931534-06-3 (alk. paper) 1. Mochlos Plain (Greece)—Antiquities. 2. Excavations (Archaeology)—Greece—Mochlos Plain. 3. Minoans—Greece—Mochlos Plain. I. Brogan, Thomas M. II. Title. III. Series. DF221.C8S658 2003 939’.18—dc22 2003019441

Copyright © 2003 INSTAP ACADEMIC PRESS Philadelphia, Pennsylvania All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America

Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii LIST OF PLATES AND TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi PREFACE Jeffrey S. Soles and Costis Davaras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xvii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xix ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxiii INTRODUCTION Jeffrey S. Soles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 1. THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING A Jeffrey S. Soles with contributions by Charles Frederick, Dimitra Mylona, David S. Reese, Anaya Sarpaki, and Werner H. Schoch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 2. THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING B Jeffrey S. Soles with contributions by Dimitra Mylona, David S. Reese, Anaya Sarpaki, and Werner H. Schoch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 3. CONCLUSIONS ON THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER Jeffrey S. Soles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 4. THE CHALINOMOURI FARMHOUSE Jeffrey S. Soles with contributions by Dimitra Mylona, David S. Reese, Anaya Sarpaki, R. Angus K. Smith, and Werner H. Schoch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 5. CONCLUSIONS ON CHALINOMOURI Jeffrey S. Soles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 6. HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS Jeffrey S. Soles and Cameron Walker with contributions by Thomas M. Brogan, Ann M. Nicgorski, David S. Reese, and R. Angus K. Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151 CONCORDANCE A. Field Numbers and Catalog Numbers for Mochlos vols. IA, IB, IC. . . . . . . . .159

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CONCORDANCE B. Contexts and Catalog Numbers in Mochlos vols. IA, IB, IC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179 FIGURES PLATES

List of Figures All figures were drawn by D. Faulmann unless otherwise credited.

1. The Mochlos coastal plain (M. Reid). 2. Topographic map of the Artisans’ Quarter (J. Patton; D. Therriault). 3. Trenches over Buildings A and B. 4.

Simplified plan of Buildings A and B.

5. Exterior reconstruction of Buildings A and B (C. Dietrich; D. Faulmann). 6. Reconstructed axonometric plan of Buildings A and B (C. Dietrich; D. Faulmann). 7. State plan of Building A. 8. Building A, small finds: Rooms 7, 8, and 9. 9. Building A, stratigraphic section C1-C2 through Rooms 4 and 1. 10. Building A, architectural section B-B1. 11. Building A, small finds: Rooms 4 and 6. 12. Building A, small finds: Rooms 1 and 3. 13. Building A, reconstructed interior view toward northwest corner of Room 4 (C. Dietrich; D. Faulmann). 14. Building A, reconstructed interior view toward southeast corner of Room 1 (C. Dietrich; D. Faulmann). 15. Building A, stratigraphical section A-A1 through Rooms 4 and 2. 16. Building A, architectural section A-A1. 17. Building A, small finds: Room 2. 18. Building A, stratigraphic section C-C2 through Rear Yard, Room 10 with LM III burial, and part of Room 4. 19. Building A, architectural section C-C2. 20. Building A, stratigraphic section D-D1 through Potter’s Pit (D. Cassiano). 21. Building A, architectural section D-D1 (D. Cassiano).

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22. Building A, reconstruction of Potter’s Pit. 23. State plan of Building B. 24. Building B: phases of construction (J. Soles). 25. Building B, stratigraphic section A-A1 through Room 9 and entrance. 26. Building B, small finds: Room 7 and part of Rooms 8 and 9. 27. Building B, small finds: Rooms 8, 9, and exterior alcove. 28. Building B, stratigraphic section B-B1 through west end of Room 4. 29. Building B, architectural sections B-B1. 30. Building B, small finds: Room 4 West, phases 1 and 2–3. 31. Building B, small finds: Room 4 East. 32. Building B, reconstructed interior view toward southwest corner of Room 10 (C. Dietrich; D. Faulmann). 33. Building B, stratigraphic and architectural sections C-C1 through Room 10. 34. Building B, stratigraphic and architectural sections C-C1 through Room 11 (D. Cassiano). 35. Building B, small finds: Room 10. 36. Building B, small finds: Rooms 11 and 12. 37. Building B, stratigraphic section D-D1 through Room 1 and part of Room 5 (P. Alexander). 38. Building B, architectural section D-D1 (P. Alexander). 39. Building B, reconstructed interior view toward north side of Room 2 with view into Room 1 (C. Dietrich; D. Faulmann). 40. Building B, small finds: Rooms 1 and 3. 41. Building B, stratigraphic section C1-C2 through Room 2. 42. Building B, architectural section C1-C2 (D. Cassiano). 43. Building B, small finds: Room 2. 44. Building B, stratigraphic section E-E1 through Room 3 and Northwest Terrace (P. Alexander). 45. Building B, architectural section E-E1 (P. Alexander). 46. Building B, small finds: Room 5, part of Room 3, and Northwest Terrace. 47. Building B, stratigraphic section F-F1 through Room 5 with LM III burial (P. Alexander; D. Cassiano). 48. Building B, architectural section F-F1 (P. Alexander). 49. Building B, small finds: Rooms 13E and 13W. 50. Building B, reconstruction of Kiln B. 51. Building B, small finds: Rear Yard with parts of Rooms 13E and 13 W. 52. Building B, Kiln A: plan and sections (D. Faulmann; C. Cassiano). 53. Building B, Kiln B: plan and sections (D. Faulmann; C. Cassiano).

LIST OF FIGURES

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54. Topographic map of Chalinomouri (J. Patton and D. Therriault). 55. Trenches over the Chalinomouri farmhouse. 56. Simplified plan of the Chalinomouri farmhouse, with LM III farmhouse in upper right. 57. State plan of the Chalinomouri farmhouse. 58. Exterior reconstruction of Chalinomouri (C. Dietrich; D. Faulmann). 59. Reconstructed axonometric plan of Chalinomouri (C. Dietrich; D. Faulmann). 60. Chalinomouri, architectural section A-A1 through entrance and Room 6 (D. Cassiano). 61. Chalinomouri, architectural section B1-B2 through Room 6. 62. Chalinomouri, small finds: Rooms 3 and 6. 63. Chalinomouri, reconstructed interior view looking northwest through Rooms 6 and 3 (C. Dietrich; D. Faulmann). 64. Chalinomouri, stratigraphic section B-B1 through Rooms 2 and 3. 65. Chalinomouri, architectural section B-B1. 66. Chalinomouri, stratigraphic section C-C1 through Rooms 1 and 2. 67. Chalinomouri, architectural section C-C1. 68. Chalinomouri, small finds: Room 2 floor. 69. Chalinomouri, small finds: Room 2 subfloor. 70. Chalinomouri, small finds: Room 1. 71. Chalinomouri, stratigraphic section D-D1 through Room 4. 72. Chalinomouri, architectural section D-D1. 73. Chalinomouri, state plan of kiln/oven. 74. Chalinomouri, architectural section A-A1 through kiln/oven. 75. Chalinomouri, architectural section B-B1 through kiln/oven. 76. Chalinomouri, LM III pottery and other finds (Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated): IA.1, IA.2, IA.3, IA.4, IA.6, IA.8, IA.9 (P 2936, 98, 2583, 2582, 2580, 2579, 2961), IA.10 (S 21), IA.12, IA.13, IA.14 (P 2768, 2766, 2777), and IA.17 (S 151). 77. Plan of the LM III Cemetery in the LM IB Artisans’ Quarter. 78. LM III Cemetery, Grave 1 with IA.18 (P 760). 79. LM III Cemetery, Grave 2 with IA.19 (P 1683) and IA.20 (S 249). 80. LM III Cemetery, Grave 3 with IA.21, IA.22, IA.23, and IA.24 (P 658, 436, 961, and 2764). 81. LM III Cemetery, Grave 4 with IA.25, IA.26, IA.27, IA.28, (P 106, 435, 522, 973), and IA.29 (S 98). 82. LM III Cemetery, Graves 5 and 7 with IA.30 and IA.31 (P 1399 and 1877). 83. Pottery associated with the LM III Cemetery (Scale 1:3): IA.32, IA.33, IA.34, and IA.35 (P 796, 2118, 2870, and 3199).

List of Plates and Table 1A. Road to Limenaria during course of excavation in 1990 (from east). 1B. Field south of modern village, Trenches 2600, 2700, 3100 (from east). 1C. Road to Limenaria, Trenches 1100 and 900, northwest corner of Building D (from west). 2A. Building A, northwest corner at entrance. Trench 1900, eastern end, with Room 8 in foreground and Room 9 in rear (from south). 2B. Building A, Rooms 8 and 7 with 4 in foreground (from east). 2C. Building A, southern part. Trenches 800 and 700 with Rooms 7 and 8 in foreground, 4 in middle and 6 in rear (from west). 3A. Building A, southern half of Room 4 (from north). 3B. Building A, northern part of Room 4. Trenches 100 and 200 (from east). 3C. Building A, northern part of Room 4. Detail of northwest bench (from east). 4A. Building A, Rooms 7, 8, and eastern half of Room 4 with finds in situ, Loci 807, 808, 805.2 (from north). 4B. Building A, Room 4, IB.425 (P 777) in situ (from above). 4C. Building A, Room 4, IB.439 (P 776) in situ (from southeast). 5A. Building A, southeast corner of Room 4, Locus 715 (from west). 5B. Building A, Room 4, IB.424 (P 498)in situ (from north). 5C. Building A, Room 4, rubbish pit in southeast corner during excavation (from north). 5D. Building A, Room 4, rubbish pit in southeast corner after excavation (from north). 6A. Building A, northern part. Trenches 100 and 200 with Room 2 in foreground, 1 in middle, and 3 in rear (from west). 6B. Building A, northern part, with Room 3 in foreground, 1 in middle, and 2 in rear, with destroyed northern room to right (from east). 7A. Building A, Room 1 (from north). 7B. Building A, Room 1 (from south). 8A. Building A, Room 1, IB.357 (P 272) in situ (from west).

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8B. Building A, Room 1, IB.434 (P 132) and other pottery in northeast corner, Locus 111 (from south). 8C. Building A, Room 1, IB.357 (P 272) with olive stones spilled from interior (from north). 8D. Building A, Room 1, IB.336 and IB.464 (P 270 and 417) in situ (from north). 9A. Building A, Room 1, IB.310 and IB.417 (P 416 and 511) in situ (from east). 9B. Building A, Room 1, IB.329, IB.297, and IB.484 (P 78, 271, and 108) in situ (from northeast). 9C. Building A, Room 1, IC.30 and IC.31 (C 94 and 95) in situ (from south). 9D. Building A, Room 1, IC.446 (GS 526) in situ (from north). 10A.Building A, Room 2 in rear, with bench in northwest corner of Room 4 in foreground (from south). 10B. Building A, Room 2, Locus 212 during excavation (from north). 11A.Building A, Room 2, pottery in situ in southeast corner, including from left to right IB.34, IB.33, IB.32, and IB.166 (P 241, 240, 239, and 197) (from north). 11B. Building A, Room 2, IB.164 (P 173) and other ogival cups (from above). 11C. Building A, Room 2, IC.421 (GS 446) (from west). 11D. Building A, Room 2, olive stone impressions near IC.421 (GS 446) (from above). 12A.Building A, Room 2, IB.394 and IB.243 in situ (P 192 and 471) (from north). 12B. Building A, Room 2, IB.37 (P 244) with animal bones (from west). 12C. Building A, destroyed northern room, with Rooms 1 and 2 in rear (from north). 12D. Building A, destroyed northern room, IC.280 and IC.279 (CA 18 and 19) with ingot pieces in situ, Locus 203 (from north). 13A.Building A, Room 6 with southern half of Room 4 in rear (from east). 13B. Building A, Room 9 with IC.425 (GS 1300) in situ (from east). 14A.Building A, Rear Yard and south facade with Potter’s Pit at left, Room 10 in center, and entrance to Room 6 at right (from south). 14B. Building A, Potter’s Pit, with IC.447 (GS 1418) in situ, Locus 2315N.5 (from north). 14C. Building A, tephra layer beside Room 10, Locus 2309N (from west). 15A.Road between Buildings A and B, Trench 1600 during excavation, Locus 1602 (from north). 15B. Road between Buildings A and B, Trench 1600 after excavation. Building A, Rooms 7 and 8 on left, and Building B, entrance and Room 9 on right (from north). 15C. Road between Buildings A and B, Trench 1900. Building B, Room 7 in foreground, Building A, entrance and Room 9 in rear (from west). 16A.Building B, entrance in foreground leading into Room 7, with Rooms 9 and 8 in rear (from north). 16B. Building B, entrance showing tephra layer, Locus 1609 (from east). 16C. Building B, entrance with pavement, Locus 1608, showing tephra layer beneath (from east).

LIST OF PLATES AND TABLE

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17A. Building B, Trenches 1800 and 1700 during excavation, with Room 6 in left foreground (Locus 1801), Rooms 8 and 9 in rear, and south facade of Phase 1 building running at a diagonal along right side of photograph (from west). 17B. Building B, Room 8, Locus 1707 (from northwest). 17C. Building B, Room 8, IB.427 and IB.447 (P 101 and 766) in situ (from north). 17D. Building B, Room 8, IB.270 (P 767) in situ (from above). 18A.Building B, Phase 1, Room 4, west end with clay pits (from west). 18B. Building B, Phase 1, Room 4, detail of clay pit, Loci 1809–1811 (from east). 18C. Building B, Room 4, east end during excavation with IC.413 (GS 1390) in foreground, Locus 2002 (from west). 19A. Building B, Room 4, east end with bench, during excavation with IB.418 (P 1053) in foreground (from west). 19B. Building B, Rooms 11 and 12 in foreground, and Room 10 in rear during excavation, Loci 2005, 2003, and 2004 (from west). 19C. Building B, Rooms 10, 11, and 12 (from east). 19D. Building B, Room 10, bin in southeast corner during excavation with IC.405 (GS 884) in situ, Locus 2507 (from southeast). 20A.Building B, Room 1, Loci 308, 402 (from south). 20B. Building B, Room 1, bench with fallen roof slabs to right (from west). 20C. Building B, Room 1, IB.604, IB.605, and IB.606 (P 255, 256, and 257) in situ (from above). 21A.Building B, Room 2, southeast corner with finds in situ, Locus 20/2418W, including Grave 7 in upper right corner, IA.31 (P 1877) (from south). 21B. Building B, Room 2, warp stand IC.60 (C 482) in situ (from above). 21C. Building B, Room 2, northwest corner with IB.412 (P 376) in situ (from south). 22A.Building B, Rooms 3 and 5 with North Terrace to left (from west). 22B. Building B, Room 5 (from above). 22C. Building B, North Terrace, IB.493 (P 1043) in situ (from above). 23A.Building B, Room 3 and North Terrace with benches (from north). 23B. Building B, Room 3 (from east). 23C. Building B, Room 3, southwest corner with IC.423 (GS 581) in situ (from east). 23D. Building B, Room 3, IB.170 (P 546) in situ (from above). 24A.Building B, Room 9 during excavation with IC.424 (GS 707) in situ, Locus 1705 (from north). 24B. Building B, Rear Yard with Rooms 10, 11, and 13 in rear (from south). 24C. Building B, Rear Yard (from north). 24D. Building B, Room 13W during excavation, Locus 2505.2 (from south).

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25A.Building B, Rear Yard with Kiln A in foreground (from east). 25B. Building B, Rear Yard (from west). 25C. Building B, Kiln B (from north). 26A.Building B, Kiln A during excavation with mudbrick fallen over combustion chamber to right (from north). 26B. Building B, Kiln A after excavation (from north). 26C. Building B, olive stones from Kiln A combustion chamber. 26D. Building B, Kiln A, view through flues into combustion chamber (from east). 27A.View of Chalinomouri (from southwest). 27B. View of site before excavation (from northwest). 27C. View of site before excavation (from south). 27D. View of site during excavation (from northwest). 28A.Chalinomouri, Room 6 in the course of excavation with bench slabs as found, Locus 311 (from southeast). 28B. Chalinomouri, Room 6 with bench slabs restored (from northwest). 28C. Chalinomouri, Room 6, entrance in east corner (from south). 29A.Chalinomouri, Room 6, north corner with corner platform (from south). 29B. Chalinomouri, Room 6, northeast wall with benches and corner platform (from southwest). 29C. Chalinomouri, Room 6, bench against northeast wall (from southwest). 30A.Chalinomouri, Room 3 during excavation with finds in situ, Locus 1202 (from southeast). 30B. Chalinomouri, Rooms 1 and 2 (from northwest). 30C. Chalinomouri, Room 2 floor level with finds in situ, Loci 11/1204, 21/2206.5 (from northwest). 31A.Chalinomouri, Room 2 subfloor with storage vessels in situ, Loci 11/1214, 21/2213 (from northwest). 31B. Chalinomouri, Room 2 subfloor with IB.397, IB.446, and IB.445 (P 1010, 757, and 750) in foreground (from southwest). 31C. Chalinomouri, Room 2 subfloor, storage vessels at northeast end of room, IB.416, IB.414, IB.415, IB.435, and IB.380 (P 491, 475, 476, 751, and 97), left to right (from southwest). 32A.Chalinomouri, IB.416 (P 491) as found. 32B. Chalinomouri, IB.414 (P 475) as found. 32C. Chalinomouri, Kiln/oven (from west). 32D. Chalinomouri, Kiln/oven, central pier (from west). 33A.LM III Cemetery, Grave 1, IA.18 (P 760), with skeletal remains (from east). 33B. LM III Cemetery, Grave 2, IA.19 (P 1683), during excavation (from south). 34A.LM III Cemetery, Grave 3, IA.21 (P 658) (from northwest).

LIST OF PLATES AND TABLE

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34B. LM III Cemetery, Grave 3 with skeletal remains. 34C. LM III Cemetery, Grave 4, IA.25, IA.26, and IA.27 (P 106, 435, and 522) (from northeast). 34D. LM III Cemetery, Grave 5, IA.30 (P 1399) (from northeast). 35A.Jar IA.18 (P 760) from the LM III Cemetery in the Artisans’ Quarter. 35B. Pithos IA.19 (P 1683) from the LM III Cemetery in the Artisans’ Quarter. 35C. Detail of stamped shell impression beneath handle of IA.19 (P 1683). 35D. Krater IA.32 (P 796) from the LM III Cemetery in the Artisans’ Quarter. 36. Pottery from the LM III Cemetery in the Artisans’ Quarter: IA.26, IA.27, IA.22, IA.23, IA.21, IA.25, IA.30, and IA.31 (P 435, 522, 436, 961, 658, 106, 1399, and 1877).

Table 1. LM III Burials in the Artisans’ Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Preface This book presents the results of excavations carried out from 1990 to 1994 at two sites along the Mochlos coastal plain in eastern Crete, the Artisans’ Quarter, which is located near the western end of the plain by the modern town of Mochlos, and the farmhouse at Chalinomouri, which is located at the eastern end of the plain (Fig. 1). These excavations were part of a larger series of excavations at Mochlos conducted by a Greek-American team from 1989 to 1994 under the direction of Jeffrey S. Soles and Costis Davaras. The focus of the excavation was the island of Mochlos where Richard Seager excavated in 19081 and where the more recent excavations have uncovered remains of four different civilizations spanning the whole of the Bronze Age and several centuries afterward.2 They include six main periods of occupation: the Prepalatial, Protopalatial, and Neopalatial periods of Minoan civilization; the LM III, or Mycenaean period; the Hellenistic period of the 1st century B.C.; and the later Byzantine periods. The most numerous remains belong to the Neopalatial period when Mochlos was a prosperous town in the Mirabello region with many large houses and a ceremonial center located in the main settlement area on what is now the island of Mochlos. Toward the end of the Neopalatial period, at the time of the eruption of the volcano on Santorini, there was a major expansion in the population, in the main town on the island and along the coast opposite the island where the two sites published in this volume were founded. This is the first volume in the Mochlos Publication Series, which will publish the results of the Greek-American excavations; it is not, however, the first in chronological order, because the two sites on the coast date to the close of the Neopalatial period. Subsequent volumes will publish additional remains from this period as well as earlier and later remains and a more detailed account of the topography of the area. The editors of the series decided to begin with these sites because they offer a good introduction to the main period of occupation in the area and also display a much simpler stratigraphy than corresponding buildings in the main settlement area on what is now the island of Mochlos. They are both new foundations at the time of the Santorini eruption—at the end of the LM IA period or the beginning of the LM IB period, depending on your point of view—and remain in constant use until the final destruction of Minoan civilization. There is no break in their stratigraphy until Mochlos is reoccupied in the LM III period. They are excellent illustrations, therefore, of the final stage of Minoan civilization in the Mirabello region, and they document an expansion of population and a range of new activity that occurs in the area at this time.

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The current volume, Mochlos I, is divided into three parts. Part A publishes the stratigraphy and architecture of the two sites on the coast, Buildings A and B in the Artisans’ Quarter and the farmhouse at Chalinomouri. Parts B and C publish the pottery and other finds, respectively. By splitting the volume into three parts, the editors hope the material will be more manageable and accessible for research purposes. Rather than publish each building separately, it seemed more appropriate to publish the two sites as a unit because of the homogeneous character of their pottery deposits and other finds. This approach avoids needless repetition in the discussion of individual finds and permits a more synthetic treatment of the three buildings and their contents. Part A of the volume is divided into six chapters. Chapters 1, 2, and 4 provide a room by room description of each building, as well as a description of finds from each room and a discussion of the ways in which each room was probably used. The presentation of each room ends with a complete listing of artifacts and ecofacts, which are discussed in more detail in Parts B and C of the volume. Chapters 3 and 5 provide general discussions of the Artisans’ Quarter and the farmhouse and their significance in Minoan Crete. Chapter 6 describes the human skeletal remains found in the course of excavation at both sites, the most important of which belong to a modest LM III cemetery, a veritable potter’s field, that was established in the ruins of the Artisans’ Quarter. Jeffrey S. Soles Costis Davaras July 2002

Preface Notes 1. Seager 1909, 1912.

2. Preliminary reports are published in Davaras and Soles 1992, Soles and Davaras 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1996.

Acknowledgments The Greek-American excavations at Mochlos, including the excavation of the Artisans’ Quarter and the farmhouse at Chalinomouri, were sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Greensboro and the Archaeological Institute of Crete under the auspices of the Greek Ministry of Culture and the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Most of the fieldwork was carried out while Costis Davaras was serving as director of the 24th Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities in Eastern Crete, and the excavation is particularly indebted to the Greek Archaeological Service for its support. The fieldwork was supported by several agencies and individuals: the Institute for Aegean Prehistory; the National Endowment for the Humanities, an independent federal agency; the General Greene Chapter of the American-Hellenic Progressive Association; the Samuel H. Kress Foundation; Marion and Philippe Lambert; Karen Morely Westcott; and many small donors. The author of the volume is also indebted to these agencies and individuals and to the University of North Carolina at Greensboro and the Shelby White-Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications for supporting the study sessions that have followed the excavation. The directors of the excavation would also like to thank a large number of individuals who made the project possible. The excavation permit was issued by the Greek Archaeological Service, and we thank the different individuals who served as directors of the division for Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities for the Greek Ministry of Culture during the years of excavation: Iannis Tzedakis (1990, 1994), Ios Zervoudaki (1990–1992) and Katerina Romiopoulou (1992–1993). We are also grateful to the late William D.E. Coulson, the Director of the American School of Classical Studies during the years of excavation and for many years afterward, to James D. Muhly, Director of the School from 1997 to 2000, and to the late Nikos P. Papadakis, Director of the East Cretan Ephorate during the years subsequent to the actual excavation. We are also indebted to many trench supervisors who oversaw the digging and kept the notebooks: Thomas Brogan and Stuart Evans, who dug at both the Artisans’ Quarter and Chalinomouri; Peter Wahlstrom, Olga Kalentzidou, Angus Smith, Blake Woodruff, John Erler, Evi Sikla, Natalia Vogeikoff, and Chris Witmore, who dug at the Artisans’ Quarter; and Andrew Smith who dug at Chalinomouri. We would also like to thank a long list of undergraduates from various Greek and American universities, who provided valuable assistance, and the many local inhabitants of Mochlos and its neighboring villages at Sphaka, Tourloti, Myrsini, Mesa and Exo

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Mouliana, who helped to wash pottery or did the actual digging and worked so hard to make the project a success. The topographical maps of the Artisans’ Quarter and Chalinomouri are the work of Jeffrey Patton and Duane Therriault (1990–1991), who were also responsible for laying out the trenches. The architectural plans and most of the drawings in the book are the work of Doug Faulmann, who has worked on the project since 1990. Margaret Reid (1990), Peter Alexander (1991), Bridget O’Rourke (1994), and Damon Cassiano (1999– 2000) also contributed to the drawing. Most of the reconstructions were computer generated by Chris Dietrich and redrawn for this volume by Doug Faulmann. The site photographs are the work of Robert Gerhart (1990), Chris Drozdowksi (1990), Michael Traister (1991), Anne Marie Pelczynski (1993), and Alex Maness (1994). The pottery and other small find photographs are largely the work of Kathy May (1997, 1998). The water flotation system was set up originally by Julie Hansen and was supervised in 1990 by Maureen Smyth. Anaya Sarpaki continued to oversee the operation in 1991 with the aid of Maria Droungaki (1991, 1992), Helène Crump (1993), and Chryssa Bourbou (1994). Joanna Bending joined the team in 2000. Susan Springer (1990, 1991) and Eleanor Huffman (1992–1994) served as registrars. Mary Ellen Soles (1990–2000), Anne Blasingham (1991), and Ann Nicgorski (1992–2000) served as catalogers. Kellee Barnard served as chief pottery analyst from 1992 to 1998, and Maryanne Schultz joined the pottery team in 1996. A number of conservators participated during the field seasons, including Helen Kingsley (1990), Christine Del Re (1991, 1992), Carola Bohm (1991), Giota Guioni (1991– 1994), Irena Calinescu (1993, 1994), Karin Lindahl (1993), and Franca Cole (1993). Stephania Chlouveraki and Michel Roggenbucke continued to conserve material after 1996. The publication of the Artisans’ Quarter and the farmhouse at Chalinomouri is a collaborative venture. Soles has organized the publication, written the first five chapters in this part of the volume, and co-authored Chapter 6 with Cameron Walker, who carried out the human skeletal analyses. Many other scholars have made important contributions. Charles Frederick is largely responsible for the topographic descriptions in Chapters 1 and 4, descriptions which he will enlarge upon in a future volume. The lists of finds that follow the discussion of individual buildings and rooms as well as the burials in Chapter 6, are the work of several individuals. Kellee Barnard and Thomas Brogan are largely responsible for the identification of the Neopalatial pottery (Mochlos vol. IB), while Maryanne Schultz provided invaluable assistance in sorting the pottery from Chalinomouri. The discussion of pottery statistics from each room is based on the work of Kellee Barnard. The identification of the LM III pottery in Chapters 4 and 6 is the work of R. Angus K. Smith, who is preparing the publication of the LM III pottery from the main settlement area on the island. The lists of small finds are mostly the work of Ann Nicgorski and Mary Ellen Soles, while the lithics identifications are the work of Tristan Carter. He and Christopher Witmore are responsible for the lists of minerals and rocks. David S. Reese has provided the identification and description of mammal bones and shells; Dimitra Mylona identified and described the fish bones; Anaya Sarpaki and Joanna Bending did the archaeobotany; and Werner Schoch and Maria Ntinou identified the wood charcoals (see Mochlos vol. IC). Richard Evershed, Sarah Vaughan, and Stephanie Dudd carried out gas chromatography and

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

xxi

mass spectrometry analyses of conical cup lamps from the Artisans’ Quarter. The Beta Analytic and Oxford University Radiocarbon Dating Laboratories conducted the radiocarbon analyses for the project and produced the calibrated dates cited in the text. Finally, we would like to thank Phil Betancourt and the anonymous reviewers of this book, who took the trouble to read the manuscript before its publication and offered many valuable suggestions. We have tried to respond to all their suggestions, as best we can, and the book is much improved as a result. Jeffrey S. Soles Costis Davaras

Abbreviations The following abbreviations are used in this part of the volume: A B B C CA ca. cf. CF Type 1 Ch. Chap. cl CS d. dims. dp4 est. F FF FM FS g GS h. ha HNM

Building A, Artisans’ Quarter Building B, Artisans’ Quarter bone object clay object (not a vessel) copper alloy object circa compares favorably with Coarse Ware fabric Chalinomouri farmstead Chapter centiliter chipped stone object diameter dimensions deciduous maxillary premolar estimated fused Fine Buff fabric Furumark Motif number Furumark Shape number gram ground stone object height hectares Hagios Nikolaos Museum

HM IM indet. kg km Le LM m M M1 M3 m1 m3 max. MM MNI MPD nn. P P3 Pb pres. R RY S

Herakleion Museum Ierapetra Museum indeterminate kilogram kilometer(s) left Late Minoan meter minerals and rocks retained for study permanent maxillary molar permanent mandibular molar deciduous maxillary molar deciduous mandibular molar maximum Middle Minoan minimum number of individuals maximum preserved dimension notes pottery object (vessel) premolar lead object preserved right Rear Yard stone object

xxiv

Sh s.l. SM sp. th.

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

shell sensu lato Siteia Museum species thickness

UF vol. w. -/-

unfused volume width complete/fragments

Introduction Jeffrey S. Soles

The island of Mochlos and the adjacent plain that lies on the coast of Crete opposite it are located in a graben (tectonic valley) flanked by horsts (mountain blocks) on the east and west. As a result of normal faulting, the island and plain have experienced considerable subsidence with respect to the areas on either side. In the Bronze Age, the two were still connected by a narrow isthmus of land, now submerged below sea level, that provided excellent shelter for passing ships as well as a bridge for land traffic from the island to the adjacent coast. The plain runs along the coast, mostly to the east of Mochlos, for a distance of ca. 4.5 km (Fig. 1). Nowhere more than 1 km wide, it is isolated from the interior of Crete by the Ornos Mountains, which ring the plain on the east, west, and south, and rise abruptly to a maximum height of 1237 m above sea level. The plain’s geology consists of a coalescing apron (20–30 m deep along the coast) of fluvial deposits formed in the Pleistocene by torrential deposits of muds, sands, pebbles, gravels, boulders, and other materials eroded from the surrounding mountains.1 In the Pleistocene, when sea level was

much lower, these deposits extended considerably beyond the present coastline. Erosion of these deposits, caused primarily by the rise in sea level that accompanied deglaciation, has resulted in the present coastal configuration of steep vertical bluffs interrupted by narrow ravines in which modern streams flow toward the sea. Eight of these ravines cut through the plain to the coast, two on either side of the headland where the modern village of Mochlos lies, directly opposite the island, and six farther to the east. Only one ravine continues to be fed by a freshwater stream that runs year round, the easternmost ravine that lies at the eastern end of the coastal plain below the site of Chalinomouri; the other stream beds are dry throughout most of the year. Today, the area is intensively farmed. Terraces of olive trees are planted on the mountain slopes; vineyards and wheat are grown on the terraces along the coast; and rich gardens with bananas, pomegranates, and other fruit trees are located in the ravines. Until recently, most of the inhabitants in the area lived in the villages of Lastro, Sphaka, Tourloti, and Myrsini along the main highway in the mountains above the coast and commuted to

2

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

their farms in the plain below. The construction of four narrow roads that now lead down from these towns to a road that runs along the coast has opened the plain to development, and many inhabitants in the area have moved down from their traditional villages to farmhouses that lie throughout the plain. The investigation of this coastal plain was always one of the major objectives of the Mochlos project. The goal was to discover the relationship of sites on the plain to the settlement on the island and construct a comprehensive picture of life at Mochlos in its overall geographical setting. Because the island of Mochlos, where the main settlement was always located, is itself solid rock with little or no arable land and no water source, the inhabitants must have relied heavily on the natural resources of the plain. Earlier expeditions to the area, first by Richard Seager in 1908 and then by Nicholas Platon in the 1950s,2 indicated that people had been active in the plain at many different times in antiquity. The Greek-American project was interested in learning what the extent and nature of this activity was. It carried out archaeological and geological surveys to identify sites and artifacts on the plain, as well as natural resources, which the inhabitants of Mochlos exploited. The project also excavated two of the Bronze Age sites, the results of which are presented in this volume. The Artisans’ Quarter was actually located by Seager. During his excavation of the main site on the island, he camped on the shore opposite it and observed a number of remains in the vicinity, some of which might, he believed, be related in one way or another to the settlement on the island. Chief among these were the walls that lay near his campsite on the promontory where the modern village was to be built.3 In his report of the excavation, published in the American Journal of Archaeology in 1909, he wrote, “On the opposite shore, where lie the warehouses of the modern port, are the remains of many house walls, which would show that, whether connected or not, the town lay on both the island and the opposite shore.”4 Although Seager pitched his tents near these house walls, for some reason he did not excavate on the promontory. It is unclear why he assumed that the remains here were contemporary with the town on the island, although potsherds lying on the surface may have enabled

him to draw this conclusion. The Greek-American excavation was the first to investigate this area scientifically. It uncovered the remains of several workshops, forming an Artisans’ Quarter from the same period as the Neopalatial town on the island, and proved Seager correct. Seager also drew attention to a small quarry located along the eastern side of this promontory, which he believed to belong to “late Greek and Roman times.” He wrote, “In a river bed close by, a small quarry shows that a good deal of ashlar masonry must have been used in this period, although at first I had hoped that it might date from Minoan times and indicate a building similar to the small palace at Gournia; but as no remains of this kind came to light in the Minoan stratum, and the only existing ashlar walls belonged to the late houses, it appears that the quarry must date from the same late period ....”5 A detailed examination of the quarry, published in the Journal of Field Archaeology in 1983, showed that stone from the quarry was in fact used in the Minoan town on the island at the beginning of the LM IB period and that the quarry was contemporary with this town.6 The Greek-American excavation also found that the material was put to use in the Artisans’ Quarter at the same time, but in a more limited fashion. The second site published here, the farmhouse at Chalinomouri, was also discovered in an earlier investigation of the area. In the 1950s, Nicholas Platon, then Director of Antiquities in Crete and Director of the Herakleion Museum, carried out rescue operations and small trial excavations along the Mochlos plain. In the course of this work, he identified two Minoan structures at the eastern end of the plain at Palia Vardia and Chalinomouri. He described each as a “M.M. house,” although it is not clear that he excavated either.7 In 1990, the Greek-American excavation was able to investigate the site of Palia Vardia. It uncovered a modern structure, perhaps a Turkish watchtower associated with a small, nearby castle or perhaps simply a shepherd’s hut, but failed to find any trace of a Minoan house. It appeared that, if it existed, it was destroyed in the construction of the road that runs through the site on its way to the main highway.8 Excavation at Chalinomouri, on the other hand, succeeded in uncovering a Neopalatial farmhouse

INTRODUCTION

of the same date as the Artisans’ Quarter that showed traces of reoccupation in the Mycenaean period. The walls of the building were clearly visible

on the surface when excavation began, and this is probably the house that Platon identified.

Introduction Notes 1. Papastamatiou, Vetoulis, Tartaris, Bornovas, Christodoulou, and Katsikatsos 1959; C. Frederick, personal communication, 16 Jan. 2001. 2. Seager 1909; Platon 1959. 3. Seager 1909, p. 274, fig. 1, a photograph of this promontory showing Seager’s camp as it appeared in 1908.

3

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Seager 1909, p. 274. Seager 1909, p. 275. Soles 1983; Pike and Soles 1998. Platon 1959, p. 388. Soles and Davaras 1994, p. 427.

The Artisans’ Quarter

1

The Artisans’ Quarter: Building A Jeffrey S. Soles with contributions by Charles Frederick, Dimitra Mylona, David S. Reese, Anaya Sarpaki, and Werner H. Schoch

Introduction, Topography, and History of Excavation The Artisans’ Quarter at Mochlos is located west of the modern village, partly beneath the road that leads to the west toward Limenaria and partly beneath the field lying adjacent to this road (Fig. 2, Pl. 1). The modern village and ancient Artisans’ Quarter sit opposite the island of Mochlos on a promontory of colluvial slope which, in turn, rests on top of a phyllite surface. The phyllite surface is part of what appears to be a wave-cut platform that was probably formed in the Pleistocene during a period of higher sea level.1 Fragments of this surface can be seen around the small bay of Limenaria, which the Quarter overlooks, and an isolated remnant of beach gravel lies at about the same elevation near the mouth of the ravine that empties into this bay. This ancient beach deposit is overlain by approximately 4 m of gravelly alluvium, and a substantial soil has formed in these sediments. The morphology of the calcic horizon associated with this soil suggests that the period of higher sea level that created this beach,

and presumably the platform, probably occurred more than 30,000 years ago. Since its formation, the platform has been covered nearly everywhere by colluvial and, in some cases, alluvial sediments. The slope Richard Seager saw in 1908—and on which he pitched his tents as he began his excavation—extended all the way to the isthmus that once connected the island of Mochlos to Crete.2 With the subsidence of the isthmus, the slope suffered some erosion around its edges, but was otherwise little changed from Minoan times until the second half of the 20th century, when most of this area was built over to create the modern village. Little of the slope remains exposed today except the upper or westernmost area that lies alongside the Artisans’ Quarter. In many places, recent building has cut through the colluvium to bedrock and revealed that the slope extends deep beneath the modern village, where it is up to 5 m thick. It is much shallower to the south toward the mountain

8

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

slope and along the coastline where it is eventually completely eroded, leaving the phyllite base exposed and projecting into the sea. The modern village has been expanding rapidly in the last few years as a result of a boom in tourism. Only two of the warehouses mentioned by Seager are still standing on either side of the village’s main harbor,3 and most of the early buildings Seager saw have been replaced by private homes, tavernas, small hotels, and tourist shops. Oddly enough, the ancient “house walls” reported by Seager in this area have never been mentioned since, and the modern buildings and paved streets that cover the area make it difficult to see remains today. At one point along the western side of the promontory, near the modern church of Saint Titus, Minoan walls jut out beneath a small hotel, and an ancient Minoan building, Building C, sits beneath the modern structure; farther to the west, more walls could be seen in the road running out of the village to Limenaria. The tops of these walls were located at ground level and were easily spotted in the dirt road, stretching along the coast for a distance of about 70 m. Minoan pottery was visible in the scarp alongside the road at the water’s edge and in the vacant field lying to the south of the road. The project opened four trenches in the road in 1990 (Trenches 100–400), fourteen more in 1991 (Trenches 500–1800), only eleven of which contained finds, and one more in 1992 (Trench 1900) (Fig. 3; Pls. 1A, C). The orientations and sizes of these trenches were determined by their location in the road. They followed the line of the road and took up one half of the road’s width in order to allow traffic to pass through the other half.4 After excavation the trenches were backfilled with soil so that the road would remain unobstructed. Parts of three buildings were exposed (Buildings A, B, and D), but only the northern parts could be excavated in 1990–1992. All three structures clearly continued into the adjacent, privately owned field to the south of the road. Fortunately, this field was still vacant, and in 1993 the owner of the eastern part of the field, where Buildings A and B lay, gave permission to the Greek Archaeological Service to excavate here, making it possible to uncover the southern parts of Buildings A and B. In cooperation with the Greek-American team, the Service opened ten trenches here in 1993 (Trenches 2000–2700, 2900,

and 3100)5 and two more in 1994 (Trenches 2000W and 2400W). It was possible, as a result, to uncover most of these two buildings (Figs. 3–5; Pl. 1B). Building D, however, lies in the westernmost part of the field, in an area owned by a different land owner, and it was not possible to excavate here. Only a small part of the building, its northwest corner, was exposed in 1991 (Pl. 1C). Two fragmentary stone vases (IC.204 and IC.205; S 250 and 251), four fragmentary loomweights (IC.156, IC.131, IC.135, and IC.136; C 36, 66, 110, and 111), and two small pieces of obsidian (IC.519 and IC.504; CS 256 and 257) were uncovered here, but the building remains largely unexcavated. A small part of Building C was briefly exposed in the winter of 2000 when foundation trenches were dug for the construction of a new hotel, and a small amount of pottery was retrieved (IB.157; P 3696).6 Buildings C and D clearly date to the same period as A and B. While we cannot be sure of their functions, it seems likely that they were used like Buildings A and B and formed part of an extensive Artisans’ Quarter that consisted of four or five buildings located along this part of the Mochlos coast. Each trench, which was numbered in the order of its excavation, was normally excavated with a balk on at least one side in order to leave a record of the trench’s stratigraphy. The balks were drawn and then removed during the course of excavation. Every feature encountered in the course of excavation was dug separately and given a locus number that was added to the trench number. The first feature encountered in Trench 100, for example, consisted of wall and roof collapse in Room 1 and was numbered Locus 101. Features included walls and other built constructions as well; thus, the second feature encountered in this trench was the north wall of the room itself, which was identified as Locus 102. Sometimes two loci might overlap and be combined. The balk on the west side of the room was excavated as Locus 113, but the upper part of the balk corresponded to Locus 101, while the lower part formed part of the floor locus. A particular locus might also be excavated in a number of different passes depending on the depth of the deposit. Locus 113, for example, which was a particularly deep deposit, was excavated in four passes, Loci 113.1, 113.2, 113.3, and 113.4. These passes were often arbitrary divisions, however, and unless

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING A

an important distinction could be made between them, they were later combined in order to simplify the final publication. The advantage of this system is that all finds, whether or not they were given an inventory number and cataloged, are associated with a specific locus number that identifies their context and forms an important part of their description.7 Floor deposits were generally excavated in two or more passes in an attempt to distinguish what

9

lay on the floor surface at the time of destruction and what had accumulated in the floor deposit during the time the room was in use. It was not always possible to make this distinction, however, because many rooms appear to have been kept relatively clean, and floor deposits were sometimes shallow. All deposits were dry sieved, while all floor deposits were also sampled for water flotation in order to retrieve ecofactual material.8

Building A (Trenches 100, 200, 700, 800, 1600, 1900, 2300; Figs. 4–22; Pls. 2–15) The eastern of the two excavated buildings, Building A was uncovered just at the edge of the modern village; the easternmost part of it lies beneath modern constructions. Most of the building, however, was located beneath the road. Although the

building was damaged on its north by coastal erosion and on its east by modern construction, most of it survived. It consists of ten rooms, some of them later additions, with the main entrance located on the west.

Stratigraphy and Construction The stratigraphy of the building was uniform throughout (Figs. 9, 15, 18). The tops of its walls are preserved at the modern surface level, or only a few centimeters beneath, and the walls must have been leveled to their present height when the road was originally graded; the floors in the rooms lay ca. 0.60 to 1 m below the surface. In most rooms, these floors were sealed beneath stones that had fallen from the walls in antiquity and phyllite/schist slabs9 that lay scattered beneath the fallen wall debris. The greenish gray schist once formed roofing slabs, which sat on wooden beams and collapsed when the building was destroyed. Small bits of charcoal were found with the material from the walls and roofs and are, most likely, remains of these beams. A crushed, often powdery, purple schist was often intermingled with the schist slabs and sometimes lay in pockets or in a thin lens beneath the slabs; it may be part of the roofing material, probably a packing that was

placed around the slabs to keep the roofs watertight. The roof was the first part of the building to collapse and so generally was found under the collapsed upper portions of the rubble walls. No remains of upper story collapse were found in any of the rooms. Because the schist slabs lay directly above the floor deposits and because there were no traces of a staircase, the building is presumed to be only a single story. The floor deposits all rested on or near bedrock, varying in thickness from as little as 0.10 to as much as 0.45 m. The earth matrix was generally a brown or yellowish brown soil containing organic remains. It included debris that was built up during the years of the building’s use. It was usually possible to distinguish between the material that lay on the floor at the moment the building was destroyed, which was more complete (though seldom intact) and earlier material that was discarded and lay scattered around the rooms in bits and pieces.

10

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

The walls, as preserved, are constructed, as is common to Minoan buildings, of rubble, with inner and outer faces of stone set in irregular courses in a soil mortar. Interior walls range from 0.30 to 0.60 m in thickness; exterior walls are from 0.50 to 0.90 m. The maximum preserved height of any rubble wall is 1.15 m. In Room 4, where there were many signs of burning, fragments of mudbrick were preserved, including one brick that was nearly intact.10 Mudbricks were apparently used for some upper wall courses, at least for interior walls. As a general rule, all the mudbrick used as building material in the Artisans’ Quarter and elsewhere at Mochlos was originally sun-dried; thus, whatever mudbrick has survived has done so only because it was baked in the fire that destroyed the site. The fired mudbricks are made of very coarse red clay (2.5YR 4/4–4/8)11 and contain numerous inclusions of locally found stone ranging from sand-size quartzite grains to large pebble-size chunks of phyllite and dark, crystalline limestone. Vegetative imprints, including various reeds and stems, are also present, and nodules of lime and sherds of pottery, especially conical cup and cooking dish fragments, are also often present. Little evidence of wall plaster was found. In Room 3, a few fragments of mud plaster, which may once have covered the rubble walls of the room, lay on the floor, and in Room 6 white lime plaster lay along the base of the north wall. Otherwise, there is no evidence that the rubble-mudbrick construction did not remain exposed. When the walls collapsed, presumably over a period of time after the original destruction, they filled the rooms with fallen stones and mudbrick that had not vitrified in the fire. This mudbrick decomposed over many centuries and left a reddish brown matrix distinct from the floor deposits beneath. When the building was newly constructed, its floors were formed by the greenish gray, phyllite bedrock, which was sometimes cut to form a level surface. In some areas a sterile soil lens lay over this bedrock, but with the passage of time debris dropped in the rooms accumulated over the bedrock floors and often built up thick earth floors full of broken sherds, abandoned tools, and organic remains. Some of the rooms were kept cleaner than others, but only a single floor deposit was identified in any given room, with only bedrock or the accumulated soil packing beneath. The rooms belong to

a single phase of occupation, which spans the entire LM IB period. Some of the pottery from the floor accumulations, particularly in Rooms 1 and 4, belongs to an earlier phase of the LM IB period, while that from the final floor deposits appears to be very late within this period, and the building’s final occupation may have overlapped what is identified as the LM II period in central Crete.12 The structure shows signs of several different building phases (Figs. 4, 7). These phases are not well represented in the stratigraphy, but the building’s wall construction indicates that its original plan was smaller and more compact. Rooms 4, 7, and 8 formed the original core of the building, although Rooms 1 and 2 were probably added along the north side of this core almost immediately, as part of the original Phase 1 construction.13 The exterior walls of these five rooms are thicker than the interior walls and form a continuous facade; later walls do not bond with them. In a second phase of construction or perhaps during one of several later phases, five or six rooms were added along the outer sides of this facade, each using it as a common wall. Room 10 and the pit to its west, which were attached to the south facade of the building at its southeast corner, may have been the first of these additions and probably date close to the time of the original construction. A deposit of Santorini tephra, which is associated with the eruption of the volcano at the LM IA/LM IB interface, lies alongside the south wall of Room 10 (Fig. 18) and suggests that the room was constructed at the very beginning of the LM IB phase, like the original core of the building to the north.14 Any tephra that fell in this area along the coast was exposed to the full blast of the prevailing wind and could not survive long in this location without being buried and protected from the elements. Room 3 was attached to the northeast corner of the building, added somewhat carelessly without aligning its south wall to the original facade wall it joins. Room 6 was added to the south of Room 3, extending along the east side of the original building and the Room 10 addition, and creating Area 5 to the north, which seems to have been an open space. Room 9 was attached to the northwest corner of the original building and may have been the last addition. Like Room 3, it was carelessly constructed with its south wall running at a diagonal to the original facade to which it was attached

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING A

and sharply restricting the space before the building’s entrance. Still another room, perhaps only partially enclosed, lay along the north sides of Rooms

11

1 and 2. It was destroyed by coastal erosion, but part of its floor and its southwest corner survived to indicate its existence.

Stratigraphy, Architecture, and Finds in Individual Rooms An open, unpaved space, located in the area along the west side of the building (Pl. 15), formed a passage between Buildings A and B, which lies a short distance to the west; the main entrances to

both buildings are located off this passage and opposite each other. The entry to Building A leads into a small vestibule located midway along the west facade of the building.15

Room 8, Entry (Figs. 4, 7, 8; Pl. 2A) The excavation of this room began at a surface elevation of +5.50 m.16 It was excavated in two trenches, 1900 at its entrance and 800 over most of the room to the south (Fig. 3). Scattered stones from the collapsed walls appeared immediately below surface in a reddish brown soil (5YR 4/4), and green schist plaques from the collapsed roof began appearing at an elevation of +5.08 m (Loci 802, 1908). The floor deposit lay beneath in a dark reddish brown soil (5YR 3/4) at an elevation of +4.83–4.5717 (Loci 808, 1914). The entry to the building consists of a small rectangular room measuring ca. 1.56 by 2.40 m (Pl. 2A). Its stone walls have largely collapsed, and they are preserved to a maximum height of 0.70 m.18 The main entrance to the building, a doorway ca. 1.36 m wide provided with a raised limestone threshold slab that one must step over to enter the room, is located in the room’s north wall.19 The threshold appears to have been laid in place before the west wall of the building was completed, and a projecting rebate was built onto the north end of this wall, partly overlying the threshold stone. It was designed so a wooden door, swinging on a pivot at the east side of the doorway and opening inward, could close against the rebate. A second doorway in the southeast corner of the room, ca. 0.85 m wide, also provided with a single limestone slab for its threshold,20 supplies access to Room 4 (Pl. 2B). The floor of the vestibule

was originally level bedrock overlain with a few centimeters of soil. The upper half of a pithos (IB.436; P 765), which probably once sat on a stone slab at the southwest corner of the room, lay against the south wall (Fig. 8). A loomweight (IC.134; C 101), tempered with granodiorite and imported from the Gournia area,21 and a fragmentary clay work slab (IC.53; C 75) also lay in the southern part of the room, but little else. No objects lay in the northern half of the room, although a relatively large number of shells were in the wall collapse in this area. A very small amount of pottery lay in the floor accumulation, only 51 sherds, and the room was probably always kept open and free of objects that might restrict passage through the room into the interior of the building.

Wall and Roof Collapse (Locus 1908) MAMMAL22 2 bones—Ovis/capra phalanx 1 (F). SHELL 1 Patella; 2 Monodonta—1 with apex; 1/7 Murex— 3 MNI; 0/5 Charonia—1 apex (complete), 4 body, 1 MNI; 3 Cerithium—1 has mouth but broken apex, 2 open mouth, 1 large; 3 Hinia, 2 Arcularia—1 with recent hole; 1 Pisania; 1 Conus— small; 1 Erosaria; 0/1 Spondylus—upper, proximal bored exterior and interior; 0/1 ?Arca hinge; 1 Melanopsis.

12

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

Floor Deposit (Locus 808) POTTERY One cataloged vessel, probably in use at the time of the destruction, and 51 sherds, weighing 0.78 kg, were collected from this deposit.23 The largest percentage of sherds, 49.99%, belongs to cups. The total number of vessels represented is estimated at 14, 57.14% of which are cups. Pithos: IB.436 (P 765). CERAMIC OBJECTS Fragmentary work slab with hole: IC.53 (C 75). Loomweight: IC.134 (C 101).

MINERALS AND ROCKS24 44 quartz granules: IC.555 (M 504). SHELL 1/2 Patella—1 MNI; 0/1 Murex—body; 1 Conus— tiny. MARINE INVERTEBRATE Paracentrotus—1 spine. BOTANICAL REMAINS25 1 Ficus carica (mineralized); 0/1 cf. spore. WOOD26 5 Olea europaea.

Room 4, Main Workroom (Figs. 4, 7, 9–11, 13; Pls. 2C, 3–5) The excavation of Room 4 began at an elevation of +5.50–5.27 m (Fig. 9). Because of its size and location right in the path of the modern road, it was excavated in a number of different trenches in two different seasons. The western part of the room lay in Trench 800, the eastern part in Trench 700, the northwest corner in Trench 200, and the northeast corner in Trench 100 (Fig. 3). A hard, thin layer of yellowish red soil (5YR 4/6), the modern road surface, lay across these trenches. The tops of the room’s north and south walls lay at the modern road level, and stones fallen from the walls, intermingled with green schist slabs from the roof, lay right below surface at an elevation of +5.28–4.60 (Loci 116.1, 211, 702, 705, 801.1, 804; Fig. 9). Stone tools and bronze waste material lay in this fill toward the eastern side of the room (Locus 702.2). More schist slabs with a layer of crushed purple schist, probably from packing around the slabs, and numerous fragments of olive wood from ceiling beams, lay below at +5.08– 4.57 in a reddish brown soil (5YR 3/4), which contained disintegrated mudbrick and also included many objects from the floor (Loci 116.2, 213.1 part IV, 710, 805.1, 810.1 and 2). Subadult skeletal remains were scattered around the south side of the room at this level (Loci 710, 805.1) and probably belonged to an intrusive LM III burial (see Grave 6, Chap. 4).27 The main floor deposit lay beneath in a dark brown soil (5YR 3/4–7.5YR 4/4), which rested on top of bedrock at an elevation

of +4.65–4.47 (Loci 116.3, 213.2, 712, 715, 805.2, 810.3, 812). Different features in the room associated with this floor were excavated as different loci (Loci 213.1, 711, 717, 718, 719). Room 4 was one of the main activity rooms and the largest room in the building (Figs. 7, 11, 13; Pls. 2C, 3–5). It measures ca. 5.02 by 5.71 m and was provided with a wooden column that stood near the center of the room on an irregular limestone slab.28 Fragments of oak charcoal found near this slab may have belonged to this column, or perhaps to the roof beam that it supported. The room’s walls are preserved only to a maximum height of 1.03 m,29 but many of its other features are still intact. Two stone platforms, both stepped at two levels, stand opposite each other, one in the northwest corner (Locus 213.1; Pls. 3B, C) and the other in the southeast corner of the room (Locus 711; Pls. 3A, 5A). The one in the northwest is larger, measuring ca. 1.30 by 1.76 by 0.37 m. Its lower part lies to the east and is faced with narrow upright slabs, two stones, and one mudbrick. It rises ca. 0.20 m above a small paved area, which lies at floor level to its east. The upper part, which is built against the walls in the northwest corner of the room, rises ca. 0.15 m above the lower. The paved floor area to the east of the platform is the only floor area in the room that is not bedrock or soil, and one of the slabs in this pavement (IC.404; GS 1314) shows traces of grinding and was used as a quern (Fig. 11). The southeast platform is slightly higher,

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING A

measuring ca. 0.86–1.10 by 1.26 by 0.48 m. Its higher part is built against the walls in the southeast corner of the room and also rises ca. 0.15 m above the lower part of the platform that lies to its north. A large pit, ca. 0.96 by 1.26 m wide and 0.50 m deep, was cut out of bedrock along the northwest side of this platform (Loci 718, 719; Pls. 5C, D), and a low stone bench is located just to its west against the south wall of the room.30 A U-shaped bin, ca. 1.10 m deep and 0.54 to 0.82 m wide, built with low stone walls with an opening to the north, is located against the east wall of the room (Locus 717). The room was used primarily as a workshop for stone vase making, bronze working, and perhaps some textile working. It was used to a lesser degree for eating and drinking. Three large pithoi and two amphoroid jars stood in the room to store material that was probably needed for these activities (Fig. 11). One of the jars (IB.424; P 498; Pl. 5B) had fallen from the top step of the southeast platform and was wedged, still intact, in the narrow space between the platform and the bench along the south wall. The other (IB.425; P 777; Pl. 4B) had fallen on its side outside the doorway to Room 7 in the southwest corner of the room and came to rest in a shallow depression in the bedrock floor; it probably once sat on a small stone slab that lay against the west wall of the room just outside the doorway to Room 7. Two fine jugs were found with it in front of the doorway. These vases included a well-preserved jug with trefoil mouth (IB.331; P 584) and a beak-spouted jug (IB.307; P 58), which was broken into small pieces. Three other pithoi (IB.439, IB.437, IB.438; P 776, 768, 770), all smashed by roof collapse or some other agency, were scattered in clumps to the west, north, and east of the column in the center of the room (Pl. 4A). Only the upper half of each pithos was being used because each one lacks its lower body and base; each pithos was probably set in the soil floor and made use of it for a base. A stone table (IC.412; GS 1389) lay between the western of these, IB.439 (P 776), and the adjacent column. Part of another beak-spouted jug (IB.308; P 109) lay near the pithoi on the eastern side of the column. It was also badly broken, and the other half of the jug was found some distance away on the other side of the doorway leading into the adjacent Room 7. The decoration on the jug was badly eroded, but it was

13

once nicely painted with a reed motif. A tripod cooking pot (IB.490; P 95) lay on the floor in front of the doorway to Room 8, but without any traces of a hearth beneath it. A number of conical cups (IB.3, IB.8, IB.9, IB.28, IB.39; P 61, 111, 116, 235, 247) sat on the lower part of the northwest platform and another (IB.50; P 468) lay on the pavement to its east. One of these cups (IB.8; P 111) was burned on its rim and had served as a lamp. Another conical cup lamp (IB.2A; P 60), found at the foot of the southeast platform, probably sat on the lower step of that platform, lighting the opposite corner of the room. Part of a small bowl (IB.263; P 59), which may have been imported from the Cyclades, also lay in the southeast area of the room. A badly broken alabastron (IB.303; P 3208) lay on the floor in front of the southern bench with a small stone bead (IC.208; S 261). A relatively large amount of pottery lay in the floor accumulation, 1120 sherds, with 38.58% belonging to drinking and pouring vessels, including cups, bowls, and jugs, and 8.76% belonging to cooking vessels. People may have been consuming food and drink in the room, but there was no evidence for cooking fires, and relatively few mammal bones or edible shellfish were present. The cooking pot IB.490 (P 95) looks as if it was carried into the room after its contents had been cooked elsewhere. The evidence for stone vase manufacture consists mainly of two unfinished stone vases and one unfinished stone weight. An unfinished calcite vase (IC.169; S 100) lay by the bench against the south wall. It had been worked into the shape of a jar with sloping sides, and part of its bowl had been hollowed out; it shows signs of pecking on top and bottom, but no drill marks. Before the interior drilling began, the stone broke along one side and was set aside, perhaps to be reworked into a smaller shape. A rectangular block of serpentinite (IC.596; GS 965), which probably belonged to another unfinished stone vase, lay on the pavement to the east of the northwest platform. It had only been roughly blocked out and might have been intended for any of a number of different shapes. A biconical perforated weight (IC.318; GS 329) was not yet pierced, and it was discarded in the pit at the southeast corner of the room, but not before it was put to use as a hammerstone and pounder. A number of

14

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

stone tools found in the room were probably used for stone vase making. They include hammerstones (IC.306, IC.319; GS 326, 487) or handstones (IC.331, IC.339, IC.340; GS 330, 331, 332), including four that had been discarded in the pit at the southeast corner of the room, and three fossil asteroids. One of the asteroids (IC.212; S 37) lay just outside the bin in the northeast corner of the room; another (IC.213; S 49) lay on the floor toward the opposite corner of the room; and a third (IC.211; S 25) had been discarded in the garbage pit. All three fit in the palm of one’s hand, and the underside of the fossil has a natural circular indentation, which would allow it to serve as a cap stone to hold a drill in place. A relatively large amount of quartz granules (IC.551; M 500), which may have been used in the manufacturing process, lay scattered on the floor. A fragment of a serpentinite vase (IC.185; S 32), which may be manufacturing residue, was discarded in the rubbish pit; the stone table (IC.412; GS 1389) lying to the west of the column, which was broken with one of its corners missing, may have been another discard. The evidence for bronze working consists primarily of the large amount of copper and bronze scrap (IC.287, IC.290, IC.296; CA 168, 176, 220) and waste (IC.253, IC.257, IC.266; CA 169, 175, 204) in the room. It lay scattered in many locations, but much of the waste had also been collected and placed on top of the northwest platform. The scrap and waste together weighed more than 100 g. A small fragment of a copper ingot (IC.244; CA 221) lay just outside the bin in the northeast corner of the room. It weighed 29.3 g. A lead weight (IC.297; Pb 6) was located inside this bin and may have been used to weigh the metal used in the room. A small pumice tool (IC.364; GS 676) discarded in the pit at the southeast corner of the room was used to polish bronze blades, and two stone polishers in the northeast corner of the room (IC.378, IC.370; GS 501, 954) may also have been used to polish bronze objects after casting. Forty small pumice balls (IC.526; M 403) lying around the room were perhaps being saved so they could be used as abrasives for polishing bronze or stone objects. Part of a hinge with its loop still preserved (IC.286; CA 167) was found in the pit at the southeast corner of the room, but there was no other evidence for finished products.

Evidence for making textiles in the room is not as strong. It consists mainly of six clay loomweights and a naturally perforated stone weight, which lay on the floor of the room. Four of the ceramic weights lay around the platform in the southeast corner, one in front of it to the north (IC.151; C 25) and three underneath IB.424 (P 498) in the narrow space between the platform and the bench to its west (IC.130, IC.88, IC.92; C 26, 27, 61). Two others (IC.152, IC.127; C 63, 559) lay toward the southwest corner of the room with the stone weight (IC.441; GS 1159). A flat clay tool (IC.86; C 493) found in the adjacent pit might have been used in working a loom. Fragments of two obsidian blades (IC.503; CS 255) found inside the bin against the east wall and inside IB.331 (P 584) may have belonged to blades once used in working textiles. Red and yellow ocher, found near the surface above the room (IC.580; M 601) and on the floor in the southeast corner of the room (IC.579; M 600), may have been kept for dye. The three pebbles of red ocher (IC.579; M 600) were found with a clay work slab (IC.55; C 134), and any of the clay slabs found in the room as well as the stone table (IC.412; GS 1389) may have provided grinding surfaces for these pebbles. The bin against the east wall of the room was designed for storage, although little remained inside besides the obsidian blade and lead weight. Several objects found just to its north in the northeast corner of the room, including two stone polishers (IC.378, IC.370; GS 501, 954), may once have been stored here. The pit in the southeast corner of the room was clearly being used for refuse, and the greatest concentration of finds in the room came from here. In addition to the fossil asteroid, stone vase fragment, broken hinge, and clay tool mentioned above, the finds included the following: an assortment of stone tools (IC.306, IC.318, IC.331, IC.339, IC.340; GS 326, 329–332), which had been used as hammerstones and grinders; more than 1400 small pumice balls (IC.527; M 404), which would have made good abrasive and polishing tools; a broken clay work slab (IC.54; C 99); and broken pottery, including many fragmentary conical cups and a squat alabastron (IC.304; P 650). A few mammal, fish, and shell remains also lay in the pit. The array and density of material suggests that the pit served as a refuse dump for material discarded by

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING A

workers. It was filled to the brim, and the depression in the rock floor in the southwest corner of the room may have been the start of a second refuse pit. Room 4 also provided access to other rooms in the complex. A second doorway in its west wall led to Room 7, at the southwest corner of the complex, and a third in its north wall led to another important activity room, Room 1.

Surface above Rooms 4, 7, and 8 MINERALS AND ROCKS Red and yellow ocher: IC.580, M 601 (801.1). STONE31 Biconically perforated weight: IC.430, GS 311 (801.1). MAMMAL 1 bone—skull fragment. SHELL 7 Patella; 1 Murex—broken; 0/8 Charonia—3 columella, 5 body, possibly 2 MNI; 38 Cerithium— 5 with mouths; 1 Euthria; 2 Spondylus—1 upper (waterworn), 1 lower; 1 Arca—fresh, complete, R; 1 Lima hians—small/medium, broken distal.

Wall and Roof Collapse32 COPPER ALLOY Scrap: IC.288, CA 170 (702.2). STONE Obsidian blade: IC.515, CS 311 (805.1). SHELL 1 Patella—large (810.1). BOTANICAL REMAINS 2 Ficus carica (mineralized), 1 spore (710); 0/13 Olea europaea stones + 0/3 cf. Olea sp., 1 Graminae, 0/5 cf. fruit flesh, 15 spores, 15 Ignota + 1 Ignota— stalk (805.1). WOOD 1 Prunus sp. (710), 20 Olea europaea (805.1), 15 Olea europaea (213.1 pt. IV), 2 Olea europaea (810.1).

Floor Deposit POTTERY Eighteen and a half cataloged vessels and 1120 sherds, weighing 10.80 kg, were collected in this deposit. The largest percentage of sherds, 35.87%, belongs to cups, the next largest, 9.30%, to cooking vessels. The total number of vases represented is estimated at 113.5,

15

49.98% of which are cups. Seventeen and a half of the cataloged vessels were probably in use at the time of destruction and are listed first here, while IB.263 (P 59) and the pottery in the pit, IB.304 (P 650) and IB.286 (P 3209), had been discarded and are listed separately.33 In Use: 5 conical cups: IB.3, IB.9, IB.28 (P 61, 116, 235), IB.39 (P 247; 213.1), IB.50 (P 468; 213.2). 2 conical cup lamps: IB.2A (P 60; 715), IB.8 (P 111; 213.1). 2 beak-spouted jugs: IB.307 (P 58; 805.2), IB.308 (P 109; 712, 715, and 807). Jug with trefoil mouth: IB.331 (P 584; 805.1). 2 amphoroid jars: IB.424 (P 498; Pl. 5B; 710), IB.425 (P 777; Pl. 4B; 805.1). 3 pithoi: IB.437 (P 768; 805.3), IB.438 (P 770; 710), IB.439 (P 776; Pl. 4C; 805.2 and 3). Tripod cooking pot: IB.490 (P 95; 812). Tall alabastron: IB.303 (P 3208; 810.2). Fragmentary: Open vessel, probably an imported bowl: IB.263 (P 59; 715). CERAMIC OBJECTS 6 loomweights: IC.151 (C 25; 710), IC.130, IC.88, IC.92 (C 26, 27, 61; 712.1), IC.152, IC.127 (C 63, 559; 805.1). 2 fragmentary work slabs: IC.55 (C 134; 710), IC.57 (C 490; 213.1). COPPER ALLOY Ingot fragment: IC.244 (CA 221; 116.3). Scrap: IC.287 (CA 168; 116.3), IC.290 (CA 176; 213.1). Scrap, 2 rivets: IC.296 (CA 220; 116.3). Waste: IC.253 (CA 169; 812), IC.257 (CA 175; 213.1), IC.266 (CA 204; 116.3). MINERALS AND ROCKS 40 pieces of pumice: IC.526 (M 403; 710, 715, and 810). 83 quartz granules: IC.551 (M 500; 710 and 805). 3 red ocher pebbles: IC.579 (M 600; 710). STONE Unfinished vase: IC.169 (S 100; 712.1). Bead: IC.208 (S 261; 810). Raw material/serpentinite cobble: IC.596 (GS 965; 213.2). Table with feet: IC.412 (GS 1389; 812).

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MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

Grinder/hammerstone: IC.319 (GS 487; 812). Grinder/whetstone: IC.345 (GS 905; 810.2) 2 polishers: IC.378 (GS 501; 116.2), IC.370 (GS 954; 116.3). Saddle quern: IC.404 (GS 1314; 213.2). 2 suspension weights: IC.437 (GS 385; 805.2), IC.441 (GS 1159; 812). Obsidian blade fragment inside IB.331 (P 584): IC.515 (CS 311; 805.1). MAMMAL, BIRD, AND REPTILE (116.2, 213.1–2, 710, 712, 715, 805.1–2, 812) 60 bone fragments— Ovis/capra: carpus; Sus: metacarpus V (UF), phalanx 2 (F), shaft; Ovis/ capra or Sus: 4 ribs. Mouse—4 MNI (based on lower canines), 2 vertebra burned. 3 bird bones: carpometacarpus, phalanx 1, 2 shafts (1 thin and burned). Eggshell. Lizard/snake—2 MNI by mandibles. FISH 1 dorsal spine, small (710); 3 otoliths of small/medium Sparidae, 2 otoliths of small Sparidae/Spicara sp., 3 unidentifiable otoliths of very small fish, 1 molar tooth of medium size Sparidae (710 and 805.1–2); 1 right otolith of Spicara sp., 1 caudal vertebra of small Sparidae, 3 unidentifiable fragments of small fish (812). FOSSILS (116.2, 801.3) 2 fossil asteroids: S 37, 49; 0/1 fossil scallop. SHELL (116.2, 710, 715, 805.1–2, 812) 10/31 Patella—1 large (length 0.04075), 10 MNI; 1/52 Monodonta—0/19 burned (2 MNI), 7 MNI unburned, 9 MNI; 0/5 Murex—1 apex, 2 body, 1 distal, 1 waterworn lip, 2 MNI; 0/1 Charonia body fragment, fresh, large; 2 Euthria—complete, open mouth, 2 fresh; 2/2 Columbella—3 MNI; 1 Ceritium—complete, small/medium; 1 Bittium—small; 0/2 Pisania; 0/1 Arca—hinge, fresh; 0/1 Cerastoderma—distal fragment, fresh, medium, encrusted. MARINE INVERTEBRATES (116.2, 710, 715, 805.1–2, 812) Paracentrotus—ca. 25 test fragments, ca. 50 spines, 1 internal fragment; 3 crabs—1 lower, large; Eriphia—4 lower, 2 large, 1 small (6 fragments). LAND INVERTEBRATES many land snails—mainly Helicella, no Eobania.

BOTANICAL REMAINS 0/3 Olea europaea stones + 3 half stones + 0/1 cf. Olea sp., 3/1 spores, 3 Ignota + 1 Type A Ignota and 3 Ignota with reticulate surface (715); 0/3 Olea europaea stones, 2 spores, 4 Ignota (805.2); 0/3 Olea sp. (including 0/1 mineralized), 1/1 Ficus carica (mineralized), 0/1 cf. Ficus carica, 1 Ignota (810.3); 0/6 Olea europaea stones + 0/1 cf. Olea sp., 0/1 cf. Prunus amygdalus, 1 Labiateae, 0/4 cf. spores, 1 ?insect egg (812); 1 Olea europaea stone, 4 Ignota (213.1); 1/2 Olea europaea stones, 5 Ficus carica (mineralized), 0/2 cf. legume, 1 Portulaca sp., 1 Glaucium sp., 29 spores, 2/2 Ignota + 1 Type A Ignota and 1 Ignota with reticulate surface (710). WOOD 2 Olea europaea, 1 Quercus sp. (710), 12 Olea europaea (715); 2 Prunus sp. (805.2); 4 Olea europaea, 6 Quercus sp. (812).

Contents of IB.331 (P 584) MAMMAL AND REPTILE Mouse—mandible fragment, postcranial bones Lizard/snake—2 mandible fragments

Contents of IB.439 (P 776) MAMMAL 1 tooth—probably Ovis/capra. SHELL 0/2 Patella; 0/3 Monodonta; 0/1 Murex—fresh; 0/1 unidentified gastropod.

Room 4 Bin (717) POTTERY Cooking dish fragment. LEAD Weight: IC.297 (Pb 6). STONE Obsidian blade fragment: IC.503 (CS 255). SHELL 0/3 Monodonta; 0/1 unidentified shell—waterworn. BOTANICAL REMAINS 4 Vitis vinifera (mineralized), 1/3 Ficus carica (mineralized), 2 spores, 1/2 Ignota + 3 Ignota with reticulate surface, and 1 Ignota—algae? (mineralized).

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING A

Room 4 Pit

17

MAMMAL 11 bones—Ovis/capra: probable metatarsus shaft (rather thin); 1 small burned fragment (718 and 719).

POTTERY Squat alabastron: IB.304 (P 650; 719). Basin fragment: IB.286 (P 3209; 718). 5 cooking dish fragments (718).

FISH 1 right otolith of Spicara sp. (719).

CERAMIC OBJECTS Circular work slab: IC.54 (C 99; 718). Clay tool: IC.86 (C 493; 718).

FOSSILS Fossil asteroid: S 25 (719); 0/2 fossil scallop (718 and 719).

COPPER ALLOY Hinge: IC.286 (CA 167; 718). MINERALS AND ROCKS 1447 pieces of pumice: IC.527 (M 404; 718, 719). 18 quartz granules: IC.552 (M 501; 719). STONE Cup or bowl fragment: IC.185 (S 32; 718). Hammerstone: IC.306 (GS 326; 718). 3 handstones: IC.331, IC.339, IC.340, (GS 330, 331, 332; 718). Pumice tool for polishing bronze blade: IC.364 (GS 676; 718). Unfinished biconical perforated weight: IC.318 (GS 329; 718).

SHELL 1/2 Patella—2 MNI; 0/2 Monodonta; 0/1 Murex— waterworn fragment; 1 Bittium—has lip; 1 Bivonia/Lemintina—medium-sized (718 and 719). MARINE INVERTEBRATES Paracentrotus—2 spines (718 and 719). BOTANICAL REMAINS 5 spores, 2 Ignota (718); 0/7 Olea europaea stones, 1 spore (719). WOOD 1 Olea europaea (718).

Room 7 (Figs. 4, 7, 8; Pls. 2B, 2C, 3A) Excavation of this room began at +5.32 m in the southwest corner of Trench 800, which was expanded to the west into the area of Trench 1600 in order to encompass the entire room (Fig. 3). Collapsed wall debris with a relatively large number of olive wood fragments lay in a strong brown soil (7.5YR 5/6) immediately beneath surface (Loci 801.2 and 3), and a stone vase lid (IC.180; S 22) lay amid this tumble. A number of green schist plaques lay with the tumble below at +5.08–4.86 m. (Locus 802). The floor deposit was found at an elevation of +4.85–4.65 (Locus 807); it lay just above bedrock in a reddish brown soil (5YR 4/4) that also contained olive charcoal, some preserved in large pieces 0.01 to 0.015 m long. The room is entered at its northeast corner through a doorway, ca. 0.79 m wide, which was provided with a raised, paved threshold (Pl. 2B).34 A small rectangular room, it measures ca. 1.79 by 2 m

and was provided with a level soil floor that lies somewhat higher than the floor in the adjacent Room 4. Its walls are preserved to a maximum height of 0.60 m.35 The bottom part of a large bridge-spouted jar (IB. 338; P 94; Frontispiece) lay on the floor just to the left as one entered (Fig. 8). It lay upside down with its upper part broken and fallen toward the center of the room as if it had fallen from a shelf. Its entire rim was blackened by fire, apparently from wooden debris that had fallen onto the floor. Exquisitely decorated with rows of slanted lilies and crocuses, it is a near replica of a jar that Seager found in Block A in the settlement on the island (HM 5465).36 Unlike that vase, however, it has no red paint and only a small amount of added white was preserved. The rest of the room was relatively uncluttered. A small lid with a knob handle (IB.457; P 574) lay alongside the jar against the east

18

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

wall. The other half of the small beak-spouted jug (IB.308; P 109) found in Room 4 also lay here. A few other vases lay in the southwest corner, including a tripod bowl (IB.253; P 531), a conical cup (IB.10; P 117), a lid or spinning bowl (IB.465; P 509), and a badly broken pyxis (IB.361; P 68). Two other objects from the room, a side-spouted jar (IB.350; P 577) and a portion of a tall alabastron (IB.295; P 63), were very fragmentary and were probably no longer in use at the time of the building’s destruction. Relatively little pottery lay in the floor accumulation, only 138 sherds, and the room was not heavily used. The cluster of finds in the southwest and southeast corners of the room, the disposition of IB.338 (P 94), and the concentration of wood charcoal along the south wall suggest that wooden shelves may have stood against this wall. While a jug, cups, and bowls were present, there was no faunal material in the room and no evidence for cooking. The finds suggest a living space where someone may have slept and also stored a few objects. These items included a relatively large number of quartz crystals (IC.554; M 503) which, together with the two perfectly preserved, stone lids—one found in the wall collapse (IC.180; S 22)—suggest that the person who occupied the room may have had an interest in stone vase making.

Wall and Roof Collapse (801.2 and 3) POTTERY Basin fragment: IB.287 (P 3243). Vat drain fragment: IB.293 (P 3369). Large lid fragment: IB.486 (P 3040).

of sherds, 15.02%, belongs to cups. The total number of vessels represented is estimated at 29.5, 16.40% of which are cups. All but IB.295 (P 63) and IB.350 (P 577) were probably being used at the time of destruction. In Use: Conical cup: IB.10 (P 117). Tripod bowl: IB.253 (P 531). Lid or spinning bowl: IB.465 (P 509). Lid with knob handle: IB.457 (P 574). Beak-spouted jug: IB.308 (P 109; 807 and 712). Bridge-spouted jar: IB. 338 (P 94; Frontispiece). Pyxis: IB.361 (P 68). Fragmentary: Tall alabastron: IB.295 (P 63). Side-spouted jar: IB.350 (P 577). MINERALS AND ROCKS 195 quartz granules: IC.554 (M 503). STONE Circular lid: IC.181 (S 48). FISH 2 otoliths of very small Sparidae. SHELL 0/4 Patella; 0/5 Monodonta—1 apex; 0/1 Bittium—distal end, slightly broken lip, medium. MARINE INVERTEBRATES Paracentrotus—4 spines. BOTANICAL REMAINS 0/12 Olea europaea stones. WOOD 4 Olea europaea.

CERAMIC OBJECT Bat fragment: IC.11 (C 574).

Contents of IB.338 (P 94)

STONE Lid: IC.180 (S 22).

MAMMAL Mouse—2 vertebra burned, 1 MNI.

MAMMAL 2 bones—Ovis/capra: M2 (adult), ?metatarsus shaft.

BIRD Alectoris—distal humerus (2 fragments), distal ulna.

WOOD 20 Olea europaea.

SHELL 1/7 Patella—complete is large, 0/1 burned, 2 MNI; 0/11 Monodonta—0/1 burned, 2 MNI.

Floor Deposit (807)

MARINE INVERTEBRATES Paracentrotus—test fragments, 1 internal piece, spines.

