Mesolithic Social Territories in Northwestern Europe 9780860542803, 9781407337388

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Mesolithic Social Territories in Northwestern E urope

Peter A. Gendel

BAR International Series 218 1984

B.

•

5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 OES, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

B.A.R.-S218, 1984: 'Mesolithic Social Territories in Northwestern Europe'. © Peter A.Gendel, 1984.

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860542803 paperback ISBN 9781407337388 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860542803 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

T his

m onograph

i s

a

s lightly

d issertation o f t he s ame t itle. m ade,

t he

s ubstance

I b enefited

o f

i n

r evised

t his w ork r emains

m y

v ersion

o f

m y

d octoral

W hile s everal e ditorial c hanges h ave b een

r esearch

l argely t he s ame.

f rom

t he

c ooperation,

a dvice,

a nd

e ncouragement o f an umber o f i ndividuals. Ia m e specially g rateful t o D r. T . D ouglas P rice, w ho p rovided m e w ith i nvaluable c ounsel t hroughout m y g raduate s tudies. b een f ortunate p rehistory.

S ince o ur e xcavations a t S wifterbant i n 1 976, I h ave

t o

e xperience

I a lso

a nd

t o

t o

h is

e nthusiasm

o ther

m embers

c ommittee, D r. J ames. B . S toltman, D r. T hompson, a nd D r. D avid M . M ickelson.

H enry

T .

g enerous

t hank

s hare t he

I r eceived

w ish

s upport

f rom

t he

f or E uropean

o f

B unn,

m y

D r.

L aboratory

o f

d octoral D onald

E .

P rehistory,

C atholic U niversity o f L euven a nd f rom i ts d irector, P rof. D r. P ierre M . V ermeersch. P rof. V ermeersch p rovided m e w ith t he o pportunity f or c lose i nteraction w ith a n umber o f p rofessional a nd a mateur a rchaeologists a nd w ith h is s tudents, many o f w hom a re a ctively e ngaged i n M esolithic r esearch. I n a ddition, h e m ade a vailable t he i mportant M esolithic c ollections c urated a t t he C atholic U niversity o f L euven a nd p rovided m e w ith a h ome b ase i n h is l aboratory w ith which t o p ursue m y r esearch i n n orthwestern E urope. O ther s cientific p ersonnel a nd s tudents a t t he C atholic U niversity o f L euven w ere o f i mmeasurable a ssistance. e specially h elpful,

D irk H uyge a nd R obert L auwers w ere

a nd I a m g rateful

f or t heir w illingness

i deas, t heir c onstructive c riticism, a nd t heir f riendship.

t o e xchange

Ia lso w ish t o

t hank G ilbert G ijselings, H ilde Marichel, P hilip v an P eer, a nd R ik v an d e K onijnenburg. An umber o f i ndividuals i nvited m e i nto t heir h omes d uring m y t ravels, p rovided m e w ith a ccess t o b oth p ublic a nd p rivate c ollections, a nd o ffered t heir h ospitality P ierre

F agnart

a nd

f riendship.

( Direction

I n p articular I w ish

R egionale

d es

A ntiquites

t o

t hank J ean-

P rehistoriques

d e

P icardie), D r. Andre G ob ( University o f L iege), J osianne a nd P aul L ausbergM iny, R ene P arent, L ouis P irnay, D r. J ean-Georges R ozoy, a nd D r. D iderik v an d er Waals. Ia lso e xpress m y g ratitude t o P h. C ounasse, J . D econinck, P rof. S .J. d e L aet ( University o f G ent), J .L. D elattre ( Mus e C ommunale d 'Archeologie, N ivelles),

P .

D emolon

( Musee

d 'Archeologie,

D ouai),

P .

D ijkstra,

A .

G oossens, J . G roels, M . G uilleman, W . H eesters, J . H oefnagels, H . K eunen, D r.

A .

L eguebe

( Institut

R oyal

d es

S ciences

N aturelles,

B russels),

J .

L eclercq, D r. M .-E. Marien ( Mus es R oyaux d 'Art e t d 'Histoire, B russels), J .E.

M usch,

D r.

R .R.

N ewell

( Biologisch-Archaeologisch

I nstituut,

G roningen), J . N oel, R . R ossignol, F .V. S meulders ( Streekmuseum, L ommel), F . S pier, H .C. S traet, J . v an Wambeek, A . v an d en K erkove ( Bijlokemuseum, G ent),

E .

v an d er H oefdt,

A .

v an d er L ee,

a nd A q.

W outers.

C omputer s ervices a nd t ime w ere p rovided b y t he I nstitute o f E arth S ciences, C atholic U niversity o f L euven, a nd T he G raduate S chool, U niversity o f W isconsin.

I a m g rateful t o Marcel v an d e P utte ( Catholic

U niversity o f L euven) a nd t o G eorge P asdirtz ( University o f W isconsin) f or t heir h elp a nd a dvice w ith t he c omputer.

Word p rocessing c apabilities f or

t he p roduction o f t his m onograph w ere p rovided b y R . C hristopher G oodwin & A ssociates, I nc., N ew O rleans, L ouisiana. Ia m i ndebted t o P aula L awrence P rimm f or h aving • r eviewed t he f inal m anuscript. F inancial a ssistance f or m y r esearch w as p rovided i n p art t hrough a K napp F oreign T ravel F ellowship f rom t he U niversity o f W isconsin a nd a D octoral D issertation R esearch G rant f rom t he C atholic U niversity o f L euven. T heir s upport i s g ratefully a cknowledged. F inally, s everal i ndividuals d eserve s pecial m ention f or t heir s upport d uring m y g raduate s tudies a nd d uring m y f ield r esearch i n E urope. Ie specially t hank m y p arents, J oseph a nd E valyn G endel, m y " neighbors ,"J an a nd R ia G aublomme, a nd m y d ear f riend N icole S ymens. N icole a lso a ssisted w ith m any o f t he m aps a nd f igures.

S eptember 5 ,

1 984 P eter A . G endel N ew O rleans, L ouisiana

i

TABLE

OF CONTENTS

A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS L IST O F T ABLES

v i

L IST O F F IGURES

v iii

C HAPTER 1 .

I NTRODUCTION

1

2 .

S OCIAL T ERRITORIES

4

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

D efinition T ribes, T erritory, a nd P opulation A rchaeological I mplications

4 6 1 3

T HE S TUDY A REA

1 6

G eomorphology P ostglacial E nvironmental H istory C hronology o f t he M esolithic

1 6 2 3 2 6

S patial D istribution o f t he M esolithic

3 0

S TYLISTIC V ARIATION A ND M ETHOD O F A NALYSIS

3 8

T he I dentification o f S tyle i n L ithic A rtifacts T he I nterpretation o f S tylistic V ariation A n A pproach t o S tyle i n t he N orthwest E uropean M esolithic

3 8 3 9 4 7

T HE D ATA B ASE

5 5

I ntroduction

5 5

A rchaeological C ontext a nd T echniques o f A rtifact R ecovery S ample S izes C hronology

5 6 5 8 5 9

T he L ithic A ssemblages a nd S tylistic A ttributes F ootnotes

6 6 7 2

A NALYSIS A ND R ESULTS

7 3

I ntroduction T he E arly M esolithic P eriod

7 3 7 6

T he M iddle M esolithic P eriod T he L ate M esolithic P eriod

9 0 1 11

I nterpretation

1 30

iv

7 .

8 .

S OURCE—SPECIFIC R AW M ATERIALS

1 32

I ntroduction Wommersom Q uartzite P roblems a nd P rospects

1 32 1 32 1 56

F ootnotes

1 56

M ESOLITHIC S OCIAL T ERRITORIES I N N ORTHWESTERN E UROPE

1 58

T he S tudy A rea T he E uropean C ontext

1 58 1 60

C onditions a nd C auses

1 60

B IBLIOGRAPHY

1 63

A PPENDIX A

1 86

A PPENDIX B

2 62

LIST

OF

TABLES

3 -1.

R adiocarbon d ates f rom M esolithic s ites

3 1

4 -1.

M icrolithic a rmatures

4 9

5 -1.

T -values a nd t wo-tailed p robabilities f or c omparisons o f t he w idth o f p oints w ith u nretouched b ase f rom n ine M esolithic s ites i n t he A rdenne

6 4

5 -2.

T he r elative c hronological p osition o f M esolithic s ites

6 7

6 -1.

C orrelation c oefficients f or f actor s cores f rom t he

6 -2.

6 -3.

6 -4.

6 -5.

6 -6.

7 -1.

7 -2.

p rincipal c omponents a nalyses a nd i nferred p rofiles o f s tylistic v ariation

7 8

A nalyses o f t he n on-metric a ttributes o f m icrolithic a rmatures f rom t he E arly M esolithic p eriod

7 9

C orrelation c oefficients f or f actor s cores f rom t he p rincipal c omponents a nalyses a nd i nferred p rofiles o f s tylistic v ariation

9 6

A nalyses o f t he n on-metric a ttributes o f m icrolithic a rmatures f rom t he M iddle M esolithic p eriod

9 7

C orrelation c oefficients f or f actor s cores f rom t he p rincipal c omponents a nalyses a nd i nferred p rofiles o f s tylistic v ariation

1 14

A nalyses o f t he n on-metric a ttributes o f m icrolithic a rmatures f rom t he L ate M esolithic p eriod

1 15

C ounts f or u nburnt w aste f lakes i ncluding t he p ercentage o f W ommersom q uartzite f or s uccessively l arger s ize c lasses f rom s ites a t W eelde-Paardsdrank

1 35

T he p ercentage f requency o f W ommersom q uartzite o n M esolithic s ites

7 -3.

7 -4.

7 -5.

7 -6.

1 38

T he r epresentation o f W ommersom q uartzite i n c ertain t ypological a nd t echnological c lasses

1 45

T he p ercentage f requency o f W ommersom q uartzite a mong s ome o f t he m ajor t ypes o f m icrolithic a rmatures

1 49

M eans, s tandard d eviations, t -values, a nd p robabilities f or w idths o f s ymmetric, a symmetric, r ight a ngled, a nd r hombic t rapezes

1 53

M eans, s tandard d eviations, t -values, a nd p robabilities f or w idths o f s ymmetric, a symmetric, r ight a ngled, a nd r hombic t rapezes m anufactured f rom W ommersom. q uartzite

v i

1 54

A -1.

S ummary i nformation f or M esolithic s ites i nvestigated

1 86

A -2.

I nventory o f m icrolithic a rmatures b y s ite

2 10

A -3.

C ounts f or s elected m icrolithic t ypes f rom p ublished s ources

2 18

C ounts f or s elected a ttributes o f p oints w ith u nretouched b ase

2 19

C ounts f or s elected a ttributes o f p oints w ith r etouched b ase

2 24

A -6.

C ounts f or s elected a ttributes o f s calene t riangles

2 30

A -7.

C ounts f or s elected a ttributes o f r ight a ngled t rapezes

2 35

A -8.

C ounts f or s elected a ttributes o f r hombic t rapezes

2 38

A -9.

M etric a ttributes o f p oints w ith u nretouched b ase

2 41

A -10.

M etric a ttributes o f p oints w ith r etouched b ase

2 45

A -11.

M etric a ttributes o f s calene t riangles

2 48

A -12.

M etric a ttributes o f r ight a ngled t rapezes

2 56

A -13.

M etric a ttributes o f r hombic t rapezes

2 59

A -4.

A -5.

v ii

LIST

3 -1.

3 -2.

3 -3.

3 -4.

3 -5.

4 -1.

5 -1.

5 -2.

OF

FIGURES

Major g eographic r egions a nd r iver s ystems i n t he s tudy a rea

1 7

T he l ocation o f M esolithic s ites i nvestigated i n t his s tudy

1 8

C hrono- a nd l ithostratigraphy o f t he L ate U pper P leistocene i n t he N etherlands, B elgium, a nd F rance

2 1

L ate G lacial a nd e arly P ostglacial v egetation a nd c limate i n n orthwestern E urope

2 5

S ome r egional c hronologies n orthwestern E urope

2 8

f or t he M esolithic p eriod i n

S tandard o rientation a nd m etric a ttributes o f m icrolithic a rmatures

5 0

T ype f requency s eriation o f M esolithic s ites A rdenne

6 2

i n t he

S catter-plot o f K l ength v s. R. w idth o f C p oints f or c ertain M esolithic s ites i n t he A rdenne

6 3

D endrogram o f M esolithic s ites i n t he A rdenne b ased o n s tylistic a ttributes o f p oints w ith u nretouched b ase

6 5

5 -4.

H istogram o f l engths f or 2 96

7 0

5 -5.

H istogram o f t he l ong t runcation l ength:small t runcation l ength r atio f or 2 94 c omplete s calene t riangles

7 1

C omputer g enerated p lot o f f orty-seven s ite l ocations w ithin t he s tudy a rea

7 4

P rincipal c omponents s catter d iagram f or t he f orty-seven s ite l ocations s hown i n F igure 6 -1

7 5

6 -3.

E arly M esolithic s ites

7 7

6 -4.

D endrogram o f f ourteen E arly M esolithic s ites b ased o n t he l ateralization o f s calene t riangles

8 2

5 -3.

6 -1.

6 -2.

6 -5.

S catter-plot o f f actor s cores o f t he f irst p rincipal c omponent l ocations

6 -6.

c omplete s calene t riangles

f or s calene t riangle l ateralizations a nd s ite ( SW-NE d istance)

D endrogram o f

8 3

t hirteen E arly M esolithic s ites b ased o n

v ariation a mong s calene t riangles

v iii

8 4

6 -7.

6 -8.

6 -9.

P rincipal c omponents s catter d iagram f or t hirteen E arly M esolithic s ites b ased o n t he v ariation a mong s calene t riangles

8 5

D endrogram o f t wenty E arly M esolithic s ites b ased o n v ariation i n t he p osition o f b asal r etouch o n p oints w ith r etouched b ase

8 7

P rincipal c omponents s catter d iagram f or t wenty E arly M esolithic s ites b ased o n t he p osition o f b asal r etouch o n p oints w ith r etouched b ase

6 -10.

S catter-plot o f f actor s cores o f t he f irst p rincipal c omponent f or t he p osition o f b asal r etouch o n p oints w ith r etouched b ase a nd s ite l ocations ( SE-NW d istance)

6 -11.

6 -12.

6 -13.

8 8

S catter-plot o f 3 (l ength v s. f rom E arly M esolithic s ites

k width

o f s calene t riangles 9 1

S catter-plot o f t he f l arge t runcation l ength a nd t he R s mall t runcation l ength o f s calene t riangles f rom E arly M esolithic s ites S catter-plot

o f

t he R ' l ength v s.

8 9

9 1

t he 5 Cw idth o f p oints

w ith u nretouched b ase f rom E arly M esolithic s ites

9 2

S catter-plot o f t he 5 Cl ength v s. t he k . w idth o f p oints w ith r etouched b ase f rom E arly M esolithic s ites

9 2

S catter-plot o f t he k t riangle a ngle a nd t he 5 ( " s mall p oint a ngle o f s calene t riangles f rom E arly M esolithic s ites

9 3

6 -16.

M iddle M esolithic s ites

9 5

6 -17.

D endrogram o f t welve M iddle M esolithic s ites b ased o n v ariation a mong t he p oints w ith r etouched b ase

1 00

P rincipal c omponents s catter d iagram f or t welve M iddle M esolithic s ites b ased o n v ariation a mong t he p oints w ith r etouched b ase

1 01

S catter-plot o f f actor s cores o f t he f irst p rincipal c omponent f or s tylistic a ttributes o f p oints w ith r etouched b ase a nd s ite l ocations ( SW-NE d istance)

1 02

D endrogram o f s ixteen M iddle M esolithic s ites b ased o n t he l ateralization o f p oints w ith u nretouched b ase

1 03

S catter-plot o f f actor s cores o f t he f irst p rincipal c omponent o f l ateralizations o f p oints w ith u nretouched b ase a nd s ite l ocations ( SW-NE d istance)

1 04

P oints w ith s urface r etouch

1 06

6 -14.

6 -15.

6 -18.

6 -19.

6 -20.

6 -21.

6 -22.

i x

6 -23.

6 -24.

6 -25.

6 -26.

6 -27.

T he d istribution o f p oints w ith s urface r etouch. M esolithic

M iddle 1 07

S catter-plot o f X l ength v s. k w idth o f s calene t riangles f rom M iddle M esolithic s ites

1 08

S catter-plot o f k l arge t runcation l ength v s. X s mall t runcation l ength o f s calene t riangles f rom M iddle M esolithic s ites

1 08

S catter-plot o f i l ength v s. k w idth o f p oints w ith r etouched b ase f rom M iddle M esolithic s ites

1 09

S catter-plot

o f X l ength v s.

X w idth o f p oints w ith

r etouched b ase f rom M iddle M esolithic s ites

1 09

S catter-plot o f t he X t riangle a ngle a nd t he X s mall p oint a ngle o f s calene t riangles f rom M iddle M esolithic s ites

1 10

6 -29.

L ate M esolithic s ites

1 13

6 -30.

D endrogram o f n ineteen L ate M esolithic s ites b ased o n v ariation i n t he l ateralization o f r ight a ngled a nd r hombic t rapezes

1 16

P rincipal c omponents s catter d iagram o f n ineteen L ate M esolithic s ites b ased o n v ariation i n t he l ateralization o f r ight a ngled a nd r hombic t rapezes

1 17

S catter-plot o f f actor s cores o f t he f irst p rincipal c omponents f or l ateralizations o f r ight a ngled a nd r hombic t rapezes a nd s ite l ocations ( SW-NE d istance)

1 19

6 -28.

6 -31.

6 -32.

6 -33.

D endrogram o f f ifteen L ate M esolithic s ites b ased o n v ariation i n t he s mall t runcation s hape o f r ight a ngled a nd r hombic t rapezes

6 -34.

P rincipal c omponents

1 20 s catter d iagram o f f ifteen L ate

M esolithic s ites b ased o n v ariation i n t he s mall t runcation s hape o f r ight a ngled a nd r hombic t rapezes 6 -35.

S catter-plot o f f actor s cores o t t he f irst p rincipal c omponents f or s mall t runcation s hapes o r r ight a ngled a nd r hombic t rapezes a nd s ite l ocations

6 -36.

6 -37.

6 -38.

1 21

( SW-NE d istance)

T he d istribution o f p oints w ith s urface r etouch.

..

1 22

L ate

M esolithic

1 24

T he d istribution o f d erived t rapezes d uring t he L ate M esolithic

1 26

S catter-plot o f X w idth v s. X t hickness o f r ight a ngled t rapezes f rom L ate M esolithic s ites

1 27

6 -39.

6 -40.

6 -41.

6 -42.

7 -1.

7 -2.

S catter-plot o f 7 ( w idth v s.

M t hickness o f r hombic

t rapezes f rom L ate M esolithic s ites

1 27

S catter-plot o f t he M l arge b ase l ength v s. t he R s mall b ase l ength o f r ight a ngled t rapezes f rom L ate M esolithic s ites

1 28

S catter-plot o f t he 5 1l arge b ase l ength v s. t he 5 1 small b ase l ength o f r hombic t rapezes f rom L ate M esolithic s ites

1 28

S catter-plot o f t he 7 ( s mall p oint a ngle v s.

t he

kl arge

p oint a ngle o f r hombic t rapezes f rom L ate M esolithic s ites

1 29

T he a pproximate s patial d istribution o f W ommersom q uartzite

1 31

T he p ercentage f requency o f W ommersom q uartzite t o o ther l ithic t ypes i n s amples o f u nburnt w aste f lakes f rom s ties a te W eelde-Paardsdrank

7 -3.

1 36

S ites y ielding d ata o n t he f requency o f o ccurrence o f W ommersom q uartzite

7 -4.

1 40

T he p ercentage f requency o f W ommersom q uartzite o n E arly M esolithic s ites p lotted a gainst t he d irect-line d istance f rom t he o utcrop

7 -5.

1 41

T he p ercentage f requency o f W ommersom q uartzite o n L ate M esolithic s ites p lotted a gainst t he d irect-line d istance f rom t he o utcrop

7 -6.

T he p ercentage f requency o f W ommersom q uartzite t o o ther l ithic t ypes f or s ome g ross t ypological a nd t echnological c lasses

7 -7.

( Late a nd M iddle M esolithic)

1 47

T he p ercentage f requency o f W ommersom q uartzite t o o ther l ithic t ypes f or s ome g ross t ypological a nd t echnological c lasses

7 -8.

1 43

( Early M esolithic)

T he p ercentage o f W ommersom q uartzite t o o ther l ithic t ypes f or s ome m ajor t ypes o f m icrolithic a rmatures

x i

1 48

1 51

CHAPTER

1

I NTRODUCTION

S ince t he 1 960s, t here h as b een a g rowing i nterest i n t he b ehavioral a nd s ocial c orrelates o f t he s patial p atterning o f m aterial c ultural t raits. An umber o f s tudies, p rimarily c oncerned w ith d esign v ariation i n p rehistoric c eramics, w ere g uided b y t he c onviction t hat a spects o f s ocial s ystems c ould b e i nferred f rom t he m aterial r emains o f p rehistoric s ocieties. M uch o f t his r esearch f ocused o n i solating s patial c omponents o f s tylistic v ariation w hich w ould r eflect i nteraction a mong o r b etween s pecific s ocial g roups. T he f unction o f s tyle i n m aterial c ulture h as b een t he s ubject o f m ore r ecent r esearch, w hich h as e mphasized t he s ymbolic a nd i nformation c ontent o f s tylistic " messages" a nd t heir r ole i n i dentifying o r m aintaining d ifferences i n s ocial r ank o r a ffiliation. E thnoarchaeological r esearch h as c ontributed s ubstantially t o t he g rowing c orpus o f d ata a nd t heory p ertaining t o s tylistic v ariation i n a rtifacts. T he p urpose o f t his s tudy i s t o d evelop a s et o f p ropositions w hich l ink t he s patial d istribution o f m aterial c ultural t raits t o a spects o f b ehavior a nd s ocial o rganization a mong h unter-gatherers, a nd t o i nvestigate t hese r elationships i n t he a rchaeological r ecord o f t he M esolithic i n n orthwestern E urope. I n t his s tudy, t he i dentification o f s pecific p rehistoric c ultures o r e thnic g roups d oes n ot c onstitute a r esearch g oal i n a nd o f i tself, e ven t hough e thnicity i s c onsidered o ne p ossible s ource f or s tylistic v ariation i n a rtifacts. R ather, t his s tudy i s c oncerned w ith i dentification o f t he s et o f c onditions w hich p romote t he u se o f m aterial c ulture i n t he s ignalling o f s ocial i dentity, a nd i nterpretation o f t he a rchaeological r ecord i n l ight o f t hose r elationships. N aturally, t his p resupposes t hat t he a rchaeological r ecord i s a menable t o s uch a nalysis a nd i nterpretation. T herefore, c onsiderable a ttention i s g iven t o f undamental a spects o f d ata c ollection, d escription, a nd c ultural c hronology . M ethods t hen a re d eveloped w hich a ttempt t o l ink t his b ody o f d ata t o o bservations c oncerning h unter-gatherer b ehavior a nd s ocial o rganization. F inally , e xplanations a re a dvanced f or t he o bserved p atterns a nd c hronological t rends i n t he d istributions o f s tyle a nd i n t he e xchange o f r aw m aterial. T he r esults o f t his r esearch s uggest t hat t he s tudy o f t he s patial d istribution o f m aterial c ultural t raits, r ather t han b eing t rivial e xercises i n t ypology a nd c lassification, m ay p ertain d irectly t o t he u nderstanding o f p rehistoric h uman a daptations. T he f rame o f r eference f or t his r esearch i s t he M esolithic o f n orthwestern E urope. T he M esolithic i s ap eriod o f r apid e nvironmental a nd c ultural c hange d uring t he e arly P ostglacial p eriod a nd, i nm any w ays, i s a n i deal s etting i n w hich t o i nvestigate p rehistoric h unting a nd g athering a daptations. P ostglacial e nvironmental c hanges a re w ell u nderstood, a nd t he p resent c orpus o f a rchaeological d ata p rovides t he p ossiblity f or d iachronic s tudies i n t echnology, s tylistic v ariation, s ettlement p atterns, a nd e xchange. P reviously c onsidered t o b e ac ultural " hiatus" o r " waiting p eriod" b etween t he P aleolithic a nd N eolithic p eriods, t he M esolithic n ow i s r egarded a s ak ey t ransitional p eriod i n h uman c ultural e volution--in c ertain a reas w itnessing t rends w hich c ulminated i n u nusually c omplex h unter-gatherer a daptations a nd, e lsewhere, i n s edentary f ood p roducing c ommunities. T he v arious t rajectories o f P ostglacial

1

h unting a nd g athering s ocieties h ave e ngendered c onsiderable t heoretical i nterest a nd d iscussion ( e.g., B inford 1 968; C lark 1 980; C ohen 1 977; F lannery 1 968, 1 969; H ayden 1 981; P rice 1 981b). T his s tudy f ocuses m ore p recisely o n t he i nland M esolithic o ccupation o f n orthwestern E urope, o r t he W estern E uropean M esolithic. O ne o f t he m ore s alient f eatures o f M esolithic a rchaeology i n t his r egion i s t he g enerally p oor p reservation o f o rganic r emains o n M esolithic s ites, p articularly o pen—air s ites, w hich h ave b een t he p rincipal f ocus o f r ecent r esearch. T he a nalysis o f s tylistic v ariation a nd o f t he d istribution o f r aw m aterials, t herefore, i s c onfined e xclusively t o l ithic a rtifacts. R esearch i nto s tylistic v ariation i n l ithic a rtifacts p resents a n umber o f s pecial p roblems, n ot t he l east o f w hich s tem f or t he " subtractive" n ature o f s tone t ool m anufacture, a s o pposed t o t he " additive" p roperties o f c eramic p roduction a nd d esign. l ithic a rtifacts c an b e o bserved

N evertheless, s tylistic v ariation i n i n t he t erminal P leistocene a nd e arly

H olocene a rchaeological r ecord o f n orthwestern E urope. I ndeed, s everal a ttempts h ave b een m ade t o d istinguish r egional " cultures" d uring t he M esolithic o n t he b asis o f l ithic t ypology, a nd E uropean s pecialists h ave e mployed a v ariety o f t echniques a nd c riteria w ith w hich t o d efine t hem. G enerally , a rchaeologists 4 ave b een r eluctant t o e xplain t hese o bservations

i n b ehavioral o r o rganizational t erms.

T o b e s ure, s ome s uggestions h ave b een m ade w hich l ink t he d istribution o f a rtifact s tyles a nd t he d istribution o f l ithic r aw m aterials t o h unter— g atherer b ehavior a nd s ocial o rganization. F or e xample, t he t erms " social t erritory" a nd " techno—territory" ( Clark 1 975, 1 980; C larke 1 968; J acobi 1 979; P rice 1 981a) r eflect t his c oncern w ith t he e xplanation o f t he d istribution o f m aterial c ultural t raits. I n t his s tudy, I d iscuss a nd e laborate u pon t he c oncept o f s ocial t erritory a s aj uncture, o r b aseline, w ith w hich t o b egin t he i nvestigation o f t he m aterial c orrelates o f h unter— g atherer s ociety. I n C hapter 2 , s ocial t erritory i s d efined, a nd i ts r elevance f or t he s tudy o f p rehistoric h unter—gatherers i s e valuated. I c onclude t he c hapter b y s uggesting a s et o f c onditions u nder w hich s ocial t erritories b ecome v isible i n t he a rchaeological r ecord. C hapter 3 c ontains a b rief o verview o f t he s tudy a rea a nd o f M esolithic a rchaeology i n n orthwestern E urope. A fter o utlining t he m odern g eographic r egions a nd t he P ostglacial e nvironmental h istory o f t he a rea, a ttention i s f ocused o n t he M esolithic p eriod i n t ime a nd s pace. W hile t he M esolithic p eriod h as b een s ubdivided i nto f our o r f ive d istinct p hases, s everal g aps a nd i nconsistencies i n t he r ecord r emain. F inally, a m ore t horough d iscussion o f t he s patial v ariation i n M esolithic i ndustries i s p resented i n h istorical p erspective. M ethods a nd p roblems i n t he i dentification a nd i n t he i nterpretation o f s tylistic v ariation i n l ithic a rtifacts a re t he s ubjects o f C hapter 4 . B ased i n l arge p art o n r ecent e thnoarchaeological r esearch, i t i s s uggested t hat t he b ehavioral o rigins o f s tylistic v ariability a re m ultifarious, b ut t hat v arious a spects o f s tyle m ight b e d istinguished b y t heir g eographic d istributions.

F ollowing W iessner

( 1983),

I i ntroduce

t he

c oncept

o f

d istributional p rofiles o f s tylistic v ariation a s at ool t o c haracterize a nd i nterpret t he g eography o f s tyle. T he r elationship b etween p rofiles o f s tylistic v ariation a nd t he v isibility o f s ocial t erritories i n t he a rchaeological r ecord i s a ddressed. T he r emaining p ortion o f t he c hapter d escribes t he m ethods e mployed t o c ollect, d escribe, a nd a nalyze t he a rchaeological d ata.

M icrolithic a rmatures ( point t ips a nd/or b arbs) w ere

s elected f or s tudy , a nd b oth t raditional t ype d esignations a nd a ttributes o f p otential s tylistic o rigin a re d escribed. F inally, t he s tatistical t echniques u sed t o a nalyze t he s tylistic d ata a re d iscussed. T he a rchaeological d ata b ase i s p resented i n C hapter 5 . I ncluded a re s ummaries o f t he a rchaeological s ites a nd t heir c ontexts, i nventories o f a rtifacts f rom i ndividual a ssemblages, a nd a b reakdown o f m etric a nd n onm etric d ata f or s tylistic a ttributes. P roblems o f s ample s ize a lso a re c onsidered, a nd t he a rchaeological a ssemblages a re p laced i n c hronological p osition.

A t hree-fold p eriodization o f

t he M esolithic i s s uggested.

T he a nalysis o f s tylistic v ariation i n l ithic a rtifacts f rom t he n orthwest E uropean M esolithic i s g iven i n C hapter 6 . T he r esults i ndicate c lear c hanges i n t he n ature o f s tylistic d istributions t hrough t he c ourse o f t he M esolithic. R andom a nd c linal d istributions d ominate t he p icture o f s tylistic v ariability . H owever, s patially r estricted a nd b ounded d istributions a lso a ppear, e specially t owards t he e nd o f t he M esolithic. A c oncluding s ection s ummarizes t he r esults o f t he s tylistic a nalysis. C hapter 7 e xamines t he p otential o f t he a nalysis o f s ource-specific r aw m aterials f or t he s tudy o f s ocial t erritories. A ttention i s f ocused o n t he d istribution a nd s elective u se o f W ommersom q uartzite d uring t he M esolithic. I mportant c hanges i n t he u tilization a nd e xchange o f r aw m aterials a re f ound t o p arallel c hronological t rends i n t he g eographic d istribution o f s tyle t hrough t he c ourse o f t he M esolithic. T he c oncluding c hapter s ummarizes t he e ntire s tudy, t ying t ogether t he e vidence p ertaining t o t he e xistence a nd e volution o f s ocial t erritories d uring t he M esolithic. I t i s s uggested t hat d emographic c hange, i n c oncert w ith s ocio-economic s tress, c ontributed t o t he e mergence o f s ocial t erritories i n t he l ater M esolithic o f n orthwestern E urope.

3

CHAPTER

2

SOCIAL TERRITORIES

D EFINITION I n h is

s tudy o f

t he L ate S tone A ge o f s outhern S candinavia, C lark

( 1975) i ntroduced t he t erm " social t erritory" t o d escribe a n a rea o ccupied b y i nterrelated b ands o f h unting a nd g athering p eoples. A rguing f rom a n e thnographic p oint o f v iew , h e r easoned t hat i ndividual " micro-bands" a re u nited i n s ocio-territorial u nits o f g reater i nclusiveness, w hich h e l abelled s ocial t erritories.

I n h is v iew ,

t he s ocial t erritory i s " the

t otal t erritory d rawn u pon f or s upplies, i ncluding r aw m aterials a nd f inished p roducts, b y ag iven c ommunity b y v irtue o f b elonging t o al arger s ocial g rouping" ( 1975:14). S ubsequently , h e w rites: A t a h igher l evel o f h ierarchy b ands c omprising a n umber o f m icro-bands m ay b e c onceived a s o ccupying s ocial t erritories, t he m ost e xtensive t erritory o f w hich t he o rdinary i ndividual w ould p robably b e a ware. T he h ouseholds u nited i n s ocial t erritories w ould h ave b een k nit t ogether w ithin t he s ame n etwork i n t wo d istinct w ays, b y s haring i n t he r edistribution o f m aterials a nd p roducts a nd b y d isplaying i diosyncratic s tyles ( 1975:22). I n t urn, g roups o f b ands s haring a c ommon t echnology, b ut l acking c ohesive s ocial

n etworks

o ccupy

m ore

i nclusive

" techno-territories."

A rchaeologically, s ocial t erritories m ight b e o bserved b y t he d elineation o f d istribution n etworks a nd t hrough t he i dentification o f s tylistic p rovinces. T he g eographic e xtent o f s ocial t erritories m ay b e d efined m ore p recisely w hen s uch i ndependent s ets o f o bservations a re f ound t o c orrespond. C lark p roposed t he e xistence o f s everal c ontemporary s ocial t erritories d uring t he L ate G lacial p eriod, w hich o ccupied e xtensive a reas o f t he N orth E uropean P lain ( 1975:70-73). E lsewhere ( Clark 1 980), h e h as s uggested t hat s ocial t erritories m ight b e d iscerned P ostglacial ( Mesolithic) p eriod i n w estern E urope.

i n

t he

e arly

Af ew r ecent s tudies h ave a ttempted t o i dentify s ocial t erritories o r s ocial b oundaries i n t he a rchaeological r ecord o f h unting a nd g athering p eoples. C lose ( 1977, 1 978) u sed s tylistic v ariation i n b acked b ladelets a s am easure o f s ocial d ifferentiation i n t he E pipaleolithic o f n ortheast A frica. B ased u pon a n a nalysis o f M esolithic s tone i ndustries, J acobi ( 1979) h as s uggested t he e xistence o f M esolithic s ocial t erritories i n E ngland. I n ar elated s tudy, S tiles ( 1979) p roposed a m ethod w hich w ould t est t he p roposition t hat i ndividual " ethnic g roups" c ould b e i dentified i n t he a rchaeological r ecord. H e a pplied h is m ethod t o v ery a ncient l ithic i ndustries, E arly A cheulean a nd D eveloped O ldowan, w ith i nconclusive r esults.

S peculating o n t he e mergence o f s ymbolic b ehavior i n c ultural

e volution, C onkey ( 1978) h as s uggested s ome p rovocative i deas c oncerning t he r elationship b etween a rt s tyles, e xpression o f g roup i dentity, a nd t he m aintenance o f s ocial b oundaries i n t he U pper P aleolithic. M adden ( 1983)

4

h as s uggested s everal f actors w hich l ead t o t he f ormation o f d ifferentiated s ocial n etwork s ystems i n t he a rchaeological r ecord. I n m any r espects, t hese f actors p arallel t hose t hought t o b e r elevant f or t he a ppearance o f p rehistoric s ocial t erritories. M any o f t he s tudies c ited a bove w ill b e e laborated u pon s ubsequently i n t his s tudy. P rice ( 1981a) h as p laced t he c oncept o f s ocial t erritory i nto a m ore g eneral f ramework d erived f rom h uman e cology. H e a rgues t hat a r egional a pproach t o t he a rchaeological r ecord i s n ecessary f or u nderstanding p rehistoric h uman a daptations. A n i mportant e lement i n t his a pproach i s t he d efinition o f a n a ppropriate r egion i n t erms o f h uman p opulations a nd t he n atural e nvironment. T he r egional p opulation a mong p rehistoric h unter-gatherers, h e r easons, s hould b e c ompatible w ith t hat r ecognized b y e thnographers. T herefore, t he m aximum b and ( Steward 1 969) o r t he d ialectical ( dialectal) t ribe ( Birdsell 1 953) a re v iewed a s b ehavioral a nd o rganizational e quivalents t o t he s ocial t erritory. P rocesses w hich l ead t o t he f ormation a nd v isibility o f s ocial t erritories a nd w hich d etermine t heir e xtent i n t he a rchaeological r ecord m ay p ertain d irectly t o t he u nderstanding o f p rehistoric h uman a daptations ( Price 1 981b). W obst ( 1974a) h as s uggested t hat t he m aximum b and a lso m ay b e r egarded a s ad emographic u nit o r c losed m ating n etwork . H e t hen w as a ble t o e xplore t he l ocational i mplications o f b oth c losed a nd o pen m ating s ystems ( Wobst 1 976). D espite c ertain u nrealistic a ssumptions ( e.g., a u niform a nd h omogeneous e nvironment), h is w ork h as e lucidated p otential d emographic c onstraints o n t he e mergence, e xtent, a nd v isibility o f s ocial t erritories. S ome o f t hese i deas w ill b e e laborated u pon s ubsequently i n t his c hapter. A s ocial t erritory, t hen, c an b e d efined a s a n a rea o ccupied b y a p opulation o f h unter-gatherers w ho p articipate i n t he e xchange o f m ates a nd w ho s hare a d istinct i dentity a nd l anguage. T hey c an b e i dentified a rchaeologically b y s hared s tyles a nd d istribution n etworks, t he p roducts o f which s urvive t o t he p resent. T his d efinition i s b ased o n t he p roposition t hat t he m aximum b and o r t he d ialectal t ribe a re a ppropriate m odels f or s ociety a mong h unting a nd g athering p eoples. H owever, a s w ill b e s hown b elow , t he i nterrelationships b etween d emographic a rrangements, e thnic g roups, l anguage, a nd t erritory a re c omplex a nd d o n o n ecessarily c onform t o s uch a s imple m odel. F urthermore, a g reat r ange o f v ariation m ay e xist i n h unter-gatherer s ocial o rganizations, a nd t he n ature a nd e xtent o f h unter-gatherer s ocial t erritories m ay e xhibit s imilar v ariability. T he e xtent t o w hich m any e thnographically-derived m odels o f s ociety m ay a pply t o p rehistoric h unter-gatherers i s s till u nclear: O nly p roblem-directed r esearch, w ith a g ood d eal o f s trong i nference, c an e stablish h ow p revalent ' ethnic g roups' h ave b een a mong h unter-gatherers o f t he e thnographic a nd a rchaeological l iterature a nd w hat p rocesses f acilitate t heir f ormation a nd d emise ( Wobst 1 978:307). T he

r emaining

e xamination

p art

o f

o f

s ocial

t his

c hapter

t erritories,

a rchaeological p erspective.

5

i s

d evoted f rom

t o a m ore

b oth

a n

c omprehensive

e thnographic

a nd

T RIBES,

T ERRITORY, A ND P OPULATION

I n t he f ollowing p ages I w ill e xamine t he s orts o f e thnographic o bservations t hat h ave l ed t o t he s tereotypic p ortrayals o f t he " tribe" a nd " band" p reviously m entioned. S everal, o ften i nterrelated, o rganizational a rrangements a re c onsidered, i dentity, a nd m arriage p ools.

i ncluding l anguage d ifferentiation, g roup T hese e ntities a re e xamined i n l ight o f t he

d egree t o w hich t hey s erve a s c riteria t o d efine o r p attern h uman-spatial i nteractions. Ia lso a m c oncerned w ith t he f actors t hat m ay d etermine t he i ntensity o r b oundedness o f t hose i nteractions, a nd i n w hat c ircumstances t hey m ay f ind m aterial, h ence a rchaeological, e xpression. A s as urvey o f h unter-gatherer s ocial o rganization, t his d iscussion i s f ar f rom e xhaustive. I n t he f irst p lace, I h ave r estricted t he d iscussion a s f ar a s i t i s r easonable t o o rganizational l evels l arger t han t he m icro- o r l ocal b and. S econd, I h ave s elected o nly a f ew s ocieties t o d iscuss a t l ength: t he E skimo o f t he C entral A rctic, t he n orthern A thapaskan I ndians o f S ubarctic C anada, t he Australian A borigines, a nd t he A inu o f H okkaido I sland. T his d iscussion i s d esigned t o p rovide a f ramework w ith w hich t o f orward s ome g eneralizations c oncerning h unter-gatherer s ociety. I n t he f ollowing d iscussion t he w ord " tribe" i s u sed w ithout s pecific s ocio-political i mplications ( as o pposed, f or e xample, t o S ervice 1 962). I t n ormally i s u sed b y e thnographers t o d enote v arious h ierarchical l evels o f s ocietal i ntegration. G enerally, I h ave f ollowed t he t raditional t erminology a pplied b y e thnographers f or e ach s pecific r egion c onsidered b elow . T he C entral E skimo D amas ( 1968, 1 969, 1 972, 1 975) h as a ddressed t he s ubject o f b and s tructure a nd s ocial o rganization a mong t hree C entral E skimo s ocieties: t he C opper, N etsilik, a nd I glulik E skimo. O f t he t hree g roups, t he C opper a nd NetsilikEskimo o ccupy s imilar e cological z ones i n w hich s ubsistence i s b ased o n f ishing a nd t he h unting o f s eal a nd c aribou. T he I glulik w ere o ccupied t o a much l arger e xtent w ith h unting l arge s ea m ammals, i ncluding t he w alrus a nd n arwhal. T he d ifferent s ubsistence p ractices h ave i nfluenced m any o f t he o bserved d ifferences i n g roup c omposition a nd s ocial f eatures b etween t he t hree g roups. H owever, D amas h as a rgued t hat t hese t hree g roups, o r " tribes," a lso m ay b e i solated o n t he b asis o f l anguage, c ulture, a nd g enealogy. T he

t ribes

o f

t he C entral A rctic h ave b een s hown t o b e r elatively

e ndogamous, d efined o n t he b asis o f g enealogy a nd e xpressed b y m arriage p references. A t t he t ime o f t he F ifth T hule E xpedition, w hich p rovided much o f t he i mportant d ata f or t his r egion, D amas e stimates t hat a pproximately " 90 p ercent o f t he m arriages o ccurred w ithin t he N etsllik, I glulik, a nd C opper E skimo g roupings" ( 1969:126). T his f igure m ay h ave e xceeded 9 5 p ercent i n e arlier t imes. W hile h e d oes n ot e laborate o n t he s ubject o f l anguage a nd g roup a ffiliations, D amas ( 1968, 1 969) h as p ointed o ut t hat t he t ribes o f t he C entral A rctic a lso c orrespond t o d ialectal a nd c ultural s ubareas. C ontact b etween t he t ribes o f t he C entral A rctic, i n t he f orm o f t rade, w as k nown t o e xist, b ut w as g enerally o f s hort d uration ( 1975:410). D amas h as s ummarized h is a nalysis o f C entral E skimo t ribes i n t he f ollowing w ay:

6

T he t ribe c omprised t he m arriage u niverse a nd f ormed a n early c ontinuous g reater s tability

g enealogical e ntity p ossessing i n m embership t han t he b ands.

T hese t ribes w ere s et o ff

s harply

f rom o ne a nother

g enealogically a nd s howed a h igh d egree o f u niformity i n s ocial f eatures w ithin t heir a reas ( 1969:129). A ccording t o D amas, t he h arsh c limate o f t he C entral A rctic, l ow p opulation d ensities, a nd l imited g eographic m obility c ontributed t o t he i nfrequency o f c ontact b etween t ribes a nd t o t ribal e ndogamy . P opulation s izes f or t he v arious r egions h ave b een p rovided b y D amas ( 1968): N etsilik, 4 00-450; I glulik, 5 00-550; C opper E skimo, 8 00. K roeber ( 1936) s uggests p opulation d ensities f or t he C entral A rctic o f b etween

. 006 a nd

. 012

p ersons/km 2.

O ther i mportant s ocio-territorial g roups b elow t he o rganizational l evel o f t he t ribe a lso c haracterized t he t hree C entral E skimo g roups. I n f act, a t n o t ime d uring t he y early c ycle o f a ctivities d id t he e ntire t ribal p opulation c onstitute a c o-resident g roup: A lthough e ach o f t he c omplete g enealogical p ools o f t he I glulik, N etsilik, a nd C opper E skimo s howed a h igh d egree o f c ontinuity w ithin a s w ell a s d iscreteness w ith r egard t o o ne a nother, t hey n ever c omprised f acet o-face g roups ( Damas 1 969:129). T he m aximum a ggregation o f p opulation d uring t he y ear o ccurred f or t he p urpose o f b reathing-hole s ealing i n w inter. A verage p opulation s ize f or w inter v illages w as a bout 1 00 p ersons. W ithin e ach o f t he t ribes, w inter a ggregates t ypically c entered o n f our o r m ore s uch v illages, t ermed m aximal b ands. T he c omposition o f m aximal b ands, h owever, w as q uite f luid. O n a y ear-to-year b asis, D amas e stimates a c ore m embership o f 6 0 t o 7 0 p ercent f or t he m aximal b and. B y c omparison, t he t ribe e xhibited m ore s tability o f m embership t hrough t ime. L ocal b ands, a s w ell a s t he l arger w inter a ggregation, w ere i dentified b y n ame a nd a ssociated w ith a p articular t erritory . T here i s n o i ndication t hat t hese t erritories w ere e ver d efended. N orthern A thapaskan I ndians M ost s cholars a re c learly u neasy w ith t he n otion o f " tribe" a mong n orthern A thapaskan I ndians. W hile a cknowledging t he o ften i nadequate l inguistic, c ultural, a nd d emographic d ata w hich h ave b een a ccumulated o ver t he v ast n orthern A thapaskan r egion, t here i s s erious c oncern o ver t he r ealistic a pplication o f t ribal d esignations a nd b oundaries. L inguistic d ifferentiation a nd c ultural a ffiliations m ost f requently a re r egarded a s o verlapping o r c linal, s ignificant d ifferences a ppearing o nly o ver b road g eographic d istances ( Vanstone 1 974; M cKennan 1 979). V anstone ( 1974) h as s uggested t hat t he n orthern A thapaskans m ay h ave l acked o r p ossessed o nly l imited t ribal c onsciousness. O sgood ( 1936) p roduced t he f irst c omprehensive m ap o f t ribal a reas a nd b oundaries f or t he e ntire n orthern A thapaskan r egion. H owever, m ost a uthorities

w ould

p artitioning o f

c onfirm

O sgood's

t erritory:

7

a ppreciation

f or . the

a rbitrary

T he s eemingly s imple p roblem o f s etting d own t ribal n ames r esults i n c omplications o ver w hat g roups a mong t he A thapaskans s hould b e r egarded a s t ribes. T he A thapaskans d o n o c onsider t hemselves a s c omposing n eat p olitical o r c ultural u nits. E xperience i n t he f ield h as s hown t hat, a t l east i n t he p resent s tate o f c ultural d isintegration, i nformants g enerally a lign t heir v illages w ith t he n earest s urrounding v illages a nd e xcluded t hose b eyond a c ertain r ange, t hus f orming u nits w hich o verlap i f d epicted g raphically ( 1936:3). T he u ncertainty i n d efining o r d ocumenting e thnic a ffiliations i s i n p art a r eflection o f t he l ack o f r eal p olitical i ntegration o f t he t ribe, w hich, h owever, i s c haracteristic o f m ost h unter-gatherer s ocieties. S econd, i t p resently m ay b e i mpossible t o t race t he e xtent a nd i ntegrity o f c ultural i dentity a s i t m ay h ave e xisted i n p re-contact t imes, p articularly w ith t he a dvent o f t he t rading p ost i n t he S ubarctic ( Helm a nd L eacock 1 971). O ne o f t he m ost i nfluential s tudies o f b and s tructure a nd s ocial o rganization a mong n orthern A thapaskan I ndians h as b een p rovided b y H elm ( 1965, 1 968). I n h er s tudy o f t he A rctic D rainage D ene, s he w as a ble t o d efine t hree t ypes o f s ocio-territorial g roupings: t he t ask g roup , t he l ocal b and, a nd t he r egional b and. T hese t hree s ocio-territorial g roups c an b e c haracterized o n t he b asis o f m embership, t emporal d uration, a nd s patial c ohesion. T he r egional b and i s t he l argest u nit w hich c ould b e e xpected t om aintain f ace-to-face c ontact a t s ome t ime d uring t he y ear. I t h as b een s uggested, a t l east f or p re-contact t imes, t hat a n umber o f i ndividual f amilies o r l ocal b ands w ould h ave c ongregated d uring e conomically f easible t imes o f t he y ear, s uch a s d uring f ish r uns i n t he s ummer o r a long c aribou m igration r outes d uring t he s pring a nd f all. T he p rimary f ocus o f i dentity a mong f amilies u nited i n ar egional b and i s u pon a s pecific e xploitative t erritory a nd, t o al esser e xtent, o n p rimary a ffinal a nd c onsanguineal r elations. T hus, a ccording t o H elm, " the r egion a nd t he p eople w ere s ocially d efined" ( 1965:377). B ecause t he r egion p rovided a ll t he n ecessary r esources t o s ustain a l iving, t he r egional b and w as l ikely t o m aintain i ts i dentity f or a n umber o f g enerations. T he t hree s ociot erritorial g roups i dentified b y H elm, i ncluding t he r egional b and, g enerally m ay b e u seful i n d escribing a boriginal s ocial o rganization t hroughout t he C anadian S ubarctic ( Honigmann 1 946; R ogers 1 963; L eacock 1 969; H elm a nd L eacock 1 971). T he r egional b and w as i n n o w ay c oterminous w ith am arriage u niverse, a p articular d ialect, o r i n a nd o f i tself r epresentative o f a n e thnic g roup. D ata o n t he M arten L ake p eople, a m odern c ommunity w hose i nternal s tructure m ay e xemplify t he p re-contact r egional b and ( Helm 1 965), i ndicate t hat m arriages a re f requently , b ut f ar f rom e ntirely , e ndogamous. F urthermore, t he c ommunity " has n ot b een c reated b y c onscious r ecruitment. R ather, i t h as e ndured, w ith c hanging p ersonnel f rom i n- a nd o ut-migration a s w ell a s b y b irth a nd d eath , o ver s everal g enerations" ( Helm 1 965:373). T herefore, m arriage n etworks a nd p erhaps d ialects a nd g roup a ffiliations e xtended b eyond t he r ange o f i ndividuals w ho m aintained f requent f ace-to-face c ontact. E ven i f o nly w eakly d eveloped, H elm n oted s ome t endency f or r egional b ands i n t he A rctic D rainage L owlands t o i dentify t hemselves w ith t he l arger d ialectal " tribe," s uch a s t he D ogrib . T he s tructural b asis f or t his t ribal i dentity w as, a ccording t o H elm , " the g reatest e xtent o f p opulation t hroughout w hich t here w as a h igh c oncentration o f m arriages

8

b etween m embers" ( 1965:384). T he e xtent t o maintained o r e ncouraged i s n ot d ocumented.

w hich

t ribal

e ndogamy

i s

I t i s n ot k nown h ow f ar t hese g eneralizations c an c haracterize a ll n orthern A thapaskan t ribes. T he g enerally f luid n ature o f c ultural a nd l inguistic p atterning a lready h as b een e mphasized. I t i s p erhaps m ost r ealistic t o v iew t he d ocumented t ribal a reas a nd b oundaries o f t he n orthern A thapaskan I ndians a s i ndicative " only i n ag eneral w ay t he l imits t o w hich m embers o f ap articular g roup m ight e xtend t heir a ctivities a nd t he m aximum a rea u tilized a t a ny g iven t ime i n t he g roup's h istory" ( Vanstone 1 974:9). H elm h as s uggested t hat t he f lexible r ules g overning s ocial o rganization a nd g roup a ffiliation m ight b e d etermined t o t he l ow a bsolute p opulation s ize a nd d ensity, a nd t o t he i nstability o f t he h uman p opulations, t he l atter t o a l arge e xtent a f unction o f f luctuations i n r esource a vailability. P opulation e stimates f or t he v arious t ribal a reas h ave b een p rovided b y V anstone ( 1974:11) a nd r ange f rom 1 00 t o 2 ,420 i ndividuals w ith a m ean o f a bout 6 65 p ersons. P opulation d ensity c an b e e stimated a t a n a verage o f a bout . 013 p ersons/km 2 . A ustralian A borigines T here i s n ow a s ubstantial l iterature w hich a ddresses t he e xistence a nd n ature o f a boriginal t ribes i n Australia. I t g enerally i s r ecognized t hat t here e xist m eaningful b ehavioral u nits w hich s erve t o i ntegrate i ndividual l ocal g roups o r b ands d ispersed t hroughout t he c ontinent. N owhere w as t he b and a s ocial i solate b ut e verywhere w as l inked i n v arious w ays w ith i ts n eighbors t o f orm a c luster w ith s ome s ense o f c ollective i dentity o ften e xpressed i n t erms o f p ossessing a d istinct l anguage ( Peterson 1 976:1). I ndeed, t he a pparent a ssociation b etween l anguage a nd g roup i dentity p rompted B irdsell ( 1953) t o r efer t o t hese c lusters a s " dialectical t ribes." T he t erm t ribe, a s u sed i n A ustralia, m ay r efer o r b e a pplied t o a m arriage p ool o r m ating n etwork a nd t o a g roup o f p eople w ho r egard o ne a nother a s r elatives ( Berndt a nd B erndt 1 964). W hile t hese d efinitions o f t he t ribe h ave i n t he p ast a nd s till c ontinue t o b e u seful, t here i s n evertheless s ignificant d isagreement w ith r egard t o t heir d egree o f b oundedness, t heir i mpact i n d etermining a ctual p atterns o f s ocial i nteraction, a nd t he d egree t o w hich t he v arious c riteria c orrespond i n a g eographic s ense. I n a s eries o f p apers, B irdsell h as d efined a nd e laborated u pon t he c oncept o f t he d ialectal t ribe. A s n oted a bove, t he d ialectal t ribe m ay b e d efined a s ag roup o f i ndividuals f or w hom d ialectal h omogeneity p rovides t he b asis f or g roup i dentity . B irdsell a lso h as t reated t he d ialectal t ribe a s a b asic d emographic u nit a nd a s a g enetic i solate ( 1968, 1 973, 1 976). T his i s c onfirmed, a t l east i n p art, b y t he o bserved r ates o f i ntertribal m arriage o f 1 4-15 p ercent p er g eneration ( Tindale 1 953). T hat i s, t he t ribe i s v iewed l argely a s a n e ndogamous p opulation. T indale ( 1940, 1 974) h as p roduced t he m ost c omprehensive m aps o f t ribal a reas a nd b oundaries i n A ustralia, a nd B irdsell's w ork i s b ased l argely u pon T indale's d escriptions. F or T indale, t he c ohesion o f t he A ustralian t ribe o ccurs i rrespective o f i ts g eographic l ocation a nd e nvironmental s etting. I n s um, b oth B irdsell a nd T indale v iew t he t ribe " as a c learly b ounded, b asic

9

s ocial a nd s patial u nit o f t raditional s ociety"

( Peterson 1 976i1).

T he n ature o f t he A ustralian t ribe a s e nvisioned a nd/or d ocumented b y B irdsell a nd T indale h as n ot b een a ccepted u ncritically. O n t he o ne h and, r ecent w ork i n s ome a reas h as i ndicated t hat d ialectal o r l inguistic d ifferentiation m ay n ot c orrespond p recisely t o o r m ay c rosscut t raditional " tribal" a reas. T his h as b een d ocumented m ost c learly b y t he w ork o f T urner ( 1976), D ixon ( 1976), a nd B erndt ( 1959). I n p articular, B erndt ( 1959, 1 976 )h as q uestioned t he .u tility o f t he t erm t ribe a t a ny a nalytic l evel f or t he W estern D esert o f A ustralia. H is c haracterization o f d ialectal d ifferentiation r ecalls t hat p reviously d escribed f or s ome n orthern A thapaskan g roups o f t he C anadian S ubarctic : I t [ the W estern D esert] i ncludes an umber o f d ialectal u nits, a ll m ore o r l ess c ulturally u niform . T hese a re p artly s eparate b ut a lso p artly o verlapping s peech ' communities ' w hich a re s patially c onfined. D iagrammatically , a s eries o f o verlapping c ircles w ould b e d rawn f or t his w hole D esert r egion, h eld f ast, a s i t w ere, b y g enealogical ' skewers' w hich m ay b e p laced a t d iffering p ositions w ithin a l imited r egion o ver a p eriod o f t ime ( 1976:134-5). T hese s peech c ommunities a re a ssociated w ith a l ocal g roup o r c ontiguous l ocal g roups r elated b y i ntensity o f i nteraction a nd k in t ies. K inship r elationships, h owever, e xtend o ver a m uch w ider a rea t han t hese d ialectal u nits ( Berndt 1 959:102). S ocio-territorial g roups o ther t han t he t ribe, a t l east i n t he W estern D esert, p erhaps m ay b e r egarded a s m ore i mportant i n p atterning h uman s ocial i nteraction. A ccording t o B erndt: I t i s t hose w ho m eet r egularly a nd c onsistently , e ven i f i ntermittently--and a re c losely r elated i n r eciprocal d uties a nd o bligations--who m ake u p t he w idest f unctionally s ignificant g roup ( 1959:105). T hese g roups a pparently s hare a h igh d egree o f s ocial i nteraction, c ommon a ims, a nd c onsistent c ommunication--and m ay b e r egarded a s a " society" ( 1959:105). M eggit ( 1962) d escribes a v ery s imilar " community" p attern f or t he W albiri o f C entral A ustralia ( Western D esert). T ribal b oundaries p robably w ere n ot n early a s d iscrete a s t he w orks o f B irdsell a nd T indale w ould a ppear t o s uggest. E ven w here b oundaries m ight b e r ecognized i n t erms o f i dentifiable f eatures o f t he l andscape, a ccess a nd m ovement w ithin a nd b etween s uch a reas i s c ommon ( Peterson 1 976; B erndt 1 972). O n t he o ther h and, c ertain t rends o r p atterns c an b e i dentified. B erndt a nd B erndt ( 1964) h ave p ointed o ut t hat r egional e nvironmental d iversity, e xpressed i n t erms o f r esource a vailability a nd a bundance, w ill i n p art c ondition b oundary d efinition . I n t hose a reas w here n atural r esources w ere s carce, t ribal b oundaries t ended t o b e m ore p ermeable. I n a reas o f m ore p lentiful r esources, b oundaries a ppeared t o b e m uch f irmer. T his d ifference i s s een m ost c learly w hen c omparing i nland v ersus c ertain c oastal h abitats ( Berndt a nd B erndt 1 964:34-5). P opulation e stimates f or A ustralian t ribes r ange f rom b etween 1 00 a nd 1 500 i ndividuals, w ith a m ean o f a bout 5 00 a nd a s tandard d eviation o f a bout

1 0

3 00 p ersons ( Birdsell 1 973:339). A mong n oncoastal t ribes, t here e xists a f airly s trong c orrelation b etween t ribal a reas a nd m ean a nnual r ainfall. A mong t hese t ribes, t otal p opulation s ize r emains f airly c onstant d espite i ncreasing p opulation d ensities.

T ribal a reas,

t herefore,

d ecrease

i n

s ize a s p opulation d ensity i ncreases. T he l argest a bsolute t ribal p opulations a nd d ensities a re f ound i n c oastal s ettings, e specially a long s heltered b ays, e stuaries, a nd r iver d eltas ( Tindale 1 974:111). H ere, h igh p opulation d ensities c an b e a ttributed t o t he e xploitation o f r enewed m arine a nd r iverine r esources, i ncluding f ish, s hellfish, a nd s ea m ammals. P opulation d ensities m ay b e a s h igh a s 0 .2 p ersons/km 2. T he A inu

t he

T he A inu a re t he a boriginal i nhabitants o f H okkaido I sland, l ocated t o n orth o f t he J apanese m ainland. I n m any w ays t he A inu p rovide a

c ontrast t o m ost o f t he h unting a nd g athering p eoples p reviously d iscussed. P erhaps m ost s ignificant, t he A inu e xploited a n e nvironment w hich m ust b e c onsidered m ore p roductive t han t hose o ccupied b y t he C entral E skimo, t he n orthern A thapaskans o f t he S ubarctic, o r m ost A ustralian A borigines. T he m ost i mportant r esources a vailable t o t he A inu i ncluded s almon, a vailable f rom e arly s ummer t o m id-winter, d eer, b ear, a nd a v ariety o f w ild p lants w hich p rovided e dible l eaves, s talks, b ulbs, n uts, f ruits, a nd b erries. I n t erms o f a bundance a nd a vailability o f r esources t he e nvironment m ay b e c ompared f avorably t o t he n orthwest c oast o f N orth America ( Bicchieri 1 972). I n c ontrast t o t he C entral E skimo, A thapaskans, a nd m ost A ustralian A borigines, t he A inu l ived i n p ermanent s ettlements s ituated a long r iver c ourses. E ach s ettlement c onsisted o f b etween o ne a nd t en i ndividual d welling h ouses, e ach o ccupied b y a n uclear f amily. D welling h ouses a nd s ettlements w ere t ied i nto a l arger, h ierarchical s ocietal n etwork which, i n o rder o f i ncreasing c onstituency a nd g eographic e xtent, a re k nown a s t he l ocal g roup, s hine i tokpa g roup, a nd t he r iver g roup. W hile e ach o f t hese t hree g roups w as a ssociated w ith a p articular t erritory, t he r iver g roup r epresented t he l argest n atural a nd s ocietal u nit w ith w hich a n i ndividual w ould h ave b een i dentified. W ithin t he t erritory c ircumscribed b y t he r iver g roup,

n ormally b ut n ot

e xclusively a ssociated w ith a p articular

r iver b asin, w ere a ll t he r esources n ecessary t o s ustain a l iving a nd t o m aintain a v iable p opulation. W ithin t he e ntire p opulation o f H okkaido I sland t here w ere p robably n ine o r t en s uch u nits,

e ach g roup c laiming

e xclusive r ights t o i ts t erritory w hich i t d efended a gainst t respass f rom m embers o f o ther r iver g roups. Watanabe ( 1972a:80) h as c haracterized t he r iver g roup a s f ollows: A ggregation o f a ll t he l ocal g roups i nhabiting a r iver v alley a s d istinguished b y t he A inu, c onsisting o f o ne t o t hree o r af ew m ore ( at l east) s hine i tokpa g roups. P resence o f s trong g roup-consciousness b acked b y c osmology . C laim t o t he r iver v alley a s t heir t erritory; p ermission

t he a ny

m embers f ree t o e xploit w ithout r esources i n t he v alley e xcept

s ubterritories ( hunting a nd f ishing s ites) m aintained b y v arious g roups o f l ower o rder. T here w as n o c entral p olitical a uthority t hat u nited t he r iver g roup, a nd t he d efense a nd m aintenance o f t he r iver f unctioned a t t he l evel o f t he s ettlement

11

g roup t erritory n ormally o r l ocal g roup ( Watanabe

1 972a:67).

M oreover,

a ll m embers

o f

t he

r iver

g roup

r arely ,

i f

e ver,

c ongregated t ogether o r t ook c ollective a ction, e xcept p erhaps f or c ertain r ituals a gainst " catastrophic n atural p henomena." T he i ndividual s ettlement w as r elatively s elf-sufficient f or m ost p urposes a nd, t ogether w ith t he l ocal g roup, m aintained t erritories o ver c ertain h unting o r f ishing a reas. C laims t o s pecific s ites w as n ormally a s easonal o ccurrence. R elationships b eyond t hat o f t he s ettlement o r l ocal g roup w ere m aintained b y an etwork o f m arriage a nd k inship r elationships. W atanabe ( 1972b:466) n otes t hat t he r iver g roup e ssentially c orresponds t o t he g reatest e xtent o f t he m arriage u niverse. A pparently, h owever, m arriages w ithin s ome o f t he l arger s hine i tokpa g roups w ere r elatively e ndogamous. T he p opulation d ensity o f t he A inu o n H okkaido I sland w as q uite h igh , e stimated a t a bout . 21 p ersons/km2 . P opulation s izes f or t he v arious r iver g roups a verage a bout 1 ,630 t o 1 ,811 p ersons. D iscussion Among m any h unting a nd g athering s ocieties i t i s p ossible t o r ecognize ac ertain c orrespondence b etween l anguage d ifferentiation, g roup i dentity, a nd t he m arriage u niverse. I t w ould b e d ifficult, a t l east i n s ome c ases, n ot t o p ostulate t hat t hese a re f unctionally i nterrelated b ehaviors ( cf., H ill 1 972, c ited i n H assan 1 981). N ormally , t hey r ecur a t a l evel o f o rganization r eferred t o a s t he t ribe, d ialectal t ribe, o r t he m aximum b and. I n c omparison t o a ny o ther s ocio-territorial u nit d escribed f or h unterg atherers, t he m aximum b and e xhibits t he g reatest s tability o f m embership a nd e xists f or t he l ongest d uration o f t ime. T herefore, i t i s n ot u nreasonable t o a ccept t his g eneral m odel o f o rganization a s ab aseline f or t he i nvestigation o f p rehistoric s ocial t erritories ( cf. C lark 1 975; P rice 1 981a). N evertheless, t his b rief s urvey o f h unting a nd g athering s ocieties s uggests a c onsiderable r ange o f v ariation i n t he d egree t o w hich b etween-group d ifferences a re r ecognized a nd m aintained, a nd i n t he e ffects o f s uch b oundaries f or s tructuring s ocial i nteractions. F or e xample, a mong c ertain a reas o f t he C anadian S ubarctic o r t he W estern D esert o f A ustralia, i t w ould b e m isleading t o s uppose t hat b oundaries, i f t hey c an b e r easonably a pproximated o n t he b asis o f a ny o f t he a forecited c riteria, d etermine o r i mpose i mportant r estrictions o n h uman-spatial i nteractions. O n t he o ther h and, s ocio-territorial g roups i n w hich b oundaries a re r easonably w ell-defined a nd m aintained h ave b een n oted f or t he A inu. T hey m ay a s w ell b e p ostulated f or c ertain a reas o f Australia, t he A leuts ( Laughlin 1 972), a nd c ertain a reas o ccupied b y t he N orthwest C oast-Plateau I ndians o f n orthwestern N orth A merica ( Ray 1 939; D rucker 1 955). B y c omparison

t o

m any

o ther

h unting

a nd

g athering

s ocieties

o f

t he

e thnographic l iterature, t hese g roups e xhibit r elatively d ense p opulations a nd a m ore p ermanent d egree o f s ettlement, w hich a re s upported b y , r elatively s peaking, m ore a bundant a nd s table r esources.

g roup

I t p robably i s m ost a ccurate t o v iew t he r elationships a mong l anguage, a ffiliation a nd i dentity, a nd m arriage n etworks a s f orming a

c ontinuum,

f rom

l argely

d iffuse

n etworks

w ith

p orous

o r

o verlapping

b oundaries t o m ore t ightly c onstrained a reas w ith f irmer b oundaries. F urthermore, i t i s p ossible t hat n ot a ll o f t hese s ocial o r b ehavioral e ntities w ill c orrespond, o r b e c oterminous w ith o ne a nother, d espite t he l evel o f d ifferentiation p resent. H owever, i t w ould a ppear t hat d enser p opulations e xploiting a r ich a nd s table r esource b ase a re m ore l ikely t o

12

e xhibit b ehavior c oncerned w ith b oundary m aintenance t han p opulations e xploiting m uch l ess p roductive e nvironments w ith f luctuating, a nd l ess p redictable, r esources. T his r elationship i s c ompatible w ith m ore r ecent a ttempts t o u nderstand t erritoriality a mong h uman p opulations a nd h unting a nd g athering s ocieties i n p articular ( Dyson-Hudson a nd S mith 1 978, J ochim 1 981:168-9, H assan 1 981). T erritoriality s eems t o v ary a mong h untingg athering g roups ( Netting 1 972:8). U nder d ense p opulation c onditions w ith e venly d istributed r esources, l ocalization w ould b e a dvantageous a nd t erritoriality w ould b e w ell d emarcated w ith p rohibitions a gainst t respass.... O n t he o ther h and, i f t he t otal y ield i s l ow , s easonality, f luctuations, b iotopic d ifferentiation, a nd m oderate s pecies d iversity w ould e ncourage t erritorial e lasticity a nd e ven t erritorial o verlap ( Hassan 1 981:184). S imilarly, W obst ( 1976) h as e mphasized t he r elationship b etween h uman p opulation d ensity a nd t he e mergence o f c losed m ating n etworks a mong h unter-gatherers. W obst a rgues t hat n etwork c losure o nly m ay b e a dvantageous a bove a c ertain t hreshold o f h uman p opulation d ensity. O verlapping m ating n etworks w ould b e e xpected u nder c onditions o f l ow p opulation d ensity a nd a s d istances b etween l ocal g roups i ncrease. T he a pparent c orrelation b etween i ncreasing p opulation d ensity a nd i ntensity o f b oundary d efinition a nd m aintenance d oes n ot, h owever, p resuppose a d irect c ausal r elationship. O n t he o ne h and, n o p opulation " threshold"

h as

e ver

b een

m easured,

n or

h as

a ny

e stimate

e ver

b een

s uggested. S econd, i t h as n ot b een d emonstrated t hat, i n t he c ase o f m ating n etworks f or e xample, c losure i s as ufficient c ondition f or t he a ppearance o f a dditional b ehavior a ssociated w ith b ounded t erritory o r b oundary m aintenance. T hus, i t m ay b e s uggested t hat o ther c onditions m ust o btain ( presumably o ften a ssociated w ith h igher p opulation d ensities) w hich l ead t o o vert e xpression o f w ithin-group a ffiliations a nd b etween-group d ifferences. S ome o f t hese c onditions w ill b e e xplored b elow .

A RCHAEOLOGICAL I MPLICATIONS T he b ehavioral c orrelates o f s ocial t erritory m ust b e t ranslated i nto m eaningful p atterns o f m aterial c ulture i f t hey a re t o b e i dentified i n t he a rchaeological

r ecord.

S tylistic

s imilarities

a nd

d ifferences

a nd

e xchange o f m aterials a nd p roducts a re t wo o bvious a nd o ften c ited m aterial m anifestations o f h uman s ocial r elationships. A s n oted a bove, C lark ( 1975) f ocused d irectly u pon s hared s tyles a nd d istribution n etworks a s a rchaeologically r ecognizable a spects o f s ocial t erritories. B elow , I b riefly c onsider t he u sefulness o f s tylistic a nalysis o f m aterial c ulture a s a t ool f or i nvestigating p rehistoric s ocial t erritories. s pecific s et o f e xpectations r egarding t he i dentification

Am uch m ore a nd s patial

d istribution o f s tyle i s p resented i n C hapter 4 . S tyle h as b een u sed b y a rchaeologists

b oth a s a m easure

o f

s ocial

i nteraction a nd f or t he i dentification o f s ocio-cultural g roups. B ased o n t he b rief s urvey o f h unting a nd g athering s ocieties p resented a bove, h owever, d iscovering m easures o f s ocial i nteraction m ay b e p oorly s uited f or d efining s ocial t erritories, a s v ery h igh d egrees o f s ocial i nteraction

1

m ay

w ell

c rosscut

c ulturally

d efined

b oundaries

b etween

g roups.

T herefore, a ttention s hould f ocus u pon t hose a spects o f s tyle w hich h ave b een p roposed t o f unction d irectly i n t he r ealm o f b oundary m aintenance a nd i n r einforcing b etween-group d ifferences. I t f ollows t hat t he v isibility o f s ocial t erritories i n t he a rchaeological r ecord s hould b e c orrelated w ith t he p rocesses o r c onditions w hich l ead t o t he f ormation a nd m aintenance o f s ocio-cultural b oundaries a mong h unter-gatherers. A s s uggested a bove, a c ertain l evel o f p opulation d ensity a mong h unter-gatherers m ay b e a n i mportant v ariable i n t his p rocess. H assan ( 1981:191) h as s uggested t hat i ncreasing p opulation d ensity i n t he T erminal P leistocene m ay h ave c ontributed t o t he " localization" o f h uman p opulations, w hich i s r eflected i n b oth t echnological a nd s tylistic d ifferentiation o f a rtifacts. A long s imilar l ines, W obst ( 1976) a nd C onkey ( 1978) h ave a rgued t hat t he e mergence o f s elf-conscious s ocial g roups m ay n ot h ave o ccurred u ntil l ater p eriods o f h uman b iological c ultural e volution--most l ikely d uring t he U pper P aleolithic p eriod. C onkey ( 1978), t he f irst s igns o f d ecorative a rt a nd o rnamentation i n a rchaeological r ecord s ignal a c oncern w ith b oundary d efinition

a nd F or t he a nd

m aintenance b etween d istinct s ocial g roups i n t he U pper P aleolithic o f E urope. U nfortunately , h owever, v ery f ew s ubstantive a nalyses o f m aterial c ultural r emains h ave b een u ndertaken t o t est ( or e ven e xplore) t hese s uppositions. A t p resent, e thnoarchaeological r esearch h as p rovided t he c learest l ink b etween s ocio-cultural v ariables a nd s tyle i n m aterial c ulture. M ost n otable a re t he r ecent s tudies o f H odder ( 1979, 1 982) a mong t he t ribal g roups o f t he B aringo d istrict, w estern K enya, a nd W iessner ( 1983) a mong t he K alahari S an. O ne o f t he m ore i mportant c onclusions o f H odder's w ork i ndicates

t hat

s tylistic

v ariation

i n

m aterial

i tems

f unctions

a s

a

m echanism f or b oundary m aintenance m ost a ppreciably d uring p eriods o f r esource s tress a nd c ompetition. U nder d ifferent c onditions, s tyles m ay s how c linal o r o verlapping d istributions w hether o r n ot " ethnic g roups" e xist. W iessner ( 1983) a rgues t hat t he u se o f s tyle a t t he l evel o f t he l anguage g roup a mong t he K alahari S an r esults f rom t he n ecessity f or i ndividuals

t o p ool r isk i n t he f ace o f e nvironmental s tress.

T hese s tudies h ave m ade i mportant p rogress i n i solating t hose c onditions w hich m ay r esult i n t he u se o f m aterial c ultural t raits f or c arrying s tylistic m essages r elated t o g roup a ffiliation. F urthermore, t he c onditions o f s ocio-economic s tress a nd c ompetition b etween g roups a re n ot i ncompatible w ith a rguments w hich r elate t he v isibility o f s ocial t erritories t o i ncreasing p opulation d ensities. T aken t ogether, t he r elationships b etween t hese v ariables o ffer i mportant i mplications f or t he o bservation a nd i nterpretation o f s ocial t erritories i n t he a rchaeological r ecord. R ecently , M adden ( 1983) h as d iscussed p rocesses w hich p romote b oth d ifferentiated a nd u ndifferentiated " social n etwork f ields" a mong h unter-gatherers. A ccording t o M adden, d ifferentiated s ocial n etworks i n w hich b oundaries a re i mposed a nd m aintained m ay o ccur " through n ormal p rocesses o f p opulation i ncrease, u nder c onditions o f r esource s tress, o r f ollowing t he e xpansion o f a g roup i nto a n a lready o ccupied ( 1983:193).

Madden s tresses

t hat

s ocial n etwork

t erritory"

f ields m ay o r m ay n ot

c orrespond p recisely t o o rganizational u nits s uch a s t he t ribe o r t he m aximum b and, a nd t hat i t i s u nreasonable t o a ssume t hat t hese l atter s ocial e ntities c an b e i dentified s pecifically i n t he a rchaeological r ecord. I n m any r espects, p rocesses w hich l ead t o t he f ormation o f d ifferentiated s ocial n etwork s ystems c orrespond t o t hose w hich p romote t he v isibility o f

1 4

s ocial t erritories. I n t his c hapter, I a lso h ave a ttempted t o e lucidate t he b ehavioral a nd o rganizational d eterminants o f s ocial t erritories, d espite t he f act t hat t hey m ay n ot, i n a nd o f t hemselves, b e r ecoverable i n t he a rchaeological r ecord. I n s um, i t w ould a ppear t hat f irm d efinition o f t erritory a mong h unterg atherers i s i n p art r elated t o c ertain e nvironmental v ariables, i n p articular t he a bundance a nd p redictability o f r esources. I n a ddition, t he u se o f m aterial c ultural t raits t o s ymbol p articular s ocial r elationships a nd m aintain s ocio-cultural b oundaries m ay b e t ied t o p eriods o f s ocio-economic s tress. F inally, t he p resence o f s uch b oundaries a mong h unter-gatherers i s l ikely t o o ccur a t t he o rganizational l evel o f t he m aximum b and, d ialectal t ribe, o r m ating n etwork, t he s patial e quivalents o f w hich a re t ermed s ocial t erritories.

15

CHAPTER THE

3

STUDY AREA

C ompared w ith m any o ther a reas o f t he w orld h aving p rehistoric o ccupation o f s imilar a ge, t he s tudy o f t he e arly P ostglacial s ettlement o f n orthwestern E urope h as b een r elatively i ntense. H ere, s ufficient a rchaeological d ata h ave b een a ccumulated s o t hat t he s tudy o f p rehistoric h unter-gatherer s ocial t erritories m ay p rofitably b e p ursued. T he w elld ocumented c hanges i n r egional P ostglacial e nvironments, t ogether w ith t he o bserved c hronological c hanges i n Mesolithic s tone i ndustries, p rovide a b ackdrop a gainst w hich p atterns o f h uman a daptation a nd d ispersal a cross t he l andscape m ay b e i nvestigated. T his s tudy f ocuses o n t he M esolithic o ccupation o f t he w estern m argin o f t he N orth E uropean P lain a nd i ncludes p ortions o f t he N etherlands, B elgium, F rance, a nd W est G ermany. I n r ecent y ears, a n umber o f i nstitutions a nd i ndividuals h ave b een e ngaged i n M esolithic r esearch w ithin t his r egion. I n p articular, e xcavations u ndertaken b y t he S tate U niversity o f G roningen ( Netherlands), t he C atholic U niversity o f L euven ( Belgium), t he U niversity o f L iege ( Belgium), a nd t he R egional D irectorate o f P rehistoric A ntiquities, P icardie ( France), a s w ell a s a n umber o f i ndividuals a nd a mateur g roups, h ave i ncreased g reatly t he s ample o f e xcavated o r c ollected M esolithic s ites. I t w as l argely t hrough t hese i nstitutions a nd i ndividuals t hat I w as a ble t o g ain a ccess t o t he b ody o f i nformation r eported i n t his s tudy . N early a ll o f t he m aterial d escribed h as b een s tudied f irst-hand. I n a f ew i nstances, h owever, i t h as b een n ecessary t o r ely u pon p ublished m aterial, i nsofar a s i t c ould b e u sed f or t he s pecific p urposes o f t his s tudy . I n t his c hapter, I w ill d efine a nd d escribe t he s tudy a rea, s ummarize t he e nvironmental h istory o f t he r egion, a nd i ntroduce t he M esolithic p eriod i n t ime a nd s pace. T he r egion o f i nterest i s al ow-lying a rea e xtending f rom t he C entral P aris B asin i n t he s outh t o t he r iver v alleys o f t he R hine a nd M euse i n t he n orth. T o t he e ast, t he r egion i s b ounded b y t he M euse r iver v alley a nd t he s carplands o f t he E astern P aris B asin. I n a ddition t o t his a rea, a n umber o f M esolithic s ites f rom t he A rdenne P lateau, l ying t o t he E -SE o f t he M euse r iver, a lso h ave b een c onsidered. T he t otal r egion e ncompasses a n a rea o f a pproximately 1 50,000 k m2. T he r egion t oday i s c haracterized b y a t emperate, m aritime c limate. M ean a nnual p recipitation r anges f rom 6 008 00 m m. M ean J uly t emperature i s a bout 1 7° C ., a nd m ean J anuary t emperatures a verage a round 1 -3 0 C . F igure 3 -1 s hows t he m ajor g eographic r egions a nd r iver l ocations o f

s ystems w ithin t he

s tudy a rea.

F igure 3 -2

s hows

t he

t he i ndividual M esolithic s ites i nvestigated.

G EOMORPHOLOGY L andforms a nd s urficial d eposits i n t he r egion a re q uite v aried. A lthough t he r egion w as n ever g laciated d uring t he Q uaternary, s edimentation u nder p eriglacial c onditions h as s haped t he l andscape p rofoundly. I n p articular, t he c over o f L ate W eichselian d eposits a nd s ubsequent c hanges i n t he l andscape d uring t he H olocene, p lay a d ominant r ole i n t he l ocation a nd i n t he p reservation o f M esolithic s ites.

1 6

F igure

3 -1.

a rea.

A ,

M ajor g eographic r egions

a nd r iver s ystems

t he h eathlands o f B elgium a nd

t he N etherlands.

i n

t he B ,

s tudy

I nterior

F landers. C , M aritime F landers. D , t he c entral l ow p lateaus o f B elg ium a nd t he N etherlands. E , t he A rdenne. F , t he l owlands o f n orthe rn F rance.

1 7

3 -2.

T he l ocation o f M esolithic s ites s tudy

1 8

i nvestigated i n t his

F igure 3 -2. T he l ocation o f M esolithic s ites i nvestigated i n t his s tudy. S ites l ocated i n w estern G ermany a re s hown i n F igure 6 -3.

K ey t o F igure 1 .

H atert

3 4.

V ellereille-le-Sec

2 . 3 .

T ilburg-Pompstok O irschot V I

3 5.

H aagakkers

3 6.

B usch B rand F lönnes I , I I L angmüs

4 .

H azeputten I , M oerkuilen I , N ijnsel I ,

I I,

5 .

Acht I

6 .

A ardhorst

7 . 8 .

W estelbeers A , L uiksgestel L uiksgestel

I I I I

3 7. 3 8.

M assouheid H odainry R efawtay

3 9. 4 0.

W egnez C hinru B

4 1.

M azures

4 2. 4 3.

O urlaine ä T heux B euregard A wan

I II

C

I I

R oche-aux-Faucons/Sommet

9 . 1 0.

L uiksgestel-De M aay A chterste B rug M aarheeze

4 4. 4 5.

Q ugmanes 4 9

1 1. 1 2. 1 3.

V enlo M ontfort B rasschaat

4 6. 4 7. 4 8.

M ontaigle A nseremme K leinenbusch I ,

1 4.

B recht-Moordenaarsven 2 B recht-Thomas H ey V eld

4 9. 5 0.

M arais P ipy B ois d u M arais

1 5.

W eelde I

1 6.

W eelde-Paardsdrank 1 ,4,5 B aien

5 1. 5 2. 5 3.

H amel R oc l a T our I I M arlemont

L ommel L ommel 4 ( Gelderhorsten)

5 4. 5 5.

B elloy-Plaisance L ongprg-les-Corps-Saints Amiens-Etouvie

1 7.

I I ( Masny)

1 8.

E ksel

5 6.

1 9.

Overpelt

5 7.

G entelles

2 0.

O pglabbeek-Ruiterskuil

2 1. 2 2.

O pgrimbie N eerharen-De K ip

2 3. 2 4. 2 5.

S chulen I , I I, I II M endonk G and-Port A rthur

5 8. 5 9. 6 0. 6 1. 6 2.

A bbaye-au-Bois L a H aute B orne M ontbani I I, 1 3 A llge-Tortue I I, I V, X S ablonniere d e C oincy I , I II

2 6. 2 7. 2 8.

H uise P ottelberg S int-Genesius-Rode

6 3. 6 4.

V ieilles C haville

6 5.

R ocher d 'Auffargis

2 9.

B ois d e l a B olette V ieille C our

3 0. 3 1.

B ois d e l a H oussiere B ois d e l a G arenne

6 6. 6 7. 6 8.

L endemain L archant T roglodyte

3 2.

B asse C ense H aute C ense E st ines-au-Mont

3 3.

6 9.

C haintrgauville

7 0.