POTTERY Eight and a half vessels and 138 sherds, weighing 1.27 kg, were collected in this deposit. The largest percentage

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING A

19

Room 1, Workroom (Figs. 4, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14; Pls. 6B, 7–9) Room 1 lay in the western part of Trench 100, which was expanded into the easternmost part of Trench 200 (Fig. 3). Its excavation began at an elevation of +5.30–4.47 m with a 1 m wide balk left standing along the western side of the trench (Fig. 9). The uppermost stones in its south wall could be seen at the modern street level, and the outer north wall of the room was exposed along the coast. Excavation uncovered a reddish brown soil (5YR 5/3) full of collapsed wall and roof debris along the southern side of the room at an elevation of +5.17– 4.18 (Locus 101), while modern fill, dumped along the coast to form a shoulder for the modern road, lay to the north at an elevation of +5.30–4.72. The reddish brown soil at the south sloped down underneath this fill toward the coast, and additional roof collapse was found at the north side of the room at an elevation of +4.72–4.50. Crushed purple schist was associated with this roof collapse at the north and also lay beneath the reddish brown soil through most of the room at an elevation of +4.39–4.28, forming a narrow lens 0.04 to 0.10 m thick just above the floor deposit. A large number of oak fragments found in the collapse and a smaller number on the floor beneath indicate that oak beams, not olive, were probably used in the roof construction. The floor deposit lay just above bedrock in a dark brown, hard clay soil (7.5YR 4/6) at an elevation of +4.30–4.14 m.37 The balk drawn along the western side of the room maintains a record of this stratigraphy (Fig. 9). The floor deposit was excavated in three different sections: the area beneath the balk along the western side of the room (Locus 113), the area to its east (Locus 111), and a final pass down to bedrock across the whole room (Locus 114). The room was another of the principal activity rooms in the building (Figs. 12, 14; Pls. 6B, 7). It is entered through a doorway at its southwest (Locus 115) located in the north wall of Room 4. Ca. 0.66 m wide, it was provided with a paved limestone step that led down from the higher floor level of Room 4 to the lower level of Room 1.38 The room measures ca. 3 by 3.14 m and has two low benches, one against its west wall and another L-shaped bench located against the south and east walls.39 A low, flat stone stands in front of each bench. It provided a

working surface for anyone who sat here.40 The floor of the room consisted of a hard packed, light brown soil (7.5YR 6/4) over the original bedrock floor, except just inside the entrance and along the eastern side where bedrock was exposed. The south and west walls of the room were the best preserved, standing to a maximum height of ca. 0.97 m above floor level, while the north wall, badly damaged by coastal erosion, was the poorest preserved, with only two or three courses still standing.41 A doorway ca. 0.66 m wide, at the northwest corner of the room, led down over a crudely paved step to still another activity area that lay along the north side of the building.42 The western bench and stone work table are placed in front of this doorway, but they may have been situated here to take advantage of light that came into the room. The outermost area along the north side of the building is almost completely destroyed by coastal erosion, and very little soil cover lay above this area (Pl. 12C). A narrow strip of the area’s floor still survived at an elevation of +4.02–3.70 m along what was once the south side of the area. This area included a landing of hard soil and small, flat stones preserved just outside the doorway and part of a plaster floor running to the east along the outer side of the north wall of Room 1. Although little of the area’s floor was preserved to the west, the area extended in this direction alongside Room 2 as well, as shown by important finds in one of two small stone lined pits placed against the base of the northern wall of Room 2.43 A stone projecting north from the original northwest corner of the building defines the western limits of the area and its southwest corner. If it extended all along the outer sides of Rooms 1 and 2, then this outer space would have been ca. 6.60 m long. It is unclear how wide it could have been, but certainly not more than a couple of meters because the bedrock drops sharply off toward the coast at this point. It was probably left open toward the sea, as there is no space for an additional wall to the north. In this case, it would have formed an open portico or shed along this side of the building (Fig. 5). Metal working appears to have been one of the two main activities carried out in Room 1 and the

20

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

destroyed area to its north, as well as Room 4. The raw material for this industry was found in two locations in this part of the building. In the destroyed area along the north side of the building (Fig. 17; Pl. 12D), two bronze bowls (IC.279, IC.280; CA 19, 18) were placed in a stone-lined pit against the south wall of the area just to the west of the doorway from Room 1. IC.280 (CA 18) was placed inside IC.279 (CA 19), and a broken handle (IC.285; CA 165), casting debris (IC.249, IC.250; CA 21.1, 21.2), and fifteen copper ingot fragments (IC.226–240; CA 20.1–20.15) were placed inside IC.280 (CA 18). Although it was possible to reconstruct the two bowls, one of which is actually a lekane (IC.279; CA 19), both were broken and incomplete. The whole deposit formed a small foundry hoard of used objects and new ingot pieces that was being stored to cast into new objects. The hoard weighed more than 3.5 kg and was by far the largest collection of metal in any part of the building. Two larger hoards have also been found in houses in the main settlement on the island, and they demonstrate the importance of recycling in Minoan metallurgy.44 Another fragment of copper ingot (IC.241; CA 82) weighing 95 g lay on the south bench of Room 1 (Fig. 12). A small piece of iron-bearing clay (IC.166; C 488), which was perhaps intended to serve as flux, was being saved in the northeast corner of the room. Because no waste or spill of the sort found in Room 4 was found here, the actual casting probably occurred elsewhere. Such waste, which falls onto the ground during casting or is left in the crucible afterward (IC.249, IC.250; CA 21.1, 21.2), was saved with the foundry hoard outside the room. This area, where the sea wind provided ventilation, would have been a good location for casting metals. A scuttle (IB.609; P 74) lay just inside the southwest doorway of Room 1 and, because there was no evidence for hearths or cooking in the room, it may have been used to carry coals from some other location in the building to the casting area outside. Among the objects used for metal working inside the room are two clay molds that sat side by side on the northwestern bench (IC.30, IC.31; C 94, 95; Pl. 9C). They were used for casting a pair of handles for a large bronze bowl, like that found in House C.4 on the island.45 What might be part of a small stone mold (IC.168; S 44), perhaps unfinished, but designed for casting a rivet to be used with these

handles, or others like them, was found on the opposite side of the room. Unlike the stone mold, which is a two-piece mold, the clay molds are closed and have pouring holes at the top. The molten metal was poured into these molds, allowed to set, and then the mold itself was broken; they could be used only once. The molds are horseshoe shaped, a maximum of 0.076 m wide, and round in section; each has a circular channel on the interior ca. 0.01 m in diameter with a solid round bar that crosses the channel to create the hole for a rivet. The ends of the handles cast in these molds would have been hammered after casting and then attached to the rim of the bowl with rivets.46 A similar handle with one rivet still intact (IC.285; CA 165) lay in the foundry hoard just outside the room. Six stone tools found in the room, including a burnisher (IC.381; GS 504), two polishers (IC.360, IC.368; GS 507, 945), two piercers (IC.397, IC.398; GS 802, 832), a whetstone (IC.409; GS 944), and a grinder (IC.346; GS 950) suggest that metal objects may have been brought back into the room after casting to be hammered or polished. A hematite cobble (IC.429; GS 935) found in the doorway between Rooms 1 and 4 may have served as a balance weight to weigh metals before they were cast. Other objects found in Room 1 indicate that stone vase makers were working here. These items include an amphibolite drill guide (IC.389; GS 272) found alongside the stone table in front of the south bench, and an amphibolite grinder (IC.359; GS 506) found alongside the stone table in front of the northwest bench. Both look as if they may have rolled off these tables onto the floor. Number IC.389 (GS 272) was used as a wedge to hold a rotary drill in place, and a cylindrical amphibolite core (IC. 446; GS 526; Pl. 9D) from such a drill was actually found with it. It represents the residue of the manufacturing process. Pieces of pumice found in the room (IC.523; M 400) and in the doorway to Room 4 (IC.524; M 401) as well as pieces of quartz crystal located here (IC.400; GS 1282) were probably retained to serve as abrasives in the drilling process. The stone vase makers probably sat on these benches and spun their drills at these stone tables (Fig. 14). They may have used the fossil asteroids found in Room 4 as capstones for their drills, and they may have produced the lid of a serpentinite vase (IC.178; S 3) and the fragment of a limestone bowl (IC.186;

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING A

S 36) that lay along the northeast side of the room. Many of the stone tools found in the room could have been used for stone working as well as metal working. Also found in this room were two large pithoi and six smaller storage jars, some of which may have stored materials used in the manufacturing processes. Other vases, including cups, jugs, alabastra, and strainers, which had no clear relationship to these manufacturing activities, were also found in the room and suggest that workers paused to eat and drink in the room. The objects were located along the north and west sides of the room, leaving the work area in the southeast open and unencumbered. The pithoi, both smashed, lay opposite each other, one (IB.433; P 131) with its lid (IB.484; P 108; Pl. 9B) just inside the southwest doorway, and the other (IB.434; P 132; Pl. 8B) scattered over the northeast corner of the room. The smaller jars included four hole-mouthed jars (IB.390, IB.391, IB.395, IB.402; P 62, 79, 461, 2585), sitting in front of the bench at the northwest corner of the room, and two piriform jars (IB.413, IB.417; P 418, 511) located towards the western side of the room. Number IB.417 (P 511), which stood against the west wall at the foot of the northwest bench (Pl. 9A), was marked with a pot mark, perhaps a linear sign, incised on its shoulder before firing. It resembles a branch, similar to sign AB 04, with two lines at its base,47 and may have served as an ideogram, perhaps indicating the contents of the vase.48 A third, piriform vase (IB.411; P 76) lay above floor level in the wall and roof collapse near the center of the room. It was broken evenly toward its base so that only the upper two-thirds of the vase was being used; it may have been serving as a chimney pot in the roof.49 Among the other vases in the room were five jugs, including three undecorated jugs (IB.317, IB.329, IB.336; P 77, 78, 270) and two fancy beakspouted jugs with characteristic LM IB decoration (IB.309, IB.310; P 118, 416). Numbers IB.310 (P 416; Pl. 9A) and IB.336 (P 270; Pl. 8D) stood against the west wall, IB.309 (P 118) and IB.329 (P 78; Pl. 9B) in front of the northwest bench, and IB.317 (P 77) in the northeast corner of the room. Number IB.310 (P 416) held the remains of Spicara and may have been used to hold a fish broth. Two conical cups (IB.6, IB.155; P 75, 3161) lay with the jugs along the western side of the room.

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Two alabastra also lay here, one (IB.297; P 271; Pl. 9B) with an unusual, torsion decoration, and another (IB.298; P 463) with a close parallel among the LM IB pottery found by Seager on Pseira.50 A lid or spinning bowl (IB.464; P 417; Pl. 8D) and a fragmentary scuttle (IB.611; P 801) lay near the southwest doorway on this side of the room. A strainer decorated with a frieze of crocuses on its shoulder and horizontal bands below (IB.357; P 272; Pl. 8A) lay in the northeast corner. It had fallen on its side and was full of soil that was pock marked with small holes, probably the negative impressions of olives that were once being stored in the strainer (Pl. 8C).51 Other vases in the western part of the room, which were very fragmentary and probably no longer in use at the time of the building’s destruction, include parts of a large closed vessel (IB.327; P 45), possibly a bridge-spouted jug, other pieces of which lay in the adjacent Room 2; a beak-spouted jug (IB.316; P 3164); parts of a vat base and drain (IB.269, IB.292; P 143, 3142); and a decorated LM IB sherd (IB.631; P 2529). In the northeast corners, part of a strainer (IB.356; P 251), a scuttle (IB.615; P 3141), and other decorated sherds (IB.638; P 2890) were found. The floor accumulation contained a large amount of pottery, 4253 sherds, weighing 30.38 kg; this was the largest amount found in any room of the building and testifies to the room’s heavy use during the building’s history. Of these sherds, 11.84% are cooking vessels, even though there was relatively little faunal material in the room and no sign of hearths. Thus, while food and drink may have been consumed here, they were prepared elsewhere.

Surface POTTERY Conical cup: IB.23 (P 228; 100).

Wall Collapse between Rooms 1 and 3 SHELL 6 Patella; 1 Monodonta—open apex; 0/7 Murex—4 MNI; 12 Cerithium—7 open mouth; 0/6 Charonia—1 siphonal notch, 3 body, 1 lip, 1 columella; 2 Arcularia; 1 Bittium—small; 1 Pisania; 1 Glycymeris, fresh.

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MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

Wall Collapse between Room 1 and Outer Destroyed Room MAMMAL 1 bone—Sus proximal metatarsus IV (R, adult).

Wall and Roof Collapse over Room 1 (101) POTTERY Piriform jar: IB.411 (P 76). STONE Hammerstone/grinder: IC.323 (GS 925). 2 obsidian blades: IC.495, IC.496 (CS 238, 239). SHELL 1 Patella; 0/1 Monodonta; 0/1 Murex—body, fresh; 4 Cerithium—3 open mouth, 1 broken lip; 0/2 Charonia—0/2 columella; 1 Eriphia. WOOD 50 Quercus sp.

Floor Deposit POTTERY Thirty-four cataloged vessels and 4253 sherds, weighing 30.38 kg, were collected in this floor deposit. 43.65% of the sherds are cups, including one body fragment decorated with a LM IA closed spiral. 11.84% are cooking vessels. The total estimated number of vessels represented is 300, 54.64% of which are cups. At least 21 cataloged vessels appear to have been in use at the time of destruction and are listed first in the following inventory; those that were probably not in use are listed at the end. In Use: Conical cup: IB.6 (P 75; 113.4). Lid or spinning bowl: IB.464 (P 417; Pl. 8D; 113.3). 2 tall alabastra: IB.297 (P 271; Pl. 9B; 113.4); IB.298 (P 463; 113.4). Jug: IB.336 (P 270; Pl. 8D; 113.3). Collared jug: IB.317 (P 77; 111.1). 2 beak-spouted jugs: IB.309 (P 118; 113.4); IB.310 (P 416; Pl. 9A; 113.4). Jug with trefoil mouth: IB.329 (P 78; Pl. 9B; 113.4). Strainer: IB.357 (P 272; Pl. 8A; 111.1). 4 hole-mouthed jars: IB.390, IB.395 (P 62, 461; 113.4); IB.391, IB.402 (P 79, 2585; 113.3). 2 piriform jars: IB.413, IB.417 (P 418, 511; Pl. 9A; 113.4).

2 pithoi: IB.433 (P 131; 113.4); IB.434 (P 132; Pl. 8B; 111.2). Large lid: IB.484 (P 108; Pl. 9B; 113.4). 2 scuttles: IB.609, IB.611 (P 74, 801; 113.4). Fragmentary: One-handled conical cup: IB.155 (P 3161; 113.4). Rounded cup: IB.222 (P 3139; 113.3). Basin: IB.269 (P 143; 113.4). Vat drain: IB.292 (P 3142; 113.4). Beak-spouted jug: IB.316 (P 3164; 113.3). Strainer: IB.356 (P 251; 111.1).52 Scuttle: IB.615 (P 3141; 114.1). Closed vessel, possibly a bridge-spouted jug: IB.327 (P 45; 113.4, A.2.212). 2 decorated sherds: IB.631 (P 2529; 113.3); IB.638 (P 2890; 111.2). Cooking dish: IB.544 (P 1908; 113). 2 cooking trays: IB.588, IB.589 (P 1906, 1907; 113). CERAMIC OBJECTS 2 molds: IC.30, IC.31 (C 94, 95; Pl. 9C; 113.4). flux? IC.166 (C 488; 111.2). COPPER ALLOY Ingot fragment: IC.241 (CA 82; 113.4). MINERALS AND ROCKS 2 pieces of pumice: IC.523 (M 400; 111, 114). STONE Lid: IC.178 (S 3; 111.1). Bowl fragment: IC.186 (S 36; 111.2). Mold fragment: IC.168 (S 44; 111.2). Grinder: IC.346 (GS 950; 114.1). Burnisher: IC.381 (GS 504; 114.1). 2 polishers: IC.360, IC.368 (GS 507, 945; 111.2). Piercer/engraver: IC.398 (GS 832; 113.3). Drill guide: IC.389 (GS 272; 114.1). Grinder: IC.359 (GS 506; 111.2). Drill core: IC.446 (GS 526; Pl. 9D; 113.4). Piercer/engraver: IC.397 (GS 802; 114.1). Whetstone: IC.409 (GS 944; 111.1). SHELL 0/2 Murex (111.1). BOTANICAL REMAINS 1 Ficus carica (mineralized), 2 spores (111); 1 Ficus carica (mineralized) (113).

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING A

WOOD 13 Quercus sp. (111), 18 Leguminosae, Genista cf. (114).

Contents of IB.411 (P 76) SHELL 0/3 Monodonta; 0/1 Murex—waterworn, columella/distal, medium/large; 0/1 Bittium—distal end, open lip, fresh, medium.

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Destroyed Northern Room (203) COPPER ALLOY 15 ingot fragments: IC.226–240 (CA 20.1–20.15; Pl. 12D). Bowl: IC.280 (CA 18; Pl. 12D). Lekane: IC.279 (CA 19; Pl. 12D). Waste: IC.249, IC.250 (CA 21.1, 21.2). Handle: IC.285 (CA 165). STONE Obsidian core fragment: IC.459 (CS 241).

BOTANICAL REMAINS 0/2 Olea europaea stones. WOOD 2 Olea europaea, 2 Quercus, sp.

Doorway between Rooms 1 and 4 (115) MINERALS AND ROCKS 2 pieces of pumice: IC.524 (M 401). 2 quartz fragments, perhaps abrasives or engravers: IC.400 (GS 1282).

Contents of IB.310 (P 416) FISH 1 caudal vertebra from cf. Spicara.

STONE Balance weight: IC.429 (GS 935).

Room 2 (Figs. 4, 7, 15–17; Pls. 6A, 10, 11, 12A, 12B) Room 2 lay in Trench 200. Its excavation began at a surface elevation of +5.28 m (Locus 201). The tops of the room’s walls and stones fallen from these walls appeared toward the center of the trench in a reddish brown soil matrix (5YR 5/3), while modern fill associated with the construction of the road appeared to the north as a yellowish red soil (5YR 4/6). Fallen stones were found throughout the room, and green schist plaques from the collapsed roof began to appear at +4.65 m (Loci 205, 208). The concentration of roof slabs was particularly dense here, especially in the northwest and southeast corners of the room where they had fallen at an oblique angle (Fig. 15). The slabs sloped downward from south to north in the southern part of the trench and were intermingled with small pieces of olive charcoal, which probably belonged to ceiling beams, and with a number of objects that were probably once associated with the floor below. Crushed purple schist appeared beneath the slabs in the southern part of the room and fragments of mudbrick survived in the northern part of the room. The floor deposit appeared at an elevation of +4.27–3.85 (Locus 212). It was an unusually thick deposit of

brown soil (10YR 4/3), which rested on a sloping bedrock floor, higher at the south and lower at the north. It was excavated in five separate passes, and because the finds appeared to lie at different levels, highest in the southeast corner of the room and lowest in the northeast, it was also excavated in four different quadrants, part 1 in the southeast, part 2 in the southwest, part 3 in the northwest and part 4 in the northeast. Many joins were later made in the broken pottery which lay in the different passes, and many finds which lay scattered over the floor were clearly no longer in their original positions. The four divisions are retained in the catalog because they are useful for identifying the location of remains. Isolated to the west of Room 1 and the northwest of Room 4, Room 2 appears to have been entered from the roof or from an opening placed in its north wall. Its walls on the east, south, and west are well preserved, standing to a maximum height of 1.15 m,53 while only a few courses of the north wall still stand. None shows any trace of an opening. Surrounded by other rooms on all sides, the room must have been rather dark on the interior, unless it had a

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MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

window or opening to the north, and it is no coincidence that five conical cup lamps (IB.11, IB.12, IB.27, IB.33, IB.112; P 177, 181, 232, 240, 2159) were found in the room, including one, IB.12 (P 181), that burned beeswax as a fuel.54 The room measures ca. 2.26 by 2.92 m. Its floor was originally the uncut schist bedrock that slopes down from the south side of the room where it outcrops at an elevation of +4.16 m to the north side where it lies at an elevation of +3.89–3.71 m. A large basin of calcareous sandstone, ca. 0.35 m high and ca. 0.50 m in diameter, with a channel cut from the bowl through the top of one side (IC.421; GS 446, Pl. 11C), stood in the northeast corner of the room. The room served two or three purposes. It was clearly used for storage, including the cold storage of foodstuffs, large numbers of cups and bowls, and perhaps some of the objects manufactured in the adjacent workrooms. It was also used for food preparation and consumption. The large amount of organic remains preserved on the floor provides graphic evidence for the latter use. It may also have been used as a workroom, at least for the finishing of some of the bronze objects manufactured in the building. The five lamps in the room suggest that people may also have spent the night and lived here. They also seem to have buried an infant in the accumulated floor deposit. The room contained a large amount of floral and faunal material and was perhaps being used as a kitchen area for the entire building. Organic remains included numerous olive stones lying around the basin and also along the north wall and in the northwest corner of the room (Pl. 11D).55 Individual stones sat in holes in the soil here, which resembled a honeycomb, each hole created by the decay of the olive’s pulp. Some of the holes were empty as if the stone itself had decayed, while others held intact and unbroken olive stones. Other olives collected in the area were broken, and it is possible that olives were crushed in the adjacent basin. The basin’s channel is turned toward the interior of the room and may have functioned to draw liquid off from the basin’s bowl where the olives might have been crushed. None of the inventoried stone tools that lay in the room could be associated with this purpose, but some of the pottery could have been used in oil production. Such pottery includes a small, undecorated jug with a tubular

spout (IB.348; P 501) and a tall alabastron decorated with panels, filled with dots (IB.296; P 252), both of which lay alongside the basin in the northeast corner of the room (Fig. 17). The small jug would have been appropriate for pouring oil in small quantities, and the alabastron could have been used for storing small quantities of oil. A fancy stirrup jar (IB.368; P 104), decorated with a running spiral on its shoulder, also lay nearby and would have been used for storing larger quantities. Fragments of a strainer (IB.355; P 145) like the one found in Room 1, which may have held olives, were also scattered in the room. Over 450 mammal bones lay in the room, many concentrated along the north side of the room and along the western wall (Pl. 12B). They included the remains of a minimum of four sheep or goats and two pigs. Many of their bones had been butchered and burned. Various bird and fish bones, one marine crab, and more than fifty marine shells, including many belonging to species known to have been used as food, were also found here. A great deal of cooking went on in the room. One irregular area of dark brown soil (10YR 4/3) with olive charcoal and wood ash was concentrated in the central part of the room, and another area rested on bedrock in the southeast corner of the room; they were the remains of two different hearth areas (Fig. 17). Pieces of charcoal, mostly from olive and almond trees, which probably came from these hearths, were dispersed throughout the floor deposit. Fragments of badly crushed cooking pots (IB.495, IB.496, IB.501, IB.505; P 2322, 2326, 3007, 3171) lay in the area of the central hearth with legume remains, and an inordinately large number of fragmentary cooking dishes and trays were found in all parts of the room. Two scuttles (IB.610, IB.612; P 250, 2308), which were used to transport coals to and from the hearths, were located with the hearth in the southeast corner of the room. The whole floor of the room was also covered with cups and bowls (Fig. 17; Pls. 11A, 11B). The cups included conical, ogival, and one-handled rounded cups and were particularly numerous; about 75 were counted and inventoried, including the five that were being used as lamps.56 They lay in all parts of the room, but those in the southern half of the room were often found in layers, sometimes stacked one inside another, and it seems

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING A

likely that they originally sat on a wooden shelf that stood along the south wall of the room, and spilled out over the floor when the shelf collapsed. Forty-one conical cups are cataloged, including the five lamps and three large cups with handles (IB.150, IB.151, IB.152; P 2156, 2157, 2196). With the exception of one cup whose rim had been hand dipped in slip (IB.15; P 206), letting the slip drip down its sides, and another that shows traces of slip on the interior and exterior (IB.113; P 2160), the conical cups are quite plain and uniform in shape and fabric. The only variation they show is an occasional discoloration of the clay caused by uneven firing in the kiln. There are also sixteen ogival cups including a rare one-handled example (IB.198; P 2303). Many of these were also left undecorated, but most were dipped in slip, creating a monochrome decoration over the whole vase, or just around the rim and dripping down the side of the vase. Both types of cup have a mass-produced and utilitarian character. The one-handled rounded cups on the other hand are much more carefully made. They also tend to be more delicate than the other cups and are often, therefore, more badly broken. Seventeen of these are cataloged, and all are carefully slipped, painted, and burnished. The decoration usually includes bands around the lip and lower part of the vase, sometimes inside as well as outside, and a more complicated motif on the shoulder, such as running or isolated spirals (IB.203; P 500), a stylized foliate band (IB.200, IB.208; P 180, 2186), wavy bands (IB.209; P 2187) or crosshatching (IB.199; P 140). One is especially remarkable (IB.202; P 472) because it seems to depict three ships in what has been interpreted as a religious scene.57 A few of the cups might be dipped just around the rim (IB.214; P 2233) or solidly slipped (IB.201, IB.211; P 470, 2192) like the ogival cups. Nine bowls are also cataloged. Most of these are provided with spouts and horizontal or knob handles and are undecorated. Over 700 small pumice balls lay with these cups and bowls throughout the room; sometimes they appeared as if they were being stored in the cups, although they could have been stored in a number of other vessels which had broken across the floor. There were clearly more cups and bowls in the room than its occupants could possibly have used, and they were presumably stored here for

25

distribution to others. Other types of vases in the room are less numerous and may have been used by the room’s occupants. These include a holemouthed jar (IB.394; P 192; Pl. 12A) as well as the stirrup jars, strainer, and tall alabastron already noted. Still other vases were extremely fragmentary, and although they belong to objects that were probably once used in the room, they were clearly no longer in use at the time of the building’s destruction. This material includes 4313 sherds, weighing 29.02 kg, the second largest amount from any room in the building. Of these, 63.12% belong to cups, suggesting that the storage of cups was always one of the principal functions of the room. A relatively large percentage, 17.97%, belong to cooking vessels, which may suggest that cooking was also a long time activity here. Three sherds (IB.619; P 205) decorated with an octopus in the LM IB marine style probably belong to a stirrup jar that was imported from the area of Knossos. More evidence for bronze working was found throughout the room. It consisted of numerous bits and pieces of bronze waste and scrap (IC.283, IC.251, IC.246, IC.254, IC.255, IC.256; CA 96A, 96B, 172A, 172B, 173, 174) like those found in Room 4, the remains of two open clay molds (IC.33, IC.34; C 502, 503), one with bronze still adhering to its surface, and a small assortment of artifacts, including a fish hook (IC.270; CA 24), two earrings (IC.271; CA 27), a small pointed knife (IC.269; CA 23), one blade from a pair of tweezers (IC.281; CA 38), and a pin (IC.275; CA 97). The artifacts should probably be considered products of the building’s workshop because of their variety. They may have been made somewhere else in the building because so many other activities were going on in this relatively cramped space. The occupants of the room continued to work on bronze products in the room, however, perhaps collecting them from a casting area just to the north and bringing them here to finish them for final distribution. The many pumice balls in the room were being kept for some purpose, and the most likely possibility is that they were intended to be used as abrasives. One pumice ball (IC.455; GS 1279) actually shows traces of wear and may have been used for polishing metal objects, and some of the stone tools (IC.379, IC.380; GS 502, 503) in the room may also have been used as polishers or, in the case of

26

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

the obsidian blades (IC.498, IC.499, IC.500; CS 244, 247, 248), for other finishing purposes. In this case, if the occupants of the room confined their bronze working activities to the finishing of objects, the bronze waste in the room might be thought of as material which they collected and stored along with other bits of scrap for recycling. Unlike most rooms in the building, which were kept relatively clean, the thick floor deposit in this room suggests an accumulation of material over a fairly long period of time. The room’s occupants appear to have taken advantage of this deposit to bury an infant (Grave 8) in the earth at the northern side of the room, in parts 3 and 4. Only one long bone belonging to a subadult skeleton and one incisor survived. These bones are believed to belong to a shallow intramural burial, however, since they were sealed beneath the wall and roof collapse and located in a floor deposit with LM IB pottery that had accumulated over the passage of time to a depth of at least 0.25 m.58

Surface (201)

COPPER ALLOY Hinge: IC.278 (CA 5). LEAD Scrap: IC.301 (Pb 34). STONE Scraper: IC.383 (GS 927). MAMMAL 29 bones— Ovis/capra: 2 skull fragments (1 oculus), proximal radius (F, R, length 31), radius shaft, 3 pelvis fragments (2 Le: 1 only ilium with acetabulum; 1 R, ilium with acetabulum), femur head (probably UF, broken), proximal femur fragment (UF, broken, worn), femur shaft, phalanx 2 (adult); Sus: lower incisor (adult), distal tibia (F, Le, length 27, w. 23.75), tibia shaft (small, R); Ovis/capra or Sus: scapula fragment (side), 2 ribs; Bos-sized shaft fragment. SHELL 1 Monodonta; 0/1 Murex—columella, fresh; 0/1 Charonia—body; 1 Columbella; 0/1 Spondylus— upper valve, distal end; 1 Venus verrucosa—R.

STONE Weight? IC.445 (GS 1318).

BOTANICAL REMAINS Olea europaea stones.

MAMMAL 15 bones— Ovis/capra: mandible (condyle process, Le), ulna (broken proximal, Le), pelvis (part acetabulum and ischium, Le), probable femur shaft, tibia shaft (R), rib; Sus proximal tibia (UF, no epiphysis, not complete, butchered below articulation).

WOOD 16 Olea europaea, 11 Ceratonia siliqua, 2 Platanus sp.

FISH 1 right dentary of Scorpaena sp., 1 basioccipital from cf. Sphyraena sphyraena, 2 caudal vertebrae of Sparisoma cretence, 1 dorsal fin spine of medium size fish. WOOD 12 Ceratonia siliqua; 7 Prunus cf. dulcis, 2 Olea europaea, 1 Arundo donax cf.

Wall and Roof Collapse (205, 208) POTTERY 2 conical cups: IB.20, IB.48 (P 225, 465). Cooking dish fragment. Vat drain fragment: IB.290 (P 3136). CERAMIC OBJECT Mold fragment: IC.33 (C 502).

Floor Deposit (212) POTTERY A total of 129 cataloged vessels and 4313 sherds, weighing 29.02 kg, were collected in this floor deposit. Of the sherds, 63.16% belong to cups and 17.92% to cooking vessels. The total estimated number of vessels represented is 385, 67.55% of which are cups and 11.95% cooking vessels. At least 80 of the cataloged vessels were in use, but a relatively large number of very fragmentary specimens were also cataloged. In Use: 6 conical cups: IB.14, IB.21 (P 201, 226; part 1); IB.32, IB.34 (P 239, 241; Pl. 11A; part 1); IB.49, IB.51 (P 466, 469; part 1). 4 conical cups: IB.15, IB.25, IB.35, IB.113 (P 206, 230, 242, 2160; part 2). 14 conical cups: IB.4, IB.5, IB.13, IB.16, IB.17, IB.22, IB.24, IB.29, IB.31, IB.36, IB.38, IB.47, IB.111, IB.115 (P 69, 73, 190, 215, 220, 227, 229, 236, 238, 243, 245, 464, 2158, 2331; part 3).

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING A

9 conical cups: IB.1, IB.18, IB.19, IB.26, IB.30 (P 44, 221, 224, 231, 237; part 4); IB.37 (P 244; Pl. 12B; part 4); IB.40, IB.116, IB.137 (P 248, 2332, 3370; part 4). Conical cup lamp: IB.33 (P 240; Pl. 11A; part 1). Conical cup lamp: IB.12 (P 181; part 2). One-handled conical cup: IB.151 (P 2157; part 1). One-handled conical cup: IB.152 (P 2196; part 4). 2 conical cup lamps: IB.11, IB.112 (P 177, 2159; part 3). Conical cup lamp: IB.27 (P 232; part 4). 3 ogival cups: IB.159, IB.160, IB.166 (P 156, 164, 197; Pl. 11A; part 1). Ogival cup: IB.162 (P 168; part 2). Ogival cup: IB.165 (P 174; parts 1, 2). 4 ogival cups: IB.161 (P 167; part 3); IB.164 (P 173; Pl. 11B; part 3); IB.183, IB.185 (P 2162, 2231; part 3). 3 ogival cups: IB.158, IB.163, IB.186 (P 146, 171, 2232; part 4). Ogival cup: IB.184 (P 2163; parts 2, 4). Ogival cup: IB.187 (P 2236; all parts). One-handled ogival cup: IB.198 (P 2303; part 2). 2 rounded cups: IB.201 (P 470, 472; part 1). 3 rounded cups: IB.200, IB.209, IB.215 (P 180, 2187, 2304; part 2). 3 rounded cups: IB.210, IB.211, IB.212 (P 2191, 2192, 2193; part 3). 4 rounded cups: IB.199, IB.203, IB.213, IB.214 (P 140, 500, 2230, 2233; part 4). Rounded cup: IB.208 (P 2186; parts 1, 4). Cup: IB.223 (P 198; part 1). 2 bowls with knob handles: IB.242, IB.243 (P 199, 471; Pl. 12A; part 3). Bowl with knob handle: IB.244 (P 2189; part 4). Bowl with horizontal handles: IB.231 (P 2185; part 4). Bowl with horizontal handles: IB.232 (P 2194; part 1). Bowl with horizontal handles: IB.233 (P 2195; part 2). Tall alabastron: IB.296 (P 252; parts 3, 4). Tall alabastron: IB.300 (P 2329; part 1). Collared jug: IB.319 (P 2226; part 3).

27

Hole-mouthed jar: IB.394 (P 192; Pl. 12A; part 3). Stirrup jar: IB.368 (P 104; part 3). Miniature side-spouted jar: IB.348 (P 501; part 4). Lid: IB.479 (P 2338; part 4). 2 scuttles: IB.610, IB.612 (P 250, 2308; part 1). Fragmentary: 2 one-handled conical cups: IB.150 (P 2156; part 3); IB.154 (P 2981; part 2). Ogival cup: IB.189 (P 2314; part 2). Rounded cup: IB.215 (P 2304; part 2). 2 cups: IB.227 (P 2234; part 4); IB.228 (P 2235; part 3). Bowl: IB.238 (P 2333; part 3). “Cooking” bowl: IB.247 (P 2310; part 3). “Cooking” bowl: IB.246 (P 2309; part 4). Basin: IB.271 (P 2327; part 4). Collared jug: IB.320 (P 2229; parts 2, 3). Jug, probably with trefoil mouth: IB.334 (P 2328; parts 3, 4). 2 strainers: IB.355 (P 145; part 1);59 IB.358 (P 467; part 3). Pyxis base: IB.362 (P 2198; part 3). Amphoroid jar: IB.426 (P 2311; part 1). Jar, probably side-spouted: IB.351 (P 2670; part 3). Hole-mouthed jar: IB.401 (P 2320; part 4). Cooking pot: IB.496 (P 2326; part 2). 3 tripod cooking pots: IB.495, IB.501, IB.505 (P 2322, 3007, 3171; part 3). 5 cooking dishes: IB.548, IB.518, IB.519, IB.522, IB.535 (P 2221, 2222, 2224, 2267, 2272, plus 12 other fragments; part 3). Cooking dish: IB.575 (P 2218, plus 5 other fragments; part 2). Cooking dish: IB.550 (P 2274, plus 7 other fragments; part 1). 7 cooking dishes: IB.549, IB.551, IB.552, IB.553, IB.554, IB.555, IB.556 (P 2269, 2279, 2281, 2289, 2291, 2298, 2318, plus 18 other fragments; part 4). Cooking tray: IB.582 (P 474; part 2). Cooking tray: IB.581 (P 187; part 3). Cooking tray (part 4). Marine style sherds: IB.619 (P 205; part 1). Closed vessel, possibly a strainer: IB.626 (P 2330; part 1).

28

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

Closed vessel: IB.618 (P 154; part 2). Closed vessel: IB.627 (P 2334; part 3). Decorated body sherd, closed vessel: IB.628 (P 2335; part 3). Closed vessel: IB.327 (P 45; part 3, A.1.113.4). Decorated sherds: IB.644 (P 3005; all parts). CERAMIC OBJECTS Drain fragment: IC.24 (C 517; part 2). Loomweight: IC.155 (C 230; part 1, 2601.3).60 2 loomweights: IC.153 (C 231; part 1); IC.103 (C 233; part 1). Loomweight: IC.154 (C 237; part 3). Mold fragment: IC.34 (C 503; part 2). Polisher/burnisher: IC.87 (C 505; part 4). Miniature foot amulet: IC.27 (C 20; part 3). COPPER ALLOY Small knife: IC.269 (CA 23; part 4). Fish hook: IC.270 (CA 24; part 3). 2 rings: IC.271 (CA 27; part 4). Tweezers fragment: IC.281 (CA 38; part 4). Pin: IC.275 (CA 97; part 3). Strip: IC.246 (CA 172A; part 1). Hinge: IC.283 (CA 96A; part 4). Waste: IC.254, IC.255, IC.256 (CA 172B, 173, 174; part 1). Waste: IC.251 (CA 96B; part 4). LEAD Scrap: IC.300 (Pb 32; part 3). Scrap: IC.299 (Pb 31; part 4). MINERALS AND ROCKS 705 pieces of pumice: IC.525 (M 402; all parts). STONE Polisher/applicator: IC.379 (GS 502; part 1). Polisher/applicator: IC.380 (GS 503; part 2). Cutter/engraver? IC.399 (GS 1281; part 1). Sandstone basin: IC.421 (GS 446; Pl. 11C; part 4). Pumice tool: IC.455 (GS 1279; part 4). Obsidian core/engraver? IC.460 (CS 243; part 1). Obsidian flake: IC.472 (CS 242; part 3). Obsidian blade: IC.498 (CS 244; part 3). 2 obsidian blades: IC.499 (CS 247, 248; part 4). Obsidian pebble: IC.465 (CS 245; part 3). Obsidian flake: IC.473 (CS 246; part 3). MAMMAL AND REPTILE 450 bones—4 larger burned bones;

Ovis/capra: 60 skull fragments (some butchered pieces): 3 are part of horncore, 1 skull with horncore sawn through (length 0.03275, w. 0.024, Le), temporal, lacrymal, 6 oculus, 6 occipital condyle fragments, atlas fragment, 5 maxilla fragments (3 R: 1 hardly worn P1–3; 1 very worn P2–3 and M1–2; unworn M3 just erupting; 1 very worn down M2–3; Le: worn M3), mandible (6 anterior R: isolated dp4, probably has talon; M1 worn down and M2 erupting/not yet broken surface; P1–3 and M1–3 with M3 all lophs worn down; 6 posterior R: 4 have M3 (1 M3 erupting, lophs 2–3 unworn, 1 lophs 1–2 worn and 3 unworn, 1 lophs 2–3 slightly worn down, 1 all worn down; 3 anterior Le: P1–3 and M1–3, M3 last loph unworn; M3 with only 1st loph worn down), 18 mandible fragments (7 process articularis (4 R, 3 Le, 4 MNI), 12 canines/incisors, 16 premolars (not dp4), 28 molar fragments (=18 teeth with 3 M3 [1 unworn, 2 worn], does not include M3), 22 scapula fragments (2 Le—1 F, butchered on angle behind glenoid, broken probably butchered behind glenoid; 2 R, 2 F), 2 proximal humerus (2 F, 1 Le cut perpendicular to shaft through head; 1 R, F but has fusion line), 5 distal humerus (5 F, 3 Le—1 rather large, 2 cuts on back of Le side of epiphysis; 2 R), tiny distal humerus (R), 4 humerus shaft fragments, 3 proximal radius/ulna (3 F radius, 2 R, 1 F proximal ulna, other R is large and butchered on angle through ulna behind radius; 1 Le is F radius and broken ulna), radius/ulna shaft fragment, 16 radius fragments (2 toward distal end), 6 distal radius (6 F, 4 R, 2 Le, 1 Le, and 1 R rather large), distal ulna fragment, 16 pelvis fragments (3 R, 3 Le based on acetabulum; 1 Le butchered through acetabulum through back), femur shaft (stained green), 4 femur heads (4 F), distal femur (F, R), 2 distal femur condyles (1 butchered through), 2 patella (1 largish, R), 3 proximal tibia (F, but part of line visible, Le; R; 1 fragment), 4 distal tibia (4 F, 3 Le, 1 R), 4 tibia shafts, 4 astragalus (1 R, 3 Le—1 complete, 2 broken [1 ancient, 1 recent]), 3 calcaneus (1 Le, F; 2 R, 1 F, 1 broken distal but adult), naviculocuboid (adult), 9 carpus/tarsus, sesmoid, 4 metacarpus fragments (3 Le, 1 R), 2 metacarpus shafts, 2 distal metacarpus (1 UF with attaching epiphysis, 1 F, 1 has been butchered through epiphysis from back), 7 proximal metatarsus (2 F, 4 R, 3 Le; 1 Le butchered through distal end from back), 4 metatarsus shafts, 9 metapodial fragments (2 distal UF epiphysis fragments, 1 slightly worn), 20 phalanx 1 (2 UF, 15 F, 3 broken; 6 F have been butchered through proximal end, 3 on back of this end), 12 phalanx 2 (12 F), 11 phalanx 3; Sus: upper incisor (adult), mandible (R, P1–3, M1–2 much worn down, M3 partly worn down; M3, length 0.02675, w. 0.01425), anterior mandible (Le, no teeth), lower incisor (adult), molar fragment

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING A

(adult), pelvis fragment (adult), 2 astragalus (2 R, 1 larger, both adult, smaller is worn, 2 MNI), metacarpus II (UF, small, worn); proximal tibia (UF with epiphysis, butchered down shaft, Le) and 11 small burned bones (3 only burned at tips); Ovis/capra or Sus: 98 vertebrae fragments (5 UF vertebrae [1 probably butchered], 2 UF epiphyses attached back-to-back, 2 UF or F, 29 F [3 butchered as between vertebra with 1 also down middle, 1 butchered down middle on angle, 1 butchered through distal spine], 35 spine fragments [5 butchered]), 240 ribs (22 have heads, 11 butchered through head, 1 cut through other end, 1 with 4 cut marks) (4 MNI Ovis/capra; 2 MNI Sus); Canis: astragalus, calcaneus (F) (R, articulating); Rodent—mandible, distal femur; Testudo carapace fragment, large shaft, dims. 0.0265 by 0.0195, burned black/white. BIRD 4 fragments—1 distal ulna. FISH 1 left premaxilla of Pagrus pagrus, 1 right dental of Sphyraena sphyraena, 2 vertebrae of cf. Sparidae, 4 vertebrae of Sphyraena sphyraena.61 SHELL 27/5 Patella—27 MNI; 6/76 Monodonta—4/4 burned, 4 have apex, 21 MNI; 2/6 Murex—0/3 burned, 0/2 waterworn, 2 fresh, 4 fresh MNI; 0/4 Euthria—3 apex, 3 MNI; 0/4 Pisania—1 apex, 3 lip fragments, 3 MNI; 0/2 Bittium—2 distal, 2

29

fresh, 2 broken, 2 MNI; 1 Columbella; 1 Gibbula; 0/1 Fasciolaria—distal; 1 Conus—tiny, waterworn; 1 Erosaria—length 0.023; 0/1 Spondylus— lower valve, one-half hinge, medium; 0/1 ?Beguinea. 0/3 Charonia sequenzae—IC.224 (Sh 29). MARINE INVERTEBRATES Paracentrotus—3 test fragments, 1 spine; 0/2 crab— pincer (small), carapace. BOTANICAL REMAINS 1 cf. Hordeum grain, 1/6 Cerealia, 1/5 Olea europaea stones, 0/2 Olea europaea seeds, 0/1 Olea sp., 0/1 Vitis sp., 4 Ficus carica (mineralized), 1 Lens culinaris s.l., 0/1 Vicia faba—left cotyledon, 1 cf. Lathyrus cicera/sativus—seed (middle pod), 0/6 legume, 2 Ignota (mineralized), 1 spore (all parts); 0/2 fruit flesh (part 1); 0/1 medium legume, 0/1 small legume (part 2); 0/2 Olea europaea stones (part 3); 0/1 Olea europaea stone; 0/1 legume (part 4). WOOD 60 Olea europaea, 8 Platanus sp., 2 Labiatae, 1 Juniperus sp., 5 Quercus sp., 2 Dicotyledonous indet., 2 Pomoideae, 15 Prunus sp., 2 Pinus halepensis.

These six rooms, 8, 4, 7, 1, the destroyed north area, and 2, formed the building’s original core. In time four others were added. Not necessarily in order of construction, they were Rooms 9, 3, 6, and 10.

Room 9 (Figs. 4, 7, 8; Pls. 2A, 13B) Room 9 was excavated in Trench 1900, including a small part along the west side of Trench 200, which was later incorporated into 1900. The excavation began at an elevation of +5.10 and immediately encountered modern fill from the grading of the road and other debris. This fill was quite thick over the room and, even when the room was exposed, modern debris continued to be mixed with collapsed wall and roof debris at an elevation of +4.90–4.51. The collapse was excavated in two parts, that to the east lying immediately beside Room 2 (Locus 204) and a larger area lying to the west (Locus 1909.1). Only one small area of floor deposit survived in the room. It was a deposit of yellowish brown soil

(10YR 5/4) that lay along the base of the south wall at an elevation of +4.50–4.24 (Locus 1912). Sometime after the original construction of Building A, Room 9 was added directly in front and just to the north of its entrance. Its southern wall lay at an angle to the rest of the building and came very close to blocking access to the building’s entrance. It created a sheltered area in front of the entrance, leaving an opening ca. 0.70 m wide at its west and a very narrow space in front of the threshold block of the building’s main doorway. The north side of Room 9 was largely destroyed by coastal erosion. Only one stone of its north wall survives at the northeast corner of the room, and only the southern

30

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

end of its west wall survives. Its south wall remains intact, preserved to a maximum height of 0.84 m,62 and its east wall is the west wall of Room 2. The room, measuring ca. 2.50 m across on its south side, was approximately the same length, north to south, although it narrowed in width toward the north. Its entrance is lost, but in design the room resembled Rooms 3 and 10, which were also added to the original corners of the building, and like these it may not have had a doorway. It had a bedrock floor that sloped gently down to the north. Although only a small part of the room survived, and the evidence is incomplete, the room appears to have been used as a living space, like Room 2, where food was prepared and consumed and where a number of other activities occurred. A large sandstone basin (IC.425; GS 1300) sat in the southwest corner. A fragmentary lamp (IC.29; C 317) and a circular bone bead (IC.216; B 7) lay in its vicinity (Fig. 8). Two conical cups (IB.65, IB.66; P 652, 705), a closed vessel (IB.620; P 691), and a lid or spinning bowl (IB.467; P 651) lay along the wall to the east of the basin. The pottery accumulation, 752 sherds, weighing 6.65 kg, is not large, but it is concentrated in the small remaining area of the room. It represents only a small fraction, perhaps one-fifth of the total originally located in the room, and suggests a good amount of activity. A relatively large number of sheep or goat bones, including some with possible butcher marks, lay in the surviving floor material with numerous small pieces of olive charcoal. No hearth survived, and there was not a particularly large number of cooking vessels represented in the accumulated floor deposit, although part of one cooking tray (IB.593; P 2214) was cataloged. Many small bronze waste pieces (IC.263–265; CA 188–190), weighing 15 g total, also lay in the room; they were probably collected by the room’s inhabitants.

Wall and Roof Collapse POTTERY 2 conical cups: IB.65, IB.66 (P 652, 705; 1909.1). Fragmentary closed vessel: IB.620 (P 691; 1909.1). CERAMIC OBJECTS Loomweight: IC.138 (C 152; 1909.1). Mold: IC.32 (C 161; 1909.1).

COPPER ALLOY Waste: IC.263 (CA 188; 1909.1). MINERALS AND ROCKS 4 pieces of pumice: IC.530 (M 407; 1909.1). MAMMAL 3 bones—Ovis/capra: scapula fragment (no glenoid, Le, cut through spina scapulae at glenoid end, glenoid possibly butchered off, 3 fragments) (204). BOTANICAL REMAINS 0/1 Cerealia, 0/23 Olea europaea stones, 0/4 Olea europaea seeds, 2 Ficus carica (mineralized), 0/1 Prunus amygdalus, 1 Buglosoides arvensis (mineralized) (1909.1). WOOD 2 Olea europaea, 1 Pinus nigra, 1 Pinus sp. (1909.1).

Floor Deposit (1912) POTTERY Three cataloged vessels and 752 sherds, weighing 6.65 kg, were collected. The largest percentage of sherds, 45.02%, belongs to cups, the next largest, 8.21%, to cooking vessels. The total number of vessels represented is estimated at 65, 61.55% of which are cups, 12.31% cooking vessels. Lid or spinning bowl: IB.467 (P 651). Lid: IB.478 (P 2210). Fragmentary cooking tray: IB.593 (P 2214). CERAMIC OBJECT Lamp: IC.29 (C 317). COPPER ALLOY Waste: IC.264, IC.265 (CA 189, 190). BONE Bead: IC.216 (B 7). STONE Sandstone basin: IC.425 (GS 1300). MAMMAL 40 bones—Ovis/capra M3, M2, molar fragment (worn), radius and ulna fragments (proximal radius [F, Le], ulna shaft), metacarpus shaft, rib. BIRD Shaft fragment. WOOD 5 Olea europaea.

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING A

31

Room 3 (Figs. 4, 7, 12; Pl. 6B) Room 3 lay in the eastern part of Trench 100. The excavation began at an elevation of +5.20–5.10 m and encountered a deep deposit of yellowish red soil with few stones, which belonged to fill dumped along the coast at this point in the construction of the modern road. Collapsed wall debris appeared beneath this fill only in the southern part of the room in a reddish brown soil (5YR 5/3) at an elevation of +4.70–4.20 m (Locus 107); the walls in the room had apparently fallen toward the north, and little collapse was preserved in the northern part of the room where most of the walls had tumbled down into the sea and only modern fill from the road construction remained. A modern structure was built along the east side of the room alongside and below the level of the modern road. Its walls had been sunk to nearly the same level as the Minoan walls and so caused much damage to the eastern side of the room. The approximate line of the east wall was still preserved, however, although the wall’s soil mortar was largely displaced, and its stones were loose. A badly disturbed floor deposit of brown soil (7.5YR 4/6) remained resting on bedrock at an elevation of +4.20–4.06 m (Locus 112). Pieces of mud plaster lay on the floor, which were probably fallen from the walls of the room. The room measures ca. 3.15 m in length. As it is preserved, it is somewhat wider toward the north than the south, ranging from 1.42 to 1.80 m in width, but this may be due to the condition of its eastern wall, which has largely collapsed and is somewhat irregular. The room was an addition to the original northeast corner of the building, and its south wall is built up against the projection in the original east facade of the building without bonding or even lining up with it. The room took advantage of a natural depression in the bedrock here, and both its southern and western walls sit on bedrock, which rises as much as 0.35 m above floor level. The western wall, which is part of the building’s original facade, is the best preserved, still standing to a height of ca. 1.14 m.63 Two paving slabs lay in the northeast corner of the room, where the bedrock floor slopes down. There is no doorway into the room. Few objects were found in the floor deposit. A Cycladic transport jar of coarse fabric, tempered

with volcanic rock and glass (Type 12 fabric), and painted with a buff slip on the exterior (IB.432A; P 3165), was scattered over the southern part of the room. A conical cup that had been used as a lamp (IB.2; P 57) and fragments of a cooking dish (IB.577; P 1911) lay nearby. The badly broken remains of a small amphora (IB.389; P 3160) lay to the north near the center of the room. Two stone tools (IC.320, IC.354; GS 575, 959) also lay on the floor. The pottery accumulation included 1133 sherds with cups and cooking vessels making up the largest percentages. No localized cooking area and little faunal material was identified in the room, but numerous small fragments of charcoal were scattered around the room. These fragments included one piece of connifer (Pinus brutia) that preserved 77 rings.64 The contents of the room are probably too scanty to indicate how the room was used for sure, but similar additions to Buildings A and B were used as living and cooking spaces, and the little evidence that does exist from the room is consistent with such use.

Wall and Roof Collapse (107) MAMMAL 1 bone—Ovis/capra-sized shaft.

Floor Deposit (112) POTTERY Four cataloged vessels and 1133 sherds, weighing 14.69 kg, were collected from this deposit. The largest percentage of sherds, 43.84%, belongs to cups, the next largest, 9.32%, to cooking vessels. The total number of vessels represented is approximately 93, 49.49% of which are cups and 12.18% of which are cooking vessels. In Use: Conical cup lamp: IB.2 (P 57). Fragmentary: Cooking dish: IB.577 (P 1911). Amphora: IB.389 (P 3160). Cycladic jar: IB.432A (P 3165). STONE Hammerstone/pounder: IC.320 (GS 575). Polisher: IC.354 (GS 959). Obsidian blade: IC.497 (CS 240).

32

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

WOOD 48 Olea europaea, 17 Quercus sp., 5 Pinus halepensis, 1 Pinus brutia.

Area 5 (Fig. 4, 7, 11; Pl. 13A) Area 5 lay in the northern side of Trench 700. The excavation of the area along the eastern side of Building A began at an elevation of +5.40 m. The modern road was paved at this point, and it was necessary to dig through 0.15 m of cement to reach the underlying earth. Collapsed wall debris and a reddish brown soil (5YR 4/4) appeared at +5.28–4.60 (Loci 704, 708). Some crushed purple schist was also found at this level. A floor deposit of dark reddish brown soil (5YR 3/4) was located at +4.56–4.39 (Locus 714). This area is formed by the narrow space between Rooms 3 and 6, ca. 2.10 m wide, and it is located along the outer northeast corner of Room 4. Originally thought to be Room 5, it is more likely to have served as an open space because no walls were found to close it at the east. All the areas on this side of the building, including Rooms 3 and 6, are partly overlaid by the modern town, however, and it was not possible to excavate any one in its entirety. Nevertheless, it is clear that people used the area, and the western part of the space may even have been roofed after the south and north walls of Rooms 3 and 6 were added. The area served mainly as an approach to Room 6, and a doorway ca. 0.84 m wide is located at its southwest corner. For this reason, it may have been left relatively uncluttered. Very little pottery was found in the area, and none was cataloged from the floor. A few finds, however, suggest that the area might also have been used occasionally as a work space. They include a large number of quartz granules (IC.553; M 502) and some pumice (IC.528, IC.529; M 405, 406), pieces of bronze spill (IC.252; CA 166), a semifinished bone disk (IC.215; B 2), and stone tools (IC.304, IC.388; GS 310, 913).

Wall and Roof Collapse over Area 5 and Room 4 SHELL 27 Patella; 4 Monodonta, 4 with apex; 56/1 Cerithium, 52 broken lips, 4 with lips, 1 holed opposite

mouth; 0/14 Murex, 2 columella, 1 waterworn, 6 MNI; 4 Arcularia; 2 Euthria; 1 Fasciolaria; 1 Erosaria; 1 Murex brandaris, broken body, fresh.

Wall and Roof Collapse over Area 5 (708) POTTERY Small lid: IB.471 (P 534). MINERALS AND ROCKS One piece of pumice with many granules: IC.528 (M 405). STONE Hammerstone: IC.304 (GS 310). Grinder: IC.388 (GS 913). SHELL 0/5 Patella—1 MNI; 0/5 Monodonta—1 burned lip, 2 apices, 2 MNI; 0/3 Murex—1 columella/distal, 1 apex, 1 body, 1 fresh MNI. BOTANICAL REMAINS 4 spores.

Floor Deposit (714) BONE Disk: IC.215 (B 2). COPPER ALLOY Waste: IC.252 (CA 166). MINERALS AND ROCKS One piece of pumice: IC.529 (M 406). 228 quartz granules: IC.553 (M 502). STONE 2 suspension weights: IC.438, IC.439 (GS 896, 901). FISH 6 otoliths of small Sparidae, 1 otolith of small Spicara sp., 1 otolith of Sparidae/Spicara sp. FOSSIL 0/1 fossil scallop. SHELL 1/4 Patella—1 MNI; 0/4 Monodonta—2 apex, 2 MNI; 0/1 Murex—body; 0/1 Bittium—small,

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING A

fresh; 0/1 Charonia—upper body; 0/1 Pisania— distal fragment; 0/1 Phalium—distal body/lip. MARINE INVERTEBRATES Paracentrotus—4 spine fragments.

33

BOTANICAL REMAINS Triticum dicoccum (cf. 2 seeded), 0/5 Olea europaea stones, 1 Cerealia, 0/1 cf. Ficus carica (mineralized), 21 spores + 1 spore (mineralized).

Room 6 (Figs. 4, 7, 11; Pl. 13A) Room 6 lay in the southern part of Trench 700. Surface lay at +5.40 over this room, the elevation of the modern road. Collapsed wall debris together with a number of green schist slabs lay beneath in a dark reddish brown soil (5YR 3/4) at an elevation of +5.30–4.61 m (Loci 707, 722.1). An intrusive LM III pithos burial (Locus 2306N) and a few other finds lay near the top of this collapsed debris against the western wall of the room.65 Crushed purple schist from roof packing lay at the bottom of the debris. The floor deposit lay at an elevation of +4.70–4.43 and was excavated in two parts; the area to the west (Locus 713) lay in a reddish brown soil (5YR 4/4) and the area to the east (Locus 722.2) in a dark reddish brown soil (5YR 3/4). Room 6 is located at the southeast corner of the building. It was a difficult area to excavate because a paved concrete road runs through the northern half and a modern building is erected over its southeastern corner where the water main for the pipes leading to Limenaria is also located. It is a large square area, measuring ca. 4.18 by 4.30 m, which could be approached from the northwest from Area 5 and from the southwest from the rear yard of the building. None of its walls bond into the rest of the building, and it was a relatively late addition, added sometime after Room 10 was built because it uses the eastern wall of Room 10 for part of its west wall. The southwest entry, ca. 0.96 m wide, is paved and may have been closed with a door. Two steps are located here leading down from the higher ground level behind the building onto a paved landing of greenish gray, schist slabs which are located just inside the room. Unlike Area 5, which may or may not have been roofed, a large number of schist slabs and other roofing material had fallen into this space, clearly indicating that it was once roofed. Because of its size, the room would probably have required a wooden column near its center to support

the roof.66 The walls of the room are badly preserved, rising to a maximum height of 0.84 m.67 A large amount of white plaster lay alongside the northern wall, which was thought to have fallen from the wall, and remains of white plaster also lay on the floor directly above bedrock. The room is unusual because of these plastered surfaces, apparently the only room to receive such treatment in the whole building. The room was also unusual because of its finds. A large piece of copper ingot (IC.243; CA 123; Fig. 11), belonging to a rare semicircular shape and weighing 690 g, the largest piece found in the Artisans’ Quarter, lay in the wall tumble ca. 0.15 m above floor level. A miniature pyxis (IC.94; P 1395), which was found just below the LM III burial in the room, also lay in this collapse. A clay foot (IC.28; C 129), 0.114 m long, lay on the floor, located just underneath the concrete foundation of the modern house that lies along the south of the room. Because of its size and pointed, upturned toe, it should be identified as a votive foot, very similar to those from the shrine at Mallia.68 A miniature jar (IB.428; P 409) like those found in many peak sanctuaries and other shrines also lay on the floor. Unfortunately, the southeast corner of the room where these finds seem to have been originally located could not be excavated, but in view of the finds from Building B, Room 1, described below, it does not seem unlikely that one would find a shrine in the midst of a building devoted largely to manufacturing.69 Two other miniature vases, a tripod bowl and conical cup (IB.257; IB.144; P 1042, 2494), were found in the surface material just to the south of the room in the building’s rear yard and may be related. A sandstone mortar (IC.416; GS 900) and fine quartzite hammerstone (IC.361; GS 327) also lay on the floor and were used in the preparation of foodstuffs for this room. Other finds

34

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

included the remains of a small pyxis (IB.365; P 730), a drain (IC.14; C 97), and a bronze hook (IC.267; CA 13). The floor accumulation contained relatively little pottery, only 505 sherds, weighing 5.14 kg. Various kinds of cups, including the fragment of a conical cup lamp, made up the largest percentage, 25.41%. One sherd belonged to a small tripod bowl like the one found just outside the room and like several found in the shrine located in Building B.

of sherds, 25.41%, belongs to cups. The total number of vessels represented is estimated at 54, 35% of which are cups. Miniature jar: IB.428 (P 409; 722.2). Small pyxis: IB.365 (P 730; 713.2, 3). Cooking tray fragment: IB.587 (P 1885; 722.2). CERAMIC OBJECTS Drain: IC.14 (C 97; 722.2). Votive foot: IC.28 (C 129; 713.3). COPPER ALLOY Hook: IC.267 (CA 13; 722.2).

Wall and Roof Collapse

STONE Polisher/hammerstone: IC.361 (GS 327; 713.2). Sandstone mortar: IC.416 (GS 900; 713.2).

POTTERY Miniature pyxis: IB.367 (P 1395; 2306N). COPPER ALLOY Ingot fragment: IC.243 (CA 123; 707).

SHELL 0/1 Patella; 1/1 Cerithium—tiny, broken lip, fresh; distal fragment, worn, 2 MNI; 1 Euthria—large; 0/1 Cymatium—body; 1 Astraea/Beguinea—tiny (713).

STONE Suspension weight: IC.453 (GS 304; 707). FISH 1 otolith of very small Sparidae (707). SHELL 3 Patella; 0/3 Murex—1 MNI; 0/1 Charonia—apex, rather fresh, smooth; 0/2 Spondylus—upper, much bored, bored on upper and some inside, 1 MNI (707, 722.1).

MARINE INVERTEBRATE Paracentrotus—1 spine (713). BOTANICAL REMAINS 1 Olea europaea stone (722.2); 0/2 Olea europaea stones + 3 half stones (713). WOOD 2 Olea europaea cf. (713).

Floor Deposit POTTERY Three cataloged vessels and 505 sherds, weighing 5.14 kg, were collected in this deposit. The largest percentage

Room 10 (Figs. 4, 7, 18, 19; Pl. 14A) Room 10 was excavated at the northern end of Trench 2300, which was extended to the north to accommodate it (Fig. 3). The excavation began at an elevation of +5.61–5.77 (Fig. 18). The room’s walls lay ca. 0.30 m below ground level, and collapsed wall debris began to appear soon afterwards in its interior. The collapsed stones lay in a brown soil (10YR 5/3) almost a meter deep and were intermingled with mudbrick fragments from the wall superstructure, as well as bits of charcoal and green schist slabs from the roof collapse (Loci 2303N, 2310N.1). The whole area was badly disturbed by a

later LM III burial (Fig. 18),70 and no trace of the original floor could be found, although it presumably lay at the base of the room’s surrounding walls. The later burial lay near the bottom of a large natural cavity (Loci 2310N.2, 3), which extended well beneath the west, south, and east walls of the room and which would have been filled with soil to support the original floor level. Erected against the south wall of Room 4, Room 10 is a small rectangular room measuring ca. 2 by 2.60 m on the interior. It had no entrance at ground level and was entered from the roof or

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING A

from a doorway in the side of its south wall. The surrounding ground level on the outside lay at a higher level than the floor inside, and a person entering the room would have required a short ladder in either case. Bedrock rises around the east, south, and west sides of the room, and its walls rest on this bedrock, standing to a height of 0.65–1.04 m above the floor.71 This bedrock was probably always exposed to some extent, but the center of the room must have had a level soil floor that rested on top of earth fill in the cavity beneath. Like Rooms 2 and 9 and other rooms added onto Building B, the room was furnished with a sandstone basin (IC.426; GS 1341), which was probably set in one corner of the room. While nothing remained in situ, the finds suggest that people used the room for living, cooking, and other activities. No localized hearth remained, but there was a fair amount of charcoal in the room, mostly olive, some of which could have belonged to cooking fires as well as ceiling beams, and there were also a relatively large number of fragmentary cooking wares. Four hundred eighty sherds were collected in the lowest part of the room, with the largest percentage of sherds belonging to cups. The next largest percentage, 20.34%, belongs to cooking vessels, a relatively large percentage that corresponds to that of the cooking vessels in Room 2 where hearths from cooking fires were still preserved. Few mammal bones remained. A collared jug (IB.326; P 3227) with a nicely painted foliate band around its shoulder had been broken into many small pieces and was scattered at all levels in the room. Two conical cups (IB.109; P 1937, 2243), a fragmentary bowl (IB.237; P 3235), and a fragmentary firebox (IB.616; P 3233) also lay in the room. A pounder/hammerstone (IC.311; GS 1287) in the room may have been used with the basin or with a stone anvil (IC.410; GS 1272), which showed many traces of wear, perhaps from hammering bronze sheet metal. There is also some evidence for stone vase making, including quartz granules (IC.556; M 505) and an amphibolite block that belongs to an unfinished stone vase (IC.172; S 257).

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Wall and Roof Collapse POTTERY 7 cooking dish fragments (2303); 4 cooking dish fragments (2310N.1). MINERALS AND ROCKS 2 red ocher pebbles: IC.581 (M 602; 2310N.1). MAMMAL 11 bones—all fragments of 1 larger mammal shaft (2303). SHELL 1 Patella—fresh, length 0.02175; 0/2 Charonia—lip, fresh, large; lip, waterworn inner body (2303). WOOD 35 Olea europaea, 5 Arbutus sp. (2310N.1).

Deposit in Cavity (2310N.2 and 3) POTTERY Eight cataloged vessels and 480 sherds, weighing 7.20 kg, were collected in this deposit. The largest percentage of sherds, 61.41%, belongs to cups, the next largest, 20.34%, to cooking vessels. The total number of vessels represented is estimated at 51, 49.01% of which are cups and 21.57% cooking vessels. Five cataloged vessels were probably still in use at the time of destruction. In Use: 2 conical cups: IB.109; IB.114 (P 1937, 2243). One-handled conical cup: IB.156 (P 3234). Bowl with horizontal handles: IB.237 (P 3235). Collared jug: IB.326 (P 3227; 2310N.1, 2, 3). Fragmentary: Pithos: IB.451 (P 2248). Cooking dish: IB.526 (P 2677). Firebox: IB.616 (P 3233). MINERALS AND ROCKS 3 quartz granules: IC.556 (M 505). STONE Pounder/handstone: IC.311 (GS 1287). Anvil, reused as lid for burial pithos: IC.410 (GS 1272). Small mortar: IC.417 (GS 1131). Sandstone basin: IC.426 (GS 1341). Block: IC.172 (S 257). WOOD 25 Olea europaea

36

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

Rear Yard and Potter’s Pit (Figs. 4, 7, 18–22; Pl. 14) The area to the south of Room 10 was also excavated as part of Trench 2300N. Surface lay at an elevation of +5.77–5.61 m (Fig. 18). A sterile deposit of yellowish brown soil (10YR 5/4) lay beneath (Locus 2301N), and a level floor deposit lay beneath in a brown soil (10YR 5/3–4/3) at an elevation of +5.35–5.09 (Loci 2307N, 2309N). The earth that accumulated in the interval above this floor deposit contained no building debris, and it was clear that the floor deposit beneath belonged to an exterior space. After the removal of the surface accumulation over the trench, the area in its northwest corner along the west side of Room 10 and the south wall of Room 4, where a semicircular construction appeared, was excavated separately. Surface lay at the same elevation here, but collapsed wall debris was found beneath it in a brown soil (10YR 4/3) at an elevation of +5.50–4.72 (Locus 2315N.1-3; Fig. 20). This debris included building stones, the remains of mudbrick, and some green schist roofing slabs, fallen from the adjoining walls of Rooms 4 and 10 into a deep pit. A deposit of harder, more compacted brown soil full of broken pottery, a small amount of organic remains, and a few nodules of a finely levigated, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 6/6) lay at the bottom of the collapse at an elevation of +4.86–4.67 (Locus 2315N.4) and was identified as a rubbish deposit which accumulated while the pit was being used or shortly after it went out of use. Another layer of brown soil, only a few centimeters thick, lay at various points at the very bottom of the pit on scattered schist plaques (Locus 2315N.5). It contained more nodules of the same reddish yellow clay and often had a clay texture and belonged to residue that accumulated during the time of the pit’s earliest use. A crudely built wall, only one course wide and one or two courses high, ran through the southern part of the trench, defining an open yard at the rear of the building (Pl. 14A).72 Although there is no way of estimating the wall’s original height, it is likely to have been built with mudbrick and to have served as a screen wall, protecting the space behind the rear of the building. An opening in the wall, ca. 0.66 m wide, permitted access in and out of the area.

There is no apparent entrance to Room 10 from the yard, although a doorway with two steps provides access from the yard into Room 6. A similarly walled area behind Building B was used as an outdoor work space where pottery made in the building was fired in small kilns, and it is likely that the yard behind Building A was used for some activity connected with the work that went on inside the building. Only a small part of the yard could be exposed, but a few finds suggest that this was indeed the case. No evidence of fire was found here. Sheltered from the wind, it may not have been a good location for the actual smelting and casting of bronze, but it was a convenient location for polishing newly cast bronzes and making stone objects. A deposit of Santorini tephra lay inside the yard against the south wall of Room 10 (Fig. 18, Pl. 14C). This deposit, which stretches a distance of about 6.50 m, is some 0.40–0.80 m wide and 0.03– 0.06 m deep. The fifth tephra deposit found in the excavations at Mochlos,73 it has a soft and sandy texture and should probably be identified as another airborne deposit. When Room 10 was added and its floor was excavated below the surrounding ground level, the tephra was covered with a thin layer of soil and so preserved from destruction by wind and rain. On the other hand, because it lay close to ground level in a straight line against the rear of the building, it might have been kept here on purpose and been put to use as an abrasive. It is perhaps not coincidental then that a stone abrader or polisher (IC.353; GS 885) was found inside the yard. Lying against the south side of the screen wall, just outside the entrance to the yard, was a bronze knife (IC.277; CA 116), which showed no signs of use, and an unfinished stone weight (IC.322; GS 847). Artisans may have been still working on both objects at the time the building was destroyed. Other finds inside the yard included round and rectangular work slabs (IC.56; C 380), part of a drain (IC.19; C 352), a loomweight (IC.116; C 343), and a large number of cooking dish fragments. There were no indications of cooking, however, and few faunal remains. The pit at the northwest corner of the trench also lay inside this yard and indicates still another activity that would not have been anticipated from the

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING A

activities that took place inside the building. When Room 10 was added to the rear of the building, a semicircular pit was also dug in the space between the west wall of the room and the original south facade of the building (Figs. 7, 20, 21; Pl. 14B). It was dug ca. 0.74 m below the surrounding ground level to bedrock and measured ca. 1.80 by 1.90 m in size. The sides of the pit were formed by the facades of the two walls on the north and east and by a series of upright slabs that were placed around the semicircular section of the pit on the west and south. Ordinary rubble was placed above these slabs and, at ground level, around the exterior of the wall to form an outer face of a semicircular wall ca. 0.33–0.42 m thick, rising only ca. 0.30 m above the exterior ground level. The original surface of the wall was not well preserved, but it does not seem to have risen much higher, and numerous small pieces of schist found in the collapse around the circumference of the wall may have formed its original surface. It formed a low bench around the pit where a person could sit comfortably with his legs stretched out and his feet resting on the floor of the pit. The south side of the pit’s floor was paved with schist slabs, and a pivot stone (IC.447; GS 1418) was also set among these stones towards the south side of the pit. The pit had two periods of use. For a short time before the destruction of the building, it was used as a dump. A number of conical cups (IB.138–142; P 4088–4091, 4221), other broken pieces of pottery, a pumice tool (IC.376; GS 1416) that had probably been used to polish bronze surfaces, and some organic remains accumulated in the bottom of the pit.74 This debris left the pivot hole of the pivot stone, which lay on the bottom, still exposed and so probably allowed it to stay in use. Nodules of unfired clay lay on the floor of the pit beneath this debris with the fragment of a bat (IC.13; C 622), various stone implements (IC.384, IC.315, IC.327, IC.411, IC. 464; GS 1417, 1466, 1468, 1469, CS 1541), and the pivot stone (IC.447; GS 1418), and they indicate that the pit was originally used as a potter’s pit. The potter sat on the adjacent semicircular wall, which was probably provided with a schist surface, with his feet at the bottom of the pit, and the upper part of his body bent slightly over his wheel (Fig. 22). The wooden axle, which supported the wheel, revolved in the pivot stone at the

37

bottom of the pit and was, in turn, supported by a horizontal post anchored in the adjacent stone walls.75 There was no evidence for a kick wheel, and the wheel itself may have been heavy enough to create a centrifugal force when spun. On the other hand, the pit was large enough to accommodate another potter or an assistant who could have sat in the bottom of the pit and spun the axel with a horizontal crank shaft.76 The potter is likely to have used the stone implements found here as well. They include two oblong polishers (IC.384, IC.377; GS 1417, 1476), which could have been used for shaping and burnishing a vase while it turned on the wheel, and an obsidian blade (IC.464; CS 1541), which could have been used for cutting string used to remove the vase from the bat.

Surface over Rear Yard (2301) POTTERY 3 conical cups: IB.86, IB.87, IB.117 (P 1270, 1286, 2493). Miniature conical cup: IB.144 (P 2494). Lid or spinning bowl: IB.468 (P 992). Tripod bowl: IB.257 (P 1042). Firebox fragment: IB.617 (P 3538). Sherd with raised relief: IB.621 (P 1273). Cooking dish fragment: IB.524 (P 2440, plus 64 other fragments). Cooking tray fragment: IB.600 (P 2908, plus 1 other fragment). CERAMIC OBJECT Work slab fragment: IC.58 (C 510). STONE Bowl fragment: IC.202 (S 246). Obsidian flake: IC.486 (CS 268).

Floor Deposit of Yard POTTERY In Use: Conical cup: IB.110 (P 2067; 2307.4). Fragmentary: Base of strainer: IB.360 (P 2948; 2307.2). Cooking dish: IB.572 (P 2953, plus 20 other fragments; 2307). 2 cooking dishes: IB.523 (P 2353; 2309.2). Cooking tray (2309.3).

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MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

CERAMIC OBJECTS Drain fragment: IC.19 (C 352; 2307.3). Loomweight: IC.116 (C 343; 2307.2). 4 fragmentary work slabs: IC.56, IC.45, IC.49, IC.59 (C 380, 509, 522, 523; 2307.2).

Rubbish Deposit in Potter’s Pit (2315N.4)

COPPER ALLOY Knife: IC.277 (CA 116; 2309.2).

STONE Polisher: IC.376 (GS 1416). Hammerstone: IC.316 (GS 1467).

STONE Polisher: IC.353 (GS 885; 2307.4). Unfinished weight: IC.322 (GS 847; 2309.3). Obsidian blade: IC.510 (CS 267; 2307.2). Obsidian flake: IC.470 (CS 269; 2309.2). FOSSIL 1 Pecten fossil scallop: IC.214 (Sh 15; 2307.4). SHELL (2307 AND 2309) 1 Patella—medium/large; 0/1 Charonia—upper body, no apex, pitted exterior, but probably collected alive; 0/1 Spondylus—upper, waterworn, hinge and upper half, recent break. WOOD (2307) 35 Olea europaea.

Collapse in Potter’s Pit CERAMIC OBJECT Crucible fragment? IC.167 (C 621; 2315N.3). BOTANICAL REMAINS 2/48 Olea europaea stones + 27 half stones (1 mineralized), 2 Ficus carica (mineralized), 1 Glaucium sp., 1 Cruciferae, 2 spores, 0/3 Ignota (2315N.2 and 3).

POTTERY Conical cups: IB.138–142 (P 4088–4091, 4221). CERAMIC OBJECT Loomweight: IC.128 (C 601).

FISH 1 vertebra fragment of medium size fish, possibly Sphyraena sphyraena, burned brown. BOTANICAL REMAINS 2/51 Olea europaea stones + 4 half stones, 1 spore, ?insect egg present.

Floor Deposit in Potter’s Pit (2315N.5) CERAMIC OBJECT Bat: IC.13 (C 622). STONE 2 Hammerstones: IC.315, IC.327 (GS 1466, 1468). 2 Polishers: IC.384, IC.377 (GS 1417, 1476). Pivot stone: IC.447 (GS 1418; Pl. 14B). Anvil: IC.411 (GS 1469). Obsidian blade and core: IC.464 (CS 1541). BOTANICAL REMAINS 0/49 Olea europaea stones, 1 spore, 1 dung.

Chapter 1 Notes 1. 2. 3. 4.

Charles Frederick, personal communication, 16 Jan. 2001. Seager 1909, fig. 1; 1912, fig. 2. Seager 1909, pp. 273–274. The exact boundaries of the trenches were often adjusted to accommodate the rooms that lay in the trenches. Initially, Trenches 100 and 200 measured 4.5 by 5 m with a 1 m balk between, which was later removed; as work proceeded, Trench 100 was expanded slightly to the west. Trenches 700 and 800, measuring 4 m (north to south) by 5 m (east to west), were dug with 0.50 m balks on the east, which were later removed, but without any balk on the north where they actually overlapped the south sides of Trenches 100 and 200 by 0.20 m. The southern part of 700 was later expanded 3.50 m to the east alongside a modern house

where a new water pipe was being laid beneath the asphalt pavement of the street. Trench 800 was expanded to the west. Trench 1900, a large trench measuring 4 m (north to south) by 10 m (east to west) was laid along the north side of the road in order to connect the two buildings. 5. Unlike those laid out earlier in the road, these were designed originally as standard 5 m sq. trenches oriented north to south. Trenches 2000, 2100, 2300, and 2400 were later expanded in order to excavate rooms as single trench units, 2100 and 2300 to the north, 2000 to the north and west, and 2400 to the west. 6. See Mochlos vol. IB, fig. 3. 7. In the catalogs and lists of finds the locus number of each find is provided in parentheses.