H auts d e L utz

1 9

I I,

S traddling t he D utch-Belgian b order i n t he n orthern p art o f t he r egion i s al ow-lying ( 0-100 m ) a rea b ordered t o t he n orth a nd e ast b y t he r iver v alleys o f t he R hine a nd M euse, t o t he s outh b y t he D emer R iver, a nd t o t he w est b y t he v alley o f t he S cheldt. T he l and d ips g ently t o t he n orth a nd w est, o pening i nto t he r iver v alleys o f t he M euse a nd S cheldt. I n B elgium, t he l and i s k nown a s t he K empen, a d escription o f w hich t ypifies t he r egion a s a w hole. T he l andscape o f t he K empen i s l argely t he r esult o f c oversand d eposition u nder p eriglacial c onditions o f t he l ast g laciation, a nd o f s ubsequent m odifications b rought a bout b y H olocene w arming a nd a nthropogenic a ctivity. D uring t he P leniglacial p eriod ( ca. 2 9,0001 3 ,0 00 B .P . ), c oversands w ere d eposited t hroughout t he r egion w hich o verlie c lay, s and, a nd g ravel d ating t o e arlier p hases o f t he P leistocene. S everal e pisodes o f c oversand d eposition a nd d une f ormation h ave b een r ecognized d uring t he f ollowing L ate G lacial p eriod w hich a re s eparated b y e pisodes o f s oil a nd p eat f ormation c orresponding t o w armer c limatic o scillations ( Van d er H ammen 1 953; P aepe a nd V anhoorne 1 967; P aulissen a nd M unaut 1 969; s ee F igure 3 -3). D eflation a nd s and d eposition a pparently c eased w ith t he c ontinuous c over o f v egetation w hich a ppeared d uring t he P reboreal a nd B oreal p eriods ( de P loey 1 961). Ap recise r econstruction o f t he L ate G lacial l andscape i s n ot p ossible, t hough i t m ust h ave b een c haracterized i n p art b y g ently u ndulating c oversand r idges w ith l ocal d epressions a nd d unes, t he l atter a reas b eing w ell d rained. W etter c onditions m ay h ave p revailed w ithin d epressions a nd i n r egions w ith c layey s ubstrates o r h igh w ater t ables. S oil f ormation p robably c ommenced d uring t he P reboreal p eriod u nder b irch a nd p ine f orests, c ontinuing i nto A tlantic o r l ater t imes u nder a m ixed-oak f orest. P rogressive l eaching l ed i nitially t o t he f ormation o f a n i ron p odsol, c haracterized b y t he e luviation o f i ron a nd a luminum s esquioxides. T he d evelopment o f t he m ature i ron p odsol s eems t o h ave v aried i n t ime, b etween t he e nd o f t he B oreal t o t he e nd o f t he S ubboreal p eriods ( Munaut 1 967). M ore r ecent c hanges i n t he l andscape a re a ssociated w ith h uman a ctivity. E xtensive f orest c learance, b eginning i n t he N eolithic a nd B ronze A ge, l ed t o r enewed e olian a ctivity a nd s and a ccumulation, a s w ell a s t he c reation o f e xtensive h eathlands. I ncreasingly a cidic c onditions r esulted i n t he f ormation o f am ature h umic-iron p odsol ( Waterbolk 1 964; M unaut 1 967). D uring t he l ast s everal c enturies, l and r eclamation p rojects a nd i ndustrial a ctivity a lso h ave a ltered t he L ate P leistocene l andscape o f t he K empen. T hese a ctivities i nclude t he i mprovement o f t he h eathlands f or a griculture, t he e stablishment o f s oftwood p lantations, p eat c utting f or f uel, a nd t he e xploitation o f s and, g ravel, a nd d eep c oal d eposits ( Monkhouse 1 959). T he c ombined e ffect o f a ll t hese a ctivities h as b een t o r emove o r d isturb l arge t racts o f t he o riginal l and s urface a nd s oil. A s a r esult, f ew u ndisturbed M esolithic s ites h ave b een l ocated i n t he r egion. T o t he s outhwest o f t he K empen, b etween e levations o f 5 -50 m , l ies I nterior F landers. H ere, t he L ate W eichsel c oversand d eposits i nterfinger w ith t he l oess b elt t o t he s outh ( Paepe a nd V anhoorne 1 967). T hese s urficial P leistocene d eposits g enerally r est u pon E ocene c lay. T he p lain i s r oughly t riangular i n s hape a nd i s s ituated b etween t he r iver v alley o f t he S cheldt i n t he e ast a nd t he M aritime P lain i n t he w est. T he m ost c onspicuous f eature o f t he p lain i s al ine o f h ills o n i nterfluves o f r elict

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s ummits b etween 1 41-158 m , r uns r oughly e ast-west a cross t he F ranco-belgian b order. S outh o f t he K empen a nd t he F landers P lain l ies t he w estern p ortion o f t he E uropean l oess b elt w hich b lankets t he l ow p lateaus o f M iddle B elgium a nd t he l owlands o f n orthern F rance. T he l ow p lateaus o f M iddle B elgium r ise g ently t o t he s outh a nd e ast f rom t he D emer r iver a nd t he F landers P lain. H ighest e levations r each a bout 1 95 m . T hese p lateaus a re b lanketed b y d eposits o f l oess o r l imon ( weathered l oess) w hich o verlie T ertiary s and o r c lay. I n s ome p laces, t he u nderlying b edrock o utcrops a t t he s urface, n otably t he c halk o utcrops o f H esbaye i n t he e ast a nd t he U pper C arboniferous r ocks i n t he s outh. S everal r ivers a lso c ut t hrough t he y ounger T ertiary s trata, e xposing P aleozoic s lates a nd s andstones. I n F rance, l oess d eposits b lanket a l andscape o f f lat t o u ndulating p lateaus. I n t he n orth, l oess o verlies U pper C retaceous c halk t hat r ings t he P aris B asin. I n t he l atter r egion, l oess o verlies o lder T ertiary l imestone, s andstone, m arl, a nd c lay . L ocally , l imestone, s and, o r c lay m ay b e e xposed a t t he s urface. T he r egion i s d issected b y a n umber o f s treams a nd r ivers, n otably t he S omme, t he S eine, a nd t heir t ributaries, w hich g enerally f low w estward a cross l owlands. T he l oess s tratigraphy o f B elgium a nd n orthern F rance p resents a c omplex o f e olian a nd f luvial t ransported d eposits p rimarily d ating t o t he W eichselian a nd S aalian g laciations ( Paepe a nd S omme 1 970). G enerally s peaking, t he c over l oan is o r l oess t ypique o f U pper P leniglacial a ge o verlie M iddle P leniglacial a nd e arlier l imon d eposits o f v ariable t hickness. G eographic f acies o f l oess d eposits h ave b een r ecognized a nd a re d istinguished b y t he r elative i mportance a nd c omposition o f t he v arious d eposits ( Sommg 1 979). T he t hickness o f t he l oess d eposits d ecreases f rom n orth t o s outh a cross t he l owlands. I n t he n orthern p art o f t he r egion t hicknesses a verage a bout 1 0 m a nd m ay b e a s g reat a s 2 5 m . A cross t he C entral P aris B asin t he d eposits e ventually t hin t o b etween 1 0-0 m ( Michel 1 976). C orrelations b etween t he l oess d eposits a nd t he c oversands o f t he l ate W eichsel p eriod a re g iven i n F igure 3 -3. T he p reservation o f M esolithic s ites w ithin t he l oess r egion i s v ariable. M ost s ites o ccur a s s urface s catters o n t he h ighly p roductive h eavy b rown s oils, o ften m ixed w ith N eolithic o r l ater o ccupations. H eavy d eforestation, b eginning i n t he M iddle A ges, b ut p articularly d uring t he e ighteenth

c entury,

h as

c ontributed

t o

e xtensive

s lope

e rosion

a nd

c olluviation, a nd d eposits o f l imon h ave a ccumulated a t t he f oot o f s lopes a nd i n r iver v alleys. O n s ome s lopes e rosion h as d enuded t he e luvial A 2 h orizon o f t he s oil a nd a ttacked t he i lluvial ( Bt) h orizon ( Bollinne 1 976). C onsequently, a n umber o f a rcheological s ites p robably l ie w ithin s econdary d eposits o r b uried i n r iver v alleys b eneath m eters o f l imon. B y c ontrast, m any L ate P aleolithic s ites o ften l ie p rotected u nder a v eneer o f l oess o n u pland s urfaces. I n s ome i nstances, c ontinued s lope e rosion a nd p lowing h ave e xposed t hese s ites ( Vermeersch 1 981). M esolithic s ites a re b etter p reserved o n l ess p roductive s oils, s uch a s t hose f ormed o n T ertiary s and, w hich h ave n ot u ndergone i ntensive u se. An umber o f s ites c onsidered i n t his s tudy o ccur i n a n u pland r egion, s ituated t o t he e ast o f t he p lateaus o f M iddle B elgium a nd t he l owlands o f n orthern F rance. A ll o riginate f rom t he A rdenne P lateau, s ituated t o t he E -SE o f t he M euse r iver v alley. T he p resent d ay s tructure a nd r elief o f t he

2 2

A rdenne P lateau r esulted f rom C enozoic u plift a nd e rosion o f h ighly f olded P aleozoic r ocks. F ollowing t he p lanation o f t hese r ocks i n M esozoic t imes, t he e ntire o ld u pland s urface w as s ubmerged u nder t he C retaceous s ea. U plift a nd e rosion t hen o ccurred i n s everal s tages b etween t he P aleocene a nd t he P liocene. Major r iver s ystems s uch a s t he M euse, t he L esse, a nd t he O urthe f low n orthward, t ransversely a cross t he e ast-west f olds o f t he A rdennes m assif. T heir p resent c ourse i ndicates t hat t he r iver v alleys i nitially w ere c ut t hrough n ewer C retaceous a nd T ertiary c halks, w hich h ave s ince b een s tripped f rom t he A rdenne. T ributaries h ave a dapted t hemselves t o t he l ess r esistant P aleozoic r ocks.

s trata

a long

t he

e ast-west

a xis

o f

t he

f olded

T he l andscape o f t he A rdenne i s, t herefore, c haracterized b y s teep r iver a nd s tream v alleys, s eparated b y u pland p lateaus. T he p lateaus o f t he h igh A rdenne ( 350-700 m ) o ften a re p oorly d rained a reas f ormed a mong s mall e minences a nd d epressions. P eat b ogs a nd w et m oorland a re c ommon. D rier a reas a re t oday h eavily w ooded o r u sed a s p asture. L ittle f arming i s p racticed o n t he t hin a cid s oils

d eveloped o n t he P aleozoic

s lates

a nd

q uartzites. M ost M esolithic s ites i n t he r egion a re l ocated o n t he l ow p lateaus o f t he A rdenne ( 120-350 m ), i n t he n orthern p art o f t he r egion . A ccording t o G ob ( 1979), t his m ay r eflect t he r eal p rehistoric s ettlement p attern i n t he A rdenne, o r a n a rtificial d istribution p roduced b y t he d ifferential d iscovery o f Mesolithic s ites. T he p resence o f t hick w oods a nd p astures a bove t he h igher l imit o f c ultivated l and ( ca. 3 00 m ) a rgues f or t he l atter h ypothesis ( Gob 1 979:213). M ost s ites i n t he r egion a re k nown f rom t he v alley s lopes a nd p romontories, f loodplains, u nder s lope d eposits,

a f ew b eing r ecorded f rom o r i n c aves a nd r ockshelters.

r iver

Af inal g eographic z one, t he M aritime P lain, e xtends f rom C alais i n t he s outh, n orthward a long t he w estern s eaboard o f F rance, B elgium, a nd t he N etherlands. T he p lain i tself e xtends e astward f or a bout 1 0-15 km t o a pproximately t he 5 m c ontour a nd, i n p laces, f urther i nland a long t he r iver v alleys o f t he S cheldt, M euse, a nd R hine. T he v ast m ajority o f t he Maritime P lain h as b een r eclaimed a nd m aintained t hrough a rtificial d rainage a nd t he c onstruction o f d ikes. D uring t he H olocene p eriod, t he p lain w as t ransgressed b y t he s ea o n a n umber o f o ccasions, n otably t he C alais t ransgression f rom c a. 6 500-4000 B .P. a nd t he D unkerque t ransgression f rom c a.

2 040-1000 B .P.

S everal o scillations

a re

r ecognized w ithin e ach o f

t hese t ransgressive p hases ( Jelgersma 1 961; B aeteman 1 981). A s ar esult, t he H olocene s tratigraphy o f t he p lain p resents a n a lternation b etween p eat a nd t idal f lat d eposits. W ithin t he M aritime P lain, o nly s cattered M esolithic f inds h ave b een r eported. A p ossible w ooden a rtifact, a s w ell a s s everal f lint a rtifacts a re k nown f rom e arly H olocene d onken ( dunes), b ut n o o ther s ignificant f inds o r c ollections h ave b een f orthcoming ( Louwe K ooijmans

1 974).

P OSTGLACIAL E NVIRONMENTAL H ISTORY W ith t he o nset c om munities u nderwent

o f P ostglacial c onditions, f loral r apid c hange a cross n orthern E urope.

a nd f aunal C hanges i n

v egetation d uring t he H olocene a re w ell-documented w ithin t he s tudy a rea ( Janssen 1 972; d e P loey 1 961, 1 963; M unaut 1 967; P aulissen a nd M unaut 1 969; P lanchais 1 976; P ons e t a l. 1 969; V an Z eist a nd V an d er S poel-Walvius 1 980). I versen ( 1960) h as h ypothesized t hat t he s equence o f f orest d evelopment

2 3

s een i n p ollen d iagrams f rom n orthwestern E urope r epresents a s uccession o f e cological s tages f rom p ioneer t o c limax f orest, r ather t han g radual c limatic i mprovement. H owever, t he r ate a nd n ature o f f orest s uccession m ay v ary w ith l ocal c onditions. As ummary o f t he c limatic a nd v egetational h istory o f t he r egion d uring t he L ate G lacial a nd P ostglacial i s p resented i n F igure 3 -4. T he P reboreal p eriod ( ca. 1 0,300-8700 B .P.) i s h eralded b y g eneral c limatic a melioration, t he f inal r etreat o f t he S candinavian i ce s heet, a nd t he r ecolonization o f t he L ate D ryas t undras b y f orest e lements. M ean J uly t emperatures d uring t he P reboreal w ere p robably a bout 1 6° C .--nearly a s w arm a s i n t he r egion t oday ( Butzer 1 971; L amb e t a l. 1 966). T he c limate w as m ore c ontinental t han t oday, w ith g reater s easonal c ontrasts. D uring t he P reboreal, a b irch ( Betula) f orest, i ncluding p ine ( Pinus), w illow ( Salix) a nd h azel ( Corylus), w as e stablished o ver m uch o f n orthern E urope. L ocally, p ine m ay h ave b een t he d ominant f orest e lement ( Munaut 1 967:127). T he b rief P iotino c old o scillation, d ating f rom t he P reboreal p eriod, h as b een r ecognized i n a n umber o f p ollen d iagrams f rom t he r egion ( e.g., M ullenders, D esair-Coremans, a nd G ib t 1 972). T he t ransition f rom t he P reboreal t o t he B oreal p eriod ( ca. 8 700-7500 B .P. ) i s m arked b y t he r apid e xtension o f h azel a nd b y t he f irst s ignificant a ppearance o f o ak ( Quercus) a nd e lm ( Ulmus) i n p ollen d iagrams. D uring t he B oreal p eriod, p ine f orests e xpanded a t t he e xpense o f b irch t hroughout n orthern E urope, a nd b y t he e nd o f t he p eriod n ew d eciduous e lements i ncluding a lder ( Alnus) a nd l ime ( Tibia) a ppeared. D uring t he B oreal p eriod, t emperatures c ontinued t o r ise, a nd m ean J uly t emperatures m ay h ave b een w armer t han t he p resent d ay . T he c limate r emained c ontinental, b ut w inters i n p articular w ere p robably m ilder ( Lamb e t a l.

1 966).

T he t ransition f rom t he B oreal t o t he A tlantic p eriod ( ca. 7 500-4500 B .P.) i s m arked b y as harp d ecline i n t he a mount o f p ine p ollen, w hich i s r eplaced b y t he e lements o f t he m ixed-oak f orest i ncluding e lm, l ime, a nd a lder. I n t he K empen a nd s ome n eighboring r egions, l ime w as t he d ominant f orest s pecies. A n i ntriguing f eature o f s ome A tlantic p ollen d iagrams i s t he r elatively h igh v alues r ecorded f or i vy ( Hedera). T hese h igh v alues o ften a re a ssociated w ith M esolithic s ettlements a nd m ay b e i ndicative o f h uman i nterference ( Simmons a nd D imbleby 1 974; S immons e t a l. 1 981; M unaut 1 982). S immons e t a l. ( 1981:104) h ave s uggested t he p ossibility t hat i vy m ay h ave b een i ntentionally c ollected a nd/or s tored f or u se a s a nimal f odder. I ntentional m anipulation o f t he e nvironment t hrough b urning a lso h as b een s uggested f or t he M esolithic, b ased i n p art o n t he p resence o f u nusually h igh v alues f or P lantago a nd R umex i n s ome p ollen d iagrams ( Simmons 1 975; J acobi e t a l. 1 976).

T he u se o f f ire m ay h ave p romoted b rowsing c onditions

o r e ncouraged t he g rowth o f c ertain s pecies s uch a s h azel. N evertheless, t he e vidence f or h uman i nterference, h owever p robable t hese a ctivities m ay b e, m ust b e r egarded a s t entative. T he c limatic o scillations o f t he L ate G lacial, a nd t he r ecolonization o f t he L ate D ryas t undra b y P ostglacial f orest,

f inal h ad a

p rofound i mpact u pon t he f auna o f n orthwestern E urope. T he c haracteristic t undra f orms s uch a s t he m usk o x ( Ovibus moschatus), w oolly m ammoth ( Elephas p rimigenius), w oolly r hinoceros ( Tichorhinus a ntiquitatis), a nd g iant e lk ( Megaceros g iganteus) g radually d isappeared b etween 1 3,000 a nd 1 1,000 B .P., o r b y t he e nd o f t he A lleröd w arm o scillation ( Butzer 1 971:534).

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t e C

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Z e s 0

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G rN 5999

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41

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3 5

n otable a bsence o f s tone o r a ntler a xes, p resumed t o h ave b een w oodworking i mplements, a nd t he a pparent a ssociation b etween k nown M esolithic s ites a nd s andy s oils, l ed C lark, a nd l ater o thers ( e.g., D aniel a nd D aniel 1 948), t o v iew t he M aglemose a s a n a daptation t o a f orest e nvironment a nd t he T ardenoisian a s a n a daptation t o o pen c ountry a nd l akeshore s ettings. S ince 1 936, i ntensive i nvestigations i nto t he M esolithic o ccupation o f n orthwestern E urope h ave c larified t he c hronology a nd t he s patial p atterning o f t he T ardenoisian . M any o f t he r ecent s yntheses a nd r egional s tudies w ere p resented t o t he F irst a nd S econd I nternational S ymposia o n t he M esolithic i n E urope ( Kozfowski 1 973; G ramsch 1 981). T he M aglemose/Tardenoisian d ichotomy g enerally w as p erceived t o b e a n i nadequate f ramework t o e xplain v ariation i n t he N orth E uropean M esolithic. R ozoy ( 1973) d ismissed t he s o-called " law o f o f t he s ands" r egarding T ardenoisian s ite l ocations. H e s uggested t hat s ites l ocated o n o ther s oil t ypes i n n orthern F rance a nd B elgium h ad b een o verlooked d ue t o i nadequate e xcavation t echniques o n n on-sandy s oils, o r d ue t o m ixing w ith N eolithic r emains i n t hese s ame l ocations. N ewell ( 1973) r ejected t he d ichotomy o n t ypological g rounds a nd o bserved t hat: ( 1) T he m icrolithic c omponents o f M aglemose a nd T ardenoisian i ndustries a re c omparable i n f unctional d iversity a nd v ariation i n f requency. ( 2) T he l ack o f aw ell-developed b one a nd a ntler i ndustry i s ar eflection o f d ifferential p reservation o f o rganic r emains. I ndeed, b one i mplements ( points, h arpoons) a re r ecorded w ell w ithin " Tardenoisian" t erritory ( Jacobi 1 976). ( 3) T he g reater q uantity a nd d iversity o f a rtwork a ttributed t o t he M aglemose a rea a lso m ay b e a ttributed i n l arge p art t o t he v agaries o f p reservation. N ewell c oncluded t hat a ny d ifferences t hat c an b e r ecognized a re " differences i n d egree a nd n ot o f k ind" ( 1973:426). B oth R ozoy a nd N ewell h ave s uggested t hat t he t erm T ardenoisian b e l imited i n u sage t o t he M esolithic o f t he T ardenois r egion o f t he P aris B asin w here i t w as o riginally d efined, w hile N ewell h as p roposed t hat t he t erm W estern E uropean M esolithic b e u sed t o d enote c ultures c ontaining m icrolithic p oints a nd b acked b lades, b ut l acking c ore a xes.

o f

I t i s n ow a pparent t hat t he M esolithic o f n orthwestern E urope c onsists a n umber o f r egional d evelopments, a nd s everal a rchaeologists h ave

s uggested t he e xistence o f d istinct h uman g roups o r p opulations d ispersed a cross t he E uropean l andscape. T hese p ropositions h ave e merged f rom b oth t heoretical c onsiderations ( see C hapter 2 ) a nd f rom t he o bserved a rchaeological r ecord. T his r egional v ariation i s d efined p rimarily , t hough n ot e xclusively, b y l ithic a rtifacts, r anging f rom s pecific a rtifact t ypes a nd r aw m aterials, t o c onsiderations o f g ross a ssemblage v ariability. T he m ost a mbitious a ttempts t o d ocument r egional M esolithic g roups b ased u pon a rtifact t ypology a re t he w orks o f K ozrowski ( 1975) a nd K oz ,towski a nd K ozYowski ( 1979). T he a uthors a ttempt t o t race t he e volution a nd d ifferentiation o f E uropean M esolithic c ultures t hrough t ime a nd s pace. D uring t he e ighth a nd s eventh m illennia B .C., t hey r ecognize e ighteen d istinct g roups, e xpanding t o n early t hirty s eparate g roups d uring t he s ixth a nd f ifth m illennia B .C. H owever, t his p atchwork o f M esolithic i ndustries l oses m uch o f i ts p recision a nd r esolution w hen v iewed f rom a l ocal s cale. F or e xample, m any i mportant c ollections f rom c ertain a reas a re n ot t reated a dequately . F urthermore, a s n ew e vidence h as c ome t o l ight, t he p icture o f l ocal v ariability h as c hanged d ramatically. N evertheless, c ontinuing w ork o f t his n ature ( e.g., K ozX owski 1 980) m ay

3 6

p rovide v aluable d istributional i nformation f or s pecific a rtifact t ypes. O ther a rchaeologists, w orking w ith l ocal m aterials, h ave a ttempted s imilar a nalyses. F or W est G ermany, b etween t he R hine a nd W eser r ivers, A rora ( 1973, 1 976) h as d istinguished a s ingle g roup d uring t he P reboreal a nd e arly B oreal p eriods, t hese d ifferentiate i nto a t l east t hree r egional g roups d uring t he l ater B oreal a nd A tlantic p eriods. T hese g roups a re d istinguished p rimarily b y t he f requencies o f c ertain m icrolithic t ypes a nd b y t he d istribution o f s pecific l ithic r aw m aterials. F or G reat B ritain, J acobi ( 1979) h as i solated f our o r f ive d istinct g roups d uring t he L ate F landrian p eriod. H owever, n ot a ll •o f t he g roups s o d efined a re c ontemporaneous. C loser t o t he s tudy a rea, s everal a ttempts h ave b een m ade t o c haracterize r egional v ariation i n M esolithic s tone i ndustries. B ased u pon a t ypological s tudy o f M esolithic c ollections i n F rance a nd B elgium , R ozoy ( 1978) h as d efined s everal r egional h uman g roups. A ccording t o R ozoy, g roups s uch a s t he L imbourgian, l ocated i n s outhern H olland a nd n orthern B elgium, t he A rdennian o f t he A rdenne P lateau, a nd t he T ardenoisian i n t he P aris B asin, m aintained a c ertain s tability t hroughout t he c ourse o f t he M esolithic a nd c an b e u nderstood i n t erms o f s eparate e volutionary d evelopments. V ariation b etween t hese r egional g roups i s b ased p rimarily o n d ifferences i n t he f requency o f o ccurrence o f v arious a rtifact t ypes. N ewell ( 1973) h as r ecognized t wo g eographic d ivisions o f t he M esolithic o f t he N etherlands a nd a djacent r egions. T hese d ivisions e merge d uring t he B oreal M esolithic ( see a bove) a nd a re b ased u pon t ypological a nd t echnological d ifferences i n t he l ithic i ndustries a nd b y t he u se o f d istinctive l ithic r aw m aterials. T he R hine B asin K reis, c entered o n s outhern H olland a nd n orthern B elgium, i s d istinguished f rom t he N orthwest K reis i n n orthern H olland a nd a djacent G ermany , b y t he p resence o f s urface r etouch o n m icroliths, d istinctive a rtifact t ypes, a nd t he u se o f W ommersom q uartzite. F inally , i n h is s tudy o f t he M esolithic o f t he O urthe B asin ( Ardenne), G ob ( 1979, 1 981a) h as p roposed t he t erm R heinM euse-Schelde c ulture, r oughly s imilar i n g eographic e xtent t o t he R hine B asin K reis a nd d efined p rincipally b y t he p resence o r a bsence o f c ertain a rtifact t ypes. T here c learly h as b een c onsiderable a ttention g iven t o t he q uestion o f r egional v ariation i n M esolithic i ndustries b oth w ithin t he s tudy a rea a nd a cross E urope a s aw hole. T he p resence o f s uch v ariability p oses a h ost o f i ntriguing q uestions c oncerning t he s cale, o rigin, a nd e volution o f d iscontinuities i n m aterial c ultural t raits. I n t he p revious c hapter, I a ddressed t he l evel o f o rganization a mong h unting a nd g athering s ocieties a t w hich s tylistic v ariation a t t he r egional l evel m ight b e e xpressed. W hile n ot a n ovel t heoretical a pproach, I e xpanded u pon t he c oncept o f s ocial t erritory, a nd, i n p articular, t he c onditions i n w hich t hey b ecome v isible i n t he a rchaeological r ecord. T his a pproach m ay b e d istinguished f rom p revious a ttempts t o a nalyze r egional v ariation i n s tyle b y t he s pecific m ethods e mployed t o d efine a nd c haracterize i ts g eographic d istribution. T he m ethod a ttempts t o l ink t he o bserved a rchaeological r ecord w ith r ecent o bservations r egarding t he b ehavioral o rigin o f s tylistic v ariation. T his t opic i s e xplored i n g reater d etail i n t he f ollowing c hapter.

3 7

CHAPTER 4 STYLISTIC VARIATION AND METHODS OF ANALYSIS

T he n orthwest E uropean M esolithic i s n otable f or t he r are p reservation o f o rganic r emains, i ncluding a rtifacts f ashioned f rom b one, a ntler, w ood, o r o ther p erishable m aterials. H ere, s tone i mplements c omprise t he p rincipal s urviving r emains o f m aterial c ulture. T he a nalysis o f s tylistic v ariation a nd o f t he d istribution o f r aw m aterials i n t his s tudy i s, t herefore, c onfined e xclusively t o l ithic a rtifacts. I n t his c hapter, Iw ill a ddress t he i dentification a nd i nterpretation o f s tylistic v ariation a nd r eview v arious a pproaches t o t he s tudy o f s tyle i n l ithic a rtifacts. F ollowing t his r eview , I w ill d escribe m y o wn a pproach t o s tylistic v ariation i n M esolithic s tone i ndustries f rom n orthwestern E urope a nd t he u se o f s tylistic d ata t o i nvestigate M esolithic s ocial t erritories.

T HE I DENTIFICATION O F S TYLE I N L ITHIC A RTIFACTS S tylistic v ariation i n l ithic a rtifacts c an b e v iewed a s a s et o f a lternative f ormal c haracteristics w hich r esult f rom t he m anufacture o r s haping o f i tems d esigned f or s imilar t asks ( cf., C lose 1 978; J elinek 1 976; L enoir 1 975; S ackett 1 977, 1 982). T his p roposition s uggests t hat i t i s c learly a dvantageous, i f n ot e ssential, t o i dentify s ets o f s tone t ools o f e quivalent f unction p rior t o i solating t hose a ttributes w hose v ariability m ay b e a ttributed t o s tyle. I t i s p robable t hat c ertain s tylistic a ttributes, s uch a s t he " style o f d gbitage" ( Lenoir 1 975; R ozoy 1 978) o r o f r etouch ( Bordes 1 961), a lso m ay c rosscut f unctional c ategories. H owever, t his n eed n ot b e t he c ase. A mong l ithic a rtifacts, i t a lso i s c lear t hat a g iven a ttribute ( e.g., t ype o f b acking o r m aximum w idth) m ay b e v iewed f rom b oth a f unctional o r s tylistic p erspective, d epending u pon t he q uestions a t h and. T he i nherent v ariability o f t hat a ttribute, h owever, m ay b e b est e xplained b y i nvoking f unctional, s tylistic, t echnological, o r p erhaps o ther e xplanations. D espite t he s erious a ttention g iven t o t he m easurement a nd d efinition o f m orphological c haracteristics o f l ithic a rtifacts ( e.g., T ixier 1 963; B ordes 1 961; B rgzillon 1 968), c urrent c lassificatory s chemes a re i nadequate f or s tylistic a nalysis. G enerally, t hey d escribe a s eries o f a rtifact t ypes c reated b y t he l umping a nd s plitting o f b oth f unctional a nd s tylistic c haracteristics ( Jelinek 1 976: 7). S uch t ypologies a re l ikewise u nsuited f or s trictly f unctional a nalyses ( e.g., B inford a nd B inford 1 966). R ecently , S tiles ( 1979) p roposed a m ethodology w hich c ould b e u seful f or t he i dentification a nd a nalysis o f s tylistic v ariation i n l ithic a rtifacts. F ollowing I saac ( 1977), h e s uggests t hat l ithic a ssemblages s hould f irst b e s ubdivided i nto m ajor t ool c lasses ( e.g., e nd-scrapers, s ide-scrapers, p oints), f ollow ing w hich a s eries o f a ttributes a re r ecorded o n i ndividual a rtifacts. A ll a ttributes w hose v ariation c annot b e r elated t o f unction ( on t he b asis o f e thnographic s tudies o r u se-wear a nalysis) a re r egarded a s p otentially s tylistic. A ttribute l ists p resented b y S tiles ( 1979) a re, h owever, t oo g eneral t o b e o f u se i n m ost s tylistic s tudies b eyond t he c onfines o f t he L ower a nd p erhaps t he M iddle P aleolithic ( cf. B ricker 1 979). F or t he M esolithic p eriod, f or e xample, i t m ay b e u seful t o

3 8

b egin w ith a rtifact t ypologies w hich h ave b een d eveloped f or t he p articular l ithic i ndustries u nder i nvestigation. T hese c ategories t hen m ay b e c ollapsed a s a ccurately a s p ossible i nto m eaningful f unctional c lasses. S eparate a ttribute l ists m ay b e r equired t o d escribe t he v ariation w ithin e ach c lass. A s w ill b e s een, t he a nalysis o f s tylistic v ariation i n M esolithic i ndustries f rom n orthwestern E urope p roceeds a long s uch l ines. C lose ( 1977, 1 978) a lso h as p ioneered a m ethod f or t he i dentification o f s tyle a mong l ithic a rtifacts. I nitially , a ttributes w hose v ariability m ay b e e xplained b y f unction a re d etermined. S econd, a ttribute s tates s uspected t o h ave s tylistic o rigin a re e xamined f or c o-variation w ith s uggested f unctional a ttributes ( generally m easures o f s ize). T hose a ttributes f ound t o v ary i ndependently o f " function" a re r egarded a s s tylistic i n o rigin . O nce i dentified, t hese a ttributes m ay b e m anipulated t hrough a s eries o f m ultivariate s tatistics i n o rder t o e xplore t heir v ariability o ver s pace. O ne o f t he m ore q uestionable a ssumptions o f t his m ethod i s t he e quation o f f unction w ith t he o verall s ize o f t he a rtifact. S tiles ( 1979:4) h as s uggested, a nd W iessner ( 1983) h as d emonstrated, t hat s ize m ay b e a n i mportant s tylistic a ttribute. N evertheless, t he a bility t o s creen p otential f unctional v ariability i s a n i mportant f irst s tep i n t he i dentification o f s tyle i n l ithic a rtifacts. T he m ajority o f s tudies c oncerned w ith s tylistic v ariation i n l ithic a rtifacts, i ncluding K ay ( 1975), S traus ( 1977), V oss ( 1977), a nd W ilmsen ( 1974), c onsider t he v ariability o f p articular a ttributes a mong a rtifact t ypes a ssumed t o h ave f unctioned i n s imilar w ays. I t i s p erhaps n ot s urprising t hat t hese s tudies f ocus u pon t he a nalysis o f p rojectile p oints. A mong o ther r easons, p rojectile p oints n ormally n eed n ot b e e xamined w ith s pecialized t echniques b efore t heir f unctions a re r easonably o r c orrectly i nferred. O nly C lose ( 1978) a nd S tiles ( 1979) h ave s eriously e ndeavored t o t reat o ther c lasses o f l ithic a rtifacts.

T HE I NTERPRETATION O F S TYLISTIC V ARIATION W hile t here i s s ome a greement t hat s tylistic v ariation c an b e i dentified a mong l ithic a rtifacts, t here r emains n o c onsensus a bout h ow s tylistic v ariation i s t o b e i nterpreted i n t he a rchaeological r ecord. C ertainly , a n i nadequate u nderstanding o f t he o rigin o f s tyle h as i mpeded a s ystematic a pproach t o t his a spect o f a rtifact v ariability . S everal e xplanations f or t he e xistence a nd n ature o f s tylistic v ariation i n a rtifacts h ave b een a dvanced. M any o f t hese e xplanations h ave b een r eviewed b y P log ( 1980, 1 983). P log ( 1980) h as d iscussed f ive p ossible e xplanations ( or m odels) i ncluding n ormative t heory, s tylistic d rift, s ocial i nteraction, m otor h abit v ariation, a nd i nformation e xchange. M odels b ased u pon n ormative t heory, s tylistic d rift, a nd s ocial i nteraction a ttempt t o e xplain s tyle a s t he p roduct o f c ulture-historical p rocesses, s uch a s e nculturation a nd a cculturation. C hoice o r p reference i n f ormal v ariability i s c onstrained i n p art t hrough t he l earning p rocess o r t hrough s ocial p roximity a nd c ontact. T he e xamples c ited b elow i llustrate t his a pproach t o s tyle a nd t he a ssumptions w hich u nderlie i t. I n h is s tudy o f P aleo-Indian p rojectile p oints a t t he B arnes s ite, M ichigan, V oss ( 1977:269) w rites t hat

3 9

T he d egree o f s tylistic s imilarity b etween i tems h as b een u sed i n a rchaeology a s a n i ndicator o f t he d egree o f i nteraction b etween t he a rtifact m akers. T he a ssumption b ehind t he u se o f s tylistic s imilarity a s a m easure o f i nteraction i s t hat a n i ndividual w ill p attern h is s tyles m ore c losely t o t hose s tyles o f t hose p eople w ith w hom h e m aintains a h igh d egree o f i nteraction r elative t o t he m anufacturing p rocess. C lose ( 1978:223) d escribes a s imilar s et o f a ssumptions i n a n a nalysis o f s tylistic v ariation i n l ithic a rtifacts f rom E pipaleolithic s ites i n n orth A frica: i t i s b elieved t hat t he c hoice [ in m ethod o f p roducing f unctionally e quivalent a rtifact t ypes] m ade w ill b e d etermined, t o a l arge e xtent, b y w hat h as b een l earned w ithin t he s ocio-cultural c ontext--that i s, t he g roup's t ool-type.

' traditional'

m ethods

o f

m aking

t hat

I n ar ecent r eview o f " style i n l ithic a rchaeology," S ackett ( 1982:64) a lso h as s ummarized t his a pproach : I t .. c oncerns a h ighly c haracteristic m anner o f d oing s omething t hat b y i ts v ery n ature i s p eculiar t o a s pecific t ime a nd p lace. T o t his i s a ttached t he c orollary t hat, s ince l ike b egets l ike, t he m ore s imilar t hings h appen t o b e, t he m ore l ikely t hey a re t o c ome f rom c losely r elated c ulture-historical c ontexts. A rchaeologists i nterested i n t he a nalysis o f d esign v ariation i n p rehistoric c eramics h ave b een i n t he f orefront o f t he t heoretical a nd m ethodological t reatment o f s tylistic v ariation. T he s uggestions o f L ongacre ( 1970:28) a nd W hallon ( 1968) a re c ompatible w ith t he a ssumptions a nd a pproaches c ited a bove. W hallon ( 1968:223) a lso h as s ummarized t he s ocial i nteraction m odel o f s tylistic v ariation : T he n ature o f t he d iffusion o f s tylistic p ractices, b oth w ithin a nd b etween c ommunities, w ill b e d etermined b y t he n ature o f i nteraction a mong a rtisans. T he a spect o f s tyle c oncerned, t he r ate o f d iffusion, a nd t he d irections a nd l imits o f d iffusion w ill b e c onditioned b y t he k ind, f requency, a nd c hanneling o f i nteraction a mong t he p roducers o f t he s tylistic m aterial. T hus, a ssuming i tems b earing s tylistic v ariation a re i dentified, s tyle r eflects o r c an b e u sed t o m easure c ontact a nd/or c ontinuity. P robably K ay's ( 1975) s tudy o f M issouri H opewell p rojectile p oints h as p rovided t he s trongest i ndication t hat s tylistic v ariation c ovaries w ith i ntensity o f i nteraction,

i f t he l atter i s a pproximated b y g eographic d istance.

D espite t he a rguments c ited a bove, t he n otion t hat s tyle " reflects" t he i ntensity o f s ocial i nteraction h as b een q uestioned o n t he b asis o f b oth a rchaeological a nd e thnographic r esearch. v illages i n t he V alley o f O axaca, P log

4 0

I n h is e xamination o f F ormative ( 1976) d iscovered o nly a w eak

r elationship b etween c eramic s tyle v ariation a nd t he i ntensity o f s ocial i nteraction. I n t his s tudy , t he i ntensity o f s ocial i nteraction w as m easured a s af unction o f d istance a nd p opulation s ize, a nd t he r elationship w as a ssessed b y s tatistical c orrelations o f s tyle a nd " interaction." I n a ddition, a r eevaluation o f s everal a nalyses o f c eramic d esign v ariation i n t he A merican S outhwest ( Plog 1 976) d id n ot c onfirm t he e xpectation t hat s imilarity i n d esign e lements v aries i nversely w ith d istance. E thnographic s tudies, p articularly t hose o f H odder ( 1977, 1 979, 1 982) h ave b een c onducted s pecifically t o a ssess t he v arious r elationships p resent b etween m aterial o bjects, s ocial i nteraction, a nd e thnic g roups. A mong t he p astoral t ribes o f t he B aringo d istrict, w estern K enya, H odder n oted d istinct b reaks i n m aterial c ultural d istributions a nd s tylistic t raits a t t ribal b oundaries, d espite a h igh r ate o f i nteraction b etween t ribes. T he d istribution o f m aterial t raits .. [ is] n ot n ecessarily a nd w holly s tructured b y p atterns o f i nteraction. I t i s q uite p ossible t o h ave d istinct g roups w ith d istinct m aterial c ultures b ut w ho h ave v ery s trong a nd f requent i nteraction ( 1977: 2 69). C learly, a n umber o f o bserved s tylistic d istributions c annot b e a ccommodated b y t he s ocial i nteraction m odel o f s tylistic v ariation. R ecently, e xplanations f or s tylistic v ariation i n a rtifacts h ave e mphasized t he f unctional c ontext a nd r ole o f s tyle i n t he e xchange o f i nformation. E thnoarchaeological s tudies, s ome o f w hich a re c ited b elow , h ave b een i nstrumental i n t he f ormulation a nd t esting o f t hese e xplanations. O n t he b asis o f t heir r esearch r esults, H odder ( 1979), W iessner ( 1983), a nd W obst ( 1977) s uggest t hat s tylistic t reatment o f i tems o f m aterial c ulture m ay f unction t o c onvey a m essage o r t o t ransmit i nformation. A v ariety o f i nformation p otentially m ay b e " encoded" o n i tems b earing o r d isplaying s pecific s tylistic f eatures, i ncluding " social g roup m embership, s tatus, w ealth, r eligious b eliefs, a nd p olitical i deology" ( Braun 1 977:118). I n c ertain i nstances, s tyle m ay s ymbol g roup i dentity o r s erve t o m aintain i ntergroup b oundaries. A s p reviously m entioned, H odder ( 1979, 1 982) n oted t hat t he d istribution o f m aterial c ultural t raits a nd s tyles b etween c ertain t ribes i n w estern K enya o ften c orresponds w ith a ctual e thnic b oundaries o f t hese s ame g roups. H e o bserved a " fall-off" i n t he d istribution o f av ariety o f o bjects a cross e thic b oundaries, e ven w here s uch b oundaries o perated a s f ocal p oints o f c ommunication a nd i nteraction. I n t hese i nstances, t he i nformation c ontent o f c ertain m aterial i tems a nd " their i mportant r ole i n s ymbolising a nd s upporting s ocial r elations" e xplained t his d istribution ( 1979:459). W iessner ( 1983), i n h er s tudy o f K alahari S an p rojectile p oints, i solated s tylistic p atterning d emonstrably l inked t o l inguistic a nd s ocial g roups. T hese " emblemic" s tyles a pparently c onveyed i nformation r egarding g roup a ffiliation a nd i dentity . T he a ttributes o f S an p rojectile p oints w hich d isplayed e mblemic s tyles i ncluded t he s ize o f t he p oint, t he s hape o f t he p oint t ip, a nd b ody s hape. T he a rchaeological r ecord a lso h as b een i nterpreted i n l ight o f t he i nformation e xchange m odel. P log ( 1980) h as s uggested t hat t he a ppearance o f d istinct c eramic s tyle z ones i n t he A merican S outhwest b etween A .D . 9 00 a nd A .D.

1 300

i s

c onsistent w ith

p redictions

4 1

b ased

o n t he

i nformation

e xchange m odel o f s tylistic v ariation.

A ccording t o F log, i t i s p ossible

t hat t he e mergence o f s uch z ones i ndicates v ariation i n s ocial i nteraction a cross b road a reas o f t he S outhwest. H owever, o nly i f t he d ata a re e xamined f rom t he p erspective o f t he i nformation e xchange m odel c an t he e xact s ize a nd t he s tylistic h omogeneity o bserved w ithin t hese z ones b e a ccounted f or. c eramic d esigns i n t he American S outhwest a fter A .D. 9 00 .. m ay h ave s erved a s am eans o f c ommunicating i nformation c oncerning s ocial g roup a ffiliation, t hus a iding s ocial i ntegration b y m aking s ocial i ntercourse m ore p redictable a nd l ess s tressful.... T his a spect o f c eramics h as n ot b een c onsidered b y t hose w ho h ave p roposed t he s ocial i nteractionl earning t heory o f ' design v ariability ( Plog 1 980: 1 38). T he i nformation e xchange m odel, t hen, h as b een s uccessful i n e xplaining s tylistic v ariation a nd g eographic d istributions o f s tyle. A s w ill b e s een, b ounded a nd i nternally h omogeneous d istributions o f s tyle, b ecause t hey o ften h ave b een s hown t o o ccur b etween d istinct e thnic g roups, a re e xplained r eadily b y t he i nformation e xchange m odel. I ndeed, m aterial e xpressions o f b oundary m aintaining p rocesses w ere c onsidered t o b e o ne c lue t o t he d elineation o f s ocial t erritories. C learly, b oth t he s ocial i nteraction m odel a nd t he i nformation e xchange m odel h ave b een u seful i n e xplaining s tylistic v ariability i n t he a rchaeological a nd e thnographic r ecord ( cf. P log 1 983). I t i s p ossible, t herefore, t hat t hese v arious e xplanatory f rameworks r epresent a spects o f a m ore c omprehensive t heory t hat r emains t o b e d eveloped, o r t hat m ay b e s ubsumed u nder o ne p reviously a dvanced. s uggests t hat i nformation e xchange m odel

F or

e xample,

P log

( 1980:119)

i ncorporates a spects o f o ther t heories w hile e laborating u pon t hem a nd p roviding a m ore e ncompassing r ationale f or s tylistic v ariation.

w ith

W iessner ( 1983) a lso h as a ttempted t o d efine v arious a spects o f s tyle r espect t o t heir r ole i n t he e xchange o f i nformation. E mblemic

s tyles, d iscussed a bove, c onveyed i nformation r egarding g roup a ffiliation a nd i dentity. T he i nformation c ontent o f e mblemic s tyles c orresponded t o t hat d iscussed b y W obst ( 1977). C onversely, " assertive" s tyles a mong K alahari S an p rojectile p oints c onveyed i rformation a bout i ndividual i dentity a nd h ad n o r eference t o as pecific s ocial g roup o r s tatus ( Wiessner 1 983). T hese s tyles m ay b e l earned, m odified, o r a cquired b y a cculturation a nd d iffusion. T hus, d espite t he s tated r ole o f a ssertive s tyles i n i nformation e xchange, t heir m ode o f a cquisition, t ransmission, a nd p attern o f s patial d istribution c orresponds t o t hat e xpected o n t he b asis o f t he " interaction" m odel. I ndeed, W iessner ( 1983:258) h as p roposed t hat a ssertive s tyles m ay h ave " the p otential t o d iffuse w ith a cculturation a nd e nculturation, p roviding a m easure o f i nterpersonal c ontact f or a rchaeologists." A lthough i t i s p ossible t hat s everal " theories" o f s tyle m ay b e s ubsumed u nder t he r ubric o f i nformation e xchange, t he p rocesses w hich a ffect t he t ransmission a nd t hat d etermine t he s patial d istribution o f t hese v arious a spects o f s tyle a re f undamentally d ifferent. W hether o r n ot i nformation e xchange t heory ( or a ny o ther t heory) u ltimately p rovides a

4 2

u nifying e xplanation f or t he e xistence o f s tyle, m ay b e i ncidental t o t he i solation o f t hose p rocesses w hich p roduce d istinct s patial d istributions o f s tyle i n t he a rchaeological a nd e thnographic r ecord. D istinct s patial d istributions o r " profiles" o f s tylistic a ttributes m ay p rovide a l ink b etween t he a rchaeological r ecord a nd h uman b ehavior a ssociated w ith t he v arious a spects o f s tyle d iscussed a bove ( cf. W iessner 1 983). F or e xample, i t s hould b e p ossible t o d escribe s tylistic d istributions a s h eterogeneous, w hich r ange f rom r andom t o c linal. O ther d istributions m ay b e h omogeneous, u ltimately b ounded b y n atural b arriers o r b y t he d istribution a reas o f a lternative s tyles. T he s ocial i nteraction m odel o f s tylistic v ariation p redicts a h eterogeneous d istribution. S imilarities i n s tyle ( within, a cross, o r i n t he a bsence o f b oundaries) s hould v ary i nversely w ith s ocial i nteraction. I f g eographic d istance a pproximates s ocial d istance, s imilarities i n s tyle a lso s hould v ary i nversely w ith g eographic d istance ( Plog 1 980). S imilarly , W iessner ( 1983) a rgues t hat a ssertive s tyles w ill h ave r andom t o c linal g eographic d istributions. B y c ontrast, s tylistic a ttributes w hich c onvey i nformation r egarding s ocial g roup i dentity a nd a ffiliation ( e.g., e mblemic s tyles) s hould b e h omogeneous a nd d iscretely d istributed i n s pace ( Plog 1 980; W iessner 1 983). S ome o f t he e thnographic s tudies c ited a bove l end s upport t o t hese t entative e xpectations ( e.g., H odder 1 982; W iessner 1 983; W obst 1 977). I n s hort, t he p attern o r " profile" o f s tylistic d istributions m ay b e r elated t o s pecific c ultural p rocesses a nd m ay b e r ecovered i n t he a rchaeological r ecord. O nly w ithin b road l imits d o t he a vailable d ata s uggest w hich t ypes o f a rtifacts o r a ttributes w ill b e m ost c ommonly a ssociated w ith t he v arious a spects o f s tyle d iscussed a bove a nd o f t heir c oncomitant p rofiles o f s tylistic v ariation. T he f unction a nd v isibility o f s pecific a rtifact t ypes a re t wo c riteria c ommonly c ited. W obst ( 1974, 1 976) h as s uggested t hat i nformation r egarding s ocial g roup a ffiliation s hould o ccur a mong a rtifacts w hich p rimarily f unction i n c eremonial o r r itual c ontexts ( e.g., d ecorative a rt, c ircumcision k nives, i tems o f d ress). T he r elationship b etween t he v isibility o f m aterial i tems a nd t heir p otential t o c arry s tylistic i nformation c oncerning g roup a ffiliation h as b een n oted b y W iessner ( 1983:26): t heir [ projectile p oints] v isibility, a nd t hus s uitability f or s tylistic m essaging, i s g reatly e nhanced b y t heir r ole i n t he ! Kung e xchange s ystem c alled " hxaro" ( Wiessner 1 983: 2 60). S imilarly , c eramic e xchange i n t he A merican S outhwest m ay h ave i ncreased t he v isibility o f c ertain c eramic t ypes, a nd h ence t heir s uitability f or c arrying s tylistic i nformation r egarding s ocial g roup a ffiliation ( Plog 1 980:137). T hus, t he r ole a nd v isibility o f m aterial i tems w ill, i n p art, d etermine t he k ind o f s tylistic v ariability t hey m ay c arry . I ndividual a ttributes o n m aterial i tems a lso m ay b e a ffected b y d ifferent f actors a nd p resent d iffering s patial d istributions, d espite t he f act t hay t hey o ccur o n t he s ame a rtifact t ype. F or e xample, a mong K alahari S an p rojectile p oints, t he a ttributes o f s ize a nd b ody s hape v ariously c arried i nformation c oncerning l inguistic g roup i dentity a nd i ndividual i dentity:

4 3

n o s ingle a ttribute c onsistently c arried i nformation a bout l inguistic g roup a ffiliation . T he ! Kung u se s ize f or t his p urpose, a nd t he G /w1 a nd ! Xo t ip a nd b ody s hape. S ize, a v ariable t hat c arries i nformation a bout l inguistic g roup i dentity a mong t he ! Kung, i s o ne c ontributing f actor t o i ndividual i dentification o f a rrows m ade a mong t he G /wi a nd ! Xo ( Wiessner 1 983:270). T hese d ata s uggest t hat t he a ssociation o r s ensitivity o f p articular a ttributes t o t he v arious a spects o f s tyle d escribed a bove i s, a t b est, p roblematic ( cf. V oss 1 980). C onsequently , i t h as b een s uggested ( Plog 1 983; W iessner 1 983) t hat t he e valuation o f d istributions o f s tylistic v ariation s hould f ocus i nitially u pon i ndividual s tylistic a ttributes, a nd t hat a ll a ttributes o f p otential s tylistic s ignificance s hould b e e xamined. T he l ikelihood o f t he u se o f s pecific a rtifacts a nd a ttributes i n t he e xpression o f s ocial g roup a ffiliation, o r t he e xtent t o w hich t hey w ill r eflect s ocial i nteraction, m ay t herefore o nly b e e xpressed i n r ough p robabilistic t erms. T his m ay b e a ttributed i n p art t o t he f act t hat t he f actors w hich p romote t he u se o f m aterial c ulture i n s ymboling o r m aintaining d ifferences i n s ocial g roups, o r w hich r espond t o s ocial i nteraction, m ay o btain o nly u nder s pecial c ircumstances o r u nder c ertain c onditions. T hese r elationships h ave b een e lucidated m ost c learly b y r ecent e thnoarchaeological r esearch. B ased u pon h is r esearch i n t he B aringo d istrict, w estern K enya, H odder ( 1979, 1 982) s uggests t hat s tylistic v ariation i n m aterial i tems f unctions a s am echanism f or b oundary m aintenance m ost a ppreciably d uring p eriods o f r esource s tress a nd c ompetition. W iessner ( 1983) h as a rgued t hat t he u se o f s tyle t o c ommunicate i dentity a t t he l evel o f t he l anguage g roup a mong t he S an o ccurs u nder c onditions o f e nvironmental s tress i n t he K alahari. C onversely , W iessner s uggests t hat w hether i tems w ill c arry a ssertive s tyle m ay d epend u pon t he r ole a nd v isibility, e ase o f r eplication a nd c omplexity , a nd t he f requency o f o ccurrence o f t hat s tylistic a ttribute i n t he p opulation. C ompared t o c eramic a rtifacts, f ormal v ariability i n l ithic a rtifacts i s c onstrained m ore t ightly b y t echnology, f unction, a nd r aw m aterial. A ccordingly , s tylistic v ariation i n l ithic a rtifacts w ill b e m ore d ifficult t o i dentify . L ithic t echnologies a re s ubtractive, a nd f ormal v ariability i s m ore s usceptible t o t he i diosyncratic b ehavior o f i ndividual k nappers o r o f t he r aw m aterial b eing w orked. I n a ddition, a s S ackett ( 1982) p oints o ut, t he m anufacture o f l ithic a rtifacts o ften m ay i nvolve l ittle s econdary s haping, a nd t hus p otential f or s tylistic i nput. F inally, t he f unctions o f s tone t ools o ften a re n ot w ell e stablished, b ut m ay b e r equired t o i nsure t hat s tylistic v ariability b etween a rtifacts i s i dentified a nd c ompared c orrectly . W hile t hese p roblems a re n ot i nsurmountable, t hey h ave b een o bstacles t o t he s tudy o f s tylistic v ariation i n l ithic a rtifacts. G iven t hese o bservations, S ackett ( 1982) h as a rgued t hat c ertain p rincipals t hought t o b e u seful f or t he s tudy o f s tyle i n c eramic a rtifacts, s uch a s t hose o utlined a bove, a re n ot a pplicable t o s tone t ools. B ecause I b elieve t hat t he p oint o f v iew e xpressed i n t his r ecent r eview o f s tyle i n l ithic a rtifacts i s p otentially m isleading, S ackett's a rguments a re s ummarized b elow . I n d oing s o, i t i s e mphasized t hat t he s tudy o f l ithic a rtifacts m ay b e a pproached w ithin t he g eneral f ramework p reviously d iscussed.

s tyle

S ackett ( 1982) h as o utlined t wo p ossible a pproaches t o t he s tudy o f i n l ithic a rtifacts: i sochrestic a nd i conological. T he

4 4

i sochrestic a pproach r ecognizes t he e xistence o f a lternative c hoices i n f ormal v ariation a mong l ithic a rtifacts d esigned f or e quivalent f unctions. T hese a lternative c hoices a re s ocially t ransmitted, t he d egree o f s imilarity i n c hoices i n t he d esign a nd m anufacture o f c raft p roducts s hould c onstitute a r easonably d irect m easure o f t he s ocial i nteraction o f t he p eople w ho m ade a nd u sed t hem .. f ormal s imilarity t ends t o b e d irectly c ommensurate w ith c ulture-historical c ontext ( Sackett 1 982:74). T hus, t he i sochrestic a pproach t o s tyle r esembles t he p reviously d iscussed s ocial i nteraction m odel o f s tylistic v ariation. T he i conological a pproach, o n t he o ther h and, m ay b e e quated r oughly t o c ertain a spects o f i nformation e xchange t heory e xamined a bove, o r t o e mblemic s tyles a s d efined b y W iessner: I ts [ the i conological a pproach ] b asic t hesis i s t hat s tyle o ught t o b e n arrowly e quated w ith s pecific e lements o f n on-utilitarian f ormal v ariation w hich f unctions s ymbolically a s a k ind o f i conology t o i dentify g roups ( Sackett 1 982:80). S ackett o utlines a t l east t wo p rincipal o bjections t o t he a pplication o f t he i conological a pproach t o t he a nalysis o f s tyle i n l ithic a rtifacts. F irst, i f s tyle i s t o b e d efined w ith r egard t o i ts r ole i n t he i dentification o f s ocial g roup a ffiliation, f ormal a ttributes t hat a re n ot d etermined s trictly b y t echnology o r u tilitarian f unction must b e i solated. A mong l ithic a rtifacts, a ttention s hould t hus f ocus o n r etouched a rtifacts, o r a rtifacts w hich h ave r eceived a s ignificant d egree o f s econdary m odification o r s haping. H owever, s ince ( 1) f ew l ithic a rtifacts a re s haped t o a ny i mportant e xtent ( Sackett 1 982:102), ( 2) a ny s haping i nvolved i s n evertheless p rimarily f unctional

( 1982:99),

a nd ( 3)

s ince s tylistic

v ariation p otentially e xists i n v irtually a ll c lasses o f l ithic a rtifacts r egardless o f t he e xtent t o w hich t hey h ave b een " shaped" ( Sackett 1 982:101), i t f ollows t hat t he i conological a pproach t o s tyle i n l ithic a rtifacts i s f lawed. S econd, S ackett p oints o ut t hat t he i conological a pproach r equires t hat l ithic a rtifacts p ossess a djunct ( nonutilitarian) f orm, w hich e xcept p erhaps f or " shaping," t hey d o n ot ( Sackett 1 982:104). T hus,

S ackett c oncludes

t hat:

s ometimes s haping b ehaves i n w hat m ight b e c onsidered a n i conological f ashion; s ometimes i t d oes n ot. A nd i t w ould a ppear t hat s ometimes a p roponent o f l ithic s ociology

i s

r equired

t o

a ttribute

i conological

s ignificance w here t here i s l ittle s haping, a nd s ometimes t o d eny i ts e xistence w here t here i s m uch. A t enet t hat w ould a dmit s o m any e xceptions i s n ot a t enet a t a ll

( Sackett

1 982:104).

I n s hort, t he i conological a pproach i s r ejected b ecause f ormal v ariation i n l ithic a rtifacts t hat i nvolves i conological i nvestment, o r w hich p ertains t o s ocial g roup a ffiliation, o ccurs, a t b est, i nconsistently . F urthermore, t he i conological a pproach a pparently e xcludes a g reat d eal o f a dditional f ormal s tylistic v ariation f rom i ts p urview .

4 5

H owever, a s n oted a bove, t he v arious a spects o f s tyle ( e.g., a ssertive a nd e mblemic, o r i sochrestic a nd i conological) a re n ot m utually e xclusive p henomena, n or d oes t heir i nvestigation n ecessitate d istinct m ethodological a pproaches. T hey m ay n ot, a s n oted a bove, e ven r equire t he a pplication o f m ore t han o ne b ody o f t heory i n o rder t o p rovide a n i nterpretive f ramework f or s tylistic v ariation. S econd, a n i nconsistent r elationship b etween s haping a nd " iconological" s tyle, r ather t han b eing a n e xception t o at heoretical t enet, i s t o b e e xpected. T here i s n o c onsistent r elationship, e xcept t o t he -extent t hat t his k ind o f s tylistic v ariation i s m ore l ikely t o o ccur a mong a rtifacts t hat, f or o ne r eason o r a nother, a re m ore v isible t o s ocially d istant i ndividuals. S uch a rtifacts m ay o r m ay n ot i nclude a s ignificant d egree o f s haping. T he l atter o nly b roadens t he r ange o f p otential s tylistic i nput. C onclusions r egarding t he i dentification a nd i nterpretation o f s tylistic v ariation i n l ithic a rtifacts p arallel t hose d iscussed o n am ore i nclusive b asis a bove. T hat i s, u tilizing a s f ew a ssumptions a s p ossible, s tylistic a ttributes s hould b e e xamined i ndividually . I nferences r egarding t heir b ehavioral s ignificance m ust t hen b e g rounded i n e mpirical d escriptions o f t heir d istribution. T o t his e nd, W iessner ( 1983) a nd P log ( 1983) h ave a rgued f or a r egional a pproach t o t he s tudy o f s tyle i n t he a rchaeological r ecord. T his i s t he p erspective I h ave a ttempted t o g ain o ver s tylistic p atterning i n t he M esolithic o f n orthwestern E urope. S ummary T he m ore s alient p oints s temming f rom t his d iscussion o f s tylistic v ariation i n l ithic a rtifacts m ay b e s ummarized a s f ollows: s tyle, o r p otentially s tylistic a ttributes, m ay b e i dentified t hrough t he a nalysis o f f ormal v ariability a mong i tems d esigned f or e quivalent f unctions. P rojectile p oints a re o ne e xample. S tyle m ay s erve a s af orm o f i ndividual e xpression a nd/or m ay b e a dopted, d iffused, o r m odified t hrough s ocial c ontacts a nd i nteraction. S tyle a lso m ay f unction a s am eans o f c onveying i nformation b y s ymboling s pecific s ocial r elationships ( e.g., a ge o r e thnic g roups). T here m ay b e o ther e xplanations f or s tylistic v ariation, b ut t hese a ppear t o b e t he m ost i mportant. A rchaeologically, d istributional p rofiles o f s tylistic v ariation m ay r eflect t he o peration o f p articular b ehavioral o r s ocial p henomena. T he a spect(s) o f s tyle l ikely t o r eside i n s tone t ools w ill, i n p art, d epend o n t heir r ole a nd v isibility i n s ociety . A r egional a pproach t o s tylistic v ariation i n a rchaeological r ecord i s s uggested.

4 6

A N A PPROACH T O S TYLE I N T HE N ORTHWEST E UROPEAN M ESOLITHIC G eneral C onsiderations T he s tylistic a nalysis o f M esolithic s tone a rtifacts i n t his s tudy f ocuses o nly o n a p ortion o f t he l ithic i ndustry--the m icrolithic a rmatures, o r t he " type-group" a rmatures. N ewell ( 1973) a nd P rice ( 1975) d efine a t ype-group a s as et o f a rtifacts a ssumed t o h ave b een d esigned f or s imilar t asks. T he t ype-group o f a rmatures i ncludes t he t riangles, t rapezes, a nd o ther m icrolithic p oints ( see b elow) a nd i s e quivalent t o t he t ype-group ' points' a s u sed b y N ewell a nd P rice. T he t erm ' armature' i s u sed h ere t o a void c onfusion w ith a ctual t ype d esignations r eferred t o a s p oints. T he m icrolithic a rmatures w ere s elected a s u nits o f a nalysis f or s everal r easons. F irst, t hey e xhibit q uite s tandard f orms a nd, c ompared t o o ther M esolithic s tone i mplements, a ppear t o a llow t he g reatest i nput f or s tylistic v ariation. S econd, a s n oted a bove, p rojectile p oints o ften e nter i nto r oles s uited t o c onvey i nformation a bout s ocial a ffiliations. T hird, t hey o ften c an b e a ttributed t o s pecific t ime h orizons w ithin t he M esolithic o f n orthwestern E urope. F inally , w hile t he c onstituent t ypes w ithin t he t ype-group a rmatures m ay h ave s erved e quivalent f unctions, e ach t ype i tself m ay b e t reated a s a n a nalytically d iscrete u nit o f a nalysis i n o rder t o c ontrol a s much a s p ossible f or f unctional v ariation. A s n oted a bove, i t i s i mportant t o d istinguish s tylistic v ariation f rom v ariation t hat c an b e a ttributed t o f unction. S urviving e xamples o f m icrolithic a rmatures r ecovered i n t heir h afts o r f ound i mbedded i n s keletal f ragments ( Pgquart e t a l. 1 937; S tröbel 1 959; M almer 1 969; N oeN ygaard 1 973, 1 974), a nd u se-wear s tudies ( Odell 1 978; L arsson 1 978; B arton a nd B ergman 1 982) i ndicate t heir u se a s p rojectile t ips o r b arbs i n a rrow p oints o r h arpoons. T hus, i t m ay b e h ypothesized t hat m any o f t he g ross m orphological d ifferences b etween t ypes ( see b elow) a re s tylistic i n o rigin. T he a rmatures a lso m ay b e s eparated i nto s tandard s hape c ategories, s uch a s b lunted p oints, t riangles, a nd t rapezoids. I n a ddition t o p roviding f urther c ontrol o ver p otential f unctional v ariability, t his p rocedure, a s w ill b e s een, a lso f acilitates a ttribute a nalysis. A side f rom t he e vidence c ited a bove, i t w ould b e d esirable t o o btain m ore p recise f unctional i nformation. C ertain t echniques o f m icrowear a nalysis, s uch a s t hat d escribed b y K eeley ( 1980), m ay p rovide t his o pportunity. H owever, t he m icrowear t races t hat c ould b e e xpected t o d ifferentiate v arious t ypes o f h unting e quipment h ave n ot b een d etermined, n or h as t he p roblem b een t reated a dequately b y e xperiment. I n t he f uture i t m ay b e p ossible t o t est a lternative h ypotheses c oncerning t he u se o f m icrolithic a rmatures, s uch a s t heir s peculated u se f or p lant p rocessing ( Clarke 1 976). T he f unctional a nalysis o f l ithic a rtifacts f rom M esolithic s ites 1 982).

i n B elgium i s

t he

s ubject

o f

o ngoing

r esearch

( Gendel

T ypology a nd A ttribute A nalysis

u sed

T wo s ystems f or t he c lassification o f l ithic a rtifacts c urrently a re f or t he M esolithic o f t he N etherlands, B elgium, a nd F rance. T he

t ypology p resented

b y N ewell

a nd V roomans

( 1972)

a nd

P rice

( 1975) w as

d eveloped f or t he D utch M esolithic. I n F rance a nd B elgium, t he t ype l ist d eveloped b y R ozoy ( 1968b) a nd t he G .E.E.M . ( 1969, 1 972) c ommonly i s u sed. T he D utch t ypological s ystem h as b een a dopted h ere; i t i s p resented b elow i n

4 7

T able 4 -1. T he s pecific u se o f i ndividual t ypes q uantitative a nalysis a re d etailed i n C hapter 5 . T he D utch a nd F ranco-belgian t ype

l ists

f or

q ualitative

a nd

b oth i ncorporate a rtifact

t ypes d efined b y t he a rbitrary s plitting o f m etric a nd n onmetric a ttributes. H ence, t he d istinction b etween n arrow a nd b road t rapezes, o r b etween s hort a nd l ong s calene t riangles i n t he D utch s ystem i s b ased u pon t heir l ength/width r atio. S imilarly , i n t he F ranco-belgian s ystem ( not d etailed), t he d istinction b etween t wo t ypes o f t runcated p oints d epends u pon t he d irection o f b lade r emoval w ith r espect t o t he t runcated o r w orked e nd o f t he p oint. M any a dditional e xamples c ould b e c ited. I t i s p ossible, h owever, t o s ubsume m ost, i f n ot a ll, f ormal v ariability ( quantitative a nd q ualitative) p resent w ithin t he t ype g roup a rmatures b y c onsidering o nly t hree b asic f ormal c riteria: ( 1) p ointed m icroliths w ith r etouched o r u nretouched b ases, ( 2) t riangular m icroliths h aving t wo t runcations i ntersecting a t a ngles > 90 d egrees, a nd ( 3) t rapezoidal m icroliths. T herefore, t hree d ifferent a ttribute l ists w ere d evised t o f acilitate a ttribute a nalysis. A s tandard s et o f a ttributes f or e ach a rtifact s tudied w as r ecorded o n o ne o f t hese t hree l ists, a long w ith i ts t raditional t ype d esignation. S uch a s ystem a llows o ne t o e xtract, i f d esired, c onventionally d efined i ndividual t reatment.

t ypes,

o r a ny c ombination t hereof,

f or

I n t his s tudy , Ia m c oncerned n ot o nly w ith t he p resence o r a bsence o f c ertain t ypes, a s c onventionally d efined o r o therwise i dentified, b ut w ith t he v ariation a mong s pecific a ttributes. T he s election o f a ppropriate a ttributes i nitially w as b ased u pon t he v ariability p reviously r ecognized b y o ther r esearchers i n t he r egion ( e.g., R ozoy 1 978; A rora 1 976; P rice 1 975; H inout 1 973). A dditional a ttributes w ere s elected o r e xcluded b ased u pon p ersonal e xamination o f M esolithic a ssemblages c urated a t t he L aboratory o f P rehistory, C atholic University o f L euven. Q uantitative a ttributes w ere m easured t o t he n earest t enth o f am illimeter a nd, i n t he c ase o f a ngles, t o t he n earest d egree.

A s tandard s et o f m easurements w as

r ecorded f or e ach o f t he t hree f ormal c ategories:

P oints 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 .

Maximum l ength Maximum w idth M aximum t hickness P oint a ngle T riangles

1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 .

M aximum l ength M aximum w idth M aximum t hickness L arge t runcation l ength S mall t runcation l ength T riangle a ngle S mall p oint a ngle

4 8

T ABLE 4 -1

M icrolithic a rmatures. ( modified f rom N ewell a nd V roomans 1 972 a nd P rice 1 975)

1 . 2 .

A typical t anged p oint T jonger p oint

3 . 4 .

A p oint B p oint

5 . 6 .

C p oint D p oint

7 . 8 .

N eedle-shaped p oint S auveteT.r e p oint

9 . 1 0.

L ancette p oint D ouble p oint

1 1. 1 2.

L eaf-shaped p oint F euille d e g ui

1 3. 1 4.

O ther s urface-retouched p oint A typical s houldered p oint

1 5. 1 6. 1 7.

M aglemose p oint S vaerdborg p oint T ransverse p oint

1 8.

D iverse p oint

1 9.

U nidentifiable p oint

2 0. 2 1.

I sosceles t riangle S calene t riangle

2 2.

T hree-sided t riangle

2 3. 2 4.

S urface-retouched t riangle C rescent

2 5.

U nidentifiable t riangle

2 6.

N arrow s ymmetric t rapeze

2 7. 2 8.

N arrow a symmetric t rapeze N arrow r ight a ngled t rapeze

2 9. 3 0.

N arrow r hombic t rapeze B road s ymmetric t rapeze

3 1.

B road a symmetric t rapeze

3 2. 3 3.

B road r ight a ngled t rapeze B road r hombic t rapeze

3 4. 3 5.

D erived t rapeze U nidentifiable t rapeze

4 9

A

2

3t t e —

' r e— 1 --e r ;

F igure

4 -1.

S tandard o rientation

m etric a ttributes o f m icrolithic B ,

T riangles.

C ,

T rapezes.

5 0

( after G .E.E.M 1 969) t ypes.

A ,

a nd

m icrolithic p oints.

T rapezes 1 .

Maximum w idth

2 . 3 . 4 .

Maximum t hickness L arge b ase l ength L ongitudinal a xis l ength

5 . 6 . 7 .

S mall b ase l ength L arge p oint a ngle S mall p oint a ngle

T he o rientation a nd m orphological d escription o f t riangles a nd t rapezes f ollows t he G .E.E.M . ( 1969) g uidelines. T hese a re s hown i n F igure 4 -1, t ogether w ith a d escription o f t he q uantitative m easures r ecorded. N on-metric ( qualitative) a ttributes r ecorded f or e ach a rtifact g enerally d escribe v ariation i n s econdary s haping o r v ariation i n m anufacturing t echnique. V ariation i n t echnique o f m anufacture i nclude t he f laking d irection o r l ocation o f t he b ulbar e nd o f t he b lade w ith r espect t o a symmetric p ieces ( e.g., s calene t riangles, r ight a ngled t rapezes), t ype o f r etouch o r b acking a pplied o n t runcated e dges, a nd t he p resence o f t he m icroburin t echnique i ndicated b y t he p resence o f ap iquant t riedre. O ther q ualitative a ttributes d escribe t he f inal f orm o f t he a rtifact a nd i nclude t he l ocation o f r etouch o r b acking, t runcation a nd e dge s hapes, a nd l ateralizations. N on-metric a ttributes r ecorded f or e ach a rtifact a re g iven b elow :

F or A ll A rtifacts A .

" Dutch" T ype

B .

" Franco-Belgian" T ype

C .

C ondition o f t he A rtifact 1 . 2 .

D .

C omplete B roken

F laking D irection ( Position o f t he B ulb). R ecords t he d irection o f f laking w ith r espect t o t he a ppropriate o rientation o f t he m icrolithic t ypes d escribed b y t he G .E.E.M . ( see a bove). 1 . 2 . 3 .

E .

( see T able 4 -1)

P roximal D istal N onobservable

L ateralization. R ecords t he p osition o f t he l arge t runcation ( for t riangles a nd t rapezes) o r t he p rimary r etouched e dge 1 . 2 . 3 .

( for p oints).

R ight L eft N ot a pplicable

51

F .

G .

P oint S hape 1 . 2 .

P ointed R ounded

3 .

N onobservable

P resence o f M icroburin S car ( piquant t riedre) 1 . 2 . 3 .

H .

P resent A bsent N onobservable

L ithic T ype 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 .

F lint W ommersom q uartzite P htanite G res-lustrg O ther F or E ach R etouched E dge

I .

J .

T runcation/Base S hape. m icrolithic p oints. 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 .

N onobservable S traight C oncave C onvex

5 . 6 . 7 .

P ointed O blique U nmodified

A spect 1 . 2 . 3 .

A ttributes 5 a nd 6 a pply o nly t o

( origin o f r etouch)

O bverse I nverse O bverse/Inverse

K .

A ngle 1 . A brupt 2 . S emi-Abrupt 3 . F lat 4 . N onobservable

L .

T ype o f B acking o r T runcation 1 .

S imple

2 .

S imple ( inverse)

( obverse)

3 . 4 . 5 . 6 .

A lternating O pposed A bsent N onobservable

M .

R egularity o f r etouch 1 . 2 .

R egular I rregular

3 .

N onobservable

W henever p ossible, o utline d rawings w ere m ade f or e ach a rtifact t o s erve a s a c ross-check f or s ome o f t he i mportant a ttributes. P rofiles o f V ariation Q uantitative a nd q ualitative a nalyses o f t he v arious c ategories o f d ata d escribed a bove w ere d esigned t o d ocument t he g eography o f s tyle. S tylistic v ariability w ithin a nd b etween l ocalities ( sites), e xpressed t hrough s tatistical m easures o f a ssociation o r s imilarity o r d isplayed o n g raphs a nd d istribution m aps, t hen w as u sed t o e valuate o r t est e xpectations r egarding t he p resence o f b oundaries a nd s ocial t erritories. F inally, t he r esults w ere e xamined f or s ignificant c hronological d evelopments i n t he d istribution o f s tyles. P rofiles o f v ariation w ere d elineated u sing a v ariety o f s tatistical a nd g raphic t echniques, d epending u pon t he t ype o f d ata e xamined. T hree p rincipal t ypes o f d ata w ere c ollected: p resence/absence, p ercentage f requency, a nd m etric ( see a lso C hapter 5 ). P resence/absence d ata w ere b est t reated b y m apping t heir o ccurrence a cross t he s tudy a rea. A bsolute o r p ercentage f requencies o f i ndividual a ttributes h aving t wo o r m ore a lternative s tates w ere t reated u sing s imple s tatistical m easures o f a ssociation. R elationships b etween i ndividual s ites w ere t ested u sing t he c hi-square s tatistic. H owever, w hen l arge n umbers o f s ites w ere i nvolved, t his p rocess w as n ot o nly c umbersome, b ut t ended t o m ask t he d egree o f s imilarity o r d ifferences b etween s ites. T herefore, s everal multivariate t echniques a lso w ere e mployed, i ncluding c luster a nalysis a nd p rincipal c omponents a nalysis. T hey e nabled a n umber o f s ites t o b e e xamined s imultaneously, a nd p rovided a v isual ( in o ne o r t wo d imensions) r epresentation o f t hose r esults. T hese s ame t echniques a lso w ere s uited f or h andling a n umber o f d ifferent a ttributes s imultaneously, s o t hat a ll o f t he v ariability b etween i ndividual a ssemblages w ere c ombined t o y ield a s ingle m easure. S imilar a nalytical t echniques h ave b een d escribed b y C lose,

W endorf,

a nd

S child

( 1979).

A m ore

d etailed

d iscussion

o f

t he

s tatistics e mployed, a nd t he a daptation o f t he d ata t o a ccommodate t hem, i s g iven i n A ppendix B . Q uantitative a ttributes w ere t reated i n a n a nalogous f ashion. I ndividual s ites f irst w ere c ompared t hrough t he u se o f s catterplots o f i ndividual v ariables a nd r atios. W here d ifferences b etween a ttributes f rom d ifferent s ites w ere s uspected, S tudent's T -Test w as u sed t o t est t he h ypothesis. H owever, a s w ill b e s een, i t w as n ot n ecessary t o e mploy a dditional m ultivariate t echniques. D istribution m aps a nd h ierarchical t rees

( dendrograms) p rovided a n

i nitial p erspective o n s tylistic p atterning i n t he d ata, a nd s everal i mportant r esults c ould b e d rawn d irectly f rom t hem. F or e xample, c lusters o f s tylistically s imilar s ites d rawn f rom d isparate g eographic r egions i ndicated r andom s tylistic v ariation t hrough s pace, w hereas c lusters c omprised o f s ites i n g eographic p roximity i ndicated s trong r egional d ifferentiation

i n

s tyles.

Two

a dditional

5 3

t echniques

a ided

t he

c haracterization o f d istributional p rofiles o f s tylistic v ariätion. S catter d iagrams d erived f rom t he p rincipal c omponents a nalysis p rovided a t wo-dimensional r epresentation o f s tylistic v ariation i n w hich d iscrete c lusters, c lines, o r r andom d istributions w ere n oted. S econd, u sing f actor s cores f rom t he p rincipal c omponents a nalyses o f s tylistic a ttributes a nd o f s ite l ocations ( see C hapter 6 ), s catter-plots b etween g eographic d istances a nd s tylistic d ifferences a lso r evealed t he p resence o f c lustered, c linal,

o r r andom d istributions o f s tyle.

S ummary T he a pproach t o t he s tudy o f s tylistic v ariation i n t he n orthwest E uropean M esolithic i s s ummarized b elow . T he m ethodology i nvolves s everal d iscrete s teps f rom a n i nitial b ody o f o bservations t o t he i nterpretation o f s tylistic d istributions. T he t ype-group o f a rmatures d efined f or t he n orthwest E uropean M esolithic i s s ubdivided i nto t hree s hape c lasses t o f acilitate a ttribute a nalysis. I ndividual t ypes, a s t raditionally d efined o r c reated f or t he p urpose o f s pecific a nalyses, p rovide a n a dditional c ontrol o ver p otential f unctional v ariability w ithin t he t ypeg roup. M etric a nd n on-metric a ttributes o f p otentially s tylistic o rigin a re m easured o r r ecorded. S tylistic d ifferences a nd s imilarities b etween i ndividual s ites a re m easured, p rimarily t hrough t he u se o f m ultivariate s tatistical p rocedures ( cluster a nd p rincipal c omponents a nalyses). D istribution m aps a nd s catter p lots o f s tylistic d ifferences v s. g eographic d istance a ssist i n t he c onstruction o f p rofiles o f s tylistic v ariation. F inally , p rofiles o f s tylistic v ariation m ay b e i nterpreted i n l ight o f t he b ehavioral o r s ocial c ontext t hought t o a ccount f or t heir d istribution.

5 4

CHAPTER THE

5

DATA BASE

I NTRODUCTION T he m ethodology o utlined i n t he p revious c hapter i s d esigned t o i nvestigate t he d istribution o f a rtifact s tyles o n r egional s cale. T his r egion a nd t he o verall d istribution o f M esolithic s ites w ithin i t w ere d escribed i n C hapter 3 . T he n ature o f t hose s ites a nd o f t he l ithic a ssemblages w hich p rovide t he d ata base f or t his s tudy i s t he s ubject o f t his c hapter. Q uestions p ertaining t o t he d istribution, c ontext, e xcavation a nd c ollection m ethodologies, s ample s izes, a nd c hronology o f t hese s ites a nd a ssemblages a re d iscussed. F inally, t he v arious t ypes o f d ata o btained f rom t hese a ssemblages a re p resented. T hese d ata m ay b e f ound i n A ppendix A . T he d istribution o f M esolithic s ites a cross t he s tudy a rea i s n ot u niform ( Figure 3 -2). T his d istribution i s t he r esult o f s everal f actors, i ncluding s ite v isibility a nd e ase o f d iscovery, t he a mount o f p rofessional a ctivity d irected t oward c ertain r egions, p roximity t o a mateur a rchaeologists, a nd r eal p rehistoric s ettlement p atterns. U ntil t he p ast f ew y ears, f or e xample, v ery f ew M esolithic s ites h ad b een r eported f rom t he r egion o f P icardie i n n orthwestern F rance. W hile l imited i n s cope, r ecent f ield i nvestigations ( Fagnart a nd V alliant 1 979; F agnart a nd R oussel 1 981) h ave b egun t o d ocument s ites o f M esolithic a ge, a nd c ontinued w ork s hould b e e xpected t o f ill i nm any o f t he g aps i n t he d istribution o f M esolithic s ites. T he c oversands o f t he K empen a nd s outhern H olland, o n t he o ther h and, h ave b een r egions o f i ntensive a mateur a nd p rofessional a ctivity f or s everal d ecades, a nd t he n umber o f c ollected a nd e xcavated M esolithic s ites c onsequently i s g reater. B ecause o f t he f actors c ited a bove, i t w as n ot p ossible t o o btain a r epresentative d istributional s ample o f M esolithic s ites. T herefore, a n e ffort w as m ade t o s ecure, f irst a nd f oremost, d ata f rom t he m ost r eliable a rchaeological c ontexts. T hese a ssemblages a re d erived p rincipally, t hough n ot e xclusively , f rom e xcavated, i n s itu d eposits. T hey r epresent t he m ost i nternally h omogeneous s ample o f M esolithic f lint a rtifacts a nd p rovide t he m ost s ecure b asis f or c hronological o rdering o f a ssemblages. T he a rchaeological s ite s ample ( n=87) i ncludes t he m ajority o f M esolithic s ites t hat h ave b een e xcavated w ithin t he s tudy a rea. S urface c ollections r epresent a pproximately o ne-half o f t he a ssemblages e xamined i n t his s tudy. T he s urface c ollections a re n ot a p riori l ess r eliable t han t hose f rom e xcavated d eposits. H owever, a s ag roup, t hey e xhibit a much g reater r ange o f v ariation i n f ield r ecovery a nd r ecordation s tandards. W herever p ossible, f actors a ffecting t he m utual c omparability o f t he c ollections h ave b een a ppraised b efore t heir s election f or f urther a nalysis. U nder i deal c ircumstances, f irst-hand s tudy o f t he l ithic m aterial w as d esirable i n o rder t o m ake o bservations a nd r ecord m easurements n ot a vailable i n r outine s ite d escriptions. H owever, s ome o f t he v ery d istinctive a rtifact t ypes a nd/or a ttributes i nvariably a ppear i n s tandard t ype l ists o f t he n orthwest E uropean M esolithic. I n c ertain c ases i t w as p ossible t o e xtend t he a nalysis o f s tylistic t raits b eyond t he c onfines o f t he s tudy a rea b y t he u se o f p ublished s ite r eports a nd a rtifact d escriptions.

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M any o f t he c ollections e xamined d uring t he c ourse o f t his r esearch p reviously h ave b een r eported i n p art o r i n f ull. D espite t he e xistence o f s tandard t ype l ists a nd t ype d escriptions, i nevitable d iscrepancies a ppear b etween p ublished l ists a nd m y o wn d eterminations. A dditional i nconsistencies b etween p ublished t ype l ists a nd t he t ype c ounts r eported i n t his s tudy o ccur d ue t o v agaries i n a rtifact c uration, a ccess, o r s ampling. 1 T he c ollections e xamined i n t his s tudy p resently a re f ound i n av ariety o f l ocations, i ncluding n ational, p rovincial, a nd c ity o r c ommunity m useums; i n u niversity c ollections; a nd w ith p rivate i ndividuals. T he m ost p recise l ocational d ata g enerally w ere o btained f rom a mateur a rchaeologists o r f rom u niversity r ecords a nd p ersonnel. M any museum c ollections, s ome o f w hich d ate t o t he e arly p art o f t his c entury, a re a ccompanied b y l ittle, i f a ny, s upporting d ocumentation. M ore t horough h istorical a ccounts o f s ome o f t he o lder F rench a nd B elgian c ollections m ay b e f ound i n R ozoy ( 1978) a nd G ob ( 1981a). T he c urrent r epository f or t he i ndividual s ite c ollections i s g iven i n A ppendix A ( Table A -1). L ocational d ata f or e ach s ite i nclude t he c ountry a nd p rovince o f o rigin a nd n earest c ommunity. G eographic c oordinates, i f k nown, a lso h ave b een p rovided ( Table A -1). T he r emaining p ortion o f t his c hapter i s d evoted t o ad iscussion o f t he a rchaeological s ites a nd t heir c ontext, t he c hronological p lacement o f t he i ndividual a ssemblages, a nd a n e xplanation o f t he b asic d ata f or t he a nalysis o f s tylistic v ariation.

A RCHAEOLOGICAL C ONTEXT A ND T ECHNIQUES O F A RTIFACT R ECOVERY T he M esolithic a ssemblages c onsidered b elow d erive f rom s urface s catters a nd/or s ubsurface c oncentrations o f l ithic a rtifacts i n a ssociation w ith o ther o ccupation d ebris. Ar eview o f t hese c ontexts, a nd o f t he t echniques e mployed t o r ecover a rchaeological r emains, s hould e lucidate s ome o f c ollections a nd,

t he p roblems i n e stablishing t he i ntegrity o f t he g enerally s peaking, t heir r eliability. S elected

e xamples p resented b elow i llustrate t hese r elationships. F orty-five e xcavated a ssemblages h ave b een e xamined i n t his s tudy . T he m ajority o f t hese a re o pen-air s tations, l ocated o n s andy o r l oamy s oils a nd a ffected i n v arying d egrees b y p ost-depositional d isturbances. Among t he l ocations i n w hich s uch d isturbances h ave b een m inimal ( suggested b y t he p reservation o f d istinct s oil h orizons), t he m ajority o f o ccupation d ebris i s d istributed w ithin t he A a nd u pper B h orizons o f t he s oil ( Vermeersch 1 976a). E rosion, p lowing, a nd a v ariety o f o ther a ctivities m ay d isturb t his g eological a nd p edological c ontext a nd b ring s ignificant a mounts o f l ithic a rtifacts t o t he s urface. E xceptions, o r c ourse, i nclude s ites m ore d eeply b uried u nder a lluvium o r c olluvium o r l ocated i n c aves a nd r ockshelters. H owever, t hese c ontexts a re r are a mong t he c ollections r epresented i n t his s tudy. T hus, v ery f ew s ites o riginate f rom a " sealed" s tratigraphic d eposit. I n s ome s ituations, s edimentation c learly p ostd ating t he M esolithic o ccupation m ay b e p resent, s uch a s a t S ablonniere d e C oincy I I, F rance, w here m uch l ater h uman o ccupation o ccurs s tratigraphically a bove t he M esolithic l evel. A t B recht-Moordenaarsven 2 , M esolithic f lint a rtifacts a nd f eatures w ere, i n p art, l ocated w ithin a b uried p odsol. H ere, t he m odern l and s urface c onsists o f r ecent s andy d eposits t hought t o b e a ssociated w ith f orest c learance d uring t he B ronze

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A ge.

T hese

m ore

r ecent

d eposits

a re,

h owever,

d iscontinuous

a nd

r elatively t hin. S everal m illennia m ay s eparate t he o riginal M esolithic ( or e arly P ostglacial) l and s urface a nd t he l ater d epositional e pisode. A t W eelde-Paardsdrank, B elgium , s ignificant p ortions o f t he a rchaeological m aterial a re l ocated w ithin t he A p h orizon. T his s ituation p revails a t m ost l ocalities c onsidered i n t his

s tudy .

M ost l and s urfaces, a s n oted a bove, h ave b een a vailable f or h uman o ccupation a t l east s ince t he e arly H olocene. D espite t he f act t hat a l arge n umber o f s ites h ave b een r ecovered f rom d istinct, i ntact s oil h orizons, t he v ertical d ispersion o f a rtifacts c ommonly r anges f rom a bout 3 0 t o 8 0 c m. A v ariety o f p rocesses m ay h ave c ontributed t o a rtifact d ispersal, i ncluding p lant a nd a nimal a ctivity ( Cahen a nd M oeyersons 1 977; R olfsen 1 980) a nd h uman d isturbances

s uch a s

t rampling

1 982). C onsequently , i t m ay b e i ndependent e vidence, b etween

( Stockton 1 973;

C ourtin a nd V illa

i mpossible t o d istinguish, w ithout s ingle a nd multiple o ccupations.

S tratigraphic s eparation o f o ccupations, e ven s hould t hey b e r emoved i n t ime b y s everal m illennia, n eed n ot b e e xpected. W here a rchaeological s ites h ave b een s tudied i ntensively t hrough r efitting o f l ithic a rtifacts, s uch a s a t M eer I I ( Van N oten 1 978) a nd N eerharen-De K ip ( Lauwers a nd V ermeersch 1 982a), i n w hich c onjoins o ccur t hroughout t he v ertical e xtent o f t he a rchaeological d eposit, i t m ay s till b e d ifficult t o e stablish f irmly t he u niqueness o f t he o ccupation. T hus, f or t he s tudy o f i ntersite v ariation, s uch a s u ndertaken i n t his s tudy, a s o pposed t o a nalysis o f i ntrasite v ariation, t he p rimary a dvantage o f t he e xcavated c ollections l ies i n t he n ormally w ell-delimited l and s urface w ithin w hich a rtifacts a nd o ther c ultural d ebris r ecovered. T he p robability o f u nintentionally m ixing

h ave b een t emporally

s eparated a rtifactual m aterial o riginating f rom t wo o r m ore d ifferent, p erhaps s patially r emoved l ithic c oncentrations, i s t hus r educed. N aturally, t he p ossibility i s n ot e liminated. As econd a dvantage a ccrued b y t he c onsideration o f e xcavated s ites l ies i n t he a ssociation o f l ithic a rtifacts w ith o ther c ultural f eatures, s uch a s p its o r h earths, s ome o f w hich h ave y ielded r adiocarbon d ates. D ocumentation r egarding t he s atisfactory. Existing r ecords

s urface c ollections a nd i nterviews

i s m uch l ess w ith a mateur

a rchaeologists i ndicate a g reat r ange o f v ariation i n m ethods o f a rtifact c ollection. T his r ange i ncludes s ystematic s urface c ollection b y g rid u nit ( Brecht-Thomas H ey V eld), i ntensive c ollection o f a s ingle a rtifact c oncentration ( Kleinenbusch I , I I), i ntensive p edestrian s urvey a nd s urface c ollection, p erhaps o ver m any y ears, o f d iffuse s catters o f l ithic a rtifacts ( Chinru B ), a nd u ncontrolled a nd o pportunistic c ollection o ver e xtensive a reas ( Lommel). H owever, a n umber o f s ites, p articularly o ld c ollections c urated i n n ational o r r egional m useums, l ack a ny s upporting d ocumentation. S urface c ollections w hich o riginate f rom s mall, w ell-defined l and s urfaces u sually p rovide m ore r eliable s amples o f l ithic a rtifacts p robably t he c onsequence o f a s ingle, b rief h uman o ccupation. L arger c ollections f rom m ore e xtensive s urfaces a re m ore d ifficult t o a ppraise. O ften t hey must b e e xcluded f rom t he a nalysis, o r s ampled o n t he b asis o f a dditional c riteria. F or e xample, t he s urface c ollection f rom t he M esolithic o ccupation(s) n ear t he v illage o f L ommel, B elgium, c ontains a v ariety o f m icrolithic t ypes w hich c ould d ate f rom v irtually a ny p eriod o f t he M esolithic. H owever, a n umber o f r hombic a nd r ight-angled t rapezes,

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k nown t o d ate f rom t he L ate M esolithic, a lso w ere p resent. T he l atter t ypes w ere s elected f or a nalysis f rom t he m uch l arger s ample o f m icrolithic a rmatures,

t he c hronological p ositions o f w hich c ould n ot b e a ssured.