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING A

8. For the sieving techniques employed, see Mochlos vol. IC, Chap. 5. 9. The term “schist” is commonly used to describe these slabs. 10. Pres. length of brick 0.15 m, w. 0.25 m, th. 0.09 m. For mudbricks elsewhere, see Guest-Papamanoli 1978. 11. All descriptions of clay and soil colors are taken from the Munsell Soil Color Charts. 12. For a discussion of this likelihood, see Mochlos vol. IB, Chap. 4. 13. Rooms are numbered in the order they were excavated, and “north” is used to designate a northwesterly direction, the other compass directions following suit, in order to simplify room descriptions. 14. For an analysis of the Mochlos tephra, see Soles, Taylor, and Vitaliano 1995. 15. This is the room at the lower left corner of Pl. 30. 16. All elevations are above sea level. 17. This measurement refers to the total depth of the deposit, from its highest point to its lowest. 18. Length of east wall (including part to north of room) 2.20 m, w. 0.52–0.70 m, h. 0.78 m; length of south wall 1.75 m, w. 0.30–0.35 m, h. 0.58 m; length of west wall 3 m, w. 0.50–0.72 m. 19. Dims. of threshold slab ca. 1.22 by 0.82 by 0.15 m. 20. Dims. of threshold slab ca. 0.88 by 0.25–0.45 by 12 m. 21. See Mochlos vol. IB, Chap. 1, CF Type 7 fabric. 22. All mammal and shell remains are identified by D. Reese and discussed further in Mochlos vol. IC. 23. The pottery statistics were compiled by K. Barnard and are presented in Mochlos vol. IB, Appendix A. 24. For a discussion of the minerals and rocks, see T. Carter and C. Witmore in Mochlos vol. IC, Chap. 5. 25. All botanical remains, including wood, are charred unless otherwise stated; they are identified by A. Sarpaki and J. Bending and discussed further in Mochlos vol. IC. 26. All wood remains are small fragments usually less than 1 sq. cm. They are identified by W. Schoch and discussed further by Schoch and M. Ntinou in Mochlos vol. IC. 27. Grave 6. See Chap. 6. 28. Dims. of column base ca. 0.52 by 0.54 by 0.14 m. 29. Length of east wall 5 m, w. 0.50–0.56 m, h. 0.79 m; length of south wall 5.65 m, w. 0.56–0.68 m, h. 1.03 m; length of west wall (south section) 1.12 m, w. 0.50 m, h. 0.82 m, (north section) length 1.70 m, w. 0.55–0.70 m, h. 0.87 m; length of north wall (west section) 2.82 m, w. 0.44–0.58 m, h. 0.70 m, (east section) length 1.97 m, w. 0.35–0.50 m, h. 0.70 m. 30. Dims. of bench ca. 1.50 by 0.40–0.50 by 0.26 m. 31. All chipped and ground stone implements are identified by T. Carter and discussed further in Mochlos vol. IC, Chap. 4. 32. With the exception of wood remains, which probably belong to ceiling beams, finds from the lower level of roof collapse are listed below with finds from the floor deposit.

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33. A vessel is considered to have been discarded and no longer in use if it was found beneath the floor surface or it lacks a whole profile and is less than one quarter extant. 34. H. of threshold above floor of Room 4: 0.26 m. 35. Length of east wall 1.20 m, w. 0.50 m, h. 0.58 m; length of south wall 1.85 m, w. 0.60 m, h. 0.72 m; length of west wall 2.02 m, w. 0.60–0.63 m; length of north wall 1.70 m, w. 0.30–0.35 m, h. 0.43 m. 36. Seager 1909, p. 280, pl. 6, discovered during the trial dig of 1907. 37. It was excavated as three loci, initially as Locus 111, the balk as 113, carried down to the level of 111, and a final pass over the whole room, 114, carried down to bedrock. 38. H. of step 0.18 m. 39. These benches are only one to two stone courses high. Dims. of northwest bench length 1.42 m, w. 0.24–0.48 m, h. 0.18 m; dims. of southeast bench length 1.22–2.32 m, w. 0.26–0.44 m, h. 0.15 m. They showed no trace of ever having been plastered. 40. Dims. of northwest slab ca. 0.40 by 0.42 by 0.07 m, dims. of southeast slab ca. 0.38 by 0.46 by 0.06 m. 41. Length of north wall 2.18 m, w. 0.44–0.64 m, h. 0.41; length of east wall 2.86 m, w. 0.34–0.60 m, length of south wall 2.40 m, w. 0.35–0.50 m, h. 0.92; length of west wall 4.18 m, w. 0.45–0.60 m, h. 0.97. 42. H. of step 0.33 m. 43. These stone-lined pits are set right against the wall and form irregular rectangles; some of the stones are laid upright and some on a diagonal. Interior dims. of pit with finds, 0.10 by 0.14 by 0.13 m; interior dims. of pit 2, 0.17 by 0.35 by 0.22 m. Traces of a third may also be made out to the west of the others: interior dims. 0.15 by 0.19 by 0.08 m. 44. Soles and Davaras 1996, pp. 194–196, 201, pls. 56a, 58b. 45. Soles and Davaras 1994, p. 400, pl. 92b, CA 25. 46. For other examples, in addition to CA 25 from House C.4, see Matthäus 1980, #46, 56, 59–60, 65–68, all from central or eastern Crete. 47. GORILA 5, XXII, XXVIII, pp. 149–151; the same sign appears on a pithos lid from Archanes (Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997, p. 333, fig. 297), on a pithos from Knossos, KN zb 34, and at the end of inscriptions on pithoi from Phaistos, PH zb 4 (GORILA 4, pp. 79, 93), and Palaikastro (Driessen 1991). See also Evely 2000, pp. 646–647. 48. See Palmer 1991, who discusses the use of the wine ideogram, which was shared with Linear B, on pithoi. 49. For the way it may have rested in the roof, see Mook 2000, p. 99, fig. 128. 50. Betancourt 1983, no. 63, pp. 31–32. 51. Cf. those around the mortar in Room 2 where many of the olive stones were still preserved. For the use of these strainers in the production of aromatic oils and unguents, see Andreadaki-Vlazaki 1999. 52. This fragment IB.356 (P 251) probably belongs to the fragment IB.355 (P 145) found in the adjacent Room 2.

40

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

53. Length of north wall 3.46 m, w. 0.64–0.80 m, h. 0.35 m; length of south wall 3.42 m, w. 0.43–0.58 m, h. 1.15 m; length of west wall 3.92 m, w. 0.56–0.90 m, h. 0.88 m; east wall=west wall of Room 1. 54. Evershed, Vaughan, Dudd, and Soles 1997, pp. 979–985; 2000, pp. 37–54. 55. A radiocarbon sample obtained from an olive stone here produced a date with a 1 sigma calibration of 1500–1415 B.C. See Mochlos vol. IC, Appendix A. 55. Conical cups: IB.1, IB.4, IB.5, IB.13–19, IB.21, IB.22, IB.24–27, IB.29–32, IB.34, IB.35, IB.38–40, IB.47, IB.49, IB.51 (P 44, 69, 73, 190, 201, 206, 215, 220, 221, 224, 226, 227, 229, 230–232, 236–239, 241, 242, 245, 247, 248, 464, 466, 469); conical cup lamps: IB.11, IB.12, IB.33 (P 177, 181, 240); ogival cups: IB.158–166 (P 146, 156, 164, 167, 168, 171, 173, 174, 197 [a bell cup]); IB.183–187 (P 2162, 2163, 2231, 2232, 2236), IB.198 (P 2303); rounded cups: IB.199–203 (P 140, 180, 470, 472, 500); IB.208–215 (P 2186, 2187, 2191–2193, 2230, 2233, 2304). 57. See Davaras, Mochlos vol. IC, Chap. 1. 58. For a discussion of the burial, see Chap. 6. 59. This fragment IB.355 (P 145) probably belongs to the fragments IB.356 (P 251) found in the adjacent Room 1. 60. One piece of this loomweight was found in Room 2, the other about 20 m to the south outside the southeast corner of Building B. 61. Rose 1994, p. 311. 62. Length of south wall 2.74 m, w. 0.60–1 m, h. 0.84 m; pres. length of west wall 1.20 m, w. 0.70 m, h. 0.47 m. 63. Length of east wall 3.30 m; length of south wall 1.26 m, w. 0.46–0.56 m, h. above bedrock 0.79 m; length of west wall 3.07 m, w. 0.34–0.60 m, h. 1.14 m; length of north wall 1.70 m, w. 0.90 m, h. 0.36 m. 64. These were measured by P. Kuniholm at the Wiener Laboratory for Aegean and Near Eastern Dendrochronology, who found no fit with anything available. Subsequent radiocarbon dating of the wood fragments in the room suggest that some wood from the collapse is recent. See Mochlos vol. IC, Appendix A. 65. Grave 5; see Chap. 6.

66. A column base may lie in the unexcavated area in the southeast part of the room. 67. Length of north wall 3.84 m, w. 0.52–0.60 m, h. 0.67 m; w. of east wall 0.50–0.60 m, h. 0.65 m; length of west wall from northwest doorway 4.90 m, w. 0.44–0.58 m, h. 0.84 m; w. of south wall 0.58–0.68, h. 0.43 m. 68. Chapouthier and Demargne 1962, pp. 9–13, 50–54, fig. 3. The Mochlos foot resembles the Mallia examples very closely both in size and in its upturned toes. It is also solid terracotta and differs in this respect from the shoemaker’s lasts from Gournia, which are pierced with a hole through the top and side for a cord to pull the last out of the shoe (Hawes et al. 1908, p. 32, pl. 3, no. 11). It also differs from the feet from Anemospelia, which have projecting tenons and are thought to have supported a cult statue (Sakellarakis and Sakellaraki 1979, p. 368, pl. 180b). For other examples and bibliography, see Tsipopoulou 1992. 69. For shrines associated with workshops in the Cyclades and Cyprus, see Schallin 1997; Karageorghis 1973, pp. 105– 109, Karageorghis 1976, pp. 72–76, and Stech 1982, pp. 108–109. 70. Grave 2, see Chap. 6. 71. Length of east wall 1.73 m, w. 0.44–0.60 m, h. 0.65–0.94 m; length of south wall 2.62 m, w. 0.40–0.60 m, h. 0.72–1.04 m; length of west wall 1.92 m, w. 0.33–0.54 m, h. 0.73 m. 72. Total length of excavated portion including opening 5.40 m, w. 0.24–0.40 m, h. 0.02–0.27 m. 73. Soles, Taylor, and Vitaliano 1995. 74. A radiocarbon sample obtained from an olive stone among these remains produced a date with 1 sigma calibration of 1600–1500 B.C. See Mochlos vol. IC, Appendix A. 75. For possible ways of setting up the wheel, see Evely 2000, pp. 283–286. Evely believes that the wheels were heavy enough to revolve under their own momentum for three to five minutes without the use of an assistant. 76. As in the traditional pottery production system of Kentri where an assistant is sometimes used in place of a kick wheel. See Blitzer 1984, pl. 14D; Hampe and Winter 1962, pls. 5, 6.

2

The Artisans’ Quarter: Building B Jeffrey S. Soles with contributions by Dimitra Mylona, David S. Reese, Anaya Sarpaki, and Werner H. Schoch

Road between Buildings A and B (Trenches 1600, 1900, 2100, 25/2600; Pl. 15) The open area between Buildings A (Figs. 4–7) and B (Figs. 23–26) was excavated in four different trenches. Two of these (1900 and 1600) lay to the north underneath the modern road and were excavated in 1991 and 1992, and two (2100 and 25/2600) were in the adjacent field to the south and were excavated in 1994 (Fig. 3; Pl. 15).1 Surface in the northern area was at an elevation of +6.05 and consisted of a thick deposit of yellowish red soil containing modern construction debris that had been laid down for the modern road. A badly disturbed layer of brown soil (10YR 5/6–7.5YR 4/4) contained a great deal of collapsed stones from the north wall of Building B, some greenish gray, schist slabs, and numerous fragments of wood charcoal from the roof. This layer was located in the two northern trenches (Loci 1904, 1601, 1602) at an elevation of +5.21–4.81. It had been disturbed during bulldozing for the modern road and by LM III burials on the site. A layer of strong brown soil (7.5YR 4/6) was beneath the disturbed layer at an elevation

of +4.81–4.71 directly above bedrock (Loci 1909, 1606). It appears to have formed the original LM IB road surface, although it was also disturbed by the later LM III activity on the site. A pit had been dug against the western wall of Building A through the collapse in Trench 1600 into this level, and it extended into the bedrock to accommodate an LM III burial.2 Modern surface in the field to the south (just east of Room 10, see below) lay at a somewhat higher elevation of +6.25–6.00 (Fig. 33). A layer of dark, yellowish brown soil (10YR 4/4) was slightly beneath the surface at an elevation of +6.00–5.50 (Loci 2108, 2110.1–2, 25/2601). It was full of collapsed wall debris from the east facade of Building B, including stones and decomposed mudbrick. A layer of dark brown soil (7.5YR 4/4) at an elevation of +5.50–5.25 (Loci 2110.3) contained many small fragments of greenish gray schist that may have belonged to the original road surface.

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MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

Description and Finds The area between the two buildings is an irregular passage that opens into a broad terrace overlooking the sea to its north (Figs. 4, 5). Toward the south where the road runs between Room 7 of Building A and Room 9 of Building B, it narrows considerably to a width of ca. 2.25 m. It opens again to form an alcove behind Room 9 of Building B where a small bench was constructed against the north wall of Room 10, sheltered from the coast by Room 9. At this point, the passage may also have permitted access to the rear yard behind Building A (Fig. 6), but it was not possible to excavate the eastern side of this area in Trench 2200, which lies directly behind Building A, and so the situation is uncertain. The passage then appears to narrow as it runs along the eastern side of Building B toward the work area situated in the rear yard of the building. Excavation of the eastern side of the passage was not possible either, but the remains of a collapsed wall, ca. 1 m long, survived in Trench 2600. The wall ran parallel to the eastern facade of Building B and appears to have bounded the passage on the east and to have created a corridor ca. 1.50 m wide that opened into the rear yard. A few paving stones were uncovered in this part of the passage next to Room 10, while flat bedrock and a thin layer of accumulated soil served as its surface in the area to the north. A number of different finds were discovered at various points in this passage. They included an intrusive LM III burial, which was placed in a large jar (IA.18; P 760) inside a shallow pit cut into the bedrock against the western wall of Building A, and two other vases (IA.32, IA.33; P 796, 2118) that were associated with this later burial and others made in the area.3 Other finds, however, were contemporary with the original buildings, including several conical cups (IB.41, IB.46, IB.55; P 258, 408, 494), a loomweight (IC.137; C 130), bits and pieces of bronze waste (IC.258; CA 177), and three stone vase fragments (IC.188–190; S 59, 60, 63) that may have come from the adjacent buildings. A cluster of broken cooking dish fragments (IB.541; P 1407) lay at the inner end of the alcove between Rooms 9 and 10 with other fragments (IB.517; P 2094) lying across from the bench in this alcove against the south wall of Room 9 (Fig.

27), but no faunal or floral material was collected from the area. Three conical cups (IB.97–99; P 1410, 1412, 1413), a broken bronze tool, an implement that may be an awl (IC.289; CA 171), fragments of a clay bat (IC.5; C 376), and a loomweight (IC.121; C 495) also lay in this small alcove. The fragments of two stone vases (IC.192, IC.206; S 157, 253) lay in the wall collapse here. The alcove could have provided a sheltered area for pottery or stone vase making. A triton shell (IC.225; Sh 40) and part of a drain (IC.26; C 595) lay in the road to the south beside Room 10.

Wall Collapse in Road (1904, 1601, 1602.1-3, 2110.1-2, 25/2601) POTTERY Conical cup: IB.45 (P 405; 1601). Pithos base fragment: IB.450 (P 2244; 2110.1). Tripod cooking pot fragment: IB.492 (P 853; 1904). Cooking dish fragment: IB.511 (P 598; 1904). Cooking dish fragment: IB.574 (P 1935, plus 4 other fragments; 2110N.2). 5 cooking dish fragments (1601); 2 cooking dish fragments (1602.1). CERAMIC OBJECTS Drain plate: IC.15 (C 141; 1602.1). 7 loomweights: IC.147, IC.97 (C 137, 145; 1904); IC.94 (C 102; 1601); IC.115 (C 341; 25/2600); IC.110, IC.114, IC.150 (C 324, 340, 554; 2110.2). Bat fragment: IC.1 (C 77; 1601). Stand: IC.84 (C 508; 25/2601). MINERALS AND ROCKS Red and yellow ocher boulder: IC.586 (M 608; 25/2601). Yellow ocher pebble and cobble: IC.587 (M 609; 25/2601). STONE Stone vase fragments: IC.191 (S 83; 1602.1); IC.192, IC.206 (S 157, 253; 2110.2). Obsidian flake: IC.469 (CS 264; 1904). Obsidian blade: IC.489 (CS 270; 25/2601). MAMMAL 2 bones—Ovis/Capra-sized shaft fragment (1904).

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING B

SHELL 4 Patella; 1/1 Murex—apex fragment, 2 MNI; 0/3 Charonia—distal columella, 0/2 body (1 upper); 1 Euthria; 1 Spondylus—lower, probably fresh (1602); 31 Patella; 49 Monodonta—33 with apex; 2/9 Murex—8 MNI, 1 large; 2 Cerithium—2 open mouth; 0/14 Charonia—4 body (2 upper), 1 mouth, 2 apices, 2 MNI; 1 Pisania; 0/1 Spondylus—bored exterior; 1 Barbatia—2 matching valves; 1 Mytilus (1904); 0/1 Charonia—lip, fresh, large (2110.2); 0/1 Charonia—upper body, badly pitted exterior, fresher interior, medium (25/2601). BOTANICAL REMAINS 1 Fruit (2110.2). WOOD 5 Pistacia sp., 3 Olea europaea (1602); 48 Olea europaea, 2 Quercus sp. (1904).

Floor Deposit in Road

43

MINERALS AND ROCKS 5 pieces of pumice: IC.548 (M 426; 1606); IC.549 (M 427; 1909). 6 quartz granules: IC.574 (M 523; 1606). STONE 3 stone vase fragments: IC.188–IC.190 (S 59, 60, 63; 1606). Perforated suspension weight: IC.440 (GS 1148; 1606). 2 obsidian blade fragments: IC.505, IC.506 (CS 258.1, 2; 1606). Obsidian flake: IC.508 (CS 265; 1909). MAMMAL 15 bones—Ovis/Capra: molar and molar fragment, distal humerus (broken articulation), radius shaft, distal tibia (F), metapodial shaft (1909); 1 bone—Ovis/Capra molar (M2, adult); Mouse—3 MNI by lower canines (1606).

Fragmentary: Cooking dish: IB.579 (P 2206, plus 3 other fragments; 1606). 2 cooking dishes: IB.541, IB.517 (P 1407, 2094, plus 7 other fragments; 2110.3).

SHELL 2/10 Patella—2 MNI; 3/15 Monodonta—3 with apex, 4 MNI; 0/2 Murex—columella/distal end, fresh; distal fragment, waterworn, 2 MNI; 5 Theodoxuslike—tiny (1909); 3/4 Patella—3 MNI; 0/8 Monodonta—1 lip, 1 distal, 3 MNI; 0/3 Murex— 2 MNI; 1 ?Murex—columella; 0/2 Cerithium—2 apex, 1 very small; 1 small, fresh, 2 MNI; 0/6 Charonia—large distal siphon, distal body, 1 MNI; 1 Columbella—complete, fresh; 1 Pisania (1606); 1 Charonia—complete: IC.225 (Sh 40; 25/2602).

CERAMIC OBJECTS Bat fragment: IC.5 (C 376; 2110.3). Drain fragment: IC.26 (C 595; 25/2602). 3 loomweights: IC.98 (C 147; 1909); IC.137 (C 130; 1606); IC.121 (C 495; 2110.3).

BOTANICAL REMAINS 1/28 Olea europaea stones, 1 Ficus carica (mineralized), 0/1 cf. Ficus carica (mineralized), 1 cf. Prunus amygdalus, 2 spores, 2/4 Ignota (1 mineralized), 1 ?insect egg (1606).

COPPER ALLOY Awl: IC.289 (CA 171; 2110.3). Waste: IC.263 (CA 188; 1909); IC.258 (CA 177; 1606).

WOOD 11 Olea europaea, 2 Prunus sp. (1606); 4 Prunus sp. (1909).

POTTERY In Use: 6 conical cups: IB.41, IB.46, IB.55 (P 258, 408, 494; 1606); IB.97–99 (P 1410, 1412, 1413; 2110.3).

Building B (Trenches 300–600, 1300, 1500–2100, 2400, 2500, 2800, 2900; Figs. 4–6, 23–53; Pls. 16–26) Sixteen trenches were opened just to the west of Building A in the area where Building B was discovered (Fig. 3). Ten trenches lie in the modern road

(300–600, 1300, 1500–1900) and were excavated in 1990, 1991, and 1992, and the remaining 6 lie in the field to the south of the road (2000, 2100, 2400,

44

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

2500, 2800, 2900) and were excavated in 1993 and 1994.4 Three more trenches, 2600, 2700, and 3100, were excavated in the open area to the southeast of the building in 1994. It was not possible to excavate the entire building because part of its northern facade was destroyed by coastal erosion; part on the north (in Room 7) could not be reached beneath the modern road, and part toward the center of the building (in Rooms 2 and 4) lay beneath a line of

tamarisk trees that separates the road from the adjacent field. Nevertheless, most of the building survived to be uncovered in the excavation, including the whole of its east and south facades and most of its west facade. This irregular building, whose final plan consisted of approximately 13 rooms, began as a smaller structure that expanded in several different construction stages (Fig. 24).

Stratigraphy and Construction The building’s stratigraphy and constructions resembled those of Building A (Figs. 25, 28, 33, 37, 41, 44, 47). Stones from collapsed walls lay just beneath the modern surface, often covering schist roof ing slabs, which were the first part of the building to collapse. A single floor deposit, ca. 0.10–0.20 m thick, lay underneath right above bedrock. Pieces of mudbrick and white lime plaster were found in several parts of the building, which was clearly a single story high with the upper part of its walls built in mudbrick and with plaster used sparingly to cover some interior walls and floors. The finds from different rooms indicate that the entire building was used during the same LM IB period, but its stratigraphy and wall construction in certain areas show that the building was built in several different stages within this period. In its original Phase 1 design, Building B was a much smaller structure, consisting only of the northern part of the later building that included Rooms 6, 7, and 8 and probably Room 5 in some form, while the area that later comprised its southern part functioned as an external space (Fig. 24). The main evidence for these building phases is found in the stratigraphy at the western end of Room 4 where an earlier bedrock floor was discovered beneath a later soil floor (Figs. 28, 29, 30). The walls on the west and south side of the area rest on the later soil floor and postdate the wall on the north side of the area that rests on bedrock. The earlier wall formed part of the south facade of the original building, beside Room 6 (Pls. 17A, 18A), while the later walls belonged to a second phase of construction. The new Phase 2 addition to the south was

simply added alongside this earlier wall, reusing it as a party wall, with the new north to south walls abutting but not bonding to it. The floor level of the new addition lay about 0.60 m above that of the original building, and the newly adjoining Rooms 1 and 4 and their walls on the south ran at an angle through the middle of the expanded building. In the new design, Room 4 became a long corridor leading to Room 1 and connected the new living units in Rooms 2 and 10 to the earlier building. The southeast section of this addition, Rooms 10, 11, and 12, was built first because its western wall is built like its exterior walls on the east and south with larger stones in its outer face. Rooms 1 and 2 were then added with their walls on the west and south abutting, but not bonding to the earlier walls. The final building stage in Phase 3 involved the construction of three or four small rectangular rooms against the east, south, and west facades of the enlarged building, Rooms 9, 3, and 13, and corresponded to the addition of similar rooms on the west and south facades of Building A. None of the walls of these rooms bond to the earlier facades of the building, and they are all clearly additions. The kilns uncovered along the south side of the building rest against the south wall of Room 13 and also belong to this final phase of construction. The different floor levels of these additions, with the Phase 1 rooms on the north side of the building lying at a lower level than the Phase 2 rooms to the south, suggest that the building’s flat roof was stepped twice to reflect the different floor levels (Fig. 5).5 The final additions to the building may also have had lower roof levels than the

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING B

building as a whole. Remains of drain spouts were found in wall collapse next to the north and south sides of the building and probably once served as gutters along the edge of the roof.6 Further stratigraphic evidence of an earlier phase in the building’s use was discovered in Room 7 where a later plaster floor superceded an earlier paved floor in the entrance. Stratigraphic evidence exists for two phases of use, while architectural evidence indicates at least three different building phases. There was also some ceramic evidence for

45

the earliest phase of the building’s construction, although not as much as one might have wished. The earlier level at the building’s entrance had been swept clean before the plaster was laid over it, and the earlier bedrock floor in Room 4 produced little ceramic evidence. The pits that were dug in this bedrock floor, however, as well as the deposits beneath the floor in Room 5, contained an earlier style of LM IB pottery than the vessels associated with the final floor deposits of the building.7

Room 7, Entry (Figs. 4, 23, 26; Pls. 15C, 16) Room 7 formed the entrance to the building; it is located under the modern road in Trenches 1300, 1500, 1700, and 1900. The westernmost part of the room is in 1300, the middle of the room is in 1500, the southeastern part is in 1700, and the northeastern part is in 1900 (Fig. 3). Modern surface lay at an elevation of +6.08–5.84 m. Debris from collapsed walls and roofing was uncovered beneath the surface in a reddish brown to brown soil (5YR 4/4–7.5YR 4/4) at +5.82–4.90 m (Loci 1301.3, 1303, 1501.7–8, 1701, 1901.2, 1902). In addition to broken greenish gray schist slabs and crushed, purple schist, this level contained olive charcoal fragments that probably belonged to burned ceiling timbers. A floor deposit was found in the same reddish brown to brown soil at +5.30–4.90 in the central part of the room (Loci 1503, 1910), at +4.87– 4.66 m in the west end of the room (Locus 1309), and at +5.41–5.06 m (Loci 1708, 1711) in the eastern part of the room where two floor levels were stratified one above the other. Part of the room in Trenches 1500 and 1900 could not be excavated because of its location in the center of the modern road. The entrance to Building B is located at its northeast corner (Pls. 15C, 16), set back in the east facade of the building that extends to the south. It is approached by a wide, roughly paved landing (Locus 1710) that leads up from the road to a large threshold stone in the doorway (Fig. 26).8 The landing stones are bedded on a layer of Santorini tephra (Locus 1609), ca. 0.07–0.12 m thick, which rested, in turn, on a lens of sterile soil just above bedrock

(Fig. 25; Pls. 16B, 16C). The tephra was not found elsewhere inside or outside the building, and it was compact, unlike the powdery tephra found behind Building A and elsewhere at Mochlos; therefore, it was possibly laid to form a foundation for the landing stones, illustrating a good use of Santorini tephra as a building material.9 Whether the remnant of an airborne deposit or laid artificially, it provides additional evidence for the stratigraphic location of Santorini tephra at Mochlos. Five different deposits of volcanic ash have been found, and in each case, the ash is located directly beneath LM IB deposits without intervening LM IA material.10 The doorway, ca. 1.20 m wide, is provided with a large limestone threshold;11 small stones on either side supported wooden jambs, and a door just over a meter wide probably once closed the entrance. A pivot stone (IC.452; GS 1423) found near the surface just above this doorway may have been associated with it.12 The pivot stone should have rested on the south side of the doorway and allowed the door to open inward and swing shut against the projecting wall on the north side of the doorway. The doorway provided access to a long narrow room measuring ca. 1.65–2.10 by 8.68 m. The walls on its north, south, and west are preserved to a maximum height of 1.31 m above floor level toward the western or innermost part of the room, while to the east toward the entrance where the floor lies at a higher level, the north and south walls are preserved only to a height of ca. 0.70 m. The north wall facing the coast is wider than the south and interior walls in

46

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

the room, and both it and the west wall appear to have been external edifices.13 The room was partitioned into three separate compartments. A thin wall lies just inside the doorway, creating a narrow alcove ca. 1 m deep and 1.65 m wide, which is the width of the room at this point. This alcove showed signs of two phases of use because a white plaster floor covered an earlier floor paved with slabs. It served as an alcove to Room 7, but also to Room 8, and it directed traffic to the south into this room through an interior doorway situated immediately to the left of the entrance. A second partition wall is located toward the western part of the room where bedrock drops ca. 0.30 m below the bedrock floor of the eastern part. These partition walls were built of mudbricks resting on a stone foundation only one or two courses high and a single course wide so that the mudbrick above could have been only a single course wide.14 They were not substantial walls, and each partition left a small opening along the north side of the room. The easternmost opening is ca. 0.85 m wide; it provides access to the central part of the room, a large compartment measuring ca. 1.64 by 5.20 m with no distinguishing features. The opening in the westernmost or inner partition is only ca. 0.40 m wide; it is provided with a step cut in bedrock that leads down from the central compartment into a small room, measuring ca. 1.94 by 2.10 m, which has a paved floor of schist plaques in its southwest corner. Few finds from the floor deposit were uncovered to suggest how the different compartments in the room were used (Fig. 26). Two hematite balance weights (IC.427, IC.428; GS 875, 876) lay on the floor just inside the doorway, and a fragmentary hole-mouthed jar (IB.399; P 1416) rested against the partition wall there, but this space was generally left open so people could pass easily into Room 8. Another hole-mouthed jar (IB.396; P 843), decorated with horizontal banding, was found in a very good state of preservation immediately on the other side of the partition wall at the east end of the central compartment. Because the central part of the room could not be excavated, the finds in this compartment were clustered at its eastern and western ends. A side-spouted jar (IB.353; P 2910), a holemouthed jar (IB.399; P 1416), a fragmentary loomweight (IC.124; C 520), and a droplet of bronze waste (IC.259; CA 178) lay in the eastern section

against the south wall of the room, while a work slab (IC.38; C 207) and small pieces of pumice (IC.535; M 412), perhaps saved to serve as abraders, were discovered at this end toward the north wall. A collared jug (IB.324; P 2904) was located at the western end of the compartment near the south wall with a stone tool (IC.347; GS 1066) that had been used as an abrader and the bottom of an open vessel with small circular impressions on its interior base (IB.509; P 2906), which may be the remains of a bread oven.15 Another fragmentary loomweight (IC.96; C 120) was left nearby with an unusual disc of extremely thin clay (IC.164; C 115) that may have been used as a gaming piece. The only find in the innermost compartment of the room was a stone mortar (IC.415; GS 718) that was being reused in the wall construction. Relatively few faunal remains and cooking wares survived. Additional objects located in the debris above the room were probably associated with the same architectural space. They included a well preserved undecorated jug (IB.337; P 795), a second work slab (IC.37; C 206), one of the best preserved on the site, and a conical cup (IB.130; P 2903), all of which were found just above the floor at the eastern end of the central compartment. Several finds, including the two work slabs (IC.37, IC.38; C 206, 207), but especially IC.38 (C 207) because it retained the impression of a hot bronze blade that had been placed on it, and the abraders (IC.347, IC.535; GS 1066, M 412), suggest that bronze tools, cast elsewhere, may have been brought to the room to be finished. The room probably served other purposes as well: its rear, westernmost compartment, isolated behind its narrow doorway, would have made a good sleeping area, and the pavement in its southwest corner may have provided a sleeping platform. Other finds lay in the wall collapse to the west and north of the room. Both these spaces were open areas, and some of the objects in the wall collapse uncovered here (Loci 1301, 1501) might be associated with the room, while others were associated with the open spaces. They include conical cups (IB.127, IB.130; P 2861, 2903), a stirrup jar fragment (IB.375; P 2862), clay and stone weights (IC.91, IC.143, IC.385, IC.436; C 37, 407, GS 480, 1172), a potter’s wheel fragment (IC.161; C 346), a pivot stone (IC.450; GS 1421), and a possible drill cap (IC.396; GS 897). The drains found

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING B

in the collapse along the north wall of the room (IC.16, IC.25; C 216, 519) and just outside the main entrance (IC.15; C 141) almost certainly belong to gutters that were placed beside the edge of the roof on the north facade of the building.

Surface STONE Pivot stone: IC.452 (GS 1423; 1700.2).

Wall and Roof Collapse POTTERY 2 conical cups: IB.127 (P 2861; 1301.2); IB.130 (P 2903; 1902.1). Jug: IB.337 (P 795; 1902.1). False spout of large stirrup jar: IB.375 (P 2862; 1301.1). CERAMIC OBJECTS 2 drains: IC.16 (C 216; 1901.2); IC.25 (C 519; 1501.7). 2 loomweights: IC.91 (C 37; 1301.3); IC.143 (C 407; 1501.8). Work slab: IC.37 (C 206; 1902.1). Potter’s wheel fragment: IC.161 (C 346; 1301.1). MINERALS AND ROCKS One piece of pumice: IC.540 (M 418; 1501.6). STONE Pivot stone: IC.450 (GS 1421; 1501.8). Possible drill cap: IC.396 (GS 897; 1501.6). 2 weights: IC.385 (GS 480; 1301.3); IC.436 (GS 1172; 1501.8). MAMMAL 1 bone—worn fragment, unidentifiable (1902); 2 bones—Sus lower canine, male (1303). BIRD 1 bone—ulna (1303). FOSSIL 1 fossil scallop—large (1501). SHELL 2/2 Patella—2 MNI; 0/1 Monodonta; 1/4 Murex—4 MNI; 1 Euthria; 1 Bittium—larger than most, worn upper spire, broken lip, length 0.01825; 1 Arca—Le (1708); 19/2 Patella—19 MNI; 29/5 Monodonta—26 with apex, 31 MNI; 1/5 Murex— 3 MNI; 0/1 Charonia—body; 1 Cerithium—open mouth; 2 Euthria—recent hole on body; small; 1

47

Columbella—complete, no color; 1 Arcularia; 1 Cerithium rupestre—fresh, has lip; 0/2 Spondylus—2 upper body fragments; 1 Barbatia—R, fresh (1902); 25 Patella; 0/2 Murex—2 columella, 2 MNI; 0/5 Charonia—distal columella/body, bored and worn, collected dead; lip; columella; body, 1 MNI; 1 Euthria; 3 Cerithium—3 open apex; 0/2 Spondylus—upper, bored inside and out (1501); 0/1 Murex—columella/distal, fresh, large (1303). MARINE INVERTEBRATES Paracentrotus—2 spines (1708); 1 Paracentrotus— test fragment; 1 solitary coral (1902). BOTANICAL REMAINS 2 Ficus carica (mineralized), 0/1 legume (1501). WOOD 8 Olea europaea; 2 Arbutus sp.; 10 Pistacia sp.; 1 Nerium oleander (1303); 3 Olea europaea (1708).

Floor Deposit on Exterior Landing (1710) STONE Obsidian blade: IC.507 (CS 260). Obsidian flake: IC.480 (CS 291). SHELL 2/2 Patella—2 MNI; 0/1 Murex—body, fresh, small piece. MARINE INVERTEBRATES Paracentrotus—8 spines.

Floor Deposit in Room POTTERY A total of 6 cataloged vessels and 435 sherds, weighing 8.6 kg, were collected from this deposit in the central and eastern parts of the room. The largest percentage of sherds, 33.99%, belongs to cups, the next largest, 9.33%, to cooking vessels. The total estimated number of vessels that these remains represent is 69, 33.34% of which are cups, 11.60% cooking vessels. In Use: Collared jug: IB.324 (P 2904; 1503.1). 2 hole-mouthed jars: IB.396, IB.399 (P 843, 1416; 1910.2). Side-spouted jar: IB.353 (P 2910; 1910.2). Fragmentary: Open vessel base with impressions: IB.509 (P 2906; 1503.2). Cooking dish (1711). Cooking tray: IB.599 (P 2905; 1503.1).

48

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

CERAMIC OBJECTS Work slab fragment: IC.38 (C 207; 1910.2). 2 loomweights: IC.96 (C 120; 1503.2); IC.124 (C 520; 1910.2). Disc: IC.164 (C 115; 1503.2). COPPER ALLOY Waste: IC. 259 (CA 178; 1711).

SHELL 4 Patella; 0/4 Charonia—3 body fragments, 1 lip; 1 Euthria; 1 Spondylus—upper fragment, worn exterior; 0/1 Ostrea—worn; 1 bivalve piece—waterworn (1503.1-2); 0/1 Charonia—apex fragment, fresh, worn apex (1711); 0/1 Monodonta. MARINE INVERTEBRATES Paracentrotus—2 spines (1910.2).

MINERALS AND ROCKS Four pieces of pumice: IC.535 (M 412; 1910.2).

BOTANICAL REMAINS 0/3 Olea europaea stones (1910).

STONE Abrader: IC.347 (GS 1066; 1503.2). 2 balance weights: IC.427, IC.428 (GS 875, 876; 1711). Mortar reused in wall: IC.415 (GS 718; 1309.2).

WOOD 5 Ceratonia siliqua, 2 Populus sp., 3 Gramineae sp. (1503.1); 4 Olea europaea (1711.1).

Room 8 (Figs. 4, 23, 27; Pls. 16A, 17) Room 8 lay underneath the modern surface of the road in Trenches 1700 and 1800, except for a small part of the southeast corner that was underneath the tamarisk trees lining the south side of the road (Fig. 3). This corner could not be excavated, but the rest of the room was excavated in Trench 1700, which was expanded to the west into the area of Trench 1800 in order to incorporate the entire space. Surface lay at an elevation of +5.91– 5.73; walls and tumbled wall stones lay immediately beneath the surface in a reddish brown soil (5YR 4/4) at an elevation of +5.75–5.30 (Locus 1701, 1707 top). Schist slabs from the roof were mixed with the wall collapse and also lay on the floor of the room. Several large pieces of olive charcoal, each 0.01–0.015 m long, were found with the slabs near the center of the room and on the floor below; more than 100 pieces were identified, all of which probably belonged to large ceiling beams that once supported the roof slabs. The floor deposit lay in the same reddish brown soil at an elevation of +5.28–5.17 (Loci 1707 bottom, 1712) on a narrow lens of sterile soil resting on bedrock. One entered Room 8 through the doorway in its northeast corner. It is a large rectangular room measuring ca. 3.50–4.22 by 4.80 m (Pl. 17), originally with a level bedrock floor, and walls preserved to a maximum height of 0.85 m above this

floor.16 The room was provided with two or three doorways including the entrance at the northeast, ca. 0.90 m wide, and one in the middle of its west wall, ca. 0.75 m wide, which leads into an adjacent room. The south wall is badly preserved toward its center because several stones were dislocated by a large tamarisk tree, but a third doorway was probably located here for access to the exterior work area in the Phase 1 building. This doorway continued in later phases to provide access to interior rooms in the building’s new addition. The room has no other distinguishable architectural features even though it contained several important finds. The roof collapse greatly damaged many pithoi and jars that stood in the room. In some places, fragments of these large storage vessels were mingled with roof slabs, while the bases of the same vessels stood on the rock floor 0.30–0.40 m below. A large basin (IB.270; P 767; Pl. 17D) missing its base was smashed near the center of the room not far from an ogival cup (IB.178; P 1191), but most of the finds were scattered around the perimeter of the room. Moving clockwise as one entered the room (Pl. 17B), one initially discovered a large jar base (IB.432B; P 102) with a diameter of ca. 0.25 m, which sat just inside the doorway against the east wall and was probably still in use at the time of destruction. Another, somewhat smaller, jar base

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING B

(IB.427; P 101; Pl. 17C) lay upside down against the east wall a little farther into the room. The lower part of a large pithos (IB.447; P 766) sat next to it in the southeast corner of the room with an ogival cup (IB.182; P 1889) and a fragmentary hole-mouthed jar (IB.392; P 93) lying inside (Pl. 17C). A sherd from the side and mouth of a pithos rested next to IB.447 (P 766) and may belong to it. A stone tripod mortar was probably imported from the Cyclades (IC.420; GS 620) and lay a little farther on against the middle of the south wall with a pair of loomweights (IC.101, IC.102; C 183, 213). A pithos lid (IB.474; P 110), a handstone (IC.334; GS 540), and a bronze earring (IC.274; CA 86) were found together in the southwest corner of the room. A badly smashed and burned hole-mouthed jar (IB.393; P 100) and two conical cups (IB.78, IB.79; P 1192, 1193) were located in the southwest of the room toward the doorway in the west wall. Another cup (IB.67; P 709) lay just in front of this doorway. An intact potter’s wheel (IC.158; C 227) was situated with its top side up in the northwest corner of the room. Two stone tools (IC.406, IC.335; GS 646, 647) rested against the north wall with two loomweights (IC.100, IC.108; C 182, 318), and a third stone tool (IC.363; GS 564) lay nearby toward the center of the room. A number of conical and ogival cups (IB.54, IB.172, IB.63, IB.179; P 492, 562, 573, 1210) were also found against the wall on this side of the room with an intact miniature alabastron (IB.306; P 660), a miniature jug (IB.333; P 644), part of a nicely painted side-spouted jar (IB.343; P 2892), and a rounded cup (IB.219; P 2894). The potter’s wheel in the northwest corner of the room still preserves much of the raw clay that once held a bat in place on its upper surface, while its underside is decorated with concentric grooves and provided with an inturned rim to support a wooden frame.17 A pivot stone was not found in the room, and no pivot hole was cut in the bedrock beneath its floor, so the wheel was probably used elsewhere with better light, perhaps even in the potter’s pit behind Building A. On the other hand, the room looks as if it must have been used by a potter, if not for the actual spinning of vessels, at least as a storage place for his equipment and raw materials. The fragmentary pithoi (IB.447, IB.432B; P 766, 102) in the room could have held clay or temper for pottery making. The ground stone tools, including two

49

handstones (IC.334, IC.335; GS 540, 647) and the tripod mortar (IC.420; GS 620) that shows traces of wear on its inside, could also have been used for crushing temper. Additionally, three amphibolite polishers (IC.363, IC.347, IC.371; GS 564, 1061, 1062) could have smoothed clay on the wheel. The large basin (IB.270; P 767) in the center of the room could have been used for mixing clay. In this case many of the other vases found in the room might be thought of as products that the potter produced. These are mostly cups (IB.54, IB.63, IB.67, IB.78, IB.79, IB.108, IB.172, IB.178, IB.179, IB.182, IB.219; P 492, 573, 709, 1192, 1193, 1929, 562, 1191, 1210, 1889, 2894), which seem to have been one of the principal products of the Artisans’ Quarter, but also include two miniature vases, a jug with a trefoil mouth (IB.49; P 644), and an alabastron (IB.306; P 660). Quartz granules (IC.563, IC.564; M 512, 513) and pieces of pumice (IC.536, IC.537; M 413, 414) were also stored in the room.

Wall and Roof Collapse POTTERY Conical cup: IB.597 (P 2868; 1701.2). Scoop: IB.294 (P 2869; 1701.2). MINERALS AND ROCKS 7 pieces of pumice: IC.536 (M 413; 1707 top). 71 quartz granules: IC.563 (M 512; 1707 top). WOOD 1 Prunus sp. (1701.1), 5 Olea europaea (1701.2).

Floor Deposit POTTERY A total of 25 cataloged vessels and 817 sherds, weighing 15.86 kg, were collected from this deposit. The largest percentage of sherds, 21.11%, belongs to cups, the next largest, 19.55%, to cooking vessels. The total estimated number of vessels represented is 115, 38.27% of which are cups, 14.79% cooking vessels. In Use: 6 conical cups: IB.54, IB.63, IB.67, IB.78, IB.79 (P 492, 573, 709, 1192, 1193; 1712); IB.108 (P 1929; 1707). 4 ogival cups: IB.172, IB.178, IB.179 (P 562, 1191, 1210; 1712); IB.182 (P 1889; 1707). Rounded cup: IB.219 (P 2894; 1712). “Cooking” bowl: IB.248 (P 2875; 1712). Basin: IB.270 (P 767; Pl. 17D; 1707).

50

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

Basin fragment: IB.278 (P 2918; 1707). Miniature alabastron: IB.306 (P 660; 1712). Miniature jug with trefoil mouth: IB.333 (P 644; 1712). Bridge-spouted jar fragment: IB.343 (P 2892; 1712). Fragmentary hole-mouthed jar: IB.392 (P 93; 1707). Hole-mouthed jar: IB.393 (P 100; 1707, 1712). 2 jar bases: IB.427 (P 101; Pl. 17C); IB.432B (P 102; 1707). Fragmentary pithos: IB.447 (P 766; Pl. 17C; 1707). Large lid: IB.474 (P 110; 1712). Fragmentary: Cooking dish fragment: IB.531 (P 2895, plus 2 fragments; 1712). Cooking tray fragment: IB.598 (P 2877, plus 1 fragment; 1712). CERAMIC OBJECTS 4 loomweights: IC.100–102, IC.108 (C 182, 183, 213, 318; 1712). Potter’s wheel: IC.158 (C 227; 1712). COPPER ALLOY Earring: IC.274 (CA 86; 1712).

MAMMAL Mouse—incisor (1707). SHELL 1/11 Patella—2 MNI; 0/32 Monodonta—3 MNI by lips; 1/4 Murex—2 MNI; 0/6 Charonia—3 body (2 fresh, 1 worn), distal (waterworn), internal columella/siphon (fresh), 2 MNI; 0/12 Euthria—all fresh, 1 apex, 4 lips, 4 MNI; 0/2 Arcularia—1 MNI; 1 Ostrea—fresh, not complete (1707 and 1712). MARINE INVERTEBRATES Paracentrotus—19 spines (1707 and 1712). BOTANICAL REMAINS 0/16 Olea europaea stones, 1 spore (1707); 0/7 Olea europaea stones + 1 half stone, 1 Ficus carica (mineralized) (1712). WOOD 100+ Olea europaea; 1 Quercus sp. (1707).

Contents of IB.447 (P 766) SHELL 0/9 Patella, 2 MNI; 0/6 Monodonta, 2 MNI; 0/1 Murex—body, fresh; 1 Columbella—complete, fresh; 1 Bivonia/Lemintina—small; 1 gastropod—waterworn. MARINE INVERTEBRATES Paracentrotus—9 spines.

MINERALS AND ROCKS 7 pieces of pumice: IC.537 (M 414; 1712). 30 quartz granules: IC.564 (M 513; 1712).

Contents of IB.427 (P 101)

STONE Handstone: IC.334 (GS 540; 1712). Hammerstone: IC.335 (GS 647; 1712). 3 polishers: IC.363, IC.355, IC.371, (GS 564, 1061, 1062; 1712). Whetstone: IC.406 (GS 646; 1712). Tripod trachyte mortar: IC.420 (GS 620; 1712). Obsidian blade: IC.488 (CS 261; 1707). Obsidian flake: IC.466 (CS 263; 1707).

MAMMAL 1 bone—Ovis/Capra-sized, unidentifiable. SHELL 1 Patella; 0/4 Monodonta; 0/1 Murex—body; 0/1 Murex/Fasciolaria—body, fresh, burned; 0/1 Euthria—columella/distal/lip, fresh; 1 Bivonia/ Lemintina—small; 0/1 gastropod—waterworn. MARINE INVERTEBRATES Paracentrotus—1 spine.

Room 6 (Figs. 4, 23; Pl. 17A) Room 6 lay immediately west of Room 8; it was excavated in three trenches, the northwest part of the room in Trench 1300, the southwest in Trench 400, and a larger area to the southeast in Trench

1800 (Fig. 3). The trenches were excavated in three different years on two different sides of the modern road, and a small, unexcavated gap 0.40–0.90 m wide remains between Trenches 1300 and 1800.

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING B

Surface level lay at +6.20–5.80 (Figs. 28, 29); collapsed wall debris and the tops of walls appeared beneath the surface in a dark brown soil (7.5YR 4/4) at +5.81–5.53 (Loci 407.1, 1301, 1304, 1801). Schist slabs from the roof mixed with this debris, including several that fell on the floor deposit in the northwest corner of the room with crushed purple schist packing. The floor deposit lay in the same dark brown soil at an elevation of +5.53–5.06 (Loci 407.1 pt. 2, 1310, 1804, 1805). The room is entered through the doorway in the middle of its east wall from Room 8. The roughly rectangular room measures ca. 2.85–3.26 by 4.25 m (Pl. 17A) with walls preserved to a maximum height of 0.90 m, and numerous small pieces of white plaster found at their base around the perimeter of the room suggest that the walls may have been plastered.18 The room originally had a level bedrock floor that may also have been plastered. A low Lshaped bench, constructed of stone and soil and covered with a layer of white plaster, is located in the southwest corner of the room (Fig. 29).19 The only source of natural light in the room was the doorway in its eastern wall because this interior space was surrounded by rooms on all sides. The room is unusual for its plastered surfaces, but it had been emptied fairly thoroughly, so little remained to indicate its use. Only a few objects were found in Room 6, most of them near the bench in the southwest of the room. They included three conical cups (IB.53, IB.57, IB.128; P 483, 508, 2866), one of which (IB.57; P 508) sat upside down on the stone bench, and a nicely decorated three-footed pyxis (IB.364; P 2863). A loomweight (IC.133; C 85) rested against the middle of the north wall. The loomweight was tempered with granodiorite inclusions and was apparently imported from the Gournia area. Interestingly, the pyxis IB.364 (P 2863) has a very close parallel from Gournia and may also be an import. A relatively large number of oak charcoal fragments, which lay on the floor, may have belonged to a piece of furniture. The scarcity of cooking wares and faunal material, the fine plastered surfaces, and the darkened interior in the room suggest that it may have been used only as a sleeping and living room. In the collapsed debris above the northwest corner of the room lay a round, unpierced stone with an

51

incised Linear sign (IC.210; S 31) that may have served as a weight.

Surface MINERALS AND ROCKS 2 pieces of pumice: IC.531 (M 408; 401). STONE Polisher: IC.369 (GS 952; 401).

Wall and Roof Collapse POTTERY 2 conical cups: IB.125, IB.126 (P 2858, 2859; 407.1). Cooking dish fragment (407.1). STONE Stone weight (?) with Linear sign: IC.210 (S 31; 1304.1). Sandstone basin: IC.422 (GS 548; 1304.1). Grinder/pestle: IC.343 (GS 758; 1304.1). MAMMAL 1 bone—Bos astragalus fragment (R, w. 0.03775) (1801). SHELL 0/2 Charonia—apex, worn, not open; siphon, large individual, fresh; 1 Euthria—broken lip, fresh; 1 Fasciolaria—broken lip, fresh (1801).

Floor Deposit POTTERY A total of 7 cataloged vessels and 299 sherds, weighing 5.2 kg, were collected from this deposit. The largest percentage of sherds, 33.99%, belongs to cups, the next largest, 10.78%, to cooking vessels. The total estimated number of vessels represented is 75, 32% of which are cups, 9.33% various kinds of jars, and 8% cooking vessels. In Use: 3 conical cups: IB.53, IB.57, IB.128 (P 483, 508, 2866; 1310). Fragmentary pyxis: IB.364 (P 2863; 1310). Fragmentary: Sherd from piriform jar with applied relief lily: IB.423 (P 3163; 1804.1). Tripod cooking pot leg: IB.508 (P 2867; 1310.2). Cooking dish fragment: IB.530 (P 2864; 1310.1).

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MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

CERAMIC OBJECT Loomweight: IC.133 (C 85; 1310).

BOTANICAL REMAINS 1/1 Olea europaea, 1 Ficus carica (mineralized), 1 Euphorbiaceae, 6 spores (1310).

MAMMAL 6 bones—Ovis/Capra-sized, unidentifiable (1310).

WOOD 15 Quercus sp. (1310).

SHELL 0/10 Patella—2 MNI; 0/2 Monodonta, 0/3 Murex— 2 lip, 1 body, 1 waterworn columella, 2 MNI; 1 Bittium—tiny (1310).

Room 4 (Figs. 4, 23, 28–31; Pls. 18, 19A) Room 4 was excavated in three trenches, 400 in the western part of the room, 1800 in the north central area that was later expanded beneath 400, and 2000 in its eastern half (Fig. 3). The tamarisk trees lining the modern road prevented excavation in the middle of the room. Surface lay at an elevation of +6.45–6.27 m (Fig. 28). The wall and roof collapse over the western end of the room had been partly removed in the grading of the road, and the floor deposit lay close to the modern surface; the eastern end of the room was better protected, although the line of trees ran through this area destroying part of its northern wall. The collapse lay in a reddish brown soil (5YR 4/4) at an elevation of +6.32–5.67 m, with some large schist slabs fallen from the roof at both ends of the room (Loci 406.1, 1806.1, 2001.2). Olive charcoal found with the slabs at the east end of the room is associated with this roof collapse, as are two loomweights (IC.148, IC.99; C 162, 177) and a stone weight (IC.432; GS 596) that were found on opposite sides of the room toward its western end. The room is one of the few areas in either building with stratigraphic evidence for two periods of LM IB occupation (Figs. 28–30). In Phase 1 the area used bedrock for its floor, lying at an elevation of +5.54, and formed an open space behind the original building to its north (Pl. 18A). Two pits were cut into bedrock at right angles to the south facade of this building (Loci 1808 and 1809; Pl. 18B), and a third was cut running parallel to the facade. These pits were contemporary with the facade wall and must have been in use at the same time as the original building. When they went out of use, they appear to have been already filled with a reddish brown clay (2.5YR 3/4); then a layer of soil ca. 0.20

m thick was laid down across them and the adjoining bedrock floor (Locus 1807). It lay at an elevation of +5.67–5.54 and consisted of a hard-packed, yellowish brown soil (10YR 5/6), which contained little ceramic or organic material, but a few MM IB/II sherds,20 a good indication that the soil fill was dug up from some other location. It appears to have been spread in place as an artificial fill that was designed to level the bedrock in preparation for new construction. The west and south walls of the new room that was now added to the rear of the earlier building in Phase 2 rested on this fill ca. 0.20–0.30 m above the original bedrock floor, and a stone bench was built on this fill above the westernmost of the earlier pits. Also at this time, a short spur wall was added near the center of the room. The floor deposit of the new room lay in a dark yellowish brown soil (10YR 3/4) at an elevation of +5.70– 5.65 on the western side of this spur wall (Loci 406.2, 1806), while it lay in a dark brown soil (7.5YR 4/4) at an elevation of +5.90–5.67 on the eastern side (Loci 2002, 2010). The room is long and narrow, divided near its center into two sections by the short spur wall that projects from the south wall without bonding to it.21 It measures ca. 1.45–2.80 by 9.54 m with the wider part of the room lying to the west and the narrower to the east. It is entered at its eastern end from Room 8 through a doorway, now largely destroyed, which should have been provided with one or two steps to reach the floor level of the room which lies ca. 0.60 m above that of Room 8 (Pl. 18C). Room 4 provided access through a doorway opposite to Room 10, which was a major activity room in the building, but it also led off to the west and provided access to a possible shrine in Room 1 that was located behind

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING B

the western facade of the building, and to Room 2 at the southwest corner of the building (another activity room). Architecturally, Room 4 served as an internal hallway leading to important rooms at the southeast and southwest corners of the building. In its first phase, while still an open space, the area was used for pottery production. In later phases, after the area was enclosed, only the eastern end retained this function, while the western part became more of a vestibule. The northern wall of the room, once an exterior wall, is somewhat wider than the walls on the other three sides of the room, which were always interior walls. They all form low stone socles, preserved to a height of 0.07–0.37 m, which were built up with mudbrick.22 In the first phase, two rectangular pits were located in the bedrock floor against the south facade of the building (Figs. 28–30; Pls. 18A, 18B). The westernmost pit measured ca. 0.70 by 1.33 by 0.20 m (Locus 1809)23 and was further cut with two holes at the north and south, each an irregular circle, the southern of the two measuring ca. 0.48 by 0.64 m, and the northern ca. 0.47 by 0.54 m, both extending ca. 0.47 m below the bedrock floor level (Loci 1810, 1811, 1812). The holes are separated from each other by an uncut bridge or channel of stone ca. 0.24 m high and 0.27 to 0.50 m wide. The second pit (Locus 1808) was cut in the floor ca. 1.20 m to the east. It is about the same size as the other, ca. 0.57 by 1.30 m by 0.25 m, and runs parallel to it. It was never cut further however, and lacks the two holes of the western pit. At some point the occupants of the building began to cut still a third rectangular pit farther east running along the base of the south facade; it was never finished, however, and survives only as a shallow depression in the bedrock floor. It is not clear how long these pits remained in use. They were never lined with plaster, and at some point they were filled in and abandoned. Broken pithoi and other broken vessels were dumped into the pits, and both areas were covered with the soil that was used to raise the floor level when the new room was built. When the west wall of the room was constructed, an irregular stone bench, ca. 0.18 m high (Locus 411), was erected on top of the earth fill against the wall above the western pit. A stone pivot (IC.451; GS 1422) was turned upside down and built into the bench with a hammerstone (IC.307; GS 514), both probably belonging to the

53

first phase of the room’s use. Another stone bench, ca. 0.18 m high, was located at the eastern end of the room (Fig. 31; Pl. 19A). Consisting of a single, large, schist slab sitting on bedrock, it was used during the later phase.24 Objects found in the room suggest that it accommodated two different activities. It was clearly used by a potter in both phases of its occupation. A potter’s wheel (IC.160; C 307) lay on the floor in front of the bench at the eastern end of the room where a large schist slab had fallen from the roof and smashed it into many small pieces. Lying alongside the wheel was a bronze cutting tool with a curved handle (IC.276; CA 105). Four vases, including a piriform jar incised with two lily stalks (IB.418; P 1053; Pl. 19A) and two small pedestalled stands (IB.607, IB.608; P 1292, 2711), lay on the floor just to the west of the potter’s wheel.25 All were made of the local phyllite-tempered fabric. A stone table with four small feet (IC.413; GS 1390; Pl. 18C) lay face down beside jar IB.418 (P 1053), and the top half of a pithos (IB.449; P 1294) that was badly smashed from roof collapse stood in the southwest corner of this eastern section of the room. A green stone pounder (IC.328; GS 685) was just on the other side of the partition wall a short distance to the west. All these objects should be associated with pottery production, and although the room must have been too dark to serve as a good working area for throwing pottery and support for a wheel’s pivot was not found in the excavation, a potter appears to have kept his equipment here and may have worked in this area. Both the table and the pounder were abraded and were clearly being used. A potter may have kept his clay in the pithos, used the pounder and stone table to crush purple phyllite for temper, and used the bronze tool as a spatula. The four vases found here may also have belonged to this potter and may be among the last vases created in the workshop before its destruction. In the first phase of the room’s use, the two pits and rock cut holes in the floor of the room’s western section also played some part in pottery production. The coarse red clay mixed with many small pebbles that lay in the bottom of these holes is the most commonly used fabric employed at the site (CF Type 1).26 The pits were probably being used as settling basins for the levigation of clay, which was then transferred to one of the storage vessels in the

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MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

room. There are good parallels for these basins in Minoan pottery workshops at Zou and Zominthos and in the ethnographic record.27 The potter uses them to mix clay with water, then he breaks the clay down with his feet and transfers the clay from one pit to the next as it becomes progressively purer.28 The fragment of a second potter’s wheel (IC.159; C 305), which was found in the center of the room, may belong to a wheel that was used in this earlier phase, and the stone pivot (IC.451; GS 1422) that was later built into the bench may have been used with it. As the pits filled up, several objects were dumped inside. They included cooking dish fragments (IB.567; P 2720) and quartz granules (IC.561; M 510) in the eastern pit and a cup fragment (IB.145; P 3203), a bell cup (IB.225; P 659), cooking dish fragments, a fragmentary piriform jar, a stone quern (IC.402; GS 597), a copper strip (IC.245; CA 61), and more quartz granules (IC.560, IC.562; M 509, 511) in the western pit. After the building of the new addition when the clay pits were abandoned, pottery production appears to have ceased in the western part of this area, which became the western half of Room 4. The low bench was erected here employing the discarded pivot stone and a hammerstone in its construction (IC.451, IC.307; GS 1422, 514). The spur wall closed off this section of the room from the eastern part, and it was left clear with only the upper halves of a pithos (IB.440; P 791) and jar (IB.430; P 2706) lying against its north wall together with a bronze needle (IC.272; CA 62). This part of the room was now closely associated with Room 1 and may have served as its antechamber.

Surface POTTERY Large lid: IB.476 (P 1290; 1801.1). STONE Stone tool/limestone polisher: IC.369 (GS 952; 401.1). Mortar: IC.414 (GS 560; 1801.1).

Wall and Roof Collapse CERAMIC OBJECTS 2 loomweights: IC.148, IC.99 (C 162, 177; 1806.1).

STONE Biconically perforated weight: IC.432 (GS 596; 1806.1). MAMMAL 1 bone—Sus distal humerus, butchered through above articulation (1806.1). SHELL 0/1 Patella—large; 0/1 Murex—fresh, body, large (411). WOOD 5 Olea europaea (2001.2).

Floor Deposit, Phase 2 POTTERY A total of 13 cataloged vessels and 684 sherds, weighing 14.35 kg, were collected from this deposit in the western and eastern parts of the room. The largest percentage of sherds in the western part of the room, 22.28%, belongs to cups, while the largest percentage in the eastern part of the room, 25.46%, belongs to cooking vessels. The total estimated number of vessels represented in both parts is 123, approximately 30% of which are cups. In Use: Fragmentary basin: IB.276 (P 2699; 406.1). Piriform jar: IB.418 (P 1053; Pl. 19A; 2002). Upper halves of 2 pithoi: IB.440 (P 791; 1806.2); IB.449 (P 1294; 2002). Small lid: IB.472 (P 1309; 2002). 2 stands: IB.607, IB.608 (P 1292, 2711; 2002). Fragmentary: Vat drain: IB.288 (P 2712; 2002). Jar: IB.430 (P 2706; 1806.2). Stirrup jar: IB.374 (P 2700; 406.1). 3 cooking dishes: IB.527 (P 2715, plus 2 other fragments; 2002). 2 cooking dishes: IB.565, IB.566 (P 2704, 2705; 406.1). 2 cooking dishes (1806.2). Cooking tray (2002). CERAMIC OBJECTS Loomweight: IC.113 (C 338; 2002). Potter’s wheel: IC.160 (C 307; 2002). COPPER ALLOY Needle: IC.272 (CA 62; 1806.2). Scraper or spatula: IC.276 (CA 105; 2002).

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING B

STONE Table with four legs: IC.413 (GS 1390; Pl. 18C; 2002). Pivot stone: IC.451 (GS 1422; 411 reused in bench). Hammerstone: IC.307 (GS 514; 411 reused in bench). Pounder: IC.328 (GS 685; 2002). MAMMAL 4 bones—Ovis/Capra: molar (2 fragments, open roots, M2 or M3) (406.1–2). WOOD 15 Olea europaea (2002).

Floor Deposit, Phase 1 POTTERY A total of 6 cataloged vessels and 325 sherds, weighing 2.83 kg, were collected from the lower level in the western part of the room.29 The largest percentage of sherds, 34.53%, belongs to cups, the next largest, 13.81%, to cooking vessels. The estimated number of vessels represented is 50, of which 40% are cups and 12% cooking vessels. All had been discarded long before the time of the building’s destruction. Bell cup: IB.225 (P 659; 1811). Miniature conical cup: IB.145 (P 3203; 1812). Shallow bowl: IB.256 (P 684; 1807). Bridge-spouted jar: IB.342 (P 2702; 406.2). Hole-mouthed jar fragment: IB.404 (P 2701; 406.2). Cooking dish fragment: IB.567 (P 2720, plus 3 other fragments; 1808). 2 cooking dish fragments (1807); cooking dish fragment (1811).

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CERAMIC OBJECT Potter’s wheel fragment: IC.159 (C 305; 2010). COPPER ALLOY Strip: IC.245 (CA 61; 1809). MINERALS AND ROCKS 26 quartz granules: IC.560 (M 509; 1810); 10 quartz granules: IC.561 (M 510; 1808); 18 quartz granules: IC.562 (M 511; 1811). STONE Saddle quern: IC.402 (GS 597; backfill). 2 obsidian flakes: IC.521 (CS 287; 1809); IC.478 (CS 288; 1812). 3 obsidian blades: IC.513 (CS 286; 1807); IC.514 (CS 292; 1812); IC.492 (CS 312.1; 1810). FISH 2 otoliths of very small Centracanthidae (1808); 1 otolith of unidentifiable medium size fish (1811); 2 otoliths of Sparidae, one probably from a very small Pagellus acarne (1812). SHELL 5/12 Patella—5 MNI; 0/6 Monodonta—2 MNI; 0/2 Murex—lip, small, fresh; waterworn, body, 2 MNI; 1 Pisania—broken lip; 0/1 Gibbula—tiny; 0/1 gastropod—columella, waterworn (1808–1812). MARINE INVERTEBRATES Paracentrotus—3 spines (1808–1812). BOTANICAL REMAINS 0/2 Olea europaea stones, 1 spore (1808); 0/1 Olea europaea stone (1809); 0/9 Olea europaea stones, 33 spores (1810); 0/5 Olea europaea stones (1811); 0/8 Olea europaea stones, 1 spore (1812).

Room 10 (Figs. 4, 23, 32–35; Pls. 19B, 19C, 19D) Room 10 was entered through a doorway at its northwest corner from Room 4. It was excavated in three different trenches: its northwest quarter in Trench 2000, its northeast quarter in Trench 2100, and the southern side of the room in Trenches 2400 and 2500 combined (Fig. 3). Surface lay at an elevation of +6.22–5.95 (Loci 2001.1, 2101, 2401, 2500.1), and stones from collapsed walls sat in a brown soil (7.5YR 5/4) directly underneath (Loci 2001.2, 2004, 2011.1, 2103.1, 24/2510.1).

Unlike many wall stones that fall inward into the rooms they surround, many of these stones appear to have fallen outward toward the southeast. The collapsed stones were particularly dense in this area, while they were sparse to the west and north. Large green schist slabs were found underneath the collapsed walls and throughout the room resting directly on the floor deposits. Numerous fragments of olive charcoal lay in the northeast quarter of the room, some with the collapsed roof, some on the

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floor, and some may have belonged to an important ceiling beam. The floor deposit lay in a dark brown soil (7.5YR 4/4) at an elevation of +5.90–5.73 (Loci 2011.2–3, 2012, 2103.2–3, 24/2510.2–3, 24/2511). The doorway from Room 4 is only 0.79 m wide and lacks a stone threshold; it leads into one of the two largest rooms in the building (Pls. 19B, 19C). Room 10 measures ca. 5.13 by 5.60 m, and is provided with a stone base near the center of the room where a wooden column once stood to support an important roof beam.30 The exterior walls of the room are built with large stones and range in width from 0.68 to 1 m on the south and ca. 0.78 m on the east, but none of the walls are preserved to any great height.31 Three stone benches stood against its west and south walls. The northwest bench extends along the west wall of the room measuring ca. 0.30–0.40 by 1.70 by 0.22 m (Locus 2009). The bench in the southwest corner is the smallest, measuring ca. 0.30–0.35 by 0.95 by 0.28 m; a broken mortar (IC.419; GS 1352) with a shallow depression from abrasive wear was set in the earth floor in front of this bench and formed a low table that was used as a working surface. The southeast bench, measuring ca. 0.42–0.45 by 1.30 by 0.25 m, sits against the south wall of the room beside a small bin. All three benches are carefully constructed with flat stones for their top surfaces, including schist slabs in the northwest and southeast benches. The bin at the southeast corner of the room (Locus 2507; Pl. 19D) is approximately rectangular, set partly in front of the adjacent bench and partly against the east wall, and measures ca. 0.69 by 1.14–1.61 m on the outside and ca. 0.30–0.55 by 0.90–1.24 m on the inside. Its walls are formed by a large mudbrick set on edge along its west side and an upright schist slab running along its north side. The room’s floor was partly soil and partly limestone paving slabs that are still preserved to the southwest and northeast of the column. An opening ca. 1.07 m wide at the northeast corner of the room, which was probably never closed, leads into a small alcove or closet. This space measures ca. 1.48 by 2.13 m, and its walls are preserved to a height of 0.11–0.40 m. The walls on the north and east were substantial exterior structures, and those on the west and south were modestly built interior walls.32 The alcove’s floor was also partly paved with limestone slabs.

Only a few objects in the room remained in situ because most were badly broken and dispersed (Fig. 35). An intact stone alabastron (IC.173; S 186) sat in situ on the bench in the northwest corner of the room. A whetstone (IC.408; GS 691) and a conical cup (IB.83; P 1235) may also have sat there, but had fallen onto the floor below. A badly broken amphora (IB.387; P 2967) lay in situ in front of this bench. It was probably sitting on a work slab (IC.44; C 497) when it was broken. Other objects scattered about the northwest corner of the room included a loomweight (IC.141; C 323), part of a drain (IC.17; C 315), and the fragment of a bat (IC.8; C 560). A pivot stone (IC.449; GS 1420) had been placed against the north side of the column base in the center of the room—while it is doubtful that it could have been used in this position, it appears to have been in situ. The only object that was probably still in situ in the northeast quarter of the room was a large stone weight (IC.435; GS 843), which was standing upright against the east wall of the room. Weighing 2356 g and cut at the top with a hole for a rope, it may have been used as a tethering stone for an animal or an anchor for a small boat. Other objects in this quarter of the room included an amphibolite drill guide (IC.393; GS 679) and the fragments of a serpentinite kernos (IC.193; S 184) and a blossom bowl (IC.195; S 196). A large basin scored on the interior (IB.282; P 3004) and lacking a base was also located here. Other broken pottery included the following: the remains of a storage/transport jar (IB.432; P 2969), which was imported from the Cyclades; a squat alabastron decorated with rosettes (IB.305; P 1205), which was probably imported from the mainland; and a fragmentary side-spouted jar (IB.354; P 2974). The remains of three work slabs (IC.39, IC.40, IC.51; C 289, 342, 525), two bats (IC.7, IC.8; C 528, 529), and a loomweight (IC.140; C 298) were also located here. A schist palette (IC.405; GS 884) still lay in situ in the bin at the southeast corner of the room (Pl. 19D). A depressed area was worn upon the palette’s upper surface because it was clearly being used, perhaps with the stone rubber (IC.365; GS 713) that lay a short distance to the north. Other finds, probably also still in situ in the bin, included 86 quartz granules (IC.567; M 516), a piece of pumice (IC.541; M 419), and a small obsidian flake (IC.479; CS

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING B

290). Other fragmentary objects were concentrated in the southeast corner of the room outside the bin, including part of a potter’s wheel (IC.162; C 405), another work slab (IC.41; C 347), and a plano-convex slab (IC.61; C 532). The room appears to have had several functions including serving as a workroom and a living room. Several finds suggest that a potter used this room (Fig. 32), including the fragmentary potter’s wheel (IC.162; C 405), the pivot stone that may have been used to support the wooden axle of a wheel (IC.449; GS 1420), the four bat fragments (IC.4, IC.7, IC.8, IC.9; C 344, 528, 529, 560), the six fragmentary work slabs of thick coarse clay (IC.39–41, IC.44, IC.50, IC.51; C 289, 342, 347, 497, 524, 525), and the stone palette (IC.405; GS 884). The amphora (IB.387; P 2967) sitting on a work slab in front of the northwest bench may even have been one of the potter’s last works. In the collapsed wall debris outside the southeast corner of the room, small pieces of red hematite were found with a serpentine rubber (IC.351; GS 683) and a number of large sedimentary stones (IC.584, IC.586, IC.587; M 605, 608, 609) on top of which red hematite (iron oxide) or “limonite” (hydrated iron oxides) had been deposited. Crushed and mixed with water, these minerals were used to form colored paints, and the hematite is visually similar to the red paint found on pottery from the building. A graphite cobble found in the adjacent Room 11 could have been used as a lubricant for a potter’s wheel. Other finds suggesting that the room was used for making stone vases include the drill guide (IC.393; GS 679),33 the large number of quartz granules (IC.567; M 516) stored in the southeast bin, and the stone vase fragments (IC.192, IC.193, IC.195; S 157, 184, 196) that may have been broken in production. The stone table (IC.419; GS 1352) and the adjacent bench in the southwest corner of the room would have provided good working areas. The breccia alabastron (IC.173; S 186) on the northwest bench might be thought of as a perfectly completed product of the workshop, which was left on display. It may, however, be MM in date,34 in which case it might be thought of as an heirloom that the stone vase makers treasured because of its antiquity and passed down from one generation to another.

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A relatively large number of sherds, 1835 weighing 38.30 kg, had accumulated in the floor deposit. Of the estimated total number of vases used in the room, 17.21% belong to cooking vessels. One group of fragmentary cooking pots (IB.580; P 3034) lay in the southeast part of the room near a concentration of olive and oak charcoal that may have belonged to a cooking fire. Another cluster of cooking vessel fragments (IB.520, IB.506; P 2237, 2239) lay in the northeast part of the room, and a collection of pine charcoal that may also have belonged to a cooking fire was in the northwest part of the room. People apparently used the room for cooking and eating food while they used it as a work space. The relatively small amount of faunal material in the room includes sheep or goat, fish, crab, sea urchin, and other edible marine invertebrates. Olive, prune, and almond stones were also found in the room.

Surface POTTERY 27 cooking dish fragments (2401). Cooking tray fragment (2401). MINERALS AND ROCKS 3 yellow ocher pebbles: IC.583 (M 604; 2401.1).

Wall and Roof Collapse POTTERY Cooking dish fragments (24/2510.1). CERAMIC OBJECTS Bat fragment: IC.4 (C 344; 2011.1). 3 work slab fragments: IC.39 (C 289; 2103.1); IC.46, IC.47 (C 511, 512; 24/2510.1). Loomweight: IC.139 (C 286; 2102.1). STONE Whetstone: IC.408 (GS 691; 2011.1). WOOD 2 Olea europaea (2103.1).

Floor Deposit POTTERY A total of 20 cataloged vessels and 1835 sherds, weighing 38.30 kg, were collected from this deposit. The largest percentage of sherds, 12.74%, belongs to cups, the next largest, 12.46%, to basins, the next largest, 12.36%, to jars, and the next, 9.43%, to cooking vessels.

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The total estimated number of vessels represented is 151, 23.84% of which are cups, 17.21% cooking vessels, 16.53% jars, and 5.29% basins and vats. In Use: Conical cup: IB.83 (P 1235; 2011.2). Basin: IB.282 (P 3004; 2103.2). Squat alabastron (LH IIA): IB.305 (P 1205; 2103.2). Fragmentary tall alabastron: IB.302 (P 2976; 2103.2). Amphora: IB.387 (P 2967; 2011.3). Fragmentary side-spouted jar: IB.354 (P 2974; 2103.2). Fragmentary hole-mouthed jar: IB.407 (P 3035; 24/2510.2). Small lid: IB.473 (P 3048; 2103.2). Cooking dish fragment: IB.520 (P 2237, plus 26 other fragments; 2103.2). Fragmentary: Ogival cup base: IB.188 (P 2247; 2103.2). Bowl with knob handles: IB.245 (P 3084; 24/2510.2). Vat drain: IB.291 (P 3137; 24/2511). Bridge-spouted jar: IB.345 (P 2973; 2103.2). 2 jar bases: IB.623, IB.624 (P 2238, 2241; 2103.2). 2 pithoi: IB.453, IB.454 (P 3018, 3036; 24/2510.2). Tripod cooking pot: IB.506 (P 2239; 2103.2). Cooking dish: IB.580 (P 3034, plus 2 other fragments; 24/2510.2). 6 cooking dishes (2011.2); cooking dish (24/2511); cooking dish (2011.3). 2 cooking tray fragments (24/2510.2); cooking tray fragment (2011.2); cooking tray fragment. Storage/transport jar, a Cycladic import: IB.432 (P 2969; 2103.2). CERAMIC OBJECTS 3 bat fragments: IC.7, IC.8 (C 528, 529; 2103.2); IC.9 (C 560; 2012). Drain fragment: IC.17 (C 315; 2011.3). 6 work slab fragments: IC.39, IC.40, IC.51 (C 289, 342, 525; 2103.2); IC.41, IC.50 (C 347, 524; 24/2510.2); IC.44 (C 497; 2012). Plano-convex slab fragment: IC.61 (C 532; 24/2511). 2 loomweights: IC.140 (C 298; 2103.2); IC.141 (C 323; 2011.2). Potter’s wheel fragment: IC.162 (C 405; 24/2510.2).

COPPER ALLOY Scrap: IC.282 (CA 90; 2103.2). MINERALS AND ROCKS 1 piece of pumice: IC.541 (M 419; 2507). 86 quartz granules: IC.567 (M 516; 2507). STONE Alabastron: IC.173 (S 186; 2009). Kernos fragment: IC.193 (S 184; 2103.2). Blossom bowl fragment: IC.195 (S 196; 2103.2). Vase fragment: IC.192 (S 157; 24/2510.2). Pivot stone: IC.449 (GS 1420; 2103.2). Rubber: IC.365 (GS 713; 2103.2). Circular percussive: IC.325 (GS 1347; 2011.3). Drill guide: IC.393 (GS 679; 2103.2). Weight: IC.435 (GS 843; 2103.2). Palette: IC.405 (GS 884; Pl. 19D; 2507). Mortar: IC.419 (GS 1352; 24/2511). 1 black chert: IC.598 (GS 1264; 24/2510.3). Obsidian blade: IC.509 (CS 266; 2103.2). 2 obsidian flakes: IC.467 (CS 249; 2012); IC.479 (CS 290; 2507). MAMMAL 4 bone fragments (2103.2); 2 bones—Ovis/Capra: articulating radius and ulna (proximal radius UF, proximal ulna UF, ulna rather complete, both R, they look quite fresh); 6 small bone fragments—Ovis/Capra premolar/molar fragment (2507 bin). FISH 3 otoliths of very small Sparidae, including 2 digested; 1 otolith of Chromis chromis (2103.2); 4 otoliths of very small unidentifiable fish (2507 bin). FOSSIL 0/3 fossil scallop (2103.2). 0/7 fossil oysters—probably 2 valves (2507 bin). SHELL 4/15 Patella—0/2 burned, 5 MNI; 0/37 Monodonta— 1 apex, 4 lips, 0/2 burned (1 apex), 1 large, 4 MNI; 0/4 Murex—4 body, fresh; 1/1 Cerithium—1 medium, 1 apex, 2 MNI; 0/1 Charonia—upper body, waterworn; 0/1 Euthria—distal, has lip, fresh; 0/2 Columbella—small, 1 waterworn (2103.2); 1/8 Patella—2 MNI; 0/20 Monodonta—2 MNI; 0/4 Murex; 0/2 Euthria—1 apex, 1 body, fresh; 0/1 Pisania/Columbella—columella/distal/lip, waterworn; 2 Bivonia/Lemintina—small (2507 bin); 2 Patella—2 fresh, 1 small/medium, l large (24/ 2511); 1 Euthria—fresh, length 0.036 (24/2510.2).

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING B

MARINE INVERTEBRATES Paracentrotus—7 test fragments, 14 spines; 1 crab claw—Eriphia (2103.2); Paracentrotus—7 spines; 2 crab claws—small type, 1 lower, 1 upper, 1 MNI; 2 Theodoxus-like—1 tiny, 1 medium (2507 bin). BOTANICAL REMAINS 0/13 Olea europaea stones, 1 Vitis vinifera, 0/1 Vitis sp. + 1 Vitis sp.—stalk, 3 Ficus carica (mineralized), 0/192 Prunus amygdalus, 0/1 legume, 1

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Glaucium sp., 0/426 fruit stones indet., 10 spores, 2 Ignota, 1 ?insect egg (2103.2); 0/9 Olea europaea stones, 0/3 Prunus amygdalus, 0/1 cf. Prunus amygdalus, 2 legume cotyledon, 7 spores, 2 Ignota, 2 ?insect eggs (2507). WOOD 26 Olea europaea, 5 Prunus sp. (2103.2); 20 Pinus halepensis, 1 Cupressus sempervirens (2011.2); 13 Olea europaea, 6 Quercus sp. (24/2511).

Room 11 (Figs. 4, 23, 33, 34, 36; Pls. 19B, 24B) Room 11 lies immediately west of Room 10. It was excavated in three trenches, its northeast corner in Trench 2000, its southeast quarter in 2400, and its west side in a combined 20/2400W (Fig. 3). Surface over this room and Room 12 lay at an elevation of ca. +6.70 m (Loci 2402, 20/2404W), while collapsed wall stones and green schist plaques lay ca. 0.50 m beneath the surface in a brown soil (7.5YR 5/4) at an elevation of +6.18–5.96 m (Loci 2005.1, 2403, 20/2406W). The plaques were especially numerous along the western side of the room where there was also a concentration of crushed purple schist. The floor deposit lay in a dark brown soil (7.5YR 4/4) at +5.97–5.90 m (Loci 2005.2, 2407, 20/2409W). The room is entered from Room 10 through a doorway, ca. 1 m wide, located near its northeast corner. This doorway is provided with two jamb bases on either side that project into the interior of the room. The southern base is a long slab of greenish gray schist, measuring ca. 0.07 by 0.12 by 0.013 m, which is cut near its center with a shallow pivot hole. The northern base is a large flat stone that projects into the doorway from the bottom of the wall and is cut with a straight ledge, 0.015 m deep, which runs parallel to the doorway and forms a door stop. The pivot hole and door stop are carefully positioned opposite each other so that a wooden door swinging into the room could close and latch against the north side of the doorway. This room and the adjacent Room 12, therefore, would be two of the most secure rooms in the building. Room 11 is a simple rectangular space, measuring ca. 2.91 by 3.01 m. Small fragments of white plaster lay along

the western side of the room, and the room may have had a plastered floor, although it did not remain intact. The room’s walls stand to a height of 0.18–0.43 m.35 Several finds were smashed in the wall and roof debris along the western side of the room, which appears to have collapsed with great force. Some of these objects may have sat there originally on a low wooden bench placed against the middle of the west wall. The finds include a fancy stirrup jar (IB.369; P 1941) decorated with two three-footed octopods, which was broken into dozens of small fragments that were concentrated toward the northwest corner of the room. A purple limestone mortar (IC.418; GS 1271) was also found just to the south of the stirrup jar, and three stone tools (IC.356, IC.326, IC.337; GS 1186, 1348, 1349) that lay east of the mortar toward the center of the room were probably used together. A conical cup (IB.131; P 2971) was discovered on the floor against the north wall of the room, but all other pottery was very fragmentary, including part of an amphora (IB.386; P 2966) that held fish remains, a hole mouth jar (IB.406; P 2982), and a decorated jug (IB.312; P 2448). People may have eaten in the room, but there were relatively few faunal remains and no traces of cooking. A collection of pumice balls (IC.542, IC.543; M 420, 421), quartz granules (IC.567; M 516), and a graphite cobble (IC.591; M 700) were also being stored in the room.

Surface POTTERY Cooking tray fragment (20/2404W).

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MINERALS AND ROCKS Hematite pebble: IC.585 (M 607; 20/2404W). STONE Rhyton fragment: IC.194 (S 191; 20/2404W). Obsidian flake: IC.477 (CS 282; 20/2404W).

Wall and Roof Collapse POTTERY Basin fragment: IB.272 (P 2391; 2005.1). Stirrup jar: IB.369 (P 1941; 20/2406W.1-3). Lid with knob handle: IB.459 (P 2030; 2005.1, B.12.2003). Cooking dish fragment (2403); 2 cooking dish fragments (20/2406W); cooking dish fragment (2005.1). MINERALS AND ROCKS 8 pieces of pumice: IC.542 (M 420; 2403, 20/2406W). STONE Lamp fragment: IC.197 (S 231; 20/2406W). Polisher: IC.356 (GS 1186; 2403). Mortar: IC.418 (GS 1271; 20/2406W). SHELL 1 Monodonta—has apex, broken lip, medium (2403).

Floor Deposit POTTERY A total of 6 cataloged vessels and 109 sherds, weighing 0.84 kg, were collected from this deposit. The largest percentage of sherds, 46.55%, belongs to cups. The total estimated number of vessels represented is 32, 28.14% of which are cups.

Hole-mouthed jar fragments: IB.406 (P 2982; 20/2409W). Jar fragment: IB.344 (P 2983; 20/2409W). 11 cooking dish fragments (2407); cooking dish fragment (20/2409W). Cooking tray fragment (2407.2); cooking tray fragment (2005.2). CERAMIC OBJECT Loomweight: IC.117 (C 356; 2407.1). MINERALS AND ROCKS Piece of pumice: IC.543 (M 421; 20/2409W). 11 quartz granules: IC.567 (M 516; 20/2409). Graphite cobble: IC.591 (M 700; 2407.2). STONE Hammerstone: IC.326 (GS 1348; 2407). Handstone: IC.337 (GS 1349; 2407). Obsidian blade: IC.516 (CS 313; 20/2409W). MAMMAL 2 bones—Ovis/Capra-sized; Rodent—incisor (20/2409W). FOSSIL 0/1 fossil oyster; 0/1 fossil scallop (20/2409W). SHELL 0/12 Patella—1 waterworn, 2 MNI; 0/3 Monodonta; 0/5 Murex—1 columella/distal, small/medium; 2 Bittium—2 tiny, fresh; 0/1 Euthria—lip; 1 Gibbula—has apex, broken lip; 1 Conus—tiny; 1 Alvania (20/2409W). MARINE INVERTEBRATES Paracentrotus—2 spines (20/2409W).

In Use: Conical cup: IB.131 (P 2971; 2005.2). Fragmentary jug: IB.312 (P 2448; 2407.1). Fragmentary amphora: IB.386 (P 2966; 20/2409W).

BOTANICAL REMAINS 0/1 Olea europaea stone, 0/1 Vitis sp., 0/24 cf. Prunus amygdalus, 0/1 cf. spore (20/2409W).

Fragmentary: Bridge-spouted jar spout: IB.346 (P 2970; 2005.2).

FISH 1 otolith of medium size Spicara sp., digested; 1 otolith of medium size Sparidae, cf. Pagellus sp.; 1 otolith of unidentifiable medium size fish.

Contents of IB.386 (P 2966)

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING B

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Room 12 (Figs. 4, 23, 36; Pl. 19B) Room 12 lies to the north of Room 11; the eastern part of the room was excavated in Trench 2000 and the western part in an expanded Trench 20/2400W (Fig. 3). The roof collapse lay at +6.25– 6.02 m in the same brown soil as in the adjacent room (Loci 20/2408W, 2003.1). It consisted of a number of green schist plaques, lying at different angles just above the floor along the western side of the room, and numerous fragments of olive charcoal found with these plaques and also on the eastern side of the room. Little evidence for any wall collapse survived in the room, because the floor deposit lay immediately beneath the roof collapse in a dark brown soil (7.5YR 4/4) at an elevation of +6.02–5.94 m (Loci 2003.2 and 20/2412). The room is entered at its southeast corner through a doorway, ca. 0.81 m wide. It is the only interior doorway in the building that is provided with a threshold stone, a schist slab, reminiscent of the slabs used in the roof.36 This small rectangular room measures ca. 2.02 by 2.89 m. The stone socles of its walls stand 0.18–0.50 m high, and the lack of stone tumble in the room suggests that they were finished primarily in mudbrick. Small pieces of white plaster, still adhering to a gravel base, lay on the western side of the room, so the room must have had a plastered floor. Like Room 6, whose floor was also plastered, Room 12 is an internal room without any outside walls and may have been used for sleeping or storage. Few finds were found in this room (Fig. 36): two conical cups (IB.104, IB.105; P 1764, 1765), located in the southwest corner; a finished serpentinite lid (IC.183; S 232) and the broken pedestal of a large serpentinite lamp (IC.203; S 247), which lay together in the northwest corner; and an unfinished limestone table (IC.170; S 233), which lay in the southwest corner. A stone vase maker might have kept this assemblage of objects, and while it is unlikely that he would have worked in a dark room without benches or other work surfaces, he may

have stored materials of his trade in this room. Each of the stone objects represents a different stage in stone vase production: the lid (IC.183; S 232), a finished product; the serpentinite pedestal (IC.203; S 247), raw material probably being saved for reuse; and the limestone table (IC.170; S 233), a work in progress. Rooms 11 and 12 both contained relatively little pottery, only 8 cataloged vessels and 132 sherds in total. They were not used as activity spaces, but located adjacent to Room 10 that was heavily used for a variety of purposes, they may have served as sleeping areas for people who worked there.

Roof Collapse CERAMIC OBJECT Loomweight: IC.146 (C 526; 20/2408W). STONE Vase fragment: IC.199 (S 240; 20/2408W). WOOD 10 Olea europaea (20/2408W), 15 Olea europaea (2003.1).

Floor Deposit POTTERY A total of 2 cataloged vessels and only 23 sherds, weighing 0.59 kg, were collected from this deposit. The largest percentage of sherds, 32%, belongs to cups. The total estimated number of vessels represented is 11, 36.36% of which are cups. 2 conical cups: IB.104, IB.105 (P 1764, 1765; 20/2412W.1). STONE Lid: IC.183 (S 232; 20/2412W.1). Unfinished table: IC.170 (S 233; 20/2412W.1). Broken lamp pedestal: IC.203 (S 247; 20/2412W.1). WOOD 30 Olea europaea (2003.2).

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Room 1 (Figs. 4, 23, 37–40; Pl. 20) Room 1 was excavated in two trenches, 300 over the western half of the room and 400 over the eastern half (Fig. 3). Surface lay at an elevation of +6.29–5.95, and the room’s walls immediately appeared (Fig. 37). Little soil remained over the room as a result of the grading of the road, and it was not always possible to distinguish the wall collapse from the floor deposit beneath. Some evidence for wall and roof collapse remained in a reddish brown soil (5YR 5/4) at an elevation of +6.02– 5.80 (Loci 308.1, 402.1). Crushed gray and purple schist, which probably belonged to the roof, was above the floor in the western part of the room, and a schist slab fell onto the floor in the southeast part of the room. This collapse contained many finds that clearly belonged to the floor deposit, which was preserved in a dark, yellowish brown soil (10YR 3/4) at +5.82–5.73 (Loci 308.2, 402.2). It sat upon a lens of yellowish brown soil (10YR 5/6) only a few centimeters thick (Locus 310). Room 1 is an important small rectangular room measuring ca. 2.80 by 3.15 m with a level soil floor that was kept fairly clean and was located directly above bedrock (Pl. 20A). Its walls are badly preserved and stand only one or two courses, 0.28 m high at most.37 One entered through two doorways located at its southeast corner. A break in the wall at the northwest corner, ca. 0.38 m wide, was probably caused by the root of a modern tamarisk tree that snakes along the bedrock floor of the room. A small patch of white plaster remains in situ on the floor near the center of the room. This piece and other chunks of white plaster found in the floor deposit suggest that the entire floor of the room was once plastered. Additionally, a low bench, ca. 1.65 m long, 0.40–0.67 m wide, and 0.15 m high, runs along the east side of the room (Pl. 20B). The plastered floor and several finds including some that may have fallen from the room’s bench, suggest that the room served a special purpose, perhaps a bench sanctuary (Fig. 40).38 The objects include a relatively large number of bowls and receptacles designed to hold small offerings: two nearly identical clay stands with low flaring bowls on conical pedestals (IB.604, IB.605; P 255, 256); a cylindrical stand designed to support a built-in

cup (IB.606; P 257); a shallow bowl (IB.255; P 142); and at least six different tripod vessels such as two bowls with fancy, curling legs (IB.258, IB.259; P 2464, 2474), a miniature bowl with reddish brown slip on the interior (IB.260; P 2479), a tripod tray also decorated with a reddish brown slip (IB.266; P 2475), and another bowl with traces of burning on the interior (IB.261; P 2480). A small, similarly decorated domed lid (IB.470; P 2472) was also found, and it might have fit over any of the smaller bowls. Several other objects were found with these bowls and stands. A one-handled miniature jug with a trefoil mouth (IB.330; P 253) was painted with a dark slip inside and out39 and lay in the northwest corner of the room. Other finds were discovered closer to the bench in the northeast corner, including a small bronze chisel (IC.268; CA 17), a small piece of calcite (IC.595; M 751), and the fragment of a triton shell.40 The remains of a vat or basin, missing its base (IB.273; P 2463), also lay in this part of the room. A number of other artifacts, including a relatively small number of cooking dish fragments (IB.525; P 2473) and MM II carinated and straight-sided cup sherds, probably belong to the fill laid in this area and in the area of Room 4 when the building was expanded. The room had no traces of fire or cooking, and a small amount of faunal material was mostly collected from the water sieve. The three stands (IB.604–606; P 255–257) rested on the floor near the southwest corner of the room (Pl. 20C). The intact pedestalled stands each measure ca. 0.11 m in height and support bowls ca. 0.10 m in diameter. The badly broken, cylindrical stand was nearly complete after mending, measures ca. 0.19 m in height, and supports a cup with a rim diameter greater than 0.09 m. Each of these three vessels was built in two parts, and the wheelmade bowls were thrown separately from the handmade pedestals. The bowls were carefully joined to the two pedestalled stands, and the joint was smoothed to hide the separate construction. The other bowl was inserted into the cylindrical stand and then sealed in place with an offset, concave rim at the top of the stand. This bowl, though worn around the rim,

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING B

appears to have flared slightly above and beyond the molded rim of the cylindrical stand to form the distinct parts of the stand. The plain pedestalled stands were made from an unslipped coarse fabric, while the cylindrical stand is treated more decoratively with its offset base and rim and its burnished surface. The bowl of the cylindrical stand shows traces of burning, while the bowls of the pedestalled stands do not.41 Although the cylindrical stand lacks handles on its sides and cut out openings, it might nevertheless be identified as a prototype of the later “snake-tube” that had the same function, namely to support a bowl or cup.42 Miniature jugs similar to IB.330 (P 253) are often associated with these later tubes.43 The burn traces on the rim of the tube suggest that it may have served as a lamp or incense burner. The assemblage of objects in this room parallels contemporary shrines at Myrtos, Pyrgos and Kommos. Both contained tubular offering stands and triton shells (a real triton shell at Kommos and a faience example at Myrtos). A tubular stand with a fixed bowl, similar to IB.606 (P 257) except for the vertical handle attached to the tube, was found in the country villa at Myrtos and probably held small offerings beside the stands with movable bowls.44 A miniature jug very similar to IB.330 (P 253) was found in a house shrine at Kommos where it had apparently been placed on a small stone table that was set in one corner of the room.45 The Kommos shrine also contained a fairly large number of bowls and cups. If Room 1 is a shrine, then significantly, each of the crafts practised in the Quarter is represented by the objects left in Room 1: pottery production as shown by the miniature jug, stone vase making as shown by a small piece of raw material, and bronze working as shown by the miniature chisel.

Wall and Roof Collapse POTTERY A total of 15 cataloged vessels and 878 sherds, weighing 8.90 kg, were collected from this room, including both the collapse and floor deposits. The largest percentage of sherds, 49.17%, belongs to cups. The total estimated number of vessels represented is 132, of which 41.67% are cups. 4 fragmentary tripod bowls: IB.262 (P 2530; 308.1); IB.258, IB.260, IB.261 (P 2464, 2479, 2480; 402.1).

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7 cooking dish fragments (402.1). Rim sherd of closed vessel: IB.632 (P 2531; 308.1). COPPER ALLOY Chisel: IC.268 (CA 17; 402.1). MINERALS AND ROCKS 1 calcite cobble with smaller pieces: IC.595 (M 751; 402.1).

Floor Deposit POTTERY In Use: Shallow bowl: IB.255 (P 142; 308.2). Miniature jug with trefoil mouth: IB.330 (P 253; 402.1 part 2). Fragmentary basin: IB.273 (P 2463; 402.2). 2 pedestalled stands: IB.604, IB.605 (P 255, 256; Pl. 20C; 308.2). Cylindrical stand: IB.606 (P 257; Pl. 20C; 308.2). Domed lid: IB.470 (P 2472; 310.1). Fragmentary: Foot of tripod bowl: IB.259 (P 2474; 308.2). Foot of tripod tray: IB.266 (P 2475; 308.2). Cooking dish fragment: IB.525 (P 2473; 310.1). MINERALS AND ROCKS 6 quartz granules: IC.557 (M 506; 402.2). MAMMAL 1 bone—Sus proximal metatarsus III (adult, Le) (402.1-2). FISH 1 otolith from Chromis chromis (402.2). FOSSIL 0/1 fossil bivalve—has a spine (402). SHELLS 3/4 Patella—3 MNI; 2/5 Monodonta—1 open apex, 1 has apex, 3 MNI; 0/4 Murex—1 waterworn; 1 columella, fresh, 2 MNI; 0/1 Charonia—small body fragment, fresh (402). MARINE INVERTEBRATES crab pincer—2 fragments, thin type (402). BOTANICAL REMAINS 0/2 Olea europaea stones, 3 Vitis vinifera, 1 Pistacia sp., 1 Ignota (402.2).

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Room 2 (Figs. 4, 23, 39, 41–43; Pl. 21) Room 2, which is entered from the southeast doorway in Room 1, was excavated in two different trenches (Fig. 3). Its northwest corner lay in Trench 300, while the larger part of the room to the south was excavated in a combined Trench 2000/2400W. The two areas are separated from each other by the row of tamarisk trees that grow in a line, ca. 1.70 m wide, from the middle of the room’s west wall across to its northeast corner, thereby forming a balk through the middle of the room that could not be excavated. Digging on either side of this balk began at a surface level of +6.70–6.44 and immediately revealed the tops of the room’s walls (Locus 20/2402W.1). Collapsed wall debris was mixed in a brown soil (7.5YR 5/4) at an elevation of +6.60–6.03 and included both wall stones and decomposed mudbrick fired to a dark red (2.5YR 3/6) as well as gray schist slabs and crushed purple schist from the roof (Loci 302, 20/2407W, 20/2414W, 20/2415W). These remains were scattered throughout the room but were particularly dense in the southeast area, and in many places the roofing slabs fell into the floor deposit. Fragments of olive charcoal, probably from ceiling beams, lay with the collapse in the northwest corner of the room. The floor deposit mingled with a dark brown soil (7.5YR 4/4) at an elevation of +6.12–5.93 and was greatly disturbed by the fallen debris and the adjacent tamarisk roots. The room was excavated in three different loci at the northwest (Loci 303, 309) and southwest corners (Locus 20/2414W.2) and the larger part of the room to the east (Locus 20/2418W). The room has a single entrance through a doorway ca. 0.90 m wide in its north wall, but it is otherwise isolated in the southwest corner of the building (Pl. 21A). Its walls were constructed of unusually large stones on the west, south, and east, and stand to a height of 0.25–0.77 m.46 One of the two largest rooms in the building, it measures ca. 4.56 by 6.14–6.42 m and housed at least one wooden column that sat on a round limestone base, which is still in situ slightly off center near the eastern side of the room.47 Two short spur walls running at right angles to the western and southern walls of the room create a small rectangular alcove

in the southwest corner.48 It measures ca. 1.12–1.16 by 2.40 m and opens directly onto Room 2 without any kind of doorway. Small lumps of white plaster rest beside the alcove’s north wall, so the walls or floor of this small space may have been plastered. The rest of the room showed no traces of plastering and had a simple soil floor that rested only a few centimeters above bedrock. Because much of the room’s central area could not be excavated, the objects were only found in the northwest and southeast parts of the room (Fig. 43). The finds in the northwest include a well preserved piriform jar (IB.412; P 376; Pl. 21C) that was still in situ, although fallen on its side; it is decorated with bands of applied rope decoration and an incised lily on its shoulder. A conical cup lamp (IB.119; P 2519) and a straight-sided cup fragment (IB.224; P 377), one of a few earlier Neopalatial sherds ground in the floor packing of both buildings, were found nearby. An intact triton shell (IC.221; Sh 3) that may have been associated with the adjacent Room 1, a loomweight (IC.104; C 243), and two amphibolite drill guides (IC.392, IC.395; GS 668, 1051) were also discovered there. Several mostly broken and incomplete vases were scattered in the southeast corner including a conical, ogival, and rounded cup (IB.121, IB.181, IB.216; P 2596, 1876, 2524); the remains of three tripod cooking pots (IB.497, IB.498, IB.510; P 2525, 2526, 2923); a large spouted basin (IB.274; P 2527); and a small lid (IB.458; P 1857). A broken and badly burned jar (IA.31; P 1877), which bears a close resemblance to the LM III burial jars on the site, lay by itself against the east wall of the room just above the floor so it may be intrusive.49 Parts of several stone vases were also located in the southeast corner of the room including an unfinished limestone lamp (IC.171; S 242) only missing its handle and a serpentinite pedestal (IC.184; S 239) that was reused as a tool, together with a large number of quartz granules (IC.558; M 507). Other objects include another intact triton shell (IC.223; Sh 27), another loomweight (IC.120; C 485), another drill wedge (IC.349; GS 1268), two stone tools (IC.310, IC.324; GS 1259, 1260), a saddle quern (IC.403; GS 1270), and a

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING B

heavy, stone, suspension weight that was possibly used as an anchor (IC.444; GS 1261). The only object still in situ in Room 2 was a large and somewhat mysterious, plano-convex slab (IC.60; C 482; Pl. 21B) that was set in the soil floor and oriented north to south, parallel to the room’s east wall. After extensive discussion and examination by many archaeologists who offered several different interpretations, it was identified as a warp stand based on Egyptian and Mesopotamian parallels.50 Although the room was originally thought to be related to the adjacent shrine in Room 1, clearly it served as another working and living space that may not have related to the shrine. There is considerable evidence for stone vase making including amphibolite drill guides (IC.392, IC.395; GS 668, 1051) and a wedge (IC.349; GS 1268) designed to hold a drill in place at its base, as well as the large number of quartz granules (IC.558; M 507) that were used with the drill to do the actual cutting. The unfinished lamp (IC.171; S 242) was a product of this workroom. Its bowl has numerous pecking marks on the interior and around the edges of its rim, which were not yet polished smooth; only one side of its spout was completed while the other side was not fully shaped because it displays many pecking marks where it needed further cutting. Perhaps at this point in the manufacturing process, the lamp’s bowl cracked or the handle broke off, so the craftsman abandoned his work. Parts of other stone vases in the room (IC.184, IC.199, IC.200; S 239, 240, 241) may belong to other vessels that went awry during manufacture. Some were reused as tools, including the broken pedestal (IC.184; S 239) that was utilized as a pounder and grinder and was probably used to hammer the bronze tool that made the peck marks on the stone lamp. A small round hole on this pedestal’s base could have held the top of a drill in place. Benches were not uncovered where artisans might have sat while they worked, but they could be located in the unexcavated areas of the room against the west wall or in the northeast corner. Room 2 also exhibited good evidence for textile production. The plano-convex slab of poorly fired clay (IC.60; C 482) was probably used as a warp stand to measure the correct length of warp for a vertical loom (Fig. 39). Measuring ca. 0.37 by 0.43 by 0.08 m, it has a flat, unfinished base and a

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rounded, convex surface smoothed with water. Four holes were notched around the slab’s perimeter with a hole at each end and one midway on each side where wooden pegs firmly held it in position; the slab was also completely pierced with two holes placed in a line on the top of the slab along its longer axis running parallel to the eastern wall of the room. These holes supported wooden sticks at one end of the warp, while the other end was probably attached to pegs on the eastern wall or to a second missing warp stand.51 It measured out a warp ca. 1.25 m long, which could be shortened or lengthened by moving the stand closer to or farther from the wall. Once the warp was measured to its desired length, the sticks could be lifted out of the holes with the warp still in place, and the warp could be removed to the loom for use. Whether this loom was located in the same room is unclear, but the two loomweights (IC.104, IC.120; C 243, 485) found on either side of the room may well have been associated with it. The large basin (IB.274; P 2527) may also have been used for washing newly sheared wool before it was spun. A large number of fragmentary cooking dishes (IB.545, IB.521; P 1948, 2242) and trays and the remains of three tripod cooking pots (IB.497, IB.498, IB.510; P 2525, 2526, 2923), many with signs of burning, suggest that food was prepared in Room 2. Of the sherds collected in the room, a relatively large percentage (23.48%) belonged to cooking vessels, suggesting that cooking was always a major activity. A saddle quern (IC.403; GS 1270) and other stone tools (IC.310, IC.324; GS 1259, 1260) would also have been used for food preparation. A large area of charcoal lay just south of the column, and while it appeared to have been dispersed in this area and no longer in situ, it may have belonged to a hearth located in the large unexcavated area of the room just to its northwest. Part of a scuttle (IB.613; P 2516) found in the roof collapse was also probably used in the room. The faunal remains do not include mammal bones, but they do contain a relatively large amount of fish and shellfish, including some burned shells and the two tritons (IC.221, IC.223; Sh 3, 27) that were collected alive for food. The room’s occupants may well have kept an anchor (IC.444; GS 1261) for their fishing expeditions!

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Surface POTTERY 3 cooking dish fragments (20/2402W).

Wall and Roof Collapse POTTERY Jar base fragment: IB.625 (P 2249; 20/2415W). 2 fragmentary pithoi: IB.441, IB.444 (P 2528, 4043; 20/2415W). Large lid fragment: IB.487 (P 4044; 20/2415W). Scuttle: IB.613 (P 2516; 20/2415W). Decorated sherd: IB.629 (P 2496; 20/2415W). Cooking dish fragment: IB.560 (P 2507, plus 12 other fragments; 20/2415W). Cooking dish fragment (20/2414W.1); 3 cooking dish fragments (20/2407). Cooking tray fragment (20/2407W.2); cooking tray fragment (20/2415W). STONE Vase fragment: IC.198 (S 236; 20/2415W). Polisher: IC.357 (GS 1195; 20/2407W). WOOD 8 Olea europaea, 1 Tamarix sp. (302).

Floor Deposit POTTERY A total of 16 cataloged vessels and 856 sherds, weighing 12.08 kg, were collected from this deposit. The largest percentage of sherds, 41.22%, belongs to cups, and the next largest, 23.48%, to cooking vessels. The total estimated number of vessels represented is 103, of which 38.81% are cups, and 18.45% are cooking vessels. In Use: Conical cup: IB.121 (P 2596; 20/2418W). Conical cup lamp: IB.119 (P 2519; 303.1). Ogival cup: IB.181 (P 1876; 20/2418W). Rounded cup: IB.216 (P 2524; 20/2418W). Bowl with horizontal handles: IB.241 (P 3884; 20/2418W). Spouted basin: IB.274 (P 2527; 20/2418W). Piriform jar: IB.412 (P 376; Pl. 21C; 303.1). Hole-mouthed jar: IB.410 (P 4042; 20/2418W). Lid with knob handle: IB.458 (P 1857; 20/2418W). 2 cooking dish fragments: IB.545, IB.521 (P 1948, 2242, plus 24 other fragments; 20/2418W).

Fragmentary: Decorated cup: IB.630 (P 2520; 303.1). 3 tripod cooking pots: IB.497, IB.498, IB.510 (P 2525, 2526, 2923; 20/2418W). 3 cooking trays (303.1, 309). Straight-sided cup (LM IA): IB.224 (P 377; 303.1). CERAMIC OBJECTS Fragmentary mold: IC.35 (C 599; 20/2418W). Plano-convex slab: IC.60 (C 482; Pl. 21B; 20/2418W). 2 loomweights: IC.104 (C 243; 303.2); IC.120 (C 485; 20/2418W). MINERALS AND ROCKS 131 quartz granules: IC.558 (M 507; 20/2418W). STONE Vase fragment, reused as tool: IC.184 (S 239; 20/2418W). Vase fragment, used as polisher: IC.200 (S 241; 20/2418W). Unfinished stone lamp: IC.171 (S 242; 20/2418W). 2 hammerstones: IC.310, IC.314 (GS 1259, 1413; 20/2418W). Hammerstone/grinder: IC.324 (GS 1260; 20/2418W). Grinder: IC.349 (GS 1268; 20/2418W). Polisher: IC.375 (GS 1412; 20/2418W). 2 drill guides: IC.392, IC.395 (GS 668, 1051; 303.1). Saddle quern: IC.403 (GS 1270; 20/2418W). Suspension weight, possible anchor: IC.444 (GS 1261; 20/2418W). Obsidian core: IC.457 (CS 55; 309.1). FOSSIL 0/1 fossil scallop (20/2418W). FISH 1 otolith of Serranus cabrilla, 1 otolith of Spicara sp., 1 otolith of unidentifiable medium size fish (20/2418W). SHELL 2 Patella; 0/2 Murex—1 body; 0/2 Charonia—lip, lower body; 1 Bivonia/Lemintina—large type (303.1, 309.1); 2/10 Patella—0/1 burned, 3 MNI; 0/20 Monodonta—2 MNI; 0/3 Murex—1 waterworn body, 1 fresh lip, 2 MNI; 0/11 Euthria—0/4 burned (1 apex), 2 MNI (1 burned, 1 unburned); 0/1 Columbella—lip/distal, fresh; 1 Bivonia/ Lemintina—small/medium, once attached to shell; 0/1 Donax—R, probably collected dead; 2 crab claws—thin type (20/2418W).

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING B

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Charonia sequenzae—IC.221 (Sh 3; 303.1, 309.1). Charonia sequenzae—IC.223 (Sh 27; 20/2418W).

0/1 cf. Prunus amygdalus, 2 Ignota, Bladelets, 5 ?insect eggs (20/2418W).

BOTANICAL REMAINS 0/1 cf. Ficus carica, 7 spores, 1 Ignota (mineralized) (303.1); 0/2 Olea europaea stones, 0/1 Vitis sp.,

Rooms 5 and 3 lay to the north of Room 1 at the northwest corner of the building where an open terrace looked out toward the sea.

Room 5 (Figs. 4, 23, 46–48; Pls. 22A, 22B) All of Room 5 was excavated in Trench 500 except for a small area at its southeast that was initially excavated in Trench 400, but it was later expanded into 500 (Fig. 3; Pl. 22B). This room displayed the most complex stratigraphy in all of Building A and B (Fig. 47). Surface above the room lay at an elevation of +6.30 (Loci 500, 501.1). During excavation, collapsed wall debris appeared in a dark yellowish brown soil (10YR 4/4) at an elevation of +5.90–5.38 over the southern half of the trench because the northern half of the trench proved to be an outside space. The tops of the east and west walls appeared at an elevation of +5.96– 5.67. It was difficult to recognize any floor level, but a layer of dark, yellowish brown soil (10YR 4/4) with a concentration of pottery that included a complete tripod cooking pot was located beneath the wall tumble at an elevation of +5.52–5.28 (Locus 501.3-4) and probably represents the remains of a floor level. A thick accumulation of reddish brown soil (5YR 4/4) with some potsherds, carbon pieces, and a broken schist roofing slab extended beneath this layer to a depth of +4.85 (Locus 501.7-8) and is believed to represent fill that was thrown into the area to raise the floor level of the room when it was actually constructed. A second layer of scattered stones lay beneath this deposit, which may be identified as a bedding for the fill above (Locus 502.1-4). Loose soil packed with over 20 kg of broken pottery and many animal bones extended beneath from +4.72 to 4.15 (Loci 502.5-9, 507), with most of it in a large rock-cut pit that formed the bottom of the room. After excavating the main part of the trench, the eastern balk was cleared where the southern wall of the room was found at an elevation of +5.85. The southwest corner of the room, originally in

Trench 400, was disturbed by a later, post-destruction intrusion (Fig. 47; see Grave 3, Chap. 6). A pit was dug through the collapsed wall debris and the floor level of the room into the soil fill beneath, and a burial jar (IA.21; P 658) was deposited at an elevation of +5.13 (Locus 506.2).52 Room 5 was isolated at the original northwest corner of the building, and it was apparently a simple pit in origin. It was probably a natural depression along the coast, which may have been enlarged. This room lay along the west side of Room 6 when the building was originally constructed, and it was probably an open space at that time, flanked by walls on the east and south. Broken pottery and other garbage that accumulated on the site in the building’s first phase was discarded there including material associated with pottery production centered along the south side of the building. Only after the passage of some time, probably when Room 1 was added or shortly before, was the area incorporated into the building as a room. It was enclosed with newly constructed walls on its north and west sides and roofed with green schist slabs like the rest of the building. The walls on the west, south, and east sides of the room are constructed down to the base of the pit, standing to a maximum preserved height of 1.84 m above the pit’s floor (Fig. 48). The method of construction supports the stratigraphic interpretation of the room because the lower parts of the southern and eastern walls are irregular and unevenly faced where the dumped pottery would have rested against them, and only their upper parts, where the later floor level lay, are nicely faced. The western wall should be a later construction, and it is faced all the way to its bottom, while the northern wall sits on top of bedrock to one side of the pit at the level of the later floor. These walls created an

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irregular space, measuring ca. 1.17 by 1.56 m at floor level, which could be entered only from its roof; it was now, however, a real room where people appear to have lived above a dump that extended 1.30 m beneath them. A well preserved tripod cooking pot (IB.491; P 587) lay broken at the bottom of the roof and wall collapse in the northwest corner of the room (Figs. 46, 47). It was the only part of the floor that appears to have remained intact, and a conical cup (IB.124; P 2796) and clay loomweight (IC.95; C 116) were the only objects found with it. The cooking pot contained the remains of a hare and an unbroken lens of rock crystal (IC.209; S 16). The planoconvex lens, with a diameter of 0.013 m and a thickness of 0.004 m, magnifies about 2.5 times. It is identical to several that have been found at Knossos and the Idaean cave.53 It is often suggested that such lenses were used to carve designs on seals, but it could also have been used for lighting a fire, thereby finding its way into the cooking pot.54 A few objects were found in the soil fill beneath the floor deposit including a loomweight (IC.89; C 28), two handstones (IC.332, IC.341; GS 388, 418), and a well-used obsidian blade (IC.474; CS 250). The largest number of objects came from the dump underneath, nearly all of them broken or incomplete. Conical and ogival cups (IB.42, IB.167, IB.168, IB.59; P 288, 443, 479, 548) are the most common shapes, including a miniature conical cup (IB.143; P 726) and one-handled conical and ogivial cups (IB.146, IB.197; P 484, 440). Other finds include a bridge-spouted jar decorated with added white paint in an LM IB style (IB.339; P 136), two rounded cups (IB.204, IB.218; P 572, 2779), several ground and chipped stone tools, and much fauna.

MAMMAL 64 bones— Ovis/Capra: mandible fragment (has M2, adult), premolar, M1, astragalus (2 fragments, many fresh breaks), calcaneus (R, broken), 3 phalanx 1 (1 UF, 1 F, 1 broken); Sus: skull fragment, premolar (adult), P2 (adult worn down), distal humerus (F, R, 2 fragments), radius and ulna (R, broken proximal ulna, proximal radius F, ulna has UF and unattached distal end, not attached is radius shaft with UF distal epiphysis), upper ulna shaft (Le), proximal metatarsus II, phalanx 1 (F), phalanx 1 (side, probably F, worn), phalanx 2 (UF) (2 MNI); Ovis/Capra or Sus: proximal phalanx 1 (UF), phalanx 3 fragment, vertebra fragment (spine), 3 ribs (2 heads); Lepus: 2 distal humerus (2 F, R, Le), proximal radius (F, R), pelvis/acetabulum (Le), pelvis fragment (R), femur shaft, proximal tibia (F, R) (405.1). SHELL 1 Patella, 0/1 Monodonta—lip; 0/2 Murex—lip, waterworn, medium; columella/distal, medium/large; 0/1 Charonia—columella/siphon, fresh, medium; 1 Thais—fresh, broken lip, length 0.0685; 0/2 Ostrea (405.1); 1 Patella, 0/1 Eobania, 11 Helicella (501.1).

Floor Deposit POTTERY A total of 2 cataloged vessels and 74 sherds, weighing 3.41 kg, were collected from this level. The largest percentage of sherds, 29.49%, belongs to a bridgespouted jar, the next largest, 17.95%, to both cooking vessels and cups. The total estimated number of vessels represented is 24, 33.34% of which are cups and 20.84% cooking vessels.

Wall and Roof Collapse

In Use: Conical cup: IB.124 (P 2796; 501.3). Tripod cooking pot: IB.491 (P 587; 501.3).

BONE Tool: IC.217 (B 18; 405.1).

Fragmentary: Cooking dish (501.3).

MINERALS AND ROCKS 1 piece of pumice: IC.534 (M 411; 405).

CERAMIC OBJECT Loomweight: IC.95 (C 116; 501.4).

STONE Hammerstone: IC.305 (GS 312; 501.2). Handstone: IC.330 (GS 314; 501.2). Polisher: IC.369 (GS 952; 401.1).

STONE Lens: IC.209 (S 16; 501.3).

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING B

MAMMAL 40 bones— Ovis/Capra: femur (F head and shaft, no distal, Le), metacarpus (no distal, Le), distal metapodial (possibly metacarpus, does not attach), rib; Sus: 2 molars (very young, no roots); Lepus: mandible (Le), scapula (F, R), ulna shaft, 2 femur shafts, proximal femur head (F, butchered through), distal femur epiphysis, 2 tibia shafts (1 R), 6 metapodials (1 UF, 3 F), 2 phalanx 1 (2 F), 2 phalanx 2 (2 F), 4 phalanx 3; Mouse—2 MNI (by lower canines) (501.3-4). LIZARD/SNAKE mandible (501.3-4). SHELL 6 Patella—2 burned; 0/2 Monodonta; 1 Murex—medium; 0/2 Charonia—distal columella, body; 2/1 Cerithium—3 open mouth, 3 MNI; 1 Erosaria— length 0.02575 (501.3-4).

Contents of IB.491 (P 587) MAMMAL Lepus: 2 skull fragments, 4 posterior mandible fragments, tooth, atlas, 2 distal humerus (2 F, R, broken), 2 humerus shafts (R, Le), proximal radius (F), distal radius (F), 2 proximal ulna (R [butchered through proximal], Le), 2 pelvis fragments, distal femur (F), proximal tibia (F, R), distal tibia (F, R), distal tibia epiphysis, 2 tibia shafts (R, Le), 20 metapodial fragments (2 UF, 6 F), 9 phalanx 1 (8 F), 14 phalanx 2 (14 F), 7 phalanx 3, 12 vertebra fragments (=10 vertebra, 10 F), 8 ribs, ca. 50 fragments; Mouse—3 MNI (by upper and lower canines); Shrew—mandible. BIRD carpometacarpus (2 fragments), sternum fragment, furcula fragment, digit I. LIZARD/SNAKE 2 mandibles. EGGSHELL 3 fragments. SHELL 0/6 Monodonta—1 MNI.

Fill CERAMIC OBJECT Loomweight: IC.89 (C 28; 502.1).

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STONE Handstone: IC.332 (GS 388; 502.4). SHELL 2 Patella; 1 Monodonta—no apex; 1/2 Murex—2 MNI; 20 Cerithium—1 with lip; 1 Pisania; 1 Venus gallina—Le, fresh; 1 Aporrhais (502.3). WOOD 5 Tamarix sp., 1 Cupressus sempervirens.

Dump POTTERY (502.5-9, 507) 4 conical cups: IB.42, IB.59, IB.122, IB.123 (P 288, 548, 2760, 2770). One-handled conical cup: IB.146 (P 484). 3 ogival cups: IB.167, IB.168, IB.191 (P 443, 479, 2774). One-handled ogival cup: IB.197 (P 440). 2 rounded cups: IB.204, IB.218 (P 572, 2779). Miniature conical cup: IB.143 (P 726). Tripod bowl: IB.254 (P 536). Fragmentary jug, probably beak-spouted: IB.313 (P 2771). Bridge-spouted jar: IB.339 (P 136). Fragmentary bowl with horizontal handles: IB.240 (P 2761). Pedestal of large strainer: IB.359 (P 2765). 3 cooking dish fragments: IB.568, IB.569, IB.537 (P 2763, 2784, 3197, plus 7 other fragments). Closed vessel: IB.636 (P 2772). Closed vessel, probably a tall alabastron: IB.301 (P 2775). Closed vessel with reed decoration: IB.637 (P 2778). STONE Handstone: IC.341 (GS 418; 502.6). Saddle quern: IC.401 (GS 485; 507.2). 3 obsidian blades: IC.487 (CS 251; 502.9); IC.501, IC.502 (CS 252, 254; 507.2). Obsidian retouched piece: IC.474 (CS 250; 502.5). Obsidian blade core: IC.461 (CS 253; 507.2). MAMMAL 1 bone— Ovis/Capra femur head—UF, burned; Mustelid— mandible (young, R), distal radius (F), proximal tibia (UF, R) (502.7);

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130 bones— Ovis/Capra: maxilla (worn down M2–3), 6 molar fragments (1 M3 worn down), 2 scapula (2 F, Le, R, 1 MNI), humerus shaft fragment, radius shaft, proximal ulna (F, Le, no attached radius), ulna shaft (thin piece), acetabulum (R, adult, butchered on R side of acetabulum, between pelvis/acetabulum and ilium), ilium fragment, ischium fragment, femur shaft fragment, distal tibia (F, Le), tibia (broken proximal, UF distal, butchered down crista tibia near proximal), distal tibia fragment, 2 astragalus (Le, R, R has been butchered on dorsal side at proximal medial corner), calcaneus (F, Le), carpus/tarsus, proximal metacarpus fragment (Le), distal metacarpus (F, does not join other piece), proximal metatarsus (R, adult), metapodial shaft fragment, phalanx 1 (F), shaft fragment (UF) (2 MNI); Sus: lower incisor (adult-sized, but open distal), proximal radius (F, worn), distal tibia (F, R, butchered through lower third of shaft on angle), metatarsus III (adult, R), shaft;

Ovis/Capra or Sus: 2 vertebra spine fragments, 10 ribs; Lepus: proximal ulna (F, Le), proximal metatarsus II (507.1-2). BIRD 4 bird bones—proximal humerus (large), humerus, distal tarsometatarsus (2 MNI) (502.7). SHELL 13 Patella—1 large, 13 MNI; 1/2 Murex—1 waterworn, 3 MNI; 0/24 Charonia—5 columellas, 1 siphon notch (attaches), 17 body, 1 lip, 2 MNI; 1/1 Pisania—2 MNI; 0/1 Euthria—lip, fresh; 2 Erosaria—length 0.0275 and 0.029. MARINE INVERTEBRATES 1 crab claw—thin type (502.5-8, 507.1-2). WOOD 4 Oleae europaea (502.6-7), 1 Prunus sp. (507.1).

Room 3 (Figs. 4, 23, 40, 44, 45; Pls. 22A, 23) Room 3 was built against the west sides of Rooms 1 and 5 sometime after their construction. The southeastern corner of the room was excavated in Trench 300 and a larger area lying to the north in Trench 600 (Fig. 3). The balk on the eastern side of Trench 600 was excavated separately (Locus 609). Surface elevation measured +6.39–6.32 m (Loci 301, 600, 609.1-2) with wall and roof collapse in a reddish brown soil (5YR 5/4) almost immediately beneath the surface (Loci 601.3, 602.2-6, 609.3) and some extending over the area to the north of the room (Loci 602.1-2). The roofing material contained a large number of crushed green schist plaques that had been badly disturbed probably in the grading of the modern road, as well as crushed purple schist, all of which was particularly dense along the northern, lower side of the room (Fig. 44). Additionally, a large quantity of olive wood in this debris probably belonged to ceiling beams. The floor deposit lay in a dark yellowish brown soil (10YR 4/6) at an elevation of +6.02–5.83 along the southern side of the room and somewhat lower toward the north at +5.91–5.80 (Loci 307, 603, 609.4-5). The bedrock on the south side of the room is level with the bedrock of Room 1, but drops

down somewhat toward the north accounting for the sloping floor deposit. Like most of the later additions to these two buildings, Room 3 did not have a doorway at ground level, so it was entered from an opening high up in the mudbrick superstructure of its walls or, more likely, from its roof (Fig. 5; Pls. 22A, 23). Its walls, which are preserved to a maximum height of 0.20 m on the north and 0.32 m on the south,55 abut the preexisting west facade of the building without bonding. The room measures ca. 2.60 by 3.65 m and also had no direct access into the building to which it was attached. Its only fixture is a large sandstone basin (IC.423; GS 581; Pl. 23C) sitting in the southwest corner of the room. Measuring ca. 0.40 by 0.40 by 0.50 m with a channel running from the basin’s bowl to its edge, this stone vessel resembles the basin in Room 2 of Building A. Two hammerstones (IC.317, IC.303; GS 237, 297) lay nearby and were probably used with the basin. Finds in the room were concentrated in two areas, against the south wall to the east of the basin and against the west wall to its north (Fig. 40). Most objects against the west wall lay close to the basin, including three conical cups (IB.7, IB.44,

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING B

IB.68; P 88, 391, 713), a tripod bowl (IB.252; P 497), the remains of a rounded cup (IB.217; P 2612), and two lids with knob handles (IB.455, IB.461; P 280, 2621) that could have fit over the smaller vessels. To the east of the basin lay another tripod bowl (IB.250; P 390), a conical and ogival cup (IB.120, IB.190; P 2577, 2578), a stone lid (IC.179; S 11), and a small bronze knife (IC.294; CA 186). A nicely painted tripod tray (IB.265; P 254) sat near the southeast corner of the room. It was decorated with a white slip and a black circle around the interior circumference with a black cross between them. It was provided with two rim handles. This tray was apparently used as an eating surface and not for cooking. The fragments of another painted tripod tray (IB.268; P 2617) also lay on the floor and the fragment of a third (IB.267; P 2565) was mixed in the roof collapse. Two conical cups (IB.56, IB.69; P 505, 963), one of which had been used as a lamp, rested on the floor near IB.265 (P 254) toward the eastern side of the room. A bone implement (IC.220; B 31), which might have been used as an awl or scoop, also lay there. An ogival cup (IB.170; P 546; Pl. 23D) and a miniature bowl (IB.264; P 401) were among the few finds located toward the north side of the room. The finds provide abundant evidence that people once lived in this room preparing and consuming food. In addition to the basin, hammerstones, cups, bowls, and tripod trays, numerous fragmentary cooking dishes (IB.563; P 2669), trays, and tripod cooking pots were in the room. A relatively large number of sherds, 1853 total, were collected from the floor deposit and indicate the heavy use of the room. A total of 20.76% of the sherds, and an estimated 9.66% of the vases, belonged to cooking vessels, and a firebox fragment was found with them. In addition, two fragmentary stirrup jars (IB.372, IB.373; P 2614, 2622), including one decorated with an octopus in LM IB Marine Style, a jug (IB.322; P 2616), a bowl with horizontal handles (IB.239; P 2611), an amphora (IB.383; P 2620), and other cups and vessels found in the wall and roof collapse were probably also used for storing and consuming food. Numerous pieces of mostly oak and olive wood charcoal lay throughout the floor deposit, and some chunks must have belonged to cooking fires, although no concentration of carbon indicated the location of any particular hearth in the

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room. Some cooking and food preparation also took place on the terrace to the north. The inhabitants’ plentiful diet was varied with a range of Ovis/Capra, Sus, Bos, and different species of fish represented.

Surface over Room 3 and North Terrace CERAMIC OBJECT Loomweight: IC.129 (C 7; 301). STONE Hammerstone: IC.302 (GS 160; 600). Polisher/grinder: IC.338 (GS 161; 600).

Wall and Roof Collapse over Room 3 and North Terrace POTTERY Fragmentary large lid (602.2). Cooking tray fragment (602.2). STONE Handstone: IC.329 (GS 214; 602.2).

Contents of P 2567 FISH 2 caudal vertebrae of unidentifiable medium size fish.

Wall and Roof Collapse over Room 3 POTTERY (601) 2 conical cups: IB.43, IB.100 (P 355, 1579). Large, one-handled conical cup: IB.147 (P 504). Tripod tray fragment: IB.267 (P 2565). Fragmentary jug, probably with trefoil mouth: IB.332 (P 603). Stirrup jar fragment: IB.370 (P 2564). Cooking dish fragment. COPPER ALLOY Scrap: IC.295 (CA 187; 601). MINERALS AND ROCKS 1 piece of pumice: IC.532 (M 409; 601). STONE Polisher/applicator: IC.382 (GS 911; 601). MAMMAL 20 bones—Ovis/Capra: distal ulna and shaft (F, R, 2 bones, somewhat worn/abraded), astragalus (R, butchered on dorsal side parallel to medial side at distal end, length 0.028, w. 0.017);

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MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

Sus: lower incisor (subadult); Ovis/Capra or Sus: scapula fragment, shaft (4 joining fragments, encrusted), vertebra fragment, 4 ribs (601.3 and 602.2-4). FOSSIL 0/1 fossil oyster; 0/1 fossil scallop (601.3 and 602.24). SHELL 9/3 Patella—11 MNI; 2/9 Monodonta—1 with apex, 1 open apex, 6 MNI; 0/1 Murex—body, tiny piece; 0/1 Charonia—lip, fresh; 0/1 Euthria— body/lip, fresh; 0/1 Fasciolaria—apex, fresh; 0/1 Spondylus—upper, distal end, waterworn; 0/1 Helix—bright color (601.3 and 602.2-4). BOTANICAL REMAINS 0/1 Olea europaea stone, 0/1 Prunus amygdalus (601). WOOD 1 Olea europaea, 1 Quercus sp. (601); 22 Olea europaea, 10 Quercus sp., 3 Pinus halepensis (602).

Floor Deposit POTTERY A total of 26 cataloged vessels and 1853 sherds, weighing 17.10 kg, were collected from this deposit. The largest percentage of sherds, 53.18%, belongs to cups, the next largest, 20.76%, to cooking vessels. The total estimated number of vessels represented is 176, 56.25% of which are cups and 9.66% cooking vessels. In Use: 5 conical cups: IB.7, IB.44, IB.68 (P 88, 391, 713; 603); IB.69 (P 963; 609.4); IB.120 (P 2577; 307). Conical cup lamp: IB.56 (P 505; 609.5). 2 ogival cups: IB.170 (P 546; Pl. 23D; 603); IB.190 (P 2578; 307). Rounded cup: IB.217 (P 2612; 603). Reed cup: IB.229 (P 2668; 610.3). 2 tripod bowls: IB.250 (P 390; 307); IB.252 (P 497; 603). Miniature bowl: IB.264 (P 401; 603). Tripod tray: IB.265 (P 254; 307). Fragmentary tripod tray: IB.268 (P 2617; 603). 2 lids with knob handle: IB.455, IB.461 (P 280, 2621; 603). Fragmentary: Semiglobular cup: IB.230 (P 4668; 307). Bowl: IB.239 (P 2611; 603). Jug, probably collared: IB.322 (P 2616; 603).

2 stirrup jars: IB.372, IB.373 (P 2614, 2622; 603). Amphora: IB.383 (P 2620; 603). Cooking dish: IB.563 (P 2669; 610.2). 4 cooking dishes (307); 12 cooking dishes (603). Closed vessel: IB.633 (P 2613; 603). Decorated sherd: IB.634 (P 2619; 603). BONE Implement: IC.220 (B 31; 609.5). CERAMIC OBJECTS Bat fragment: IC.3 (C 328; 609.4). 2 loomweights: IC.90 (C 34; 603); IC.145 (C 498; 307.1). COPPER ALLOY Knife: IC.294 (CA 186; 307.1). MINERALS AND ROCKS 7 pieces of pumice: IC.533 (M 410; 307, 603, 609). 6 quartz granules: IC.559 (M 508; 603, 609). STONE Lid: IC.179 (S 11; 307). 2 hammerstones: IC.317 (GS 237; 603); IC.303 (GS 297; 307). Sandstone basin: IC.423 (GS 581; Pl. 23C; 604). Obsidian flake: IC.481 (CS 310; 603). MAMMAL 101 bones— Ovis/Capra: mandible fragment (no teeth), incisor, P1 (adult), radius shaft (2 fragments), pelvis (acetabulum and ilium fragments, Le), proximal femur head (UF, R), distal calcaneus (F, small, Le), astragalus (butchered on planter side at distal lateromedially, Le), proximal metatarsus (R, butchered through upper shaft), phalanx 1 (F), phalanx 2 (F, larger than 1st), phalanx 3; Sus: mandible (dp4, M1 [unworn], R), distal radius (butchered through distal end, worn, F, Le), ilium fragment (probably butchered on angle through acetabulum and ilium, Le), distal metapodial II/IV (UF, small), proximal metatarsus II (adultsized, R), 2 MNI; Ovis/Capra or Sus: 4 vertebrae fragments (1 possibly butchered), 13 ribs (none butchered); Bos-sized: skull fragment with part of horncore, shaft fragment (butchered down center and on angle through shaft); Rodent (307, 603, 609.4-5).

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING B

FISH 5 left otoliths (5 MNI): cf. Oblada melanura, Spicara sp., 2 cf. Spicara sp., Sparidae/Centracanthidae (603);56 11 otoliths of small Spicara sp., 4 otoliths of small Sparidae, 3 otoliths of Chromis chromis, 1 vertebra of unidentifiable medium size fish, 1 spine of medium size fish (603, 609.5). FOSSIL 0/1 fossil scallop (307). SHELLS 12/25 Patella—0/1 burned, 12 MNI; 2/23 Monodonta—2 with apex, 3 lips, 6 MNI; 0/3 Charonia—body, worn; 0/3 Murex; 1/1 Euthria— broken lip, irregular hole on body, body, 2 MNI; 2 Pisania; 3 Bittium—1 small, 2 tiny, fresh; 0/1 Columbella—lip/body; 0/2 Bivonia/Lemintina—large diameter, 1 MNI; 0/1 unidentified gastropod; 0/1 Cerastoderma—body, fresh; 0/1 Glycymeris—distal end, fresh (603, 609.4-5).

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MARINE INVERTEBRATES Paracentrotus—1 test fragment, 1 spine, 1 internal piece; 4 Theodoxus (603, 609.4-5). BOTANICAL REMAINS 1/22 Olea europaea stones + 1 half stone, 0/3 Prunus amygdalus, 0/7 cf. Prunus amygdalus, 0/1 legume, 1 Cruciferae, 29 spores, 4 dung (603); 1 Ignota, ?insect egg (604). WOOD 12 Olea europaea, 6 Pinus halepensis, 2 Quercus sp., 1 Pistacia sp. (603.1); 9 Olea europaea, 1 Quercus sp. (603); 1 Quercus sp. (609.4); 5 Quercus sp. (609.5); 19 Quercus sp.

Northwest Terrace (Figs. 4, 23, 44–46; Pls. 22A, 23A) The north facade of the building and the remains of a seaside terrace were exposed in Trenches 500, 600, and 1300, along the north sides of Rooms 3 and 5 (Fig. 3). Surface lay at an elevation of +6.40–5.93 m on top of a large amount of soil fill used in grading the modern road. Wall tumble began appearing ca. 0.50 m beneath the surface in a reddish brown soil (5YR 5/4) at an elevation of +5.95–5.26, all of it belonging to the adjacent rooms 3, 5, and 7 (Loci 501, 602.1-4, 1301). The main terrace deposit lay beneath the tumble in a dark yellowish brown soil (10YR 4/6) at an elevation of +5.40–5.06 (Loci 505, 602.5-7, 608, 609.6-7; 1302). The terrace exposed along the north side of the building extends a distance of ca. 9.85 m east to west (Pl. 22A). The western part of the terrace in Trench 600 is set back beside Room 3 and forms a discrete activity space, while the eastern part located in Trenches 500 and 1300 extends out beyond Room 3 toward the coast alongside Room 5. One part opens into the other, but the eastern part is bordered on its east by a wall that projects north toward the coast. The indented western part of the terrace was artificially leveled, and the bedrock ledge on which the north wall of Room 3 sits was cut down on its northern face to create a level area outside the

room (Fig. 45). Two low benches were located at each end of the western section (Pl. 23A). The eastern bench sits in the corner formed by the north wall of Room 3 and the west wall of Room 5, and the western bench rests against the western side of Trench 600.57 Numerous plaster fragments in this area possibly covered the benches and the part of the terrace that runs beside Room 3. A number of pithos and jar fragments (IB.340; P 594) were scattered along the base of the north wall between the two benches, and the upper half of a pithos (IB.443; P 2871) was broken at the base of the eastern bench as if it had once sat on top of this bench (Fig. 46). A large quantity of quartz granules (IC.571; M 520), a piece of pumice (IC.546; M 424), and a drill guide (IC.362; GS 377) lay in the area between the two benches. Stone vases were probably made in this area as indicated by a semifinished pumice lamp (IC.177; S 256), a stone abrader or polisher (IC.366; GS 902), and some quartz granules that were at the foot of the western bench. The artisan who worked here may have also created the serpentinite bowl (IC.174; S 40) that lay at the eastern end of the terrace with another piece of quartz crystal (IC.570; M 519). A tripod cooking pot (IB.493; P 1043; Pl. 22C), with one leg shorter

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MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

than the others, rested on its side just above floor level midway between the two benches; although broken, it was nearly complete and was apparently still in situ. This pot showed no traces of burning, and no hearth was associated with it. Actually, evidence for cooking on the terrace was scarce; very little charcoal and relatively few mammal bones were collected. Numerous seashells, on the other hand, were gathered.

Terrace Deposit Wall and Roof Collapse SHELL 5 Patella; 5/1 Monodonta—5 with apex, 6 MNI; 4/10 Murex—1 waterworn columella, 12 MNI; 1 Cerithium—open mouth; 0/1 Charonia—lip, waterworn; 1 Columbella; 1 Gibbula (504). BOTANICAL REMAINS 0/1 Olea sp.; 0/5 Vitis sp.; 0/2 Prunus amygdalus (602.3).

Contents of P 486 FISH First vertebra of very small fish, perhaps Blennidae, burned dark brown.

Floor POTTERY In Use: Upper half of pithos: IB.443 (P 2871; 609.7). Tripod cooking pot: IB.493 (P 1043; Pl. 22C; 602.5). Fragmentary: Jar: IB.340 (P 594; 608). 2 cooking dishes (1302); cooking dish (608). CERAMIC OBJECT Loomweight: IC.93 (C 62; 609.7). MINERALS AND ROCKS 1 piece of pumice: IC.546 (M 424; 608). Rock crystal pebble: IC.570 (M 519; 1302).

1 rock crystal, 123 quartz granules: IC.571 (M 520; 608). STONE Bowl: IC.174 (S 40; 1302). Pumice lamp: IC.177 (S 256; 602.7). Abrader/polisher: IC.366 (GS 902; 602.7). Drill guide: IC.362 (GS 377; 608). MAMMAL 35 bones—Ovis/Capra: molar (5 fragments); shaft fragment butchered down center of shaft, encrusted (602.5, 7); 20 bones—Ovis/Capra: radius shaft (2 fragments) (609.6-7). FISH 3 otoliths of medium size Spicara sp.; 1 otolith of Chromis chromis (608). FOSSIL 0/1 fossil scallop (602.5). SHELL 11 Patella; 13 Cerithium—3 with lip; 4/11 Murex— 11 MNI, 1 worn/waterworn, 1 waterworn + 1 Murex; 0/10 Charonia—3 MNI, 4 columella fragments, 1 lip; 1 Fasciolaria—broken distal end; 0/1 Tonna—distal siphon; 1 Spondylus—upper umbo, rather fresh; 1 Eriphia—claw, burned; 2 Arcularia; 1 Bittium—small (505). 3/6 Patella—2 MNI; 0/2 Monodonta—1 with lip; 0/4 Murex—1 distal, fresh, 1 apex, fresh, 1 columella/distal, waterworn, 1 distal/columella, fresh, large; 0/1 Arca—bit worn; 2 Bittium—1 medium, open lip, worn, holed, 1 medium, open lip, worn upper half, fresh distal; 0/1 Alvania—not black, small; 1 Columbella; 0/1 ?Ostrea, bored but fresh; ca. 25 land snails—mainly Helicella (602.5, 7, and 608). 2 Patella (609.7). BOTANICAL REMAINS 1 legume indet., 1 spore; 0/1 Ignota, 1 ?insect egg (602.5); 0/5 Olea europaea stones, 1 cf. Caryophyllaceae, 9 spores, 2 Ignota (602.7); 1 cf. chaff (Graminae), 8 spores, 1 Ignota (608). WOOD 1 Olea europaea (505.2), 1 Olea europaea (608), 1 Olea europaea (609.7).

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING B

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Room 9 (Figs. 4, 23, 25, 27; Pls. 16A, 24A) Room 9 was located on the opposite, east facade of the building. Most of the room was excavated in Trench 1700, except for its northeast corner in Trench 1600 and its southeast corner in Trench 2100 (Fig. 3). Surface lay at the same elevation, ca. +5.90–5.60 m, as above the adjacent street separating the two buildings (Fig. 25). A layer of wall and roof collapse lay in a reddish brown soil (5YR 4/3) just beneath the surface with a number of gray schist slabs and pockets of crushed purple schist from the roofing material on the bottom (Loci 1603, 1605, 1702, 2111.2 and 3); small pieces of charcoal were also found in this debris and may also have belonged to this material. The floor deposit lay 0.70–0.80 m below the surface at an elevation of +5.10–4.92 m in a dark brown soil (7.5YR 3/4) that rested on bedrock (Loci 1607, 1705, 2112). Room 9 lies immediately to the east of Room 8 beside the building’s entrance (Pl. 16A). Its north and south walls abut the original east facade of the building, and the room was a later addition like Room 3. Its stone walls stand to a maximum height of 0.58 m,58 and while there possibly was an opening into the room in their mudbrick superstructure, the room most likely was entered from the roof. The space measures ca. 2.10 by 2.30–2.50 m and houses a small niche or cupboard in its north wall at the northwest corner of the room (Locus 1706)59 and a sandstone basin (IC.424; GS 707) resting on the floor in the opposite southeast corner (Pl. 24A). The floor deposit was full of charcoal including oak, olive, tamarisk, almond, and juniper fragments, most of which probably belonged to cooking fires, although no single concentration of carbon was found that might be identified as a hearth. A large amount of faunal material was scattered around the room including more than one hundred ovicaprid bones, with some butchered and burned. The remains of olives, grapes, lentils, dwarf chickling, and many shells belonging to edible species also lay on the floor.60 Most of the finds were located in the northern half of the room, while the area in front of the mortar to the south was relatively uncluttered, perhaps left intentionally to create an open work space (Fig. 27). Most of the pottery could be used for food preparation, storage, and consumption. The

vessels included a large amount of pottery: fragmentary cooking dishes (IB.561, IB.576; P 2539, 3196) and trays (IB.583; P 570); an amphora (IB.381; P 527) and jug (IB.318; P 591) that lay toward the northern side of the room; three ogival cups (IB.175, IB.193, IB.194; P 1121, 3008, 3017); four conical cups (IB.62, IB.84, IB.132–134; P 568, 1236, 3037–3039); and three rounded cups (IB.205, IB.220, IB.221; P 1122, 3011, 3012), all scattered around various parts of the room. Another ogival cup (IB.171; P 550), placed in the corner cupboard, as well as two bowls (IB.235, IB.249; P 3016, 3170), a small lid with a knob handle (IB.456; P 510), and a fragmentary bell cup (IB.226; P 3009) were also located in the room. One of the rounded cups (IB.220; P 3011) was pierced after firing and apparently was used as a rhyton. Four conical cups (IB.84, IB.132–134; P 1236, 3037–3039), two ogival cups (IB.205, IB.194; P 1121, 3017), a rounded cup (IB.205; P 1122), and two bowls (IB.235, IB.249; P 3016, 3170) found in the collapse against the south wall of the room may have originally sat on a wooden shelf at this side of the room. One of the ogival cups (IB.175; P 1121) was still in place inside the rounded cup (IB.205; P 1122). A total of 1548 sherds, weighing 21.20 kg, were collected from the floor deposit and the southeast corner of the room, and they attest to the heavy use of the room. Cups form the largest percentage of sherd material, 31.24% of the total, and account for 59.44% of the estimated total number of vessels associated with the room. Cooking wares are the next most frequent ceramics, forming 28.25% of the sherds and 16.76% of the estimated total number of vessels. The large stone basin in the room was part of the essential equipment for food preparation, and four fragmentary clay basins, including two with interior scoring on the base (IB.283; P 3015), may also have been used for this purpose. Fragments of two conical cup lamps found in the floor deposit suggest that the room’s occupants spent the night there. The occupants of the room also stored items that they probably needed for their work. These objects include a relatively large amount of bronze scrap or waste (IC.284, IC.247, IC.291, IC.260, IC.292,

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IC.293, IC.261, IC.262; CA 98, 179–185) concentrated in the northern part of the room and large quantities of quartz and pumice (IC.538, IC.566; M 415, 515) mostly found along the eastern wall, which suggest that they may have engaged in bronze and stone working. A fragmentary stone goblet (IC.187; S 57) lay near the quartz in the northeast corner of the room. A fragmentary work slab (IC.36; C 122) was also found in the room, but little else indicates that the occupants actually worked there like those who lived and worked in Building A, Room 2. The room’s occupants also admired finely decorated pottery and kept a bat (IC.6; C 507) in the room. In addition to IB.381 (P 527), which is nicely decorated with a running spiral and rows of dots, they collected two fragments of painted pottery, one sherd (IB.647; P 3045) liberally decorated in added white that they stored in the niche in the northwest corner of the room, and another piece (IB.646; P 3013) decorated with delicately portrayed lilies that ranks among the finest pieces of painting from the entire Artisans’ Quarter.

Wall and Roof Collapse POTTERY 4 conical cups: IB.84, IB.132–134 (P 1236, 3037– 3039; 2111.3). 2 ogival cups: IB.175 (P 1121; 2111.2); IB.194 (P 3017; 2111.3). Rounded cup: IB.205 (P 1122; 2111.2). Fragmentary bowl with two handles: IB.235 (P 3016; 2111.3). “Cooking” bowl fragment: IB.249 (P 3170; 2111.3). Fragmentary basin: IB.283 (P 3015; 1702.2). Jug: IB.318 (P 591; 1702.2). Fragmentary jug with trefoil mouth: IB.335 (P 3014; 1702.2). 5 cooking dish fragments (2111.2). Decorated sherd: IB.646 (P 3013; 1702.2). CERAMIC OBJECT Work slab fragment: IC.36 (C 122; 1702.2). COPPER ALLOY Scrap: IC.248 (CA 98; 2111.2). Waste: IC.262 (CA 185; 2111.2). MINERALS AND ROCKS Rock crystal pebble: IC.565 (M 514; 1702).

STONE Fragmentary chalice: IC.187 (S 57; 1603.1). SHELL 2/2 Patella—3 MNI; 1 Monodonta—with apex; 2 Murex—2 fresh; 0/2 Charonia—body, 1 worn (1603 and 1702). BOTANICAL REMAINS 0/2 Olea europaea stones, 2 Ignota (1702).

Floor Deposit POTTERY A total of 27 cataloged vessels and 1548 sherds, weighing 21.20 kg, were collected from this deposit and from Locus 2111.2-3 in the southeast corner of the room. The largest percentage of sherds, 31.24%, belongs to cups, the next largest, 28.25%, to cooking vessels. The total estimated number of vessels represented is 185, 59.44% of which are cups and 16.76% cooking vessels. In Use: 6 conical cups: IB.52, IB.58, IB.60, IB.61, IB.64 (P 482, 533, 553, 555, 576; 1705); IB.62 (P 568; 1607). 2 ogival cups: IB.171 (P 550; 1706); IB.193 (P 3008; 1705). Rounded cup rhyton: IB.220 (P 3011; 1705). Amphora: IB.381 (P 527; 1705). Lid with knob handle: IB.456 (P 510; 1607). Large lid: IB.483 (P 3193; 1607). 2 cooking dish fragments: IB.561, IB.576 (P 2539, 3196, plus 16 other fragments; 1705). Fragmentary: Rounded cup: IB.221 (P 3012; 1705). Bell cup: IB.226 (P 3009; 1705). Closed vessel base, probably a stirrup jar: IB.645 (P 3010; 1705). 5 cooking dishes (2112); cooking dish (1607). Cooking tray: IB.583 (P 570; 1705). Cooking tray (1607). Decorated sherd: IB.647 (P 3045; 1706). CERAMIC OBJECTS Loomweight: IC.105 (C 304; 1705). Bat fragment: IC.6 (C 507; 1705). COPPER ALLOY Strip: IC.247 (CA 179; 1705). Scrap: IC.291–293 (CA 180, 182, 183; 1705). Waste: IC.260, IC.261 (CA 181, 184; 1705).

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING B

MINERALS AND ROCKS 33 pieces of pumice: IC.537 (M 415; 1607, 1705); 4 pieces of pumice: IC.539 (M 417; 1706). 324 quartz granules and 2 quartz pebbles: IC.566 (M 515; 1607, 1705). STONE Sandstone basin: IC.424 (GS 707; Pl. 24A; 1705). Obsidian core: IC.462 (CS 262.2; 1705). Obsidian blade: IC.517 (CS 322; 1705). Obsidian flake: IC.475 (CS 262.1; 1705). MAMMAL 169 bones—6 burned Ovis/Capra-sized bones; Ovis/Capra: maxilla fragment (P3, M1–2, adult but open roots, encrusted), 2 lacrymal (4 fragments, R, Le), molar fragment, scapula (4 fragments, no glenoid, R), distal humerus (F, Le), distal humerus shaft (R), proximal ulna (butchered through articulation and 1 cut mark above articulation, adult, R), pelvis (one-half acetabulum and ilium, butchered parallel to bone behind acetabulum, R), proximal femur fragment (F trochanter majus, Le), calcaneus (no distal, adult, R), proximal metacarpus (Le), distal metacarpus (F, broken), distal metacarpus shaft (thinner than proximal, so 2 MNI), phalanx 1 (F), 2 phalanx 2 (2 F), 3 phalanx 3 (articulate, 2 sizes, 2 MNI), 3 vertebrae fragments (2 spine), 46 ribs (3 heads) (1607, 1705); Canis: proximal ulna (F, Le), distal metapodial III/IV (F), 2 phalanx 1 (2 F) (1607, 1705); Rodent—postcranial, 1 MNI (1705); 3 bones—Ovis/Capra-sized: 3 with fresh breaks (2 join) (1706). FISH 1 pharengeal bone of medium size Sparisoma cretense; 7 otoliths of small Spicara sp., including 2

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digested; 1 otolith of Chromis chromis; 1 otolith of very small Sparidae; 1 unidentifiable cranial bone of medium size fish; 6 spines of medium size fish, including one with cut mark (1607, 1705). SHELLS 116/166 Patella—1/14 burned, 117 MNI; 9/322 Monodonta—11 with apex, 1 recent open apex, 1/19 burned (3 MNI), total 42 MNI; 1 Gibbula— has apex, burned; 0/26 Murex—1 apex, 3 columela/distal, 1 siphon, 2 waterworn, 3 MNI; 0/34 Euthria—0/6 burned (2 apex, 2 distal columella, 2 MNI), 0/28 unburned (5 apex, 1 columella/distal/lip, 7 columella/distal, 4 lips, 6 MNI), total 10 MNI; 3/1 Columbella—fresh, 4 MNI; 0/3 Fasciolaria—2 upper body, 2 MNI; 0/2 Cerithium— apex, distal, 2 fresh, 1 MNI; 0/2 Charonia—body, burned, 1 MNI; 2 Bittium—tiny, fresh; 0/1 Tonna—body; 1 Luria—length 0.04; 0/1 Arca— Le (1607, 1705); 6 Patella (1706). MARINE INVERTEBRATES Paracentrotus—numerous test fragments and spines, 1 internal piece, 1 MNI; 39 crab fragments—13 pincers (6 upper, 4 Eriphia, 2 thinner), 6 MNI; 2 Theodoxus—white (1607, 1705). BOTANICAL REMAINS 2/37 Olea europaea stones + 4 half stones, 0/4 Prunus amygdalus, 1 legume, 2/1 Ignota, 1 Ignota—stalk (1607); 0/24 Olea europaea stones + 1 half stone, 1 Vitis vinifera, 0/1 Vitis sp., 1 Ficus carica (mineralized), 0/14 Prunus amygdalus, 1 Lens sp., 1 Ignota (mineralized), 1 ?insect egg (1705). WOOD 4 Prunus sp., 6 Juniperus sp., 20 Olea europaea, 9 Quercus sp. (1607); 18 Tamarix sp., 7 Olea europaea, 1 cf. Quercus sp. (1705).

Room 13 (Figs. 4, 23, 49, 51; Pls. 24B, 24D) Room 13, which is a two-room compartment attached to the rear of the building, was excavated in Trench 2500. Surface lay here at +6.55, and collapsed wall and roofing material including some olive charcoal lay directly beneath in a reddish brown soil (5YR 5/4) at +6.20–6. (Loci 2502.2, 2503.1, 2505.1). The floor deposits in the western part of the room (Locus 2505.2) and the eastern

part (Locus 2503.2) both lay in a dark brown soil (10YR 4/3) at +6–5.80. The compartment is a small rectangular annex that measures ca. 2.79 by 5.85 m on the exterior and was added to the rear of Room 10 at the southeast corner of the building (Pls. 24B, 24D). Its west wall abuts the south facade of the building without bonding, and its eastern walls do not join

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the south facade at all. This annex was clearly attached to the rear of the building sometime after the building’s original construction, and it may also have been built in two stages, the western part first, and the eastern part later. It was entered from the northeast through a narrow doorway, ca. 0.42 m wide, which was paved with a rubble threshold lying ca. 0.25 m above the original level of the adjacent road. The outer eastern room, 13E, measures ca. 2.04 by 2.28 m; its walls are not as well preserved as those of the inner room because they are completely destroyed in places along the south, while still standing to a height of 0.02–0.46 m on the east and west.61 It provides access at its northwest through a narrow opening with no threshold stone, ca. 0.45 m wide, into the inner western room, 13W. This room measures ca. 1.71 by 2.08 m, and its walls stand to a height of 0.20–0.56 m. It is provided with a sandstone basin (GS 271) in its northwest corner. Both rooms had simple soil floors. Mostly broken objects were scattered around both rooms, and only the sandstone basin (IC.426A; GS 271) in 13W was clearly still in situ (Fig. 49). The find of half a lid (IB.476; P 1290) in 13W and another part of it some distance away near the surface in Trench 1800 provides graphic evidence for this disturbance, some of which may be due to recent plowing in the field. Numerous cups lay on the floor in the outer eastern room, including six plain conical cups (IB.76, IB.77, IB.88–91; P 1183, 1187, 1293, 1302, 1305, 1307), two large conical cups with handles (IB.148, IB.149; P 1171, 1176), and one ogival cup (IB.176; P 1172). Many of these cups were clustered just inside the entrance along the north wall of the room, while others lay toward the center of the room. All of the cups were broken, and they had possibly fallen from a wooden shelf that once stood against the center of the north wall. The remains of a rectangular work slab (IC.42; C 349) lay in the middle of the interior doorway. Most objects were located in the inner west room. The basin in the northwest corner of the room was surrounded by a number of broken conical (IB.70, IB.71, IB.74, IB.82; P 1061, 1062, 1174, 1234) and ogival cups (IB.174; P 1059) that were probably originally located there. Remains of a hearth lay just to the southeast of the basin with a broken cooking pot (IB.494; P 1189) to its north and a badly smashed cooking dish (IB.529; P 2843) to its south.

Both cooking vessels showed signs of burning, so they were probably used on the hearth. A miniature jar (IB.429; P 1173) lay just to the southwest of the hearth. A tall alabastron (IB.299; P 1167), decorated with horizontal bands and missing only its rim, was found near the center of the room. A conical cup lamp (IB.72; P 1169) lay near the doorway from Room 13E. Three additional conical cups (IB.71, IB.75, IB.135; P 1062, 1175, 3041), two additional ogival cups (IB.177, IB.195; P 1182, 3042), and a rounded cup (IB.206; P 1168) were also inventoried from the room. The rest of the pottery was incomplete, including the remains of several basins (IB.281, IB.284, IB.285; P 3001, 3028, 3030) and decorated sherds (IB.641, IB.642, IB.643, IB.648; P 2989, 2991, 2993, 3047). A ring vase fragment (IB.378; P 1274) was mingled in the floor deposit of the room; it resembles an LM III shape and may be intrusive, but it is cataloged with the Neopalatial pottery. Other finds included an intact loomweight (IC.106; C 306) located near the southeast corner, a large cobble of pyrrhotite (IC.592; M 701) located near the center of the room, and a cluster of quartz granules (IC.569; M 518). As in most of these small dwelling rooms, there were relatively large numbers of sherds in the floor deposit, 1246, weighing 13.50 kg. Cups made up the largest percentage of sherds, 46.92%, and 47.23% of the estimated total number of vessels. Cooking wares constituted 24.51% of the sherds and 14.97% of the estimated number of vessels. Both the inner and outer rooms were used to prepare and cook food. Carbon deposits were scattered in both rooms, and while only the single hearth in 13W could be identified, cooking fires were probably lit in both rooms. In addition to the cooking pots (IB.494, IB.450; P 1189, 2240) and cooking tray (IB.602; P 2986) in 13W, a large assortment of cooking dish fragments was in both areas. The nicely slipped work slab (IC.42; C 349) may have been used as a table. Fish remains were found in the eastern room, while remains of Ovis/Capra and marine invertebrates were discovered in both rooms. The finds suggest that people used both parts of the compartment as living space only, and there is no evidence to indicate that people also worked there as they sometimes did in similar rooms. The location of the compartment suggests that they were working in the adjacent yard, perhaps manning the

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING B

kilns, and an assortment of colorfully decorated potsherds found in 13W (IB.641–643, IB.648; P 2989, 2991, 2993, 3047), which they apparently collected, demonstrates an interest in pottery.