I n s um, o nly c rude m easures e xist w ith w hich t o a ssess t he i ntegrity o f M esolithic s ites w ithin t he r egion. T he r eliability o f i ndividual c ollections o ften i s b ased o n t he s ize o f t he e xcavated o r c ollected s urface, r ather t han o n t he s pecific t echniques o f a rtifact r ecovery. H owever, t he s tratigraphic a nd p edological c ontexts o f t he a ssemblages a lso h ave b een c onsidered. I n m any c ases t he p otential f or multiple o ccupations a t a g iven l ocality n eed n ot b e o f g reat c onsequence. I t i s a b asic a ssumption, t o b e a ddressed b elow , t hat l ithic s tyles r emain h omogeneous w ithin t he d efined c hronological s ubdivisions f or t he M esolithic p eriod i n n orthwestern E urope. F urthermore, o bvious " contamination" d emonstrably p re- o r p ostdating t he M esolithic o ccupation d oes n ot e liminate t he u tility o f t he M esolithic c omponent o f t he s ite. T hese multicomponent s ites u sually a re i dentified b y t he p resence o f d iagnostic a rtifact t ypes, c ertain r aw m aterials, o r m anufacturing t echniques c haracteristic o f e arlier o r l ater a rchaeological c ultures. An umber o f s ites t hat h ave b een e xamined a re a ssociated w ith g reater o r l esser a mounts o f " contamination." F or e xample, o f t he k nown M esolithic o ccurrences i n s outhern B elgium, i ncluding t he p rovinces o f B rabant a nd H ainaut, t he m ajority o f M esolithic s ites c learly c ontain a N eolithic c omponent. I t i s p ossible, h owever, t o e xtract t hose a rtifact t ypes, m ost o ften t he m icrolithic a rmatures, w hich a re d iagnostic o f t he M esolithic p eriod. T here i s n o r equirement t hat t he e ntire l ithic a ssemblage, o r e ven t he g reater p art o f i t, d ate f rom t he M esolithic. I f, o n t he o ther h and, p recision i s r equired r egarding t he r emainder o f t he l ithic a ssemblage, s uch a s w ould b e t he c ase f or t he a nalysis o f l ithic r aw m aterials a nd m anufacturing p roducts ( see C hapter 7 ), g reater c are m ust b e e xercised.

m ore

M ulticomponent s ites h aving t wo o r m ore o ccupations d ating f rom t wo o r c hronological s tages o f t he M esolithic p eriod p ose m ore s erious

d ifficulties.

Many

m icrolithic

t ypes,

s uch

a s

t runcated

p oints

w ith

u nretouched b ase ( A a nd B p oints), d ate f rom v irtually e very r ecognized c hronological d ivision o f t he M esolithic ( Newell 1 973; R ozoy 1 978). O ther t ypes, s uch a s b road t rapezoidal m icroliths, a re r estricted t o s pecific p eriods w ithin t he M esolithic, a nd w ithin c ertain l imits c an b e u sed a s f ossiles d irecteurs, o r h orizon m arkers ( Rozoy 1 978; G ob 1 981a; N ewell 1 973; L arsson 1 978). W here m ultiple o ccupations a re s uspected t o h ave s panned t he M esolithic,

i ntersite c omparisons m ust b e r estricted t o t he

l atter a rtifact t ypes. S uch w as t he c ase, a s p reviously n oted, f or t he s ite o f L ommel. T able A -1 i ncludes a s ummary o f t he c ontext, r ecovery t echnique, a nd h orizontal e xtent, i f k nown, f or t he i ndividual s ites.

S AMPLE S IZES S amples o f m icrolithic a rmatures f rom i ndividual s ites r ange f rom 2 37 t o o ne. S ome o f t he v ery s mall s amples f rom c ertain s ites s uggest t he r isk o f p roducing s purious r esults b ased u pon c hance f actors a lone. T his p otential

e xists

f or

e ach

o f

p resence/absence, p ercentage a bsolute s ize r equired f or

t he

p rincipal

t ypes

o f

d ata,

i ncluding

f requency , a nd m etric d ata. W hile t he r eliable s amples c annot b e a scertained

c onfidently, i t i s c lear t hat a n umber o f s ites m ust b e e xcluded f rom c ertain a nalytic p rocedures. I t i s u nfortunate, b ut p robably t rue, t hat s ome o f t he m ost r eliable s ites m ay b e s ome o f t he s mall, w ell-defined l ithic

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s catters r epresenting a b rief,

s ingle o ccupation--and w hich y ield o nly a

h andful o f m icrolithic a rmatures. C lose ( 1979) h as r ecommended e xcluding f rom s tatistical a nalysis a ll s ites w ith l ess t han t wenty a rtifacts c omplete e nough t o p reserve s tylistic a ttributes. A g lance a t t he a rtifact c ounts g iven i n T ables A -2 a nd A -3 r eveals t hat a n umber o f s ites f all d angerously c lose t o o r b elow t his v alue. T he p roblem o f s mall s amples i s e xacerbated w hen t he t ype—group a rmatures i s d ivided i nto s maller, p erhaps m ore f unctionally d iscrete c ategories. I n s ome c ases i t w ill b e d esirable t o i nclude s ites w ith s mall s amples o f a p articular t ype o r c lass. I ndeed, t his i s a s ituation w hich i s s carcely a voidable. R esults u sing s mall s amples must, h owever, b e i nterpreted w ith c are s o t hat t heir s uccess o r f ailure i n e lucidating s tylistic p atterning w ill n ot s imply b e t he c onsequence o f c hance f actors. T he a bsolute f requencies w ith w hich m icrolithic a rmatures a re f ound o n M esolithic s ites a re t he r esult o f an umber o f f actors, i ncluding t he r ange o f a ctivities r epresented a t t hose s ites, t he d uration o f o ccupation, g roup s ize, a nd t he i ncidence o f m icrolith r epair, d iscard, o r l oss. Two a ttempts h ave b een m ade t o e stablish a c lassification o f M esolithic s ites w ithin t he s tudy a rea ( Newell 1 973; P rice 1 978) . B oth c lassifications h ave d istinguished s everal t ypes o f M esolithic s ites, o n t he b asis o f s ite s ize, a ssemblage v ariation, a rtifact d ensity, a nd t he n umber o f f eatures, a mong o ther v ariables. D ifferences i n t he r ange o f a ctivities u ndertaken a t v arious t ypes o f s ites m ay b e i nferred f rom t hese c lassifications. T he a bsence o f o rganic p reservation p recludes a n a ssessment o f t he e xact n ature o f t hese a ctivities, t hough f unctional a nalysis o f l ithic a rtifacts e ventually m ay p rovide a c omparative d ata b ase. T he e vidence c ited a bove s uggests t hat t he f requency o f o ccurrence o f m icrolithic a rmatures, a s w ell a s t he f requency o f c ertain m icrolithic t ypes, m ay v ary w ith s ite t ype. H owever, t here i s n o e vidence t o s uggest t hat s tylistic a ttributes o n l ithic a rtifacts w ill b e a ffected s imilarly.

C HRONOLOGY A s n oted i n C hapter 3 , r adiocarbon d ating, a rtifact t ypology, a nd p ollen a nalysis h ave p rovided a c hronology f or t he M esolithic p eriod i n n orthwestern E urope. N evertheless, r egional M esolithic s equences w ithin t he s tudy a rea r equire f urther t esting a nd m ore p recise r esolution. T hese d ifficulties b ecome e vident w hen a ttempting t o a ttribute a l arge n umber o f o therwise u ndated l ithic a ssemblages t o o ne o r a nother o f t hese c hronological p eriods. W here a rtifact t ypology p rovides t he o nly m eans t o a ccomplish t his t ask, r eliable a ssessments o f a ge m ay b e l ess t han o bvious. F urthermore, t he s carcity o f r adiocarbon d ates f rom M esolithic s ites i n F rance a nd i n t he A rdenne p recludes v ery p recise c orrelations b etween l ocal M esolithic s equences, p articularly t heir e arly p hases. T he d ata b ase f or s everal M esolithic s equences i s r eviewed b elow . T he a pplicability o f t hese s equences t o t he b ody o f d ata r eported i n t his s tudy a lso w ill b e d iscussed. T he c hronological f ramework w hich r esults f rom t his c ritical r eview p rovides t he f oundation f or t he a nalysis o f s tylistic v ariation, p resented i n C hapter 6 . S outhern H olland a nd L owland B elgium N ewell ( 1973, 1 975) a nd G ob ( 1981a) h ave r eviewed t he c hronological p atterning o f

t he M esolithic p eriod i n s outhern H olland a nd i n B elgium .

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The five-fold periodization of the Mesolithic formulated by Newell (see Chapter 3) parallels Gob's sequence of Mesolithic cultures which, from early to late, includes the Beuronian (A, B, and C), the Rhein-Meuse-Schelde A, and the Rhein-Meuse-Schelde B. Both Newell and Gob consider the presence or absence of particular microlithic types to be diagnostic of various phases of the Mesolithic. In the broadest sense, an earlier Mesolithic period is characterized by the absence of points with surface retouch and broad trapezes. Accordi_ng to Newell, this stage may be subdivided further into a Basal and an Early Mesolithic period. The Basal Mesolithic lacks C points and crescents, but contains atypical shouldered points and T jonger points. The fallowing Early Mesolithic lacks the shouldered and Tjonger points, but contains C points and crescents. By contrast, the earliest period of the Beuronian sequence (Gob 1981a), dated at the sites of Neerharen-De Kip and Ourlaine Theux from around 9000 B.P., includes assemblages both lacking and possessing C points and crescents. The radiocarbon evidence does not clarify this situation and cannot be used to separate sites variously attributed to the Basal and Early Mesolithic on the basis of typology alone. Based on the present data, it seems most reasonable to collapse those sites lacking points with surface retouch and broad trapezes into a single, "Early" Mesolithic period.

a

Points with surface retouch are thought to appear in the region at around 8400 B.P., though an earlier date recently has been suggested (see Chapter 3). It does appear, however, that their abundant presence on Mesolithic sites corresponds with Newell's Boreal Mesolithic period and also to the Rhein-Meuse-Schelde A defined by Gob. Radiocarbon dates from several sites suggest a duration of the "Middle" Mesolithic period of around 700 years, or ·to about 7700 B.P. As previously noted, the appearance of broad trapezes throughout-the region defines the later Mesolithic period. There have been some suggestions that certain types of trapezes predate the appearance of others. In particular, Newell has identified a Late Mesolithic and a Late Mesolithic Survival; the former is characterized by symmetric and asymmetric trapezes, the latter is distinguished by the appearance of right angled, rhombic, and derived trapezes. Somewhat similar suggestions have been forwarded by Rozoy ( 1978). However, Table 3-2 indicates some overlap in the representation of these types between sites attributed to the two periods. Lacking precise chronometric and stylistic controls, a -single Late Mesolithic period is recognized in this study. In the following chapter, it will be demonstrated that, for a given region, no significant stylistic differences exist among similar artifact types from sites attributed to the two later periods recognized. by Newell. For the purposes of this study, this fact lends justification for lumping all trapeze dominated assemblages into a single temporal unit. In sum, for the region encompassing southern Holland and lowland Belgium, three chronological subdivisions of the Mesolithic will be recognized: Early, Middle, and Late. While the sequences discussed above eventually may be confirmed or modified as more secure dates become available, this tripartite division of the Mesolithic attempts to resolve the gaps and inconsistencies in the available archaeological data. I will attempt to demonstrate below that the archaeological record from o-ther localities is not inconsistent with, o.r at least is amenable to, a similar chronological framework.

60

T he A rdenne T he c hronological p atterning o f M esolithic i ndustries o n t he A rdenne p lateau may v ary s ubstantially f rom e lsewhere i n t he L ower R hine r egion ( Gob 1 981a). A ccording t o G ob, t he B euronian p ersists u p u ntil a bout 7 450-7000 B .P., a nd t he R hein-Meuse-Schelde A a pparently i s a bsent h ere. T hat i s, a p hase c haracterized b y t he p resence o f p oints w ith s urface r etouch, b ut l acking b road t rapezes h as n ot b een r ecognized i n t he M esolithic o f t he A rdenne. T he B euronian i s s ubdivided i nto a t l east t hree, a nd p ossibly f our, p hases w hich a re d efined b y c hanges i n t he f requencies o f c ertain m icrolithic t ypes, p rincipally p oints w ith u nretouched b ase, c rescents, t riangles, a nd p oints w ith r etouched b ase ( Figure 5 -1). I f t rue, s ome o f t hese i ndustries m ust b e c orrelated w ith e ither t he E arly o r t he M iddle M esolithic p eriods d efined a bove. D o t hese i ndustries l acking b oth p oints w ith s urface r etouch a nd t rapezes c onstitute a s ingle u nit f rom a s tylistic p oint o f v iew , o r i s t here s ufficient j ustification f or p artitioning t he B euronian i nto t wo o r m ore o f t he p hases,

s uch a s p roposed b y G ob?

T o e xamine t his p roposition, s ome o f t he m etric a nd n on-metric a ttributes o f p otential s tylistic o rigin o n a rtifacts f rom s ites o f e ach p hase o f t he B euronian w ere c ompared. As catter-plot o f m ean w idth v s. m ean l ength o f p oints w ith r etouched b ase f rom n ine s ites ( Figure 5 -2) s uggests t he p ossibility o f t wo d istinct g roups.

A s eries o f t -tests c onfirm t his

s eparation ( Table 5 -1) a nd s how t hat t he t wo g roups a re n early mutually e xclusive. H ierarchical c lustering a lso w as p erformed o n as eries o f n onm etric a ttributes o f p oints w ith r etouched b ase i n o rder t o d efine s tylistic d ifferences r epresented b y t his r elatively c ommon t ype. T he s pecific a ttributes c ompared i nclude l ateralization, b ase s hape, p osition o f b asal r etouch , t runcation s hape, a nd t he d irection o f b lade r emoval ( position o f t he b ulb). T he r esulting d endrogram, s hown i n F igure 5 -3, c onfirms t he s egregation o f t he t wo g roups a nd i ndicates t he e xistence o f c lear s tylistic d ifferences w ithin t he B euronian, i ndependent o f t he p oint t ype s eriation p ublished b y G ob ( Figure 5 -1). W hile t he t wo g roups d o n ot c orrespond w ith a ny o f t he p roposed p hases o f t he B euronian d efined b y G ob, t hey d o s egregate e arly a nd l ate a ssemblages, i nferred f rom G ob's s eriation o f M esolithic s ites. T hus, a b ipartite d ivision o f t he B euronian o f t he A rdenne w ill b e a dopted i n t his s tudy . W hile t he c hronology o f t he B euronian i n t he A rdenne m ust b e c larified t hrough c hronometric d ating, t he t wo p eriods d efined a bove c orrelate r oughly t o t he E arly a nd M iddle p eriods o f t he M esolithic i n s outhern H olland a nd l owland B elgium, w ith a b oundary f alling s omewhere b etween 8 600-8400 B .P. S hould f uture w ork i nvalidate t his h ypothesis, s ynchronic p atterns o f s tylistic v ariation w ithin a ny o ne a rea w ill b e f ar g reater t han p reviously a cknowledged. T he P aris B asin E xcluding t he V ery O ld E pipaleolithic ( see C hapter 3 , F igure 3 -5), v irtually u ndocumented a t t he p resent t ime, t he c hronological p atterning o f M esolithic i ndustries i n t he P aris B asin ( Rozoy 1 978) r oughly c orresponds t o t he t hree s ubdivisions p roposed f or s outhern H olland a nd B elgium . S ites c ontaining p oints w ith s urface r etouch, b ut l acking t rapezes p ostdate s ites c haracterized b y t runcated p oints, c rescents a nd t riangles. T he l atter s ites a re a ttributed b y R ozoy t o t he O ld E pipaleolithic, t he f ormer t o t he M iddle E pipaleolithic. P oints w ith s urface r etouch o ccur ,at t he s ites o f M ontbani I I, S ablonnie 're d e C oincy I I, L a C hambre d es F ees, a nd N anteuil,

6 1

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F igure 5 -1. T ype f requency s eriation o f M esolithic s ites i n t he A rdenne. T he l ast ( upper) f our s ites b elong t o t he R hine-MeuseS chelde B , t he r emaining s ites d efine t he B euronian s equence. G ob ( 1981a) M azures,

w ould p lace a nd t he

u nretouched b ase. D ,

C rescents.

( redrawn

E ,

f rom G ob

t he

s ite o f A wan b etween

M assouheid a nd L es

s ite o f H odainry with Ourlaine. B ,

P oints w ith

P oints w ith s urface 1 979).

6 2

A ,

r etouched b ase. r etouch.

F ,

C ,

P oints w ith T riangles.

T rapezes.

1 .4 1 .3 1 .2

•B usch B rand • Awan •Kleinenbusch I •M ar lemont • C hinru B

1 .1 1 .0 . 9

H odainry • . 8

•O urlaine •W egnez

•F lönnes

I I

. 7

1 .8

1 .9

2 .0

2 .1

2 .2

2 .3

X L ENGTH

F igure 5 -2.

2 .4

2 .5

( cm )

S catter-plot o f X L ength v s.

C p oints f or c ertain M esolithic s ites

63

2 .6

X W idth o f

i n t he A rdenne.

T ABLE 5 -1

t -values a nd t wo-tailed p robabilities f or c omparisons o f t he w idth o f p oints w ith r etouched b ase f rom n ine M esolithic s ites i n t he A rdenne. P robabilities l ess t han . 05 a re u nderlined. S ample s izes a re i ndicated i n p arentheses.

tValue ( 35) 0 O urlaine H odainry . 44 W egnez 1 .55 F lonnes I I 1 .26 C hinru B 2.42 A wan 6.39 B usch B rand 3.54 K leinenbusch I 3.94 M arlemont ( 7) 2.45

( 7) H

. 76 . 92 2.32 4.02 3.65 3.82 2.24

( 13) W

. 23 3.67 6.17 4.92 5.57 3.44

( 5) F

3.33 8.60 5.58 5.33 3.04

( 10) C

( 33) A

2.04 1.69 1.02 .37

.03 1 .36 1 .31

( 5)

( 13)

1 .24 1 .06

. 39

. 233 . 312

. 702

T wo-Tailed P robability 0 O urlaine H odainry W egnez F lonnes I I C hinru B A wan B usch B rand K leinenbusch I M arlemont

. 663 . 129 . 217 . 020 . 000 . 001 . 000 . 019

H

. 459 . 380 . 035 . 000 . 004 . 001 . 045

W

. 820 . 001 . 000 . 000 . 000 . 003

64

F

C

A

. 005 . 000 . 001 . 000 . 012

. 047 . 115 . 319 . 716

. 977 . 180 . 197

—

. 480

—

. 410

—

. 339

—

. 268

—

. 198

—

. 127

—

. 057

—

F igure 5 -3.

B SHBRAND

D endrogram o f M esolithic

s ites

i n t he A rdenne

b ased o n s tylistic a ttributes o f p oints w ith r etouched b ase ( C p oints).

6 5

F LONNES2

. 551

H ODA IN RY

—

O URLA IN E

. 621

K LE IN BSH

, -

M ARLEMNT

. 692

b ut a pparently a re much l ess c ommon t han a t c ontemporary s ites f rom B elgium a nd t he N etherlands. A ccording t o R ozoy's s equence, t he a ppearance o f p oints w ith s urface r etouch d ate f rom t he l atter h alf o f t he M iddle E pipaleolithic. H owever, i f t he M iddle E pipaleolithic i s r edefined b y t he c riteria o utlined a bove, t he b est e stimates i n r adiocarbon y ears B .P. f or t he O ld t o M iddle E pipaleolithic b oundary c orrespond a lmost a bove f or t he E arly/Middle M esolithic.

p recisely

t o

t hat

s uggested

T he s uggested d ating a nd d efinition o f t he R ecent E pipaleolithic i n t he P aris B asis i s c onsistent w ith t he L ate M esolithic p eriod p roposed a bove. W est G ermany W here p ossible, I h ave a ttempted t o e xpand t he g eographic a rea u nder c onsideration b y m aking u se o f p reviously p ublished a rtifact d escriptions. T he u se o f p ublished d ata, h owever, i s r estricted i n s cope a nd q uality t o t he i dentification o f t ypes a nd a ttributes w hich d o n ot r equire i ndependent v erification. F or w estern G ermany, A rora ( 1976) h as p rovided a rtifact d escriptions f rom a n umber o f s ites w hich p ermit c omparison t o s imilar t ypes f rom a djacent r egions, i ncluding B elgium a nd t he N etherlands. A rora ( 1980) h as s uggested a f ive-fold s equence

f or t he M esolithic p eriod i n

w estern G ermany: E arly M esolithic ( ca. 9 900-9300 B .P.), O ld M esolithic ( ca. 9 300-8500 B .P.), M iddle M esolithic ( ca. 8 500-8000 B .P.), Y oung M esolithic ( ca. 8 000-7000 B .P.), a nd t he L ate M esolithic ( ca. 7 000-6500 B .P.). T he a vailable s tylistic d ata, h owever, a re r estricted e ntirely t o s ites a ttributed t o t he O ld M esolithic. S ites w hich A rora a ttributes v ariously t o t he H ambacher G ruppe, t he B illinghausener G ruppe, a nd t he B reitenborner G ruppe f all w ithin t he E arly M esolithic p eriod p roposed a bove. G ob ( 1981a) a lso h as s uggested a s imilar c orrelation b etween t he G erman M esolithic s ites a nd t he B euronian s equence i n B elgium. A side f rom t hese E arly M esolithic s ites, a dditional s ites i n w estern G ermany a nd i n L uxembourg a lso w ill b e c ited f or t he p urpose o f d ocumenting t he g eographic r ange o f p articular m icrolithic t ypes, s uch a s p oints w ith s urface r etouch. T he r elative c hronology o f M esolithic s ites a dopted i n t his s tudy i s g iven i n T able 5 -2.

T HE L ITHIC A SSEMBLAGES A ND S TYLISTIC A TTRIBUTES T he u se o f t raditional a rtifact t ypology i n t his s tudy h as b een d iscussed i n t he C hapter 4 . T able A -2 ( in A ppendix A ) p rovides a n i nventory o f m icrolithic a rmatures i dentified f or 8 7 i ndividual M esolithic s ites. T able A -3 g ives a s imilar b reakdown o f l ithic t ypes, d erived f rom p ublished s ources o nly . T ypes 1 -19 i nclude v arious t ypes o f p ointed m icroliths, t ypes 2 0-25 i nclude t he t riangles, a nd t ypes 2 6-35 i nclude t rapezoidal m icroliths ( see a lso C hapter 4 ). I ndividual t ype d escriptions m ay b e f ound i n P rice ( 1975). U nless i ndicated o therwise, t he a rtifact c ounts g iven i n T able A -2 r epresent t hose a rtifacts e xamined p ersonally b y t he a uthor a nd n eed n ot c orrespond i n d etail t o p ublished l ists f or m any o f t he s ame s ites. D ata o n t he e xact t ype f requencies m ust t herefore b e r egarded w ith c aution. M any o f t he i ndividual t ypes ( e.g., n eedle-shaped p oints o r l ancette p oints) a re s o p oorly r epresented, n umerically o r s patially, t hat

6 6

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M ESOLITHIC

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T ABLE 5 -2

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W eelde-Paardsdrank

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s tatistical c omparisons o f i ntersite v ariation a re f ruitless.

G enerally ,

t hese t ypes d o n ot p lay a n i mportant r ole i n t he a nalysis o f s tylistic v ariation. T hus, s tylistic a nalysis f ocuses o n s elected p ortions o f t he t ype l ist. T he b asic d ata o n s tylistic v ariation c omprise t hree s eparate v arieties o f i nformation: p resence/absence f requency d ata, a nd m etric d ata.

o bservations,

p ercentage

P resence/Absence D ata A s n oted i n C hapter 4 , I h ave f ound i t d esirable t o m ake u se o f " traditional" M esolithic t ype l ists a s t he b asis f or l umping o r s plitting c lasses o f a rtifacts f or t he a nalysis o f s tylistic v ariation, r ather t han c onstructing a m ore g eneral s cheme p otentially a pplicable t o o ther a reas ( e.g., S tiles 1 979). O ften, d istinctions b etween i ndividual t ypes a re b ased o n t he p resence o f as ingle c haracteristic a ttribute. T he p resence o f s urface r etouch o n t rianges ( triangles w ith s urface r etouch) i s o ne e xample. I n m ost c ases, d istribution m aps i llustrating t he p resence o f d istinctive s hape c ategories o r a ttributes a re c ompiled d irectly f rom t he t ype l ists i n T able A -2, r ather t han f rom m ore d etailed a ttribute l ists g iven e lsewhere i n i n A ppendix A . P ercentage F requency D ata I n t he p revious c hapter i t w as s uggested t hat v ariability w ithin t he t ype-group a rmatures m ay b e e xpressed b y t he c onsideration o f t hree b asic s hape c ategories: p oints, t riangles, a nd t rapezes. W ithin e ach o f t hese t hree p rimary c ategories, a n umber o f q ualitative a ttributes o f p otential s tylistic o rigin w ere r ecorded. D ifferences b etween t he a ttribute l ists f or t hese t hree c ategories a re r elated t o t he o verall s hape o f t he I mplement ( e.g., t riangular o r t rapezoidal) a nd t o t he n umber a nd p lacement o f i ntentionally m odified e dges ( e.g., l ateral e dges o r b ases). S elected n on-metric a ttributes, a long w ith t heir o bserved f requencies, a re g iven i n T ables A -4 t hrough A -8. T able A -4 g ives t he b reakdown o f t he m ost i mportant a ttributes f or t he p oints w ith u nretouched b ase. T his c lass r epresents a ll t hose a rtifacts w ith o ne l ateral t runcation, b ut l acking b asal r etouch. T hey i nclude t ypes 3 , 4 , a nd 6 i n T able A -2 ( or t he A , B , a nd D p oints). T able A -5 p rovides a s imilar d escription o f t he q ualitative a ttributes f or p oints w ith r etouched b ase,

v ariously r eferred t o a s C p oints o r T ardenois p oints.

T able A -6 g ives t he f requencies o f t he m ore i mportant n on-metric a ttributes r ecorded f or s calene t riangles, b y f ar t he s ingle m ost a bundant t ype o f t riangle. A h istogram o f t he l engths f or 2 96 c omplete s calene t riangles s uggests t hat t he s o-called " short" a nd " long" s calene t riangles o f t he D utch c lassification m ay b e i n f act a s ingle t ype ( Figure 5 -4). A rora ( 1976:13-14) h as a ttempted t o s ubdivide t he s calene t riangles o n t he b asis o f t he r atio o f t he l engths o f t he t wo i ntersecting t runcations, t o w hich h e a ttaches s tylistic s ignificance. A h istogram o f t hat r atio f or 2 94 c omplete s pecimens a gain s uggests t his t o b e a n a rbitrary d ivision o f a u nimodal d istribution ( Figure 5 -5). Among

t he

t rapezoidal

m icroliths,

n umerically a re t he m ore i mportant.

r ight

a ngled

a nd

r hombic

f orms

B y c omparison t o t he s ymmetric a nd

a symmetric v arieties, t hey o ccur, o r h ave b een s ampled, f rom t he g reatest n umber o f s ites. N on-metric a ttributes f or r ight a ngled a nd r hombic t rapezes a re g iven i n T ables A -7

a nd A -8.

6 9

7 0 -

6 5 1 .. . .. .

6 0 5 5 -

1. . .. .. . .

5 0 -

1

. 1,

.

.0 .0

4 5 4 0 n 3 5 -

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.. .. .

3 0 ' 4 1 1 m .

,

2 5 -

2 0 -

. 1 .. . . .... .•

—

1 5 1 0 . 1. .

a p

5

E l . 5

1 .5

2 .5

L ength

F igure 5 -4.

H istogram o f

t riangles.

7 0

3 .5

( cm .)

l engths f or 2 96 c omplete s calene

7 06 5-

6 05 5-

5 04 5-

4 03 53 02 52 01 5-

1 05-

I

1 .0

I

1 'I

I

1

I

3 .0

2 .0

I

I I

4 .0

L ong T runcation L ength/Short T runcation L ength F igure 5 -5.

H istogram o f

t runcation l ength r atio

t he l ong t runcation l ength:

f or 2 94

7 1

s mall

c omplete s calene t riangles.

M etric D ata L ike t he n on-metric a ttributes, a nalyses o f m etric a ttributes a re r estricted t o t hose t ypes o r c lasses r epresented i n s ufficient n umbers f or m eaningful i ntersite c omparisons. M eans a nd s tandard d eviations f or t he m etric a ttributes r ecorded f or t he s ame a rtifact c lasses d escribed a bove a re g iven i n T ables A -9 t hrough A -13.

F OOTNOTES 1 . E very e ffort w as m ade t o l ocate a nd r ecord e ach a rtifact f rom p ublished c ollections. H owever, e ven u nder i deal c ircumstances, t ype d esignations d id n ot u niformly c orrespond t o t hose f ound i n t he o riginal r eport. T his n o d oubt i s d ue i n p art t o t he u navoidable s ubjective e lement i n a rtifact t ypology . A dditional d ifficulties a lso w ere e ncountered, i ncluding t he f act t hat p ortions o f s ome c ollections h ave b een d ispersed w idely , p oorly c urated, o r s imply l ost. F inally , af ew c ollections ( e.g., A ll e T ortue X a nd O urlaine a T heux) w ere a nalyzed w hile e xcavations w ere i n p rogress. T herefore, i t i s r ecommended t hat i nterested r eaders c onsult t he o riginal s ite r eports b efore m aking u se o f t ype f requency d ata. T hese r eferences m ay b e f ound i n Appendix A a nd i n t he b ibliography.

7 2

CHAPTER ANALYSIS

AND

6 RESULTS

I NTRODUCTION I n C hapter 4 , ag eneral m ethod f or t he a nalysis o f s tylistic v ariation i n l ithic a rtifacts w as o utlined. T emporal p atterning i n M esolithic s tone i ndustries a nd t he f ormal a ttributes u pon w hich t he a nalysis o f s tyle i s b ased w ere p resented i n C hapter 5 . T his c hapter p resents t he r esults o f t he a nalysis o f s tylistic v ariation i n l ithic a rtifacts o f t he n orthwest E uropean M esolithic. E ach o f t he t hree c hronological d ivisions o f t he M esolithic p eriod i s t reated b elow . T hese r esults a re s ummarized i n t abular o r g raphic f ormat, a nd t he m ore i nstructive r esults a re d iscussed i n d etail. S everal s ites t hat w ere e xamined d uring t he c ourse o f t his r esearch d o n ot f igure i nto t hese a nalytical p rocedures. C onstraints i mposed b y s mall s ample s izes a nd q uestions r aised b y t he c ontext a nd r eliability o f s pecific a ssemblages e ffectively p recluded c ertain s ites f rom f urther t reatment. F urthermore, n ot e very f ormal q ualitative o r q uantitative a ttribute h as b een s ubjected t o s tatistical d escription a nd i ntersite c omparison. O n t he o ne h and, i t i s c lear t hat l ittle t o n o s ignificant v ariation b etween s ites e xists a mong m any o f t he f ormal c haracteristics o f t he m icrolithic a rmatures. Many a ttributes n ot o nly e xhibit u niform a nd c onsistent v ariation t hroughout t he s tudy a rea, b ut i n m any c ases a cross t he w hole o f M esolithic E urope. O n t he o ther h and, t here a re a n e normous n umber o f a ttributes a nd a ttribute c ombinations t hat a re p otentially a vailable f or s tatistical t reatment, a nd t hese m ust b e r educed t o am anageable f igure. T his p rocess o f s election w as b ased u pon t he p otential v ariation s uggested b y t he d ata g iven i n A ppendix A a nd u pon m y o wn f amiliarity w ith t he M esolithic a ssemblages t hemselves. T he a nalyses p resented b elow a re i ntroduced w ith r eference t o t he a rtifact t ype, a ttribute, a nd s ites u nder c onsideration; t hese a re c rossr eferenced t o t he t ables a nd f igures a ssociated w ith e ach p rocedure. I ntersite c omparisons o n t he b asis o f q ualitative ( non-metric) o bservations f irst a re a pproached t hrough c luster a nalysis. T he m atrix o f d istance c oefficients ( Squared E uclidean d istance) a nd t he h ierarchical c lustering p rocedure ( Ward's m ethod) r emain t he s ame i n e very i nstance, a nd t hese r esults a re d isplayed i n ad endrogram . W here a ppropriate, v ariation b etween s ites i s i llustrated b y ap rincipal c omponents s catter d iagram, i n w hich t he f irst p rincipal c omponent i s l abelled " Factor 1 ," a nd t he s econd p rincipal c omponent i s l abelled " Factor 2 ." T he r eoults o btained f rom c luster a nalysis a nd f rom p rincipal c omponents a nalysis a re u sed t o d raw i nferences c oncerning t he c haracter o f s tylistic v ariation t hrough s pace. A dditional i nformation r egarding t hese s tatistical p rocedures i s g iven i n A ppendix B . T he d efinition o f p rofiles o f s tylistic v ariation a lso m ay b e a ided b y s tatistical c orrelations b etween s tylistic d ifferences a nd g eographic d istances b etween M esolithic s ites. T o a ccomplish t his t ask, m illimeter p aper w as p laced o ver a m ap o f s ite l ocations, a nd e ach s ite w as a ssigned a g rid c oordinate. Ac omputer-generated p lot o f i ndividual s ite l ocations i s g iven b elow i n F igure

6 -1.

T his m ap

7 3

c an b e

c ompared

t o a p rincipal

' 4 +

+ +

F igure 6 -1.

C omputer g enerated p lot o f f orty-seven s ite

t ions w ithin t he s tudy a rea.

7 4

l oca-

F ACTOR

2

++e ++ + + + + . + + +. 7 , „ , + +

F igure

6 -2.

P rincipal

f orty-seven s ite m ay b e

c omponents

l ocations

i ntepreted a s

s hown

s catter d iagram f or i n F igure

S W-NE d irection,

S E-NW d irection.

7 5

6 -1.

t he

F actor

F actor 2 i ndicates

I

c omponents a nalysis p erformed o n t his d ata s et ( Figure 6 -2). C learly , t he m ajority o f t he v ariation i n s ite l ocations f alls a long t he f irst p rincipal c omponent. B ased u pon t he d istribution o f s ites s hown i n F igure 6 -1, t his f actor m ay b e i nterpreted a s S W-NE d irection. T he s econd p rincipal c omponent, w hich i n t his c ase e xplains t he r emaining 1 1.74 p ercent o f t he v ariance, m ay b e i nterpreted t o i ndicate S E-NW d irection. F our s ets o f f actor s cores a re g enerated b y t his p rocedure. Two s ets c orrespond t o t he f irst t wo p rincipal c omponents d erived f rom t he a nalysis o f s tylistic a ttributes, a nd t wo d erive f rom s ite l ocational d ata. T hus, t he c omparison o f s tylistic d ifferences a nd g eographic d istances p roduces a m aximum o f f our p roduct-moment c orrelation c oefficients f or e ach a nalysis o f as pecific a ttribute o r c ombination o f a ttributes. T hese c oefficients c an b e u sed t o m easure t he r elationship b etween s tylistic v ariation a nd t he g eographic d istribution o f s ites a cross t he s tudy a rea. A p robability o f . 05 w as s elected t o e valuate t he r esults. P robabilities g reater t han . 05 a re c onsidered t o i ndicate n o r elationship ( interpreted a s r andom) b etween s tylistic v ariation a nd g eographic l ocations o f s ites. S tatistically s ignificant c orrelations s uggest c linal p rofiles o f s tylistic v ariation o r d iscrete c lustering a long o ne a xis o r d irection. S catter p lots o f t he p aired f actor s cores i llustrate t hese d istributional p rofiles a nd a re u seful i n d istinguishing b etween c linal a nd d iscrete d istributions o f s tylistic v ariability, b oth o f w hich w ould b e e xpected t o y ield h igh c orrelation c oefficients.

T HE E ARLY M ESOLITHIC P ERIOD T he e arly M esolithic p eriod, a s d iscussed i n C hapter 5 , i s c haracterized b y am icrolithic i ndustry c ontaining p oints w ith u nretouched a nd r etouched b ase, t riangles, a nd c rescents. S elected a nalyses w hich d emonstrate t he n ature o f s tylistic v ariation i n t he E arly M esolithic a re d escribed i n d etail b elow . Am ore c omprehensive s et o f s upporting r esults a re s ummarized i n T ables 6 -1 a nd 6 -2. A nalyses o f t he n on-metric a ttributes a re n umbered s equentially a nd c ross-referenced t o t he t ables a nd f igures. T he d istribution o f E arly M esolithic s ites w hich f igure i nto t he a nalyses b elow i s g iven i n F igure 6 -3. T he f ollowing s ites a re i ncluded: 1 . A ardhorst 2 a. L uiksgestel I I 2 b. L uiksgestel-De Maay 3 . S chulen 4 .

N eerharen-De K ip

5 . 6 . 7 .

F lönnes 2 H odainry W egnez

8 . 9 . 1 0. 1 1.

O urlaine ä T heux R oc l a T our I I L ongprg-les-Corps-Saints L a H aute B orne

1 2. 1 3. 1 4. 1 5. 1 6. 1 7. 1 8. 1 9.

C haville C haintrgauville B illinghausen S timberg H alloh H ohenbusch 4 H ambach I S onnenberg

2 0. 2 1. 2 2.

S tumpertenrod B reitenborn A W 1 B urgsinn 5

Q ualitative A ttributes T en i ndividual n on-metric a ttributes o r a ttribute ' c ombinations w ere a nalyzed u sing a s eries o f m ultivariate s tatistics. T hree s eries o f a nalyses a re d iscussed b elow a nd t he r emainder a re s ummarized i n T ables 6 -1

7 6

7 7

T ABLE 6 -1

C orrelation c oefficients f or f actor s cores f rom t he p rincipal c omp onent a nalyses a nd i nferred p rofiles o f s tylistic v ariation. N umb ers a t l eft r efer t o a nalyses o f E arly M esolithic s ites. S ignific ant c orrelations a re u nderlined. R = r andom, C = c linal.

A 1 .

. 2074 R

-

. 3023 R

-

2 .

. 1302 R

.1865 R

. 5360 R

.0333 R

3 .

. 1397 R

. 2213 R

. 3089 R

. 5479 R

4 .

. 3027 R

-

. 2642 R

-

5 .

. 4011 R

-

. 1564 R

-

6 .

. 2368 R

. 4185 R

. 4990 C

. 2041 R

7 .

. 1678 R

. 0553 R

. 3647 R

. 0057 R

8 .

. 2224 R

. 0157 R

. 7157 C

.0752 R

9 .

.0908 R

.1307 R

. 3193 R

. 2092 R

1 0.

. 0104 R

.0049 R

. 5079 R

. 1197 R

C olumn A . F irst p rincipal c omponent ( style) w ith f irst p rincipal c omponent ( site l ocation) C olumn B . S econd p rincipal c omponent ( style) w ith f irst p rincipal c omponent ( site l ocation) C olumn C . F irst p rincipal c omponent c omponent ( site l ocation) C olumn D . S econd p rincipal c omponent c omponent

( site l ocation)

7 8

( style) with s econd p rincipal ( style) w ith s econd p rincipal

T ABLE 6 -2

Analyses o f

t he n on-metric a ttributes o f m icrolithic a rmatures

f rom t he E arly M esolithic p eriod. T able 6 -1.

2 .

T ype: s calene t riangles A ttribute: s mall t runcation s hape S ites:

A ardhorst, L uiksgestel I I, L uiksgestel-De M aay, N eerharen-De K ip, F lönnes I I, H odainry, W egnez, ä T heux, R oc l a T our, L ongprg-les-Corps-Saints, B orne,

4 .

The r esults a re s ummarized i n

T ype:

S chulen, O urlaine L a H aute

C haintrgauville

p oints w ith r etouched b ase

A ttribute: l ateralization S ites: Aardhorst, L uiksgestel I I, L uiksgestel-De M aay, F lönnes I I, H odainry, W egnez, O urlaine ä T heux, R oc l a T our, L ongprg-les-Corps-Saints, L a H aute B orne,

5 .

T ype:

C haintrgauville

p oints w ith r etouched b ase

A ttribute: l ateralization S ites: Aardhorst, L uiksgestel I I, I I,

H odainry,

W egnez,

L uiksgestel-De M aay,

O urlaine ä T heux,

F lönnes

R oc l a T our,

L ongprg-les-Corps-Saints, L a H aute B orne, C haville, C haintrgauville, B illinghausen, H ambach I , S tumpertenrod

7 .

T ype: p oints w ith r etouched b ase A ttribute: b ase s hape S ites: A ardhorst, L uiksgestel I I, I I,

H odainry, W egnez,

L ongprg-les-Corps-Saints,

8 .

L uiksgestel-De M aay,

O urlaine ä T heux,

F lönnes

R oc l a T our

L a H aute B orne,

C haintrgauville

T ype: p oints w ith r etouched b ase, s calene t riangles A ttributes: b ase r etouch ( points); l arge t runcation s hape:

s mall

t runcation s hape r atio S ites:

A ardhorst, L uiksgestel-De M aay, F lönnes I I, O urlaine, R oc l a T our, L ongprg, L a H aute B orne, C haintrgauville, B ill inghausen,

S timberg, H alloh,

S onnenberg,

S tumpertenrod,

79

H ohenbusch 4 ,

B reitenborn AW I ,

H ambach I , B urgsinn 5

T ABLE 6 -2,

9 .

T ype: p oints w ith r etouched b ase A ttributes: l ateralization, b ase r etouch, S ites:

1 0.

c ontinued.

T ype:

b ase s hape,

t runca-

t ion s hape, f laking d irection Aardhorst, L uiksgestel I I, L uiksgestel-De M aay, F lönnes I I, H odainry, W egnez, O urlaine ä T heux, R oc l a T our, L ongprg-les-Corps-Saints, L a H aute B orne, C haintrgauville

p oints w ith u nretouched b ase,

p oints w ith r etouched b ase,

s calene t riangles A ttributes: l ateralization, t runcation s hape ( points w ith u nr etouched b ase); l ateralization, b ase r etouch, b ase s hape, t runcation s hape, f laking d irection ( points w ith r etouched b ase); l ateralization, f laking d ir ection, l arge t runcation s hape, s mall t runcation S ites:

s hape ( scalene t riangles) A ardhorst, L uiksgestel I I, L uiksgestel-De M aay, I I,

H odainry, W egnez,

O urlaine ä T heux,

L ongprg-les-Corps-Saints,

80

F lönnes

R oc l a T our,

L a H aute B orne,

C haintrgauville

a nd 6 -2.

S tatistical p rocedures i ncluded c luster a nalysis a nd p rincipal

c omponents a nalysis. I n a ddition, t he f actor s cores f or t he f irst t wo p rincipal c omponents w ere c orrelated w ith t he f actor s cores b ased o n t he p rincipal c omponents a nalysis o f s ite l ocations. T he c orrelation c oefficients, a long w ith t he i nferred p rofiles o f s tylistic v ariation, a re g iven i n T able 6 -1. T he n umbered l eft h and c olumn o f t he t able c orresponds t o t he i ndividual a nalyses d escribed b elow a nd i n T able 6 -2. d endrograms a nd s catter d iagrams a re p resented o nly f or

A ccompanying t he s elected

a nalyses d iscussed b elow . 1 .

T ype: s calene t riangles A ttribute: l ateralization S ites: A ardhorst, L uiksgestel I I, L uiksgestel-De Maay, S chulen, N eerharen-De K ip,'Flönnes I I, H odainry, Wegnez, O urlaine h T heux,

R oc

B orne,

C haville,

l a

T our

I I,

L ongpre-les-Corps-Saints,

L a H aute

C haintreauville.

T he r esults o f t he c luster a nalysis b ased o n t he l ateralizations o f s calene t riangles a re p resented a s ad endrogram ( Figure 6 -4). T wo d istinct c lusters o f s ites o ccur, p ointing t o s ignificant v ariation i n t he l ateralizations o f s calene t riangles b etween i ndividual s ites. H owever, t he g eographic r epresentation o f s ites w ithin e ach c luster i s d istributed r ather r andomly. A lthough a p rincipal c omponents a nalysis w as p erformed o n t he d ata f or l ateralizations, n o s catter d iagram i s g iven, s ince t he f irst p rincipal c omponent e xplains 1 00 p ercent o f

t he v ariance.

As catter-plot o f t he f actor s cores f or t he f irst p rincipal c omponent o f t he s tylistic d ata a nd t hose o f t he f irst p rincipal c omponent o f t he s ite l ocational d ata i s g iven i n F igure 6 -5. N o r elationship b etween t he t wo s ets o f s cores c an b e d iscerned, a nd t he c orrelation c oefficient ( r =. 2074) i s n ot s ignificant a t

t he

. 05

l evel ( see a lso T able 6 -1).

T he p roduct-

m oment c orrelation c oefficient b etween t he f actor s cores o f t he f irst p rincipal c omponent o f t he s tylistic d ata a nd t hose o f t he s econd p rincipal c omponent

( SE - N W d irection)

o f

t he

s ite

l ocational

d ata

a lso

i s

s ignificant a t t he . 05 l evel. T hus, t he d istributional p rofile v ariation f or t he l ateralization o f s calene t riangles i s r andom . 3 .