Surface above Room 13 and the Southeast Corner of Room 10 (2500.1) POTTERY Conical cup: IB.93 (P 1339). Fragmentary bowl with two handles: IB.234 (P 3002). 2 cooking dish fragments: IB.539, IB.540 (P 1335, 1344, plus 23 other fragments). Cooking tray fragment: IB.584 (P 1341). 3 cooking tray fragments. CERAMIC OBJECTS 2 loomweights: IC.118, IC.119 (C 359, 381). Small clay ball: IC.165 (C 348). MINERALS AND ROCKS Yellow ocher cobble: IC.584 (M 605). MAMMAL 6 bones—Sus tibia shaft (probably young adult), rib.

Surface above Room 13 POTTERY Cooking dish fragment: IB.558 (P 2381, plus 5 other fragments; 2502.2). 5 cooking dish fragments (2500 doorway). STONE Obsidian blade: IC.511 (CS 271; 2502.2). Obsidian flake: IC.522 (CS 321; 2502.2).

Wall and Roof Collapse above 13E (2503.1) POTTERY Cooking dish fragment: IB.559 (P 2422, plus 16 other fragments). COPPER ALLOY Ingot fragment: IC.242 (CA 95). MINERALS AND ROCKS 1 piece of pumice: IC.544 (M 422). MAMMAL 5 bones—Ovis/Capra distal humerus (Le, adult).

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WOOD 3 Olea europaea.

Wall and Roof Collapse above 13W (2505.1) POTTERY Lid with knob handle: IB.463 (P 3003). Cooking dish fragment: IB.536 (P 3033). CERAMIC OBJECT Loomweight: IC.111 (C 325). MINERALS AND ROCKS 1 piece of pumice: IC.545 (M 423).

Floor Deposit in Room 13E (2503.2) POTTERY In Use: 7 conical cups: IB.73, IB.76, IB.77, IB.88– IB.91 (P 1170, 1183, 1187, 1293, 1302, 1305, 1307). 2 one-handled conical cups: IB.148, IB.149 (P 1171, 1176). Ogival cup: IB.176 (P 1172). Fragmentary: 11 cooking dishes. CERAMIC OBJECT Work slab: IC.42 (C 349). MAMMAL 4 bones—Ovis/Capra-sized shaft (3 fragments), vertebra. FISH 1 otolith of small Sparidae, 1 otolith of small Sparidae/Centracanthidae, 1 rib of medium size unidentifiable fish. SHELLS 0/1 Patella; 0/2 Monodonta; 1 Bittium—tiny; 0/2 Columbella—lip, apex fragments, fresh, 1 MNI; 0/2 Fasciolaria—2 apex fragments, 1 MNI. MARINE INVERTEBRATES Paracentrotus—4 spines. BOTANICAL REMAINS 0/1 Vitis sp.

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Floor Deposit in Room 13W (2505.2) POTTERY A total of 31 cataloged vessels and 1246 sherds, weighing 13.50 kg, were collected from this deposit. The largest percentage of sherds, 46.92%, belongs to cups, the next largest, 24.51%, to cooking vessels. The total estimated number of vessels represented is 126, 47.23% of which are cups, 14.97% cooking vessels. In Use: 7 conical cups: IB.70, IB.71, IB.74, IB.75, IB.80, IB.82, IB.135 (P 1061, 1062, 1174, 1175, 1203, 1234, 3041). Conical cup lamp: IB.72 (P 1169). 3 ogival cups: IB.174, IB.177, IB.195 (P 1059, 1182, 3042). Rounded cup: IB.206 (P 1168). Tall alabastron: IB.299 (P 1167). Jug: IB.325 (P 2992). Bridge-spouted jar: IB.347 (P 2994). Miniature jar: IB.429 (P 1173). Large lid: IB.476 (P 1290; 2505.2, 1801). Lid with knob handle: IB.462 (P 2988). Lid or spinning bowl: IB.469 (P 3000). Tripod cooking pot: IB.494 (P 1189). Cooking dish fragment: IB.529 (P 2843, plus 34 other fragments). Fragmentary: 3 basins: IB.281, IB.284, IB.285 (P 3001, 3028, 3030). Tripod cooking pot: IB.507 (P 2240). Cooking tray: IB.602 (P 2986).

Decorated sherds from 4 closed vessels: IB.641–643, IB.648 (P 2989, 2991, 2993, 3047). Ring vase: IB.378 (P 1274). CERAMIC OBJECT Loomweight: IC.106 (C 306). MINERALS AND ROCKS 2 rock crystal, 14 quartz granules: IC.569 (M 518). Pyrrhotite cobble: IC.592 (M 701). STONE Vase fragment: IC.196 (S 197). Sandstone basin: IC.426A (GS 271). Whetstone: IC.407 (GS 684). MAMMAL 3 bones—Ovis/Capra: 2 phalanx 1 (1 F, 1 recently broken, 2 sizes, largest is length 0.038). FISH 1 vertebra of very small unidentifiable fish. SHELLS 0/18 Patella; 0/22 Monodonta—2 MNI; 0/1 Murex— body fragment, fresh; 0/4 Euthria—2 apices, lip, body fragments, fresh, 2 MNI; 0/1 Columbella— lip, fresh. MARINE INVERTEBRATES Paracentrotus—1 test fragment, 1 spine. BOTANICAL REMAINS 1 Olea europaea stone + 0/1 Olea sp., 1 Vitis vinifera (mineralized), 32 Euphorbiaceae, 1 spore + 0/1 cf. spore, 1 Ignota.

Rear Yard (Figs. 4, 23, 50–53; Pls. 24B, 24C, 25A, 25B) Two areas behind Building B were also excavated. One area lay directly behind the southeastern part of the building and was excavated in Trenches 2400, 2800, and 2900. It constituted the building’s rear yard and was the scene of many work activities. An adjacent area to the east, which may have been connected to the rear yard, was also excavated in Trenches 2600, 2700, 3100. Surface lay here at +6.55 m. A deposit belonging to the building’s rear yard was found in the western area a short distance beneath surface in a reddish brown soil (5YR 5/3)

at +6.07–5.96 m (Loci 2404, 2806, 2809, 2810, 2909, 2911). Numerous mudbrick fragments appeared just below the surface at +6.40 m in the debris above this deposit (Locus 2803) and continued to be found in the main deposit below. No roofing material and very few wall stones were found. Slightly different deposits were found just below the surface in the trenches to the east. The wall collapse in the road directly beside the southeast corner of the building (Locus 25/2601) continued farther to the east through the whole of Trench 2600. It lay in the

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING B

same dark brown soil (7.5YR 4/6) at approximately the same elevation, +6.40–5.50 (Locus 2601). A thick deposit of reddish brown clay (2.5YR 3/4), without stone collapse, was found just below the surface in Trenches 2700 and 3100. A narrow screen wall similar to that found behind Building A, but somewhat better preserved, borders the rear yard of the building (Pls. 24B, 24C, 25B). As many as four of its lower courses were still standing up to 0.43 m high.62 They are roughly constructed out of small irregularly placed stones, usually only one course wide, with some mudbricks and reused plano-convex slabs still sitting on top of the stone foundations and numerous other fragments fallen beside the wall. At one point, the broken edge of a potter’s wheel (IC.163; C 585) was reused as building material next to the mudbricks and slabs. Two parts of the wall were uncovered. The western part angles behind Room 11 and ends behind Room 13W; the eastern section runs behind both parts of Room 13 and curves to overlap the western section, forming a corridor-like opening between the two sections, ca. 0.72–0.80 m wide. The two ends of the walls on the west and east could not be excavated, so the size of the area they actually enclosed is unclear. Behind Rooms 11 and 13, the yard would have been at least 10 m long running east to west and 2.05–4.10 m deep. It may have continued farther to the west behind the rest of the building, but not much farther beyond the east facade to the east. A gravel pavement was well preserved over most of the yard, and rested on earth ca. 0.40 m above bedrock. Two small pottery kilns were also located in the yard. Both structures had collapsed and formed small mounds of mudbrick, clay, and ash that accumulated against the exterior south wall of Room 13. Radiocarbon and archaeomagnetic dates suggest that the eastern Kiln A may have been used earlier than the western Kiln B.63 The distribution of finds in the yard also indicates that Kiln B was used only a short time before the site’s destruction, while Kiln A had been abandoned sometime earlier. Nearly all the finds in the yard were located outside Kiln B, while the area around Kiln A was quite clean (Fig. 51). A number of stone and clay slabs (IC.52; C 600) had been placed along the inner side of the screen wall running by Kiln B, and vases probably from the last kiln firing had been set on

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these slabs, perhaps to cool before being removed to another location. The screen wall sheltered not only the work area, but also the newly fired products of the workshop. These objects included, from west to east, a hole-mouthed jar (IB.409; P 3413), a piriform jar incised with lilies (IB.420; P 1627), a conical cup (IB.103; P 1739), a stirrup jar (IB.377; P 3411), and an amphora (IB.388; P 3132). Another group of conical cups (IB.101, IB.102, IB.136; P 1630, 1632, 3131) and an ogival cup (IB.180; P 1631) lay just to the west of the kiln. Several decorated sherds, including an example of Marine Style (IB.649; P 3134), lay in front of the kiln’s mouth. A stone bowl of creamy white calcite (IC.175; S 222) also rested against the screen wall to the west of the kiln, and some quartz granules (IC.573; M 522) and a piece of pumice (IC.547; M 425) lay just outside the kiln to its east. Another stone bowl (IC.176; S 244) and a huge number of quartz granules (IC.572; M 521) also mingled in the debris above the yard’s floor, and given the quartz granules found inside Room 13W (IC.569; M 518), one of the artisans who lived and worked in this area made stone vases. Other finds in the yard included many fragmentary cooking dishes (IB.542; P 1726) and trays (IB.592, IB.594; P 1974, 2447) that were especially concentrated around the kilns; they seem to have been used to fill chinks in the construction of the kilns. No hearths and very few faunal remains were found in the yard and, perhaps somewhat surprisingly, people do not seem to have cooked there. The olive stones and wood charcoal fragments found in the yard were associated with the kilns, not with cooking fires. Excavation on the south side of the screen wall in Trenches 2800 and 2900 was possible, revealing that this area was apparently unused (Locus 2807). The only finds were fragments of a conical cup (IB.118; P 2495) and bat (IC.2; C 108), both of which may have been tossed over the wall from the rear yard. Objects were not discovered in the area to the east of the yard in Trench 2600. The collapsed stones may have belonged to an extension of the screen wall, but they fell in a random pattern and did not suggest any architectural line. Trenches 2700 and 3100, on the other hand, contained large amounts of clay. It was the same clay as that used for much of the pottery production at the site (Fabric Group 1). Because it lacked the archaeological material that one would expect

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to accumulate in the fields around the Artisans’ Quarter, i.e., pottery sherds or ecofactual remains, this clay was possibly collected from an outlying source and deposited in this area for use as needed.64 Seven red and yellow ocher pebbles and one cobble (IC.588–590; M 610–612) were found with the clay and were probably collected at the same time for use in pottery production.

Surface above Rear Yard, Southwest Corner of Room 10, and Southeast Corner of Room 11 POTTERY (2401) 27 cooking dish fragments. Cooking tray fragment.

Rear Yard Debris POTTERY 2 conical cups: IB.95, IB.96 (P 1402, 1403; 2902.1). Conical cup: IB.107 (P 1829; 2803). Ogival cup: IB.196 (P 3118; 2803). Fragmentary bowl with horizontal handles: IB.236 (P 3133; 2803). 5 cooking dish fragments (2902.1); 9 cooking dish fragments (2803). Cooking tray fragment: IB.594 (P 2447; 2803). CERAMIC OBJECTS 3 plano-convex slab fragments: IC.78–80 (C 549–551; 2904 wall). Loomweight: IC.142 (C 326; 2902.1). MINERALS AND ROCKS 1 quartz pebble, 1027 granules: IC.572 (M 521; 2803). STONE Bowl: IC.176 (S 244; 2803). MAMMAL 3 bones—Ovis/Capra-sized shaft (2803). SHELL 1/7 Patella—2 MNI; 0/4 Monodonta; 0/3 Euthria—1 apex, 1 lip, fresh, 1 MNI; 1 Gibbula—tiny (2803). MARINE INVERTEBRATES Paracentrotus—1 test fragment, 1 spine (2803). BOTANICAL REMAINS 40/561 Olea europaea stones + 29 half stones, 0/1 Olea europaea seed, 2/2 Ficus carica (2 mineralized), 10 spores + 0/6 cf. spores, 2 Ignota (2803).

WOOD 3 Olea europaea; 3 Pistacia sp.; 2 Quercus sp.; 1 Cistus sp. (2803).

Rear Yard Floor Deposit POTTERY In Use: 4 conical cups: IB.101–103, IB.136 (P 1630, 1632, 1739, 3131; 2806). Conical cup: IB.118 (P 2495; 2807). Ogival cup: IB.180 (P 1631; 2806). Fragmentary amphora: IB.388 (P 3132; 2806). Fragmentary stirrup jar: IB.377 (P 3411; 2806). Fragmentary hole-mouthed jar: IB. 409 (P 3413; 2806). Fragmentary piriform jar: IB.420 (P 1627; 2806). Large lid: IB.475 (P 1289; 2404.3). Fragmentary: Cooking dish: IB.542 (P 1726, plus 14 other fragments; 2806). 7 cooking dishes (2809); 7 cooking dishes (2404.1); 2 cooking dishes (2807); cooking dish (2810.1). Cooking tray: IB.592 (P 1974; 2404.1). Cooking tray (2404.3). Decorated sherds: IB.649, IB.650 (P 3134, 3135; 2809); IB.622 (P 1288; 2404.3). CERAMIC OBJECTS Bat fragment: IC.2 (C 108; 2807). Drain fragment: IC.21 (C 480; 2809). Loomweight: IC.122 (C 504; 2404). Potter’s wheel fragment: IC.163 (C 585; 2806 wall). Work slab fragment: IC.52 (C 600; 2806). MINERALS AND ROCKS 1 piece of pumice: IC.547 (M 425; 2809). 2 quartz granules: IC.573 (M 522; 2809). STONE Bowl: IC.175 (S 222; 2806). Obsidian blade: IC.458 (CS 191; 2806). MAMMAL 1 bone—Ovis/Capra-sized shaft (2404); 1 bone—Ovis/Capra-sized (2806).

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING B

SHELL 1 Euthria—complete, fresh, length 0.03975 (2404); 1/1 Patella—1 MNI; 0/9 Monodonta—0/1 burned; 0/1 Euthria—distal end; 0/1 gastropod—columella, water worn, small land snails—some burned (2806, 2909).

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BOTANICAL REMAINS 2/82 Olea europaea stones + 0/3 seeds, 0/3 Vitis sp., 7 spores, 2 Ignota (2806, 2809). WOOD 3 Olea europaea (2404).

Kiln A (Figs. 4, 23, 51, 52; Pl. 26) This kiln was located just below the surface in Trench 2900. Reddish soil from decomposed mudbrick began to appear at an elevation of +6.24 (2901.3), and pieces of broken mudbrick from the kiln began to appear just beneath that at +6.20. Remains of the kiln structure, which were still standing intact, appeared at an elevation of +6.10 and extended to the lowest point in the kiln at +5.60. The collapsed kiln formed a low mound under the modern surface, rising ca. 0.25 m above the surrounding bedrock, but extending a maximum of 0.60 m from the top of the mound to the bottom of the kiln. It was filled with broken pieces of mudbrick, including 18 fragmentary and reused planoconvex slabs (IC.62–77, IC.81, IC.82; C 533–548, 552, 553), 2 fragmentary work slabs (IC.43, IC.48; C 365, 514), small stones, and broken pieces of pottery, including numerous cooking dish fragments. All this debris belonged to the original construction of the kiln, but very little of it was still intact. The debris was mixed with a fair amount of ash that must have originally rested on the kiln floor. Kiln A extended beside the south wall of Room 13 and was supported by the room’s rubble wall along its north side (Fig. 52; Pl. 26). Ca. 2.90 m long, it belongs to a well known type of channel kiln that is constructed in two parts (Type 2).65 The stoking or combustion chamber was on the western end of the kiln, and the channels or flues of the firing chamber were on the eastern end. These two parts were separated by a T-shaped mudbrick construction that formed two stoking holes at its base and closed the upper wall of the dome that rose above the flues. The stoking chamber is a shallow circular pit, ca. 0.80 by 1.15 m in size, which was dug into bedrock and lined with clay. Small stones were placed around the perimeter of the pit on the north, west, and south to support the chamber’s walls that

were then built higher, mostly with mudbricks, one of which had fallen into the middle of the chamber and was still intact. A large amount of ash still lay in situ at the bottom of the stoking chamber. It contained many carbonized olive stones as well as charcoal pieces from olive and almond trees, rock rose, broom, and greenwood. This fuel mixture allowed the kiln to reach temperatures above 600°C.66 The firing chamber in the eastern part of the kiln was divided into two long narrow flues, each roughly U-shaped in section. They were also cut into the bedrock, parallel to each other, and then lined with clay. The northern flue is wider and longer than the southern example and measures ca. 0.22– 0.33 m in width and ca. 1.60 m. in length, while the southern flue measures ca. 0.17–0.24 m in width and ca. 1.53 m in length. Each channel inclines up toward the east, thereby facilitating the flow of air up and through the kiln. The two flues were separated by a wall that was carefully constructed on the west by an upright mudbrick that was laid lengthwise between the two channels (Fig. 52, Section A-A¹). The intact mudbrick is still in situ and measures ca. 0.36 by 0.56 by 0.065 m. The eastern half of this dividing wall is not well preserved because it appears to have been more carelessly constructed with a combination of mudbrick and small stones. A plano-convex slab fragment (IC.70; C 541) also lay on the dividing wall where it was possibly reused as part of the building material for the wall. The wall stands to a height of 0.36 m at the west, which was probably its original height, and it was designed to support shelves for the pottery to be fired. None of the shelves survived intact, but the work slabs and plano-convex slabs found in the kiln debris may have been used for this purpose. They would have rested on the central dividing wall on one side and on the bedrock shelf of each flue on

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the other side, measuring in length approximately the width of each flue. Spaces would have been left between the shelves to let hot air rise toward the kiln’s chimney. Little remained in the bottom of the flues other than ash, small bits of charcoal, and the mudbrick collapse. The kiln’s firing and combustion chambers were separated by a mudbrick wall designed to control the circulation of hot air into the flues. The lowest brick in this wall is still partly preserved in situ. This upright brick was set lengthwise across the entrance to the firing chamber, against the brick that separated the two flues, and at right angles to those flues. Its north end still rests on the mud plaster that lines the bedrock wall of the kiln, and its south end, which broke into small pieces, must have originally rested on the clay lining on this side of the kiln (Fig. 52, Section B-B¹). Its preserved measurements are ca. 0.33 m in width, 0.45 m in length, and up to 0.07 m in thickness. It may never have been much wider, but it originally must have been ca. 0.60 m long in order to reach across the opening. This brick probably supported one or more other bricks that formed a solid barrier or curtain wall between the combustion and firing chambers and the west side of the enclosure that rose around the firing chamber. At its base, however, it created two stoking holes, one located on either side of the brick that ran between the two flues. At the time of excavation, these holes were choked with ash and mudbrick collapse, but they originally formed irregular openings, squared on two sides by the mudbricks, with each hole about 0.10 m high and 0.20 m wide (Pl. 26D). This small kiln only had two narrow flues and could not have accommodated large vessels. Little pottery remained inside the kiln. It included a few wasters, which suggest that the kiln might have been used more than once, but mostly fragmentary bits and pieces of pottery that belonged to the construction of the dome or to the fill that was thrown into the kiln to bury it. The kiln may not have been used many times, but if it was, it was carefully cleaned out before being rebuilt and reused. Three fragmentary conical cups (IB.81, IB.85, IB.92; P 1233, 1237, 1308) were found in its flues, however, and a loomweight was beside its stoking chamber (IC.126; C 527). These may be the very objects that were fired there. The careful construction of the wall between the kiln’s two chambers suggests,

however, that the potters were particularly concerned with controlling the atmosphere in the firing chamber. It may have been possible to open and shut the flue holes by raising and lowering a brick on the east side of the combustion chamber to create oxidizing and reducing atmospheres in the firing chamber. In this case, the kiln would have been specially designed to fire painted pottery in a three-part firing process. A few land snails were found in the faunal material from the flues, so the kiln apparently remained open for some time after its final use, possibly to be used again. In the reconstruction of the kiln, one might picture an open combustion pit surrounded by a low wall, or a closed pit with a low dome rising above it with a door or opening at the west side for feeding fuel into the chamber. In either case, an oblong, higher dome certainly rose over the flues of the firing chamber with a chimney at its east end. The chimney was designed to create an updraft and could be opened or closed to control the atmosphere and the temperature inside the firing chamber. The original height of the kiln is lost, but it was certainly higher than the mound of debris that survived above it.

Surface POTTERY 7 cooking dish fragments (2901.2). CERAMIC OBJECT Drain spout fragment: IC.18 (C 345; 2901.2).

Collapsed Debris POTTERY 3 conical cups: IB.81, IB.85 (P 1233, 1237; 2901.4); IB.92 (P 1308; 2901.3). Base with impressions: IB.277 (P 2828; 2901.5). Vat drain fragment: IB.289 (P 2927; 2901.4). 2 large lid fragments: IB.480, IB.485 (P 2827, P 2829; 2901.5). 8 cooking dish fragments: IB.512, IB.538 (P 1249, 1251; 2901.4); IB.513, IB.514, IB.515 (P 1360, 1365, 1370; 2901.3); IB.528, IB.570, IB.571 (P 2810, 2816, 2824, plus 17 other fragments; 2901.5). 21 cooking dish fragments (2901.4); 33 cooking dish fragments (2901.3); 8 cooking dish fragments (2911.1).

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING B

3 cooking tray fragments: IB.585, IB.586 (P 1372, 1373; 2901.3); IB.597 (P 2826; 2901.5). Cooking tray fragment (2901.3); cooking tray fragment (2901.5); cooking tray fragment (2901.4). CERAMIC OBJECTS Bat fragment: IC.9 (C 572; 2901.5). Work slab: IC.43 (C 365; 2901.3). 2 loomweights: IC.109 (C 321; 2901.4); IC.112 (C 327; 2901.3). STONE Obsidian flake: IC.471 (CS 274; 2901.3).

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CERAMIC OBJECTS Work slab: IC.48 (C 514; 2910). Loomweight: IC.126 (C 527; 2907.3). 18 plano-convex slab fragments: IC.62–77, IC.81, IC.82 (C 533–548, 552, 553; 2907.1). MAMMAL 1 bone—Ovis/Capra or Sus shaft, unburned (2910). FOSSIL 1 fossil scallop fragment (2907). SHELL 0/2 Patella; 0/1 Monodonta; 0/1 Murex; 1 Bittium— tiny, fresh; 0/1 Conus—body, waterworn (2907); land snails—several burned (2910).

Floor Deposit POTTERY Basin fragments: IB.280 (P 2977; 2907.1). Cooking dish fragment (2907.3); 4 cooking dish fragments (2907.1); 5 cooking dish fragments (2910).

BOTANICAL REMAINS 0/23 Olea europaea stones, 1 cf. Linum sp., 1 ignota (2907, 2910). WOOD 9 Prunus sp.; 15 Olea europaea; 2 Cistus sp.; 1 Leguminosae; 1 Dicotyledonous indet. (2910).

Kiln B (Figs. 4, 23, 50, 51, 53; Pl. 25C) This kiln was located directly below surface in Trench 2800 with mudbrick pieces and the curved kiln wall appearing almost immediately at an elevation of +6.40–6.15 (Locus 2801). The excavation through this level in the northern half of the trench where the kiln was located, and particularly in the area west of the kiln, uncovered a coarse yellowish brown soil (10YR 5/4) with the consistency of crumbled mudbrick. Much of this material should probably be associated with the kiln, but still lower, at an elevation of +6.26–5.82 m (Loci 2804, 2808, 2810), solid debris was uncovered and still recognizable as kiln structure. At this point the soil matrix was yellowish red (5YR 5/6–6/6), the same color as the mud plaster lining the walls of the kiln. The collapsed debris of the kiln had fallen around and into the part of the kiln that was still standing. A layer of ash was located on the surface of the work yard to the east and south of the kiln at an elevation of +6.08–6.02 m (Locus 2805). Kiln B, located just to the west of Kiln A, belongs to another well known type of Minoan kiln that is constructed as a single horseshoe or bottle-

shaped structure (Type 1).67 It was set at right angles against the rear wall of Room 13 with the narrow, open end of the kiln to the south, where the stoking area was located, and the wider part that formed the firing chamber against the room to the north (Figs. 51, 53; Pl. 25C). The overall length of the kiln is ca. 1.87 m, its width at the south ca. 0.80 m, and its width at the north ca. 1 m. The wall of the kiln, which was preserved to a height of 0.35 m and measured up to 0.34 m in width, was constructed in two parts with an outer stone face, a single course of thickness, and a mud plaster or clay lining on the interior. This plaster also covered the bedrock floor of the kiln and provided a bedding for some of the stones in the outer face. The plaster, 0.02–0.14 m thick, is a medium, reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6) with some small- to medium-sized gray and white inclusions. It was mixed with a good amount of chaff and then carefully smoothed on the exterior surface when applied. This wall of stone and mud plaster formed the base of the kiln and its permanent structure. Small pieces of mudbrick lay on the kiln floor, as in

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the case of Kiln A, and the superstructure or dome over the firing chamber was apparently partly finished with mudbrick. In order to construct the kiln, first a shallow pit was dug in the bedrock that sloped to a depth of ca. 0.24 m; then the pit and its edge were lined with a thin layer of clay plaster; a stone wall was set in place around the perimeter of the pit, bedded in the plaster, and lined on the interior with plaster as it rose. Mudbrick as well as stone was apparently used in the construction of the kiln’s upper part (Fig. 50). Here, too, pottery had to be lowered into the firing chamber from above or inserted from the side of the chamber before its dome was finished. There were no traces of shelves inside the kiln like those found in Kiln A, and either the pottery was placed directly above the floor on simple stone or mudbrick supports or a ledge to support shelves was located higher up in that part of the kiln’s wall that was no longer preserved, perhaps where the stone construction ceased and a mudbrick construction began.68 This kind of kiln was probably better suited than Kiln A to accommodate large coarse vessels like IB.420 (P 1627), which could rest lengthwise on the floor of the kiln. After firing, the dome had to be knocked down to remove the pots, and it appears that the west wall was also torn down, perhaps to remove a particularly large object. In addition to the mudbrick that began appearing just below surface, cooking dish fragments (IB.573, IB.543, IB.557; P 1686, 1816, 2356) also appeared and continued in large numbers through the collapsed kiln debris and onto the kiln floor. While it appeared at first that these dishes were fired in the kiln, it soon became clear that they were being used, with fragments of cups and other vessels, in the mudbrick used to build the kiln. They probably also filled small openings in the wall and dome of the kiln. Numerous pieces of mud plaster lining also lay throughout the debris and on the floor of the kiln. Carbonized olive stones and other carbonized material were mixed throughout the soil above the kiln, but the thick layer of ash located at the south opening of the kiln and in a patch along its southeastern side represented the remains of the fuel mix used for the last firing. Unlike Kiln A, where the remains of the fuel rested at the bottom of the stoking chamber, much of the fuel here had been pulled out of the kiln opening after firing, and some of it had been

scooped to one side. It contained a large number of carbonized olive stones as well as bits of charcoal from plane and mastic or turpentine trees and thorny burnet, quite a different selection of wood from that used in Kiln A. As in Kiln A, a few wasters suggest that the kiln might have been used more than once, but the kiln was kept very clean, and little remained inside. The objects fired here, however, are probably those that sat just outside the kiln along the adjacent screen wall.

Surface POTTERY Conical cup: IB.94 (P 1394; 2801). Cooking dish fragment: IB.573 (P 1686, plus 50 other fragments; 2801). Cooking tray fragment: IB.595 (P 2759; 2801). CERAMIC OBJECT Bat fragment: IC.10 (C 573; 2801). STONE Vase fragment: IC.201 (S 245; 2801). SHELL 1 Murex—recently broken apex and part of body, has lip/columella/distal, fresh, medium; 1 Conus— complete, stubby, fresh, length 0.02375, w. 0.01775 (2801). BOTANICAL REMAINS 51/160 Olea europaea stones + 56 half stones (2801). WOOD 1 Pistacia sp., 1 Tamarix sp. (2801).

Collapsed Debris POTTERY Conical cup: IB.106 (P 1805; 2804). Cooking dish fragment: IB.543 (P 1816, plus 22 other fragments; 2804). Cooking dish fragment: IB.557 (P 2356, plus 6 other fragments; 2808). Cooking tray fragment with handle: IB.596 (P 2801; 2808). CERAMIC OBJECT Drain fragment: IC.22 (C 496; 2808). BOTANICAL REMAINS 2/8 Olea europaea stone (2804).

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING B

Ash Deposit

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WOOD 6 Platanus sp., 1 Pistacia sp., 3 Sarcopoterium spinosum (2805).

BOTANICAL REMAINS Olea europaea stones (2805).

Chapter 2 Notes 1. The configuration of these trenches is a bit irregular largely because of circumstances beyond the control of the excavation, i.e., the need to keep the modern road open to traffic during the excavation and the excavation’s location in a privately owned field. Trench 1900 was opened after the excavation of the northern rooms of Buildings A and B and filled an oblong space, 4.00 by 10.00 m in size, which ran the length of the modern road between the two buildings. Trench 1600 began as a regular 5 m square trench oriented with the modern road; its eastern side, however, was incorporated into Trench 800 when it became clear that two rooms of Building A were located here. Trench 2100 was laid out in the adjacent field as a regular 5 m square trench oriented north to south, but it was later expanded 2–3 m to the north in order to excavate to the modern road. Trench 2600 was also laid out as a regular 5 m square trench oriented north to south, but it was expanded 0.50–1 m to the west into Trench 2500 in order to uncover the ancient road in one locus. 2. See Grave 1, Chap. 6. 3. See Chap. 6. 4. The trenches varied in size because of the configuration of the road and the need to keep it open to traffic during the excavation. Trenches 300, 600, 500 and 1200 were each laid out with a 0.50 m balk on the east, which was left standing until the trenches were excavated, then it was drawn and removed. Trenches 300 and 400 each measured 4 by 5 m including the balk. Trenches 500 and 600 also measured 4 by 5 m, including the balks, but they were then extended 1.70 m to the south in order to overlap Trenches 300 and 400, thereby making them each 5 by 6.70 m. Trench 1300 was slightly trapezoidal, measuring 3 m in width (east to west), 5.60 m on the west, but only 4.40 m on the east. Trench 1500 measured 4.40 m on the west and 5.75 m wide; most of its north side lay outside the road, however, consisting of rock coastline, and the resulting area was triangular in shape. Trenches 1600, 1700, and 1800 were each 5 m square including a 1 m balk along the north that was not excavated. 5. The same is true of Building A, where the floors of Rooms 1 and 2 lay at a lower level than those of the rooms to the south. 6. For a discussion of these drains, see Mochlos vol. IC, Chap. 2. 7. For a discussion of this Phase 1 pottery, see Mochlos vol. IB, Chap. 4. 8. Dims. of landing ca. 1.10 by 2.24 m.

9. The tephra layer is visible in Plate 45 to the left of the meter stick, which sits on the threshold of the building, and the paving stones located in front of the threshold; it extended 0.40–0.50 m in front of these stones. For the use of tephra as a building material, see Stamatopoulos and Kotzias 1990. Professor Floyd McCoy of the University of Hawaii was present at the site during the excavation of this ash layer and suggested that it may have been manmade, while the deposit beneath House C.1 on the island, which he also examined, was clearly airborne. 10. This deposit provides evidence against a post-eruption LM IA phase; in the cases where tephra was found in the main island settlement, one might argue that the LM IA floors were swept out by the later LM IB occupants, but there is no earlier occupation in the vicinity. 11. Dims. of threshold ca. 1.08 by 0.60 by 0.15 m. 12. Dims. of pivot stone ca. 0.495 by 0.347 by 0.084 m, of circular depression ca. 0.131 by 0.038 m. 13. Length of north wall ca. 8.94 m, w. 0.70–0.90 m, h. 1.07 m; interior length of south wall ca. 7.75 m, total length ca. 8.34 m, w. 0.48–0.70 m, h. 1.31 m; interior length of west wall ca. 1.84 m, total length ca. 4.40 m, w. 0.68–0.70 m, h. 1.12 m. The west wall continues to the north beyond the north wall of the room and may have formed the western wall of an additional room located against this side of the building that was completely destroyed, but it was more likely intended to define the eastern limits of the North Terrace just as another wall defined its limits on the west. 14. Length of outer partition wall ca. 0.80 m, w. 0.16–0.20 m, h. 0.20 m; length of inner partition wall 1.68 m, w. 0.22– 0.44 m, h. 0.45 m. 15. Bosanquet and Dawkins 1902–1903, p. 325, fig. 25. 16. Length of east wall 4.77 m, w. 0.74–0.78 m, h. 0.30 m; length of south wall, eastern section 1.40 m, w. 0.83 m, h. 0.10–0.37 m; length of south wall, western section 2.48 m, w. 0.80–0.85 m, h. 0.87 m; length of west wall, southern section 1.44 m, w. 0.50–0.53 m, h. 0.88 m; w. of west wall, northern section 0.44 m, h. 0.85 m; w. of north wall 0.46 m, h. 0.28 m. 17. D. 0.398 m, th. 0.057 m. A shallow socket, 0.036 m wide and 0.006 m deep, too small to support the axle, is located in the center of the wheel. The actual axle support was probably constructed in wood and held in place by extending it beneath the overhanging edge around the bottom of the wheel’s circumference. See Evely 1988, fig. 109; 2000, pp. 283–285, fig. 116.

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18. Interior length of north wall 4.10 m, w. 0.53–0.65 m, h. 0.73 m; interior length of south wall 4.42 m, w. 0.68–0.78 m, h. 0.90 m; total length of west wall 4.63 m, interior length 2.90 m, w. 0.40–0.58 m, h. 0.90 m. 19. Dims. of bench ca. 1.10 by 0.55–0.89 by 0.12 m. 20. See Mochlos vol. IB, Appendix A, statistical table for Room 4W, first phase. 21. Length of spur wall ca. 1.10 m, w. 0.38–0.42 m, h. 0.18– 0.34 m. 22. Length of east wall ca. 1.34 m, w. 0.40–0.45 m, h. 0.07– 0.23 m; length of south wall, western section to east of Room 10 doorway 1.46 m, to west of Room 10 doorway 2.10 m, w. 0.40–0.54 m, h. 0.25 m; length of west wall 2.30 m, w. 0.48–0.52 m, h. 0.30 m; length of north wall, eastern section 2.10 m, w. 0.84 m, h. 0.10–0.37 m, western section 6.90 m, w. 0.74 m, h. 0.28 m. 23. Technically, this pit lay in Trench 400; it was excavated in the 1800 locus, however, to correspond with the locus of the second pit that lay to its east. 24. Dims. of western bench ca. 0.52 by 1.46 by 0.18 m; dims. of eastern bench ca. 0.58 by 0.90 by 0.18 m. 25. Like those stands found in the bench shrine in Room 1; see below. 26. For the clay fabric, see the discussion in Mochlos vol. IB, Chap. 1. 27. N. Platon 1956, p. 235–238, pls. 112b, 113a; Sakellarakis 1988, pp. 168–170, pl. 139; Michaelidis 1993, p. 18, n. 55. The Thrapsano potters describe these pits as karouta. 28. Michaelides 1993, p. 20. 29. This does not include pottery from the bottom of the pits. 30. Dims. of column base ca. 0.28 by 0.30 by 0.07 m. 31. Total length of east wall beside Rooms 10 and 10A 8.20 m, w. 0.78 m, h. 0.10–0.43 m; length of south wall behind Rooms 10 and 11 11.34 m, w. 0.68–1 m, h. 0.28–0.40 m; length of west wall, southern section 1.54 m, northern section 2.58 m, w. 0.54–0.58 m, h. 0.34–0.51 m; length of north wall 3.30 m, w. 0.44–0.56 m, h. 0.22–0.44 m. 32. Length of north wall 2.92 m, w. 0.51–0.75 m, h. 0.11–0.40 m; length of west wall 1.40 m, w. 0.39–0.46 m, h. 0.11–0.34 m. 33. Like IC.389 (GS 272) from Room 1 of Building A, in Soles and Davaras 1994, p. 417, pl. 100 d. 34. Warren 1969, Type 1. For an identical parallel from Quartier Mu at Mallia, see Detournay 1980, pp. 20–21, no. 2. 35. Length of north wall 2.28 m, w. 0.44–0.46 m, h. 0.18–0.29 m. 36. Dims. of threshold slab ca. 0.37 by 0.51 by 0.05 m. 37. Interior length of north wall ca. 2.70 m, w. 0.94–1 m, h. 0.35 m; length of south wall 1.86 m, w. 0.40–0.42 m, h. 0.28 m; interior length of west wall 2.72 m, w. 0.64–0.70 m, h. 0.63 m; east wall=west wall of Room 4. 38. For parallels, see the examples cited by Gesell 1985, pp. 19–22. 39. H. 0.068 m. 40. An intact triton lay just inside the adjacent doorway of Room 2.

41. Vases of similar design to IB.604 and IB.605 (P 255, 256), but provided with spouts for wicks and serving as lamps, have been found at Zakros; see Siteia Museum inventory numbers 1089, 1099. 42. Shaw 1977, pp. 227–229; Gesell 1976. 43. Known as “milk jugs.” See Gesell 1985, pp. 77–79, 101. 44. Cadogan 1977–1978, pp. 77. 45. Shaw and Shaw 1993, pp. 144–149, House X, Room 2. 46. Length of east wall 4.60 m, w. 0.84–0.88 m, h. 0.25–0.50 m; length of south wall 7.36 m, w. 0.65–0.80 m, h. 0.25– 0.77 m; length of west wall 4.60 m, w. 0.55–0.70 m, h. 0.65–0.77 m; length of north wall west of doorway 1.98 m, w. 0.40–0.48 m, h. 0.28 m. 47. H. of column base 0.12 m, upper d. 0.38 m. There is space for a second column base in the unexcavated area to its west. 48. Length of alcove’s north wall 1.70 m, w. 0.53 m, h. 0.30 m; length of east wall 0.57 m, w. 0.46 m, h. 0.28 m. 49. See Grave 7, Chap. 6. 50. See E. Barber 1991, pp. 57, 84, 90–91, figs. 2.17, 3.4, 3.9, 3.10. 51. Two warp stands are shown in Fig. 39, although it is just as likely that wall pegs were used at one end. For the use of wall pegs to measure the warp thread in Egypt, see E. Barber 1991, pp. 85, 90, figs. 3.6, 3.8. It is also possible that a band loom stood nearby, and the warp was stretched onto the stand directly from the loom. For an Etruscan parallel, see E. Barber 1994, pp. 221–222, fig. 9.5. 52. Grave 3, discussed in Chap. 6. 53. Sines and Sakellarakis 1989. 54. For the use of such lenses to light fires, see Mochlos vol. IC, Chap. 2. 55. Length of north wall on interior ca. 3.24 m, w. 0.60 m, h. 0.20–0.74 m; length of south wall 3.18 m, w. 0.50–0.54 m, h. 0.47 m; length of west wall 2 m, w. 0.58–0.60 m, h. 0.47 m. 56. Rose 1994, p. 311. 57. Dims. of western bench length 1.20 m, pres. w. 0.30 m, h. 0.20 m; of eastern bench length 1 m, w. 0.98 m, h. 0.27 m. Excavation was not possible west of the western bench, and it is unclear what it sits against and what its total width might be. 58. Length of east wall ca. 3.63 m, w. 0.46–0.64 m, h. 0.60 m; length of south wall 2.63 m, w. 0.60 m, h. 0.39–0.56 m; length of north wall 2.58 m, w. 0.50–0.63 m, h. 0.60 m. 59. Dims. of niche 0.30 by 0.15 m. 60. A radiocarbon sample obtained from an olive stone here produced a date with a 1 sigma calibration of 1520–1435 B.C. See Mochlos vol. IC, Appendix A. 61. Length of compartment’s east wall ca. 3.63 m, w. 0.46–0.64 m, h. 0.02–0.30 m; length of compartment’s south wall 5.65 m, w. 0.58–0.64 m, h. 0–0.23 m; length of compartment’s west wall 2.62 m, w. 0.64 m, h. 0.20–0.46 m; length of interior spur wall 1.62 m, w. 0.55–0.65 m, h. 0.20–0.46 m. 62. Excavated length of western section ca. 7 m, excavated length of eastern section 3.20 m, w. 0.30–0.40 m, h. 0.22– 0.43 m.

THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER: BUILDING B

63. Radiocarbon samples obtained from olive stones used as fuel in the combustion chambers of the two kilns produced dates with 1 sigma calibrations of 1535–1445 B.C. for Kiln A and 1505–1400 B.C. for Kiln B. For these dates, see Mochlos vol. IC, Appendix A, and for the archaeomagnetic study of the kilns, see Mochlos vol. IC, Appendix B. 64. Cf. the exterior clay beds at Kentri, Blitzer 1984, figs. 18.3–4. In order to identify the clay, we made several vases from the clay and fired them in a kiln in Pacheia Ammos. Eleni Nodarou then made a thin section from the fired pottery and was able to match the fabric with Fabric Group 1; see Mochlos vol. IB, Appendix B. 65. Evely 2000, pp. 304–310, Type 2; see also Davaras 1980, pp. 125–126, Type B. Most Type 2 kilns are much larger than this one. For comparanda, see Evely 2000; Davaras 1980; and Shaw et al. 2001, pp. 5–24.

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66. For the firing temperatures of the kilns, see Mochlos vol. IC, Appendix B. For the Kommos temperatures, which range from 750–1080º, see Shaw et al. 2001, pp. 120– 124. For other estimates, see Evely 2000, p. 311. 67. Evely 2000, pp. 301–303, 308–309, Type 1a; Davaras 1980, pp. 124–125, Type A; cf. the small kilns at Zou and Achladia that were also found empty (N. Platon 1956, p. 238, pl. 113b; 1952, p. 646, fig. 25). 68. The Type 1 kiln at Zou, which Platon dated to the MM IIIB–LM IA transitional period, resembles this kiln in that it also had no visible shelf. It is much larger, however, measuring 1.70 m by 2.30 m on the interior. N. Platon 1956, p. 238, pl. 113b.

3

Conclusions on the Artisans’ Quarter Jeffrey S. Soles

The Artisans’ Quarter provides a great deal of information about craft specialization at Mochlos. It preserves the workrooms and exterior work spaces, many tools, raw materials, finished and partly-finished products, and debris from the pro-

duction process. It sheds considerable light on the means and stages of production, the way goods were produced, and also on the organization of production (who provided the labor and in what manner and to what end it was provided).

Working and Living Areas Interior Spaces Several scholars have noted that workrooms are not architecturally distinct, and it is only the presence of certain artifacts and facilities that identify areas as workrooms or work spaces.1 The evidence includes those objects mentioned above, i.e., raw materials, unfinished objects, manufacturing debris, and tools, as well as permanent structural facilities needed for manufacturing activities such as kilns, pits, corner platforms, and stone tables. At the same

time, certain rooms are more suitable work spaces than others. Small and poorly lit rooms are not conducive for craftwork, whereas larger rooms that are well lit and housed certain built-in features are more likely to have served as work areas. A combination of architectural and artifactual criteria has been used to identify work areas in the Artisans’ Quarter. Seven main workrooms and three work areas have been recognized. All types of work related artifacts are

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not present in each one of these spaces, but they are all found in each building, and many of them are located in each workroom. In Building A, the finds and architecture suggest that Rooms 1 and 4 were the main workrooms and that a third area, now mostly destroyed, may have been located to the north. These three rooms were located on the main traffic route through the building. They were approached from the vestibule in Room 8 and led into one another through doorways that remained open, except perhaps for that leading from Room 1 to the exterior northern room. Each room was situated so that at least one wall was an exterior edifice, and although no wall was preserved high enough to reveal an actual window opening, each wall could have accommodated a window that lit the interior work space. Rooms 1 and 4 housed benches. Small stone slabs located in front of the benches in Room 1 served as work tables, so three or four people probably sat and worked here at the same time. Room 4, the largest room in the building, is provided with additional fixed features including two stepped, corner platforms, a bin, a bench, and a rubbish pit. In Building B, the finds and architecture indicate that the main workrooms were located in Rooms 8, 4, 10, and 2. Like Building A, these rooms were also located along the main traffic route inside the building with doorways leading directly from one room to the next. At Room 4, however, the route branched off into Rooms 2 and 10, each forming a separate unit and workshop within the building. Rooms 2, 8, and 10 were located against external walls that possibly had windows, but Room 4 was

located in the center of the building, so it was probably rather dark and of limited use in the building’s final use phase. With the addition of Room 9, Room 8 possibly became darker and useless as well. Unlike Room 4, which accommodated benches at its eastern and western ends, Room 8 lacked fixed features, suggesting that it never served as a workplace. The stone tools and potter’s wheels found in these rooms may have been stored and not actually used there. These dark and cool rooms may also have stored clay, which was actually worked outside. Room 10 housed three small benches and a corner bin, while Room 2 was provided with a warp stand. Significantly, the workers in these buildings probably also lived in them, and did not commute from the main island settlement. Much evidence for cooking, eating, drinking, and sleeping in both buildings suggests that certain rooms served primarily as living spaces. The small rectangular rooms located on the periphery of the buildings (A.3, 9, 10; B.3, 9, 13) or outside but adjacent to the working spaces (A.2, 7; B.11, 12), were identified as living spaces because of the presence of hearths, food preparation equipment, food remains, and conical cup lamps. The division between working and living spaces is not always clear, however. In many cases, a room that was primarily a living space might also be used as a work space (e.g., A.2), a room designed primarily as a work area might be used for food preparation and consumption (e.g., B.10) while an adjacent room could be reserved for sleeping (e.g., B.11), or a room may have served equally for both purposes (e.g., B.2).

Exterior Spaces In addition to the workrooms inside the buildings, the yards around each building also served as work areas. Two of these spaces were located on the south side of each building, both sheltered from the wind by the buildings themselves. An additional space was identified on the northwest side of Building B, exposed to the wind blowing from that direction. The two areas on the south connected via the passage that ran between the two buildings, with a

secondary passage branching off to the east and leading to the yard behind Building A while the main passage continued southward beside the east facade of Building B and provided access to its rear yard. The artisans wished to control access into and out of these rear yards by erecting a narrow mudbrick wall behind each building to close each yard and provide some additional shelter. Small openings in each wall also allowed people to pass directly in

CONCLUSIONS ON THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER

and out of these areas to the clay pits that were located in the adjacent field. Craft working installations include a stone potter’s pit erected against the rear wall of Building A. Additionally, in its first stage of construction, clay pits were located in the

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rear yard of Building B, and in its final phase, two kilns were located there. Two stone benches were also built in the work area along the north side of Building B.

Craft Activities Work areas in both buildings were used for stone vase making and perhaps textile working, but each building may also have developed its own

specialty by the time of its destruction with Building A focused on metallurgy and Building B dedicated to pottery production.

Stone Vase Making The evidence for stone vase production is concentrated in Room 1 in Building A and Rooms 2 and 10 in Building B and includes raw material, waste, tools, and finished and semifinished products.2 The raw material consists of serpentinite and limestone pre-forms, while the waste comprises a cylindrical bore core, a giant reed fragment (Arundo donax), and numerous pieces of stone vases. The stone tools include five amphibolite drill guides and wedges, other guides, and perhaps a capstone, all used to hold the drill in place, as well as three fossil asteroids that may have served as capstones. Two bronze tools consisted of a small chisel with a separate handle that chipped stone particularly on the exterior of a vase and an extensively worn point that pecked at the stone surface. Quartz, and perhaps sandstone, granules were used as abrasives in the drilling process. The tephra piled in the yard behind Building A

may also have been stored for use as an abrasive. Olive oil was apparently used, probably with tephra or another very fine abrasive such as sand for the final polishing of the stone surface. Many of the finished and unfinished vases show tool marks, whether horizontal rings left by drills of varying diameters, peck marks left by a bronze point, or striations from an abrasive, but most surfaces display a high polish. Evely suggested that a wheel and lathe were possibly used in the manufacturing process,3 and, of course, the potter’s pit behind Building A and any of the potter’s wheels on the site could have been used for this purpose. Finally, a number of unfinished stone vases show many signs of pecking, including a hand lamp with unfinished base and wick cutting and a jar with sloping sides that has not been hollowed. Fifteen finished vases, including seven lids, were also found.

Textile Production Although the excavation did not produce spindle whorls, clearly textile production was also an important activity in the Artisans’ Quarter.4 The evidence for this activity consists of 63 loomweights

scattered around the site, two long bronze needles found in Room 4 of Building B, numerous fragmentary objects identified as warp stands as well as the intact example in situ in Room 2 of Building B,

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five small spinning bowls and a spinning pot, and what may be the mudbrick support for a loom leg. Of the loomweights, 57% come from Building B, 22% are from Building A, and the rest were located in exterior spaces. A standard number of weights per loom was not identified,5 but if the 14 weights from Building A belonged to one loom, then as many as three looms were possibly housed in Building B. Building B also accommodated the warp stands and a bone tool that may have served as an awl. Six weights lay in Room 4 of Building A,

but, otherwise, weights were not concentrated in any one room. Room 2 in Building B was recognized as a textile production area because of its warp stand. The large numbers of murex from the buildings possibly produced dye, although their distribution suggests that they were more likely eaten. The red and yellow ochers found at the southeast corner of Building B perhaps dyed textiles, although they could also be used as pigments in pottery production.

Metallurgy Most stages of bronze working could be documented in the excavation of Building A.6 A bronze foundry hoard, representing the first stage of bronze production, lay against the south wall in the destroyed northern room of Building A. The hoard contained copper ingot fragments, broken into small pieces for weighing. Broken bowls, a bronze handle, and waste or spill fragments from the hoard demonstrate the importance of recycling in Minoan metallurgy. A bronze strip probably also served as raw material for the production of new objects in the workshop. Run-off or waste from the casting process was found in virtually every room of the building and was collected for recycling. Two used and three unused clay molds were found in the building. One unused mold from Room 9 was an open, single piece form suitable for casting a small billet. The four other closed molds used the lost wax method. The two unused examples, located in Room 1, were designed for casting handles with rivet holes. The two used molds were broken and discarded, one in Room 1 and the other in

Room 2. At least one form probably cast a blade, and bronze waste still adhered to its surface. A possible crucible fragment lay in the dump behind the building. Bellows, tongs, and casting hearths were not found, however, so the actual casting process may have occurred outside, probably in the destroyed northern room that faced the sea. Perhaps the most convincing evidence for casting objects is the work slab from Room 7 of Building B, the surface of which was seared by a hot knife that left its impression in the clay. Several objects from the workshop also survived and should be identified as its products. They include an assortment of small utilitarian objects—a pin, a ring, a pair of tweezers, knives, nails, and a fish hook—mostly from Room 2 of Building A. A large number of stone and pumice tools used for hammering or polishing were found throughout the building, particularly in Rooms 1 and 4. A stone table shows traces of hammering, and a few pumice tools were worn where they rubbed against a metal surface.

Pottery Production The primary evidence for pottery production in the Artisans’ Quarter includes the clay pits southeast of Building B, the remains of six potter’s wheels in Building B, various stone potting tools, the potter’s pit behind Building A, the pivot stones

in Building B, and the two kilns behind Building B.7 Four of the wheels were small fragments from discarded wheels, but the other two wheels were in use at the time of the building’s destruction, so there is some evidence to suggest that two potters

CONCLUSIONS ON THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER

worked in Building B. These two wheels come from internal Rooms 4 and 8, which could not have been very well lit, so they were probably used outside the building. The potter’s pit behind Building A with its pivot stone still in situ was a possible location for using the wheels, although it may have gone out of use by the Quarter’s final phase. A similar pivot stone in the middle of Room 10 suggests that there was possibly another exterior location. An intact wheel preserved the clay that held a bat in place, on which the pot was actually thrown, and looked like it was used shortly before the Quarter’s destruction.8 The other wheel was broken among the roots of a tamarisk tree, but it was probably also intact at the time of the building’s destruction. No kick stone was found, so the potters apparently worked without such stones, probably with the assistance of an apprentice.9 Two limestone palettes, one found in Room 4 with one wheel, the other discovered in Room 10, probably belonged to these potters. Each potter

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seemingly had his own tool kit that included a bronze spatula, although only one survived, and any number of stone polishers. An oblong polisher found in the potter’s pit indicates that the workers shaped and burnished vases on the wheel. Palettes and spatulas presumably mixed paints, and red and yellow ocher pigments also survived beside Building B. Additionally, a mortar and pestle found in Building B probably crushed phyllite temper, while a large open vase or any number of pithoi from the building could store clay. The two small updraft kilns located behind Building B were probably not used simultaneously. Kiln A was not being used at the time of the Quarter’s destruction, whereas Kiln B looks as if it had been recently fired. The vessels from the kiln were lined against the rear wall of the yard and included conical and ogival cups, the principal product of the workshop, and also three larger jars and an amphora. The piriform jar incised with a lily was the potter’s hallmark.

Farming and Animal Husbandry To what extent, if any, did the inhabitants of the Artisans’ Quarter farm? It is an important question because artisans who also farm are not totally dependent on their craft and are likely to remain independent.10 There is some indication that the artisans processed olives, perhaps for manufacturing purposes, i.e., polishing stone vessels or the fabrication of aromatics. They also valued olives as fuel, but this does not necessarily mean that they harvested their own trees, and there is little indication for oil production on a large scale. Storage magazines full of pithoi, amphorae, and other storage jars are not found in the Artisans’ Quarter like those in houses on the island and the Chalinomouri farmhouse, possibly suggesting that the craftspeople did not farm or, if they did, they did not produce much. Arable land in the immediate vicinity of the Artisans’ Quarter may already have been appropriated by long-time residents in the main island town when the artisans arrived at the beginning of the LM IB period. Many artisan specialists are not closely attached to the land,11 and as relative late comers to Mochlos, these artisans probably did not have

access to any nearby arable land. On the other hand, some members of their households may have acquired unclaimed land farther afield, and some artisans possibly farmed part-time and practiced their craft during slow periods in the agricultural cycle. They apparently enjoyed a varied Mediterranean diet.12 In addition to olives, Sarpaki and Bending identified remains of barley, lentils, horse beans, chickling, fig, almonds, and grape. Whether or not the artisans accessed arable land, they could have herded flocks in marginal areas worthy of grazing. Reese has identified 29 different sheep or goats and 17 pigs in the animal bones from the two buildings. A good number of specimens were butchered while they were still young. He has also identified at least two dogs, one in each building. They might have been pets, but could have herded flocks. Mylona has identified the remains of several different fish families that the artisans ate. Many of these fish could be caught along the shore by the artisans themselves, but a few specimens required a boat and professional fishing expertise.

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Production Organization in the Artisans’ Quarter Who were the artisans here, from where did they come, how were they organized, and how were they related to the population in the main island settlement? These questions need to be raised even though some can be answered with more certainty than others. The timing of the artisans’ arrival at Mochlos is, itself, suspicious. Their appearance loosely coincides with the Theran eruption, either shortly before or after. The presence of fragmentary Cycladic pottery in the Quarter perhaps belongs to an early phase of the settlement, and this may be significant. In a preliminary excavation report, it was suggested that the artisans might even be refugees, if not from Thera, then from a neighboring area that was heavily damaged by the eruption.13 Of course, artisans are, by nature, a mobile people14 partly due to the “journeyman” system in which apprentices travel to work with a master craftsman and then move on to find their own work or set up their own shop. The primary reason for their mobility, however, is their dependence on local patrons or the economic prosperity of the area where they live. The artisans depend on these factors to provide a market for their goods. Should their patrons no longer need them or the local economy suffers, as it invariably does on a cyclical basis, the craftspeople must move to a new market. It is quite likely, therefore, that the Mochlos artisans, who worked in a Minoan ceramic tradition, not a Cycladic one, traveled from another part of Crete where there was insufficient demand for their skills. They perceived an opportunity in the Bay of Mirabello and capitalized upon it. Two different types of artisans are usually distinguished within the Minoan economic system of the palatial periods. One type is the “attached” artisan who works for a special patron or institution,15 in this case the country villa or the palace workshop. He works in what is sometimes called a “retainer workshop,” which is defined as “a large-scale operation with full-time artisans working for an elite patron or government institution within a segregated, highly specialized setting or facility.”16 In the Neopalatial period, the south workshop area at Zakros is one of the best examples of such a workshop, because it preserves the

rooms and installations, the tools, the raw and waste materials, and the finished products.17 In the Protopalatial period, Quartier Mu at Mallia provides a good example.18 Other villa and palace workshops cannot always be readily identified because their remains are less complete. Evely and Branigan have reviewed the evidence for a number of these workshops,19 and while it is often difficult to pinpoint them, it is clear that they existed in all the palaces and in many villas, producing goods on command for elite patrons and the social and political institutions they controlled. At the other end of the organization scale is the part-time specialist who works out of his own home. Sometimes described as “individual” or “independent” artisans, these are “autonomous individuals or households producing for unrestricted local consumption.”20 They are part-time because their craft production is secondary to other subsistence pursuits. Large Minoan towns such as Gournia and Palaikastro have produced the best evidence for these part-time specialists. Branigan has called attention to possible ivory workers, lapidaries, bronze workers, and carpenters who lived in these towns and worked primarily as farmers while practicing certain specialties on the side.21 The GreekAmerican excavations in the main settlement area on the island of Mochlos have uncovered evidence for two workshops of this kind, including one example in Building C.7 that produced stone vases and another case in House C.2 where someone may have engaged in seal making.22 Both households also maintained storage facilities for agricultural produce, however, and probably engaged primarily in farming and commercial ventures. Some individuals who lived in the modest and rural farmhouse at Chalinomouri also appear to have produced flax and stone vases, but they were primarily farmers. Two important differences between these two kinds of artisans are the range and quality of goods they produce and the market for which the goods are intended. The artisans who work in the villa and palace workshops are master craftsmen who often produce high prestige goods that have a transcendent function in the political and religious life of the palace community.23 Their elite patrons command this production and constitute its primary market in

CONCLUSIONS ON THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER

order to control the distribution and consumption of these goods for their own political and religious purposes. Additionally, visiting elites and ordinary pilgrims come to the palace and acquire these goods thereby creating an islandwide and international market. The farmer artisans who live in towns or outlying farmhouses produce a smaller range of goods that are more utilitarian in character and limited to only one or two types per household, which are intended for their own use or for exchange in the local economy.24 Between these two frequently cited extremes, there are several other possible models for production organization, and Costin’s work is especially valuable for identifying the “parameters” of this organization.25 They include “context,” which is the degree of elite sponsorship; “concentration,” whether production is dispersed throughout a community or nucleated in single workshops; “scale,” whether small kin-based entities or large factories; and “intensity,” the extent to which workers are parttime or full-time. Social, political, economic, and environmental variables affect these parameters to produce different types of specialist production. The distinction between attached and independent specialists is not an absolute dichotomy then, but rather, as Stein points out, “a characterization of two different ends of a continuum.”26 The individuals living in the Artisans’ Quarter at Mochlos fall somewhere between the two extremes and should probably be described as independent, nucleated, kin-based, full-time specialists. The Mochlos artisans apparently were independent of elite control, not because of their distance from the palace at Gournia, but because of the type of goods they produced. They created largely mundane, utilitarian goods that did not serve political needs, but met a general economic demand large enough to support them. This demand probably came from a larger market than the main settlement at Mochlos, where additional craftsmen worked for local consumption. The kind of market the artisans needed, however, could exist wherever there was a large and expanding population, regional political integration, good transportation, and a peaceful or stable environment.27 All these criteria were found in the Gournia polity that surfaced around the Bay of Mirabello in the LM IB period.28

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In this regard, it is also significant that the craftsmen were concentrated in three or four specialist workshops located in a single community.29Such nucleation usually occurs to meet the demand of communities that are not served by resident specialists. Many communities around the Bay of Mirabello such as farmhouses like Chalinomouri or isolated farming aggregates would have benefited from the Mochlos quarter. Many people living in rural outposts in the Mirabello region—especially in the eastern part where Mochlos was easily reached by sea or an overland route leading from the south through a well traveled ravine south of Mount Thriphti—also would have taken advantage of the Mochlos quarter services. The fact that the Artisans’ Quarter continued to function into a very late phase of the Neopalatial period suggests that these outposts also escaped whatever disruptions may have occurred elsewhere in Crete and continued to prosper through the LM IB period thereby providing a market for the Mochlos artisans. Of course, the Artisans’ Quarter also met local needs by providing services and products that craftsmen in the main settlement area on the island were not providing. There is no evidence, for example, that the population in the main settlement area produced pottery in the LM IB period. They acquired it from the artisans who had access to clay sources. They possessed bronze foundry hoards,30 but they apparently did not work bronze. They may have practiced a “putting-out” system, whereby they provided the artisans with the raw material and allowed them to keep part of the finished product.31 If the islanders were also merchants, as seems likely because they provided raw materials imported from abroad, they may also have distributed some of the artisans’ products. The extent to which the two areas complemented each other is unclear, however, because Buildings C and D in the Artisans’ Quarter and many houses in the main settlement remain unexcavated. There was some overlapping in stone vase production, although the stone lamp that possibly came from a workshop in C.7 is much more ornate than anything preserved from the Artisans’ Quarter.32 Textile production also overlapped because it was a common household craft in the main settlement area. The production of seal stones and chipped obsidian blades, on the other

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hand, may have been prerogatives of workshops in the main settlement. Archaeologists commonly assume that a population living together in the same household is likely to have a familial relationship and that “family production units will work within or adjacent to their own domestic space,”33 while workshops staffed by unrelated individuals will be located in nondomestic space. The presence of subadult skeletal remains in Building A, including a subadult burial and an infant tooth in two different rooms, also suggests that the inhabitants were related to each other. The fact that they lived in different rooms, all connected to a single building, suggests that they consisted of different family units, but belonged to a larger extended family. Indeed, the expansion of the original buildings and the addition of living/eating rooms around the perimeter of each building suggest that family units were growing with the passage of time. The artisans who settled here at the very beginning of the LM IB period built the original Phase 1 units, each of which was provided with its own sleeping and working areas, while their descendants or other workers who became closely attached to the workshops added onto the original buildings in Phases 2 and 3. One could be born into such an artisan family, one could marry into it, or one might be apprenticed to it and not necessarily related by birth.34 The families grew and prospered over the years, and by the time of the final destruction, three generations of artisans may have been living in the Quarter. If the remains represent a period of 100 years, the founding artisans were probably dead and their children had grown old or died, but their grandchildren were in their prime and their great grandchildren were still young. If each of the 4 or 5 living/eating rooms in Building A accommodated 2 adults, a population of 8 to 10 adults might have been living in Building A, and if each of the 6 or 7 living/eating rooms in Building B accommodated 2 adults, then 12 to 14 adults lived in Building B, together with their dependents, at the time the buildings were destroyed. While attached artisans are more likely to work on a full-time basis than any other group of specialists, because they produce on demand for a fixed market, independent artisans who work in small family workshops may also be full-time

specialists.35 There is some evidence that a few of the Mochlos artisans were full-time, at least in the sense that craft production was the focus of their activities. The floor plans of the two buildings with work spaces occupying prominent locations within each building and many living/eating spaces peripherally located indicate that the workshops were organized primarily for production. The density of production debris, especially the bronze waste found throughout Building A and stone vase fragments found in both buildings, indicates the Quarter’s output. The production efficiency, evidenced in the careful organization of different production stages, and the skill or technological knowledge required to produce stone vases, bronze objects, and pottery also suggest the existence of full-time specialists. Examples of family workshops in traditional cultures suggest that a typical artisan family included a master tradesman, 2 or 3 journeymen, and 1 or 2 apprentices.36 The organization of rooms in the Mochlos buildings may reflect such a hierarchical organization of labor. In this case, the larger rooms (A.4, B.2, B.10), each with its own adjacent sleeping room, possibly belonged to the master craftsmen, and the peripheral rooms were occupied by the journeymen and apprentices. Not all individuals living in the Quarter would have been full-time specialists, however. In an artisan family, some individuals would be involved in nonproduction activities that supported the specialists, such as the tending of flocks, the preparation of food, the collection of raw materials, or the distribution of finished goods. The artisan family acted as a close-knit, interdependent community producing utilitarian goods to support its subsistence needs. While a large number of workshops have been identified in Minoan buildings, and there is much evidence for pottery production, metallurgy, stone vase making, and other craft production in Minoan Crete, only a few manufacturing centers like the Artisans’ Quarter have been recognized. The closest parallel is probably the establishment at Poros-Katsambas.37 It covers a longer time span, extending from the Prepalatial period to the LM III period, but it also flourished in the Neopalatial period. This much larger craft center was located by the major harbor of Knossos but, like the Mochlos quarter, this extensive manufacturing community included several buildings where many craftsmen lived and

CONCLUSIONS ON THE ARTISANS’ QUARTER

produced a range of different products. In these ways, the two craft quarters differed from other Minoan workshops that were isolated household enterprises or larger establishments attached to an elite center, often specializing in luxury products. Poros-Katsambas and Mochlos were also similar in their locations because both were situated on the coast, near an important harbor, and in the neighborhood of a palatial center. They might be better

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classified as commercial centers like the later Greek emborio in that they were engaged not only in production, but were also concerned with distribution and trade. Consequently, they were located in easily reachable areas, and they both targeted a regional market of potential customers. The artisans lived in their shops, but they were always open for business and provided a permanent market place for commercial activity in the area.38

The Divine Guidance of Production Some evidence in Room 1 of Building B and Room 6 of Building A suggests the location of small shrines in the Artisans’ Quarter. The first room may be identified as a bench sanctuary belonging to an ancient and ubiquitous variety of Minoan shrine,39 while the second room cannot be categorized because of its incomplete excavation. The plastered bench in Room 1 and the large paving slabs in Room 6 are the only distinctive architectural features, but the finds in both rooms suggest they may be shrines. These objects include the numerous miniature bowls and bowl fragments, the miniature jug and the pedestalled stands in Room 1, and the clay foot in Room 6. These artifacts customarily identify shrines elsewhere in the Minoan world. The absence of any evidence for utilitarian functions in these rooms also points to this conclusion. Good evidence for cooking, eating, working, and storage is found in all the other rooms of the two buildings, but evidence for these mundane activities is lacking in these rooms. The combination of craft activity and religious structures in the Late Bronze Age Aegean is usually associated with the retainer workshop. The religious structures are the main structures that dominate the work areas in size and importance. The workshops are simply appendages either attached to the shrines or located outside in their vicinity. Minoan palace workshops, workshops in the Cult Area at Mycenae, workshops cited in the Linear B tablets, and a number of Cypriot workshops at Kition, Enkomi, and elsewhere fall into this category.40 At Mochlos quite the reverse is true because the two shrines are minor

appendages to the workshops. These ritual spaces belong to a different category that includes a small shrine in the LM III potters’ quarter at Gouves and others as yet unnoticed.41 The explanations for these two different types of religious/craft association are quite different. In the case of Mycenae, French has suggested that the shrines dispensed valuable raw materials to artisans to work nearby. They would then return the finished object and the scrap material to exhibit or store in the shrine.42 In the case of Minoan palaces, Warren has noted that considerable production was directly connected with and destined for the palace shrines.43 Hägg has argued that the economy of Minoan and Mycenaean society was stimulated by shrine workshops that produced “equipment of precious materials for sacred use.”44 In Cyprus, several scholars have argued for religious domination over copper production and perhaps other crafts as well.45 In all these cases the shrines determined the output to a large extent, but this is not the case at Mochlos, and there is not much indication that the ceremonial center in the main settlement area, Building B.2, influenced the output of the Artisans’ Quarter. The objects in the Mochlos shrines, if correctly identified as offerings, and the small size of the shrines suggest that they were merely household shrines that played a supportive role in the artisan community. The artisans placed offerings here as they might have in any other shrine. The choice of offerings such as pieces of raw material and finished workshop products, mostly of no great value,

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suggests that the offerings had a symbolic content. They were not only tokens of appreciation to a deity who was expected to watch over craft activities and promote their success, but, like some contemporary offerings in the Cyclades and later in Classical

Greece,46 they symbolized the skills of the artisans that were thought to be divinely inspired. Because the offerings encapsulated these god-given skills, they were as valuable as offerings of precious materials that might be placed in a palace shrine.

Chapter 3 Notes 1. Tournavitou 1988, pp. 447–460; Evely 2000, pp. 547–551. 2. For the procedures and tools involved in stone vase making, see Evely 1993, pp. 172–194. Individual objects are discussed further in Mochlos vol. IC, Chap 2. 3. Evely 1993, p. 192. 4. For procedures and tools, see Evely 2000, pp. 485–507. Objects used in textile production are discussed further in Mochlos vol. IC, Chap 2. 5. Barber 1991, pp. 103–104. 6. For the production of metals, see Evely 2000, pp. 323–397. Objects associated with bronze working are discussed further in Mochlos vol. IC, Chap 3. 7. For the procedures involved in pottery production, see Evely 2000, pp. 259–311. Objects used in pottery production are discussed further in Mochlos vol. IC, Chap 2. 8. For the way the bat was attached to the wheel, see Evely 1988, fig. 109; 2000, fig. 111. 9. For the use of such stones at Pitsidia and Gouves, see Vallianou 1995, figs. 6, 7; 1998, fig. 7. 10. Wailes 1996, p. 10. 11. Braudel 1982, pp. 307–309, citing Medieval European examples. 12. For details on the palaeobotany of the site, see Mochlos vol. IC, Chap 6. 13. Soles and Davaras 1995. 14. Braudel 1982, pp. 307–309; Bloedow 1997; Christakis 1996; Mochlos vol. IC, Conclusions. 15. Brumfiel and Earle 1987. 16. Costin 1991, p. 9. 17. N. Platon 1971, pp. 210–222. 18. Poursat 1996. 19. Evely 1993, pp.132–134, 162–164, 181–182, 187, 196, 242–245; Evely 2000, pp. 311–317, pp. 335–341; Branigan 1983, p. 26; see also L. Platon 1993. 20. Costin 1991, p. 8. 21. Branigan 1983, pp. 27–28. 22. Soles and Davaras 1992, pp. 429–432; 1994, pp. 396– 400; 1996, pp. 199–201. 23. For “politically charged commodities,” see Brumfiel and Earle 1987, p. 5, and Peregrine 1991; for the transcendent

value of skillfully crafted objects, see Helms 1993, pp. 13–27; Soles 1995. 24. Costin 1991; Stein 1996, p. 26. 25. Costin 1991. 26. Stein 1996, pp. 25–26. 27. Costin 1991, pp. 8–9. 28. Soles 1991, pp. 73–76; for a different view, which the Mochlos evidence would appear to refute, see Driessen and MacDonald 1997, and Watrous and Blitzer 1999, p. 908. 29. Including the unexcavated Buildings C and D. 30. Soles and Davaras 1996, pp. 194–196, 201. 31. Compare the Verlagssystem of early Europe, Braudel 1982, pp. 316–321. 32. Soles and Davaras 1996, p. 201, pl. 57. 33. Costin 1991, p. 27. 34. For the identification of family artisans at LM III Gouves, see Vallianou 1997, pp. 341–342. Some indirect evidence for exogamy exists at Mochlos in the relatively small percent of loomweights that are tempered with granodiorite instead of the much more common and normal phyllite. These loomweights are imported from the area around Gournia, and if textile production is indeed women’s work, they may have been brought to the site by Gournia brides. 35. Clark and Parry 1990, pp. 298–302. 36. Braudel 1982, p. 298; Bourgin 1924, p. 31. 37. Dimopoulou 1997; 1993. 38. For other examples of this phenomenon, see Braudel 1982, pp. 60–62. 39. Gesell 1985, pp. 19–22. 40. For Minoan and Mycenaean associations, see Hägg and Marinatos 1981, p. 217; for Mycenae, French 1981, pp. 41–48; for Cyprus, Knapp 1986. 41. Vallianou 1997, p. 336. 42. French 1981, p. 45. She also suggests that small clay objects found on the site could be used as counters or tallies. 43. Warren 1981, p. 125. 44. Hägg 1992. 45. Catling 1971; Karageorghis 1982, pp. 100–106. 46. Schallen 1997, pp.160–161.

Chalinomouri

4

The Chalinomouri Farmhouse Jeffrey S. Soles with contributions by Dimitra Mylona, David S. Reese, Anaya Sarpaki, R. Angus K. Smith, and Werner H. Schoch

Introduction, Topography, and History of Excavation Chalinomouri is located at the far eastern end of the Mochlos coastal plain where a small, deeply incised, drainage area meets the sea (Fig. 1). On both sides of the drainage area are small, nearly level segments of land that are situated approximately 25 m above sea level (Fig. 54; Pl. 27A). The farmhouse is located on the eastern segment of land near the confluence of the stream and the sea (Pls. 27B, 27C). To the southeast of the site lies a prominent scree slope that formed at the foot of an imposing, nearly vertical, limestone cliff rising ca. 450 m above sea level. This cliff extends at right angles to the site, forms the coastline for more than a kilometer to the north, and provides a stunning backdrop for the site. On the other side of the ravine, the flat to gently sloping surface forms a roughly triangular shaped piece of land that is bordered on the east by the ravine, on the south

and southwest by a steep phyllite slope, and on the north by the sea. The northwestern corners of the western and eastern segments of land on each side of the ravine are formed by narrow, badly eroding promontories that jut into the sea and frame a narrow horseshoeshaped harbor surrounding the mouth of the ravine. It is no longer capable of sheltering boats today, but may have accommodated them when the promontories were less eroded. The ravine is one of the few places along the coast where a fresh water stream still flows, even in the arid summer months, and there is evidence that a great deal of fresh water once flowed here. A short distance to the south beyond the scree slope, where the stream originated in the cliffs at the southeast corner of the plain, the water wore the rock smooth as it twisted through its narrow bed and then cascaded

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down the side of the cliff into a small lake, only the contours of which survive outlined by the surrounding terrain. The stream flows through this lake bed today and enters the ravine from the north. It is unclear how long ago the water ceased to abundantly flow, but at one time a soil dam was apparently constructed across the ravine to contain the water in the lake, and excavation might reveal another dam like that constructed by the LM settlers on Pseira.1 The area is still farmed today, although not to the extent that it was 50 years ago. The fields on both sides of the ravine were planted with wheat until recently. The field on the western promontory covers an area of ca. 1.5 ha, while the narrower and longer field on the east, which extends farther to the south toward the ancient lake bed, also covers an area of ca. 1.5 ha. An abandoned modern threshing floor is preserved along the southern side of the western field. Other areas on the west side of the ravine are terraced. The lower terraces are planted with vineyards that are still tended and watered from the stream below, while the higher terraces are watered by modern irrigation pipes and are also planted with olive trees.

In 1955 Nicholas Platon reported the location of a “M.M. house” at Chalinomouri,2 but did not have the opportunity to excavate there. The site was easily discovered again, so in 1990 a topographic map of the area was made and a grid of 5 m square trenches was laid over the site in preparation for its excavation.3 Eleven trenches were opened during the next four years (Figs. 54, 55). In 1991 two rooms at the north end of a long rectangular building, which came to be identified as Building A, were uncovered in Trenches 1100, 1200, 2100, and 2200 (Pl. 27D). Ancient terrace remains associated with this building were also excavated to its north along the coast in Trenches 13,300 and 13,400. Four more rooms lying to the south of those excavated in 1991 were excavated in 1992 in Trenches 1200, 1300, 200, and 300. The excavation of the building was completed in 1994, and two other structures were exposed: a small part of the badly preserved Building B, which is perched on the rocky northernmost promontory of the site in Trench 10,000W, and an oven sitting in the open yard to the north of Building A in Trench 4000.

Building A (Trenches 200, 300, 1100–1300, 2100, 2200; Figs. 54–76; Pls. 27–32) Building A, the southernmost and larger of the two buildings, is a long rectangular structure sitting beside the edge of the ravine, with the long axis oriented northwest to southeast (Figs. 54, 56–59). Its west corner collapsed into this ravine, and its east corner was disturbed by modern vegetation; the building is otherwise fairly well preserved. It overlooks the grassy fields to the north and northeast where ancient terrace walls were exposed, and the inhabitants of the building probably also exploited the fields to the south and the open field immediately opposite on the ravine’s western side where

Minoan pottery was also found. In its original LM IB format, it contained six rooms and was entered from its southeast corner. Building A also faces northwest where an open yard with a low wall runs beside the edge of the ravine, and a large oven was set toward the north end of this yard. Bedrock rises on the northeast side of the building, and a terrace wall constructed toward the north corner of the building supported a ramp that led from a landing at the southeast of the yard up to the higher ground level and around to the building’s entrance.

THE CHALINOMOURI FARMHOUSE

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Stratigraphy and Construction The earliest pottery on the site was found in the fill along the north side of the north terrace wall and the north corner of the house (Locus 2201). Large legs with flat oval sections belonging to tripod cooking pots, a carinated cup fragment, and white-onblack and black-slipped pottery belonging to the Old Palace Period lay in a deposit of material that was already on the site when the Neopalatial builders leveled the area to construct the north corner of their house. Platon possibly reported this type of pottery in 1955, but no architectural remains are associated with this earlier occupation, and it is impossible to determine whether it belonged to a temporary campsite or a more permanent residence. Apart from the pocket of MM material at the north corner of the house, two chronological periods are preserved in the stratigraphy of the building (Figs. 55, 56, and 72). The building was constructed in the LM IB period, although perhaps slightly later than the Artisans’ Quarter. It otherwise parallels the Artisans’ Quarter in date because it was used throughout LM IB and destroyed at the same time as the Artisans’ Quarter. The destruction pottery from the two sites is virtually identical. An LM IIIB level (Locus 2203) lies on top of this earlier material along the northeast side of the building (Fig. 56). A corresponding level was not found along the southwest side of the building, either because the site eroded or that side was simply not reoccupied. This LM III reoccupation used the earlier Neopalatial walls on the northeast side of the building, and in this regard, resembled much of the Mochlos island reoccupation. The LM III island structures were often built on top of or beside earlier LM IB buildings, but always with a considerable accumulation of earth between the LM IB and LM III floors. The reoccupation at Chalinomouri is not well preserved because it lay near the modern surface, which was badly eroded. The original structure was greatly altered, as the rooms on the northeast of the original building were filled with soil and rubble mostly from earlier wall and roof collapse. This fill blocked two earlier doorways along this side of the building, including the original entrance, and it raised the new floor levels 0.34– 0.63 m above the earlier floor levels. Evidence of actual

rebuilding is found only at one point. A new wall rests partly on an earlier wall separating Rooms 4 and 5 in the Neopalatial house and partly on a soil fill 0.54 m above the Minoan floor level of Room 5, and it was also built along the northwest side of Room 5 at the new, higher floor level (Figs. 56, 57, 71, and 72). This new wall rises ca. 0.35 m above the earlier wall and blocks an earlier doorway at the west corner of Room 5. The east corner of the original building was also filled with large stones at this time, raising the ground level and blocking the entrance to the original building. The evidence suggests that the LM III building was much smaller and simpler in design than the original structure. Except at the point where the earlier Minoan wall between Rooms 4 and 5 was not high enough, the LM III inhabitants reused the tops of the stone walls of the original Rooms 1, 4, and 5 as bedding for walls that left little or no trace and were probably built of mudbrick. This rectangular, one-story structure measured ca. 4.02 m in width on the outside and a maximum length of 9.58 m, and it was divided into two or three smaller rooms that corresponded in size and location to the earlier rooms underneath. Only scanty remains of its floor level were uncovered, always associated with a light yellowish brown soil (10YR 5/4) at an elevation of +29–28.40. The original Neopalatial building was larger and more complex in design with six interconnecting rooms. This gamma-shaped structure, ca. 14 m long and 5.80–8.25 m wide, was also only one story high. The building’s floors, found 0.34–0.63 m below the level of the LM III floors on the northeast side of the building, lay ca. 1 m below the modern surface. At the southwest side of the building, along the edge of the ravine where less soil cover remained and no LM III material survived, the Neopalatial floors were only ca. 0.75 m below the surface. Like Buildings A and B in the Artisans’ Quarter that yielded evidence for two or more Neopalatial building phases, Chalinomouri also preserved evidence for later alterations. At some point, an extension was added to the east corner of the building that ran at a slight angle from the southeast wall of the building toward the northeast. The wall clearly belongs to a later Neopalatial building phase because

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its west end abuts the earlier corner of the house, but its base lies at a slightly higher level than the bases of any of the other house walls. Built at a slight angle to the other walls and extending somewhat beyond the northeast wall of the house, this extension created a semi-enclosed space that was always open on the northeast and formed a porch or shed in front of the house’s entrance. Perhaps at the same time, within the LM IB period or toward its end, an interior doorway leading from Room 6 to Room 5 was also blocked in order to build a platform in front of it in the north corner of Room 6. The construction of the Neopalatial building also resembles Buildings A and B in some respects. The walls are built of standard Minoan rubble. The facade walls are wider than the interior walls, averaging 0.70–0.85 m in width, and invariably were built with larger stones on the exterior faces.4 Interior walls average 0.38–0.65 m in width, and usually stones of approximately the same size on both faces were used. As preserved, the walls range in height from 0.12 m toward the western corner of the building, where part of the building is destroyed, to 1.27 m along the northeastern side of the building, which is sheltered by rising bedrock.5 These walls continued higher in mudbrick and were probably

faced with mud plaster. Only small pieces of mudbrick were uncovered, however, and mud plaster was actually not identified. A few small pieces of white lime plaster survived in one room, but it probably was not used extensively. The roof was constructed of greenish gray, schist slabs, at least over certain rooms and on the edges of the building, but the slabs were not used in the same quantity as Buildings A and B. Little or no crushed purple schist collapsed with the roofing debris, however, probably because the stone was not available around the house in such great abundance as at the Artisans’ Quarter. Charcoal fragments were often uncovered in the wall and roof collapse, as well as the floor below, and many of them probably belonged to roof beams. While oak, pine, and maple were represented, the majority was olive wood. The roof beams probably resembled the large gnarled trunks of olive and pine that are still seen in country farmhouses today.6 The floors in every room appear to have been plain soil. Occasionally stone slabs were laid on the floor in Rooms 3 and 6 that were important activity rooms, but there is no indication that plaster was ever used on the building’s floors.

Stratigraphy, Architecture, and Finds in Individual Rooms Southeast Porch and Entrance (Figs. 56, 57, 60; Pl. 28C) The east corner of the building was originally an external area, enclosed by walls only on the northwest and southwest sides in front of the original structure’s entrance. The east corner was mostly in Trench 1300, which was expanded farther eastward to accommodate it (Fig. 55). Surface lay here at an elevation of +29.40–29.30. A dense layer of stones was immediately beneath the surface. These stones appear to have fallen or were thrown in place and were sometimes laid in short irregular stretches to create a level surface area at this corner of the building. A floor deposit was not associated with this stone fill that contained both MM and LM I sherds

(Loci 1310.1 and 2). It must belong to the LM III reoccupation of the site because it completely obscured the entrance to the original building. A soil and bedrock floor beneath this fill sloped downward from northeast to southwest (Fig. 60), from +29.30–28.30, and formed the original approach to this entrance (Locus 1310.3). At some point after the house’s construction, but before this area was filled with rubble, a wall was added to the original east corner of the house.7 It is nicely faced on its northwest side, which would not be the case if it was constructed in the LM III reoccupation only to be buried by rock fill.

THE CHALINOMOURI FARMHOUSE

It was probably built during the original occupation period as a retaining wall erected against the southeast slope to shelter the approach to the house’s entrance. This wall does not bond to the east corner of the original structure, and it runs to the northeast at a slight angle to the southeast facade of the house where it ends abruptly without joining another wall. The northeast end of the wall rests next to small steps located in the rising bedrock, and the base of the wall lies at a higher level there than beside the building’s entrance. A stone bench, measuring ca. 0.72 by 0.76 by 0.36 m, was built against the southwest end of the wall in front of the doorway. The shelter added in front of the house’s entrance is ca. 4.07 m wide and 2.83–4.30 m deep. Because of the sloping terrain, drainage was probably a major problem, so the area may have been roofed for this reason even if it remained open on the northeast. Roofing traces were not found, however. In addition to fragmentary cooking vessels, including a cooking tray with horizontal handles (IB.601; P 2938), and a stone grinder (IB.386; GS 724), more than 80 bones belonging to ovicaprids and pigs were found here. One of these bones was apparently gnawed by a dog that possibly guarded the entrance to the house.

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Southeast Porch POTTERY Cooking tray fragment: IB.601 (P 2938; 1310.1). STONE Grinder: IB.386 (GS 724; 1310.2). MINERALS AND ROCKS Pumice—large number (1310.1–2). MAMMAL 88 bones— Ovis/Capra: 4 mandible fragments, P3 (broken), M2, M3, M3 (adult, partly broken), lower premolar, M3 (adult, last loph broken, 2 lophs worn down), 3 molar fragments, atlas fragment (subadult), distal humerus (F, Le), proximal tibia (UF, Le), distal tibia (F, Le, may join), proximal metacarpus (R, subadult or adult), phalanx 1 (F, rather long); Sus: palate (dp4 worn down, m1 worn down, M1 bit worn, M2 alveolus, adult M1 below, Le), P1/2 (no roots, large, adult); Ovis/Capra or Sus: skull fragment, sacral vertebra fragment, 2 vertebra (2 UF), 2 vertebral spines (rather large), 3 ribs, bone with dog gnaw marks (1310.2–3).

Room 6 (Figs. 56, 57, 60–63; Pls. 28, 29) The main entry to the house is located in Room 6, which lay mostly in Trench 300 that was expanded to the north and west to accommodate the room (Fig. 55). Surface lay at an elevation of +29.38– 28.97 in a yellowish brown soil (10YR 5/4) that covered the entire building, and the southeast wall of the room was exposed at this level. A great number of stones tumbled from the surrounding walls of the room and were found at an elevation of +28.98– 28.18 m in a brown soil (10YR 5/3). These stones rested on top of schist slabs with numerous olive charcoal pieces that belonged to the roof debris (Loci 311.1, 311.2 top, 311.4, and 311.6 part 1). Many of the slabs were found directly above the room’s floor deposit, and most of the objects discovered with them actually belong to the floor. Six fragments of a LM IIIB stirrup jar (IA.1, P 2936) lay

with the wall and roof collapse, however, demonstrating that the space was used at this time even if it was not actually built on. The lower Neopalatial floor deposit was in the same brown soil at an elevation of +28.16–27.89 m. It was full of charcoal flecks. This deposit was excavated in two seasons: the area to the north was uncovered in 1992 (Loci 311.2 bottom and 311.3 parts 1 and 2), and the area to the south and other features were revealed in 1994 (Loci 311.3 part 2, 311.5, 311.6 part 2). The entrance to the house is located at the east corner of Room 6, which is also the east corner of the building and the south corner of the northeast porch (Figs. 59–62; Pl. 28C). This doorway is ca. 1.08 m wide, and it was provided with a rubble threshold that formed a step ca. 0.22 m above the room’s floor. A large stone was set against the

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facade wall at the northwest side of the doorway and formed a rebate against which a wooden door, set on a pivot on the other side of the entrance, could swing shut. The door opened inward to provide access to Room 6, which measures ca. 4.54 by 5.03 m and is the largest room in the house. A wooden column once rested on a stone base near the center of Room 6 to support an important beam in the roof (Pls. 28A, 28B). The column base is an irregular limestone block, which rests, in turn, on a floor slab.8 It does not sit in the exact center of the room, as one might expect, but toward the northeast wall in order not to obstruct the passage around the southwest side of the room toward the interior doorway to Room 3. Three exceptionally large, schist slabs9 lay in the southwest part of Room 6 (Pl. 28A), and they were originally thought to have fallen from the roof. When they were lifted, however, a large cooking fire was discovered in this part of the room. The remains of this fire consisted of an area of dark yellowish brown soil (10YR 4/4) with a concentration of olive charcoal that rested on a small clay patch burned red from the fire.10 Although quite heavy, the schist slabs were apparently thrown there to extinguish the fire, but they were probably located in some other part of the room originally. The room’s walls are preserved on all sides rising a maximum of 1.10 m above floor level along the southeast.11 The unusual southeast wall does not rest at floor level, but rests instead on a soil fill 0.20–0.26 m above floor level; only at its north end beside the doorway does it actually rest at floor level (Fig. 60). Several features were built in Room 6, including a stone platform and four benches. The platform, which is stepped at two levels, was constructed in the north corner of the room against the northwest wall (Fig. 63; Pls. 29A, 29B). The higher northern section measures ca. 0.67 by 1.04 by 0.35 m, while the lower section, which consists of a single flat slab with an upright slab placed along its inner side, measures ca. 0.27–0.48 by 0.49 by 0.14 m. A small stone bench, measuring ca. 0.35 by 0.77 by 0.33 m, lies against the northeast wall, just inside the entrance to Room 6 (Fig. 61). Two small stone piers also project at the base of this wall in line with the bench, and four very similar piers extend into the room at the base of the southeast wall (Fig.

60).12 One of the piers against the southeast wall is largely destroyed, but the remaining three examples and the two piers to the northeast are about the same size. The two piers at the base of the northeast wall are each ca. 0.31 m high, almost the same height as the bench against this wall. The three examples against the southeast wall, which project from the soil fill beneath the wall, are each ca. 0.24 m high. They form pairs that are spaced at slightly different distances from each other, the northeast pair ca. 1.15 m long, the pair nearest the doorway ca. 0.69 m long, and the other pair against the southeast wall ca. 0.93 m long. Each couple supported the ends of a seat or platform of corresponding length. One structure stood against the northeast wall and two others against the southeast wall. At one time, the piers may have supported wooden planks that served as seats, but the three schist slabs that covered the hearth in the southwest part of the room were also used for this purpose. These slabs match the spaces between the piers in width and length and originally sat on top of them (Figs. 60, 61; Pls. 28B, 29B, 29C).13 The largest slab sat on the piers against the northeast wall, forming a bench ca. 0.46 by 1.23 by 0.40 m in size. The smallest slab rested on the pair closest to the door and formed a bench measuring ca. 0.51 by 0.63 by 0.34 m. The third slab sat against the same southeast wall, forming a bench ca. 0.44 by 0.89 by 0.34 m in size that overlooked the cooking fire to its north. This unusual form of construction, because the three other benches in the house were built of solid rubble, parallels many installations in old farmhouses that dot the Greek countryside today.14 When the slabs were restored to their piers, they made especially comfortable seats, and the two larger examples could also serve as sleeping platforms. The room served a number of different uses. It architecturally functioned as the entrance to the house and provided access to the various interior rooms of the building. A doorway in the west corner, ca. 1.20 m wide, accessed Rooms 1, 2, and 3. Unlike the entrance, it lacked a built threshold and always remained open. At the time of the building’s construction, there was another doorway, ca. 0.86 m wide, in the north corner of the room that opened into Room 5. This doorway was flanked on its west and east sides by finished corners of adjoining walls. It was later blocked by stones irregularly laid in

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place all the way to the original floor level without bonding to the adjacent walls (Fig. 61). The doorway must have been closed when the corner platform was constructed against the northwest wall of the room, because the platform would have blocked the doorway. The badly broken pottery in the room was scattered in the wall collapse and on the floor with many joins made between the two levels (Fig. 62). This destruction probably partly resulted from wall and roof collapse, but it was also possibly due to human agency. While a few vases could be restored, most of the pottery was extremely fragmentary. The cooking wares included cooking dish (IB.516; P 2022) and tray fragments and a tripod cooking pot (IB.500; P 2931) with burn traces that were located next to the hearth in the south corner of the room. More than 50 mammal bones and a number of limpet shells were also found there. Bits of olive charcoal were scattered across the floor, so cooking fires may well have been lit at different times in other locations in the room. A large two-handled cooking pot (IB.499; P 2930), blackened by fire, rested near the center of the room. The body of a large pithos (IB.452; P 2924) lacked its rim and base, had a burned interior, was found nearby, and possibly served as a chimney pot in the roof. Clearly the room was used for food preparation, cooking, and eating. A total of 255 mammal bone fragments were found in the room, and although this includes material in the roof collapse and on the floor, they should all belong to this room. The bones include a large variety of mammals, mainly ovicaprids (two individuals), pig, and deer. Several bones were butchered and burned and their meat was consumed in the house, but the amount is so large that some of the meat was possibly stored there and intended for consumption elsewhere or at a later time. Concentrations of limpet shells were located along the northwest side of the room and near the hearth in the south corner. Other pottery associated with food storage or preparation include: a bridge-spouted jug (IB.328; P 1346) that was elaborately decorated with pendent concentric arcs around the top of its neck and a broad, scale patterned band on its shoulder and was located in the north side of the room; a large beak-spouted jug (IB.315; P 2946) that was broken into many small pieces in the middle of the room; a

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fancy rounded cup (IB.207; P 1561) located near the doorway to Room 3; a hole-mouthed jar (IB.408; P 3412) toward the south side of the room; and a piriform jar with its base still resting on the floor near the middle of the room and its probable rim and upper part (IB.422; P 2933) found in the debris above. The lower half of a jar (IB.431; P 2932) imported from the Cyclades15 was also found in the room, and it was probably still in use at the time of destruction. The mouth of a large amphora (IB.385; P 2929), the remains of two large jugs with low beak spouts (IB.311, IB.314; P 1244, 2934), the false spout of a stirrup jar (IB.376; P 2943), and sherds from an incised bowl (IB.640; P 2945) were also found on the floor and belonged to vessels that were probably no longer in use when the building was destroyed. Among the utilitarian objects were the remains of a basin (IB.279; P 2962) that was scored with cross-hatched lines on the interior of its side walls and impressed with many large thumb prints on the interior of its base; it was discovered near the platform in the north corner of the room where it probably once sat.16 A clay drain (IC.20; C 358), which lay to the southeast toward the opposite side of the room, was possibly used with this basin to produce oil or wine. A bronze awl (IC.273; CA 84) and stone grinder (IC.387; GS 732) were found in the north area of the room with the awl near the doorway to Room 3. Parts of two loomweights (IC.123, IC.125; C 515, 521), a pyxis (IB.363; P 2199), and a miniature closed vessel (IB.639; P 2935) were also located in this area.

LM III Reoccupation POTTERY17 IA.1 (P 2936, 311.4, Fig. 76). Squat stirrup jar. Six pieces with two joins, preserving shoulder with base of false spout. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4) with some tiny gray and reddish brown inclusions. Decoration in dark brown. Two horizontal lines with stylized foliate band. For shape, see Popham 1964, p. 15, pl. 6a, and Kanta 1980, pp. 246–247.

Wall and Roof Collapse POTTERY 3 fragmentary jugs with low beak-spouts: IB.311, IB.314, IB.315 (P 1244, 2934, 2946; 311.2). Fragmentary basin: IB.279 (P 2962; 311.2).

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Fragmentary pyxis: IB.363 (P 2199; 311.2). Piriform jar fragment: IB.422 (P 2933; 311.2). Fragmentary tripod cooking pot: IB.499 (P 2930; 311.1). Cooking tray fragment (311.1). Miniature closed vessel: IB.639 (P 2935; 311.1). CERAMIC OBJECT Loomweight: IC.125 (C 521; 311.2). COPPER ALLOY Awl: IC.273 (CA 84; 311.2). STONE Grinder: IC.387 (GS 732; 311.2). MAMMAL 177 bones— Ovis/Capra: 3 mandibles (2 Le: P1 alveolus, P2–3, M1–3 worn down; M3 worn down; R: broken), premolar, 4 molars, M3 (broken), axis (butchered down center above odontoid process, back toward caudal), distal humerus (F, Le) acetabalum fragments (F, Le), distal femur epiphysis fragment, proximal matacarpus (R), metatarsus (F, R), 3 phalanx 1 (3 F); Sus: 10 skull fragments, 2 anterior mandible symphysis fragments (1 MNI), mandible fragment (no teeth), dp4 (worn down), M1 or M2 (no shaft, cut marks on ventral side), proximal ulna (R, butchered down rear, rather large, with attached radius shaft, 2 fragments), metacarpus II (UF), proximal metacarpus III (UF, Le, but adult-sized, 2 fragments), 2 proximal metacarpus IV (2 Le), metacarpus V (UF), metapodial I/V, metapodial (UF, broken); Ovis/Capra or Sus: shaft or rib burned white, 6 vertebra fragments, 21 ribs (2 with heads); Deer: distal metacarpus (F), phalanx 1 (F, articulates with metacarpus), 4 shaft fragments (1 slightly burned at one end); Lepus/Canis: proximal ulna, pelvis (311.1–2). SHELL 12/8 Patella—2 large; 1 Monodonta fragment (311.2). WOOD 5 Olea europaea (311.1).

Floor Deposit POTTERY Eleven cataloged vessels and 355 sherds, weighing 10.68 kg, were collected from the floor deposit. The largest percentage of sherds, 7.84%, belongs to cooking

vessels, 7.74%, belong to jars, and 6.49% come from basins. The total number of vessels represented is estimated at approximately 43, 23.28% of which are jars or pithoi, 13.97% are cooking vessels, 9.31% are cups, and 9.31% are basins. In Use: Rounded cup: IB.207 (P 1561; 311.6 pt.2). Bridge-spouted jug: IB.328 (P 1346; 311.3 pt.2). Hole-mouthed jar fragment: IB.408 (P 3412; 311.3 and 6 pt.2). Fragmentary Cycladic jar: IB.431 (P 2932; 311.6 pt.2). Tripod cooking pot: IB.500 (P 2931; 311.6 pt.2). Cooking dish fragment: IB.516 (P 2022; 311.6 pt.2). Fragmentary: Incised cup or bowl: IB.640 (P 2945; 311.7). Stirrup jar: IB.376 (P 2943; 311.2). Amphora: IB.385 (P 2929; 311.6 pt.2). Pithos: IB.452 (P 2924; 311.3). Large lid: IB.481 (P 2941; 311.6). CERAMIC OBJECTS Drain: IC.20 (C 358; 311.3). Fragmentary loomweight: IC.123 (C 515; 311.3). STONE Polisher/applicator? IC.373 (GS 1345; 311.3). MINERALS AND ROCKS Pumice (311.4). MAMMAL 26 bones (4 attach)—most Ovis/Capra: rib, horncore fragment; 55 bones— Ovis/Capra: horncore fragment, M1 (worn down), M3 (worn down), molar (broken), scapula (F, Le, 3 fragments), distal humerus (UF, Le, normalsized), pelvis fragment, femur shaft (R), proximal metatarsus, phalanx 1 (UF, thin), phalanx 2 (F, thin, small); Sus: scapula (UF, R); Ovis/Capra or Sus: 6 vertebra fragments (2 UF, 2 spines), 8 rib fragments (2 join and 2 others might, probably 3 ribs, 1 head [butchered through]); Deer-sized shaft (311.3–4); Deer: 2 antler fragments, distal metacarpus (F), phalanx 2 (F, L) (311.6 pt.2).

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SHELL 3 Patella—1 large; 0/1 Monodonta—distal end (311.4, 311.7); 16/25 Patella—3/8 burned, 16 MNI; 1/65 Monodonta—9 MNI (311.6 pt.2).

BOTANICAL REMAINS 0/12 Olea europaea stones, 0/113 Prunus amygdalus, 1 Trigonella type, 1 spore (mineralized), 5 Ignota, 1 Coprolite/insect egg? (311.6 pt. 2).

FISH 1 otolith of Sparidae, 1 otolith of Pagrus pagrus (311.6 pt. 2).

WOOD 40 Olea europaea (311.3, 311.6).

Room 3 (Figs. 56, 57, 62–65; Pl. 30A) Room 3 lay in Trench 1200, which was slightly expanded to the southwest to accommodate the room (Fig. 55). Surface lay at an elevation of +28.90–28.30 m, and the floor deposit of the room was in a light reddish brown soil (2.5YR 6/4) at +28.10–27.76 (Loci 1201.2, and 1202). Collapsed wall debris and schist roofing slabs were in a brown soil (10YR 5/3) in the intervening space (Locus 1201.1) together with a large sample of olive charcoal located near the middle of the room that may be the remains of one or more roof beams (Fig. 64). Other schist slabs from the roof lay directly above the floor deposit. A LM III handle was identified in the collapse and the pedestal of a goblet was located near the floor level, but there was nothing else to suggest the location of an LM III surface here. Room 3 measures ca. 3.95 by 3.99 m (Pl. 30A). Its northeast and southeast walls are the best preserved, and they stand to a height of 0.45–0.64 m.18 Parts of the northwest and southwest walls at the west corner of the room were bedded on a large serpentinite outcropping and collapsed into the adjacent ravine. This room provides access from Room 6 to two other rooms at the northwest end of the building through doorways at its north corner. Room 3 also served as a major activity room with two stone benches along the northwest and southwest walls. The smaller northwest bench measures ca. 0.42–0.50 by 1.35 by 0.23 m; the southwest example extends along the entire wall on this side of the room. This larger bench was built with green and purple schist slabs on top and measured ca. 0.55–0.58 by 3.10 by 0.30 m. Several stone slabs were placed on the floor beside these benches. A brown limestone slab, somewhat higher than the others, formed a low table in front of the southwest bench.19 Serpentinite bedrock is exposed in front of

the northwest bench, and it also served as a work surface because the jagged rock was hammered down to floor level. The rest of the floor on the eastern side of the room was simply soil. The room was used to prepare and eat food as well as for working. The benches around the room suggest that it may have also served as a gathering place for the house’s occupants and visitors. Two patches of dark brown soil (10YR 3/3) filled with wood charcoal remained from cooking fires and lay on the floor toward the northeast and southwest sides of the room (Fig. 62). A large number of limpet shells were scattered on the floor in front of the benches. Ovicaprid bones were associated with the northeast cooking fire, and the remains of ovicaprid and pig were also located in the room. Fragments of several cooking dishes (IB.547, IB.564, IB.533; P 2024, 2690, 2940) and at least one tripod cooking pot were also associated with the cooking fires. The upper part of a basin with a scored interior (IB.275; P 2689) lay in the east corner of the room. A small hole-mouthed jar (IB.400; P 1552) and the upper part of an amphora (IB.384; P 2686) were together against the southeast wall, and the upper parts of a hole-mouthed jar (IB.; P 2687) and a decorated side-spouted jar (IB.352; P 2684) were found together toward the north corner of the room. Part of a rhyton funnel (IB.379; P 2685) rested toward the center of the room. Three hundred seventy sherds lay in the floor accumulation, and the largest percentage of these, 26.60%, belonged to cooking vessels, suggesting that food preparation was always one of the major activities in this room. An amphibolite drill guide (IC.394; GS 723) lay on the floor in front of the northwest bench. Stone vases and residue from stone vase production were

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not found in the room, but the drill guide, the extensive benches, the hammered serpentinite outcropping by the northwest bench, and the stone slabs placed in front of the benches, like those in Room 1 of Building A in the Artisans’ Quarter, suggest that stone vases were possibly produced in this room.

Fragmentary side-spouted jar: IB.352 (P 2684; 1201.2). Hole-mouthed jar: IB.400 (P 1552; 1202.1). Fragmentary hole-mouthed jar: IB.403 (P 2687; 1201.2). 3 cooking dish fragments: IB.547, IB.564, IB.533 (P 2024, P 2690, 2940, plus 6 other fragments; 1201.2).

Wall and Roof Collapse (1201.1)

Fragmentary: Amphora: IB.384 (P 2686; 1202.1). Rhyton: IB.379 (P 2685; 1201.2).

STONE Polisher: IC.454 (GS 1178). MAMMAL 5 bones—Ovis/Capra tibia shaft and 4 Ovis/Caprasized fragments; Sus-sized shaft (2 joining fragments). WOOD 10 Olea europaea.

Floor Deposit POTTERY Nine cataloged vessels and 370 sherds, weighing 12.46 kg, were collected from this deposit. The largest percentage of sherds, 26.60%, belongs to cooking vessels. The total estimated number of vessels represented is 54, 24.08% of which are cups, and 14.81% are cooking vessels. In Use: Fragmentary basin: IB.275 (P 2689; 1201.1, 2).

STONE Drill guide: IC.394 (GS 723; 1202.1). MAMMAL 17 bones— Ovis/Capra: 2 horncore fragments, M2 (2 fragments), distal humerus (broken, subadult, R), distal tibia (F, Le); Sus: proximal metatarsus III (R, adult); 2 possible large mammal shaft fragments (1201.2). 15 bones—Ovis/Capra: anterior mandible (2 joining fragments, no teeth or premolar alveoli), pelvis/ acetabulum (F), phalanx 1 (UF, 2 fragments), large rib head (recently broken) (1206.1). SHELL 9 Patella, and many more not collected (1202.1). WOOD Olea europaea.

Room 2 (Figs. 56, 57, 64–69; Pls. 30C, 31) Room 2, located at the northwest corner of the building, was excavated in four trenches (Pls. 30B, 30C). Its north corner lay in Trenches 2100 and 2200, while most of the room lay to the south in Trenches 1100 and 1200 (Fig. 55). The two areas to the north and the two to the south were each combined and excavated separately in the 1991 and 1992 seasons. Surface over the room lay at an elevation of +28.50–27.75 (Figs. 64–67). A light brown soil (10YR 5/3) full of collapsed wall debris lay immediately beneath the surface at +28.30– 27.75 (Loci 11/1201 and 21/2206.1–3). The material found in this debris, which was not well preserved, was predominantly Neopalatial with only a

few identifiable LM III sherds, and it differed in this respect from the deposit above the adjacent Room 1 where the LM III material was more abundant. While the LM III reoccupants must have walked over this area, no evidence suggests that they built on it. A number of significant joins between objects found on the floor below this deposit and material within this deposit suggest that it belonged to collapsed debris from the Neopalatial building and not to a later occupation level. The Neopalatial floor level in the room was located beneath this debris in a light reddish brown earth (2.5YR 6/4) at an elevation of +27.80–27.60 (Loci 11/1204, 21/2206.4–5, and 21/2211). Another

THE CHALINOMOURI FARMHOUSE

level of buried storage vessels was underneath the floor at an elevation of +27.63–26.90. The vessels, placed with their rims at or just above floor level, had been buried in two groups along the northeast (Locus 21/2213) and southwest (Locus 11/1214) sides of the room. Room 2 is entered from the east through a doorway, ca. 1 m wide, provided with a roughly paved threshold (Pl. 30C). Two stone slabs on each side of the threshold served as jamb bases; the doorway was apparently framed with wood, like the adjacent doorway leading into Room 1, and probably closed with a door. The southwest wall of the room, the west end of its northwest wall, and the western corner of the room were destroyed by falling into the ravine on that side of the house. The room was probably only a little smaller than Room 3, ca. 2.40 m wide and ca. 4 m long. Its walls on the other three sides of the room are preserved to a height of 0.21–0.73 m.20 A few small pieces of white plaster with a flat and polished surface were in the collapsed wall debris above the floor and some more poorly preserved pieces lay on the floor itself; the walls may have been plastered on the inside. The room was provided with a simple soil floor. Three stone slabs scattered along the southeast wall of the room, like IC.182 (S 161) that was still in situ just inside the entrance, were possibly used as lids for large storage vessels (Fig. 68). The remains of badly broken storage vessels lay on the floor including the upper part of a pithos (IB.442; P 2857) and part of a piriform jar that was decorated with lilies in raised relief (IB.421; P 2586). The jar remains were scattered over the entire room at floor level and in the debris from the above wall collapse; another part of the jar lay in Room 5. The bases of a pithos (IB.488; P 113) and jar (IB.489; P 661) had been broken off sometime before the building’s destruction and were being reused as lids. Number IB.488 (P 113) was placed over another storage jar buried beneath the floor, and IB.489 (P 661) was located next to IB.488 (P 113) and possibly once sat on another buried jar (Figs. 68, 69). Large broken potsherds and a stone slab (IC.182; S 161) on the floor were used as lids for other buried jars. A total of 274 sherds were collected from the floor accumulation. Of these, 12.77% belonged to jars and 28.09% came from miscellaneous closed vessels, suggesting that the

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room was always used for storage no matter what its other functions were. A number of seeds were recovered from this level and suggest that grain and nuts were stored in the room. There were no hearths and little evidence for cooking. Other objects that were in use at the time of destruction included a decorated bridge-spouted jar (IB.341; P 758), an ogival cup (IB.169; P 545), a collared jug (IB.321; P 2590), a decorated stirrup jar (IB.371; P 2591), and an emery grinder (IC.344; GS 763), all located at the northeastern end of the room. Numbers IB.169 (P 545) and IB.321 (P 2590) were next to buried storage jars, and they were probably used to remove contents from or add contents to these jars. A small piece of IB.321 (P 2590) had actually broken off and lay inside the buried jar at its side. Number IB.371 (P 2591), which was scattered in several pieces at different levels, may have been imported from Gournia. A large number of quartz granules (IC.577; M 526) were also collected and stored on this side of the room. A few other objects that appear to have been in use were located in the southwestern half of the room. These finds include a lid or spinning bowl (IB.466; P 542), another hammerstone (IC.309; GS 782), and an amphibolite drill guide (IC.391; GS 636) that were lying near each other against the southeast wall. When the covering slab, pottery sherds, and jar bases that sat on the floor serving as lids were lifted, the mouths of several large jars and pithoi, which had been buried beneath floor level, were revealed (Fig. 69; Pls. 31A, 31B). Five buried vases, including the two that were covered by IB.488 (P 113) and IC.182 (S 161), were located in the north end of the room (Pl. 31C). They included three piriform jars (IB.414–416; P 475, 476, 491; Pls. 32A, 32B) that sat together in the north corner of the room, as well as one pithos (IB.435; P 751) and one large amphora (IB.380; P 97) that were located toward the entrance to the room. Two other pithoi (IB.445, IB.446; P 750, 757) and a hole-mouthed jar (IB.397; P 1010) were buried as a group along the destroyed southwestern wall of the room. The amphora and the three vases to the southwest were missing their lids, and IB.489 (P 661) and the three stone slabs along the southeast wall probably once covered them and were moved shortly before the destruction of the building. Five of these storage vessels were plain and undecorated, as one might

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expect, but three vases were decorated; IB.414 (P 475) had an incised lily on its shoulder (Pl. 32B), and IB.435 (P 751) and IB.416 (P 491) had applied rope decoration (Pl. 32A). Number IB.416 (P 491) held an ogival cup (IB.173; P 645), a small pyxis (IB.366; P 828), and a small side-spouted jar (IB.349; P 806) and was apparently being used to store these vases; it also contained two crab claws. Number IB.380 (P 97) retained traces of a liquid stain on the interior21 and held one rodent bone and a few shell fragments. Number IB.435 (P 751) was covered with the stone lid and contained a fragment of another hole-mouthed jar (IB.405; P 2944), which perhaps served as an earlier lid that fell inside, as well as a jug fragment (IB.321; P 2590) that matched the rest of the vessel on the floor above. Number IB.445 (P 750) held an amphibolite polisher (IC.352; GS 810). The jars that still had their lids in place (IB.414, IB.416, IB.435; P 475, 491, 751) were otherwise quite empty, while the jars and pithoi that were no longer protected by lids were full of soil. All eight vessels were once used for storage; their burial beneath the floor level was designed to keep their contents dry and cool and perhaps also to protect them from theft.22 It is estimated that the seven pithoi and jars, which probably contained solid food such as cereals and pulses, had a storage capacity of 327.4 liters, while the amphora, which contained a liquid, either oil or wine, had a capacity of 21.4 liters.23 The principal function of the room was clearly storage, mostly for food. Other items were apparently also stored there, including the small pots located inside IB.416 (P 491), and some materials needed for stone vase production, including the drill guide, emery and quartz crystals that lay on the floor. Whether the latter were also used in the room is unclear; there are no seats for stone vase making as in the adjacent Room 3, and the stone slabs located on the southeast might have been used as working surfaces, but show no signs of wear.

Wall and Roof Collapse POTTERY Lid with knob handle: IB.460 (P 2589; 21/2206.1). BONE 2 tools, perhaps a shuttle and comb for weaving: IC.218, IC.219 (B 20, 26; 21/2206.2).

CERAMIC OBJECT Weight: IC.157 (C 190; 21/2206.2). PLASTER 7 small pieces (21/2206.2). STONE Bead: IC.207 (S 46; 21/2206.1). Obsidian blade: IC.490 (CS 284; 21/2206.1). MAMMAL 64 bones—mainly fragments of one Ovis/Capra skull and mandible: 3 skull fragments, anterior mandibles (Le, R, and 6 fragments), 7 premolars (3 lack roots, 4 have roots), 8 M1 or M2 (upper and lower), no M3, 1 dp4 with talon, p2 worn down, metacarpus (R, recently broken, 6–10 fragments) (11/1201.1). 16 bones—Ovis/Capra: incisor, M3 (adult, all lophs worn down), probable humerus shaft (distal end), proximal phalanx 1 (F), phalanx 1 (distal fragment), 2 vertebrae fragments (=1 vertebra, UF), rib, 8 bones restorable as one shaft (21/2206.1). SHELL 1 Patella—large, 0/1 Murex—body, fresh (21/2206.2). WOOD 10 Olea europaea (21/2206.1 and 3), 16 Quercus sp., 1 Leguminosae (21/2206.3).

Floor Deposit POTTERY Nine cataloged vessels and 274 sherds, weighing 7.74 kg, were collected from this deposit. The largest percentage of sherds, 27.36%, belongs to miscellaneous closed vessels, the next largest, 12.95% belongs to jars. The total estimated number of vessels represented is 45.5, 33.33% of which are cups, 15.61% are jars or pithoi. In Use: Ogival cup: IB.169 (P 545; 21/2211). Lid or spinning bowl: IB.466 (P 542; 11/1204). Bridge-spouted jar: IB.341 (P 758; 21/2206.4). Stirrup jar: IB.371 (P 2591; 21/2211, 21/2206.1, 11/1204, 21/2213). Collared jug: IB.321 (P 2590; 21/2211, 21/ 2213). Piriform jar: IB.421 (P 2586; 21/2211, 21/ 2206.2, 4). Base of pithos reused as lid over IB.416 (P 491): IB.488 (P 113; 21/2211). Base of jug or jar, reused as lid: IB.489 (P 661; 21/2211).

THE CHALINOMOURI FARMHOUSE

Fragmentary: Pithos: IB.442 (P 2857; 21/2211). MINERALS AND ROCKS 4 rock crystal granules: IC.576 (M 525; 11/1204). 44 quartz granules: IC.577 (M 526; 21/2211). Pumice—burned (2206.4). PLASTER 6 small pieces (21/2206.4). STONE Lid covering IB.435 (P 751): IC.182 (S 161; 21/ 2211). Grinder: IC.344 (GS 763; 21/2211). Hammerstone: IC.309 (GS 782; 11/1204). Drill guide: IC.391 (GS 636; 11/1204). MAMMAL 4 bones—1 unidentifiable tooth fragment (11/1204). 3 bones—Ovis/Capra: tooth root, distal humerus (F), vertebra (F) (21/2206.4–5). 3 bones—Ovis/Capra: pelvis (3 fragments, butchered through back of acetabulum on angle, Le) (21/2211.2). FISH 1 otolith of very small, unidentifiable fish (11/1204). SHELL 7/9 Patella—10 MNI; 1/10 Monodonta—1 with apex, 1 apex fragment, 2 MNI; 0/3 Murex—1 columella/distal, medium-sized, fresh; 0/1 Charonia—small body piece, fresh; 1 Thais—large (11/1204). 6/45 Patella—1/2 burned (1 MNI), 6 MNI; 2/95 Monodonta—2 with apex (1/33 burned), 13 MNI with 3 burned; 0/2 Murex—1 lip, 1 body, fresh, 1 MNI (21/2206.4). 3 Patella; 1 Monodonta with apex; 1 Cerithium—open lip, broken apex, gastropod bored on mid spire (21/2211.1). BOTANICAL REMAINS 0/1 cf. legume, 1 cf. Rosaceae, 14 spores (11/1204).

Subfloor POTTERY Twelve cataloged vessels and 6 sherds, weighing 0.05 kg, were collected from this deposit. All but one of the vessels are storage vessels. In Use: Ogival cup: IB.173 (P 645; 21/2213).

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Miniature side-spouted jar: IB.319 (P 806; 21/2213). Small pyxis: IB.366 (P 828; 21/2213). Amphora: IB.380 (P 97; 21/2213). 3 piriform jars: IB.414 (P 475; Pl. 32B; 21/ 2213); IB.415, IB.416 (P 476, 491; Pl. 32A; 21/2213). Hole-mouthed jar: IB.397 (P 1010; 11/1214). 2 pithoi: IB.445, IB.446 (P 750, 757; 11/1214). Pithos: IB.435 (P 751; 21/2213). Fragmentary: Hole-mouthed jar: IB.405 (P 2944; 21/2213). COPPER ALLOY Strip: IC.248 (CA 191; 11/1214). STONE Sub-cuboid polisher: IC.352 (GS 810; 11/1214). Obsidian blade fragment: IC.512 (CS 283; 21/2213). MAMMAL 3 bones— Ovis/Capra: 2 fragments of one molar, acetabulum fragment (butchered through acetabulum on ventral side), small unidentifiable bone fragments (1 burned). Mouse/shrew—20 bones, 1 MNI (21/2213). SHELL 1 Patella; 2 Monodonta; 1 Murex—small body piece, waterworn; 1 Columbella—complete, fresh (21/2213). MARINE INVERTEBRATE 1 Paracentrotus spine (21/2213). BOTANICAL REMAINS 1 cf. chaff—Graminae, 1 Ficus carica (mineralized), 1 spore, 0/1 cf. spore, 1 Ignota, 1 Ignota—leaf (21/2213).

Contents of IB.380 (P 97) MAMMAL 1 rodent tibia/fibula—Mus-sized. FISH 1 left otolith from very small Sparidae, 1 dorsal fin spine from small unidentifiable fish. SHELL 0/3 Patella—1 MNI; 0/4 Monodonta—1 MNI; 1 Theodoxus—tiny, black.

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Contents of IB.416 (P 491)

MARINE INVERTEBRATE 1 Paracentrotus spine.

MARINE INVERTEBRATES 2 crab claws—complete.

Contents of IB.415 (P 476)

FISH 1 caudal vertebra of very small fish, cf. Sparidae, burned dark brown.

SHELL cf. Semicassis lip—small piece.

Room 1 (Figs. 56, 57, 66, 67, 70; Pl. 30B) Room 1, located at the north corner of the building, was excavated in Trench 2200 (Fig. 55). The remains of a skeleton were found at the surface level at an elevation of +29.10–28.40 (Locus 2200) in what was once the east corner of a ruined LM III room. Fragments of an LM III stirrup jar (IA.9, P 2961) also lay in this area, but they were not necessarily associated with the skeleton because it may belong to a post-Bronze Age use of the site.24 A soft light brown soil (10YR 5/3) full of tumbled wall collapse appeared immediately beneath the surface at +28.70–27.87 (Fig. 66; Locus 2203). LM III pottery, including the remains of two stirrup jars (IA.6, IA.7; P 2580, 2581), part of a kylix stem (IA.3; P 2583), a deep bowl (IA.4; P 2582), an amphora (IA.8; P 2579), and fragments of a deep bowl that may be a mainland import (IA.2; P 98), was mingled in this collapsed debris. This unusually deep deposit was a disturbed mix of wall tumble possibly coming from earlier walls, later reuse, material from the original house, a destroyed LM III floor, and LM III fill used to level the new floor. A floor level was not preserved in the deposit, but the finds date the reoccupation to the LM IIIB period and probably to a later phase of LM IIIB when deep bowls and globular and squat stirrups jars were popular. The original floor deposit of the room was found beneath this debris in a light reddish brown soil (2.5YR 6/4) at an elevation of +27.87–27.74 (Locus 2210); LM IB pottery and other Neopalatial objects were found with it. The surviving walls show no evidence of rebuilding and belong to this original deposit. Room 1 is a rectangular room measuring ca. 2.95 by 3.50 m with a doorway that opens southward from Room 3 (Pl. 30B). About 0.97 m wide, the doorway was provided with a greenish gray schist

slab for a threshold flanked by two flat stones that supported wooden jambs.25 A triangular sandstone slab with a shallow depression near its center (IC.448; GS 1419) lay just inside the room to the east of the threshold, and it once served as a pivot stone for a wooden door that swung shut toward the west (Fig. 70). The walls are well preserved on all sides, rising to a maximum height of 1.13 m on the southwest.26 The room had a simple soil floor. The broken remains of two storage vessels lay on the floor; a pithos (IB.448; P 1195) just inside the doorway against the room’s southwest wall was smashed by a roofing slab that still rested on top of it, and a hole-mouthed jar (IB.398; P 1196) was found opposite the doorway against the northeast wall of the room (Fig. 70). Only the upper halves of these two vases survived, and it seems that only these parts were in use because they were set in the soil floor of the room, using the floor as a base. A large amount of oak charcoal, possibly belonging to a roof beam, lay with IB.448 (P 1195). Other finds on the floor included a cylindrical stand (IC.85; C 569), hollow on the top and bottom, and a circular clay lid (IC.83; C 184) with a hole through the center and two rim handles. They may have been used in textile production, perhaps as a spinning bowl and lid to spin flax. In this case, the roves, or balls of unspun flax, would be placed in the cylindrical vase and the individual fibers pulled through the hole in the lid, or in one like it; then they were twisted together and spun on a spindle.27 The two items were probably not used together, however, because the lid is too small to fit this particular stand, and they were found on opposite sides of the room, the lid against the southeast wall and the stand toward the north corner of the room.

THE CHALINOMOURI FARMHOUSE

Other vases found together near the north corner of the room included the bottom of a pedestalled stand (IB.603; P 96), very much like the example found in the bench shrine of Building B in the Artisans’ Quarter (IB.606; P 257), and a one-handled tripod bowl (IB.251; P 496) only lacking part of its handle. A complete, unworked, triton shell (IC.222; Sh 13) belonging to a live animal when it was collected also rested on the floor with these finds. Relatively little pottery, only 8 cataloged objects and 72 sherds, was collected from the room’s floor deposit indicating the room was not heavily used. So little was found, on the other hand, that it is difficult to conclude how the room was used. It was one of only two rooms in the house that could be shut with a door, a fact that suggests a desire for privacy or security. It may have served as a sleeping room or, if the farmhouse had its own small shrine, it was possibly located there with the pedestalled stand, triton, and tripod bowl that may have been associated with it.28 The room was probably not used for cooking, although a relatively large percentage of the sherds (IB.504, IB.562; P 2584, 2594) belonged to cooking vessels. There was no evidence for a hearth, and a small amount of faunal material was collected from the water flotation of a floor deposit sample. Some food was probably stored and consumed in the room, however, because the same water floated sample produced evidence for figs, grapes, and very small legumes.

LM III Reoccupation POTTERY IA.2 (P 98, 2203, Fig. 76). Deep bowl fragments. Five pieces, including one mended from three sherds preserving part of rim and upper body, two body sherds, one base, and one handle sherd. Pres. h. of mended piece 0.043, est. rim d. 0.14, est. base d. 0.05. Fine, pale, yellow clay (2.5Y 8/4) with very few small gray inclusions. Bowl with slightly everted rim and tapered lip, rounded body profile, and raised base slightly concave on the underside; horizontal handle, round in section. Dark reddish brown slip on interior; thin pale yellow slip on exterior with dark reddish brown decoration. Solid band around rim; vertical ladder pattern pendant from rim with traces of three narrow vertical lines pendant from rim to left, perhaps bordering another ladder pattern; solid band around base; traces of paint on handle. Burnished.

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Non-local fabric. Possibly a mainland import. FS 284. The shape is common in LH IIIB and LH IIIC (Mountjoy 1986, pp. 117–118, 129, 149–151, figs. 143, 160, 189). For the shape in Crete, cf. an LM IIIC bowl from Mouliana (Kanta 1980, fig. 81, no. 6) and early LM IIIC examples from the Kastro at Kavousi (Mook and Coulson 1997, pp. 344–347, figs. 3, 23). See also Hallager and Hallager 2000, pp. 139–143, pls. 35–36. The ladder decoration is part of a panelled pattern, which is common in LH IIIB and IIIC, and is also found during the same period in Crete (e.g. Hallager and Hallager 2000, fig. 31). IA.3 (P 2583, 2203/1207.1, Fig. 76). Kylix stem. Three pieces preserving part of stem with lower part of bowl. Pres. h. 0.045. Fine, reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6) with few, very small, gray and reddish brown inclusions. Traces of dark brown slip. Joins with piece from above Room 4. IA.4 (P 2582, 2203, Fig. 76). Bowl fragment. Mended from three pieces preserving part of rim and one handle. Pres. h. 0.077. Fine, very pale, brown clay (10YR 8/4). Deep bowl with convex body profile, horizontal round handle just below rim. Solidly slipped on interior in dark brown with worn traces of design on exterior. For the shape, see Popham et al. 1984, p. 185, pl. 179, no. 2, which is dated LM IIIB. IA.5 (P 611, 2200.1). Tray fragment. One piece, preserving whole profile, handle, and small part of base. H. 0.037. Coarse, yellowish red clay (5YR 5/6) with many large white, gray, reddish brown, mica, and phyllite inclusions. Cooking tray with vertical sides and flat base, rough on the underside; lug handle at rim. Smoothed on sides and interior. Probably Cycladic.29 IA.6 (P 2580, 2203, Fig. 76). Stirrup jar fragments. Two non-joining pieces, preserving false mouth with handle and two body sherds. Fine pink clay (7.5YR 8/4). Decoration in dark brown. Spiral on disc, vertical band on outer surface of handle, papyrus motif on shoulder. IA.7 (P 2581, 2203). Stirrup jar false mouth and handle. Pres. h. 0.031. Fine, reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Decoration in dark brown. Spiral on disc. IA.8 (P 2579, 2203, Fig. 76). Amphora fragments. Mended from many pieces, preserving part of rim, neck, two handles, and numerous body sherds. Medium pink clay (5YR 8/3) with many medium-sized gray, white, reddish brown, and phyllite inclusions. Buff slip on interior of neck and exterior with decoration in dark brown. Interior of neck with two horizontal bands, rim with slashes, neck with band at top with two pendent concentric semicircles, body with three bands below handles; handles with broad vertical band. Cf. from Gournia, Hawes et al.1908, p. 46, no. 8, with similar banding on body and handles. IA.9 (P 2961, 2300/1207.1, Fig. 76). Globular stirrup jar. Twelve non-joining pieces, preserving false spout,

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In Use: Tripod bowl: IB.251 (P 496). Upper half of hole-mouthed jar: IB.398 (P 1196). Upper half of pithos: IB.448 (P 1195). Base of pedestalled stand: IB.603 (P 96).

handle, and part of body. Fine, very pale, brown clay (10YR 8/3) with a few small gray, white, and brown inclusions. No decoration. Includes some pieces from above Room 4. For the shape, see Kanta 1980, pp. 246–247. LEAD Lead weight: IC.298 (Pb 16; 2203.3). Found near bottom of collapse, this weight may belong to the LM IB floor and is cataloged with the LM IB metal finds. STONE IA.10 (S 21, 2203, Fig. 76). Lid. Intact. Dims. 0.0871– 0.0891 by 0.0074. 110 g. Thin sheet of fine purple schist bifacially worked into a circular form by percussion, with the margins subsequently ground to a smooth, chamfered finish. Small hole in the center of one face (0.003), probably made by a compass point, employed to predetermine the object’s regular form. IA.11 (GS 1179, 2201.2). Weight. Missing a third. Dims. 0.0816 by 0.0671 by 0.0205. 150 g. Naturally perforated, sub-circular, pinkish, sandstone cobble. MAMMAL 23 bones— Ovis/Capra: M2 (adult), femur shaft (toward proximal), proximal metapodial fragment, rib, 12 fragments; Bos-sized: metapodial shaft (6 fragments), 1 fragment (2203.1–3). 7 bones—Ovis/Capra: premolar, 2 molars (1 in 2 pieces), phalanx 1 (UF); Lepus: radius and ulna, both broken (13/2302.1).

Floor Deposit (2210) POTTERY Seven cataloged vessels and 72 sherds, weighing 1.22 kg, were collected from this deposit. The largest percentage of sherds, 64.57%, belongs to closed vessels. The total estimated number of vessels represented is 16, 25% of which are cooking vessels, and 18.75% are conical cups.

Fragmentary: Amphora: IB.382 (P 2588). Tripod cooking pot: IB.504 (P 2584). Cooking dish: IB.562 (P 2594). CERAMIC OBJECTS Disc-shaped lid: IC.83 (C 184). Cylindrical stand: IC.85 (C 569). STONE Pivot stone: IC.448 (GS 1419). MAMMAL 21 larger bones—2 burned black fragments (1 shaft fragment, 1 tiny); Sus: premolar/molar fragment (subadult/adult), metapodial III/IV epiphysis; Sus or Ovis/Capra: skull fragment, small shaft, rib. 3 rodent/shrew bones with 1 vertebra. SHELL 1/6 Patella—2 MNI, 0/11 Monodonta—1 MNI, 0/1 Charonia—body fragment, bored exterior. 1 Charonia sequenzae (IC.222; Sh 13)—apex slightly worn, fresh, collected alive, length 0.217, w. 0.095. BOTANICAL REMAINS 0/1 cf. Vitis sp., 1 Ficus carica (mineralized), 1 cf. Silene, 1 graminae indet., 10 spores, 1 Ignota. WOOD Pistacia sp., several fragments, one with 30 rings preserved;30 25 Acer sp., 10 Pinus halepensis.

Room 5 (Figs. 56, 57) Room 5, originally reached from a doorway at the north corner of Room 6, lay entirely in Trench 1300 (Fig. 55). Surface was at an elevation of +29.45–29.25 and a soft, yellowish brown soil (10YR 5/4) lay beneath at an elevation of +29.05–

28.45 (Locus 1308.1). It contained a small number of sherds and was identified as the remains of an LM III floor deposit with some difficulty. The area beneath was filled with a reddish brown earth (2.5YR 5/4) and numerous small stones; this

THE CHALINOMOURI FARMHOUSE

belonged partly to collapsed wall debris from the original building and partly to fill probably thrown into the area by the later occupants to create a more level surface (Locus 1308.2). Roof material was not identified. The Neopalatial floor lay just above bedrock in a dark, reddish brown soil (2.5YR 3/4) at an elevation of +28.12–28.06 m (Locus 1308.3). This small rectangular room measures ca. 1.65 by 2.60 m. It was originally reached through a doorway to its southwest, ca. 0.86 m wide; when this entrance was blocked, Room 5 was probably accessed through a trap door in the roof that was reached without much difficulty from ground level, which rises on the northeast side of the building, or via a ladder from the house’s porch (Figs. 58, 59). The northeast and southeast exterior walls are well preserved, standing to a maximum height of 1.27 m, while its walls on the other two sides of the room are not well preserved. Its southwest wall was irregularly constructed and designed to fill the doorway once located there, while the northwest wall was a spur built only to a height of 0.34–0.50 m and surmounted with mudbrick.31 The later LM III wall was bedded on this northwest spur and was needed because the stone construction of this wall is much lower than any other wall on this side of the building (Fig. 72). The northwest side of the room, including the doorway, was blocked by the later LM III wall that was erected on this side. The room had a simple soil floor and is architecturally nondescript. The LM III level lying beside the later wall in the room contained the remains of a storage jar and a few cups, but relatively little material suggested that there was ever an enclosed space on this side of the wall. Either it was very badly eroded or the LM III surface formed an open yard or semi-enclosed porch. Few objects were in the fill and wall collapse and only a stone weight, hammerstone (IC.433, IC.308; GS 648, 725), and part of a drain (IC.23; C 516) were cataloged from this level. The Neopalatial floor deposit at the bottom of the fill contained a number of objects. These finds

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included the remains of at least one tripod cooking pot that showed signs of burning and at least three storage jars that included the remains of two piriform jars decorated with lilies. Four lilies were incised around one jar’s shoulder (IB.419; P 1243), while two lily stalks were applied in raised relief on the other vessel (IB.421; P 2586) that also joined the jar remains found in Room 2. Fine wares included a collared jug decorated with a running spiral (IB.323; P 2802), and ogival and one-handled conical cups (IB.192, IB.153; P 2803, 2805).

Fill and Wall Collapse (1308.2) CERAMIC OBJECT Drain fragment: IC.23 (C 516). STONE Hammerstone: IC.308 (GS 725). Biconically perforated weight: IC.433 (GS 648).

Floor Deposit (1308.3) POTTERY Five cataloged vessels and 99 sherds, weighing 3.47 kg, were collected from this deposit. The largest percentage of sherds, 28.99%, belongs to cooking vessels. The total estimated number of vessels represented is 26.5, 37.74% of which are cups, and 3.77% are cooking vessels. In Use: One-handled conical cup: IB.153 (P 2805). Ogival cup: IB.192 (P 2803). Upper halves of 2 piriform jars: IB.419, IB.421 (P 1243, P 2586). Collared jug: IB.323 (P 2802). MAMMAL 22 bones— Ovis/Capra: scapula fragment (young), metatarsus shaft (young, small); Sus: proximal metacarpus III (young, worn); Ovis/Capra or Sus: 4 rib fragments, 2 shafts (humerus or femur), shaft (6 fragments).

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Room 4 (Figs. 56, 57, 71, 72) Room 4 was accessed from a doorway in the west corner of Room 5 and was predominantly located in Trench 1200, which was expanded to the north and east to accommodate the room. Surface lay at +29.30–28.66 (Fig. 71). A soft, light, yellowish brown soil (10YR 6/4) similar to that above Room 5 lay immediately beneath the surface at an elevation of +29.00–28.40 (Locus 1207.1). About 0.40 m thick, it contained LM III pottery, an LM III spindle whorl (IA.16; C 623), animal bones, and charcoal flecks. This level was identified as the debris of a second room that was once next to the northwest side of the LM III wall found in Room 5 at an elevation of +28.92–28.42. The elevation and date correspond to the LM III remains found above Room 1. The area beneath was filled with a dark reddish brown soil (2.5YR 3/4) about 0.50 m deep that did not preserve wall stones or roof debris from the Neopalatial building. Excavated in two passes (Loci 1207.2 and 3), this badly disturbed level consisted partly of decomposed mudbrick and other debris from the Minoan building and partly of fill dumped by the later occupants to level the room for their own living space. The upper pass (Locus 1207.2) included a large stone and other fill that blocked the earlier doorway in the south corner of the room and provided a bedding here for the LM III wall that ran across the doorway opening. It also contained another LM III spindle whorl (IA.17; S 151) as well as LM IB pottery. An earlier floor deposit was not distinguished in the lower pass (1207.3), but this fill contained the remains of a Neopalatial floor deposit as well as much earlier MM material. Two paving slabs that belonged to the original LM IB floor level lay by the doorway toward the south corner of the room at an elevation of +28.10 and formed a low step down to the floor at +27.90. The original Neopalatial room was a small rectangular area, measuring ca. 2.06 by 2.88 m. Its walls are well preserved on three sides, rising to a maximum height of 1.18 m. The doorway at the south corner of the room, ca. 0.97 m wide, is now obscured by the later fill, but it apparently had a paved threshold that extended slightly into the room (Fig. 72). The room had a simple soil floor

except at the entrance with the two paving stones and along the north corner of the room where bedrock rises above floor level. The LM III deposit above this room contains fragments of storage jars, a few cooking wares (IA.15; P 2767), and some fine ware, including two fragmentary stirrup jars (IA.13, IA.14; P 2766, 2777). Fragments of a third stirrup jar belong to one found above Room 1 (IA.9; P 2961), and a kylix fragment also joined with fragments from above Room 1 (IA.3; P 2583). Number IA.14 (P 2777) appears to have been a mainland import. A cylindrical clay spindle whorl (IA.16; C 623) came from this floor deposit, and a conical serpentinite bead (IA.17; S 151) that probably also served as a spindle whorl was found just beneath and also belonged to these remains. It is not uncommon to find two differently shaped whorls attached to the same spindle,32 because they may have functioned together. The small deposit indicates that people lived, spun wool, and ate in Room 4 during the reoccupation period. In the fill beneath were the remains of cooking wares, including at least two tripod cooking pots that show traces of burning, numerous cooking dishes (IB.578, IB.546; P 1982, 1985), fragments of storage vessels, and fine wares that include bridge-spouted and side-spouted jars and a decorated closed vessel (IB.635; P 2762). A loomweight (IC.149; C 198) was also discovered. More than 100 ovicaprid and pig bones, including some burned examples, with many small pieces of charcoal were also found.

LM III Reoccupation Deposit POTTERY IA.12 (P 2768, 1207.1, Fig. 76). Kylix stem. Two non-joining pieces, one preserving base of bowl, one preserving part of base and stem. Fine pink clay (5YR 8/4) with very few very small gray inclusions. IA.13 (P 2766, 1207.1, Fig. 76). Stirrup jar. Eight non-joining sherds preserving half of base and part of body. Base d. 0.045. Fine yellow clay (10YR 8/6) with a few very small gray inclusions. Bowl with convex body profile and ring base. Traces of dark brown bands on base and above. Probably belongs to P 2961.

THE CHALINOMOURI FARMHOUSE

IA.14 (P 2777, 1207.1, Fig. 76). Globular stirrup jar. Four non-joining sherds, preserving part of base, body, false spout, and handle. Base d. 0.041. Fine pink clay (5YR 8/3) with very few, very small, gray inclusions. Mainland construction of false spout. Cf. Mountjoy 1986, pp. 106–107, figs. 128–129, dated LH IIIB. IA.15 (P 2767, 1207.1). Cooking dish rim fragment. CERAMIC OBJECT IA.16 (C 623, 1207.1). Spindle whorl. Intact. D. 0.026, th. 0.017. Weight 10.6 g. Fine pink clay (7.5YR 8/4). Cylindrical whorl with small hole (d. 0.005) through center. Cf. Nowicki 1996, p. 273, fig. 18, no. 90. STONE IA.17 (S 151, 1207.2, Fig. 76). Conical bead or spindle whorl. Intact except for minor chip at edge. D. 0.03, th. 0.01. Weight 9.7 g. Serpentinite. Circular, planoconvex bead with small hole (d. 0.004) drilled through center.33 Cf. Nowicki 1996, p. 273, fig. 18, no. 89. MAMMAL 4 bones— Ovis/Capra: astragalus; Sus: canine (female, 2 fragments), incisor (adult) (1207.1). SHELL 1 Patella (1207.1).

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2 cooking dish fragments: IB.578, IB.546 (P 1982, 1985, plus 4 other fragments; 1207.3). Cooking dish fragment (1207.2). Closed vessel fragments: IB.635 (P 2762; 1207.2). CERAMIC OBJECT Loomweight: IC.149 (C 198; 1207.3). MINERALS AND ROCKS Pumice (1207.2). MAMMAL 102 bones— Ovis/Capra: mandible (P2–3 erupting, M1–2 roots, M3 erupting, burned black/brown), mandible (M1–2, Le), 4 mandible fragments (1 articular process burned black, 1 coronoid process), lower premolar, 2 M1, M2, M3 fragment, humerus shaft, 3 radius (3 F, 3 R; 2 have attaching proximal ulna with 1 UF and 1 F), distal radius (UF, smaller than epiphysis), distal radius epiphysis (R, adultsized), proximal tibia (F, R), distal tibia (UF), calcaneus (F, broken proximal, Le), 2 proximal metacarpus (2 R), 2 distal metacarpus (smaller F, larger UF), 2 proximal metatarsus (2 thin, 1 Le, 1 worn), 5 phalanx 1 (3 F, 1 broken, 4 adult, 1 UF but adult-sized); Sus: lower canine (young adult, 3 fragments); Ovis/Capra or Sus: 1 burned shaft and 3 fragments, 2 vertebra (1 UF, 1 fragment), 15 ribs (1 with head) (1207.2–3). SHELL 10 Patella—1 burned; 1/1 Murex—fresh, broken lip, medium; lip, fresh, 1 MNI (1207.2–3).

Fill POTTERY Tripod cooking pot fragment: IB.503 (P 1984; 1207.3).

WOOD Olea europaea (1207.2–3).

Northwest Yard (Figs. 56, 57, 73–75) The yard to the north of the building forms a long triangular space that extends ca. 21 m to the northwest, and it is topographically well defined by the bedrock that rises along its northeast side and the ravine that drops straight down along the west side (Figs. 56, 58). Little soil cover remained in this area, and most of the yard’s features were exposed or buried just below surface level with no observable stratigraphy. The features include a hard

packed area full of rocks that runs beside the northwest facade of the building, a terrace wall that extends along the west side of the yard, a kiln or oven at its far north end, and an earthen ramp at the southeast corner of the yard that runs up and around the north corner of the building. Only the area along the northwest facade, the ramp, and the oven were actually excavated, and they were treated as separate loci (Loci 2100, 21/2200, 4000).

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The yard was clearly a popular activity area for the farmhouse inhabitants. The ramp was constructed of soil and stones and supported by a stone wall on its southeast side. It facilitated movement around the northeast side of the building from the entrance at its northeast corner to the Northwest Yard (Fig. 57). The ramp was at the north corner of the house just to the north of Trenches 2100 and 2200 (Fig. 55). Leading around the corner of the house into the yard, it drops ca. 0.56 m from +28.32, the higher ground level along the northeast side of the building, to +27.76, the level of the yard. At this point it joins a stone bedding that runs next to the building’s northwest facade. The bedding is ca. 2.20 m wide, and it possibly supported a porch opening onto the yard at the north and the ramp at the northeast. People probably worked, cooked, ate, and relaxed in the Northwest Yard. The remains of a cooking dish, at least two cooking trays (IB.590, IB.591; P 1965, 1968), and a cooking pot were found at the eastern end of this area. A loomweight (IC.144; C 427) lay on the ramp just to the east of this area, and a number of pithos fragments, the remains of at least four jars, two cooking pots, one cooking dish, and at least four conical cups were also discovered on the adjacent ramp. Only the ruined foundations of the wall running along the western side of this yard survive; its southern end lay in Trench 2100 and its northern end in Trench 4000 (Fig. 55). The wall is exposed at surface level, ca. 0.55 m wide and 21 m long, and is preserved only one course high, a maximum height of 0.59 m. The south end of the wall is built directly against the facade of the house, so it is clearly contemporary with the house. It probably once formed a low rubble wall designed to protect animals and children from the steep drop-off into the ravine below. A large oven or kiln is situated at the north end of the yard where it narrows at its apex in Trench 4000 and borders the ravine on one side and a rock outcropping on the other (Fig. 56). The surface elevation of +28.63–27.72 slopes from east to west, and the uppermost stones of the oven’s walls and mudbrick debris were exposed at this level. The oven is a rectangular structure oriented in the same direction as the farmhouse to its south (Figs. 73–75; Pl. 32C). It rests against bedrock on the northeast with two rubble side walls on the northwest and southeast

preserved 0.44–0.50 m in height.34 Its opening faces southwest toward the ravine and measures ca. 0.53 m wide; its rear is ca. 0.82 m wide; its depth from front to rear is ca. 2.55 m. This structure possibly took advantage of the natural draft from the ravine because its bedrock floor slopes upward from the opening toward the rear of the chamber. Two built piers of stone are located near the middle of the structure, each ca. 0.38 m high (Pl. 32D). The excavation of the oven revealed three layers of debris and evidence for two periods of use. Broken pieces of mudbrick probably fell from its walls and dome and choked the interior of the oven, which extended from the surface to a depth of +27.72–27.64 (Locus 4001); a layer of fine ash, 0.045–0.14 m thick, lay beneath the tumbled mudbrick on the floor of the oven with the thickest portion on the outer southwest side (Locus 4003). A white chalky deposit filled with land snails lay at some points between the mudbrick and ash (Locus 4002) suggesting that the oven remained open and unused for some time after it was abandoned and before it collapsed. Remains of a clay lining adhered to the oven walls, central piers, and parts of the floor on the outer southwest side. The lining was best preserved in the outer part of the oven as if it had been thickened or relined. The only finds in the ash were revealed in this part of the oven as if it was only used in the final stage. These objects included part of a scuttle (IB.614; P 3117), fragments of several cooking dishes (IB.534; P 2957) and trays, a cooking pot (IB.502; P 3085), and 10 mammal bones that included two burned examples. The ash in this part of the chamber also contained small pieces of olive charcoal, similar to that found in an ordinary hearth inside the farmhouse. In this last stage of use the outer chamber was clearly utilized as an oven to prepare food, while the inner part of the structure had perhaps gone out of use. Originally, however, when the entire chamber was open from front to rear, the structure may have served as a kiln. The two upright piers probably supported a shelf to hold pottery and were presumably used at this time.35 In this case, the kiln probably accommodated the firing of large pots because pithoi and basin wasters were found in the outer chamber. They were blackened from repeated firing, so they may be the remains of pots that were once fired there. A palaeointensity analysis of the

THE CHALINOMOURI FARMHOUSE

kiln structure indicates that, like Kiln A in the Artisans’ Quarter, the kiln reached a firing temperature above 600°C.36 Some pottery at Chalinomouri, including the amphora IB.380 (P 97) and some cooking ware IB.562, IB.533 (P 2594, 2940), was made of local clay found near Exo Mouliana and Myrsini and was probably fired in this kiln.37 Most of the pottery, however, including the other large storage vessels and the finer wares, is identical in fabric, shape, and details to that produced in the Artisans’ Quarter. Many of the smaller vases might have been shipped by boat to Chalinomouri, but because of the precipitous location of the farm, it may have been easier to import the potters and raw clay to make larger vases on the spot. These large storage vases offer some evidence for the existence of itinerant pithos makers who traveled from the Artisans’ Quarter with their wheels and clay, but they shaped the clay in the farmyard and fired the pots in the local kiln.37 Compared to the Artisans’ Quarter there is relatively little pottery at Chalinomouri, and the absence of potters’ wheels and other tools to make pottery suggests that the farmers did not produce pottery themselves. They relined the kiln with clay and reduced it in size after its initial use, so they apparently had no interest in firing ceramics here after the initial use of the kiln by possible itinerant artisans.

Northwest Yard

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2 cooking tray fragments: IB.590, IB.591 (P 1965, 1968; 2100). CERAMIC OBJECT Loomweight: IC.144 (C 427; 21/2200).

Oven: surface STONE Hammerstone? IC.313 (GS 1353; 4000).

Oven: ash deposit (4003) POTTERY Tripod cooking pot fragments: IB.502 (P 3085). Cooking dish fragment: IB.534 (P 2957, plus 5 other fragments). 3 cooking tray fragments. Scuttle: IB.614 (P 3117). MINERALS AND ROCKS 20 rock crystal granules: IC.578 (M 527). MAMMAL 10 small bone fragments—2 burned, unidentifiable. SHELL 0/1 Monodonta—worn. BOTANICAL REMAINS 1 cf. Trifolium sp., 1 Asphodelus sp., 6 spores, 4 Ignota, 1 cf. plant disease. WOOD Olea europaea.

POTTERY Cooking dish fragment.

North Terrace (Fig. 54) A small field lies to the north and northeast of the main farmhouse, bounded on the north by the coast that drops sharply to the sea, on the east by the steep mountain cliff that rises above the site, and on the west by a high point of land that overlooks the small harbor at the mouth of the Chalinomouri stream. A considerable amount of soil has accumulated in this area, and the field was cultivated with wheat until recently. Two ancient terrace walls support the soil on the north side of the field. These stepped terraces follow the natural contours of the site, and they would have been suitable for growing vines or

cereal crops.39 One terrace wall runs very close to the shoreline, and the other is set behind it to the south. Each wall is exposed at ground level and can be traced for some distance. The southern terrace wall is curved and forms a level field with a diameter of ca. 25 m, good enough for threshing.40 Two trenches, 13,300 and 13,400, were opened along the course of the northern wall to ascertain its date. Ground level was at an elevation of +22.15– 21.68, and LM I pottery appeared in the excavation almost immediately. The single faced wall retained the soil and prevented it from eroding into the sea.

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It is preserved only a single course high,41 and only a small amount of the soil that accumulated behind the wall remained and reached a depth of +21.42. This yellowish brown soil (10YR 5/4) contained a great number of fragmentary cooking pots and trays and a considerable number of ovicaprid and pig bones, some of which had been butchered. The farmhouse occupants not only used the field to grow crops, but also apparently as a place to dump broken pottery and refuse.

North Terrace CERAMIC OBJECT Loomweight: IC.132 (C 73; 13,403). STONE Grinder: IC.342 (GS 522; 13,401). MAMMAL 39 bones— Ovis/Capra: mandible with P1–2 (adult), molar fragment, ulna shaft fragment, probable femur shaft (center), distal tibia (UF), calcaneus (UF, R), proximal metacarpus (butchered down center, R); Sus: skull fragment (thick), proximal radius/ulna (radius F, articulates with humerus, Le, 5 joining fragments), distal humerus (F, Le, a bit worn), calcaneus (center part, adult, R); Ovis/Capra or Sus: 17 shafts, 3 vertebra fragments (=1 vertebra, UF), 4 ribs (1 butchered, 1 probably butchered through articulation) (13,401 and 13,403). SHELL 0/2 Charonia—apical fragment, columella removed, worn, thin at top, sponge-bored exterior; distal body, waterworn, probably 1 MNI (13,401 and 13,403).

A small, badly preserved building is also located in this area on the high point of land that lies to the west of the two terraces. There is virtually no ground cover, so some of the building’s walls were already completely exposed when the excavation began. The north side of the point where the building sits is also badly eroded, and large areas including the north corner of the building have collapsed to the coast below. Identified as Building B, it was oriented in the same direction as the farmhouse, Building A, but it was apparently much smaller in size. Three large stones survive in its northwest wall, which appears to have been its original facade on this side. These stones were exposed by surface erosion, which destroyed any associated soil deposit. The preserved southeast corner of the building was excavated in Trench 10,000W. A small rectangular space was exposed measuring ca. 2 by 2.50 m. Its walls are preserved to a maximum height of ca. 0.20 m.42 A few mudbrick fragments were found in the interior space, which must have belonged to wall collapse. A small piece of pumice (IC.550; M 428) also lay here. No floor deposit was identified in the space, so its use is inconclusive. Enough sherd material was uncovered to determine that the building was contemporary with the main farmhouse. It apparently served as some kind of outbuilding, and its location at the end of the promontory and on the highest point in this area suggests it was a lookout post. It may have served another purpose, but it commanded a better view of the harbor than the farmhouse.

Chapter 4 Notes 1. Hope Simpson and Betancourt 1990. 2. N. Platon 1959a, p. 388. 3. A separate grid was laid there on either side of a north to south line; each trench measured off this line was originally 5 m square. 4. Most of the exterior stones of the southeast wall apparently were removed during the cultivation of the area. 5. Length of northeastern wall 9.65 m, w. 0.60 m, h. 1.11– 1.27 m; length of southeastern wall from doorway to

6. 7. 8. 9.

south corner 5.80 m, w. 0.82, h. 0.55–1.10 m; pres. length of southwestern wall 7.98 m, w. 0.52–0.68 m, h. 0.12–0.51 m; pres. length of northwestern wall 6.96 m, w. 0.63–0.89 m, h. 0.50–0.73 m. Mook 2000, figs. 127–131. Length of wall 4.39, w. 0.26–0.72, h. 0.38–0.79 m. Dims. of column base ca. 0.47 by 0.41 by 0.23 m. Dims. of slabs: no. 1, ca. 0.46 by 1.23 by 0.09 m; no.2, ca. 0.51 by 0.63 by 0.10 m; no. 3, ca. 0.44 by 0.90 by 0.09 m.

THE CHALINOMOURI FARMHOUSE

10. A radiocarbon sample obtained from the olive charcoal produced a date with a 1 sigma calibration of 1515–1430 B.C. See Mochlos vol. IC, Appendix A. 11. Length of northeast wall 4 m, w. 0.71 m, h. 0.61–0.71 m; length of northwest wall 3.09 m, w. 0.68–0.70 m, h. 0.47–0.63 m. 12. Size of bench piers, clockwise from north: no. 1, ca. 0.33–0.36 by 1.15 by 0.31 m; no. 2, ca. 0.44 by 0.69 by 0.24 m; no. 3, ca. 0.41 by 0.93 by 0.24 m. 13 In these figures and plates, the slabs are restored to their original positions; in Fig. 62 they are shown where they were found. 14. Mook 2000, fig. 128, where such constructions are identified as shelves. 15. For the Cycladic fabric of this vase, see Mochlos vol. IB, Chaps. 1 and 2. 16. For similar installations, see Kopaka and Platon 1993; Palmer 1994, pp. 18–23. 17. The LM III pottery and other LM III finds from Chalinomouri are cataloged here, but will be examined further in a forthcoming volume on the LM III period at Mochlos. Catalog entries in this chapter and in Chap. 6 include in the following order: 1) the catalog number of the object in this volume (IA.1–35), 2) the Mochlos accession number, prefaced by a “P” for pottery; 3) the findspot or locus and pail number, e.g, 311.4 = locus 311, pail 4; 4) the illustration number, if applicable; 5) the vessel shape; 6) portion of vessel preserved or amount extant; 7) applicable dimensions, given in meters; 8) fabric description, followed by Munsell color and number; 9) further shape description if necessary; 10) decoration, including color of slip, burnishing if present, interior decoration, exterior decoration, and handle and/or spout treatment. Additional comments, bibliography, and occasional comparanda are given last. 18. Length of northeast wall 3.22 m, w. 0.57–0.60 m, h. 0.45–0.64 m; length of southeast wall 2.75 m, w. 0.68–0.78 m, h. 0.47–0.63 m; length of northwest wall 2.82 m, w. 0.41–0.44 m, h. 0.21–0.59 m. 19. Dims. of table ca. 0.27 by 0.47 by 0.10 m. 20. Length of northeast wall 2.43 m, w. 0.42 m, h. 0.36–0.73 m. 21. Perhaps a wine resin, personal communication from Richard Evershed. 22. A good parallel for this practice is found in the contemporary villa at Makrygialos where pithoi were also buried beneath the floor level. See Davaras 1973, p. 590, pl. 558:6. For ethnographic parallels, see also DeBoer 1988.

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23. These volumes were calculated by Maryanne Schultz using the summed cylinder method and measuring only the interior volumes. For the method, see Nelson 1985. Christakis 1999, p. 9, calculates the overall storage capacity of small Neopalatial houses at 800–1500 liters. 24. See Chap. 6. 25. Dims. of threshold stone ca. 0.48–0.63 by 0.20 by 0.08 m. The eastern jamb base is placed on end. 26. Length of southeast wall 3.45 m, w. 0.41–0.57 m, h. 0.60–1.13 m. 27. See E. Barber 1991, pp. 70–77. 28. Compare the small shrine in the LM IIIA farmhouse at Chrysokamino, in Floyd 2000, p. 68. 29. See Mochlos vol. IB, Chap. 1, fabric CW Type 8A. 30. Collected by P. Kuniholm for dendrochronology. 31. Length of southeast wall 2.86 m, w. 0.56–0.75 m, h. 0.75–1.07 m; length of southwest spur wall 1.84 m, w. 0.46 m, h. 0.34–0.50 m. 32. Barber 1991, pp. 58, 62, fig. 2.20. 33. For a discussion of Mycenaean “conuli” see Iakovidis 1977, pp. 113–119. 34. Oven: length of northwest wall 2.20 m, w. 0.23–0.78 m, h. 0.44; length of southeast wall 2.54 m, w. 0.14–0.50 m, h. 0.50 m. 35. This is essentially a variation of the Type 1 kiln. For a good LM II/III parallel, which is also rectangular on the exterior and provided with a central pier on the interior, see Levi 1967–1968, pp. 71–73. For similar kilns of the Archaic period which also have a strong pier standing in the middle of the firing chamber, see Davaras 1980, pp. 122–123. For ovens at Kommos, see M. Shaw 1990. 36. See Mochlos vol. IC, Appendix B. 37. For this clay, CF Type 8, see Barnard, Mochlos vol. IB, Chap. 1. 38. For itinerant pithos makers, see Christakis 1996. 39. Rackham and Moody 1996, pp. 123–130; Treacy and Denevan 1994. 40. For similar threshing floors in Greek farmhouses of the Classical period, see Lohmann 1992, figs. 15, 21. 41. Length of terrace wall ca. 9.15, w. 0.54, h. 0.36 m. 42. Length of southeast wall ca. 2 m, w. 0.50 m, h. 0.20 m.