T ype: s calene t riangles A ttributes: l ateralization, S ites:

f laking

d irection,

l arge

s hape, s mall t runcation s hape A ardhorst, L uiksgestel I I, L uiksgestel-De N eerharen-De K ip, T heux , B orne,

F lonnes I I,

H odainry,

o f

t runcation

Maay,

W egnez,

n ot

S chulen,

O urlaine h

R oc l a T our I I, L ongpre-les-Corps-Saints, C haville, C haintreauville

L a H aute

T his i s o ne o f t he s everal a nalyses i n w hich a n umber o f a ttributes a re c onsidered s imultaneously. I n t his i nstance, f our i ndividual a ttributes, h aving a t otal o f t en a ttribute s tates, w ere c onsidered i n o rder t o a rrive a t am ore c omprehensive p icture o f v ariation b etween s ites b ased u pon t he s calene t riangles. T he r esults o f t he c luster a nalysis ( given a s ad endrogram i n F igure 6 6 ) a nd t he p rincipal c omponents a nalysis ( presented a s as catter d iagram i n F igure

6 -7 ) d o

n ot

d emonstrate

s trong

p atterning

i n

t he

d ata.

T he

c orrelation c oefficients d erived f rom t he f actor s cores . o f t he p rincipal c omponents a nalyses o f s tyle a nd s ite l ocations c onfirm t hese r esults. T he s uggested p rofile o f v ariation f or c ombined a ttributes o f t he s calene

8 1

i N 3 1 n H p s 3 NdOS I H 3-1 7 IA VHD -

A VVW 3 C I

- Z S3NNO l d

3 N IV id f1 0 —

3 2 : Ic IDNO -1

- A dN IV C IOH - Z ilS9S> 11 —N3dHd33N -

Z 3ND3M 7 A32 : 11NHD

f ourteen E arly M esolithic

—. 1S2 : 1HC [ 2 : i n i

5 - • t o c o N 1

1 1 N

N

i n

1 ( N 0

( )

• 1 C O 0

c N

I c l C V

c )

1 C 3 '

( I c o

I I i n

L 1

C D

N

! L O

c o

!

!

C U

' T Z J'

r \ J • C U

t o r 4

4 -

0

2 .0 1 .0

F ac t or s cores

•

•

••

C )

2.0

4.0 3.0

9. 0

1.0

F actor s cores

0 .0

1 .0

( SW-NE d istance)

F igure 6 -5. S catter-plot o f f actor s cores o f t he f irst p rinc ipal c omponent f or s calene t riangle l ateralizations a nd s ite l ocations

( SW-NE d istance).

83

1 .333 1 .195

• • •• •

1 .057 .9 19 .7 81 . 644 .5 06 .3 68 . 230

S CHULEN 1

L KSGSTL2

N EERHREN

A ARDHR S T

H ODA IN RY

F LONNES2

O URLA IN E

C HNTREVL

.0 92

F igure 6 -6.

D endrogram o f t hirteen E arly M esolithic s ites b ased

o n v ariation

a mong s calene t riangles.

8 4

F ACTOR

1 +

1 3

+9 +2b + 1 +

+6

3 +8 + 4

+ 11

7 5

+ 10 +2a

F igure 6 -7. P rincipal c omponents s catter d iagram f or t hirteen E arly M esolithic s ites b ased o n t he v ariation a mong s calene t riangles.

8 5

t riangles i s r andom. 6 .

T ype: p oints w ith r etouched b ase A ttribute: b ase r etouch S ites: A ardhorst, L uiksgestel I I, L uiksgestel-De M aay , F lönnes I I, H odainry, W egnez, O urlaine 1 T heux, R oc l a T our I I, L ongprgl es-Corps-Saints, L a H aute B orne, C haintrgauville, H ambach I , S onnenberg, H ohenbusch 4 , S timberg, B illinghausen, H alloh, B reitenborn A W 1 , S tumpertenrod, B urgsinn 5 .

P oints w ith r etouched b ase f rom e leven s ites i ncluded i n t his a nalysis w ere e xamined p ersonally b y t he a uthor. I n a ddition, t he a nalysis i ncludes n ine s ites f rom w estern G ermany f or w hich d ata o n t he p osition o f b asal r etouch a moung p oints w ith r etouched b ase a re p resent ( Arora 1 976). T he n ine s ites h ave b een a ssigned b y A rora t o o ne o f t hree " Formengruppen." A ccording t o A rora, t he p osition o f b asal r etouch o n p oints w ith u nretouched b ase i s a n i mportant a ttribute w hich d istinguishes t hese t hree g eographically s eparated g roups. T he r esults o f t he c luster a nalysis a re p resented a s ad endrogram ( Figure 6 -8). T he d endrogram s uggests s everal f airly w ell-defined c lusters o f s ites b ased u pon v ariation i n t he p osition o f b asal r etouch o n p oints w ith r etouched b ase. M any o f t hese s ame c lusters a lso m ay b e d iscerned f rom t he d istribution o f s ites g iven i n t he p rincipal c omponents s catter d iagram ( Figure 6 -9). T he t hree g roups p roposed b y A rora ( 1976) d o n ot s eparate p articularly w ell w hen c ompared t o s ites f rom a djacent r egions i n n orthwestern E urope. H owever, c ertain s ites a ppear t o s tand o ut, f orming i solated " pockets" i n w hich s imilarity i n s tyle i s c orrelated p ositively w ith g eographic p roximity . T he s ites o f B reitenborner AW 1 a nd S tumpertenrod, b oth a ffiliated w ith t he B reitenborner G ruppe, o ccur t ogether i n a s ingle c luster. S imilarly, t he s ites o f H ambach I , S onnenberg, a nd H ohenbusch 4 , a ffiliated w ith t he H ambacher G ruppe, a lso o ccur t ogether, a long w ith t wo s ites f rom m ore d istant l ocales. A dditional c lusters i dentified i n t his a nalysis d o n ot c ontain M esolithic s ites s imilarly c lustered i n s pace. T he a pparent r andom d istribution o f s tylistic v ariation a long t he f irst p rincipal c omponent o f s ite l ocation ( SW-NE d irection) i s c onfirmed b y t he c orrelation c oefficient o f f actor s cores d erived f rom t he p rincipal c omponent a nalyses ( r =. 2368). O n t he o ther h and, a s ignificant p ositive c orrelation ( r =. 4990) f or t he f irst p rincipal c omponent o f s ite l ocation s uggests t hat v ariation i n b asal r etouch i s d istributed c linally a long a S EN W t ransect. As catter-plot o f t hese f actor s cores i s g iven i n F igure 6 -10. M etric A ttributes A s p ointed o ut b y S tiles

( 1979) a nd W eissner ( 1983), v ariation i n

m etric a ttributes a mong l ithic a rtifacts m ay b e o f s tylistic o rigin. T herefore, s ignificant v ariation a mong t he m eans o f p otentially s tylistic m etric a ttributes w ere i nvestigated. B imodal o r m ultimodal d istributions o f t hese v alues c ould i ndicate t hat s tyle i s a n i mportant f actor i n f ormal v ariation . S hould o ther s ources f or t he o bserved v ariation b e e liminated, s uch a s t he q uality o f t he a vailable l ithic r aw m aterial, t hese i nferences m ay b e s trengthened. H owever, i n g eneral, n o s ignificant v ariation w as o bserved a mong t he m etric a ttributes o f t he m icrolithic a rmatures a ssociated w ith E arly

8 6

—

3 2 : 1d9N0 -1

—ZS3NNOld — A dN IV GOH —92 : 13S 1 A 1 II S Z lISDS T 1 3 N2 : 10E { I H l A HINHD N N IS 92 : 1 ( 18 9 2 13E INNOS H S fT E INHOH LH DVE IWVH Z 3N UM H OT 1VH 3 1 \ 1 Iv idno I SdHadVt i N SHDN -1 IB A VV I A J 3 C I I12 1

1

I

I

c o

I n

N I

L I D r y l

N N

0 0 C D .

.

i O D

r l

0 1

i I n a l r -

N i n l f ) .

I I I iH a l 0

I n

U D r n .

N C \ J .

r • • C D

r etouched b ase.

N 2 : 1SII3dg

M esolithic s ites b ased o n v ariation

1 2 : 13dWr IIS

F ACTOR

1

1 5 41 -

2 a

5 ,6,10

1 6 1 4 + 8+ +20

+ 21

2 b ++

9

+ 1 +7

2 2+

F igure 6 -9.

P rincipal c omponents

E arly M esolithic

s ites b ased o n

s catter d iagram f or

t he p osition o b b asal

o n p oints w ith r etouched b ase.

8 8

t wenty r etouch

3 .0 S.

F actor s cores

( stylistic d istance)

2 .0 1 .0 0 .0

•

-1 .0

•

•

•

-2 .0 -3 .0 4.0 2.0

1.

9

0.4

F actor s cores

F igure

6 -10.

0 .4

1 .2

( SE-NW d istance)

S catter-plot o f f actor s cores o f

t he f irst p rin-

c ipal c omponent f or t he p osition o f b asal r etouch o n p oints w ith r etouched b ase a nd s ite l ocations ( SE-NW d istance).

8 9

M esolithic s ites. R ather, a c ontinuum o f v ariation b etween s ites w as r evealed. W ithin t he o bserved s ize r anges f or a n umber o f d ifferent a ttributes ( see b elow), t here w as n o c onsistent p atterning w ith r egard t o g eographic l ocation o f t he s ites. T hese r esults s uggest t hat, w ithin t he r egion o f s tudy, m etric a ttributes o f l ithic a rtifacts, w hile p erhaps d ictated i n p art b y t he n ature o f t he l ithic r aw m aterial a nd i n p art b y s tylistic o r i ndiosyncratic p references, a re d istributed r andomly t hrough s pace. Minimum a nd m aximum v alues u ltimately m ay b e d etermined t hrough c onstraints i mposed b y t he f unction o f t he m icrolithic a rmatures a s p oints o r i nsets

i n c omposite w eapons.

A s ummary o f t he m etric a ttributes f or s everal d ifferent a rtifact t ypes a re g iven i n A ppendix A . S ome o f t he m ore i mportant a ttributes a re d escribed b elow i n a s eries o f s catter-plots w hich d ocument t he r elationships m entioned a bove. F igures 6 -11 a nd 6 -12 g ive s catter-plots o f l ength v s. w idth a nd o f t he t runcation l engths o f s calene t riangles, r espectively. F igure 6 -13 a nd F igure 6 -14 p rovide s catter-plots o f l ength v s. w idth f or p oints w ith u nretouched b ase a nd o f p oints w ith r etouched b ase, r espectively. F inally, F igure 6 -15 g ives a s catter-plot o f t he t riangle a ngle a nd t he s mall p oint a ngle f or s calene t riangles. S ummary Additional a nalyses o f s tylistic v ariation p erformed o n t he n onm etric a ttributes o f t he m icrolithic a rmatures o f t he E arly M esolithic p eriod a re g iven i n T able 6 -2. T able 6 -1 s ummarizes t hese r esults a nd i ndicates t hat d istributions o f s tylistic a ttributes a cross t he s tudy a rea d uring t he E arly M esolithic p eriod p rimarily a re r andom. I n c ertain i nstances, i t h as b een s hown t hat s ites i n p roximity t o o ne a nother a lso w ill a ppear t o s hare s tylistic f eatures. H owever, t hese r elationships a re f ar f rom c onsistent a nd n ever c haracterize a n e ntire p rofile o r d istribution f or a s tylistic a ttribute o r a ttribute c ombination. T wo c linal d istributions o f s tylistic a ttributes w ere p resent, t hough t his o ccurred o nly when t he g eographic c overage o f s ites w as e xtended t o i nclude s everal s ites f rom w estern G ermany. E ven t hen, t he d istribution o f s tylistic t raits w as n ot e ntirely s ystematic. T he a nalysis o f m etric a ttributes a ssociated w ith m icrolithic a rmatures o f t he E arly M esolithic p eriod a lso s howed n o c onsistent p attern o f v ariation, n or w as t here a ny i ndication t hat t he m etric a ttributes e xhibited a ny s patial d iscontinuities. I n s um, t he d istributions o f s tyle i n l ithic a rtifacts d uring t he E arly M esolithic w ere f ound t o b e e ssentially r andom a cross w ide r egions. C learly , s ome p atterned v ariation e xists, b ut i t i s n ot d istributed d iscretely o ver s pace. N aturally, t hese c onclusions o nly a pply t o t he p articular r egion u nder c onsideration. N evertheless, t hese r esults a ppear t o c orrespond t o o bservations o n s tylistic v ariation i n E arly M esolithic a ssemblages f rom o ther a reas i n n orthwestern E urope ( Newell 1 973,

J acobi 1 979).

T HE M IDDLE M ESOLITHIC P ERIOD Major c hanges i n t he l ithic i ndustry d o n ot c haracterize t he t ransition f rom t he E arly t o M iddle M esolithic p eriods. A s i n t he E arly M esolithic, t he m ajor a im o f c ore r eduction i n t he M iddle M esolithic i s t he p roduction o f b lades a nd b ladelets w hich f all w ithin t he " Coincy" s tyle o f, d ebitage d efined b y R ozoy ( 1968a). T riangles a ppear t o i ncrease a t t he 9 0

1 .8 1 .6 1 .4

• 0 .6

• • •

•

•

•• •

0 .4 1 .0

1 .2

1 .4

1 .6

1 .8

2 .0 2 .2

2 .4

2 .6

2 .8

3 .0

3 .2

L ength ( cm ) F igure 6 -11. S catte n .plot o f X l ength v s. t riangles f rom E arly M esolithic s ites.

X w idth o f s calene

1 .7

t runcation

0 .9

X S mall

1 .1

0 .5

•

• 0 .7

•

0 .3 1 .0

1 .2

1 .4

1 .6

1 .8

2 .0 2 .2

2 .4

2 .6

2 .8

X L arge t runcation l ength

3 .0

3 .2

( cm )

F igure 6 -12. S catter-plot o f t he i- l arge t runcation l ength a nd t he X s mall t runcation l ength o f s calene t riangles f rom E arly M esolithic s ites.

9 1

1.7 1 .5

•• • •

•

0 .7 0 .5 0 .3 1 .5

1 .7

1 .9

2 .1

2 .3

2 .5 2 .7

2 .9

3 .1

3 .3

3 .5

3 .7

XL ength ( cm ) F igure 6 -13. S catter-plot o f t he X l ength v s. t he X w idth o f p oints w ith u nretouched b ase f rom E arly M esolithic s ites.

• •

1 .4

1 'I 1 .6 1 .8

I

I 1 1' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' I '1 ' 1 2 .0 2 .2 2 .4 2 .6 2 .8 3 .0 3 .2 3 .4 X L ength

F igure 6 -14.

( cm )

S catter-plot o f t he X l ength v s.

t he X w idth o f p oints

w ith r etouched b ase f rom E arly M esolithic s ites.

9 2

1 3 .6

6 5 6 0 a l )

• •

5 5

• •

5 0

•

4 5

• •

• • •

z o

4 0

6

•

•

3 5

•

C / 2

3 0 9 0

9 5

1 00 1 05

1 10

1 15

1 20

1 25

1 30

1 35

1 40

1 50

X T riangle a ngle ( degrees)

F igure 6 -15.

S catter-plot o f t he

3 i triangle

a ngle

( angle f ormed

b y t he i ntersection o f t he t wo t runcated e dges) a nd t he X s mall p oint a ngle o f s calene t riangles f rom E arly M esolithic s ites.

9 3

e xpense o f m icrolithic u nretouched M esolithic m icrolithic

o ther m icrolithic t ypes. T he a nalysis o f M iddle M esolithic a rmatures, t herefore, f ocuses p rimarily u pon t he p oints w ith a nd r etouched b ase a nd t riangles. I n a ddition, t he Middle p eriod w itnesses t he a pplication o f s urface r etouch t o a rmatures a nd t he a ppearance o f s pecific s hape c ategories o n

w hich t his t ype o f r etouch t ypically i s a pplied. T he d istribution o f p oints w ith s urface r etouch d uring t he M iddle M esolithic p eriod i s d escribed a nd d iscussed b elow . T he a nalysis o f n on-metric a nd m etric a ttributes o f t he m icrolithic a rmatures f ollows t he s equence i nitiated a bove. A dditional r esults t hat a re n ot d iscussed a t l ength a re s ummarized i n T ables 6 -3 a nd 6 -4. T he l ocation o f s ites a ttributed t o t he M iddle M esolithic p eriod t hat h ave b een i ncorporated i n t he f ollowing a nalytical p rocedures i s g iven i n F igure 6 1 6.

T he f ollowing s ites a re i ncluded:

l a. N ijnsel I l b. M oerkuilen I

1 0. 1 1.

A wan G and-Port A rthur

l c. 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 a. 6 b .

H aagakkers W estelbeers A A chterste B rug O verpelt B usch B rand R oche a ux F aucons/Sommet B eauregard

1 2. 1 3.

B ois d e l a H oussie .re B ois d u Marais ( Masny)

7 . 8 . 9 .

Massouheid Mazures C hinru B

1 4. M arlemont 1 5. K leinenbusch I 1 6. M ontbani I I 1 7a. S ablonniere d e C oincy I 1 7b . S ablonniere d e C oincy I I 1 7c. S ablonniere d e C oincy I II 1 8. 1 9.

T roglodyte H auts d e L utz

Q ualitative A ttributes A t otal o f n ine i ndividual q ualitative a ttributes, o r a ttribute c ombinations, w ere a nalyzed u sing a s eries o f m ultivariate s tatistics. A s i n t he p revious a nalyses o f E arly M esolithic a rmatures, t hese p rocedures i nclude c luster a nalysis a nd p rincipal c omponents a nalysis. P roductm oment c orrelation c oefficients a lso w ere c alculated f or f actor s cores o f t he f irst t wo p rincipal c omponents d erived f rom t he s tylistic d ata a nd t he s ite l ocations ( Table 6 -3). A gain, t he n umbered l eft h and c olumn o f t he t able r efers t o t he i ndividual a nalyses o f n on-metric a ttributes d escribed b elow a nd i n T able 6 -4. I n m ost r espects, s tylistic v ariation i n t he M iddle M esolithic p eriod i s c omparable t o t hat f ound a mong t he n on-metric a ttributes e xamined f or t he E arly M esolithic. M ost o f t he s tylistic v ariation i s d istributed r andomly t hrough s pace ( see T able 6 -3), t hough a t l east o ne a ttribute s howed a c linal p attern a long a S W-NE a xis. Two a nalyses o f s tylistic a ttributes a re d escribed b elow , t he r emaining a nalyses a nd t heir r esults a re g iven i n T ables 6 -3 a nd 6 -4. 1 7.

T ype: p oints w ith r etouched b ase A ttributes: l ateralization, b ase s hape, S ites:

r etouch,

b ase

s hape,

t runcation

f laking d irection,

N ijnsel I , O verpelt, C hinru B , A wan, B ois d u M arais, M arlemont, K leinenbusch I , M ontbani I I, S ablonniere d e C oincy I I,

B usch B rand,

B ois d e l a H oussiere, H auts d e L utz.

9 4

F igure 6 -16.

M iddle M esolithic s ites.

9 5

T ABLE 6 -3

C orrelation c oefficients f or f actor s cores f rom t he p rincipal c omp onent a nalyses a nd i nferred p rofiles o f s tylistic v ariation. N umb ers a t l eft r efer t o a nalyses o f M iddle M esolithic s ites. S ignific ant c orrelations a re u nderlined. R = r andom, C = c linal.

A 1 1.

. 1643 R

1 2.

. 1543 R

.0443 R

. 1620 R

. 1810 R

1 3.

. 4473 R

. 0604 R

. 2137 R

.0469 R

1 4.

. 3122 R

-

. 4371 R

-

1 5.

. 3279 R

. 0925 R

. 0127 R

. 0187 R

1 6.

. 3785 R

. 2843 R

. 1294 R

.0219 R

1 7.

. 0618 R

. 2681 R

. 3550 R

. 2567 R

1 8.

. 7343 C

-

. 2218 R

1 9.

. 7214 C

C olumn A .

-

. 2105 R

.1383 R

F irst p rincipal

c omponent

c omponent ( site l ocation) C olumn B . S econd p rincipal c omponent c omponent ( site l ocation)

. 2015 R

. 4109 R

( style) w ith f irst p rincipal ( style) w ith f irst p rincipal

C olumn C . F irst p rincipal c omponent ( style) w ith s econd p rincipal c omponent ( site l ocation) C olumn D . S econd p rincipal c omponent ( style) w ith s econd p rincipal c omponent

( site l ocation)

9 6

TABLE 6 -4

Analyses o f t he n on-metric a ttributes o f m icrolithic a rmatures f rom t he M iddle M esolithic p eriod. T able 6 -3.

1 1.

T ype:

s calene

A ttribute: S ites:

T he r esults a re s ummarized i n

t riangles

l ateralization

N ijnsel I , B rand,

M oerkuilen I ,

M azures,

W estelbeers A ,

C hinru B ,

A wan,

B ois d e

O verpelt,

M arlemont, K leinenbusch I , M ontbani I I, C oincy I , I I, C oincy I II, T roglodyte, H auts d e L utz

1 2.

B usch

l a H oussiere, C oincy

T ype: s calene t riangles A ttribute: s mall t runcation s hape S ites:

N ijnsel I ,

M oerkuilen I , W estelbeers A ,

B rand, M azures,

C hinru B ,

K leinenbusch

M arlemont,

I ,

A wan,

O verpelt,

B usch

B ois d e l a H oussiere,

M ontbani I I,

C oincy

I I,

H auts d e L utz

1 3.

T ype: s calene t riangles A ttributes: l ateralization, s hape, S ites:

f laking d irection,

l arge t runcation

s mall t runcation s hape

N ijnsel I , M oerkuilen I , W estelbeers A , O verpelt, B usch B rand, Mazures, C hinru B , A wan ,Bois d e l a H oussiere, K leinenbusch I , M arlemont, M ontbani

I I,

C oincy

I I,

H auts d e L utz.

1 4.

T ype:

p oints w ith r etouched b ase

A ttribute: l ateralization S ites: N ijnsel I , O verpelt, d u M arais, I ,

B usch B rand,

B ois d e l a H oussiere,

M ontbani,

C oincy I ,

I I,

I II,

C hinru B , Awan, M arlemont,

T roglodyte,

B ois

K leinenbusch Hauts d e

L utz F igure C -18 1 5.

T ype:

p oints w ith r etouched b ase

A ttribute: b ase r etouch S ites: N ijnsel I , Overpelt, B usch B rand, R oche a ux F aucons/ S ommet, B euregard, M assouheid, C hinru B , Awan, B ois d e l a H oussiere, B ois d u M arais, M arlemont, K leinenbus 0 1 I , M ontbani I I, C oincy I , I I, I II, T roglodyte, H auts d e L utz

97

T ABLE 6 -4,

1 6:

c ontinued.

' Type: p oints w ith r etouched b ase A ttribute: b ase s hape S ites:

N ijnsel I , O verpelt, B usch B rand, C hinru B , A wan, B ois d e l a H oussiere, B ois d u M arais, M arlemont, K leinenbusch I ,

1 9.

M ontbani I I,

C oincy

I I,

H auts

d e L utz

T ypes:

p oints w ith r etouched b ase, p oints w ith u nretouched b ase, s calene t riangles A ttributes: l ateralization, b ase r etouch, b ase s hape, t runcat ion s hape

f laking d irection

( points w ith r etouched

b ase); l ateralization, t runcation s hape ( points w ith u nretouched b ase); l ateralization, f laking d ir ection, S ites:

l arge t runcation s hape,

s mall

t runcation

s hape ( scalene t riangles). N ijnsel I , O verpelt, B usch B rand, C hinru B , A wan, M arlemont, K leinenbusch I , M ontbani I I, C oincy I I

9 8

I n t his a nalysis, a n umber o f t he m ore i mportant a ttributes r ecorded f or t he p oints w ith r etouched b ase a re c onsidered s imultaneously . D ata f or f ivç a ttributes, h aving a t otal o f 1 2 a ttribute s tates, w ere a vailable f or 1 2 s ites o riginating w ithin t he s tudy a rea. T he r esults o f t he c luster a nalysis a re p resented a s a d endrogram ( Figure 6 -17), a nd t he p rincipal c omponent s catter d iagram i s g iven i n F igure 6 -18. W hile t he a nalysis o f t he s tylistic a ttributes g roups t ogether s ites f rom c ertain g eographic r egions ( e.g., M ontbani I I a nd C oincy I I f rom t he T ardenois r egion, a nd C hinru B , A wan, K leinenbusch I , B usch B rand f rom t he A rdenne P lateau), a g reat d eal o f o verlap o f s ites f rom v arious g eographic l ocales a lso i s p resent. T hese r esults a re c ompatible w ith a s catter-plot o f t he f actor s cores b ased u pon t he p rincipal c omponents a nalyses o f t he s tylistic d ata a nd s ite l ocations ( Figure 6 -19). T he r esulting c orrelation c oefficient C r =. 0618) i s n ot s ignificant a t t he . 05 l evel. T he p rofile o f v ariation f or t he s tylistic a ttributes o f p oints w ith r etouched b ase i s r andom . T he r esults o f t his a nalysis t ypify t he p atterning o bserved a mong m ost o ther a rtifact t ypes a nd a ttributes a ssociated w ith t he M iddle M esolithic p eriod ( see T ables 6 -3 a nd 6 -4). 1 8.

T ype: p oints w ith u nretouched b ase A ttribute: l ateralization S ites: N ijnsel I , H aagakkers, W estelbeers A , A chterste B rug, O verpelt, C hinru B , A wan, B ois d u M arais, M arlemont, K leinenbusch I , Montbani I I, Sablonniere d e C oincy I , I I, I II, T roglodyte

T he r esults o f t he c luster a nalysis f or t he l ateralizations o f p oints w ith u nretouched b ase a re p resented a s a d endrogram i n F igure 6 -20. A p rincipal c omponent s catter d iagram i s n ot p resented, s ince t he f irst p rincipal c omponent e xplains 1 00 p ercent o f t he v ariance. T hree r easonably w ell-defined c lusters c an b e i dentified a nd s uggest t hat s ignificant v ariation e xists b etween s ites b ased o n t his a ttribute. T he f irst t wo c lusters a re c omprised p redominantly o f s ites o riginating f rom n orthern F rance, w hile t he t hird c luster i s d ominated b y s ites f rom t he c oversand r egion o f n orthern B elgium a nd s outhern H olland. H owever, s ites f rom t he A rdenne P lateau, i ntermediate i n g eographic l ocation b etween t he t wo a reas, f all w ithin e ach o f t he c lusters. A c linal v ariation i n t he d istribution o f t his a ttribute a cross t he r egion i s s uggested b y t his a nalysis. A s catter-plot o f t he f actor s cores d erived f rom t he p rincipal c omponents a nalysis o f t he s tylistic d ata a nd s ite l ocations ( Figure 6 -21) c onfirms t his r esult. T he c orrelation c oefficient ( r = . 7343) i s s ignificant a t t he . 05 l evel. T he s uggested p rofile o f v ariation i s c linal. I t i s i nteresting t o n ote t hat t his i s t he o nly i ndividual a ttribute a mong t he m icrolithic a rmatures o f t he M iddle M esolithic p eriod t o e xhibit n on-random v ariation t hrough s pace. T he o rientation o f t his d istributional p rofile, u nlike t hose c linal d istributions i nferred f or t he E arly M esolithic p eriod, o ccurs a long a S W-NE a xis, a nd i s ap attern t hat b ecomes c haracteristic d uring t he L ate M esolithic. P oints w ith s urface r etouch W hile t hey p erhaps f irst a ppear d uring t he E arly M esolithic, t he M iddle M esolithic p eriod w itnesses t he r outine m anufacture o f p oints w ith s urface r etouch. T he a pplication o f s urface r etouch t o l ithic a rmatures o ccurs o n a rtifact t ypes t hat o riginate f rom a n e arly d ate a nd w hich c ontinue t o b e

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P rincipal

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L ate M esolithic s ites b ased o n v ariation i n s hape o f

r ight a ngled a nd

r hombic

1 21

t rapezes.

t he

s mall t runcation

F actor s cores

( stylistic d istance)

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F igure 6 -35. S catter-plot o f f actor s cores o f t he f irst p rincipal c omponents f or s mall t runcation s hapes o f r ight a ngled a nd r hombic t rapezes a nd s ite l ocations ( SW-NE d istance.

1 22

M esolithic p eriod i s g iven i n F igure 6 -36. I solated s urface f inds, t he c hronological p ositions o f w hich c annot b e a ssured a re n ot i llustrated. P oints w ith s urface r etouch ( triangles, l eaf-shaped p oints, f euilles d e g ui, a nd p oints w ith o blique b ase) a re k nown f rom t he T ardenois r egion o f n orthern F rance i n t he s outh, t o a t l east s outhern H olland s outh o f t he R hine R iver i n t he n orth. T he e astern m argin o f t heir d istribution i s n ot w elld ocumented, p rimarily d ue t o t he c omparative l ack o f r esearch a nd p ublication. R ecently, G ob ( 1981a, 1 981b) h as p ointed o ut t he p resence o f t ypical p oints w ith s urface r etouch f rom t he A rdenne P lateau, a nd e xamples f rom a L ate M esolithic c ontext a lso a re k nown f rom w estern G ermany ( Arora 1 976, L ohr 1 982). T he f ollowing s ites a re l ocated i n F igure 6 -36. 1 .

T ilburg

2 . 3 . 4 .

A cht I O irschot V I N ijnsel I I

5 .

B rasschaat

6 .

B recht-Thomas H ey V eld B recht-Moordenaarsven 2 W eelde-Paardsdrank 1 ,4,5 B alen

7 . 8 . 9 . 1 0.

L ommel Eksel

1 1. 1 2. 1 3. 1 4.

O pglabbeek-Ruiterskuil B udel Maarheeze V enlo

1 5. 1 6. 1 7.

T everen 1 15, R osellen 7 M endonk

1 8. 1 9. 2 0.

Z affelare B oescheppe Auderghem

1

2 1. 2 2. 2 3. 2 4.

S t. G enesius R ode O ttenbourg A rquennes-Hubeaumont E stines a u M onts

2 5. 2 6.

V ellereille l e S ec L i 4e-Place S t. L ambert

2 7. 2 8.

Z alou H amay

2 9. 3 0.

S art T ilman, G ingotte O mbret-Thiers d 'Orme V illers-le-Temple

3 1. 3 2. 3 3. 3 4. 3 5.

B en A hin-Bois d es M anants H as t i re-plateau A nseremme-Abri d u G ogneau F innevaux-Saint C lement W ellin-Brochant

3 6. 3 7. 3 8. 3 9. 4 0.

H an-sur-Lesse P effingen A bbaye-au-Bois M ontbani 1 2, 1 3 A llee T ortue X , I I

T he o verall d istribution o f p oints w ith s urface r etouch d uring t he L ate M esolithic p eriod r emains m uch t he s ame a s i n t he M iddle M esolithic, t hough t he a bsolute n umber o f s ites c learly i ncreases. O nly t he n orthernmost d istribution o f p oints w ith s urface r etouch s hows a ny a ppreciable c hange t hrough t ime--no e xamples a re r ecorded t o t he n orth a nd e ast o f t he R hine R iver. U nfortunately , h owever, s ites f rom t hese a reas a re n ot f ully p ublished o r a ccessible, a nd a ny c onclusion r egarding t he n orthern b oundary m ust r emain t entative a t t his t ime. T he p aucity o f a ctive r esearch i n n orthern F rance, i n c omparison t o t he s andy r egions o f B elgium a nd t he N etherlands, i s a t l east i n p art r esponsible f or t he d ecreased f requency o f f ind-spots f or p oints w ith s urface r etouch a nd f or L ate M esolithic s ites g enerally . R ecently, s everal n ew f inds h ave c ome t o l ight ( Fagnart, p ersonal c ommunication 1 981), t hough t he m ajority a re i solated s urface s pecimens. F agnart ( personal c ommunication 1 981) p laces a b oundary f or t he d istribution o f p oints w ith

s urface

r etouch

i n n orthern F rance

j ust

n orth o f t he S eine

R iver. I n t he e astern P aris B asin, t he d istribution o f p oints w ith s urface r etouch i s, a gain, n ot w ell r eported. N evertheless, t hey a pparently a re a bsent

t o t he e ast o f t he T ardenois r egion.

123

F igure 6 -36.

T he d istribution o f p oints w ith s urface r etouch. L ate M esolithic.

1 24

D erived T rapezes T he d istribution o f d erived t rapezes ( right a ngled o r r hombic t rapezes i n w hich t he l arge t runcation, g enerally c onvex , i ntersects t he s mall t runcation) d uring t he L ate M esolithic a lso i s n oteworthy. T hey a re n ever e xtremely a bundant o nM esolithic s ites ( Table A -2 i n A ppendix A ), b ut t heir r estricted d istribution i n n orthwestern E urope i s c lear ( cf., K ozlowski 1 980). I ndeed, d istributional m aps p rovided b y K ozlowski m irror t hose f or d erived t rapezes g iven b elow ( Figure 6 -37). L ate M esolithic a ssemblages c ontaining d erived t rapezes i nclude: 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 .

B recht-Thomas H ey V eld B recht-Moordenaarsven 2 W eelde-Paardsdrank 1 ,4,5 L ommel H echtel N eer O pglabbeek-Ruiterskuil M endonk

8 . 9 . 1 0. 1 1. 1 2. 1 3. 1 4. 1 5.

Z affelare H olsbeek O mbret B elloy-Plaisance G entelles A bbaye-au-Bois M ontbani 1 3 A llee T ortue I I,IV,X

T he d istribution o f d erived t rapezes c losely c orresponds t o t hat o f t he p oints w ith s urface r etouch, a lthough f ew d erived t rapezes h ave b een n oted f rom s ites o n t he A rdenne p lateau a nd f rom w estern G ermany. T he a pparent a bsence o f d erived t rapezes f rom t hese l atter a reas m ay r eflect o nly t he d istribution o f a rchaeological f ield i nvestigations o r i nconsistencies i n t ypological d escriptions, o r m ay r epresent a r eal a bsence o f t hat a rtifact t ype f rom t hose a reas. I n a ny c ase, t he r estricted d istribution i s s triking, a s i s t he c lose p arallel t o t he a real e xtent o f p oints w ith s urface r etouch . M etric A ttributes An umber o f m etric a ttributes w ere e xamined f or t he r ight a ngled a nd r hombic t rapezes o f t he L ate M esolithic p eriod ( see A ppendix A ). Af ew o f t he m ore i mportant a ttributes a re d escribed b elow i n as eries o f s catterp lots. T he m ean w idth v s. m ean t hickness o f r ight a ngled a nd r hombic t rapezes a re p lotted i n F igures 6 -38 a nd 6 -39, r espectively . F igures 6 -40 a nd 6 -41 p lot t he m ean l ength o f t he l arge b ase v s. t he m ean l ength o f t he s mall b ase f or t he t wo t ypes o f t rapezes. F inally , F igure 6 -42 i s a s catter-plot o f t he m ean l arge p oint a ngle v s. t he m ean s mall p oint a ngle f or r hombic t rapezes f rom s everal L ate M esolithic s ites. A s h as b een t he c ase f or a ll p revious a nalyses o f m etric a ttributes o f t he m icrolithic a rmatures f rom e arlier p eriods, n o s ignificant p atterning i n t he v ariation o f r ight a ngled o r r hombic t rapezes c an b e d iscerned. T he g reatest a mount o f v ariability e xists i n t he m ean l engths o f t he l arge a nd s mall b ases. H owever, w ithin t he r ange o f v ariation a mong t hese t wo a ttributes, n o p atterned s patial r elationships e merge. I f a nything, t he r esults i ndicate a r emarkable s imilarity b etween s ites o ver a w ide g eographic a rea, r ather t han s uggesting i mportant d ifferences. S ummary T he r esults o f t he m ultivariate s tatistical a nalyses i ndicate t hat a t l east t wo a ttributes--lateralization a nd s mall t runcation s hape--show p atterned s tylistic v ariation a cross t he s tudy a rea. T he s trongest

1 25

F igure 6 -37.

T he d istribution o f t he L ate M esolithic.

1 26

d erived t rapezes d uring

. 34 . 32

X T hickness

( cm)

• . 30 . 28

•

. 26 •

•

•

•

. 24 •

• . 22 . 20 . 8

. 9

1 .0 1 .1

1 .2

1 .3

X W idth

1 .4

1 .5

1 .6

1 .7

1 .8 1 .9

( cm )

F igure 6 -38. S catter-plot o f i C -w idth v s. X t hickness o f r ight a ngled t rapezes f rom L ate M esolithic s ites. . 40 . 38

X T hickness

( cm)

. 36 . 34

•

•

. 32 . 30

• •

•

• •

. 28 . 26 . 8

. 9

1 .0

1 .1

1 .2

1 .3

1 .4

1 .5

1 .6

1 .7

1 .8

1 .9

W idth ( cm ) F igure 6 -39. t rapezes

S catter-plot o f X w idth v s.

f rom L ate M esolithic s ites.

127

X t hickness o f r hombic

1 .2 1 .1 1 .0

•

•

•

• •

• c u 0. 8 C t j

• 0 .7

r j

•

•

• •

0 .6

•

0 .5 1 .3

1 .4

1 .5

1 .6

1 .7

1 .8

1 .9 2 .0

X L arge b ase l ength F igure 6 -40.

2 .1

2 .2

2 .3

2 .4

( cm)

S catter-plot o f t he X l arge b ase l ength v s.

t he X

s mall b ase l ength o f r ight a ngled t rapezes f rom L ate M esolithic s ites. 1 .2 1 .1 C . ) ‘ . . . . . . 0 4 . ) C N D

c u 1 1

• 1. 0

• •

0 .9

•

•

•

• •

0 .8

•

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I x

0 .7 • 0 .6 0 .5 1 .6

1 .7

1 .8

1 .9 2 .0

2 .1

2 .2

2 .3

X L arge b ase l ength F igure 6 -41.

2 .4

2 .5

2 .6

( cm )

S catter-plot o f t he X l arge b ase l ength v s.

s mall b ase l ength o f

r hombic

t rapezes

12 8

2 .7

t he X

f rom L ate M esolithic s ites.

5 2 4 8 4 4 4 0

•

• •

3 6

• • • •• • • •

3 2 2 8 2 4

1 8 5

9 0

9 5

1 00

1 05

1 10

1 15

X S mall p oint a ngle

F igure 6 -42.

1 20

1 25

1 30

1 35

( degrees)

S catter-plot o f t he k- s mall p oint a ngle v s.

X l arge p oint a ngle o f r hombic s ites.

1 29

1 40

t he

t rapezes f rom L ate M esolithic

v ariation t rended a long a S W-NE a xis, t hough a m uch w eaker t rend w as o bserved i n aS E-NW d irection. T hus, a s o ne m oves f rom t he P aris B asin i n t he s outh t o t he c oversand r egion i n t he n orth, t here i s a s ignificant i ncrease i n t he f requency o f r ight l ateralized, s traight b ased r hombic, a nd r ight a ngled t rapezes. F urther t o t he s outh, a s harp b reak i n t he d istribution o f o ne s tylistic a ttribute--lateralization--occurs. T he b oundary a pparently i s m arked b y t he S eine r iver v alley . A s d ata f or L ate M esolithic s ites s outh o f t he S eine r iver w ere r estricted t o p ublished s ources, i t w as n ot p ossible t o o bserve i f o ther n on-metric o r m etric a ttributes s howed s imilar d iscontinuities. T he d istribution o f p oints w ith s urface r etouch c hanges l ittle f rom t hat d escribed f or t he M iddle M esolithic, t hough a s light r eduction i n a real e xtent w as s uggested i n t he n orth ( cf., G ob 1 981b). T he s outhern l imit o f t heir d istribution c losely p arallels t he d iscrete b reak i n l ateralizations f or r ight a ngled a nd r hombic t rapezes ( i.e., a long t he S eine R iver). N o s ecurely d ocumented e xamples o f p oints w ith s urface r etouch a re k nown n orth a nd e ast o f t he R hine R iver, w hich c onstitutes a t entative b oundary t o t he n orth. An a dditional c haracteristic t ype--the d erived t rapeze--exhibits d istributional l imits n early c oterminous w ith t hose o f t he p oints w ith s urface r etouch. N o p atterned s patial v ariation o ccurred a mong t he r emaining n on-metric a nd m etric a ttributes o f t he t rapezoidal m icrolithic a rmatures.

I NTERPRETATION I n t his c hapter, v ariation a mong p otentially s tylistic a ttributes o f l ithic a rmatures o f t he n orthwest E uropean M esolithic w as e xamined. S tatistical t echniques a nd d istributional m aps w ere u sed t o m easure o r c haracterize t he s patial d istribution o f s tyle a cross t he s tudy a rea. T hese r esults a re s ummarized b elow i n l ight o f t he i nterpretive f ramework p reviously d eveloped f or t he b ehavioral a nd s ocial c ontext o f s tylistic v ariation.

t he

I t i s c lear t hat m uch o f t he v ariability i n m icrolithic a rmatures o f M esolithic p eriod i s d istributed r andomly t hrough s pace.

D iscontinuities o r " kinks" i n s tylistic t ransects a cross t he r egion a re r are a nd a re c ompletely a bsent i n t he E arly M esolithic. W hile d ata o riginating f rom b eyond t he c onfines o f t he r egion s tudied a re n ot f ully c omparable, s tylistic a ttributes a mong l ithic a rtifacts a ppear t o b e d istributed

s imilarly

o ver

m ost

o f M esolithic

E urope.

B ased

o n

t hese

r esults, t he m ajority o f s tylistic v ariation i n l ithic a rtifacts d uring t he M esolithic a pparently h as l ittle b earing o n p rehistoric h uman b ehavior a ssociated w ith t he m aintenance o f s ocial b oundaries o r o f s ymboling w ithin-group s olidarity. R ather, o bserved p atterns a nd p rofiles o f s tylistic v ariation m ay r eflect q uite d ifferent o rigins. T hese d istributional p rofiles m ay r eflect t he o peration o f " assertive" s tyle ( Weissner 1 983), o r l ess s trictly, o f i ndividual p references i n t echnique o f m anufacture o r s hape. T he n umber o f p ossible a lternative s tates o f a n a ttribute, o r t he r epertoire o f s tylistic v ariations, w ould n o d oubt b e d etermined b y s pecific c ulture-historical p rocesses o perating b eyond l imitations i mposed b y r aw m aterial, t echnology, a nd f unction. T he l atter c onstraints a re, o f c ourse, q uite m arked. M ost m icrolithic a rmatures a re f airly

s imple

u nifacial

i mplements,

a nd

c onstrained.