5

Conclusions on Chalinomouri Jeffrey S. Soles

Few Minoan farmhouses have been excavated, and fewer still have been published. They are nevertheless a distinct feature of the Minoan countryside and are as characteristic of Minoan civilization as the better known country villas. Indeed, if Minoan civilization was like other preindustrial societies, the majority of the population probably lived in the countryside on small farms like Chalinomouri.1 Examples in east Crete include: Chrysokamino near Kavousi, where a LM IB farmstead lies beneath a more extensive LM III building; Tourkissa at Chondros Viannou, possibly abandoned in LM IA; Azokeramos near Traostalos, dated to MM IIIB–LM IA; and probably several small buildings that have been identified as “guard houses” in the vicinity of Zakros, Xerokambos, and Karoumes, which are dated LM IB, but often have earlier MM and later LM III occupation levels as well.2 Other examples have been excavated in the Mesara at Kouse, dated to MM II–LM I, and Anegyros, which was possibly built in LM IA and then reoccupied in LM III.3 The building at Hagia Varvara was destroyed in LM IB, and it should probably also be included in the list despite its proximity to the town of Mallia.4 Two farmhouses have

also been excavated on the islands of Thera and Karpathos with the example at Ftellos dating to LM IA and the other at Kontokephalo dating to LM I.5 These examples represent the tip of the iceberg because many others have been identified in surveys and remain unexcavated, such as Linares located just west of Chalinomouri (Fig. 1) and those lining the Kairatos River valley near Knossos and the coastal zone east of Siteia.6 Still others have probably been excavated, but so incompletely that it is impossible to identify them as farmsteads or parts of larger settlements.7 Unlike the architecturally elaborate country villas that are usually two stories high, full of prestige objects, and sometimes provided with Linear A documents, the farmhouses lack architectural pretensions and are simply one-story structures with humble, utilitarian finds whose inhabitants show no signs of literacy. While country villas are sometimes surrounded by smaller houses or grouped in clusters and control large tracts of land, the farmsteads stand alone and cultivate only a few small fields. The villas belong to an elite class of the population, while the farmhouses belong to a poorer segment.

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The most complete farmhouses documented to date are those at Chalinomouri, Kouse, Hagia Varvara, and Choiromandres (near Xerokambos), while other examples are more fragmentary or less well published. The evidence is sufficient, however, to make some generalizations about Minoan farmhouses as a whole. They usually have only six or seven rooms and contain less than 125 square m of space. The rooms include a main activity room that occasionally has a column near its center. This room often provides the entrance to the house, and several secondary rooms are often organized around it. One of the secondary rooms is sometimes a small storeroom. The walls are always rubble with mudbrick superstructures, never ashlar, and while some plaster may be used sparingly, there are never any frescos. Floors are commonly simple soil, although paving stones may be used in the main activity room. Fixed features reflect the agricultural functions of the farmstead. Installations for olive and wine processing are found at Chalinomouri, Azokeramos, Choiromandres, and Kouse. Terrace walls that may have sheltered animals are found at Chalinomouri, at most of the small buildings around Karoumes, Xerokambos, and Zakros, and at Ftellos on Thera. Storage vessels, vats, and cooking ware are among the most numerous finds. A few finds suggest additional activities. A small number of loomweights are found at many of these sites and suggest that looms were located in these houses for weaving, if only on a small scale to meet household needs. The two drill guides and emery found at Chalinomouri suggest the presence of a stone vase maker, and a potter’s wheel at Tourkissa suggests the presence of a potter. In each case, a member of the farmstead possibly learned a skill to supplement the agricultural income and practiced on a part-time basis. Religious equipment of the sort found in the country villas is generally lacking in these farmsteads,8 so their occupants probably traveled to neighboring sites to participate in religious ceremonies. At the same time, the offering stand and triton in Room 1 at Chalinomouri, a kernos found at Choiromandres, and the ritual deposit in the LM IIIA farm house at Chrysokamino suggest that some farmsteads maintained modest household shrines, like many ordinary houses in large towns. Chalinomouri is the first of these sites to provide hard evidence about the subsistence economy of the

Minoan farm, that is, which crops were grown and in what quantities, which animals were raised and in what numbers, and which wild resources, if any, were exploited. Unfortunately, the evidence is not plentiful, but it is suggestive and probably typical of many other farmsteads. It is discussed in more detail in Part C of this volume,9 but it may be noted that there is evidence for considerable diversification in the farm’s economy. In the case of livestock, the farmers kept sheep or goats (Ovis/Capra) and pig (Sus). Reese identified the remains of 19 different ovicaprids and 10 different pigs. They represent the minimum number of animals slaughtered and eaten over the life of the farm and possibly indicate only part of the total herd size. Reese also identified cattle remains in the LM IIIB deposits, and if the Minoan farmers kept cattle, they do not appear to have slaughtered them. The Chalinomouri farm also produced evidence for the exploitation of several fruit and nut trees because Sarpaki and Bending have identified almond (Prunus amygdalus), fig (Ficus carica), olive (Olea europaea), and vine (Vitis). The evidence for other crops was very poor, consisting of fenugreek (Trigonella, a medicinal herb), some indeterminate legume (Silene, a weed associated with cultivation) and chaff (Graminae). The latter two crops may have accompanied a cereal to storage. The threshing floor in the North Terrace provides additional evidence for cereal growth at Chalinomouri, and the buried storage jars in Room 2 indicate the amount of cereal that the farm set aside for future use. Finally, the farmers also took advantage of several wild resources. Reese identified hare and deer that probably came to the Chalinomouri stream to drink and were easily snared. He also identified a variety of marine invertebrates such as limpet (Patella) and topshell (Monodonta), which are usually found in the same deposits and were probably eaten together, triton or trumpet shell (Charonia sequenza), and crab. Mylona identified a very small amount of fish, including sea-bream (Pagrus pagrus). The farmers also apparently had at least one dog to keep them company, perhaps to shepherd flocks and hunt hares and deer. The Chalinomouri farm was remarkably similar in size and in many of its products to the typical Cretan farm of the first half of the 20th century A.D. Allbaugh reports that the size of the average Cretan

CONCLUSIONS ON CHALINOMOURI

farm in 1948 was 3.7 ha with 2.7 ha under cultivation, about the same amount of land that was probably available for cultivation around Chalinomouri.10 Cereal yields per hectare of land varied from 520 kg in 1947 to 775 kg between 1934 and 1938, and similar yields under traditional farming techniques have been reported in other parts of the Aegean.11 The annual per capita consumption of cereals varied from 166 kg in 1947 to 128 kg in 1948.12 Only 5% of farms raising wheat and 9% of farms raising barley in 1947 sold the crop at market, so the primary goal of cereal production was clearly local subsistence.13 If one assumes that environmental conditions and the production and consumption of cereals did not change a great deal from Minoan times to the first half of the 20th century,14 these figures may also give some idea of the Chalinomouri farm yield and the size of its population. If cereal yields are estimated at 520 to 775 kg/ha, the 3 ha around Chalinomouri were capable of producing 1560 to 2325 kg depending on the year. If annual consumption of cereals is calculated at 128 to 166 kg per person, this output of grain would have supported a population of 12 to 14 individuals.15 The population number may be too large, however, because the farmhouse itself does not look as if it could accommodate so many people. The benches in Room 3 could seat six people and Room 6 could seat five people; anyone else would have sat on the floor. Even then, the farmhouse would have been crowded, so the number was likely somewhat smaller. In 1948, the number of persons per household in rural villages varied from 3.2 to 6.5 depending on household income.16 In the Neopalatial period, it has been suggested that the smallest houses accommodated families of five to six members.17 Sheep or goats and pigs provided the principal source of meat and milk to the Chalinomouri farmers. If the number of slaughtered animals indicates herd size, the farmers kept larger herds of sheep or goats and pig than the Cretan farmers of 1948. Allbaugh reports that only 19% of farms had more than 4 sheep, and only 14% had more than 2 goats in 1948.18 He reports no statistics for pigs, which were extremely scarce. The 1948 farmers practiced a transhumant pastoralism.19 Several farmers consolidated their animals

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into large nomadic herds and placed them in the care of a shepherd who moved the herds up the mountains in the spring and returned them to the coastal plains in the fall. Such a method kept arable land free for cereal production, but prevented manure from being exploited as a fertilizer. The farmers’ main concern was wool and cheese production. They kept only one or two animals at home to provide milk for the family and relied on poultry as their major meat source. The Minoan farmers are likely to have managed their herds in a slightly different fashion. Halstead has argued that ancient farming practices differed in some significant ways from the traditional practices of the more recent past.20 In particular, individual farmers like those at Chalinomouri would have kept their own small herds close to home in order to “make manure more freely available and so reinforce the viability of intensive arable farming.”21 The Chalinomouri farmers also killed a relatively large proportion of their animals as juveniles or young adults suggesting that they practiced a “diversified ‘meat’ strategy of management.”22 They kept animals for several purposes including wool and milk production, but meat production may have been more important. Most farmers in 1948 grew cereal crops on a four-year fallowing cycle in which they farmed three years running and then left their fields fallow for the fourth year.23 Few farmers rotated their crops with pulses or legumes. As a result of this type of rotation, farmers relied on commercial fertilizers to maintain crop yields. In the ancient agricultural system that Halstead proposes, the Minoan farmers should have rotated their grain crops with pulses or legumes and fertilized their fields with manure. The widespread distribution of LM I potsherds in the Chalinomouri fields probably resulted from manuring and/or middening.24 Legume remains are preserved from the farmhouse. Pulses are not preserved, but they were found in the Artisans’ Quarter, so their absence at Chalinomouri is probably accidental. There is some evidence that the Chalinomouri farmers organized their production based on the larger market as well as their own subsistence. The Chalinomouri farm shows signs of intensive land use. Halstead distinguished between different kinds of agricultural intensification,25 and this farm

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exhibits many. One type involves capital intensification by the investment in terracing or the planting of slow-maturing trees. Another type involves more intensive land use by manuring or middening. A third kind uses larger areas of land, in this case the expansion of the farming area west of the Chalinomouri stream that required climbing down and up each way. Halstead recognizes that all these forms of intensification involve greater labor input and may suggest that the farmers were intent on creating a surplus. Surplus creation presumes, however, that the Chalinomouri population did not increase in size. Unlike the Artisans’ Quarter, where the different building phases suggest an expansion of the population, rooms were never added to the Chalinomouri farmhouse, so there is no indication that the population grew. The Chalinomouri farmers apparently did not make greater efforts simply to meet their own needs. The storage facilities in Room 2 also indicate that the farmers were anxious to create a surplus. Halstead argued that subsistence farmers would have planted enough crops to ensure a sufficient harvest in a bad year producing “a normal surplus” as a precaution against the risk of crop failure.26 It is difficult to identify this surplus in the archaeological record, but subterranean storage probably indicates such overproduction.27 At Chalinomouri, the subterranean storage apparently did not accommodate a very large surplus, however. If the weight of a bushel of barley/wheat is calculated at 24.5 kg, then the dry storage capacity of the buried jars and pithoi was only 227.6 kg.28 This is approximately 18–30% of the farm’s own subsistence needs.29 If it represents the normal surplus of the farm, it may not have been sufficient to meet the farm’s needs in bad years, so the farmers would have relied on their herds and wild resources to make up the difference. In good years it could become a “cash crop” and supply the Artisans’ Quarters or the main settlement as well. The farmers also appear to have maintained sufficiently large herds to bring animals to a local market, probably at regular intervals.30 The Chalinomouri farmers would have used the surplus from their crops and herds to barter for goods and services that they could not provide for themselves, including their bronze tools and pottery, which they acquired from the Artisans’ Quarter. Like many small modern farmers today,31 they

also engaged in several, extra, marginal activities to further diversify their output and provide another source of “income.” In 1948, spinning and weaving was the main household handicraft.32 The six loomweights, small spinning bowl, spinning pot and lid, and two bone tools found at Chalinomouri suggest that these Minoans also produced textiles. The farm had its own loom and probably produced enough wool for its own needs. The spinning pot and lid suggest that the farm possibly grew and weaved flax to make rope. The farm also exploited nearby sources of serpentinite to supply the Artisans’ Quarter and perhaps to make stone vases or drill guides on its own. The farmers probably produced some of these items for exchange. Should their own crops fail in a bad year, they could exchange the items for staples from other farms or from the local redistribution center at Gournia. Like today, activity on the farm was seasonal, and these marginal activities were squeezed between tending and harvesting fruit trees, planting and harvesting cereal and pulse crops, and tending animal herds. The ownership of the farm or, to borrow Costin’s term, its “context,” would be useful information. Was the farm, and any other like it in the Mochlos neighborhood, owned by a wealthy landowner in the main settlement at Mochlos, or was it an independent family farm? Was it a permanent residence or the seasonal home of itinerant farmers from the main settlement? The evidence is not particularly strong, but it favors an identification of the farm as the home of a sedentary, independent, kin-based group. Several facts suggest that the farmers were a sedentary population who lived in the farmhouse year round. The trip from Chalinomouri to the main settlement at Mochlos was commutable by boat, but inconvenient. Many rough days with high seas would have prevented the voyage, and little or no evidence indicates that the farmers did much boating. The diversification of the farm economy suggests that the farmers engaged in several activities that required their daily attention throughout the year. While the sheep or goats grazed with minimal supervision, the pigs needed more frequent care. The underground storage facilities in Room 2 also suggest the necessity for winter provisions. The finds at Chalinomouri clearly connect the farmers to the population in the main settlement, and particularly to the Artisans’ Quarter, so they were

CONCLUSIONS ON CHALINOMOURI

possibly retainers or relatives of a larger household in the main settlement or in the Artisans’ Quarter. The finds do not definitively distinguish whether they were tenant farmers, slaves, or free landowners. If the Minoans belonged to an ancestor worshipping society, where land belongs to the ancestors and is passed from one generation to the next with each generation holding the land in trust, then one might presume that the Chalinomouri farmers were independent landholders.33 The diversification of the farm economy also indicates that the farmers anxiously relied upon their own resources,34 while a subordinate farm might instead concentrate in a single product to enrich its owner. The farmers’ diet which was rich in meat might also indicate their independent status. At least one of them could also boast some skill as a craftsman. The artisans are assumed to be family members because they lived and worked together in the same household, and the same can be true of the Chalinomouri farmers, who probably did not form as large an extended family however as the families in the Artisans’ Quarter. The Chalinomouri farm was among several farmsteads scattered across the Mochlos coastal plain in the LM IB period taking advantage of local agricultural land and a water source. Only one other such site was located in a survey of the area at

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Linares, but its disposition is identical to that of Chalinomouri, and each of the eight streams that flowed down from the Ornos mountains into the Mochlos plain was capable of supporting one or more farmsteads. Each one would have sat near the coast overlooking its adjacent fields. In this respect, agricultural production at Mochlos was dispersed instead of being nucleated in a single large estate. The Artisans’ Quarter and the main island settlement had several, different, local farms upon whose surplus they could rely in addition to their own agricultural resources and other resources farther afield around the Bay of Mirabello. A certain interdependence characterized the agricultural economy of the area as a whole, and the palace at Gournia provided an emergency backup to the agricultural system.35 Its social hierarchy depended on the agricultural surpluses provided by the countryside,36 so the Mochlos farmers, like many others around the Bay of Mirabello, possibly contributed to its storage magazines in good years. In the system of social storage and redistribution, which is thought to characterize the economy of Neopalatial Crete,37 the farmers would have drawn from these stores to meet subsistence needs during times of severe, widespread shortage.

Chapter 5 Notes 1. Mann 1986, p. 264; Schwartz and Falconer 1994, pp. 1–7. 2. Betancourt et al. 1999; Floyd 2000; N. Platon 1959b; Davaras 1964, p. 442; Tzedakis et al. 1989; Tzedakis et al. 1990; Chryssoulaki 1999. 3. Marinatos 1924–1926; Lembessi 1971, pp. 287–290. 4. Pelon 1966. 5. Doumas 1973; Karantzali 1993. R. Barber 1987, pp. 64–66, identifies two other sites on Thera at Balos and Therasia, which may belong to larger settlements. 6. Hood 1983, pp. 132, 134; Hood and Smyth 1981, pp. 9–11; Tsipopoulou 1989, pp. 27–31, 99. Tsipopoulou and Papacostopoulou 1997, p. 206, note that the settlement pattern near Siteia was “virtually identical to or equivalent to the traditional system of metovcia Crete.” 7. Such as Adravasti, Analoukas, and Sikia, all in east Crete; see N. Platon 1960, p. 307 and Davaras 1972, p. 653; N. Platon 1954, p. 368. 8. For this reason, small country shrines such as Rousses at Chondros Viannou should not be identified as farmhouses.

9. See the discussions in Mochlos vol. IC, Chap. 5. 10. Allbaugh 1953, p. 265. 11. Allbaugh 1953, pp. 259, 268, reports the average yearly wheat yield in Crete for 1934–1938 at 12.8 bushels/acre, which equals 775 kg/ha (12.8 bushels by 24.5 kg/bushel = 313.6 kg/acre or 775 kg/ha). By 1947 this yield had dropped to 8.6 bushels/acre, i.e. 520 kg/ha; Davis 1991, pp. 163–186, reports yields of 300 to 600 kg/ha for the Cyclades in the Ottoman era. 12. Allbaugh 1953, pp. 106–107; Davis 1991, pp. 162, 166, provides a similar range for the Ottomon Cyclades. 13. Allbaugh 1953, p. 554. 14. Riley 1999, pp. 28–35. 15. Assuming higher consumption levels in good years and lower levels in bad years. 16. Allbaugh 1953, p. 83; estimate that small Neopalatial houses accommodated families of five to six members. 17. Christakis 1999, p. 12.

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18. Allbaugh 1953, pp. 278–279, 551. 19. For evidence of transhumant practices in the Classical and Hellenistic periods, see Chaniotis 1999. 20. Halstead 1987a. 21. Halstead, 1987a, p. 83. 22. Halstead 1987b; 1992, p. 107. 23. Allbaugh 1953, pp. 273–275. 24. Wilkinson 1982; 1989. 25. Halstead 1992, pp. 109–110. 26. Halstead 1989; 1992, pp. 110. 27. According to Halstead 1989, p. 75, subterranean storage is particularly “effective, provided the pit is tightly sealed, because carbon dioxide given off during spoilage of the outermost ‘skin’ of grain protects the remainder of the contents.” 28. If 1 bushel = 35.24 liters, 327.4 liters of dry storage capacity = 9.29 bushels. 9.29 x 24.5 kg = 227.6 kg.

29. Assuming a population of 6 to 10 individuals and a minimum per capita consumption of 128 kg. 30. Christakis 1999, pp. 11–14, paints a much bleaker picture and argues that small households like Chalinomouri were not capable of producing a surplus. Basing his conclusions largely on the capacities of extant storage vessels, he may be underestimating the agricultural potential of Minoan farms. 31. Halstead 1990. 32. Allbaugh 1953, p. 495. 33. For this thesis, see Soles 2001. 34. For other examples of diversification at the household level in the LM I period, see Halstead 1992, pp. 106–108, 114. 35. For the palace at Gournia, see Soles 1991, especially p. 70. 36. Schwartz and Falconer 1994, pp. 3–5; Christakis 1999, pp. 14–16. 37. O’Shea 1981; Halstead 1981; 1988, pp. 523–525.

Skeletal Remains

6

Human Skeletal Remains Jeffrey S. Soles and Cameron Walker with contributions by Thomas M. Brogan, Ann M. Nicgorski, David S. Reese, and R. Angus K. Smith

Human skeletal remains were found in three different contexts during the course of the excavation. The largest and most important collection of bones was a LM III cemetery located in the destroyed Artisans’ Quarter. A possibly LM III burial was also found at Chalinomouri, but it may be an isolated

example. Finally, the remains of an intramural burial, a number of human teeth, and the first phalange of an adult hand were also found in the Artisans’ Quarter which, unlike the later burials, apparently belonged to the original occupants of the Quarter.

The LM III Cemetery in the Artisans’ Quarter (Figs. 77–83; Pls. 33–36; Table 1) While the main LM III cemetery at Mochlos is situated on a hill south of the Artisans’ Quarter in the area known as Limenaria (Fig. 1),1 a smaller cemetery was also located in the Artisans’ Quarter itself (Fig. 77). The remains of seven burials were found during the excavation of Buildings A and B. These intrusive burials were made on the site after the destruction of the buildings (Table 1). Six burials were placed in clay vases with or without accompanying grave goods and offerings and

buried in shallow pits sunk in and around the collapsed building debris. They include six or seven subadults or infants and two adults, including one over 20 years of age. The skeletal remains are too fragmentary to identify sex, but the size of the adult population and the distribution of subadults and infants suggest a family burial plot used by a single generation. Four of the burial vases (IA.25, IA.21, IA.30, IA.31; P 106, 658, 1399, 1877; Pl. 36) are wide-

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MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

Grave

Burial Container

Number of Individuals

Age

Sex

Grave Goods

1

Pithoid jar

1

Adult

Male?

None

2

Pithos

2

Adult + infant

Female? + ?

1 bead

3

Jar

1

subadult

?

2 cups, 1 bowl

4

Jar

2

subadult

?

1 cup, 2 bowls,1 bead

5

Jar

1

subadult

?

pyxis?

6

None

1

subadult

?

None

7

Jar

0

subadult?

?

None

Table 1. LM III Burials in the Artisans’ Quarter.

mouthed jars with piriform bodies and two horizontal handles. Ranging from 0.365 to 0.419 m in height and made of the same coarse phyllite-tempered fabric, they are very similar to one another and form a distinct class of burial jar. Another example was also found in situ in the main cemetery area to the south of the Artisans’ Quarter (P 1646), but it was missing its contents.2 Three burial jars in the Artisans’ Quarter (IA.21, IA.25, IA.30; P 658, 106, 1399) were still in situ in Building B, Graves 3 and 4 (Pl. 34A, B, C), and Building A, Grave 5 (Pl. 35D), while one jar (IA.31; P 1877) was broken into several pieces and lay in the soil just above the floor of Room 2 in Building B, Grave 7. Only IA.21 (P 658) in Grave 3 held sufficient skeletal remains to identify the buried individual as a subadult. The remains in IA.25 (P 106) and IA.30 (P 1399) were too poorly preserved to make an identification, and no remains were associated with IA.31 (P 1877). Because of the small size of the jars, however, it is likely that they were all designed for subadults or infants. The two other burial vases in Graves 1 and 2, which were located in and around Building A, are both much larger (Pls. 33A, B). One example (IA.18; P 760) has the same fabric as the jars, although it has a wider mouth and more rounded body and is perhaps best described as a pithoid jar. There was no exact parallel in the main cemetery. The other vase is a pithos (IA.19; P 1683) that resembles many burial pithoi in the main LM III cemetery where it is the most common type of burial

container. Both of these burial vessels were used for single adult burials, but the pithos also contained the remains of an infant. It was the most deeply buried vase, located ca. 1–1.50 m below the modern ground level (Figs. 18, 79). This pithos was also the largest and most ornate with a stamped shell motif and rope decoration. Although this type of burial does not indicate high status in the main cemetery where larnakes were also used, it may indicate a relatively high status in the family group. Unfortunately, mortuary studies do not indicate that an infant is more likely to be buried with a male or female adult,3 and there is no way of knowing whether it belonged to the mother or father of the presumed family. While the burial pots and most of the associated vases fall within the LM IIIA:2–IIIB:1 range, they are difficult to date more closely. An amphoroid krater (IA.32; P 796), decorated with horizontal bands was found near the center of the cemetery near the surface northwest of Grave 1 (Fig. 77), and it was associated with the burials thereby establishing a closer date for the jar burials lying to the east and west. An identical krater (P 1581) was set in a cairn above four chamber tombs in the main LM III cemetery, where it served as a grave marker or offering vase, so krater IA.32 (P 796) is likely to have served the same purpose in this small coastal cemetery. Both probably date to the LM IIIA:2 period. Two fragmentary kylikes (IA.33, IA.34; P 2118, 2870) and a champagne cup (IA.35; P 3199)

HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS

found near the surface were also associated with the burials and were probably used in a funerary ceremony. The kylikes are probably both LM IIIA:2,

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and the champagne cup, which is a very rare shape at Mochlos, is no earlier than LM IIIA:2.

Grave 1 (Figs. 77, 78; Pl. 33A). The burial in Grave 1 lay inside a large jar (IA.18; P 760) that was placed in a shallow pit, ca. 0.78 m long and 0.50 m wide (Locus 1606, Pl. 15B). The pit was dug through the collapsed wall debris in the ancient street against the west wall of Building A and extended into the bedrock ca. 0.20 m below street level. The jar rested on its side at an elevation of +4.61, and it was oriented north to south beside the earlier wall with its open mouth facing north toward the sea. The jar was badly broken, probably in large part by the vehicles that drove over it in recent years; nevertheless, its base and lower side wall remained in situ while its upper side wall was only slightly displaced. The mostly disarticulated remains of a contracted burial lay inside. Unlike the smaller burial jars on the site, this vessel was large enough to accommodate an adult individual, and it was probably for this reason that a hole was cut in the bottom of the vessel to drain bodily fluids. No other pottery was found with the burial, but it was not contemporary with Building A because most of the jar would have been exposed above ground level and visible to passersby. The pit extended slightly below the level of the ancient street, but not to a sufficient depth to completely bury the jar. The burial belonged to a later period after the collapse of the adjacent building but while the west wall of the building was still partly exposed, because the jar was placed directly beside this wall. The bones recovered from IA.18 (P 760) include skull fragments, part of a mandible with teeth, portions of long bones, and small fragments of vertebrae. Although the skeleton is incomplete, there are no apparent duplicate bones, and they are consistent with the remains of a single adult individual. The bones were confirmed to be human because of the morphology of the mandible and teeth, the middle meningeal vessel markings on the skull fragments, and the thickness of the cranial vault. The individual

was identified as an adult by the presence of permanent teeth showing marked wear with evidence of alveolar resorption of the first and second molars on the right side. Because many parts of the skeleton crucial to more precise aging and sexing techniques are missing, a narrowing of the adult age range is not possible. There is no evidence of burning or cut marks. The cranial fragments range in length from 0.032 to 0.052 m. Six cranial fragments were examined with four identified as parietal bones by the distinctive middle meningeal vessel markings. One quite large fragment measured 0.080 m long by 0.092 m wide by 0.008 m thick and is of particular interest. This portion of the cranium contains parts of the frontal, central, and parietal bones with part of the right browridge, eye orbit, and temporal area in place. The sixth cranial fragment is the petrous portion of the left mastoid process. Approximately two-thirds of the mandible could be reconstructed with most of the teeth. It measures 0.085 m long by 0.014 m wide after reconstruction. The permanent teeth show moderate to heavy wear of their occlusal surfaces possibly resulting from a diet with abrasive grit in the food. The following teeth are in the mandible: two central incisors, two lateral incisors, two canines, two first premolars, and two second premolars; the first and second molars are absent on the right side with evidence that the first molar was absent on the left side. The mandible is broken on the left side so nothing else can be determined from that side. On the right side of the mandible, however, there is a probable third molar well behind the space for the first and second molars. It is small and round. In the place of the first and second molars, the smooth bone indicates either antemortem tooth loss with good alveolar resorption or the teeth were missing congenitally. The adult dentition and the degree of wear on the teeth suggest a probable age at death of over twenty years.

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MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

Various vertebral fragments were recovered, ranging in length from 0.011 to 0.028 m, but they are too fragmented to provide much information. Seven long bone fragments were recovered. Distinctive marks permit some observations on the arm bones. Most of the distal end of the radius, with the epiphysis united, is visible. It measures 0.048 m long and 0.019 m wide. The distal epiphysis unites at about age 17 to 18 years in males and at about 16 to 17 years in females. The broken and cracked midshaft of the ulna measures 0.080 m long and 0.0125 m wide. The midshaft of the humerus near the distal end measures 0.048 m long and 0.018 m wide, and it may be identified by the olecranon fossa visible at the distal end. From the long bone shafts of the leg, the broken midshaft of a femur measures 0.152 m long, 0.023 m wide, and 0.022 m thick. Another long bone midshaft, probably from the tibia, measures 0.1235 m long and 0.0195 m wide. Two other long bones lack any distinctive features and cannot be identified. One of them measures 0.088 m long and 0.022 m wide, while the other is 0.045 m long and 0.013 m wide. Two clavicle midshaft fragments may be recognized by their distinctive appearance. One bone measures 0.066 m long and 0.015 m wide, and the

second example is 0.045 m long and 0.015 m wide. Neither fragment can be sided because they lack their medial and distal ends. One hundred and ten additional bone fragments, ranging in size from 0.001 to 0.029 m, lack identifying features. POTTERY4 IA.18 (P 760, 1606, Fig. 78, Pl. 35). Pithoid jar. Mended from many pieces, preserving whole profile and base; about 95% extant. H. 0.455, rim d. 0.48, max. d. 0.46, base d. 0.182. Coarse, light red clay (2.5YR 6/8) with many large white, gray, black, reddish brown and phyllite inclusions. Large jar with everted, flat, and thickened rim, slightly piriform body profile, and flat base with hole (d. 0.038), chipped from interior; two horizontal handles, round in section. Unslipped with traces of burning on exterior sides. Wheelmade in two pieces. Cf. Tsipopoulou 1997, p. 216, fig. 12e (Petras) where the shape is dated LM IIIA:2–LM IIIB. MAMMAL 6 bones—mouse (2 MNI by lower canines). SHELL 0/2 Monodonta (1 MNI, lip); 0/1 Charonia (siphon fragment); 1 Cerithium (fresh lacks distal, small).

Grave 2 (Figs. 18, 77, 79; Pl. 33B) The burial in Grave 2 lay inside a pithos (IA.19; P 1683) in Room 10 of Building A. The original floor of this room was badly disturbed by the burial, and it is no longer recognizable except by the bottom of the surrounding walls on the east, south, and west. The original room was built over and around a natural pit in the bedrock below the ruined floor, and the burial was sunk below this level and placed near the bottom of the pit at an elevation of +4.50–4.23 (Locus 2310N.2, 3). The pithos rested on its side and was oriented east to west, with its mouth facing to the west. A large limestone slab (IC.410; GS 1272) lay next to its mouth. The slab was originally used as an anvil in the Neopalatial period and was probably reused as a lid or cover for the burial pithos. The pithos was opened with a

chisel at two points along its rim. A large square piece was broken from the side of the pithos in order to set the body inside and was then laid back in place on top of the burial. A similar technique was used in virtually all the burial pithoi in the main cemetery. A carnelian bead (IA.20; S 249) found just outside the pithos was possibly associated with the burial (like another example found inside the burial jar of Grave 4), but other finds in the room probably belonged to its original period of use. Many very fragmentary bones were located inside the pithos. Fifteen skull fragments probably belonged to one individual, although they were badly eroded. Some visible meningeal vessel marks indicate the parietal lobe. The bones measure from 0.010 to 0.046 m and were broken in antiquity such

HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS

that joins were not possible. Fractures to the fragments possibly resulted from a skull fracture when the skull was intact or from weathering after burial. Thirteen human teeth were recovered, revealing both subadult and adult dentition. Four subadult molar crowns lacked roots that had not yet formed. They probably came from an infant of less than one year of age. At least ten adult teeth were identified. There are three incisors: one complete upper lateral incisor shows some wear and a small crack on the enamel surface; one right upper central incisor, crown only with the root broken off, shows little wear on the enamel; and one right upper lateral incisor, also with the crown only, shows little wear and a broken root. A single canine with only the crown had a broken root, but no discernable wear. Five adult molars were included, and four had the roots broken off. There is virtually no wear on three of these adult molars, while the fourth shows some wear on the enamel. Cusp patterns are visible on three, with +5 on two of the molars and +4 on the third. Three tooth fragments are too tiny to identify. A lower second molar shows some wear. Of the post cranial bones, 43 are rib fragments, 16 are undistinguishable long bone fragments, and four are from platelike bone such as those found in the skull or pelvis. They are all so badly damaged and worn that no further identification could be made. A badly eroded shaft, head, and neck of a femur measures 0.132 m when joined together. Twenty-nine shaft fragments measuring from 0.010 to 0.048 m are also present. With the exception of the four subadult teeth, the remains could belong to a single adult individual. A small number of animal bones, belonging to sheep or goat, pig, and hare, as well as four shells, lay with the human bones inside the pithos. Two dog bones were found just outside the pithos. All of these remains, including those inside the pithos, may well belong to the earlier LM IB occupation, however. Animal bones were not associated with

139

the burials in the main LM III cemetery, which were located outside any habitation area, unlike those in the Artisans’ Quarter, and they were not part of the standard burial offerings. Bones of a larger mammal, discovered in the wall collapse above the grave, belong to the earlier Neopalatial deposit and indicate that animal bones were associated with the original room. POTTERY IA.19 (P 1683, 2310N.3, Fig. 79, Pl. 35). Pithos. Mended from many pieces, preserving whole profile, base, and handles; nearly complete except for a few gaps in body and rim. H. 0.62, rim d. 0.284, max. d. 0.47, base d. 0.22. Coarse, reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/8) with many medium-sized white, gray, reddish brown, and phyllite inclusions, with lime pops. Pithos with everted, thickened, and flat rim; concave neck and slightly piriform body profile; three vertical round handles on shoulder. Unslipped with three single bands of rope decoration around middle, lower part, and base of body, impressed scallop shells at base of handles. STONE IA.20 (S 249, 2310N.3, Fig. 79). Bead. Intact except for small chips. Length 0.005, d. 0.006. Carnelian. Cylindrical bead with small hole (d. 0.002). Found with pithos IA.19 (P 1683). MAMMAL INSIDE IA.19 (P 1683) ca. 25 bones— Ovis/Capra: ulna shaft fragment; Sus: lower canine fragment (young); Lepus: anterior mandible (R, 3 fragments) and 8 teeth fragments; mouse (numerous bones, 4 MNI by lower incisors). MAMMAL OUTSIDE IA.19 (P 1683) 2 bones— Canis: posterior mandible fragment (M2 and alveoli, R), metapodial shaft fragment. SHELL INSIDE IA.19 (P 1683) 1/2 Patella (2 MNI); 0/3 Monodonta (1 MNI, lip); 1 Gibbula (broken lip).

Grave 3 (Figs. 47, 77, 80; Pls. 34A, B). Burial 3 lay inside a two-handled piriform jar (IA.21; P 658) at the bottom of a pit that dug

through the collapsed wall debris in the southwest corner of Room 5 in Building B (Locus 506.2). This

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MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

room was originally a large enclosed rock-cut pit that was used as a room at some early stage in the LM IB expansion of the building. It seems to have been used initially as a pottery dump, probably for pottery made in the workshop. Surface lay at an elevation of +6.21 with wall tumble appearing directly below and probably lay at nearly the same level when the burial was made. The jar lay at an elevation of +5.55–5.13, resting on a level about 0.15 m below that of the Neopalatial floor remains in the room. The soil above the jar was loose and sandy, quite unlike the hard, compacted soil found above the rest of the room and normally above the other rooms in the building. Although initially identified as an intramural burial, the loose soil above the jar and the LM III pottery found with it indicate that the burial was, in fact, intrusive. The shape and decoration of the jar itself also suggest a late date for the burial. The jar is the same shape and fabric as the others, but, unlike them, it is painted with dark horizontal bands resembling those on the amphoroid krater IA.32 (P 796). Two handleless cups (IA.22, IA.23; P 436, 961) were placed beside the jar, and they should be identified as grave goods. Number IA.22 (P 436) is a later development of the LM IB ogival cup, and it has many parallels in the LM III settlement and tombs at Mochlos where it is identified as a convex cup. It has a straight, rounded rim, a convex to concave profile, and usually monochrome decoration at Mochlos. Number IA.23 (P 961), which was found next to it, is also related to the common ogival cup of the LM IB period, and it was possibly a survival. Perhaps it was uncovered in the Neopalatial floor debris when the burial was dug, and at this time a hole was also cut in its base for use as a cup rhyton. Spouted bowl IA.24 (P 2764) is decorated in identical monochrome paint like IA.22 (P 436), and it should probably be dated to LM IIIA:2. It was broken and found slightly below the level of the burial jar as if it had been thrown in the burial pit. The bones recovered from the jar include skull fragments, teeth, ilium, long bone, and vertebral fragments (Pl. 34B). These remains are consistent with a single subadult individual. The human remains are based on the morphology of the teeth and the cranial vault thickness; the subadult identification is based on dental and other skeletal evidence. Subadult remains cannot be sexed with any degree

of accuracy. Although a small amount of wood charcoal was recovered from the deposit around the jar, there is no evidence of burning or cutting on the bone. Shells and two animal vertebrae were discovered in the jar with the human remains. Six larger, very delicate, cranial fragments had the inner and outer tables becoming detached from each other. Several of these fragments have shells and other pieces of bone adhering to the surface. One fragment of the temporal bone included the petrous portion, external auditory meatus, styloid foramen, and small nuchal crest and measured 0.036 m long and 0.021 m wide. The largest cranial vault fragment is probably from the fronto-centro-parietal area. It is very eroded with shell and rock adhesions. It measures 0.062 m long, 0.0795 m wide, and 0.0035 m thick. Another cranial vault fragment is 0.058 m long, 0.046 m wide, and 0.0035 m thick. A complete phalange bone, measuring 0.0135 m long and 0.004 m wide, adheres to this cranial fragment. Three undistinguished cranial vault fragments measure 0.063, 0.057, and 0.0435 m, respectively. The last, very eroded, cranial vault fragment adheres to a broken, midshaft, long bone. The cranial vault fragment measures 0.055 m long, 0.025 m wide, and 0.0045 m thick. More than one hundred smaller fragments, ranging in size from 0.001 to 0.022 m, probably belong to a subadult because of the gracile thinness of the bone. Two left and right mandible fragments appear to have been the same size, so they possibly came from the same individual. The right side of the mandible contains the gonial angle, part of the mandibular body with teeth, the condylar process and notch, but the coronoid process was broken off. The head of the condylar process measures 0.0135 m long and 0.007 m wide; the length to the curve is 0.038 m and is not eroded. The mandible contains the following teeth: a permanent, unerupted, central incisor with an incompletely formed root; a permanent, lateral incisor with an incompletely formed root; an unerupted, permanent canine with an unformed root; an erupting, permanent premolar; and a deciduous molar with little wear. There is an empty socket after the first molar. The left side of the mandible fragment consists only of the condyle, gonial angle, and part of the coronoid process. It measures 0.0135 m long and 0.007 m thick; the length to the curve is 0.035 m, but the

HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS

bone is partially eroded. Five deciduous teeth from a subadult probably less than three years of age were also found, including one upper molar with one root broken off and four incompletely formed teeth. They are very white in color and show no wear. A fourth upper subadult molar with forming roots, an incisor measuring 0.007 m in length and width, and one canine measuring 0.008 m in length and width were also identified. An ilium fragment was identified with the epiphysis of the iliac crest not united. It measures 0.056 m long, 0.039 m wide, and 0.006 m thick. The distal end and shaft fragment of a humerus, measuring 0.075 m long and 0.025 m at its widest part, was also identified. It is encrusted with soil and small rocks. It lacks an epiphysis indicating subadult status. The midshaft of a femur, measuring 0.0905 m long and 0.015 m wide, is present. A probable tibia midshaft with an eroded proximal end, measuring 0.0645 m long and 0.014 m wide, is present. A fourth long bone midshaft, measuring 0.0545 m long and 0.015 m wide, was not further identified. Various rib fragments, ranging from 0.017 to 0.059 m in length, are present, as are two human vertebral fragments, measuring 0.095 and 0.020 m, respectively. POTTERY IA.21 (P 658, 506.2, Fig. 80, Pl. 36). Burial jar. Mended from about 45 pieces, preserving nearly complete jar except for one missing handle, minor body gaps, and chips from rim. H. 0.419, rim d. 0.313, max. d. 0.386, base d. 0.145. Coarse, reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6) with many large white, gray, reddish brown, and phyllite inclusions. Jar with out-turned and thickened rim, piriform body profile, and flat base; two horizontal handles, round in section, set on the shoulders. Buff slip on exterior with reddish brown decoration, consisting of a broad band covering rim and upper body, a set of three narrow bands at the widest part of body, another set of three narrow bands on lower body, and a broad band at the base. The handles are outlined with another band and decorated with vertical slashes on top. Wheelmade in two sections. IA.22 (P 436, 506.2, Fig. 80, Pl. 36). Handleless convex cup. Mended from three pieces, preserving complete cup. H. 0.058, rim d. 0.097, base d. 0.036. Cap. 100 ml. Fine, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 8/6) with a few small white and gray inclusions. Cup with tapered lip, almost carinated body profile, and flat base. Reddish brown slip on interior and exterior, including part of base; fingerprints at rim, inside and out, from dipping by left hand.

141

Cf. LM III cups from Palaikastro in MacGillivray 1997, p. 197, fig. 2b, where they are called “bell cups;” from Pseira in Betancourt, Banou, and Floyd, 1997, pp. 60–61, fig. 1.3, where they are called “ogival cups;” from Knossos in Warren 1997, pp. 168–169 where they are called “plain bowls;” from Myrsini in Kanta 1980, p. 166, fig. 106.2, where they are called “conical cups;” and from the area of Viannos in Banou and Rethemiotakis 1997, p. 32, figs. 6.4, 17.5 where they are also called conical cups. IA.23 (P 961, 506.2, Fig. 80, Pl. 36). Handleless globular cup. Mended from several pieces, preserving whole profile and part of base, plus one nonjoining body sherd; about 1/3 extant. H. 0.069, est. rim d. 0.09, base d. 0.043. Medium, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6) with some small to medium-sized white, gray, reddish brown, and phyllite inclusions. Cup with slightly everted rim, tapered lip, and S-shaped body profile. Unslipped. This cup, closely related to the LM IB ogival cups found in the Artisans’ Quarter, has a hole (d. 0.022) in its base which may have been intentionally cut. Cf. Tsipopoulou 1997, p. 233, figs. 38, 39, no. 91.789 (Petras) where the shape is dated to LM IIIA–LM IIIB. IA.24 (P 2764, 507.1, Fig. 80). Spouted bowl. Two nonjoining pieces, one preserving small part of rim with beginning of spout and part of one handle, and one nonjoining body sherd. Pres. h. 0.079, est. rim d. 0.21. Fine, very pale, brown clay (10YR 7/4) with a few small, reddish brown inclusions. Bowl with spout at rim, rounded upper body profile, and one extant horizontal handle, round in section. Slipped inside and out in reddish brown. Cf. Hallager and Hallager 1997, p. 408, shape B.2; MacGillivray 1997, p. 200, fig. 4a (Palaikastro); Hawes et al. 1908, p. 42, no. 28 (Gournia) with similar decoration. MAMMAL, REPTILE (506.2) Canis—3 mandible fragments with 2 teeth fragments (encrusted), phalanx 1 (F, thin), 1 MNI; micromammal (4 MNI by mandibles: 3 shrew, 1 mouse); lizard/snake (2 mandibles, 1 MNI). SHELL (506.2) 0/4 Patella (1 MNI), 0/3 Monodonta (1 MNI), 1 Gibbula (tiny); 2/4 Murex (1 bored by gastropod; lip/siphon, 3 MNI small/medium); 0/1 Charonia (worn); 0/1 Semicassis (worn). WOOD CHARCOAL (506.2) 2 Olea europaea, 1 Prunus sp.

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Grave 4 (Figs. 77, 81; Pl. 34C). The burial in this grave was placed inside jar IA.25 (P 106), which lay on its side in the badly eroded area just to the north of Room 7 in Building B. The jar was ca. 0.50 m below the surface at an elevation of +5.40–5.05. It was oriented north to south with its mouth facing south away from the sea. A schist roof slab from the Neopalatial building lay on the jar rim, so it was apparently reused as a lid in the same fashion as the anvil in Grave 2. Although these were the only two instances observed, covering the mouths of the burial pithoi with stone slabs was a common practice in the main cemetery. Three vases (IA.26–28; P 435, 522, 973) lay by the mouth of IA.25 (P 106). Pulled-rim bowls IA.26 (P 435) and IA.27 (P 522) are a standard LM III offering in the main LM III cemetery. Number IA.28 (P 973) resembles LM IB conical cups commonly found in the Artisans’ Quarter, and, while the shape continues into the LM III period, this example possibly survived to be reused with the burial.5 Additional room construction in this area is unclear, so the jar was placed in what may always have been an outside space where two exterior building walls intersected and sheltered the jar. Consequently, the jar was practically intact, but very little skeletal material survived. Two human teeth, very fragmentary human bones, and a carnelian bead (IA.29; S 98) were found in the soil residue inside the jar after water flotation. One badly eroded premolar with the root measures 0.027 m long and 0.007 m wide. A broken segment of a subadult deciduous canine lacks signs of wear and measures 0.005 m wide and 0.006 m long. These teeth are incompatible with the remains of a single individual because one is deciduous and the other is an erupted, fully formed, permanent, premolar tooth. A number of animal bones and shells were found inside and just outside the jar, but they may not have been associated with the burial. POTTERY IA.25 (P 106, 1501.6, Fig. 81, Pl. 36). Burial jar. Mended from 7 pieces, nearly complete except for small gaps in rim and body. H. 0.43, rim d. 0.332, max. d. 0.40, base d. 0.16. Coarse, red clay (2.5YR 5/6) with many

large white, gray, reddish brown, and phyllite inclusions. Jar with everted and rounded rim, piriform body profile; two horizontal handles, round in section. Unslipped and undecorated. Wheelmade in two sections. IA.26 (P 435, 1308.1, Fig. 81, Pl. 36). Pulled-rim bowl. Mended from 12 pieces preserving whole base and profile, about 2/3 extant. H. 0.093, rim d. 0.16, base d. 0.048. Fine, very pale, brown clay (10YR 8/4) with some medium-sized gray, white, reddish brown, and phyllite inclusions. Bowl with slightly everted rim, S-shaped body profile, and one small boss preserved below rim. Traces of reddish brown slip near upper edge, inside and out, probably Rim Banded Style. Found with IA.27 (P 522) beside IA.25 (P 106), this vase, often with this type of decoration, is a characteristic LM III shape at Mochlos and elsewhere in eastern Crete. Cf. MacGillivray 1997, pp. 199–200. IA.27 (P 522, 1308.1, Fig. 81, Pl. 36). Pulled-rim bowl. Mended from 24 pieces preserving full profile and base, about 1/2 extant; another 15 nonjoining fragments, including one with spout. H. 0.083, est. rim d. 0.125, base d. 0.04. Fine, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6) with some medium-sized white, gray, and phyllite inclusions. Cup with slightly everted rim and S-shaped body profile, small spout pulled out at rim. Traces of reddish brown slip on exterior and near rim on interior, probably Rim Banded Style with trickle. Found with IA.26 (P 435), this vase is a smaller version of a popular shape. IA.28 (P 973, 1501.6, Fig. 81). Conical cup. Mended from two pieces preserving whole profile with 1/2 of base, about 1/2 extant. H. 0.045, est. rim d. 0.08, base d. 0.034. Medium pink clay (7.5YR 7/4) with some small to medium-sized white and gray inclusions. Conical cup with convex body profile and rounded lip. Probably LM IB, but the shape continues into LM III. Cf. MacGillivray 1997, pp. 196–197, fig.1d (Palaikastro). STONE IA.29 (S 98, 1501.6, Fig. 81). Bead. Intact. Length 0.017, w. 0.007. Biconical bead, horizontally pierced. Probably carnelian. Found inside IA.25 (P 106). MAMMAL INSIDE IA.25 (P 106). 1 bone—Ovis/Capra distal metapodial fragment (F). SHELL INSIDE IA.25 (P 106) 0/3 Murex (0/2 columella, 0/1 body, 2 MNI); 0/1 Glycymeris (waterworn, hinge fragments, small).

HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS

MAMMAL OUTSIDE IA.25 (P 106) 23 bones—Ovis/Capra: distal humerus (recently broken, probably F, Le), radius shaft; Bos horncore (15 fragments).

143

SHELL OUTSIDE IA.25 (P 106) 0/4 Monodonta (1 MNI, worn).

Grave 5 (Figs. 77, 82 top; Pl. 34D) This burial was placed in a jar (IA.30; P 1399) and buried near the surface in the wall and roof collapse midway along the western side of Room 6 in Building A (Locus 2306N). The area was severely disturbed by modern construction, so only a small part could be excavated. The jar lay at an elevation of +5.31–4.96 and rested on its side with its mouth facing the eastern wall of Room 4. Two schist slabs stood on edge over its mouth, wedged between the jar and the Neopalatial wall. The upper side of the jar was broken and largely missing, and only a few human teeth were found inside to suggest that it was used as a burial jar. A miniature pyxis (IB.367;

P 1395) was found just below the jar at an elevation of +4.87, so it may belong to the burial or the original room contents. It was cataloged with the Neopalatial pottery from the room. POTTERY IA.30 (P 1399, 2306N, Fig. 82, Pl. 36). Burial jar. Mended from many pieces, preserving whole profile, rim and base; about 3/4 extant. H. 0.395, rim d. 0.28, max. d. 0.339, base d. 0.128. Coarse red clay (2.5YR 5/8) with many large white, gray, reddish brown, mica, and phyllite inclusions. Jar with everted, flat rim, piriform body profile; two horizontal handles, round in section. Unslipped. Wheelmade in two or three sections.

Grave 6 (Fig. 77) The burial in Grave 6 consists of very fragmentary remains recovered from the floated residue of the soil that was sampled from an area of wall and roof collapse above the floor deposit of Room 4 in Building A. The remains were at an elevation of +5.16–4.74, 0.38–0.60 m below the surface and 0.56–0.24 m above the bedrock floor (Locus 710). They were probably intrusive, even though they were not associated with a burial jar or other LM III pottery. A radiocarbon sample obtained from wood charcoal in an associated locus produced a date with a 2 sigma calibration of 1390–1120 B.C. and somewhat confirms the burial’s LM III identification.6 The remains include skull, teeth, rib, and vertebral fragments, and one long bone midshaft fragment. These bones are consistent with the remains of a single individual due to the lack of duplicate bones. They are recognizably human by the dental morphology and the thickness of the cranial vault fragments. The bones do not show any burn or cut marks.

Seven cranial vault fragments were recovered. Four pieces are quite small and featureless, ranging in length from 0.017 to 0.0265 m. Three fragments are somewhat larger, but they also lack distinctive features such as middle meningeal vessel marks. These larger fragments measure 0.046, 0.045, and 0.033 m in length. One cranial vault fragment adheres to a small rock. A portion of a brow ridge with the supra-orbital border measures 0.0205 m long by 0.023 m wide. A small part of the temporal bones was also recognized by the external auditory meatus, but this bone fragment is missing the petrous portion. Two teeth in their jaw sockets were also recovered in the flotation process. The bone and teeth were encrusted with soil and cannot be cleaned without damaging them. One tooth is a yellow first molar, and it shows slight wear; it measures 0.0075 m long, 0.009 m wide, and 0.005 m in height from the bone. The other tooth is a white second molar, and it shows little wear; it measures 0.0085 m long

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and 0.010 m wide. A gray molar crown lacking roots measures 0.012 m long, 0.010 m wide, and 0.0065 m high. Another molar crown, consisting of only enamel, was broken into three pieces, showed no wear, probably came from a subadult, and had not yet erupted from the gum. The estimated age is unclear because the tooth was broken. Two other molars, consisting only of crowns, adhered to mudbrick fragments. They were both whitish in color with their roots apparently not yet formed. An unworn, white incisor had the root tip irregularly broken. An upper canine tooth was missing the broken root and showed little wear.

Additional bones found with Grave 6 included long bone, rib and vertebral fragments. One long bone midshaft fragment was found with adhered soil, but not enough of the bone was recovered to be identified. It measures 0.053 m long and 0.012 m wide. Eight rib fragments were also recovered, measuring from 0.0215 to 0.040 m in length. Four vertebral fragments ranged from 0.017 to 0.0225 m in length. All of these very small fragments do not reveal enough information.

Grave 7 (Fig. 77, 82 bottom) Skeletal remains are not associated with this grave, so its existence is only indicated by the fragmentary burial jar (IA.31, P 1877). It rested on its side and was broken into many pieces, but it was apparently found in situ against the east wall of Room 2 in Building B. This jar was oriented approximately north to south with its mouth sheltered by the east wall of the room, and it was located just above the Neopalatial floor level such that it was originally mistaken for an LM IB vase. The upper side of the vase and its contents were probably

destroyed during recent cultivation of the field in which it was located. POTTERY IA.31 (P 1877, 20/2418W, Fig. 82, Pl. 36). Burial jar. Mended from 37 pieces preserving whole profile, base, and one handle; 14 additional nonjoining body sherds and 4 nonjoining rim sherds. H. 0.365, est. rim d. 0.39, base d. 0.148. Coarse, reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6) with many large white, gray, mica, and reddish brown inclusions. Ledge rim; two horizontal round handles. Wheelmade in two sections. Badly burned with warped rim.

Catalog of Associated Finds in the LM III Cemetery Finds associated with the LM III burials were located in Trenches 1700 and 1900 near the center of the cemetery. They were uncovered very close to the surface, and they were possibly left on the ground or discarded after use in a burial ceremony that involved drinking and toasting.7 Such ceremonies were common practice in the main cemetery area. POTTERY IA.32 (P 796, 1909.1, Fig. 83, Pl. 35). Amphoroid krater. Mended from many pieces, preserving whole profile and base; about 90% extant. H. 0.379, rim d. 0.25, max. d. 0.33, base d. 0.11. Coarse, reddish yellow

clay (5YR 6/6) with many large white, gray, black, reddish brown, and phyllite inclusions. Amphoroid krater with ledge rim, concave neck, raised ridge at juncture of neck and body, piriform body profile, and molded base; two vertical strap handles, each with two shallow grooves running down center. Buff slip on exterior with dark reddish brown decoration. Broad band on rim, ridge at juncture of rim and body, and base, with two groups of three bands on upper and lower body; handles and handle zones also decorated. Cf. P 1156, 1581 from LM III cemetery.8 Cf. also Kanta 1980, p. 167, fig. 67, no. 3 (Myrsini). IA.33 (P 2118, 1909.1, Fig. 83). Kylix. One piece preserving upper part of stem and base of bowl. Pres. h.

HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS

0.029. Medium pink clay (7.5YR 8/4) with a few small, reddish brown inclusions. Hollow stem. Undecorated. IA.34 (P 2870, 1701.2, Fig. 83). Kylix. One piece preserving part of stem and foot. Pres. h. 0.029. Fine pink clay (7.5YR 8/4) with a few small, reddish brown inclusions. Kylix stem with slightly concave profile flaring into a spreading foot. Hollow stem. Undecorated. This vase was found near the surface ca. 5 m west of Grave 1.

145

IA.35 (P 3199, 1909.1, Fig. 83). Champagne cup. One piece preserving base, stem, and lower part of cup. Pres. h. 0.028, base d. 0.05. Fine, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6) with very few very small gray and reddish brown inclusions. Short hollow stem with disk base. Undecorated. Cf. Betancourt, Banou and Floyd 1997, pp. 59–60, fig. 1.2 (Pseira).

An Intramural Burial and Other Human Bone from the Artisans’ Quarter Other skeletal material found in the Artisans’ Quarter was contemporary with the Quarter. It includes one burial (Grave 8) located in the floor deposit of Room 2 in Building A, a number of teeth

scattered in the floor deposits of both buildings, and the first phalange of a human hand from the floor or Room 13E in Building B.

Grave 8 The extremely fragmentary remains of this burial were located in the soil beneath the actual floor level of Room 2 such that a localized grave site was not identified during excavation. The human skeletal remains were identified after excavation and, like Grave 6, after floating the soil sample collected in the room and sorting the residue from the flotation barrel. Because the burial was sealed under wall and roof collapse without clearly identifiable LM III pottery, it probably was not intrusive like Graves 1 to 7. This shallow burial of a subadult was placed in the accumulated floor material during the Neopalatial use of the building and is a rare example of intramural burial in Neopalatial Crete.The burial lay in the floor deposit in the northern part of the room where a sufficient amount of soil had

accumulated for a shallow grave (Locus 212 parts 3 and 4). No grave goods were associated with this badly disturbed and fragmentary burial. The bones include one long bone fragment with the midshaft and proximal end. The unjoined epiphysis indicated a subadult age range. The bone measures 0.129 m long and 0.0355 m wide. A cracked, intact, permanent incisor with the root measures 0.022 m long and 0.007 m wide. This white tooth shows no wear.The recovered long bone and incisor are possibly the remains of a single individual due to the lack of epiphysis on the long bone and the lack of wear on the incisor. Unfortunately, there was not enough recovered material to be more definitive. The human bones lack burn and cut marks.

Other Human Bone In addition to the burial in Grave 8, a few other human skeletal remains, including as many as 18 teeth and the first phalange of an adult human

hand, were scattered in the Neopalatial floor deposits around the Artisans’ Quarter. Widely distributed around the site, they were probably not

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burial remains. They were found in workroom areas (Room 4 and Area 5 in Building A) and in living or living/working spaces (Rooms 2 and 7 in Building A and Rooms 3 and 13 in Building B), and they probably belonged to at least 6 individuals who worked and lived in the Quarter. Interestingly, tooth no. 5 belonged to an infant, reinforcing the impression that the artisans were related in a family organization. While tooth no. 7 was possibly extracted due to a large, painful cavity, the other teeth were presumably deposited by accident. Artisans often use their teeth as tools, so wear and tear, as well as age and disease, can cause teeth to fall out. The first phalange of a human hand may also have been deposited as the result of an accident. A great deal of hammering happened in these buildings, so more than one artisan likely would have injured a finger, perhaps during stone vase manufacture or bronze blade hammering. 1 (A.2.212.2). A complete, right, lateral, upper, adult incisor measures 0.021 long and 0.007 wide at the crown. Mild to moderate wear is evident, and there is a slight crack on the enamel.

2 (A.4.805.1). A right, upper, adult, incisor crown shows little wear and a broken root and measures 0.009 by 0.0115. 3 (A.4.805.1). Two broken tooth fragments show part of the crown and pulp cavity and measure 0.0065 and 0.0075, respectively. 4 (A.5.714.2). Seven tiny tooth fragments, the largest measuring 0.005 long. 5 (P 94 found in A.7). A single, deciduous, gray molar and unformed root. No wear indicates it probably came from an infant under one year of age. 6 (A.10.2310N.1). One adult molar with the crown showing little wear, and the root was broken off revealing a Y4 cusp pattern. 7 (B.3.603.1). A single, complete tooth, probably a second lower molar, with little wear on the four cusps of the crown. A large cavity was noted on the buccal side. It measured 0.01 by 0.0145 with two roots, although one was broken. 8 (B.3.603.1). Four very tiny tooth fragments measuring from 0.0045 to 0.0115 in length. 9 (B.13.2503.1). The first phalange of an adult human hand measures 0.039 in length.

The LM III Burial at Chalinomouri The remains of a single, adult individual were scattered near the surface above the east corner of Room 1 in the farmhouse at Chalinomouri. These remains lay at an elevation of +29.30–29.15 just above the collapsed wall debris in the room on top of LM III floor remains (Locus 2200). While some LM III pottery was found at this surface level, the skeleton could possibly date to a later period unassociated with the LM III reoccupation of the site. Two skull fragments were recovered. One left parietal bone fragment measured 0.056 by 0.039 m, with visible meningeal vessel grooves. A right temporal bone fragment measuring 0.040 m long contained part of the zygomatic and styloid processes. Seven teeth show moderate to severe wear, and they may be consistent with a single individual. Three molars each had part of the roots intact, and they showed severe wear on the enamel and dentin portions of the crown. Three premolars exhibited moderate to severe wear of the crown. One incisor had a broken crown, but the root was still intact.

Of the postcranial bones, 7 rib fragments measured from 0.015 to 0.039 m in length, and 12 vertebral fragments measured from 0.016 to 0.035 m in length, but they were too fragmentary and eroded for further analysis. Four foot bones were noted: the distal end and partial shaft of a metatarsal measuring 0.059 m long, the proximal end and partial shaft of a 0.052 m long metatarsal, and the probable proximal end of a third metatarsal measuring 0.029 m long. One complete first phalange measuring 0.036 m long revealed possible arthritic changes associated with age. Over 350 other badly broken and eroded bone fragments were present. Ten pieces measured from 0.030 to 0.080 m. They possibly came from long bones, but further identification could not be made. The rest of the fragments were very small, less than 0.010 m in size, and they lacked distinguishing characteristics.

HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS

147

Chapter 6 Notes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Papadakis 1986; Soles and Davaras 1996, pp. 210–222. Tomb 18. O’Shea 1984, pp. 196, 227. For conventions used in catalog entries, see Chap. 3, n. 15. Other finds lying to the east along the outer side of the building’s north wall were probably associated with the original building. They include a conical cup (IA.28; P

973), a drill guide (IC.396; GS 897) and stone and clay weights (IC.436, IC.143; GS 1172, C 407). 6. See Mochlos vol. I.C, Appendix A. 7. For the drinking of a toast and subsequent breaking of the kylix at Mycenaean burials, see Grinsell 1961, pp. 482–483; 1973; Hamilakis 1998; 2000; Soles 2001, pp. 231–233. 8. Soles and Davaras 1996, pl. 63a.

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Banou, E.S., and G. Rethemiotakis. 1997. “Centre and Periphery: New Evidence for the Relations between Knossos and the Area of Viannos in the LM II–IIIA Periods,” in Driessen and Farnoux, eds., 1997, pp. 23–57. Barber, E.J.W. 1991. Prehistoric Textiles: the Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean, Princeton. ————. 1994. Women’s Work: the First 20,000 Years. Women, Cloth, and Society in Early Times, New York. Barber, R.L.N. 1987. The Cyclades in the Bronze Age, Iowa City. Betancourt, P.P. 1983. Minoan Objects Excavated from Vasilike, Pseira, Sphoungaras, Priniatikos Pyrgos, and Other Sites, Philadelphia. ————. 1984. East Cretan White-On-Dark Ware, Philadelphia. Betancourt, P.P., E. Banou, and C.R. Floyd. 1997. “Provincial LM III at Pseira, Crete,” in Hallager and Hallager, eds., 1997, pp. 57–75. Betancourt, P.P., J.D. Muhly, W. Farrand, C. Stearns, L. Onyshkevych, W. Hafford, and D. Evely. 1999. “Research and Excavation at Chysokamino, Crete,” Hesperia 68, pp. 343–370. Betancourt, P.P., V. Karageorghis, R. Laffineur, and W.-D. Niemeier, eds. 1999. MELETEMATA: Studies in Ae-

Blitzer, H. 1984. “Traditional Pottery Production in Kentri, Crete: Workshops, Materials, Techniques and Trade,” in Betancourt, 1984, pp. 143–157. Bosanquet, R.C., and R.M. Dawkins. 1902–1903. “Excavations at Palaikastro II,” BSA 9, pp. 274–356. Bourgin, H. 1924. L’Industrie et le marché, Paris. Branigan, K. 1983. “Craft Specialization in Minoan Crete,” in Krzyszkowska and Nixon, eds., 1983, pp. 23–32. Branigan, K., ed. 1998. Cemetery and Society in the Aegean Bronze Age, Sheffield. Braudel, F. 1982. Wheels of Commerce, Civilization, and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century, vol. 2, New York. Brumfiel, E.M., and T.K. Earle. 1987. “Specialization, Exchange, and Complex Societies: an Introduction,” in Brumfiel and Earle, eds., 1987, pp. 1–9. Brumfiel, E.M., and T.K. Earle, eds. 1987. Specialization, Exchange, and Complex Societies, Cambridge. Cadogan, G. 1977–1978. “Pyrgos, Crete, 1970–1977,” ArchReports for 1977–1978, pp. 70–84. Catling, H.W. 1971. “A Cypriote Bronze Statuette in the Bomford Collection,” in Schaeffer, ed., 1971, pp. 15–32. Chaniotis, A. 1999. “Milking the Mountains, Economic Activities on the Cretan Uplands in the Classical and Hellenisitic Period,” in Chaniotis, ed., 1999, pp. 181– 220.

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Concordances

Concordance A

Field Numbers and Catalog Numbers for Mochlos vols. IA, IB, IC B2 B7 B 18 B 20 B 26 B 31 C7 C 20 C 25 C 26 C 27 C 28 C 34 C 36 C 37 C 61 C 62 C 63 C 66 C 73 C 75 C 77 C 85 C 94 C 95 C 97

IC.215 IC.216 IC.217 IC.218 IC.219 IC.220 IC.129 IC.27 IC.151 IC.130 IC.88 IC.89 IC.90 IC.156 IC.91 IC.92 IC.93 IC.152 IC.131 IC.132 IC.53 IC.1 IC.133 IC.30 IC.31 IC.14

C 99 C 101 C 102 C 108 C 110 C 111 C 115 C 116 C 120 C 122 C 129 C 130 C 134 C 137 C 141 C 145 C 147 C 152 C 161 C 162 C 177 C 182 C 183 C 184 C 190 C 198

IC.54 IC.134 IC.94 IC.2 IC.135 IC.136 IC.164 IC.95 IC.96 IC.36 IC.28 IC.137 IC.55 IC.147 IC.15 IC.97 IC.98 IC.138 IC.32 IC.148 IC.99 IC.100 IC.101 IC.83 IC.157 IC.149

C 206 C 207 C 213 C 216 C 227 C 230 C 231 C 233 C 237 C 243 C 286 C 289 C 298 C 304 C 305 C 306 C 307 C 310 C 315 C 317 C 318 C 321 C 323 C 324 C 325 C 326

IC.37 IC.38 IC.102 IC.16 IC.158 IC.155 IC.153 IC.103 IC.154 IC.104 IC.139 IC.39 IC.140 IC.105 IC.159 IC.106 IC.160 IC.107 IC.17 IC.29 IC.108 IC.109 IC.141 IC.110 IC.111 IC.142

160

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

C 327 C 328 C 338 C 340 C 341 C 342 C 343 C 344 C 345 C 346 C 347 C 348 C 349 C 352 C 356 C 358 C 359 C 365 C 376 C 380 C 381 C 405 C 407 C 427 C 480 C 482 C 485 C 488 C 490 C 493 C 495 C 496 C 497 C 498 C 502 C 503 C 504 C 505 C 507

IC.112 IC.3 IC.113 IC.114 IC.115 IC.40 IC.116 IC.4 IC.18 IC.161 IC.41 IC.165 IC.42 IC.19 IC.117 IC.20 IC.118 IC.43 IC.5 IC.56 IC.119 IC.162 IC.143 IC.144 IC.21 IC.60 IC.120 IC.166 IC.57 IC.86 IC.121 IC.22 IC.44 IC.145 IC.33 IC.34 IC.122 IC.87 IC.6

C 508 C 509 C 510 C 511 C 512 C 514 C 515 C 516 C 517 C 519 C 520 C 521 C 522 C 523 C 524 C 525 C 526 C 527 C 528 C 529 C 532 C 533 C 534 C 535 C 536 C 537 C 538 C 539 C 540 C 541 C 542 C 543 C 544 C 545 C 546 C 547 C 548 C 549 C 550

IC.84 IC.45 IC.58 IC.46 IC.47 IC.48 IC.123 IC.23 IC.24 IC.25 IC.124 IC.125 IC.49 IC.59 IC.50 IC.51 IC.146 IC.126 IC.7 IC.8 IC.61 IC.62 IC.63 IC.64 IC.65 IC.66 IC.67 IC.68 IC.69 IC.70 IC.71 IC.72 IC.73 IC.74 IC.75 IC.76 IC.77 IC.78 IC.79

C 551 C 552 C 553 C 554 C 559 C 560 C 569 C 572 C 573 C 574 C 585 C 595 C 599 C 600 C 601 C 621 C 622 C 623 CA 5 CA 13 CA 17 CA 18 CA 19 CA 20.1 CA 20.2 CA 20.3 CA 20.4 CA 20.5 CA 20.6 CA 20.7 CA 20.8 CA 20.9 CA 20.10 CA 20.11 CA 20.12 CA 20.13 CA 20.14 CA 20.15 CA 21.1

IC.80 IC.81 IC.82 IC.150 IC.127 IC.9 IC.85 IC.9 IC.11 IC.12 IC.163 IC.26 IC.35 IC.52 IC.128 IC.167 IC.13 IA.16 IC.278 IC.267 IC.268 IC.280 IC.279 IC.226 IC.227 IC.228 IC.229 IC.230 IC.231 IC.232 IC.233 IC.234 IC.235 IC.236 IC.237 IC.238 IC.239 IC.240 IC.249

CONCORDANCE A

CA 21.2 CA 23 CA 24 CA 27 CA 38 CA 61 CA 62 CA 82 CA 84 CA 86 CA 90 CA 95 CA 96A CA 96B CA 97 CA 98 CA 105 CA 116 CA 123 CA 165 CA 166 CA 167 CA 168 CA 169 CA 170 CA 171 CA 172A CA 172B CA 173 CA 174 CA 175 CA 176 CA 177 CA 178 CA 179 CA 180 CA 181 CA 182 CA 183

IC.250 IC.269 IC.270 IC.271 IC.281 IC.245 IC.272 IC.241 IC.273 IC.274 IC.282 IC.242 IC.283 IC.251 IC.275 IC.284 IC.276 IC.277 IC.243 IC.285 IC.252 IC.286 IC.287 IC.253 IC.288 IC.289 IC.246 IC.254 IC.255 IC.256 IC.257 IC.290 IC.258 IC.259 IC.247 IC.291 IC.260 IC.292 IC.293

CA 184 CA 185 CA 186 CA 187 CA 188 CA 189 CA 190 CA 191 CA 204 CA 220 CA 221 CS 55 CS 191 CS 238 CS 239 CS 240 CS 241 CS 242 CS 243 CS 244 CS 245 CS 246 CS 247 CS 248 CS 249 CS 250 CS 251 CS 252 CS 253 CS 254 CS 255 CS 256 CS 257 CS 258.1 CS 258.2 CS 259 CS 260 CS 261 CS 262.1

IC.261 IC.262 IC.294 IC.295 IC.263 IC.264 IC.265 IC.248 IC.266 IC.296 IC.244 IC.457 IC.458 IC.495 IC.496 IC.497 IC.459 IC.472 IC.460 IC.498 IC.465 IC.473 IC.499 IC.500 IC.467 IC.474 IC.487 IC.501 IC.461 IC.502 IC.503 IC.519 IC.504 IC.505 IC.506 IC.468 IC.507 IC.488 IC.475

161

CS 262.2 CS 263 CS 264 CS 265 CS 266 CS 267 CS 268 CS 269 CS 270 CS 271 CS 272 CS 273.1 CS 273.2 CS 274 CS 282 CS 283 CS 284 CS 285 CS 286 CS 287 CS 288 CS 290 CS 291 CS 292 CS 309 CS 310 CS 311 CS 312.1 CS 312.2 CS 313 CS 318 CS 319 CS 321 CS 322 CS 774 CS 1119 CS 1120 CS 1121 CS 1541

IC.462 IC.466 IC.469 IC.508 IC.509 IC.510 IC.486 IC.470 IC.489 IC.511 IC.463 IC.520 IC.476 IC.471 IC.477 IC.512 IC.490 IC.456 IC.513 IC.521 IC.478 IC.479 IC.480 IC.514 IC.491 IC.481 IC.515 IC.492 IC.482 IC.516 IC.483 IC.484 IC.522 IC.517 IC.493 IC.494 IC.518 IC.485 IC.464

162

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

GS 160 GS 161 GS 214 GS 237 GS 271 GS 272 GS 297 GS 304 GS 310 GS 311 GS 312 GS 314 GS 326 GS 327 GS 329 GS 330 GS 331 GS 332 GS 346 GS 377 GS 385 GS 388 GS 418 GS 427 GS 446 GS 480 GS 485 GS 487 GS 488 GS 501 GS 502 GS 503 GS 504 GS 506 GS 507 GS 514 GS 522 GS 526 GS 540

IC.302 IC.338 IC.329 IC.317 IC.426A IC.389 IC.303 IC.453 IC.304 IC.430 IC.305 IC.330 IC.306 IC.361 IC.318 IC.331 IC.339 IC.340 IC.390 IC.362 IC.437 IC.332 IC.341 IC.350 IC.421 IC.385 IC.401 IC.319 IC.333 IC.378 IC.379 IC.380 IC.381 IC.359 IC.360 IC.307 IC.342 IC.446 IC.334

GS 548 GS 560 GS 562 GS 564 GS 575 GS 581 GS 596 GS 597 GS 620 GS 636 GS 646 GS 647 GS 648 GS 668 GS 676 GS 679 GS 683 GS 684 GS 685 GS 691 GS 707 GS 713 GS 718 GS 723 GS 724 GS 725 GS 732 GS 758 GS 763 GS 782 GS 787 GS 790 GS 802 GS 810 GS 832 GS 843 GS 847 GS 875 GS 876

IC.422 IC.414 IC.431 IC.363 IC.320 IC.423 IC.432 IC.402 IC.420 IC.391 IC.406 IC.335 IC.433 IC.392 IC.364 IC.393 IC.351 IC.407 IC.328 IC.408 IC.424 IC.365 IC.415 IC.394 IC.386 IC.308 IC.387 IC.343 IC.344 IC.309 IC.336 IC.321 IC.397 IC.352 IC.398 IC.435 IC.322 IC.427 IC.428

GS 884 GS 885 GS 896 GS 897 GS 900 GS 901 GS 902 GS 905 GS 907 GS 911 GS 913 GS 925 GS 927 GS 935 GS 944 GS 945 GS 950 GS 952 GS 954 GS 959 GS 965 GS 1051 GS 1061 GS 1062 GS 1066 GS 1131 GS 1139 GS 1148 GS 1150 GS 1159 GS 1172 GS 1178 GS 1179 GS 1179 GS 1186 GS 1195 GS 1201 GS 1259 GS 1260

IC.405 IC.353 IC.438 IC.396 IC.416 IC.439 IC.366 IC.345 IC.367 IC.382 IC.388 IC.323 IC.383 IC.429 IC.409 IC.368 IC.346 IC.369 IC.370 IC.354 IC.596 IC.395 IC.355 IC.371 IC.347 IC.417 IC.348 IC.440 IC.434 IC.441 IC.436 IC.454 IA.11 IC.442 IC.356 IC.357 IC.443 IC.310 IC.324

CONCORDANCE A

GS 1261 GS 1264 GS 1268 GS 1270 GS 1271 GS 1272 GS 1279 GS 1281 GS 1282 GS 1287 GS 1290 GS 1291 GS 1300 GS 1314 GS 1318 GS 1341 GS 1345 GS 1346 GS 1347 GS 1348 GS 1349 GS 1352 GS 1353 GS 1386 GS 1387 GS 1389 GS 1390 GS 1412 GS 1413 GS 1416 GS 1417 GS 1418 GS 1419 GS 1420 GS 1421 GS 1422 GS 1423 GS 1466 GS 1467

IC.444 IC.598 IC.349 IC.403 IC.418 IC.410 IC.455 IC.399 IC.400 IC.311 IC.312 IC.372 IC.425 IC.404 IC.445 IC.426 IC.373 IC.374 IC.325 IC.326 IC.337 IC.419 IC.313 IC.597 IC.358 IC.412 IC.413 IC.375 IC.314 IC.376 IC.384 IC.447 IC.448 IC.449 IC.450 IC.451 IC.452 IC.315 IC.316

GS 1468 GS 1469 GS 1476 M 400 M 401 M 402 M 403 M 404 M 405 M 406 M 407 M 408 M 409 M 410 M 411 M 412 M 413 M 414 M 415 M 417 M 418 M 419 M 420 M 421 M 422 M 423 M 424 M 425 M 426 M 427 M 428 M 500 M 501 M 502 M 503 M 504 M 505 M 506 M 507

IC.327 IC.411 IC.377 IC.523 IC.524 IC.525 IC.526 IC.527 IC.528 IC.529 IC.530 IC.531 IC.532 IC.533 IC.534 IC.535 IC.536 IC.537 IC.538 IC.539 IC.540 IC.541 IC.542 IC.543 IC.544 IC.545 IC.546 IC.547 IC.548 IC.549 IC.550 IC.551 IC.552 IC.553 IC.554 IC.555 IC.556 IC.557 IC.558

163

M 508 M 509 M 510 M 511 M 512 M 513 M 514 M 515 M 516 M 517 M 518 M 519 M 520 M 521 M 522 M 523 M 524 M 525 M 526 M 527 M 600 M 601 M 602 M 603 M 604 M 605 M 607 M 608 M 609 M 610 M 611 M 612 M 700 M 701 M 702 M 750 M 751 P 44 P 45

IC.559 IC.560 IC.561 IC.562 IC.563 IC.564 IC.565 IC.566 IC.567 IC.568 IC.569 IC.570 IC.571 IC.572 IC.573 IC.574 IC.575 IC.576 IC.577 IC.578 IC.579 IC.580 IC.581 IC.582 IC.583 IC.584 IC.585 IC.586 IC.587 IC.588 IC.589 IC.590 IC.591 IC.592 IC.593 IC.594 IC.595 IB.1 IB.327

164

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

P 57 P 58 P 59 P 60 P 61 P 62 P 63 P 68 P 69 P 73 P 74 P 75 P 76 P 77 P 78 P 79 P 88 P 93 P 94 P 95 P 96 P 97 P 98 P 100 P 101 P 102 P 104 P 106 P 108 P 109 P 110 P 111 P 113 P 116 P 117 P 118 P 131 P 132 P 136

IB.2 IB.307 IB.263 IB.2A IB.3 IB.390 IB.295 IB.361 IB.4 IB.5 IB.609 IB.6 IB.411 IB.317 IB.329 IB.391 IB.7 IB.392 IB.338 IB.490 IB.603 IB.380 IA.2 IB.393 IB.427 IB.432B IB.368 IA.25 IB.484 IB.308 IB.474 IB.8 IB.488 IB.9 IB.10 IB.309 IB.433 IB.434 IB.339

P 140 P 142 P 143 P 145 P 146 P 154 P 156 P 164 P 167 P 168 P 171 P 173 P 174 P 177 P 180 P 181 P 187 P 190 P 192 P 197 P 198 P 199 P 201 P 205 P 206 P 215 P 220 P 221 P 224 P 225 P 226 P 227 P 228 P 229 P 230 P 231 P 232 P 235 P 236

IB.199 IB.255 IB.269 IB.355 IB.158 IB.618 IB.15 IB.160 IB.161 IB.162 IB.163 IB.164 IB.165 IB.11 IB.200 IB.12 IB.581 IB.13 IB.394 IB.166 IB.223 IB.242 IB.14 IB.619 IB.15 IB.16 IB.17 IB.18 IB.19 IB.20 IB.21 IB.22 IB.23 IB.24 IB.25 IB.26 IB.27 IB.28 IB.29

P 237 P 238 P 239 P 240 P 241 P 242 P 243 P 244 P 245 P 247 P 248 P 250 P 251 P 252 P 253 P 254 P 255 P 256 P 257 P 258 P 270 P 271 P 272 P 280 P 288 P 355 P 376 P 377 P 390 P 391 P 401 P 405 P 408 P 409 P 416 P 417 P 418 P 435 P 436

IB.30 IB.31 IB.32 IB.33 IB.34 IB.35 IB.36 IB.37 IB.38 IB.39 IB.40 IB.610 IB.356 IB.296 IB.330 IB.265 IB.604 IB.605 IB.606 IB.41 IB.336 IB.297 IB.357 IB.455 IB.42 IB.43 IB.412 IB.224 IB.250 IB.44 IB.264 IB.45 IB.46 IB.428 IB.310 IB.464 IB.41 IA.2 IA.22

CONCORDANCE A

P 440 P 443 P 461 P 463 P 464 P 465 P 466 P 467 P 468 P 469 P 470 P 471 P 472 P 474 P 475 P 476 P 479 P 482 P 483 P 484 P 491 P 492 P 494 P 496 P 497 P 498 P 500 P 501 P 504 P 505 P 508 P 509 P 510 P 511 P 522 P 527 P 531 P 533 P 534

IB.197 IB.167 IB.395 IB.298 IB.47 IB.48 IB.49 IB.358 IB.50 IB.51 IB.201 IB.243 IB.202 IB.582 IB.414 IB.415 IB.168 IB.52 IB.53 IB.146 IB.416 IB.54 IB.55 IB.251 IB.252 IB.424 IB.203 IB.348 IB.147 IB.56 IB.57 IB.465 IB.456 IB.41 IA.27 IB.381 IB.253 IB.58 IB.471

P 536 P 542 P 545 P 546 P 548 P 550 P 553 P 555 P 562 P 568 P 570 P 572 P 573 P 574 P 576 P 577 P 584 P 587 P 591 P 594 P 598 P 603 P 611 P 644 P 645 P 650 P 651 P 652 P 658 P 659 P 660 P 661 P 684 P 691 P 705 P 709 P 713 P 726 P 730

IB.254 IB.466 IB.169 IB.170 IB.59 IB.171 IB.60 IB.61 IB.172 IB.62 IB.583 IB.204 IB.63 IB.457 IB.64 IB.350 IB.331 IB.491 IB.318 IB.340 IB.511 IB.33 IA.5 IB.333 IB.173 IB.304 IB.467 IB.65 IA.21 IB.225 IB.306 IB.489 IB.256 IB.620 IB.66 IB.67 IB.68 IB.143 IB.365

165

P 750 P 751 P 757 P 758 P 760 P 765 P 766 P 767 P 768 P 770 P 776 P 777 P 791 P 795 P 796 P 801 P 806 P 828 P 843 P 853 P 961 P 963 P 973 P 992 P 1010 P 1042 P 1043 P 1053 P 1059 P 1061 P 1062 P 1121 P 1122 P 1167 P 1168 P 1169 P 1170 P 1171 P 1172

IB.445 IB.435 IB.446 IB.34 IA.18 IB.436 IB.447 IB.270 IB.437 IB.438 IB.439 IB.425 IB.440 IB.33 IA.32 IB.611 IB.349 IB.366 IB.396 IB.49 IA.23 IB.69 IA.28 IB.468 IB.397 IB.257 IB.493 IB.418 IB.174 IB.70 IB.71 IB.175 IB.205 IB.299 IB.206 IB.72 IB.73 IB.148 IB.176

166

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

P 1173 P 1174 P 1175 P 1176 P 1182 P 1183 P 1187 P 1189 P 1191 P 1192 P 1193 P 1195 P 1196 P 1203 P 1205 P 1210 P 1233 P 1234 P 1235 P 1236 P 1237 P 1243 P 1244 P 1249 P 1251 P 1270 P 1273 P 1274 P 1286 P 1288 P 1289 P 1290 P 1292 P 1293 P 1294 P 1302 P 1305 P 1307 P 1308

IB.429 IB.74 IB.75 IB.149 IB.177 IB.76 IB.77 IB.494 IB.178 IB.78 IB.79 IB.448 IB.398 IB.80 IB.305 IB.179 IB.81 IB.82 IB.83 IB.84 IB.85 IB.419 IB.31 IB.512 IB.538 IB.86 IB.621 IB.378 IB.87 IB.622 IB.475 IB.476 IB.607 IB.88 IB.449 IB.89 IB.90 IB.91 IB.92

P 1309 P 1335 P 1339 P 1341 P 1344 P 1346 P 1360 P 1365 P 1370 P 1372 P 1373 P 1394 P 1395 P 1399 P 1402 P 1403 P 1407 P 1410 P 1412 P 1413 P 1416 P 1552 P 1561 P 1579 P 1627 P 1630 P 1631 P 1632 P 1683 P 1686 P 1726 P 1739 P 1764 P 1765 P 1805 P 1816 P 1829 P 1857 P 1876

IB.472 IB.539 IB.93 IB.584 IB.540 IB.328 IB.513 IB.514 IB.515 IB.585 IB.586 IB.94 IB.36 IA.30 IB.95 IB.96 IB.541 IB.97 IB.98 IB.99 IB.399 IB.400 IB.207 IB.100 IB.420 IB.101 IB.180 IB.10 IA.19 IB.573 IB.542 IB.103 IB.104 IB.105 IB.106 IB.543 IB.107 IB.458 IB.18

P 1877 P 1885 P 1889 P 1906 P 1907 P 1908 P 1911 P 1929 P 1935 P 1937 P 1941 P 1948 P 1965 P 1968 P 1974 P 1982 P 1984 P 1985 P 2022 P 2024 P 2030 P 2031 P 2067 P 2094 P 2118 P 2156 P 2157 P 2158 P 2159 P 2160 P 2162 P 2163 P 2185 P 2186 P 2187 P 2189 P 2191 P 2192 P 2193

IA.31 IB.587 IB.182 IB.588 IB.589 IB.544 IB.577 IB.108 IB.574 IB.109 IB.369 IB.545 IB.590 IB.591 IB.592 IB.578 IB.503 IB.546 IB.516 IB.547 IB.459 IB.477 IB.110 IB.51 IA.33 IB.150 IB.151 IB.111 IB.112 IB.113 IB.183 IB.184 IB.231 IB.208 IB.209 IB.244 IB.210 IB.211 IB.212

CONCORDANCE A

P 2194 P 2195 P 2196 P 2198 P 2199 P 2206 P 2210 P 2214 P 2218 P 2221 P 2222 P 2224 P 2226 P 2229 P 2230 P 2231 P 2232 P 2233 P 2234 P 2235 P 2236 P 2237 P 2238 P 2239 P 2240 P 2241 P 2242 P 2243 P 2244 P 2247 P 2248 P 2249 P 2267 P 2269 P 2272 P 2274 P 2279 P 2281 P 2289

IB.232 IB.233 IB.152 IB.362 IB.363 IB.579 IB.478 IB.593 IB.575 IB.548 IB.518 IB.519 IB.319 IB.320 IB.213 IB.185 IB.186 IB.214 IB.227 IB.228 IB.187 IB.520 IB.623 IB.506 IB.507 IB.624 IB.521 IB.114 IB.450 IB.188 IB.451 IB.625 IB.522 IB.549 IB.535 IB.550 IB.551 IB.552 IB.553

P 2291 P 2298 P 2303 P 2304 P 2308 P 2309 P 2310 P 2311 P 2314 P 2318 P 2320 P 2322 P 2326 P 2327 P 2328 P 2329 P 2330 P 2331 P 2332 P 2333 P 2334 P 2335 P 2338 P 2353 P 2356 P 2381 P 2391 P 2422 P 2440 P 2447 P 2448 P 2463 P 2464 P 2472 P 2473 P 2474 P 2475 P 2479 P 2480

IB.554 IB.555 IB.198 IB.215 IB.612 IB.246 IB.247 IB.426 IB.189 IB.556 IB.401 IB.495 IB.496 IB.271 IB.334 IB.300 IB.626 IB.115 IB.116 IB.238 IB.627 IB.628 IB.479 IB.523 IB.557 IB.558 IB.272 IB.559 IB.524 IB.594 IB.312 IB.273 IB.258 IB.470 IB.525 IB.259 IB.266 IB.260 IB.261

167

P 2493 P 2494 P 2495 P 2496 P 2507 P 2516 P 2519 P 2520 P 2524 P 2525 P 2526 P 2527 P 2528 P 2529 P 2530 P 2531 P 2539 P 2564 P 2565 P 2577 P 2578 P 2579 P 2580 P 2581 P 2582 P 2583 P 2584 P 2585 P 2586 P 2588 P 2589 P 2590 P 2591 P 2594 P 2596 P 2611 P 2612 P 2613 P 2614

IB.117 IB.144 IB.118 IB.629 IB.560 IB.613 IB.119 IB.630 IB.216 IB.497 IB.498 IB.274 IB.441 IB.631 IB.262 IB.632 IB.561 IB.370 IB.267 IB.120 IB.19 IA.8 IA.6 IA.7 IA.4 IA.3 IB.504 IB.402 IB.421 IB.382 IB.460 IB.321 IB.371 IB.562 IB.121 IB.239 IB.217 IB.633 IB.372

168

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

P 2616 P 2617 P 2619 P 2620 P 2621 P 2622 P 2668 P 2669 P 2670 P 2677 P 2684 P 2685 P 2686 P 2687 P 2689 P 2690 P 2699 P 2700 P 2701 P 2702 P 2704 P 2705 P 2706 P 2711 P 2712 P 2715 P 2720 P 2759 P 2760 P 2761 P 2762 P 2763 P 2764 P 2765 P 2766 P 2767 P 2768 P 2770 P 2771

IB.322 IB.268 IB.634 IB.383 IB.461 IB.373 IB.229 IB.563 IB.351 IB.526 IB.352 IB.379 IB.384 IB.403 IB.275 IB.564 IB.276 IB.374 IB.404 IB.342 IB.565 IB.566 IB.430 IB.608 IB.288 IB.527 IB.567 IB.595 IB.122 IB.240 IB.635 IB.56 IA.24 IB.35 IA.1 IA.1 IA.12 IB.123 IB.313

P 2772 P 2774 P 2775 P 2777 P 2778 P 2779 P 2784 P 2796 P 2801 P 2802 P 2803 P 2805 P 2810 P 2816 P 2824 P 2826 P 2827 P 2828 P 2829 P 2843 P 2857 P 2858 P 2859 P 2861 P 2862 P 2863 P 2864 P 2866 P 2867 P 2868 P 2869 P 2870 P 2871 P 2875 P 2877 P 2890 P 2892 P 2894 P 2895

IB.636 IB.191 IB.30 IA.14 IB.637 IB.218 IB.569 IB.124 IB.596 IB.323 IB.192 IB.153 IB.528 IB.570 IB.571 IB.597 IB.480 IB.277 IB.485 IB.529 IB.442 IB.125 IB.126 IB.127 IB.375 IB.364 IB.530 IB.128 IB.508 IB.129 IB.2 IA.34 IB.443 IB.248 IB.59 IB.638 IB.343 IB.219 IB.531

P 2903 P 2904 P 2905 P 2906 P 2908 P 2910 P 2918 P 2923 P 2924 P 2927 P 2929 P 2930 P 2931 P 2932 P 2933 P 2934 P 2935 P 2936 P 2937 P 2938 P 2940 P 2941 P 2943 P 2944 P 2945 P 2946 P 2948 P 2953 P 2957 P 2961 P 2962 P 2966 P 2967 P 2969 P 2970 P 2971 P 2973 P 2974 P 2976

IB.130 IB.324 IB.599 IB.509 IB.600 IB.353 IB.278 IB.510 IB.452 IB.289 IB.385 IB.499 IB.500 IB.431 IB.422 IB.314 IB.63 IA.1 IB.532 IB.601 IB.533 IB.481 IB.376 IB.405 IB.640 IB.315 IB.360 IB.572 IB.534 IA.9 IB.279 IB.386 IB.387 IB.432 IB.346 IB.131 IB.345 IB.354 IB.302

CONCORDANCE A

P 2977 P 2981 P 2982 P 2983 P 2986 P 2988 P 2989 P 2991 P 2992 P 2993 P 2994 P 3000 P 3001 P 3002 P 3003 P 3004 P 3005 P 3007 P 3008 P 3009 P 3010 P 3011 P 3012 P 3013 P 3014 P 3015 P 3016 P 3017 P 3018 P 3028 P 3030 P 3033 P 3034 P 3035 P 3036 P 3037 P 3038 P 3039 P 3040

IB.280 IB.154 IB.406 IB.344 IB.602 IB.462 IB.641 IB.642 IB.325 IB.643 IB.347 IB.469 IB.281 IB.234 IB.463 IB.282 IB.644 IB.501 IB.193 IB.226 IB.645 IB.220 IB.221 IB.646 IB.335 IB.283 IB.235 IB.194 IB.453 IB.284 IB.285 IB.536 IB.580 IB.407 IB.454 IB.132 IB.133 IB.134 IB.486

P 3041 P 3042 P 3045 P 3047 P 3048 P 3084 P 3085 P 3117 P 3118 P 3130 P 3131 P 3132 P 3133 P 3134 P 3135 P 3136 P 3137 P 3139 P 3141 P 3142 P 3160 P 3161 P 3163 P 3164 P 3165 P 3170 P 3171 P 3193 P 3196 P 3197 P 3199 P 3203 P 3208 P 3209 P 3227 P 3233 P 3234 P 3235 P 3243

IB.135 IB.195 IB.647 IB.648 IB.473 IB.245 IB.502 IB.614 IB.196 IB.482 IB.136 IB.388 IB.236 IB.649 IB.650 IB.290 IB.291 IB.222 IB.615 IB.292 IB.389 IB.155 IB.423 IB.316 IB.432A IB.249 IB.505 IB.483 IB.576 IB.53 IA.35 IB.145 IB.303 IB.286 IB.326 IB.616 IB.156 IB.237 IB.287

169

P 3369 P 3370 P 3411 P 3412 P 3413 P 3538 P 3696 P 3884 P 4042 P 4043 P 4044 P 4088 P 4089 P 4090 P 4091 P 4221 P 4668 Pb 6 Pb 16 Pb 31 Pb 32 Pb 34 S3 S 11 S 16 S 21 S 22 S 25 S 31 S 32 S 36 S 37 S 40 S 44 S 46 S 48 S 49 S 57 S 59

IB.293 IB.137 IB.377 IB.408 IB.409 IB.617 IB.157 IB.241 IB.410 IB.444 IB.487 IB.138 IB.139 IB.140 IB.141 IB.142 IB.230 IC.297 IC.298 IC.299 IC.300 IC.301 IC.178 IC.179 IC.20 IA.10 IC.180 IC.211 IC.210 IC.185 IC.186 IC.212 IC.174 IC.168 IC.207 IC.181 IC.213 IC.187 IC.188

170

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

S 60 S 63 S 83 S 98 S 100 S 151 S 157 S 161 S 184 S 186 S 191 S 196 S 197

IC.189 IC.190 IC.191 IA.29 IC.169 IA.17 IC.192 IC.182 IC.193 IC.173 IC.194 IC.195 IC.196

S 222 S 231 S 232 S 233 S 236 S 239 S 240 S 241 S 242 S 244 S 245 S 246 S 247

IC.175 IC.197 IC.183 IC.170 IC.198 IC.184 IC.199 IC.200 IC.171 IC.176 IC.201 IC.202 IC.20

S 249 S 250 S 251 S 253 S 256 S 257 S 261 Sh 3 Sh 13 Sh 15 Sh 27 Sh 29 Sh 40

IA.20 IC.204 IC.205 IC.206 IC.177 IC.172 IC.208 IC.221 IC.222 IC.214 IC.223 IC.224 IC.225

Concordance B

Contexts and Catalog Numbers in Mochlos vols. IA, IB, IC A north room; IC.203, IC.226, IC.227, IC.228, IC.229, IC.230, IC.231, IC.232, IC.233, IC.234, IC.235, IC.236, IC.237, IC.238, IC.239, IC.240, IC.249, IC.250, IC.279, IC.280, IC.285, IC.459 A.1; 100 surface, IB.23 A.1; 101, IB.411 A.1; 101.1, IC.323, IC.495, IC.496 A.1; 111 and 114, IC.523 A.1; 111.1, IB.317, IB.356, IB.357, IC.178, IC.409 A.1; 111.2, IB.434, IB.638, IC.166, IC.168, IC.186, IC.359, IC.360, IC.368 A.1; 113, IB.292 A.1; 113.3 and A.2.212 part 3, IB.327 A.1; 113.3, IB.222, IB.316, IB.336, IB.391, IB.402, IB.464, IB.588, IB.589, IB.631, IC.398 A.1; 113.4, IB.155, IB.269, IB.309, IB.310, IB.390, IB.395, IB.413, IB.417, IB.433, IB.484, IB.544, IB.6, IB.609, IB.611, IC.241, IC.30, IC.31, IC.446 A.1; 113.4; Siteia Museum 10024, IB.329 A.1; 113.4; Siteia Museum 9934, IB.297 A.1; 114.1, IB.615, IC.346, IC.381, IC.389, IC.397 A.1; 115, IC.524 A.10; 2310N.1, IC.581

A.10; 2310N.1-3, IB.326 A.10; 2310N.2, IB.109, IB.451, IC.410, IC.417, IC.556 A.10; 2310N.3, IB.114, IB.156, IB.237, IB.526, IB.616, IC.172, IC.311, IC.426 A.1-4 doorway; 115.1, IC.400, IC.429 A.2; 201.1, IC.445 A.2; 205.3, IB.290 A.2; 208.1, IB.20, IB.48, IC.278 A.2; 208.2 part 1, IB.238, IC.301, IC.33, IC.383 A.2; 208.3, IB.532 A.2; 212 part 1, IB.550, IC.224 A.2; 212 part 3, IB.518, IB.519, IB.522, IB.535, IB.548 A.2; 212 part 4, IB.549, IB.551, IB.552, IB.553, IB.554, IB.555, IB.556 A.2; 212.1, IB.16, IB.215, IC.153, IC.399 A.2; 212.1-5, IC.525 A.2; 212.2 and 212.3 parts 3, IB.351 A.2; 212.2 part 1, IB.619 A.2; 212.2 part 3, IB.394, IB.495, IC.270, IC.472, IC.518 A.2; 212.2 part 4, IB.19, IB.163, IB.348, IC.251, IC.283, IB.14 A.2; 212.3 part 1, IB.151, IB.159, IB.160, IB.165, IB.201, IB.208, IB.223, IB.232, IB.300, IB.355, IB.426, IB.626, IC.246, IC.254, IC.460

172

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

A.2; 212.3 part 2, IB.12, IB.35, IB.162, IB.200, IB.496, IC.24, IC.34 A.2; 212.3 part 3, IB.13, IB.17, IB.150, IB.161, IB.164, IB.185, IB.211, IB.212, IB.319, IB.362, IB.501, IB.505, IB.627, IB.628, IC.154 A.2; 212.3 part 3, IB.368 A.2; 212.3 part 4, IB.18, IB.244, IB.271, IB.401, IC.455 A.2; 212.3, IB.47, IB.51, IB.242, IC.379, IC.421 A.2; 212.4 part 1 and 2601.3, IC.155 A.2; 212.4 part 1, 212.5, IB.202 A.2; 212.4 part 1, IB.21, IB.32, IB.33, IB.34, IB.49, IB.166, IB.610, IB.612, IC.103, IC.256 A.2; 212.4 part 2, IB.113, IB.189, IB.198, IB.209, IB.582 A.2; 212.4 part 3, IB.4, IB.5, IB.11, IB.24, IB.29, IB.31, IB.210, IB.243, IB.358, IB.581 A.2; 212.4 part 4 and 212.3 part 1, IB.296 A.2; 212.4 part 4 and 212.5 part 3, IB.334 A.2; 212.4 part 4, IB.26, IB.30, IB.37, IB.40, IB.116, IB.137, IB.158, IB.199, IB.246, IC.87, IC.269, IC.271, IC.281, IC.299 A.2; 212.4, IC.255, IC.380 A.2; 212.5 part 2, IB.15, IB.25, IB.154, IB.187, IB.233, IB.575, IB.618 A.2; 212.5 part 3, IB.22, IB.36, IB.38, IB.111, IB.112, IB.115, IB.183, IB.228, IB.247, IC.27, IC.275, IC.300, IC.465, IC.473, IC.498 A.2; 212.5 part 4, IB.1, IB.27, IB.152, IB.186, IB.203, IB.213, IB.214, IB.227, IB.231, IB.479, IC.499, IC.500 A.2; 212.5 parts 2 and 4, 212.3 part 4, 212.4 part 2, IB.184 A.2; 212.5 parts 2 and 3, IB.320 A.2; varia, IB.644 A.3; 112.1, IB.577, IC.354 A.3; 112.3, IB.2, IB.389, IB.432A, IC.320, IC.497 A.3-6; 708.1, IC.304, IC.388 A.4 baulk; 80.1, IC.350 A.4 pit; 718 and 719, IC.527

A.4 pit; 718.1, IC.54, IC.185, IC.286, IC.306, IC.318, IC.331, IC.339, IC.340, IC.364 A.4 pit; 719, IC.552 A.4 pit; 719.1, IB.304 A.4,7,8 surface; 801.1, IC.430 A.4; 116.2, IC.212, IC.378 A.4; 116.3, IC.244, IC.266, IC.287, IC.296, IC.370 A.4; 213.1 part 1, IB.8, IB.9 A.4; 213.1 part 3, IB.28, IB.39 A.4; 213.1 part 4, IB.3 A.4; 213.1, IC.57, IC.257, IC.290 A.4; 213.2, IB.50, IC.404, IC.596 A.4; 702.2, IC.288 A.4; 710 and 805, IC.551 A.4; 710, 715 and 810, IC.526 A.4; 710.1, IB.438, IC.55, IC.151, IC.579 A.4; 710.2, IB.424 A.4; 712.1, IC.88, IC.130, IC.169 A.4; 712.1/715.1 and A.7.807.4, IB.308 A.4; 712.2, IC.92 A.4; 715.1, IB.2A, IB.263 A.4; 717.1, IC.297, IC.503 A.4; 718.1, IB.286, IC.86 A.4; 719.1, IC.211 A.4; 801.3, IC.213 A.4; 805.1, IB.331, IB.425, IC.127, IC.152, IC.515, IB.307, IB.439, IC.437 A.4; 805.3, IB.437 A.4; 810.2, IC.345 A.4; 810.2.baulk, IB.303 A.4; 810.3, IC.208 A.4; 812.1, IB.490, IC.253, IC.319, IC.412, IC.441 A.5; 708, IC.528 A.5; 708.3, IB.471 A.5; 714, IC.215, IC.252, IC.438, IC.439, IC.529, IC.553 A.6; 2306N, IB.367 A.6; 707.1, IC.243

CONCORDANCE B

A.6; 707.2, IC.453 A.6; 713.2 and 3, IB.365 A.6; 713.2, IC.361, IC.416 A.6; 713.3, IC.28 A.6; 722.2, IB.428, IB.587, IC.14, IC.267 A.6; 723.1, IC.333 A.7; 1910.1, IC.484, IC.485 A.7; 801.2, IB.287, IB.293, IB.486, IC.12 A.7; 801.3, IC.180 A.7; 807, IC.554 A.7; 807.1, IB.338 A.7; 807.3, IB.295 A.7; 807.4, IB.10, IB.253, IB.350, IB.361, IB.457, IB.465, IC.181 A.8; 808.2, IB.436 A.8; 808.3, IC.53, IC.134, IC.555 A.9; 1909.1, IB.65, IB.66, IB.620, IC.138, IC.32, IC.263, IC.530 A.9; 1912, IC.29 A.9; 1912.1, IB.467, IB.478, IC.216, IC.264, IC.265, IC.425 A.9; 1912.2, IB.593 A.RY pit; 2315N.4, IB.138, IB.139, IB.140, IB.141, IB.142 A.RY; 2301.1, IC.486 A.RY; 2301.2, IB.468, IB.600, IB.617, IC.58 A.RY; 2301.3, IB.86, IB.87, IB.117, IB.144, IB.257, IB.621, IC.202 A.RY; 2301.4, IB.524 A.RY; 2307, IB.572 A.RY; 2307.2, IB.360, IC.116, IC.45, IC.49, IC.56, IC.59, IC.510 A.RY; 2307.3, IC.19 A.RY; 2307.4, IB.110, IC.214, IC.353 A.RY; 2309.2, IB.523, IC.277, IC.470 A.RY; 2309.3, IC.322 A.RY; 2315N.4, IC.128, IC.316, IC.376 A.RY; 2315N.5, IC.13, IC.315, IC.327, IC.377, IC.384, IC.411, IC.447, IC.464 A.surface; 801.1, IC.580

173

A-B road; 1601.1, IB.45, IC.94 A-B road; 1602.1, IC.15, IC.191, IC.367, IC.434, IC.443 A-B road; 1606, IC.574 A-B road; 1606.1, IB.55, IB.579, IC.258 A-B road; 1606.2, IB.41, IB.46, IC.137, IC.188, IC.189, IC.190, IC.440, IC.505, IC.506, IC.548 A-B road; 1904.1, IB.492, IB.511, IC.97, IC.98, IC.147, IC.469, IC.508, IC.549 A-B road; 2110.3, IB.517, IB.541 A-B road; 25/2600, IC.115 A-B road; 25/2601, IC.84, IC.489 A-B road; 2601.3, IC.351 A-B surface.1600, IC.468 B surface; 2900, IC.483 B.1; 308.1, IB.262, IB.632 B.1; 308.2, IB.255, IB.259, IB.266, IB.604, IB.605, IB.606 B.1; 310.1, IB.470, IB.525 B.1; 401.1, IC.531 B.1; 402.1 part 2, IB.330 B.1; 402.1, IB.258, IB.260, IB.261, IC.268, IC.595 B.1; 402.2, IB.273, IC.557 B.1; 408.1, IC.582 B.10 bin; 2507.1, IC.541 B.10; 1501.6, IC.540 B.10; 2009, IC.173 B.10; 2011.1, IC.4, IC.408 B.10; 2011.2, IB.83, IC.141 B.10; 2011.3, IB.387, IC.17, IC.325 B.10; 2012, IC.9, IC.44, IC.467 B.10; 2102.1, IC.139 B.10; 2103.2, IB.188, IB.282, IB.302, IB.305, IB.345, IB.354, IB.432, IB.473, IB.506, IB.520, IB.623, IB.624, IC.7, IC.8, IC.40, IC.51, IC.140, IC.193, IC.195, IC.282, IC.365, IC.393, IC.435, IC.449, IC.509 B.10; 2301.1, IC.39 B.10; 24/1510.2, IB.454, IC.41, IC.50

174

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

B.10; 24/2510.1, IC.46 B.10; 24/2510.2 and alcove.2110.2, IC.192 B.10; 24/2510.2, IB.245, IB.407, IB.453, IB.580, IC.162 B.10; 24/2510.3, IC.493, IC.598 B.10; 24/2511, IC.61, IC.419 B.10; 24/2511.1, IB.291 B.10; 24/2519.1, IC.47 B.10; 2507, IC.405, IC.479 B.10; 2507.1, IC.567 B.10-11; 2401.1, IC.583 B.10-13 surface; 2500.1, IC.165 B.10-13; 2500.1, IB.93, IC.118, IC.584 B.11,12; 2003.1/2005.1, IB.459 B.11; 20/2403.1, IC.356 B.11; 20/2404W.1, IC.477 B.11; 20/2406W, IC.418 B.11; 20/2406W.1-3, IB.369 B.11; 20/2406W.2, IC.197 B.11; 20/2409, IC.516 B.11; 20/2409W, IB.344, IB.386, IB.406, IC.543, IC.568 B.11; 2005.2, IB.131, IB.346 B.11; 2005.3, IB.272 B.11; 2403 and 20/2406W, IC.542 B.11; 2404, IC.194 B.11; 2404.1, IB.592 B.11; 2407.1, IB.312, IC.117 B.11; 2407.2, IC.591 B.11-12; 20/2404W, IC.585 B.12; 20/2408, IC.146 B.12; 20/2408W.3, IC.199 B.12; 20/2409.2, IC.597 B.12; 20/2412W.1, IB.104, IB.105, IC.170, IC.183, IC.203 B.13 surface; 2502.2, IB.558 B.13; 2500.1 surface, IB.234, IB.539, IB.540, IB.584 B.13; 2500.1, IC.119 B.13; 2505.2, IC.407, IC.511, IC.522

B.13E; 2503.1, IB.559, IC.242, IC.544 B.13E; 2503.2, IB.73, IB.76, IB.77, IB.88, IB.89, IB.90, IB.91, IB.148, IB.149, IB.176, IC.42 B.13W and B.4W surface; 2505.2 and1801.1, IB.476 B.13W; 2502.2, IC.426A B.13W; 2505.1, IB.463, IB.536, IC.111, IC.545 B.13W; 2505.2, IB.70, IB.71, IB.72, IB.74, IB.75, IB.80, IB.82, IB.135, IB.174, IB.177, IB.195, IB.206, IB.281, IB.285, IB.299, IB.325, IB.347, IB.378, IB.429, IB.462, IB.469, IB.494, IB.507, IB.529, IB.602, IB.641, IB.642, IB.643, IB.648, IC.106, IC.196, IC.569, IC.592 B.13W; 2505.3, IB.284 B.2; 20/2407W, IC.357 B.2; 20/2415W.1, IB.560 B.2; 20/2415W.2 and 3, IC.198 B.2; 20/2415W.2, IB.441 B.2; 20/2415W.3, IB.444, IB.487, IB.613, IB.625, IB.629 B.2; 20/2418W, IB.121, IB.181, IB.216, IB.241, IB.274, IB.410, IB.458, IB.497, IB.498, IB.510, IB.521, IB.545, IC.35, IC.60, IC.120, IC.171, IC.184, IC.200, IC.223, IC.310, IC.314, IC.324, IC.349, IC.375, IC.403, IC.444 B.2; 20/2418W.1, IC.558 B.2; 2407, IC.326, IC.337 B.2; 303.1, IB.119, IB.224, IB.630, IC.221, IC.392, IC.395 B.2; 303.1; Siteia Museum 11031, IB.412 B.2; 303.2, IC.104 B.2; 309.1, IC.457 B.3 surface; 301, IC.129 B.3 surface; 600, IC.302, IC.338 B.3; 307, 603 and 609, IC.533 B.3; 307, IB.120, IB.190, IB.230, IB.265, IC.145, IC.179, IC.294, IC.303, IB.250, IB.100, IB.147, IB.267, IB.332, IB.370, IB.43, IC.295, IC.382, IC.532 B.3; 602.2, IC.329 B.3; 603 and 609, IC.559

CONCORDANCE B

B.3; 603, IB.7, IB.44, IB.170, IB.217, IB.239, IB.252, IB.264, IB.268, IB.322, IB.372, IB.373, IB.383, IB.455, IB.461, IB.633, IB.634, IC.317, IC.481, IC.90 B.3; 604.1, IC.423 B.3; 609.4, IB.69, IC.3 B.3; 609.5, IB.56, IC.220 B.3; 609.7, B.443 B.3; 610.2, IB.563 B.3; 610.3, IB.229 B.4 backfill, IC.402 B.4 pit; 1811.1, IC.348 B.4 surface; 1801.1, IC.414 B.4.W pits; 1810.1, IC.482 B.4.W; 1807.1, IC.513 B.4.W; 1809.1, IC.491 B.4.W; 1810.1, IC.492 B.4; 1806.1, IC.99, IC.148, IC.272, IC.432 B.4; 1809, IC.245 B.4; 1812.1, IC.478, IC.514 B.4; 2002, IC.328, IC.413 B.4; 2002.1, IC.113, IC.160, IC.276 B.4; 2010.1, IC.159 B.4E; 2002.1, IB.418 B.4E; 2002.2, IB.288, IB.472, IB.527, IB.607, IB.608 B.4E; 2002.3, IB.449 B.4W pit; 1808, IC.561 B.4W pit; 1810, IC.560 B.4W pit; 1811, IC.562 B.4W; 1801.1, IC.312, IC.372 B.4W; 1806.2, IB.430, IB.440 B.4W; 1807, IB.256 B.4W; 1808, IB.567 B.4W; 1809.1, IC.521 B.4W; 1811.1, IB.225 B.4W; 1812, IB.145 B.4W; 406.1, IB.276, IB.342, IB.374, IB.404, IB.565, IB.566 B.4W; 411.1, IC.307, IC.451

175

B.5 fill; 502.8, IB.143 B.5 pit; 502.4, IC.332 B.5 pit; 502.9, IC.487 B.5 pit; 507, IB.569 B.5 pit; 507.1 and 2, IB.123, IB.204, IB.218, IB.301, IB.637 B.5 pit; 507.1, IB.122, IB.167, IB.191, IB.240, IB.313, IB.339, IB.359, IB.537, IB.636 B.5 pit; 507.2, IB.146, IB.168, IB.197, IB.254, IB.42, IB.59, IC.401, IC.461, IC.501, IC.502 B.5; 401.1, IC.369 B.5; 405.1, IC.217, IC.534 B.5; 501.2, IC.305, IC.330 B.5; 501.3, IB.124, IB.491, IC.209 B.5; 501.4, IC.95 B.5; 502.1, IC.89 B.5; 502.5, IC.474 B.5; 502.6, IC.341 B.5; 507, IB.568 B.6; 1310.1, IB.53, IB.57, IB.128, IB.530, IC.210, IC.343, IC.422 B.6; 1310.2, IB.364, IB.508, IC.133 B.6; 1804.1, IB.423, IC.336, IC.431 B.6; 407.1, IB.125, IB.126 B.7 surface, IC.452 B.7; 1501.7, IC.25 B.7; 1503, IC.96, IC.164 B.7; 1710.1, IC.427, IC.428 B.7; 1711.1, IC.259 B.7; 1901.2, IC.16 B.7; 1902.1, IC.37 B.7; 1902.2, IC.321 B.7; 1910.2, IC.38, IC.124 B.7E; 1503.1, IB.324, IB.509, IB.599 B.7E; 1902.1, IB.130, IB.337 B.7E; 1910.2, IB.353, IB.396, IB.399, IC.347, IC.535 B.7W; 1301.1, IB.375 B.7W; 1301.2, IB.127 B.7W; 1301.3, IC.91, IC.161, IC.385

176

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

B.7W; 1309.2 part 2, IC.415 B.8; 1701.2, IB.129, IB.294 B.8; 1707, IB.432B B.8; 1707.1 and 1712, IB.393 B.8; 1707.1, IB.108, IB.182, IB.270, IB.278, IB.392, IB.427, IB.447, IC.466, IC.488, IC.536, IC.563 B.8; 1710.1, IC.480, IC.507 B.8; 1712, IC.564 B.8; 1712.1, IB.7, IB.54, IB.63, IB.78, IB.79, IB.172, IB.178, IB.179, IB.219, IB.248, IB.306, IB.333, IB.343, IB.474, IB.531, IB.598, IC.100, IC.101, IC.102, IC.108, IC.158, IC.274, IC.334, IC.335, IC.355, IC.358, IC.363, IC.371, IC.406, IC.420, IC.537 B.9 niche; 1706, IC.539 B.9; 1603.1, IC.187 B.9; 1607 and 1705, IC.538, IC.566 B.9; 1607.1, IB.62, IB.456 B.9; 1607.2, IB.483 B.9; 1702, IC.565 B.9; 1702.2, IB.283, IB.318, IB.335, IB.646, IC.36 B.9; 1705, IB.52, IB.193, IB.226, IB.561, IB.576, IC.105, IC.247, IC.260, IC.261, IC.291, IC.292, IC.293 B.9; 1705.1, IB.58, IB.60, IB.61, IC.462, IC.475, IC.517 B.9; 1705.2, IB.64, IB.220, IB.221, IB.381, IB.583, IB.645, IC.6, IC.424 B.9; 1706.1, IB.171, IB.647 B.9; 2111.2, IB.175, IB.205, IC.262, IC.284 B.9; 2111.3, IB.84, IB.132, IB.133, IB.134, IB.194, IB.235, IB.249 B.alcove;.2110.1, IB.450 B.alcove; 2110.2, IB.574, IC.114, IC.150, IC.206 B.alcove; 2110.3, IB.97, IB.99, IC.5, IC.110, IC.121, IC.289 B.alcove; 2120.3, IB.98 B.NT.1501.8, IC.143 B.NT; 1302, IC.174, IC.570

B.NT; 1501.8, IC.450 B.NT; 602.5, IB.493 B.NT; 602.7, IC.177, IC.366 B.NT; 608, IC.571 B.NT; 608.2, IC.362, IC.546 B.NT; 608.3, IB.340 B.NT; 609.7, IC.93 B.NW of Room 7; 1501.6, IC.396 B.NW of Room 7; 1501.8, IC.436 B.road; 1601, IC.1 B.road; 25/2601.1, IC.586 B.road; 25/2601.2, IC.587 B.road; 25/2602, IC.26, IC.225 B.RY; 2315N.3, IC.167 B.RY; 2404, IC.122 B.RY; 2404.3, IB.475, IB.622 B.RY; 2801.1 part 2, IB.595 B.RY; 2803, IC.176, IC.572 B.RY; 2803.1 part 1, IB.196 B.RY; 2803.1, IB.107 B.RY; 2803.2, IB.236, IB.594 B.RY; 2806 wall, IC.163 B.RY; 2806, IC.52 B.RY; 2806.1, IB.101, IB.102, IB.103, IB.136, IB.180, IB.377, IB.388, IB.409, IB.420, IB.542, IC.175, IC.458 B.RY; 2807.1, IB.118, IC.2 B.RY; 2809, IC.573 B.RY; 2809.1, IB.649, IB.650, IC.21, IC.547 B.RY; 2902.1, IB.95, IB.96, IC.142 B.RY; 2904.1, IC.78, IC.79, IC.80 C.unexcavated, IB.157 Cemetery; 1701.2, IA.34 Cemetery; 1909.1, IA.32, IA.33, IA.35 Ch 4; 1207.3, IB.578 Ch 6; 311.3, IC.373 Ch.1 and 4; 2203 and 1207.1, IA.3 Ch.1 and 4; 2300 and 1207.1, IA.9 Ch.1.2203.3, IC.289

CONCORDANCE B

Ch.1; 2200.1, IA.5 Ch.1; 2201.2, IA.11 Ch.1; 2203, IA.2, IA.4, IA.6, IA.7, IA.8, IA.10 Ch.1; 2210, IB.251, IB.398, IB.448, IB.504, IB.562, IB.603, IC.83, IC.85, IC.222 Ch.1; 2210.1, IB.382, IC.448 Ch.2 subfloor; 21/2213, IB.173, IB.349, IB.366, IB.415, IB.416, IB.435, IB.488, IB.489 Ch.2 subfloor; 21/2213.2, IB.380 Ch.2 subfloor; 21/2213; Siteia Museum 9941, IB.414 Ch.2 subfloor; 21/2214, IB.397, IB.445, IB.446 Ch.2 subfloor; 21/2214.3, IC.352 Ch.2, 4 and 5; 21/2206.2, 21/2211, 1308.2, IB.421 Ch.2; 11/1204, IC.309, IC.391 Ch.2; 11/1204.1, IC.576 Ch.2; 11/1204.2, IB.466, IC.248 Ch.2; 1204.2, 2211, IB.371 Ch.2; 21/2206, IB.460, IC.207 Ch.2; 21/2206.1, IC.490 Ch.2; 21/2206.2, IC.157, IC.218, IC.219 Ch.2; 21/2206.4, IB.341 Ch.2; 21/2211 and 21/2213, IB.321 Ch.2; 21/2211, IB.169, IC.182, IC.344, IC.577 Ch.2; 21/2211.1, IB.442 Ch.2; 21/2213.1, IC.512 Ch.2; 21/2218.1, IC.575 Ch.2; 2213, IB.405 Ch.3; 1201, IC.454 Ch.3; 1201.1, IB.275 Ch.3; 1201.2, IB.352, IB.379, IB.403, IB.533, IB.547, IB.564 Ch.3; 1202.1, IC.394 Ch.3; 1203.1, IB.400 Ch.3; 901.2, IC.494 Ch.3; 902, IB.384 Ch.4; 1207.1, IA.12, IA.13, IA.14, IA.15, IA.16 Ch.4; 1207.2, IA.17, IB.635 Ch.4; 1207.3, IB.503, IB.546, IC.149 Ch.4; 1308.2, IC.23

177

Ch.5; 1308.2, IB.153, IB.192, IB.323, IB.419, IC.308, IC.433 Ch.6; 311.1, IB.477, IB.499, IB.639 Ch.6; 311.2, IB.279, IB.311, IB.314, IB.315, IB.363, IB.376, IB.422, IC.125, IC.273, IC.387 Ch.6; 311.3 part 2, IB.328 Ch.6; 311.3, IB.452, IC.20, IC.123 Ch.6; 311.3 and 6, IB.431 Ch.6; 311.4, IA.1, IB.408 Ch.6; 311.6 part 2, IB.385 Ch.6; 311.6, IB.207, IB.481, IB.500, IB.516 Ch.6; 311.7, IB.640 Ch.B; 1, IC.550 Ch.entrance; 1310.1.1, IB.601 Ch.kiln surface, IC.313 Ch.kiln, IC.578 Ch.NT; 13,401, IC.342 Ch.NT; 13,403, IC.132 Ch.oven, IB.534, IB.614 Ch.oven; ash layer, IB.502 Ch.SE porch, IC.386 Ch.yard, IC.144 Ch.yard; 2100, IB.590, IB.591 Clay bed.surface; 2700, IC.463 Clay bed; 2701, IC.476, IC.520 Clay bed; 3101.4, IC.590 Clay bed; 3101.5, IC.593 Clay bed; 3101.7, IC.107 D.surface; 1000.1, IC.136 D.surface; 1100, IC.205 D.surface; 1400, IC.135 D.surface; 1400.1, IC.594 D.surface; 900, IC.131 D.Surface; 900.1, IC.519 D.Surface; 901, IC.504 D.Surface; 901.1, IC.390 D; 1101.3, IC.204 D; 1103.1, IC.156 Grave 1; 1606, IA.18

178

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

Grave 2; 2310N.3, IA.19, IA.20 Grave 3; 506.2, IA.21, IA.22, IA.23 Grave 3; 507.1, IA.24 Grave 4; 1308.1, IA.26, IA.27 Grave 4; 1501.6, IA.25, IA.28, IA.29 Grave 5; 2306N, IA.30 Grave 7; 20/2418W, IA.31 Kiln A; 2901.2, IC.18 Kiln A; 2901.3, IB.92, IB.513, IB.514, IB.515, IB.585, IB.586, IC.43, IC.112, IC.471 Kiln A; 2901.4, IB.81, IB.85, IB.289, IB.512, IB.538, IC.109 Kiln A; 2901.5, IB.277, IB.480, IB.485, IB.528, IB.570, IB.571, IB.597, IC.10

Kiln A; 2907, IC.81, IC.82 Kiln A; 2907.1, IB.280, IC.62, IC.63, IC.65, IC.66, IC.67, IC.68, IC.69, IC.71, IC.72, IC.73, IC.74, IC.75, IC.77, IC.374 Kiln A; 2907.3, IC.126 Kiln A; 2910.2, IC.48 Kiln B; 2801.2, IB.482, IB.573, IB.94, IC.201 Kiln B; 2804.2, IB.543 Kiln B; 2804.3, IB.106 Kiln B; 2808.1, IB.557, IB.596, IC.22

IC.64, IC.70, IC.76,

IC.11,

Index Achladia, 89 Adravasti, 131 Allbaugh, L.G., 128–129 Amphibolite, 20, 35, 49, 56, 65, 111, 113–114 Analoukas, 131 Anegyros, 127 Anemospilia, 40 Azokeramos, 127–128 Beeswax, 24 Bending, J., 95, 128 Bird, 16, 18, 24, 29–30, 47, 69–70 Bone objects, 30, 32, 68, 71–72, 114 Botanical remains, 12, 15–19, 21–24, 26, 29–30, 32–33, 38, 43, 48, 50–52, 55, 58–59, 60, 63, 67, 72–74, 76–77, 79–83, 85–87, 115, 117–118, 123, 128 Branigan, K., 96 Bronze, see copper and metal working Building materials, 9–10, 12, 106 Calcite, 13, 62–63 Carnelian, 138, 142 Ceramic Objects Bats, 17–18, 37, 42–43, 56–58, 72, 75–76, 81–82, 85–86 Chimney pot, 21 Crucibles, 20, 38, 94 Drains/gutters, 28, 33–34, 36, 38, 42–43, 45–47, 56, 58, 82, 84, 86, 109–110, 119 Feet, 28, 33–34 Flux, 17, 20 Gaming disc, 46, 48 Lamps, 13, 30, 33 Loomweights, 11–12, 15, 28, 30, 36, 38, 42–43, 46–48, 50, 52, 54, 56–58, 60–61, 64–66, 68–69, 71–72, 74, 76, 78–80, 82, 84–85, 93–94, 109–110, 120–121, 123–124

Molds, 17, 20, 25, 28, 30, 66, 94 Slabs, 11–12, 15, 17, 36–38, 46–48, 56–58, 65–66, 75–76, 78–79, 81–82, 84–85 Spinning bowl, 116 Spindle whorl, 120 Stands, 42 Tools, 17, 28 Wheels, 37, 46–48, 50, 53–55, 58, 81–82, 94–95, 128 Chalinomouri Building A, 104–123 Building phases, 105–106 Benches, 107–108, 111 Column, 108 Construction, 106 Entrance, 106–107 Hearths, 109, 111 LM III burial, 146 LM III reoccupation, 105–107, 111–112, 116–121 Northwest yard, 121–123 Oven/kiln, 122–123 Plaster, 106, 113 Platform, 108 Storage, 112–114, 130 Stratigraphy, 105–107, 111–112, 116, 118–120 Workrooms, 108–109, 111 Building B, 104, 124 Dam, 104 Farming practices, 128–130 Identity of farmers, 130–131 North Terrace, 123–124 Terrace walls, 123–124 Choiromandres, 128 Chrysokamino, 125, 127–128 Copper and copper-based metals Ingots, 14–15, 20, 22–23, 33–34, 79, 93 Objects, 14, 17, 20, 23, 25–26, 33, 36, 38, 42–43, 49–50, 53–55, 62–63, 71–72, 93, 109–110

180

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

Strips, 55, 76, 93, 115 Scrap, 14–15, 25, 58, 71, 75–76 Waste/spill, 14–15, 20, 23, 25, 30, 32, 43, 48, 75–76, 93 Costin, C.L., 97, 130 Cyclades, 13, 31, 49, 58, 96, 100, 109, 117, 131 Cyprus, 99 Emery, 113–114 Enkomi, 99 Evely, R.D.G. , 93, 96 Exo Mouliana, 123 Fish, 16, 17, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 29, 32, 33, 38, 55, 58, 60, 63, 65–66, 71, 73–74, 77–80, 111, 115–116 Fossils, 14, 17, 20, 32, 38, 58, 60, 63, 66, 72–74, 85 Foundry hoard, 20 French, E.B., 99 Ftellos, 128 Gournia, 2, 11, 40, 51, 97, 100, 113, 130–131, 141 Gouves, 99–100 Graphite, 59–60 Hägg, R., 99 Hagia Varvara, 127–128 Halstead, P., 129 Hematite, 20, 46, 60 Human remains, 26, 135–146 Idaean Cave, 68 Intramural burial, 24, 26, 145 Karoumes, 127–128 Kentri, 40 Kition, 99 Knossos, 25, 39, 68, 98, 127, 141 Kommos, 63, 125 Kontokephalo, 127 Kouse, 127–128 Land invertebrates, 16 Late Minoan IA, 22, 45 Late Minoan IB, 10, 21, 25, 26, 44, 45, 71, 95, 97, 105, 116, 131, 140 Late Minoan II, 10 Late Minoan III, 105, 107, 116–118, 128, 140 Lead metals Scrap, 26, 28 Weights, 14, 118 Limenaria, 7–8, 33, 135 Limestone, 11, 12, 20, 45 Linares, 127, 131

Mainland Greece, 56, 117, 120 Makrygialos, 125 Mallia 40, 96 Mammals (non-human), 11, 15–18, 22, 24, 26, 28–31, 35, 42, 47, 50–52, 54–55, 60, 63, 68–72, 74, 77–80, 82, 85, 107, 109–112, 114–115, 118–124, 128, 138–143 Marine invertebrates, 12, 16, 17, 18, 29, 33, 47–48, 50, 55, 60, 63, 70, 73, 77, 79–80, 82, 114–116 Metal working, 14, 19–20, 25–26, 94 Methodology, 8–9 Middle Minoan, 2, 52, 105, 120 Minerals, 12, 14, 35, 42–43, 57, 60, 62–63, 79, 82, 94; see also pumice and quartz Mochlos Artisans’ Quarter Building A, 9–40 Benches, 13, 19, 20 Bin, 13 Building phases, 10 Columns, 12, 13, 33 Construction, 9–10, 19, 23 Entrance, 11 Hearths, 24 Living areas, 17–18, 23–26, 29–30, 34–35, 92 Pits, 13 Platforms, 12 Plaster, 33 Potter’s pit, 36–37, 95 Rear Yard, 36–37 Shelves, 18 Shrine, 33–34, 99 Storage areas, 24 Stratigraphy, 9, 11, 12, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31–34, 36–37 Tables, 19, 20 Working areas, 12–15, 19–21, 25–26, 32, 36–37, 91–93 Building B, 43–89 Benches, 53, 56, 62, 73 Bin, 56 Building phases, 44–45, 52–53 Clay bed, 81–82 Columns, 56, 64 Construction, 44 Cupboard, 75 Entrance, 45–47 Hearths, 57, 65, 78 Kilns 81, 83–87, 95 Living areas, 51, 56–57, 59, 64–65, 70–71, 75– 79, 92 Northwest Terrace, 73–74 Pits, 53–54, 67–68 Plaster, 44, 45, 51, 59, 61–62, 64, 73

INDEX

Rear Yard, 80–83 Shelves, 75, 78 Shrine, 62–63, 99 Storage areas, 48–49, 61 Stratigraphy, 44–45, 48, 50–52, 55–56, 59, 61–62, 64, 67, 70, 73, 75, 77, 80, 83, 85 Working areas, 56–57, 64–65, 73, 80–82, 91–93 Building C, 8 Building D, 8 Date, 8, 10 Divine guidance, 99–100 Farming activities, 95 Identity of artisans, 96, 98 Late Minoan III Burials, 33, 34, 41–42, 64, 67, 135–145 Grave offerings, 136, 138–140, 142, 144–145 Organization of Production, 96–99 Road, 11, 41–42 Bench, 42 Stratigraphy, 41 Coastal plain, 1–2, 103, 131 Geology, 1, 7–8, 103 Isthmus, 1, 7 Quarry, 2 Mycenae, 99 Mylona, D. , 95, 128 Myrsini, 141, 123, 144 Myrtos, Pyrgos, 63 Obsidian, 15, 23, 26, 31, 37, 42, 47, 50, 55, 58, 66, 69, 77, 82, 85, 114–115 Olive oil production, 24, 109 Palaikastro, 39, 97, 141 Palia Vardia, 2 Petras, 138, 141 Phaistos, 39 Phyllite, 7, 9, 12, 19, 23, 45, 51, 59, 64, 70, 75, 103, 106 Platon, N., 2–3, 104, 105 Poros-Katsambas, 98–99 Pot marks, 21 Pottery (LM I) Alabastra, 13–15, 17–18, 21–22, 27, 49–50, 58, Amphorae, 31, 56–58, 60, 71–72, 75–76, 81–82, 109–115, 123 Basins and vats, 17–18, 21–22, 26, 48–49, 54, 56, 58, 62–64, 66, 78, 80, 84, 109, 111–112 Bowls, 18, 24, 27, 33–35, 38, 49, 55, 58, 62–63, 69, 71–72, 75–76, 82, 109, 113, 117–118 Cooking vessels, 10, 13, 15, 17, 22, 24–27, 30–31, 34–37, 42–43, 47, 49–51, 54–55, 57–60, 64–69, 71–76, 78–82, 84–86, 107, 109–111, 117, 120–123

181

Cups, 54–55, 64, 75–76 Conical cups, 10, 15, 18, 21–22, 24–27, 30–31, 33, 35, 37–38, 42–43, 46–47, 49, 51, 55–56, 58, 60–61, 64, 66, 68–72, 75–76, 78–82, 84, 86, 119 Ogival cups, 24–25, 27, 48–49, 58, 64, 66, 68–69, 71–72, 75–76, 78–82, 113–115, 119 Rounded cups, 22, 24–25, 27, 49, 64, 66, 68–69, 71–72, 75–76, 78, 80, 109–110 Fireboxes, 35, 38, 71 Jars, 13, 15, 21–22, 27, 33, 46–50, 53–55, 58, 64, 66, 73–74, 81–82, 109–111, 113–114, 116, 118–119 Bridge-spouted jars, ii, 17–18, 50, 55, 58, 60, 69, 113–114 Side-spouted jars, 18, 46, 58, 111–112, 115 Stirrup jars, 25, 47, 54, 60, 71–72, 81–82, 109, 113–114 Jugs, 13, 15, 18, 21–22, 27, 47, 49–50, 60, 62–63, 69, 71–72, 76, 109, 119 Lids, 17–18, 21–22, 27, 30, 32, 38, 49–50, 54, 62–64, 72, 75–76, 82, 84, 113–114 Pithoi, 11–13, 21–22, 35, 42, 48, 53–54, 58, 66, 73– 74, 113–114, 116, 118 Pyxides, 18, 27, 33, 34, 51, 109–110, 115, 143 Ring vase, 78, 80 Rhyta, 75–76, 111–112 Scuttles, 20, 21–22, 24, 27, 65–66,123 Stands, 62–63, 117 Strainers, 21–22, 37, 69 Trays, 63, 71–72, Pottery (LM III) Amphorae, 116–117 Bowls, 116–117, 140, 142 Cups, 136, 140–142, 145 Jars Burial jars, 64, 67, 135–138, 139–144 Stirrup jars, 107, 109, 116–117, 120–121 Krater, 136, 144 Kylikes, 116–117, 120, 136, 144, 145 Pithos, 137 Tray, 117 Pottery production, 36–37, 48–49, 53–54, 94–95, 128 Pseira, 21, 104, 141, 144 Pumice, 14, 20, 22, 23, 25, 28, 30, 32, 47, 48–49, 51, 58, 72–74, 76–77, 79, 82, 107, 110, 115, 120 Pyrrhotite, 78, 80 Quartz, 14, 18, 20, 23, 32, 35, 49, 55, 58, 63, 72–74, 76–78, 80–82, 113–115 Radiocarbon dates, 40, 81, 89, 125, 143 Reese, D.S. , 95, 128 Reptiles, 16, 29, 69, 141 Rousses, 131

182

MOCHLOS NEOPALATIAL SETTLEMENT ON THE COAST

Sandstone, 24, 30, 35, 70, 75, 77 Santorini, xvii, 96; see also tephra Sarpaki, A. , 95 Schist, see phyllite Seager, R., xvii, 2–3, 7–8, 17, 21 Serpentinite, 13, 14, 20, 56, 61, 130 Shell, 11–12, 15–18, 22–23, 26, 29, 32, 33, 35, 38, 42–43, 47–48, 50–52, 54–55, 58, 60, 64–66, 68–70, 73–74, 76–77, 79–80, 82–83, 94, 110–112, 114–118, 120, 124, 128, 138–143 Sikias, 131 Siteia, 127, 131 Stein, G. , 97 Stone objects;s see also obsidian and fossils Anvils, 35 Basins, 24, 28, 30, 35, 51, 70–72, 75, 77, 78, 80 Balance weights, 20, 45 Beads, 15, 114, 138, 142 Bore-cores, 20, 22 Drill-guides, 20, 22, 57–58, 65–66, 73–74, 111–113, 115 Drill-caps, 46–47 “Gournas,” see basins Grinders, 14–15, 20, 22, 32, 51, 66, 107, 110, 113, 115, 124 Handstones/Hammerstones, 14–16, 31–33, 34–35, 38, 49–50, 55, 60, 66, 68–72, 115, 119, 123 Lens, 68 Molds, 20, 22 Mortars, 33–34, 46, 49–50, 54, 56, 58, 60 Palettes, 56, 58, 95 Piercers, 20, 22 Pivot stones, 37, 45, 46–47, 53, 55–56, 58–59, 116, 118

Polishers, 14–15, 20, 22, 25, 28, 31, 34, 36–38, 49–51, 54, 60, 66, 68, 71, 73–74, 110, 115 Pounder, 53, 55 Saddle querns, 12, 15, 55, 64, 66, 69 Spindle whorl, 120–121 Tables, 13, 14–15, 53–55, 61 Vases, 13, 14–16, 18, 20, 22, 35, 37, 42–43, 56–58, 60–61, 64–66, 72–74, 76, 80–82, 86, 93, 115 Weights, 13, 14–16, 26, 32, 34, 36, 43, 46–47, 51, 54, 56, 58, 65–66, 118–119 Whetstones, 15, 20, 22, 50, 57, 80–81 Stone vase making, 13–14, 18, 20–21, 35, 64–65, 81, 93, 111–112, 114 Tephra, 10, 36, 45 Textile working, 14, 64–65, 93–94, 116, 131 Tourkissa, 127–128 Viannos, 141 Wood, 12, 15–18, 22–24, 30–31, 33, 35, 38, 43, 48, 51–52, 54–55, 57, 59, 61, 69–70, 73–74–75, 77–78, 81–83, 85–87, 106, 109–112, 114, 118, 120, 122–123, 141 Workrooms, 12–15, 19–21, 24 Xerokambos, 127 Zakros, 97, 127 Zominthos, 54 Zou, 54, 89

Figures

1. The Mochlos coastal plain (M. Reid).

FIGURE 1

2. Topographic map of the Artisans’ Quarter (J. Patton; D. Therriault).

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 3

3. Trenches over Buildings A and B.

FIGURE 4

4. Simplified plan of Buildings A and B.

5. Exterior reconstruction of Buildings A and B (C. Dietrich; D. Faulmann).

FIGURE 5

6. Reconstructed axonometric plan of Buildings A and B (C. Dietrich; D. Faulmann).

FIGURE 6

FIGURE 7

7. State plan of Building A.

FIGURE 8

8. Building A, small finds: Rooms 7, 8, and 9.

9. Building A, stratigraphic section C1-C2 through Rooms 4 and 1.

FIGURE 9

10. Building A, architectural section B-B1.

FIGURE 10

11. Building A, small finds: Rooms 4 and 6.

FIGURE 11

12. Building A, small finds: Rooms 1 and 3.

FIGURE 12

FIGURES 13 AND 14

13. Building A, reconstructed interior view toward northwest corner of Room 4 (C. Dietrich; D. Faulmann).

14. Building A, reconstructed interior view toward southeast corner of Room 1 (C. Dietrich; D. Faulmann).

FIGURES 15 AND 16

15. Building A, stratigraphical section A-A1 through Rooms 4 and 2.

16. Building A, architectural section A-A1.

FIGURE 17

ROOM 2

17. Building A, small finds: Room 2.

19. Building A, architectural section C-C2.

18. Building A, stratigraphic section C-C2 through rear yard, Room 10 with LM III burial, and part of Room 4.

FIGURES 18 AND 19

FIGURES 20 AND 21

20. Building A, stratigraphic section D-D1 through Potter’s Pit (D. Cassiano).

21. Building A, architectural section D-D1 (D. Cassiano).

FIGURE 22

22. Building A, reconstruction of Potter’s Pit.

FIGURE 23

23. State plan of Building B.

FIGURE 24

24. Building B: phases of construction (J. Soles).

FIGURE 25

25. Building B, stratigraphic section A-A1 through Room 9 and entrance.

26. Building B, small finds: Room 7 and part of Rooms 8 and 9.

FIGURE 26

27. Building B, small finds: Rooms 8, 9, and exterior alcove.

FIGURE 27

FIGURES 28 AND 29

28. Building B, stratigraphic section B-B1 through west end of Room 4.

29. Building B, architectural sections B-B1.

FIGURE 30

AREA OF ROOM 4 WEST: PHASE 1

ROOM 4 WEST PHASES 2–3

30. Building B, small finds: Room 4 West, phases 1 and 2–3.

FIGURES 31 AND 32

31. Building B, small finds: Room 4 East.

32. Building B, reconstructed interior view toward southwest corner of Room 10 (C. Dietrich; D. Faulmann).

33. Building B, stratigraphic and architectural sections C-C1 through Room 10.

FIGURE 33

34. Building B, stratigraphic and architectural sections C-C1 through Room 11 (D. Cassiano).

FIGURE 34

FIGURE 35

ROOM 10

35. Building B, small finds: Room 10.

FIGURE 36

36. Building B, small finds: Rooms 11 and 12.

FIGURES 37, 38, AND 39

37. Building B, stratigraphic section D-D1 through Room 1 and part of Room 5 (P. Alexander).

38. Building B, architectural section D-D1 (P. Alexander).

39. Building B, reconstructed interior view toward north side of Room 2 with view into Room 1 (C. Dietrich; D. Faulmann).

40. Building B, small finds: Rooms 1 and 3.

FIGURE 40

42. Building B, architectural section C1-C2 (D. Cassiano).

41. Building B, stratigraphic section C1-C2 through Room 2.

FIGURES 41 AND 42

43. Building B, small finds: Room 2.

FIGURE 43

FIGURES 44 AND 45

44. Building B, stratigraphic section E-E1 through Room 3 and northwest terrace (P. Alexander).

45. Building B, architectural section E-E1 (P. Alexander).

46. Building B, small finds: Room 5, part of Room 3, and Northwest Terrace.

FIGURE 46

FIGURES 47 AND 48

47. Building B, stratigraphic section F-F1 through Room 5 with LM III burial (P. Alexander; D. Cassiano).

48. Building B, stratigraphic section F-F1 through Room 5 with LM III burial (P. Alexander; D. Cassiano).

FIGURES 49 AND 50

49. Building B, small finds: Rooms 13E and 13W.

50. Building B, reconstruction of Kiln B.

51. Building B, small finds: Rear Yard with parts of Rooms 13E and 13W.

FIGURE 51

FIGURE 52

52. Building B, Kiln A: plan and sections (D. Faulmann; C. Cassiano).

FIGURE 53

53. Building B, Kiln B: plan and sections (D. Faulmann; C. Cassiano).

54. Topographic map of Chalinomouri (J. Patton and D. Therriault).

FIGURE 54

FIGURE 55

55. Trenches over the Chalinomouri farmhouse.

FIGURE 56

56. Simplified plan of the Chalinomouri farmhouse, with LM III farmhouse in upper right.

57. State plan of the Chalinomouri farmhouse.

FIGURE 57

FIGURES 58 AND 59

58. Exterior reconstruction of Chalinomouri (C. Dietrich; D. Faulmann).

59. Reconstructed axonometric plan of Chalinomouri (C. Dietrich; D. Faulmann).

FIGURES 60 AND 61

60. Chalinomouri, architectural section A-A1 through entrance and Room 6 (D. Cassiano).

61. Chalinomouri, architectural section A-A1 through entrance and Room 6 (D. Cassiano).

62. Chalinomouri, small finds: Rooms 3 and 6.

FIGURE 62

FIGURE 63

63. Chalinomouri, reconstructed interior view looking northwest through Rooms 6 and 3 (C. Dietrich; D. Faulmann).

65. Chalinomouri, architectural section B-B1.

64. Chalinomouri, stratigraphic section B-B1 through Rooms 2 and 3.

FIGURES 64 AND 65

67. Chalinomouri, architectural section C-C1.

66. Chalinomouri, stratigraphic section C-C1 through Rooms 1 and 2.

FIGURES 66 AND 67

FIGURE 68

68. Chalinomouri, small finds: Room 2 floor.

FIGURE 69

69. Chalinomouri, small finds: Room 2 subfloor.

FIGURE 70

70. Chalinomouri, small finds: Room 1.

FIGURE 71

71. Chalinomouri, stratigraphic section D-D1 through Room 4.

FIGURE 72

72. Chalinomouri, architectural section D-D1.

FIGURES 73, 74, AND 75

73. Chalinomouri, state plan of kiln/oven.

74. Chalinomouri, architectural section A-A1 through kiln/oven.

75. Chalinomouri, architectural section B-B1 through kiln/oven.

FIGURE 76

IA.1 (P 2936)

IA.2 (P 98)

IA.3 (P 2583)

IA.4 (P 2582)

IA.6 (P 2580)

IA.8 (P 2579)

IA.9 (P 2961)

IA.13 (P 2766)

IA.10 (S 21)

IA.14 (P 2777)

76. Chalinomouri, LM III pottery and other finds (Scale 1:3 unless otherwise indicated).

IA.12 (P 2768)

IA.17 (S 151) (1:2)

FIGURE 77

77. Plan of the LM III Cemetery in the LM IB Artisans’ Quarter.

FIGURE 78

IA.18 (P 760) (1:6) 78. LM III Cemetery, Grave 1.

FIGURE 79

IA.20 (S 249) (1:1)

IA.19 (P 1683) (1:6) 79. LM III Cemetery, Grave 2.

FIGURE 80

IA.22 (P 436) (1:4)

IA.23 (P 961) (1:4)

IA.21 (P 658) (1:6) 80. LM III Cemetery, Grave 3.

IA.24 (P 2764) (1:4)

FIGURE 81

IA.28 (P 973) (1:4) IA.26 (P 435) (1:4)

IA.25 (P 106) (1:6)

81. LM III Cemetery, Grave 4.

IA.27 (P 522) (1:4)

IA.29 (S 98) (1:1)

FIGURE 82

GRAVE 5

IA.30 (P 1399) (1:6)

GRAVE 7

IA.31 (P 1877) (1:6)

82. LM III Cemetery, Graves 5 and 7.

FIGURE 83

IA.32 (P 796)

IA.33 (P 2118)

IA.34 (P 2870)

83. Pottery associated with the LM III Cemetery (Scale 1:3).

IA.35 (P 3199)

Plates

PLATE 1

1A. Road to Limenaria during course of excavation in 1990 (from east).

1B. Field south of the modern village, Trenches 2600, 2700, 3100 (from east).

1C. Road to Limenaria, Trenches 1100 and 900, the northwest corner of Building D (from west).

PLATE 2

2A. Building A, northwest corner at entrance. Trench 1900, eastern end, with Room 8 in foreground and Room 9 at the rear (from south).

2B. Building A, Rooms 8 and 7 with 4 in the foreground (from east).

2C. Building A, southern part. Trenches 800 and 700 with Rooms 7 and 8 in foreground, 4 in middleground, and 6 in rear (from west).

PLATE 3

3A. Building A, southern half of Room 4 (from north).

3B. Building A, northern part of Room 4. Trenches 100 and 200 (from east).

3C. Building A, northern part of Room 4. Detail of northwest bench (from east).

PLATE 4

4A. Building A, Rooms 7, 8, and eastern half of Room 4 with finds in situ, Loci 807, 808, 805.2 (from north).

4B. Building A, Room 4, IB.425 (P 777) in situ (from above).

4C. Building A, Room 4, IB.439 (P 776) in situ (from southeast).

PLATE 5

5A. Building A, southeast corner of Room 4, Locus 715 (from west).

5C. Building A, Room 4, rubbish pit in southeast corner during excavation (from north).

5B. Building A, Room 4, IB.424 (P 498) in situ (from north).

5D. Building A, Room 4, rubbish pit in southeast corner after excavation (from north).

PLATE 6

6A. Building A, northern part. Trenches 100 and 200 with Room 2 in foreground, 1 in middle, and 3 in rear (from west).

6B. Building A, northern part, with Room 3 in foreground, 1 in middle, and 2 in rear, with destroyed northern room to right (from east).

PLATE 7

7A. Building A, Room 1 (from north).

7B. Building A, Room 1 (from south).

PLATE 8

8A. Building A, Room 1, IB.357 (P 272) in situ (from west).

8B. Building A, Room 1, IB.434 (P 132) and other pottery in northeast corner, Locus 111 (from south).

8C. Building A, Room 1, IB.357 (P 272) with olive stones spilled from interior (from north).

8D. Building A, Room 1, IB.336 and IB.464 (P 270 and 417) in situ (from north).

PLATE 9

9A. Building A, Room 1, IB.310 and IB.417 (P 416 and 511) in situ (from east).

9B. Building A, Room 1, IB.329, IB.297, and IB.484 (P 78, 271, and 108) in situ (from northeast).

9C. Building A, Room 1, IC.30 and IC.31 (C 94 and 95) in situ (from south).

9D. Building A, Room 1, IC.446 (GS 526) in situ (from north).

PLATE 10

10A. Building A, Room 2 in rear, with bench in northwest corner of Room 4 in foreground (from south).

10B. Building A, Room 2, Locus 212 during excavation (from north).

PLATE 11

11A. Building A, Room 2, pottery in situ in southeast corner, including from left to right IB.34, IB.33, IB.32, and IB.166 (P 241, 240, 239, and 197) (from north).

11B. Building A, Room 2, IB.164 (P 173) and other ogival cups (from above).

11C. Building A, Room 2, IC.421 (GS 446) (from west).

11D. Building A, Room 2, olive stone impressions near IC.421 (GS 446) (from above).

PLATE 12

12A. Building A, Room 2, IB.394 and IB.243 (P 192 and 471) in situ (from north).

12B. Building A, Room 2, with cup IB.37 (P 244) and animal bones (from west).

12C. Building A, destroyed northern room, with Rooms 1 and 2 in rear (from north).

12D. Building A, destroyed northern room, IC.280 and IC.279 (CA 18 and 19) with ingot pieces in situ, Locus 203 (from north).

PLATE 13

13A. Building A, Room 6 with southern half of Room 4 in rear (from east).

13B. Building A, Room 9 with stone basin IC.425 (GS 1300) in situ (from east).

PLATE 14

14A. Building A, Rear Yard and south facade with Potter’s Pit at left, Room 10 in center, and entrance to Room 6 at right (from south).

14B. Building A, Potter’s Pit, with IC.447 (GS 1418) in situ, Locus 2315N.5 (from north).

14C. Building A, tephra layer beside Room 10, Locus 2309N (from west).

PLATE 15

15A. Road between Buildings A and B, Trench 1600 during excavation, Locus 1602 (from north).

15B. Road between Buildings A and B, Trench 1600 after excavation. Building A, Rooms 7 and 8 on left, and Building B, entrance and Room 9 on right (from north).

15C. Road between Buildings A and B, Trench 1900. Building B, Room 7 in foreground, Building A, entrance and Room 9 in rear (from west).

PLATE 16

16A. Building B, with its entrance in foreground leading into Room 7, with Rooms 9 and 8 in rear (from north).

16B. Building B, entrance showing the tephra layer, Locus 1609 (from the east).

16C. Building B, entrance with its pavement, Locus 1608, showing tephra layer beneath (from east).

PLATE 17

17B. Building B, Room 8, Locus 1707 (from northwest).

17A. Building B, Trenches 1800 and 1700 during excavation, with Room 6 in left foreground (Locus 1801), Rooms 8 and 9 in rear, and south facade of Phase 1 building running at a diagonal along right side of photograph (from west).

17C. Building B, Room 8, IB.427 and IB.447 (P 101 and 766) in situ (from north).

17D. Building B, Room 8, IB.270 (P 767) in situ (from above).

PLATE 18

18A. Building B, Phase 1, Room 4, west end with clay pits (from west).

18B. Building B, Phase 1, Room 4, detail of clay pit, Loci 1809–1811 (from east).

18C. Building B, Room 4, east end during excavation with IC.413 (GS 1390) in foreground, Locus 2002 (from west).

PLATE 19

19B. Building B, Rooms 11 and 12 in foreground, and Room 10 in rear during excavation, Loci 2005, 2003, and 2004 (from west).

19A. Building B, Room 4, at east end with bench, during excavation with IB.418 (P 1053) in foreground (from west).

19C. Building B, Rooms 10, 11, and 12 (from east).

19D. Building B, Room 10, bin in southeast corner during excavation with IC.405 (GS 884) in situ, Locus 2507 (from southeast).

PLATE 20

20A. Building B, Room 1, Loci 308 and 402 (from south).

20B. Building B, Room 1, bench with fallen roof slabs to right (from west).

20C. Building B, Room 1, IB.604, IB.605, and IB.606 (P 255, 256, and 257) in situ (from above).

PLATE 21

21A. Building B, Room 2, southeast corner with its finds in situ, Locus 20/2418W, including Grave 7 in upper right corner, IA.31 (P 1877) (from south).

21B. Building B, Room 2, warp stand IC.60 (C 482) in situ (from above).

21C. Building B, Room 2, northwest corner with IB.412 (P 376) in situ (from south).

PLATE 22

22A. Building B, Rooms 3 and 5 with North Terrace to left (from west).

22B. Building B, Room 5 (from above).

22C. Building B, North Terrace, with IB.493 (P 1043) in situ (from above).

PLATE 23

23A. Building B, Room 3 and the North Terrace with benches (from north).

23B. Building B, Room 3 (from east).

23C. Building B, Room 3, the southwest corner with IC.423 (GS 581) in situ (from east).

23D. Building B, Room 3, IB.170 (P 546) in situ (from above).

PLATE 24

24A. Building B, Room 9 during excavation with IC.424 (GS 707) in situ, at Locus 1705 (from north).

24B. Building B, Rear Yard with Rooms 10, 11, and 13 in rear (from south).

24C. Building B, Rear Yard (from north).

24D. Building B, Room 13W during excavation, Locus 2505.2 (from south).

PLATE 25

25A. Building B, Rear Yard with Kiln A in foreground (from east).

25B. Building B, Rear Yard (from west).

25C. Building B, Kiln B (from north).

PLATE 26

26A. Building B, Kiln A during the excavation with mudbrick fallen over the combustion chamber to right (from north).

26B. Building B, Kiln A after excavation (from north).

26C. Building B, olive stones from Kiln A combustion chamber.

26D. Building B, Kiln A, view through the flues into the combustion chamber (from east).

PLATE 27

27A. View of Chalinomouri (from southwest).

27B. View of site before excavation (from northwest).

27C. View of site before excavation (from south).

27D. View of site during excavation (from northwest).

PLATE 28

28A. Chalinomouri, Room 6 in the course of excavation with bench slabs as found, Locus 311 (from southeast).

28B. Chalinomouri, Room 6 with the bench slabs restored (from northwest).

28C. Chalinomouri, Room 6, entrance in east corner (from south).

PLATE 29

29A. Chalinomouri, Room 6, north corner with corner platform (from south).

29B. Chalinomouri, Room 6, northeast wall with the benches and corner platform (from southwest).

29C. Chalinomouri, Room 6, bench against northeast wall (from southwest).

PLATE 30

30A. Chalinomouri, Room 3 during excavation with finds in situ, Locus 1202 (from southeast).

30B. Chalinomouri, Rooms 1 and 2 (from northwest).

30C. Chalinomouri, Room 2 floor level with finds in situ, Loci 11/1204, 21/2206.5 (from northwest).

PLATE 31

31A. Chalinomouri, Room 2, the subfloor with its storage vessels in situ, Loci 11/1214, 21/2213 (from northwest).

31B. Detail of subfloor with IB.397, IB.446, and IB.445 (P 1010, 757, and 750) in foreground (from southwest).

31C. Chalinomouri, Room 2 subfloor, storage vessels at northeast end of room, IB.416, IB.414, IB.415, IB.435, and IB.380, (P 491, 475, 476, 751, and 97) left to right (from southwest).

PLATE 32

32A. Chalinomouri, IB.416 (P 491) as found.

32B. Chalinomouri, IB.414 (P 475) as found.

32D. Chalinomouri, kiln/oven, central pier (from west).

32C. Chalinomouri, kiln/oven (from west).

PLATE 33

33A. LM III Cemetery, Grave 1, IA.18 (P 760), with skeletal remains (from east).

33B. LM III Cemetery, Grave 2, IA.19 (P 1683), during excavation (from south).

PLATE 34

34A. LM III Cemetery, Grave 3 with IA.21 (P 658) (from northwest).

34B. LM III Cemetery, Grave 3 with skeletal remains.

34C. LM III Cemetery, Grave 4, IA.25, IA.26, and IA.27 (P 106, 435, and 522) (from northeast).

34D. LM III Cemetery, Grave 5, IA.30 (P 1399) (from northeast).

PLATE 35

35A. Jar IA.18 (P 760) from the LM III Cemetery in the Artisans’ Quarter.

35B. Pithos IA.19 (P 1683) from the LM III Cemetery in the Artisans’ Quarter.

35C. Detail of IA.19 (P 1683).

35D. Krater IA.32 (P 796) from the LM III Cemetery in the Artisans’ Quarter.

PLATE 36

IA.22 (P 436)

IA.23 (P 961)

IA.26 (P 435)

IA.21 (P 658)

IA.30 (P 1399) 36. Pottery from the LM III Cemetery in the Artisans’ Quarter.

IA.27 (P 522)

IA.25 (P 106)

IA.31 (P 1877)