130

v ariation

i n

s ize

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B ecause M esolithic s tone t ools s eemingly a re p oorly s uited t o c arry s tylistic m essages r elated t o s ocial a ffiliations, t hey m ight, t herefore, b e d ismissed a s i rrelevant t o t he s tudy o f p rehistoric s ocial t erritories — e xcept f or t he f act t hat d iscrete, s patially r estricted l ithic s tyles a lso h ave b een d ocumented i n t his s tudy . P erhaps t he m ost s urprising f act i s t heir v ery e xistence. T he d istribution o f p oints w ith s urface r etouch, w hich f irst a ppear w idely d uring t he M iddle M esolithic p eriod, i s t he c learest e xample. A s n oted a bove, c ertain s hape c ategories, e .g., f euilles d e g ui, c onsistently c o-vary w ith s urface r etouch. T riangles, a c ommon t ype t hroughout t he w estern E uropean M esolithic, o nly e xhibit s urface r etouch w ithin d istributional l imits d escribed i n t his c hapter. B oundaries f or t he d istribution o f s urface r etouch m ay b e a pproximated t o t he s outh a nd t o t he n orth, a nd s hape c ategories o nw hich i t i s a pplied s how a r emarkable h omogeneity w ithin t his a rea. H owever, s ome u ncertainties e xist r egarding t he d istributional e xtent o f p oints w ith s urface r etouch o n M iddle a nd L ate M esolithic s ites i n t he e astern P aris B asin a nd i n t he A rdenne. T he u neven d ensity o f d ated f ind s pots ( Figures 6 -23 a nd 6 -36) p robably r eflects t he i ncidence a nd l ocation o f p rofessional a nd a mateur a ctivity, r ather t han t he a ctual d istribution a nd f requency w ith w hich p oints w ith s urface r etouch a re e ncountered. F uture f ield i nvestigations s hould c larify t hese u ncertainties. T he l ateralizations o f r ight a ngled a nd r hombic t rapezes a lso e xhibit g eographic d iscontinuities. T o t he s outh , t hese d iscontinuities p arallel t he d istributional l imits o f p oints w ith s urface r etouch a nd p rovide a n i ntriguing g limpse o f a s tylistic b oundary d uring t he L ate M esolithic p eriod. I n a ddition, t he g eographic d istribution o f t he d erived t rapeze c orresponds t o t hat o f p oints w ith s urface r etouch , a lthough s ample s izes a re n ot e xtremely l arge. F inally , t emporal t rends i n s tylistic p atterning d uring t he c ourse o f t he M esolithic a re n oteworthy . O nly d uring t he M iddle M esolithic d o c lear d iscontinuities f irst a ppear i n t he d istribution o f p oints w ith s urface r etouch . S imilar g eographic b oundaries p ersist i nto L ate M esolithic t imes, a long w ith t he a ddition o f t wo s tylistic a ttributes p reviously m entioned. I t m ight b e s uggested t hat s uch p atterns " reflect" v arying d egrees o f s ocial i nteraction o r c ontact t hrough t ime a nd s pace. H owever, t he v irtual s ynchroneity w ith w hich b road t rapezes a ppear a cross w estern a nd n orthern E urope a ttests t o w idespread i nteraction a cross M esolithic E urope. D espite t he f act t hat t here m ay h ave b een a n a daptive a dvantage i n t he a doption o f t rapezoidal p oints a nd/or a ttendant b lade t echnology, t here d oes n ot a ppear t o h ave b een a n a bsence o f a venues o f c ommunication o r i nteraction. T herefore, t he p ossibility r emains t hat, t hrough t he c ourse o f t he M iddle a nd L ate M esolithic p eriods, d iscontinuities i n t he s patial d istribution o f s tyle w ere m aintained i n s pite o f i nteraction b etween n eighboring g roups. T hose c onditions w hich l ead t o t he u se o f s tylistic v ariation i n m icrolithic a rmatures i n t he p rocess o f b oundary m aintenance m ay h ave b een a bsent d uring t he e arlier p hases o f t he M esolithic. I n t his c hapter, I h ave l imited m y d iscussion t o t he d elineation o f p rofiles o f s tylistic v ariation a nd t he e volution o f s tylistic b oundaries i n t he n orthwest E uropean M esolithic. I h ave p ostponed a t horough c onsideration o f M esolithic s ocial t erritories, s ince a n a dditional b ody o f d ata--the d istribution o f l ithic r aw m aterials--has y et t o b e d escribed.

131

CHAPTER 7 SOURCE-SPECIFIC

RAW MATERIALS

I NTRODUCTION T he d istribution o f r aw m aterials a nd p roducts, a nd t heir c irculation a mong i nterrelated h ouseholds o f h unter-gatherers, h as b een c onsidered a n a dditional s ource o f i nformation f ör t he i dentification o f p rehistoric s ocial t erritories ( Clark 1 975; P rice 1 981a). I na s ense, t he s election o f s pecific l ithic t ypes f or t he m anufacture o f c ertain i mplements a lso m ay b e r egarded a s " stylistic" ( Jelinek 1 976; S ackett 1 982). T hus, t he a nalysis o f r aw m aterial d istributions f rom k nown, l ocalized s ources m ay y ield i nformation c omplementary t o f ormal s tylistic v ariation i n l ithic a rtifacts. T o d ate, t race e lement a nalysis h as f ailed t o p rovide a dequate c haracterizations o f f lint s ources i n B elgium ( Stockmans e t a l. 1 981), a nd n o p ublished s tudies a re a vailable o n t he c haracterization o f l ithic m aterials i n n orthern F rance. T herefore, t he v isual i dentification o f l ithic r aw m aterials o riginating f rom s pecific o utcrops p rovides t he o nly m eans a vailable f or t he s tudy o f t heir d istribution d uring t he M esolithic o f t he L ow C ountries a nd s urrounding r egions. F ew l ithic t ypes w ithin t he s tudy a rea m eet t hese c riteria. T he m ost i mportant i s W ommersom q uartzite, a s ilicified s andstone h aving f laking p roperties v ery s imilar t o f lint. T his c hapter i s d evoted e ntirely t o t he s tudy o f t his d istinctive l ithic t ype. A n a dditional s ource-specific r aw m aterial, t he " phtanite" ( black c hert) o f O ttignies a nd M ousty, a lthough p resent o n M esolithic s ites, i s e xtremely r are.

W OMMERSOM Q UARTZITE T he p resence o f W ommersom q uartzite o n a rchaeological s ites o f t he n orthwest E uropean M esolithic h as b een n oted s ince t he b eginning o f t his c entury . T he o nly k nown o utcrop i s l ocated a bout 7 k m e ast o f T einen, B elgium, n ear t he v illage o f W ommersom ( Figure 7 -1). A side f rom s mall q uantities o f f laking d ebris a nd a h andful o f r etouched a rtifacts, l ittle e vidence f or q uarrying o r m anufacturing a ctivities h ave b een n oted a t t he o utcrop ( Hamal-Nandrin 1 945). R ozoy ( 1971) h as s uggested t he p ossibility t hat a nother p art o f t he o utcrop, n ot p resently o bservable o r y et l ocated, m ay h ave b een e xploited d uring t he M esolithic. N o e vidence h as c ome t o l ight i n s upport o f t his l atter h ypothesis. T he D istribution o f W ommersom Q uartzite T he g eographic d istribution o f W ommersom q uartzite h as b een t he s ubject o f an umber o f e arly s tudies ( Hamal-Nandrin a nd S ervals 1 913; H amalN andrin e t a l. 1 935; O phoven e t a l. 1 948). M ore r ecent r esearch h as e xpanded a nd f illed o ut t his d istributional p icture ( Narr 1 968; R ozoy 1 978; A rora 1 979). T he a pproximate l imits o f i ts d istribution a re i ndicated b y t he s haded a rea i n F igure 7 -1. T he a rea e ncompasses a bout 4 0,000 ( +) k m 2, e xtending f rom s outhern B elgium i n t he s outh t o s outhern H olland i n t he n orth. T he w estern l imits a re n ot w ell d efined, p rimarily d ue t o t he i nfluence o f H olocene m arine t ransgression . H owever, a f ew s pecimens h ave

132

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A side f rom i ts p resence o n M esolithic s ites, i t i s i nstructive t o c onsider t he f requency w ith w hich W ommersom q uartzite o ccurs a t i ndividual s ites. T o a ccomplish t his t ask, i t i s n ecessary t o e xclude m any s ites i n w hich M esolithic a rtifacts o ccur w ith s ignificant a dmixtures o f e arlier o r l ater c ultural m aterial. W hile t his d oes n ot i mpose s trict l imitations f or t he c omparatively w ell-investigated r egions t o t he n orth a nd e ast o f t he o utcrop, i t i s p articularly r estrictive f or a reas t o t he s outh a nd w est, i ncluding t he B elgian p rovinces o f H ainaut, W est F landers, a nd E ast F landers. E xcept f or o ne o r t wo r are e xceptions, a ll k nown M esolithic s ites i n t hese p rovinces a re m ixed w ith l arge q uantities o f N eolithic o r l ater c ultural m aterial. I n o rder t o e valuate t he r esults o f t he f ollowing a nalyses, t he m utual c omparability o f t he s ites a lso m ust b e t aken i nto c onsideration. T he n ature o f h uman s ettlement a t i ndividual M esolithic s ites a nd t he s pecific t echniques u tilized f or t he r ecovery a nd r ecordation o f a rchaeological m aterial s hould b e c onsidered. T he f ormer m ay r elate t o a ctivity v ariation o r t o t he s ize o f t he c o-resident g roup--which p otentially m ay a ffect t he u tilization o f s pecific r aw m aterials. G enerally , t hese d ata a re n either a vailable n or r eadily d etermined a nd c annot b e t ested o r t reated i n s ystematic f ashion. V ariation i n f ield a nd r ecordation t echniques f rom s ite t o s ite a lso c ould b ias t he a nalysis. S uch w ould b e t he c ase i f ( 1) d ifferent t echniques f ail t o r ecover, o r d iscriminate a gainst, c ertain s ize c lasses o f l ithic a rtifacts, a nd ( 2) t he p ercentage f requency o f W ommersom q uartzite v is-av is o ther l ithic t ypes v aries a t d ifferent s ize c lasses. F ield t echniques r ange f rom s ystematic t o u ncontrolled s urface c ollection t o v arious m ethods o f e xcavation ( troweling, s kim s hoveling, s ieving, e tc.). I t m ight b e e xpected t hat s urface c ollection o r e xcavation w ithout s ieving w ould u nderrepresent t he s maller s ize c lasses o f l ithic a rtifacts. T o i nvestigate t his p otential s ource o f e rror, d ata o n u nburnt w aste f lakes f rom t hree s ites e xcavated u sing c omparable t echniques w ere e xamined. T he s ites, W eelde-Paardsdrank 1 ,4, a nd 5 , w ere e xcavated u nder t he d irection o f P . M . V ermeersch ( Catholic U niversity o f L euven), a nd a ll s oil m atrix w as p assed t hrough a 4 m m . m esh s creen. T he d ata a re p resented i n T able 7 -1, w hich g ives c ounts a nd p ercentages o f W ommersom q uartzite f or s everal s amples o f w aste f lakes i n t he f ollowing o rder : ( 1) t otal w aste f lakes, ( 2) a ll f lakes o f l argest d imension g reater t han 1 c m, a nd ( 3) a ll f lakes o f l argest d imension g reater t han 2 c m . A s c an b e s een, s maller s ize c lasses o f w aste f lakes a re s ystematically e xcluded f rom c onsideration, a nd t he o verall e ffect o f r ecovering o nly l arger l ithic m aterial c an b e e valuated. T hese d ata a re i llustrated i n b ar g raphs i n F igure 7 -2.1 T he r esults i ndicate t hat f requencies o f W ommersom q uartzite d o n ot r emain e quivalent i n t he s uccessively s maller s ize c lashes o f f lakes f rom a ny o f t he t hree s ites. O n t he o ther h and, t he o bserved v ariation i s s mall a nd d oes n ot e xceed a d ifference o f s even p ercentage p oints ( Weelde 4 ).

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T ypological a nd T echnological C onsiderations Ab rief g lance t hrough t ype l ists o f p ublished M esolithic s ites i n t he r egion w ould r eveal t hat W ommersom q uartzite w as u tilized, t o ag reater o r l esser e xtent, a s a ny f lint m aterial f ound r outinely o n t hese s ites. H owever, t hat t his i s n ot e ntirely t he c ase r ecently h as b een n oted b yH uyge a nd V ermeersch ( 1982) b ased o n d ata o btained f rom t he M esolithic s ites a t W eelde-Paardsdrank . A rora ( 1979) a lso h as n oted p eculiarities i n t he t ypological a nd t echnological r epresentation o f W ommersom q uartzite v is-av is a rtifacts m ade f rom f lint. T able 7 -3 s hows t he d istribution o f W ommersom q uartzite a mong c ertain t ypological a nd t echnological c ategories. C ounts a nd f requencies a re p rovided f or t he f ollowing c ategories: r etouched t ools, m icroliths, u nworked b lades a nd b ladelets, f lakes, a nd c ores. 4 T able 7 -3 a lso s ubdivides t he s ites a ccording t o t he t hree c hronological p eriods o f t he M esolithic. B ar g raphs ( Figures 7 -6 a nd 7 -7) c ompare f requencies o f W ommersom q uartzite t o t he t otal l ithic r aw m aterial o n s everal M esolithic s ites, c ontrasting ( 1) t otal a rtifacts a nd r etouched t ools a nd ( 2) u nworked b lades/bladelets a nd f lakes. F or M iddle a nd L ate M esolithic s ites ( Figure 7 -6), t he f requency o f W ommersom q uartzite i s h igher a mong t he r etouched t ools a nd, a ppraised s eparately , t he m icroliths, t han f or t he t otal l ithic i nventory f rom e ach s ite. T echnological v ariables p robably a ccount f or t he h igh p ercentage o f W ommersom q uartzite a mong t he ,r etouched t ools. I ndeed, t he m ost s triking p attern t o e merge i s t he p referential t reatment g iven t o W ommersom q uartzite f or t he p roduction o f b lades, w hich o ccurs w ithout e xception i n e very s ite e xamined. T he v ast m ajority o f r etouched a rtifacts i n t hese a ssemblages a re m ade o n o r f rom b lades a nd b ladelets. F or e xample, a mong t he s ites a t W eelde- P aardsdrank , t he f requency o f W ommersom q uartzite a mong t he " Montbani" b lades ( a v ery c ommon i rregularly r etouched o r n otched t ool) i s p recisely t hat r ecorded f or t he u nworked b lades a nd b ladelets. T he m ost l ikely e xplanation l ies i n t he q uality o f t he r aw m aterial i tself. A s f ound a t t he o utcrop, W ommersom q uartzite o ccurs i n r oughly t abular n odules, a nd w ith l ittle o r n o p reparation i t i s s uited i mmediately f or b lade p roduction. B y c ontrast, t he m ajority o f f lint c ores f rom M esolithic s ites i n t he K empen a re r ounded a nd h ighly w eathered p ebbles a nd c obbles d erived f rom t he t erraces o f t he M euse a nd R hine r ivers. A mong L ate M esolithic a ssemblages, d istinct p atterns a re p resent i n t he u tilization o f W ommersom q uartzite f or t he m anufacture o f m icrolithic a rmatures. T able 7 -4 g ives t he f requency o f o ccurrence o f W ommersom q uartzite a mong s ome o f t he m ore i mportant m icrolithic t ypes, i ncluding t rapezes, p oints w ith s urface r etouch, t riangles, p oints w ith u nretouched b ase, a nd p oints w ith r etouched b ase. T he t rapezes, o ften t he m ost a bundant t ype, a re s ubdivided f urther a ccording t o s tandard m orphological c riteria i nto s ymmetric, a symmetric, r ight a ngled, a nd r hombic s hapes. T wo M iddle M esolit i lic s ites ( Bladel a nd O irschot V ) a lso a re I ncluded i n T able 7 -4. T hese d ata i ndicate a s elective u se o f W ommersom q uartzite f or t he p roduction o f t rapezes a nd p oints w ith s urface r etouch. A mong t he t rapezes, t he d ominance o f r ight a ngled a nd a symmetric f orms i n W ommersom q uartzite i s n otable. B ecause t his p attern i s r epeated c onsistently a mong t he f ew s ites e xamined, t he t otals f or e ach t ype h ave b een c ombined a nd a re c ompared i n b ar g raphs i n F igure 7 -8.

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151

I t i s c lear t hat W ommersom q uartzite w as s elected i ntentionally f or t he m anufacture o f c ertain m icrolithic t ypes. T he s election d oes n ot a ppear t o b e a b y-product o f t echnological c onstraints o r c apabilities. A mong t he t rapezes, f or e xample, t echnological c onstraints m ight b e r eflected b y d ifferences i n m etric a ttributes, s uch a s w idth a nd t hickness. A s s een i n T able 7 -5, w idths o f r hombic t rapezes a re s ignificantly g reater t han t he t hree r emaining t ypes. H owever, t he m ean w idths o f s ymmetric t rapezes, w hich l ike r hombic t rapezes e xhibit v ery l ow f requencies o f W ommersom q uartzite, a re n ot s ignificantly d ifferent t han m ean w idths f or r ight a ngled a nd a symmetric t rapezes. R hombic t rapezes s imply a re w ider, a nd p resumably t hicker, t han t he o ther t ypes. M ean w idths o f t hese s ame t ypes, i ncluding o nly e xamples m anufactured f rom W ommersom q uartzite, a re c ompared i n T able 7 -6. A gain, t he m ean w idths o f r hombic t rapezes a re g reater t han t hose o f o ther t ypes, b ut a s tatistically s ignificant d ifference i s f ound o nly b etween r hombic a nd r ight a ngled t ypes. F inally , i t i s n ot o bvious w hat t echnological v ariable, i f a ny, c ould a ccount f or t he h igh p roportion o f p oints w ith s urface r etouch m anufactured f rom W ommersom q uartzite. A s n oted a bove, W ommerdom q uartzite o ccurs i nfrequently o n E arly M esolithic s ites e xcept t hose l ocated n ear t o t he o utcrop . T hus, a d etailed b reakdown o f t he u se o f W ommersom q uartzite w ith r espect t o i ndividual t ypes w as n ot u ndertaken . H owever, t he u se o f W ommersom q uartzite w ithin c ertain t ypological a nd t echnological c lasses i s g iven a bove i n T able 7 -3 a nd i n F igure 7 -7. O nly t he t hree l ocalities a t S chulen, l ocated a bout 2 0 k m f rom t he W ommersom o utcrop, a re c ompared i n F igure 7 -7. I n c ontrast t o M iddle a nd L ate M esolithic s ites, a c lear s election o f W ommersom q uartzite f or t he m anufacture o f r etouched t ools o r m icroliths d oes n ot o ccur. F urthermore, o nly a t o ne l ocality ( Schulen I II) i s t here a n oticeable p reference g iven t o W ommersom q uartzite f or t he p roduction o f b lades. W hether o r n ot t his p attern i s c haracteristic o f t he E arly M esolithic a s aw hole, p eculiar t o t he s ites a t S chulen, o r af unction o f t he d istance t o t he o utcrop c annot b e e valuated w ith t he p resent d ata . D iscussion C lear c hanges i n t he d istribution a nd u tilization o f W ommersom q uartzite t hrough t he c ourse o f t he M esolithic . have b een d ocumented. D uring t he E arly M esolithic, t he r outine u se o f W ommersom q uartzite i s r estricted i n s pace t o t he i mmediate v icinity ( c. 2 0 ' km r adius) o f t he o utcrop. I t i s l ikely t hat o pportunistic u se o f t he s ource w as m ade b y l ocal g roups o f h unter-gatherers i n l owland B elgium , p erhaps a s p art o f a s easonal c ycle o f a ctivities. I t i s p ossible t hat ' the e xistence o f t he o utcrop i tself w as o ne a ttraction t o t he a rea, a lthough t here i s n o e vidence t o s uggest t hat o ther l ithic r aw m aterials w ere n ot a vailable. W ithin t he s ame 2 0 k m r adius a round T einen, B elgium , c halk f lints w ould h ave b een a vailable f rom t he h eadwaters o f t he D emer r iver a nd i ts t ributaries. F arther t o t he n orth, l ithic r aw m aterials w ould h ave b een a vailable f rom t he P leistocene r iver t erraces o f t he M euse. F inally , i n c ontrast t o l ater p eriods o f t he M esolithic, t here d oes n ot a ppear t o b e as elective u se o f W ommersom q uartzite f or b lade p roduction o r f or t he m anufacture o f f inished i mplements. P erhaps b y t he M iddle, b ut c ertainly d uring t he L ate M esolithic, t he d istribution o f W ommersom q uartzite, e xpressed a s f requencies o f o ccurrence a t i ndividual s ites, u ndergoes a s ignificant c hange. S ustained

152

T ABLE

M eans,

s tandard d eviations,

t -values,

7 -5

a nd p robabilities

f or w idths o f

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5 .93

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153

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T ABLE

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7 -6

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. 02

S ites

f requencies o f b etween 2 5 a nd 3 5 p ercent o f t he t otal l ithic i nventory a re f ound o n M esolithic s ites a s f ar a s 9 0 k m f rom t he o utcrop. T he q uantities o f f laking b y-products a nd d ebris o f W ommersom q uartzite f rom L ate M esolithic s ites i n t he K empen c learly i ndicate t hat W ommersom q uartzite w as b eing t ransported a s u nworked n odules o r p repared c ores, r ather t han a s b lanks o r f inished t ools. TW O m echanisms, n ot n ecessarily m utually e xclusive, m ay b e s uggested t o a ccount f or t his c hange. F irst, i t i s p ossible t hat a c hange i n t he o rganization o f h uman s ettlement e nabled L ate M esolithic g roups i n t he K empen a nd s outhern H olland t o h ave d irect a ccess t o t he o utcrop a t s ome t ime d uring t he y ear, s o t hat t he d istribution o f W ommersom q uartzite r eflects t he o peration o f a n a nnual s ettlement s ystem . A s imilar h ypothesis h as b een o ffered t o a ccount f or t he d istribution o f c ertain l ithic r aw m aterials i n n orthern E ngland d uring t he e arly M esolithic. F or t his r egion, J acobi ( 1978) h as d efined t wo g roups, o r t raditions, o n t he b asis o f t he d istribution o f t hese l ithic t ypes a nd b y t he m orphology a nd s econdary t reatment g iven t o c ertain m icrolithic t ypes. 5 J acobi r elated t he d istribution o f t he l ithic r aw m aterials s pecifically t o s easonal m ovements o f t he g roups i n q uestion: w hat w e m ay b e w itnessing i n t he c ase o f t his w hite f lint i s i ts d irect c ollection b y g roups e xploiting t he P ennine u plands i n s ummer f rom e stablished q uarries o r e xposures i n p recisely t he s ame a reas w hich w e h ave s uggested c ould h ave s erved a s o ptimum w intering g rounds ( Jacobi 1 978:304). U nfortunately , t he d ata b ase i s i nsufficient t o r econstruct s ettlement s ystems d uring t he L ate M esolithic p eriod i n B elgium a nd s outhern H olland o r t o a ddress p ossible c hanges i n t hat s ystem b etween t he E arly a nd L ate M esolithic p eriods. A s econd m echanism t o a ccount f or t he c hange i n t he d istribution o f W ommersom q uartzite b etween t he E arly a nd L ate M esolithic m ay b e t he e mergence o r i ntensification o f an etwork o f i ntraregional e xchange. T he s ustained f requencies o f W ommersom q uartzite a t d istances f ar f rom t he o utcrop a nd m arked f all-off i n f requencies n ear t he m argins o f t his d istribution a rgue f or a n i mportant s ocial d imension o r m echanism t o a ccount f or t hese o bservations ( cf. C lark 1 980). F actors l eading t o a n i ncreasing a mount o f r egional i ntegration w ithin t he a rea, o r t he e mergence o f a d istinct s ocial t erritory , a re c onsistent w ith t he n otion o f i ntraregional e xchange, a s i s t he p reviously d ocumented v isibility o f s tylistic b oundaries i n t he L ate M esolithic p eriod. I ndeed, i t i s l ikely t hat c hronological t rends i n t he d istributions o f s tyle f rom t he E arly t o L ate M esolithic p eriod i n t he r egion r esult f rom s imilar p rocesses a ffecting t he d istribution o f W ommersom q uartzite t hrough t he c ourse o f t he M esolithic. F inally , i t i s p ossible t hat W ommersom q uartzite a lso m ay h ave f unctioned w ithin a s tylistic r ealm i n i tself a nd s ymboled p articular s ocial r elationships b etween i ndividuals o r g roups ( cf. G ould 1 978). T he s election o f W ommersom q uartzite f or t he m anufacture o f s pecific t ypes o f m icrolithic a rmatures ( points w ith s urface r etouch, a symmetric a nd r ight a ngled t rapezes), a pparently u nrelated t o t echnological v ariables, m ay b e a r eflection o f t his p henomenon. A s p reviously m entioned, i ntentional s election f or a nalogous a rtifact t ypes i s a bsent d uring t he E arly

155

M esolithic p eriod.

P ROBLEMS A ND P ROSPECTS An umber o f s pecific p roblems w ith r espect t o t he q uality a nd q uantity o f d ata r elevant t o t he s tudy o f W ommersom q uartzite p reviously h ave b een m entioned. G aps a nd i nconsistencies o ccur a t e ach l evel o f a nalysis: t he m utual c omparability o f t he s ites, t he f requency o f o ccurrence t hrough s pace a nd r elated c hanges t hrough t ime, a nd t he s elective u se o f W ommersom q uartzite. T o c ompare s ites m ore e ffectively, a dditional c ontrol a nd e valuation o f t he s pecific f ield m ethodologies a re r equired. Amore v exing p roblem i s t he e lucidation o f f unctional d ifferences b etween s ites, a nd t he m anner i n w hich s uch d ifferences a ffect t he u tilization a nd d istribution o f l ithic r aw m aterials. C omplete e xcavation o f i n s itu o ccupations m ay b e n ecessary b efore t hese q uestions c an b e e xamined t horoughly . R efinements i n, a nd r eliable c orrelations b etween, r egional c hronological s equences, t ogether w ith a l arger s amples o f s ites d ating f rom e ach p eriod, w ill p rovide a m ore c omplete p icture o f t he c hanges i n t he d istribution a nd f requency o f o ccurrence o f W ommersom q uartzite, e xpressed a s af unction o f d istance f rom t he o utcrop. T he l atter p romises t o b e t he b est c hance o f a ssessing p ossible s ocial c orrelates f or t he o bserved s patial d istribution o f W ommersom q uartzite. F inally , t here i s t he n eed f or a m ore c omplete s et o f d ata f rom s outhern a nd w estern B elgium .

F OOTNOTES 1 .

T he l ithic a nalysis o f t he s ites a t W eelde-Paardsdrank w as u ndertaken b y D irk H uyge ( Catholic U niversity o f L euven), w ho k indly m ade a vailable t o m e h is u npublished d ata o n w aste f lakes g iven i n T able 7 -1.

2 .

O n t he b asis o f r adiocarbon d ating a nd p ollen a nalysis, e xcavated m aterial f rom t he s ite o f H olsbeek-Marrant ( including s pecimens o f W ommersom q uartzite) c an b e p laced b etween c a. 9 700 a nd 9 000 B .P. T ypologically , s everal p eriods a ppear t o b e r epresented b y t he s urface m aterial f rom t he s ite. W hile t he m ajority o f t he a rtifacts a re t hought t o r elate t o t he e xcavated a nd d ated i n s itu d eposits, t he q uantity o f l ater a rchaeological m aterial c annot b e e valuated p recisely ( Vermeersch 1 972). T he s ite o f H olsbeek-Boomwerkerij i s p laced t o a n e arly m esolithic p eriod, s ince t he m aterial i s t hought t o r elate t o t he " archaic" i ndustry r epresented a t H olsbeek-Marrant. T he p ossibility o f a l ater d ate, h ovever, c annot b e e xcluded.

3 .

T he c ounts a nd f requencies f or t hese l atter t hree s ites a re a ccurate t o t he e xtent t hat t he c ollections t hemselves, a s p resently c onserved a nd c urated, m ay o nly r epresent a p artial s ample o f t he o riginal e xcavated m aterial ( R .R . N ewell,

4 .

p ersonal c ommunication 1 980).

T hese i nclude a ll a rtifacts w ith i ntentional s econdary m odification-t hose a rtifacts w hich a re i ncluded w ithin s tandard t ype l ists f or t he M esolithic. W hether o r n ot t he s econdary r etouch w as f or t he p urpose o f c reating a w orking e dge, f or t he a ccommodation o f h andling o r h afting, o r a ctually p roduced b y u tilization i n s uch a w ay a s n ot t o b e d istinguished f rom i ntentional r etouch, i s s imply i gnored. F or o ther p urposes, h owever, s uch d istinctions m ay b e v ital.

15 6

5 .

T hese t wo g roups o r t raditions a pparently o ccur i n t he s ame g eneral r egion a nd b ased o n t he f ew r adiocarbon d ates t hat a re a vailable ( Jacobi 1 978:297) a re e ssentially c ontemporary . T he f irst g roup c onsists o f s ites o f t he ' Deepcar' t ype, d istinguished b y o bliquely b lunted p oints w ith a dditional r etouch o n t he l eading e dge a nd t he u se o f w hite f lint f rom t he W olds o f n orth L incolnshire a nd e ast Y orkshire. T he s econd t radition i ncludes s ites o f t he ' Star C arr ' t ype, c haracterized b y b road i sosceles t riangles a nd t rapezes, o bliquely b lunted p oints l acking a dditional r etouch o n t heir l eading e dges, a nd t he u se o f s peckled g rey f lint a nd t ransparent h oney-colored f lint.

15 7

CHAPTER 8 MESOLITHIC

SOCIAL

TERRITORIES

IN NORTHWESTERN

EUROPE

T HE S TUDY A REA T he i ntersection o f d ata p ertaining t o t he d istribution o f s tyles a nd o f l ithic r aw m aterials h as b een u sed t o e lucidate t o t he n ature a nd v isibility o f s ocio-cultural b oundaries d uring t he M esolithic p eriod i n n orthwestern E urope. T he e vidence s uggests t he e xistence o f a d istinct s ocial t erritory d uring t he l ater M esolithic p eriod, c entered o n t he l ower r eaches o f c onsistent

t he R hine a nd M euse r ivers. d istributions o f s tyle f irst

R estricted a nd i nternally a ppear d uring t he M iddle

M esolithic, a bout 8 500 B .P. S imilar s tylistic b oundaries o ccur d uring t he f ollowing L ate M esolithic p eriod. H owever, t he r esolution o f b oundaries d uring t he L ate M esolithic i s e nhanced a s a r esult o f a l arger s ample o f r ecorded s ites a nd d ue t o t he a ppearance o f d iscontinuities i n a dditional s tylistic t raits. T he p resence o f d iscontinuities a nd i nternally h omogeneous d istributions o f s tyle d o n ot n ecessarily r eflect t he a bsence o f i nteraction b etween M esolithic g roups. T he r apid d ispersal o f t echnology a nd c ertain a rtifact t ypes ( e.g., " Montbani d ebitage" a nd b road t rapezes) i s t estimony t o i nterregional c onnections a nd i nteraction. T herefore, i t i s s uggested t hat, i n c ertain c ases, s tyle s erved t o c onvey i nformation r egarding s ocial a ffiliations a nd f unctioned t o m aintain b etween-group d ifferences. C linal d istributions o f s tyle a lso w ere d ocumented i n t he r egion a nd i n a ll p robability e xtend b eyond t he s trict c onfines o f t he s tudy a rea ( cf. G ob 1 981c). R andom p rofiles o f s tylistic v ariation w ere b y f ar t he p redominant p attern r evealed i n t his s tudy. T he p resence o f t hese v arious d istributions o f s tyle s uggests t he e xistence o f m ore t han o ne o rigin o f s tylistic v ariability a mong l ithic a rtifacts i n t he M esolithic o f n orthwestern E urope. I n t he c ase o f ( heterogeneous) p rofiles o f s tylistic v ariation,

c linal a nd r andom t he o peration o f

" assertive" s tyle, o r s imply t he e xistence o f aw idely s hared o r e asily r eplicated r epertoire o f f ormal v ariations c an b e i nferred. C hronological t rends i n t he g eographic d istributions o f s tyle p arallel c hanges i n t he u tilization a nd d istribution o f c ertain s ources pecific r aw m aterials, n otably W ommersom q uartzite. A p lateau o f c onsistent f requencies o f W ommerson q uartzite e xtending u p t o 9 0 k m f rom t he o utcrop, a nd a s ubsequent f all-off i n f requency b eyond t his d istance, i nitially a ppears d uring t he M iddle M esolithic p eriod. A s w as t he c ase w ith l ithic s tyles, t his d istributional p attern a chieves g reater d efinition, o r i s v isible m ost c learly, d uring t he L ate M esolithic p eriod. G reater a rchaeological v isibility m ay b e af unction o f t he l arger s ample o f M esolithic s ites y ielding q uantitative d ata, t he i ntensification i ntragroup e xchange i n l ater p eriods, o r b oth. A s tylistic m otivation f unction ( i.e., a s ymbol o f s ocial g roup a ffiliation) a lso w as s uggested a ccount f or t he s elective u se o f W ommersom q uartzite f or t he m anufacture

o f o r t o o f

s pecific a rtifact t ypes. D espite t he c omparative l ack o f q uantitative d ata f or t he e arlier M esolithic, t he s elective u se o f l ithic r aw m aterial i s a L ate M esolithic p henomenon. G eographic b oundaries

f or t he d istribution o f l ithic s tyles a nd o f

W ommersom q uartzite, i nsofar a s t hey m ay b e a pproximated, l argely c orrespond d uring t he M iddle a nd L ate M esolithic p eriods. I n t he n orth,

1 58

t heir d istribution e xtends t o t he r iver v alleys o f t he R hine a nd M euse. T o t he e ast t he t wo s ets o f d istributions a lso a re r oughly c oterminous, a pparently f ollowing t he d ivide b etween t he R hine a nd M euse r ivers a long t heir n ortherly c ourse. O nly i n t he s outh d o t he t wo s ets o f d istributions t end t o d iverge t o a ny e xtent. W ommersom q uartzite h ardly o ccurs b eyond t he m odern F ranco-belgian f rontier, w hile c ertain s tylistic t raits r emain h omogeneous a s f ar s outh a s t he S eine R iver i n n orthern F rance. T he c omparative a bundance o f f lint s ources i n n orthern F rance m ay b e o ne i mportant f actor i n t his r egard. T he e xistence o f t wo o r m ore d iscrete o r o verlapping a nnual t erritories w ithin t he c ontext o f al arger m aximum b and a lso m ight a ccount f or t he o bserved d iscrepancy i n t he s patial d istributions o f s tyle a nd r aw m aterials. N evertheless, g iven t he l ack o f s easonal i ndicators f rom e xcavated M esolithic s ites, o r q uantitative d ata o n t he d istribution o r e xchange o f a dditional r aw m aterials, a d efinitive e xplanation f or t he d ifference w ould b e p remature. T he l ocations o f b oundaries w ithin t he s tudy a rea, d efined o n t he b asis o f s tylistic a nd r aw m aterial d istributions, l argely c rosscut t hose d efined b y o thers f or t he s ame r egion ( Gob 1 979, 1 981b ; R ozoy 1 978; K ozXowski 1 975). W hile t he s election o f d iverse c riteria w ith w hich t o i nvestigate r egional d ifferences i n l ithic i ndustries d istinguishes t hese s tudies, r ecent w ork h as n ot c onfirmed t he p resence o f w hat p reviously w ere b elieved t o b e r elatively d iscrete d istributions o f c ertain t raits. F or e xample, t he p ublication o f am ore c omplete s eries o f e xcavations f rom t he B elgian K empen ( Vermeersch 1982b) h as s hown t hat t he d istribution o f " Montbani b lades" i s m ore w idespread t han i ndicated b y G ob ( 1981a) o r K oz /l owski ( 1975). S imilarly , d ifferences i n a ssemblage c omposition b etween t he s o-called T ardenoisien, A rdennian, a nd L imbourgian " cultures" ( Rozoy 1 978) a re p roving t o b e o f l ittle d iagnostic v alue ( Gob 1 981a; V an d e K onijnenburg 1 980). O nly t he R hein B asin K reis ( Newell 1 973) i s d efined b y c omparable s tylistic a nd t echnological c riteria i dentified i n t his s tudy , t hough n either t he f ull g eographic e xtent, n or t he c haracter o f b oundaries a re f ully d escribed b y N ewell. T hus, o ne r esult o f t his s tudy h as b een t o m odify t he p icture o f s tylistic v ariation a nd t he g eographic d istributions o f s tyle w ithin t he s tudy a rea. I n p art, t his i s t he i nevitable r esult o f t he a ccumulation o f n ew d ata a nd t he r eanalysis o f e xisting d ata u sing n ew a pproaches a nd p erspectives. I n t his s tudy , I h ave s uggested t hat r estricted d istributions o f s tyle m ight r eflect t he p resence o f d istinct s ocial t erritories i n t he a rchaeological r ecord. H owever, t he r esults o btained h ere a re n ot i ntended s imply t o r eplace o ne m ap o f M esolithic " cultures" w ith a nother. F irst, t he p recision w ith w hich s tylistic b oundaries c an b e d efined o ften i s p roblematic. S econd, a nd much r elated, t he a vailable s ample o f M esolithic a ssemblages a lso l imits t he r igorous d elineation o f p rofiles o f s tylistic v ariation . T here a re, h owever, m ore c ompelling r easons t o e xercise c aution i n m apping t he d istribution o f s ocial t erritories. O n t he o ne h and, i t i s p ossible t hat d istinct m aximum b ands o f h unter-gatherers a nd r espective s ocial t erritories e xisted t hroughout t he c ourse o f t he M esolithic, b ut t hat t hey d o n ot f ind a rchaeological e xpression a mong l ithic a rtifacts. O n t he o ther h and, d iscrete d istributions o f s tyle w hich p ertain t o b oundary m aintaining p rocesses m ay w ell b e d iscontinuous i n s pace, o r a ppear o nly i n s elected g eographic l ocations. B y f ocusing o n t he p rocesses w hich c ontribute t o t he v isibility, a nd n ot s imply t he e xistence, o f s ocial t erritories, t he d ocumentation o f d iscontinuities i n t he d istribution o f s tyle a nd i ntraregional e xchange n etworks i s i n i tself i nstructive t o t he

15 9

u nderstanding o f c ulture p rocess a nd h uman a daptation i n t he M esolithic, a s i s t he a bility t o d efine t heir p recise g eographic e xtent i n a ll a reas.

T HE E UROPEAN C ONTEXT T he e mergence o f s patially r estricted d istributions o f m aterial c ulture i tems a nd t he a ppearance o f d iscontinuities a nd b oundaries i n s tylistic a ttributes p robably a re w idespread p henomena a cross M esolithic E urope. T here i s n ow s ufficient e vidence t o s uggest t he e xistence o f s ocial t erritories t hroughout much o f w estern a nd n orthern E urope. F urthermore, t here i s r eason t o s uspect t hat t he f ormation a nd m aintenance o f s ocio-cultural b oundaries p rimarily o ccur i n l ater m esolithic c ontexts. I f t his s hould b e t rue, t he p rocesses w hich p romote t he v isibility o f s ocial t erritories i n t he a rchaeological r ecord m ust b e c onsidered p ervasive a nd p owerful f orces a ffecting P ostglacial h unter-gatherer a daptations. J acobi ( 1979) h as o utlined a s equence o f d evelopments f or t he M esolithic p eriod i n E ngland w hich b roadly c orresponds t o t he r esults o btained i n t his s tudy . B ased u pon a n a nalysis o f m orphological v ariation a mong m icrolithic a rmatures, J acobi's s tudy s uggests t he e mergence o f d istinct s ocial t erritories p rimarily f ollowing t he b eginning o f t he 7 th m illennium B .C. E arlier M esolithic i ndustries a re, b y c ontrast, c haracterized b y t heir " apparent t echnological h omogeneity." J acobi's a nalysis s trongly s uggests t hat e ither g reater d ifferentiation o r i ncreased v isibility o f s ocial t erritories o ccurs d uring t he l ater M esolithic p eriod. A s imilar c hronological t rend t owards g reater d iversification a nd l ocalization o f l ithic i ndustries a lso h as b een d escribed b y G ramsch ( 1973) f or t he Mesolithic i n M ecklenburg a nd B randenburg. C omparable e vidence f or r egional s tyle z ones e xists f or t he M esolithic o f P oland ( Koz ,rowski 1 975), b etween t he R hine a nd W eser r ivers i n W est G ermany ( Arora 1 973, 1 976) a nd m ost c ertainly e xists i n t he l ater M esolithic p eriod i n F rance ( Rozoy 1 978). F inally, t he a nalysis o f d ecorated b one, a ntler, a nd a mber a rtifacts h as r evealed t he p resence o f d istinct s tyle z ones i n t he E rteb ,dlle o f D enmark a round 4 000 B .C. ( Anderson 1 981). A dmittedly ,

a n e normous a mount o f c larification m ust a ccompany t he

c laims a nd s uggestions c ited a bove. R arely , f or e xample, h as a c omplete s et o f d ata f or a g iven r egion b een f ully p ublished. M ost a nalyses a ppear i n t he f ramework o f r esearch r esults, r ather t han a s d etailed d escriptions o f t he d ata o r o f t he m ethods e mployed w hich m ay b e i ndependently e valuated o r, i nm any c ases, b e c ompared w ith o ther s tudies. F or e xample, a n umber o f p roblems s till e xist r egarding t he c riteria b y w hich s tyle i s i dentified, t he d etermination o f t he s cales a t w hich s tylistic p atterning o ccurs, a nd i nterpretation o f s tylistic v ariation. A s n oted a bove, c areful a ttention t o d istributional p rofiles o f s tylistic v ariation m ay y ield r ewarding i nsights i nto b ehavior a nd c ulture p rocess d uring t he M esolithic.

Ih ave

o ffered a t l east o ne a pproach, h opefully b oth p roductive a nd m ore w idely a pplicable,

i n w hich s uch s tudies m ay p roceed.

C ONDITIONS A ND C AUSES T he v isibility o f s ocial t erritories h as b een t ied t o l evels o f p opulation d ensity o r t o a dditional s tresses w hich o ften o ccur u nder c onditions o f p opulation i ncrease. I t i s p ossible, t herefore, t o

160

i nterpret t he e mergence o f s ocio-cultural b oundaries a nd M esolithic s ocial t erritories a s a r eflection o f ( or p erhaps a daptation t o) t his s et o f p ressures. T he a rchaeological r ecord f or c hanges i n p opulation s ize i s n otoriously d ifficult t o i nterpret; h owever, a lthough t he a vailable a rchaeological d ata a re n ot y et p recise e nough t o g auge t he e xistence o r m agnitude o f f luctuations a long a g eneral c urve, t he d ata s trongly c onform t o am odel o f i ncreasing h uman p opulation d ensities t hroughout t he c ourse o f t he M esolithic. J acobi ( 1973) h as a rgued f or a n i ncrease i n p opulation s ize d uring t he M esolithic p eriod i n G reat B ritain. T his i s s uggested b y t he e xploitation o f n ew e nvironments a nd b y t he i nitial c olonization o f S cotland a nd I reland n ear t he e nd o f t he e ighth m illennium B .C. D rawing u pon d ata f rom t he N orth E uropean P lain, N ewell ( 1973) h as d ocumented a s teady i ncrease i n t he n umber o f s ites t hrough t he c ourse o f t he M esolithic, i ncluding a t hree-fold i ncrease b etween t he B oreal a nd L ate M esolithic p eriods. T he i ncrease i n t he n umber o f M esolithic s ites i s a ccompanied b y a n i ncrease i n s ite s ize d uring t he f inal s tages o f t he M esolithic. P opulation i ncrease a ccompanied b y l arger, m ore p ermanent s ettlements a lso h as b een d ocumented f or t he Mesolithic p eriod i n D enmark ( Brinch P etersen 1 973; P rice 1 981b), c ulminating i n t he f inal E rtebolle p eriod. T he c auses f or p opulation g rowth a re b eyond t he p urview o f t his d iscussion, t hough i t m ay b e n oted t hat b oth r eduction i n l and a rea d ue t o r ising s ea l evels ( Newell 1 973; J acobi 1 979) a nd a n i ncreased d ependability o f r esources t ogether w ith d ecreased r esidential m obility ( Meiklejohn 1 978) h ave b een c ited a s p ossible f actors. T he c orrelation b etween h igh p opulation d ensity a nd t he e mergence o f s ocio-cultural b oundaries, p articularly d uring t he l ater M esolithic p eriod, i s s upported b y t he a vailable a rchaeological e vidence. H owever, a side f rom s imply p ostulating a s pecific t hreshold o f h uman p opulation d ensity f or t he a ppearance o f b ehavior a ssociated w ith b oundary m aintenance, i t i s p robable t hat a dditional c onditions p revailed i n w hich s uch b ehavior b ecame a daptive. J acobi ( 1979), f or e xample, h as s uggested t hat c ompetition i n t he f ace o f r esource s carcity w as a n i mportant f actor i n t he e mergence o f s ocial t erritories d uring t he M esolithic:

c omes

I n t he c ase o f B ritain s uch s elf-identification a t a t ime w hen l and a rea h ad b een r educed b y

e ustatic r ise i n s ea l evel a nd p otentially i ncreasing p opulation w as e xploiting r esources w hose p otentials f or i ncrease w ere m inimal. G reater c ompetition b etween g roups f or t hese r esources m ay b e s uspected t o h ave

l ed

t o

a

n eed

t o

d isplay

w ithin

g roup

c orporateness w ith r eference t o o utsiders ( 1979: 7 4). A s imilar,

a lbeit

m ore

g eneral,

h ypothesis

t o

a ccount

f or

d ifferentiation o f a rtifact s tyles h as b een p roposed b y C ohen: s carcity...will r equire a g roup t o i nvest m ore a nd m ore l abor i n t he f uture p roductivity o f i ts r esources. S ince a vailable f ood t hus b ecomes m ore a nd m ore a f unction o f t he g roup's p revious l abor i nvestments, t he g roup w ill a gain b ecome i ncreasingly j ealous o f o utsiders. T hus, i ncreasing s carcity o f r esources s hould r esult i n t he g radual b reakdown o f t he s ystem o f o pen p opulation-flux .

16 1

I f t his i s t rue,

r egional

t hen r egional s pecialization o f a rtifact s tyles m ay i tself b e a n i ndicator o f p opulation p ressure ( 1977: 8 2 ). I t i s p ossible, h owever, t hat c ompetition ( and c oncomitant i ncrease i n t he s ignalling o f s ocial a ffiliations) m ight r esult d ue t o a n i ncreased d emand f or p roductivity f or a n e ntirely d ifferent s et o f r easons. E xamples I nclude a d esire f or s urpluses t o m aintain e xchange o r s ocial a lliances e laborated t hrough a p rocess o f " social i ntensification" ( Bender 1 978, 1 981). N evertheless, t he a vailable e thnoarchaeological d ata ( e.g., H odder 1 979; C hapter 2 o f t his s tudy) a nd t he a rchaeological e vidence s ummarized i n t his c hapter s uggest a m uch s tronger r ole f or d emographic a nd e nvironmental v ariables i n t he f ormation o f s ocial t erritories. A m ore

c omprehensive m odel w hich

r elates

t he

e mergence

o f

s ocial

t erritories t o d emographic c hange h as b een f ormulated b y P rice ( 1981b). P rice s uggests t hat t he a ppearance o r i ntensification o f s tylistic s ignalling a mong h unter-gatherers c an b e t raced t o a c omplex s et o f r elationships w hich o ccur " under c onditions o f p opulation g rowth i n a bundant a nd c ircumscribed e nvironments" ( 1981b:81). T he i nteraction o f t hese v ariables l eads t o b oth a n i ncrease i nm ore p ermanent h uman s ettlement a nd m ore f irm d efinition o f s pace. T he g eneral o peration o f t he m odel c onforms w ith o bservations o n h uman t erritoriality c ited i n C hapter 2 a nd w ith t he e volution o f M esolithic s ocial t erritories o utlined a bove. T he m odel h elps t o i dentify t he c onditions w hich p romote t he f ormation o f s ocioc ultural b oundaries i n t he a rchaeological r ecord o f h unter-gatherers, e ven i f t hose c onditions h ave n ot y et b een f ully e valuated. T he a pplication o f m ethods d esigned t o e lucidate s patial d istributions o f s tyle a nd t o r ender t hem a menable t o i nterpretation a rticulate t his m odel t o a rchaeological d ata. T heir a pplication i n t his s tudy s uggests t hat s ocio-economic s tress, i nfluenced i n l arge p art b y p opulation g rowth, c haracterized t he l ater Mesolithic p eriod i n n orthwestern E urope. Among m any o ther t opics w orthy o f i nquiry, f uture w ork

c ould

f ocus

o n

t he

d elineation

o f

s tylistic

a nd

r aw

m aterial

d istributions i n o ther r egions. T he p resence, a bsence, o r e volution o f b oundaries a nd t erritories m ight h elp t o e xplain t he d evelopment a nd d iversification o f P ostglacial h unting a nd g athering s ocieties.

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P aulissen, E . a nd A .V. Munaut 1 969 U n h orizon b lanchätre d 'äge B l1ing ä O pgrimbie.

G eographica L ovaniensia 7 :

A cta

6 5-91.

P eeters, R .M. 1 971 H et o nderzoek v an d e m esolithische k ultuur t e T ilburg.

H istorische B ijdragen, V ol 2 , N o. 4 .

1 78

P eterson,

N .

1 976

I ntroduction. I n T ribes a nd b oundaries i n Australia, e dited b y N . P eterson, p p. 1 -11. A ustralian I nstitute o f A boriginal S tudies,

C anberra.

P equart, M & S t.-J., M . B oule, a nd H . V allois 1 937 T gviec, s tation n gcropole m gsolithique d u M orbihan. A rchives d e l 'Institut d e P algontologie Humaine, 1 8. P irnay, L . 1 978

a nd H .-C.

S traet

L e s ite m gsolithique d es Mazures

( commune d e P epinster,

p rovince d e L iege, B elgique). B ulletin d e P rghistorique F rancaise 7 5: 3 27-340. P lanchais, 1 976

l a S ociete

N . L a V gggtation a u P leistocene s upgrieur e t a u d gbut d e l 'Holocene d ans l e B assin d e P aris e t l es p laines d e l a

P log, S . 1 976

L oire m oyenne.

I n L a P rghistoire F rancaise,

5 34-538.

P aris.

C NRS,

I n T he E arly M esoamerican v illage,

P ons,

A .,

a nd J .L. 1 969

p p.

Measurement o f p rehistoric i nteraction b etween c ommunities. p p.

1 980

V ol 1 ,

2 55-272.

A cademic P ress,

e dited b y K .V.

F lannery,

N ew Y ork .

S tylistic v ariation i n prehistoric c ermaics: d esign v ariat ion i n t he American S outhwest . C ambridge U niversity P ress, C ambridge. H .

E lhai, M .T.

M orzadec-Kerfourn, M .

d e B eaulieu B ibliographie c ommentge d es

v an C ampo,

G .

t ravaux s ur l a f lore e t

J alut, l a

v gggtation f ran aise a u Q uaternaire. E tudes F rançaise s ur l e Q uaternaire, p p. 8 5-126. S upplement au B ulletin d e P rice,

l 'AFEQ,

P aris.

T .D.

1 975

M esolithic s ettlement s ystems i n t he N etherlands. P h.D. d issertation, D epartment o f A nthropology, U niversity o f M ichigan.

1 978

M esolithic s ettlement s ystems i n t he N etherlands. I n T he E arly P ostglacial s ettlement of n orthern Europe, e dited b y P .

M ellars,

p p.

8 1-113.

D uckworth,

179

L ondon.

1 981a R egional a pproaches t o h uman a daptation i n t he M esolithic o f t he N orth E uropean P lain. I n M esolithikum i n E uropa, e dited b y B . G ramsch, p p. 2 17-234. 2 . I nternationales S ymposium P otsdam , 3 .-8. A pril 1 978. V eröffentlichungen d es M useums f ür U r- u nd F rühgeschichte P otsdam, 1 4-15, B erlin. 1 981b C omplexity i n " non-complex" s ocieties.

I n A rchaeological

a pproaches t o t he s tudy o f c omplexity , L eeuw,

p p.

5 4-97.

e dited b y S . v an d er A lbert E gges v an G iffin I nstituut v oor

P rae- e n P rotohistorie, R ay,

Amsterdam .

V .F .

C ultural r elations i n t he P lateau o f N orthwestern A merica .

1 939

ANS P ress, N ew Y ork. R ogers,

E .

1 963

T he h unting g roup - h unting t erritory c omplex a mong t he M istassini I ndians. N ational M useums o f C anada, B ulletin 1 93.

N ational Museums o f C anada,

O ttawa.

R olfsen, P . 1 980 D isturbance o f a rchaeological l ayers b y p rocesses i n t he s oil. R ozoy,

N orwegian A rchaeological R eview 1 3:

1 10-118 .

J .-G.

1 968a L 'etude d e m atgriel b rut e t d es m icroburins d ans l 'Epip algolithique ( Mgsolithique) f ranco-belge. B ulletin d e

l a S ocigtg P rghistorique F rancaise 6 5:

3 65-390.

1 968b T ypologie d e l 'Epipalgolithique ( Mgsolithique) f rancob elge. B ulletin d e l a S ocigtg P rghistorique F rancaise 6 5: 3 35-364. 1 971

L a f in d e l 'Epipalgolithique

( "Mgsolithique")

d ans l e N ord

I n D ie A nfange d es N eolithik ums v om O rient b is N ordeuropa, e dited b y J . L uning, p p. d e l a F rance e t e n B elgique. 1 -78. 1 973

F undamenta,

A ,

B and 3 ,

T eil 6 , K öln.

T he F ranco-Belgian E pipaleolithic:

c urrent p roblems.

I n

T he M esolithic i n E urope, e dited b y S .K. K oz/owski, p p. 5 03-530. 1 978

U niversity P ress,

W arsaw .

L es d erniers c hasseurs: l 'Epipalgolithique e n F rance e t e n B elgique. B ulletin d e l a S ocigtg A rchgologique C hampenoise, n umgro s pgcial.

1 80

S ackett,

J .

1 977

T he m eaning o f s tyle i n a rchaeology: American A ntiquity 4 2: 3 69-380.

1 982

A pproaches t o s tyle i n l ithic a rchaeology. Anthropological Archaeology 1 : 5 9-112.

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E . Drie m esolithische s ites t e Brecht ( Overbroek). U npublished t hesis, K atholieke U niversiteit t e L euven, L euven.

S chwabedissen, 1 962

H .

N orthern C ontinental E urope. e dited b y R .J. A ldine,

S ervice,

I n C ourse

B raidwood a nd G .R.

t oward u rban l ife,

W illey,

p p.

2 54-266.

C hicago.

E .

1 962 S heets,

a g eneral m odel.

Primitive s ocial organization .

R andom H ouse,

N ew Y ork.

P .

1 979

C omment o n P aleolithic c ulture a nd c ulture c hange: e xperim ent i n t heory a nd m ethod, b y D . S tiles. C urrent Anthrop ology 2 0:

S immons, 1 975

1 -21.

I .G. T owards a n e cology o f M esolithic m an i n t he u plands o f G reat B ritain.

S immons, 1 974

I .G.

a nd G .W.

J ournal of A rchaeological S cience

2 :

1 -15.

D imbleby

T he p ossible r ole o f i vy

( Hedera h elix L .)

e conomy o f w estern E urope. S cience 1 : 2 91-296.

i n t he m esolithic

J ournal of Archaeological

S immons, I .G., G .W . D imbleby, a nd C . G rigson 1 981 T he M esolithic. I n T he e nvironment i n British P rehistory, e dited b y I .G. D uckworth,

S immons a nd J .J.

T ooley,

p p.

8 2-124.

L ondon.

S mith, P .E. 1 973 S ome t houghts o n v ariations a mong c ertain S olutrean a rtif acts. I n E studios d edicados a / Profesor D r. Luis P ericot, e dited b y J . M aluquier d e M otes, p p. 6 7-75. I nstituto d e A rcqueologia y P rehistoria, S ommg, J . 1 976

L es

B arcelona.

l imon Q uaternaires d ans l es p laines d u N ord.

I n L a

Prghistoire Francaise, V ol 1 , p p. 1 73-176. C entre N ationale d e l a R echerche S cientifique, P aris.

1 81

S teward,

J .H.

1 969

P ostscript t o b ands:

o n t axonomy,

p rocesses,

a nd c auses.

I n C ontributions t o a nthropology: b and s ocieties, e dited b y D . D amas, p p. 2 88-295. N ational M useums o f C anada, B ulletin 2 28. N ational M useums o f C anada, O ttawa. S tiles,

D .

1 979

P aleolithic c ulture a nd c ulture c hange: t heory a nd m ethod.

S tockmans, 1 981

C ., H .

B osmans,

1 -21.

a nd P . V ermeersch

T race e lement a nalysis o f B elgian f lint m ine p roducts.

S taringia 6 : S tockton, 1 973

a nd e xperiment i n

C urrent A nthropology 2 0:

8 5-88.

E .D. S haw's c reek s helter: i ts

s ignificance.

S traus, L .G. 1 977 P ointes

h uman d isplacement o f a rtefacts a nd

M ankind 9 :

1 12-117.

s olutrgenes e t l 'hypothese d e t eritorialisme.

B ulletin d e l a S ociete P rghistorique F rancaise 7 4: 2 06-212. S tröbel, R . 1 959 T ardenoisspitze i n e inem B ovidenknochen v on S chwenningen a m N echar. F undberichte a us S chwaben, N eue F olge 1 5: 1 03-106. T aute, W . 1 974 N eue F orschungen z ur C hronologie v on S pätpaläolithikum u nd M esolithikum i n S üddeutschland.

t ionen 2 13: T indale, 1 940

N .B. D istribution o f A ustralian a boriginal t ribes: a f ield s urvey. T ransactions o f t he R oyal S ociety o f S outh

A ustralia 6 4: 1 953

1 40-231.

T ribal a nd i ntertribal m arriage a mong a borigines.

1 974

A rchäologische I nforma-

5 9-66.

H uman B iology 2 5:

A boriginal t ribes o f A ustralia . P ress,

t he A ustralian

1 69-190. U niversity o f C alifornia

B erkeley.

T ixier, J . 1 963 T ypologie d e G raphiques,

l 'Epipalgolithique d u M aghreb . P aris.

1 82

A rts e t M gtiers

T urner,

D .H.

1 976

L evels o f o rganisation a nd c ommunication i n A boriginal A ustralia. I n T ribes a nd b oundaries i n A ustralia , e dited b y N . P eterson, p p. 1 80-191. A ustralian I nstitute o f A boriginal S tudies, C anberra.

V an d e K onijnenburg, 1 980

R .

H et M esolithicum i n H enegouwen e n B rabant t en z uiden v an d e v an d e l ijn R oosdaal-Brussel-Orp-Jauche . U npublished t hesis, K atholieke U niversiteit t e L euven,

V an d er H ammen, 1 953

T .

L ate-glacial l ands.

V an N oten, 1 978

f lora a nd p eriglacial p henomena i n t he N ether-

L eidse G eologische M ededelingen 1 7:

a nd J .

1 8.

D issertationes A rchaeologicae

W ith c ontributions b y D .

M oeyersons.

a rctic f orests . V an Z eist, W .

a nd M .R .

K eeley,

h unters a nd f ishermen o f t he S ub-

A ldine,

C hicago.

v an d er S poel-Walvius

A p alynological s tudy o f c ial i n t he P aris B asin.

t he L ate-Glacial a nd t he P ostglaP alaeohistoria 2 2: 6 7-109.

V ermeersch, P .M . 1 972 T wee m esolithische s ites t e H olsbeek . 1 38,

C ahen, L .

B rugge.

V anstone, J .W . 1 974 A thapaskan a daptations:

1 974

7 1-183.

F .L.

L es C hasseurs d e M eer . G adenses,

1 980

L euven.

A rchaeologia B elgica,

B russels.

E pipaleolithikum e n M esolithicum t e H elchteren , S onnise H eide. A rchaeologia B elgica 1 69.

1 976a L a p osition l ithostratigraphique e t b iostratigraphique d es i ndustries g pipalgolithiques e t m gsolithique e n B asse

C ongr s P rghistorique d e F rance , X Xe s ession , P rovence 1 974, p p. 6 16-621. I ssoudun. B elgique.

1 976b S teentijdmateriaal u it h et N oordelijk H ageland . k undige R epertoria, 1 979

E pipaleolithicum t e A chel,

1 981

M agdalgnien ä K anne e t ä O rp. p p.

O udheid-

X I. D e W aag.

2 05-213.

183

L imburg 1 17-129.

C ongres d e C omines , A ctes I I ,

1 982a

Q uinze a nnges d e r echerches

s ur l e M gsolithique e n B asse

B elgique - g tat d e q uestion. I n L e M gsolithique e ntre R hin e t M euse, e dited b y A . G ob a nd F . S pier, p p. 3 43-353. S ocigtg 1 982b

P rghistorique L uxembourgeoise, L uxembourg.

C ontributions t o t he s tudy of t he M esolithic of t he B elgian L owland . S tudia P raehistorica B elgica 1 , T ervuren.

V ermeersch,

P .M .

1 975

a nd J .

C arolus

U n s ite m gsolithique ä L inkhout-Kampbergen b eige). B ulletin d e 7 2: 1 25-128.

V ermeersch, 1 974

P .M ., A .V.

M unaut,

a nd E .

P aulissen

F ouilles d 'un s ite d u T ardenoisien F inal ä O pglabbeekR uiterskuil

V ermeersch, 1 973

( Limbourg

l a S ociete P rghistorique Francaise

P .M .,

E .

( Limbourg b eige).

P aulissen,

Q uartar 2 5:

8 5-104.

a nd A .V. M unaut

F ouilles d 'un s ite m gsolithique ä O pgrimbie

( Limbourg

b eige). B ulletin d e l a S ociete R oyale B eige d 'Anthropolo gie e t d e P rghistoire 8 4: 9 7-152. V oss,

J .A.

1 977

T he B arnes

s ite:

f unctional a nd s tylistic v ariability i n

a s mall P aleo-Indian a ssemblage. o f Archaeology 2 : W atanabe, 1 972a

H . T he Ainu E cosystem . M onograph 5 4.

1 972b

W aterbolk, 1 964

M idcontinental J ournal

2 53-305.

T he A merican E thnological S ociety,

U niversity o f W ashington P ress,

T he A inu.

I n H unters a nd g atherers

B icchieri, N ew Y ork .

p p.

4 48-484.

H olt,

t oday,

R inehart,

H .T. P odsolierungsercheinungen b ei G rabhügeln. 1 0:

S eattle.

e dited b y M .G.

a nd W inston,

P alaeohistoria

8 7-102.

W hallon, R .E., J r. 1 968 I nvestigations o f l ate p rehistoric s ocial o rganization i n N ew Y ork S tate. I n N ew p erspectives i n a rchaeology, e dited b y S .R . B inford a nd L .R . B inford, p p. 2 23-244. A ldine, W iessner, 1 983

C hicago.

P . S tyle a nd s ocial i nformation i n K alahari S an p rojectile p oints. American Antiquity 4 8 : 2 53-276.

184

W ilmsen, E . 1 974 L indenmeier: a P leistocene h unting s ociety. R ow , N ew Y ork .. W ishart, D . 1 978 C lustan u ser m anual. U niversity.

H arper a nd

P rog ra m L ibrary U nit, E dinburgh

W obst, H .M . 1 974a B oundary c onditions f or P aleolithic s ocial s ystems: a s imulation a pproach . American A ntiquity 3 9: 1 47-178 . 1 974b T he a rchaeology o f b and s ociety--some u nanswered q uestions. I n A m odel of b and s ociety, b y B .J. W illiams, p p. v -xiii. S ociety f or A merican A rchaeology M emoir 2 9. 1 976

L ocational r elationships i n P aleolithic s ociety. I n T he d emographic e volution of h uman p opulations, e dited b y R .H. W ard a nd K .M . W eiss, p p. 4 9-58 . A cademic P ress, L ondon.

1 977

S tylistic b ehavior a nd i nformation e xchange. I n P apers f or t he d irector : r esearch e ssays i n h onor of J ames B . G riffin, e dited b y C .E. C leland. A nthropology P apers, 6 1: 3 17-342. M useum o f A nthropology, U niversity o f M ichigan, A nn A rbor.

1 978

T he a rchaeo-ethnology o f h unter-gatherers, o f t he e thnographic r ecord i n a rchaeology . A ntiquity 4 3: 3 03-309.

W outers, A q. 1 954 V oorneolithische c ulturen i n B rabant.

o r t he t yranny A merican

B rabants H eem 6 :

1 22-148.

A DDENDUM

M adden, M . 1 983 S ocial w ithin e dited P ress, P log, S . 1 983

n etwork s ystems a mongst h unter-gatherers c onsidered N orway. I n H unter-gatherer e conomy i n p rehistory, b y G eoff B ailey, p p. 1 91-200. C ambridge U niversity C ambridge.

A nalysis o f s tyle 1 2:

i n a rtifacts.

1 25-142.

1 85

A nnual R eview o f A nthropology

A PPENDIX A S ITE

S UMMARIES, ARTIFACT I NVENTORY, N ON-METRIC A ND M ETRIC A TTRIBUTES

T able A-1 S ummary i nformation f or M esolithic s ites i nvestigated. a rranged a lphabetically b y c ountry.

1 .

S ites a re

A ardhorst

C ountry:

N etherlands

P rovince:

N orth B rabant

C ommunity: V essem C oordinates: c a. 5 1° 2 5'

N .

- 5° 1 7 E .

C ontext: S hallow s ubsurface ( Ap ? ) o f p odsol T echnique: E xcavated, s creened ( 2 mm . m esh) A rea: T hree 6 -9 m2 e xcavation u nits. 3 -4 m . s eparate t he u nits E xcavator: A . B ohmers a nd J . G roels R epository: B iologisch-Archaeologisch I nstituut, G roningen R eference: 2 .

R ozoy

( 1978)

A cht I

C ountry:

N etherlands

P rovince:

N orth B rabant

C ommunity: B est C oordinates: c a. C ontext:

N o

5 1° 2 5'

N .

- 5° 2 3'

E .

i nformation

T echnique: E xcavated A rea: " base c amp" d imensions,

b etween 2 0-40 m .

x 1 3-16 m .

E xcavator: A . B ohmers R epository: B iologisch-Archaeologisch I nstituut, G roningen R eference: 3 .

U npublished

A chterste B rug

C ountry: N etherlands P rovince: N orth B rabant C ommunity:

u ncertain

C oordinates: 5 1° 2 1' N . - 5° 2 5' E . C ontext: A I - A2 o f h umic-iron p odsol T echnique: E xcavated, s creened ( 4 mm . m esh) A rea: u ncertain, r estricted e xcavation s urface E xcavator: R epository:

H . K eunen, E .M.A.H . G oossens, G .H. Museum ' t O ude S lot, Z eelst

R eference:

U npublished

1 86

F onteijn

4 .

H aagakkers

C ountry:

N etherlands

P rovince:

N orth B rabant

C ommunity:

S int-Oedenrode

C oordinates: c a . 5 1° 3 2' C ontext: u ncertain T echnique: A rea: c a.

E xcavated, 1 00 m 2

E xcavator:

W .

R epository:

- 5° 2 9'

E .

s elected s creening

( 5 mm. mesh)

H eesters

P rivate

R eference: 5 .

N .

H eesters

( 1971)

Hatert

C ountry: N etherlands P rovince: N orth B rabant C ommunity:

u ncertain

C oordinates: l ocation i n F igure 3 -2 a fter G ob C ontext: S urface T echnique: C ollected

( 1931a)

A rea : " extensive" C ollector: A q. W outers R epository: B iologisch-Archaeologisch I nstituut, G roningen R eference: 6 .

Unpublished

Hazeputten I

C ountry:

N etherlands

P rovince: C ommunity:

N orth B rabant S int-Oedenrode

C oordinates: c a. 5 1° 3 2' N . - 5° 3 0' E . C ontext: B 2ir o f p odsol, a bove A lleröd s oil T echnique: E xcavated, s elected s creening ( 5 mm. m esh) A rea:

A rtifact c oncentration c a .

E xcavator: R epository:

W . H eesters P rivate

R eference:

H eesters

7 .

a nd W outers

2 6 m2

( 1968)

Hazeputten II

C ountry: P rovince: C ommunity:

N etherlands N orth B rabant S int-Oedenrode

C oordinates: C ontext:

c a 5 1° 3 2'

B 2h o f p odsol,

N .

- 5° 3 0'

E .

a bove A lleröd s oil

T echnique: E xcavated, s elected s creening ( 5 mm . m esh) A rea: T wo a rtifact c oncentrations, e ach c a. 2 -3 m 2

E xcavator: R epository:

W . H eesters P rivate

R eference:

H eesters

8 .

( 1969)

L uiksgestel I I

C ountry: P rovince:

N etherlands N orth B rabant

C ommunity: Luiksgestel C oordinates: c a . 5 1° 1 8'

N .

- 5° 1 9'

E .

C ontext: A 2 - B h orizon o f p odsol T echnique: E xcavated, n ot s creened A rea: E xcavated a rea 3 6 m2 E xcavator: R epository:

A . B ohmers a nd J . G roels B iologisch-Archaeologisch I nstituut,

R eference:

B ohmers a nd W outers

9 .

( 1956), N ewell

G roningen

( 1975)

L uiksgestel -D e M aay

C ountry:

N etherlands

P rovince: N orth B rabant C ommunity: L uiksgestel C oordinates: c a. 5 1° 1 8'

N .

- 5° 1 9'

E .

C ontext: S urface T echnique: C ollected A rea:

N o i nformation

C ollector: R epository:

A q. W outers B iologisch-Archaeologish I nstituut,

R eference:

U npublished

1 0.

L uiksgestel

C ountry:

N etherlands

P rovince:

N orth B rabant

C ommunity: L uiksgestel C oordinates: c a. 5 1° 1 8 N . C ontext:

- 5° 1 9'

E .

S urface

T echnique: A rea :

C ollected

N o i nformation

C ollector: R epository:

A q. W outers B iologisch-Archaeologisch I nstituut,

R eference:

U npublished

1 1.

G roningen

M aarheeze

C ountry: P rovince:

N etherlands N orth B rabant

C ommunity: M aarheeze C oordinates: c a. 5 1° 1 8'

N .

- 5° 3 7'

E .

G roningen

C ontext: N o i nformation T echnique: E xcavated, n o s creening A rea: " base c amp" d imensions, b etween 2 0-40 m . x 1 3-26 m . E xcavator: A . B ohmers R epository: B iologisch-Archaeologisch I nstituut, G roningen R eference: B ohmers a nd W outers ( 1956) 1 2.

M oerkuilen I

C ountry: N etherlands P rovince: N orth B rabant C ommunity: S int-Oedenrode C oordinates: c a . 5 1° 3 3' N . - 5° 3 0' E . C ontext: N o i nformation T echnique: E xcavated, s elected s creening ( 5 m m . m esh) A rea: A rtifact c oncentration c a. 7 .5 m2 E xcavator: W . H eesters R epository: P rivate R eference: H eesters ( 1969) 1 3.

M oerkuilen I I

C ountry: N etherlands P rovince: N orth B rabant C ommunity: S int-Oedenrode C oordinates: c a . 5 1° 3 3' N . - 5° 3 0' E . C ontext: N o i nformation T echnique: E xcavated, n o s creening A rea: T wo 1 0-12 m2 c oncentrations, s eparated b y 5 -6m 2 E xcavator: W . H eesters R epository: P rivate R eference: H eesters ( 1969) 1 4.

M ontfort

C ountry: N etherlands P rovince: L imburg C ommunity: M ontfort C oordinates: c a. 5 1'07'

N .

- 5° 5 7'

E .

C ontext: S urface, b lowout T echnique: C ollected A rea: " extensive" C ollector: A q. W outers R epository: B iologisch-Archaeologisch I nstituut, G roningen R eference: U npublished 1 5.

N ijnsel I

C ountry: N etherlands P rovince: N orth B rabant

1 89

C ommunity: S int-Oedenrode C oordinates: c a. 5 1° 3 2' N .

- 5° 2 9'

E .

C ontext: B2 h orizon o f h umic-iron p odsol T echnique: E xcavated, s elected s creening

( 5 m m .

A rea : S everal c oncentrations w ithin 4 8 x 1 2 m . E xcavator: W . H eesters R epository: P rivate R eference: H eesters ( 1967) 1 6.

m esh) e xcavation u nit

N ijnsel II

C ountry: P rovince:

Netherlands N orth B rabant

C ommunity: S int-Oedenrode C oordinates: c a. 5 1° 3 2' N .

- 5° 2 9'

E .

C ontext: A2 - B h orizon o f humic-iron p odsol T echnique: E xcavated, s elected s creening ( 5 mm . m esh) A rea:

A rtifact c oncentration c a.

E xcavator: R epository: R eference: 1 7.

N ijnsel III

C ountry:

Netherlands

P rovince:

N orth B rabant

C ommunity: S int-Oedenrode C oordinates: c a . 5 1° 3 2' N . C ontext:

E xcavated, W .

R epository: R eference:

P rivate H eesters

( 5 mm .

m esh)

1 5 m2

H eesters ( 1969)

O irschot V I

C ountry:

N etherlands

P rovince:

N orth B rabant

C ommunity: O irschot C oordinates: c a. 5 1° 3 0' C ontext: U ncertain T echnique: E xcavated, A rea:

E .

s elected s creening

A rtifact c oncentration c a.

E xcavator:

1 8.

- 5° 2 9'

B h orizon o f h umic-iron p odsol

T echnique: A rea:

5 4 m2

W . H eesters P rivate H eesters ( 1967)

N .

- 5° 1 8'

E .

n o s creening

N o i nformation

E xcavator: R epository:

A l B ohmers B iologisch-Archaeologisch I nstituut,

R eference:

U npublished

1 90

G roningen

1 9.

T ilburg Pompstok

C ountry: P rovince:

N etherlands N orth B rabant

C ommunity:

T ilburg

C oordinates: c a . 5 1° 3 3' C ontext: N o i nformation T echnique: E xcavated

N .

- 5° 0 5'

E .

A rea: N o i nformation E xcavator: A . B ohmers R epository: R eference: 2 0.

B iologisch-Archaeologisch I nstituut, G roningen Unpublished

V enlo

C ountry:

N etherlands

P rovince:

L imburg

C ommunity: V enlo C oordinates: c a. 5 1° 2 2'

N .

- 6° 1 0'

E .

C ontext: S urface T echnique: C ollected A rea: N o i nformation C ollector:

A q.

R epository: R eference:

B iologisch-Archaeologisch I nstituut, G roningen U npublished

2 1.

W outers

W estelbeers A

C ountry:

N etherlands

P rovince: N orth B rabant C ommunity: W estelbeers C oordinates: 5 1° 3 0' N . - 5° 1 5'

E .

C ontext: Al - B h orizon o f h umic-iron p odsol T echnique: E xcavated, s creened ( 4 mm . mesh) A rea: E xcavated a rea 2 40 m2 E xcavator: J . G roels, P . D ijkstra, A . R epository: R eference: 2 2.

Museum ' t O ude S lot,

v an d er L ee

Z eelst

U npublished

W estelbeers G

C ountry: P rovince: C ommunity:

N etherlands N orth B rabant W estelbeers

C oordinates: 5 1° 3 0' N . - 5° 1 5' E . C ontext: A 2 h orizon o f humic-iron p odsol T echnique:

E xc eated,

s creened

( 4 mm .

m esh)

A rea: c a . 2 0 m4 E xcavator: J . G roels, P . D ijkstra, A . v an d er L ee R epository: Museum ' t O ude S lot, Z eelst

R eference: 2 3.

U npublished

Anseremme-Abri d u G rogneau

C ountry:

B elgium

P rovince:

N amur

C ommunity:

A nseremme

C oordinates: 5 0° 1 3' 3 6" N . - 4° 5 4' 1 4" E . C ontext: C ave e xcavations, c a. . 30 - 1 .20 m .

b elow s urface.

a dditional r ecords. T echnique: E xcavated A rea: N o i nformation E xcavator: N o r ecords R epository: I nstitut r oyal d es S ciences N aturelles, R eference: U npublished 2 4.

B russels

Awan

C ountry:

B elgium

P rovince:

L iege

C ommunity:

A ywaille

C oordinates:

c a.

5 0° 2 8'

N .

- 5° 3 9'

E .

C ontext: S urface T echnique: C ollected A rea: N o i nformation C ollector:

E .

R epository: R eference:

Mus es r oyaux d 'Art e t d 'Histoire, G ob ( 1981a)

2 5.

R ahir, L .

L equeux

Baien

C ountry: P rovince:

B elgium A ntwerpen

C ommunity:

B aien

C oordinates:

c a.

5 1° 1 0'

N .

- 5° 1 0'

E .

C ontext: S urface T echnique: C ollected A rea: N o i nformation C ollector: N o i nformation R epository: Mus es r oyaux d 'Art e t d 'Histoire R eference: 2 6.

U npublished

B asse G ense

C ountry: P rovince: C ommunity:

B elgium B rabant S art-Dames-Avelines

C oordinates: C ontext: T echnique:

5 0° 3 4'

2 2" N .

- 4° 2 8'

S urface C ollected

192

2 0"

E .

B russels

N o

A rea:

N o i nformation

C ollector:

N o i nformation

R epository: R eference: 2 7.

Mus e C ommunale d 'Archeologie, N ivelles V an d e K onijnenburg

( 1980)

B ois d e / a B olette

C ountry:

B elgium

P rovince:

B rabant

C ommunity: M onstreux C oordinates: 5 0° 3 5'C6 ." N . C ontext:

- 4° 1 7'

4 7" E .

S urface

T echnique: C ollected A rea: N o i nformation C ollector:

N o i nformation

R epository: R eference:

Mus e C ommunale d 'Archeologie, N ivelles V an d e K onijnenburg ( 1980)

2 8.

B ois d e l a G arenne

C ountry:

B elgium

P rovince: H ainaut C ommunity: A rquennes C oordinates: 5 0° 3 4' 4 8" N . C ontext:

- 4° 1 6'

1 5" E .

S urface

T echnique : C ollected A rea: N o i nformation C ollector: N o i nformation R epository: Musge C ommunale d 'Archeologie, N ivelles R eference: 2 9.

Van d e K onijnenburg

B ois d e / a H oussi re

C ountry: P rovince: C ommunity:

B elgium H ainaut H ennuyeres

C oordinates: 5 0° 3 7' C ontext: S urface T echnique: A rea:

4 8" N .

- 4° 1 0'

5 0" E .

C ollected

N o i nformation

C ollector:

N o i nformation

R epository: P rivate R eference: Van d e K onijnenburg 3 0.

( 1980)

( 1980)

B rasschaat

C ountry: P rovince:

B elgium A ntwerpen

C ommunity: B rasschaat C oordinates: c a.,51 ° 1 8'

N .

- 4° 3 1'

E .

C ontext:

S urface

T echnique: C ollected A rea: n o i nformation C ollector: n o i nformation R epository: B ijlokemuseum , R eference: 3 1.

G hent

u npublished

B recht-Moordenaarsven 2

C ountry: P rovince:

B elgium A ntwerpen

C ommunity:

B recht

C oordinates: 5 1° 1 9' 5 7" N . - 4° 3 6' 0 3" E . C ontext: A 2-B h orizon o f h umic-iron p odsol T echnique: E xcavated, s creened ( 4 m m. m esh) A rea: c a. 9 0 m2 E xcavator: R . L auwers a nd P . G endel R epository: K atholieke U niversiteit t e L euven R eference: 3 2.

L auwers a nd G endel

( 1982,

1 983)

Brecht-Thomas H ey V eld

C ountry:

B elgium

P rovince: A ntwerpen C ommunity: B recht C oordinates: 5 1° 1 9' C ontext:

5 7" N .

- 4° 3 6'

0 3" E .

S urface

) T echnique: C ollected b y g rid u nit (m 2 A rea: c a. 1 00 m 2 C ollector: F . H ansens R epository: K atholieke U niversiteit t e L euven R eference: 3 3.

L auwers

( in p reparation)

B usch B rand

C ountry:

B elgium

P rovince: C ommunity:

L iege H ergenrath

C oordinates: C ontext:

5 0° 4 2'

5 1" N .

- 6° 0 3'

2 0" E .

S urface

T echnique:

C ollected

A rea: c a. o ne h ectare C ollector: J . L eclercq R epository: R eference:

P rivate R ozoy ( 1978),

L eclercq

( 1980)

3 4.

C hinru B

C ountry:

B elgium

P rovince:

L iege

C ommunity:

T heux

C oordinates: 5 0° 3 2' C ontext: S urface T echnique:

- 5° 5 1'

2 3" E .

I ntensive c ollection o ver 1 0 y ears

A rea: c a. C ollector:

o ne h ectare J . a nd P . L ausberg-Miny a nd L .

R epository: R eference: 3 5.

1 6" N .

P irnay

P rivate G ob

( 1981a)

Eksel

C ountry:

B elgium

P rovince: L imburg C ommunity: E ksel C oordinates: c a . 5 1° 0 9 'N.

- 5° 2 3'

E .

C ontext: S urface T echnique: C ollected A rea: N o i nformation C ollector:

N o i nformation

R epository: R eference: 3 6.

Mus es r oyaux d 'Art e t d 'Histoire Unpublished

E st ines-au-Mont

C ountry: P rovince:

B elgium H ainaut

C ommunity:

E stines-au-Mont

C oordinates: 5 0° 2 5' C ontext: S urface T echnique:

N .

- 4° 0 2'

E .

C ollected

A rea: N o i nformation C ollector: E . v an d er H oeft R epository: R eference: 3 7.

P rivate Unpublished

F lönnes I

C ountry:

B elgium

P rovince: L iege C ommunity: H ergenrath C oordinates: 5 0° 4 2' 5 3" N . - 6° 0 2' 4 0" E . C ontext: A2 h orizon o f p odsol f ormed i n C retaceous s ands T echnique: E xcavated A rea: N o i nformation E xcavator:

J .

L eclercq a nd F .

H ubert

R epository:

P rivate

R eference: 3 8.

L eclercq

( 1974-1976),

R ozoy

( 1978)

F lönnes I I

C ountry: P rovince:

B elgium L iege

C ommunity:

H ergenrath

C oordinates: 5 0° 4 2' 4 6" N . - 6° 0 2' 4 4" E . C ontext: A 2 h orizon o f p odsol f ormed i n C retaceous s ands T echnique: E xcavated A rea: c a . 5 6 m2 E xcavator: F . H ubert R epository: R eference: 3 9.

U niversite d e L iege H ubert ( 1967), R ozoy

( 1978)

G and-Port Arthur

C ountry:

B elgium

P rovince: C ommunity:

E ast F landers G hent

C oordinates:

c a.

5 1° 0 5'

N .

- 3° 4 4

E .

C ontext: U ncertain--from d redging o f w et d ock i n P ort A rthur T echnique: U ncertain A rea:

N o i nformation

C ollector:

U nknown

R epository: R eference:

U niversity o f G hent R ozoy ( 1978)

4 0.

H aute G ense

C ountry: P rovince:

B elgium B rabant

C ommunity: S art-Dames-Avelines C oordinates: 5 0° 3 4'03" N . - 4° 2 3' C ontext:

2 9" E .

S urface

T echnique: C ollected A rea : N o i nformation C ollector: N o i nformation R epository: Mus e C ommunale d 'Archeologie, N ivelles R eference: 4 1.

V an d e K onijnenburg

( 1980)

H odainry

C ountry: P rovince:

B elgium L iege

C ommunity: P epinster C oordinates: 5 0° 3 4' 1 5" N . - 5° 4 6' 4 5" E . C ontext: S hallow s ubsurface a bove b edrock ( schist) T echnique:

E xcavated

196

A rea:

E xcavated a rea 3 0 m2

E xcavator:

P h.

R epository: R eference: 4 2.

C ounasse

P rivate C ounasse

( 1980),

G ob

( 1981a)

Huise

C ountry:

B elgium

P rovince:

E ast F landers

C ommunity:

K ruishoutem

C oordinates: C ontext:

c a.

5 0° 5 4'

N .

- 3° 3 1'

E .

1 9' N .

- 5° 4 4'

4 0" E .

S urface

T echnique: C ollected A rea : N o i nformation C ollector:

V an W ambeek

R epository: R eference:

P rivate U npublished

4 3.

K leinenbusch I

C ountry:

B elgium

P rovince:

L uxembourg

C ommunity:

T oernich

C oordinates: 4 9° 3 9' C ontext: S urface T echnique: A rea:

I ntensive c ollection o ver s everal y ears

8 0 m 2

C ollector:

J .

R epository: R eference: 4 4.

N oel

P rivate N oel

( 1977)

K leinenbusch II

C ountry:

B elgium

P rovince:

L uxembourg

C ommunity:

T oernich

C oordinates:

4 9° 3 4'

2 2" N .

- 5° 4 4

3 3" E .

C ontext: S urface T echnique: I ntensive c ollection o ver s everal y ears A rea :

4 m2

C ollector:

J .

R epository: R eference: 4 5.

N oel

P rivate N oel

( 1977)

L angmüs

C ountry: P rovince: C ommunity:

B elgium L iege Walhorn

C oordinates: C ontext:

S urface

T echnique:

C ollected

A rea: N o i nformation C ollector: J . L eclercq R epository: R eference: 4 6.

P rivate U npublished

L ommel

C ountry:

B elgium

P rovince: C ommunity:

L imburg L ommel

C oordinates: c a. 5 1° 1 4' C ontext: S urface T echnique: A rea: c a. C ollector:

- 5° 1 8'

E .

- 5° 1 8'

E .

C ollected 1 0,000 m2 A . G oossens

R epository: R eference: 4 7.

N .

P rivate U npublished

L ommel 4 ( Gelderhorsten)

C ountry: P rovince:

B elgium L imburg

C ommunity: L ommel C oordinates: c a. 5 1° 1 4'

N .

C ontext: S urface T echnique: C ollected A rea:

N o i nformation

C ollector: R epository:

C an s P rehistorisch Museum, L ommel

R eference:

U npublished

4 8.

L es Mazures

C ountry:

B elgium

P rovince:

L iege

C ommunity: P epinster C oordinates: 5 0 °3 3' 4 8" N . - 5° 4 6' 5 8" E . C ontext: w ithin d etritic c lays a bove r ocky s ubstrate T echnique:

A rea: 1 4 m2 E xcavator: H . R epository: R eference:

( schist)

E xcavated S traet

P rivate P irnay a nd S traet

( 1978),

R ozoy

( 1978),

G ob

( 1981a)

4 9.

M endonk

C ountry:

B elgium

P rovince:

E ast F landers

C ommunity: Mendonk C oordinates: c a . 5 1° 0 8' C ontext: T echnique: A rea:

N .

E .

C ollected

N o i nformation

C ollector: N o i nformation R epository: B ijlokemuseum, R eference: 5 0.

- 3° 4 9

S urface

G hent

Unpublished

M ontaigie

C ountry:

B elgium

P rovince: C ommunity:

N amur F alaen

C oordinates:

c a.

5 0° 1 7'

N .

- 4° 4 9'

E .

C ontext: S tratified w ithin c ave d eposits T echnique: E xcavated

( "level 2 ")

A rea: N o i nformation E xcavator: N o i nformation R epository: R eference: 5 1.

I nstitut r oyal d es

N eerharen-De K ip

C ountry:

B elgium

P rovince:

L imburg

C ommunity: N eerharen C oordinates: 5 0° 5 4' 4 5" N . C ontext:

- 5° 4 1'

2 3" E .

A 2 h orizon o f p odsol

T echnique: E xcavated, s creened A rea: 2 0-24 m2 E xcavator: R . L auwers R epository: R eference: 5 2.

S ciences N aturelles,

U npublished

( 4 mm .

m esh)

K atholieke Universiteit t e L euven L auwers a nd V ermeersch ( 1982a)

O pglabbeek-Ruiterskuil

C ountry: P rovince: C ommunity:

B elgium L imburg O pglabbeek

C oordinates: 5 1° 0 3'01" N . - 5° 3 2' 3 0" E . C ontext: A p - B 2ir h orizon o f h umic-iron p odsol T echnique: A rea:

E xcavated,

s creened

E xcavated a rea 1 15 m 2

( 4 mm .

m esh)

B russels

E xcavator:

P .M .

R epository: R eference:

K atholieke U niversiteit t e L euven V ermeersch e t a l. ( 1974), R ozoy ( 1978)

5 3.

V ermeersch

O pgrimbie I

C ountry:

B elgium

P rovince: C ommunity:

L imburg O pgrimbie

C oordinates: 5 0° 5 7'09" N . - 5° 3 4' 5 5" E . C ontext: A2 h orizon o f h umic-iron p odsol T echnique: E xcavated, s creened ( 4 mm . m esh) A rea :

A rtifact c oncentration 4 2 m2

E xcavator:

P .M .

V ermeersch

R epository: K atholieke U niversiteit t e L euven R eference: V ermeersch e t a l ( 1973) 5 4.

O urtaine a T heux

C ountry:

B elgium

P rovince: L iege C ommunity: T heux C oordinates: 5 0° 3 1' 3 7" N . - 5° 4 8'02" E . C ontext: W ithin c olluvial c lays a bove c ryoclastic s chist T echnique: E xcavated A rea: E xcavated a rea 9 3 m 2 E xcavator:

J .

R epository: R eference:

P rivate J . a nd P .

5 5.

a nd P .

Lausberg-Miny a nd L .

P irnay

L ausberg-Miny a nd P irnay

O verpelt

C ountry: P rovince:

B elgium L imburg

C ommunity: O verpelt C oordinates: c a. 5 1° 1 1' C ontext:

N .

- 5° 2 0'

E .

S urface

T echnique: C ollected A rea: N o i nformation C ollector: N o i nformation R epository: Mus es r oyaux d 'Art e t d 'Histoire R eference: 5 6.

U npublished

P ottelberg

C ountry: P rovince: C ommunity:

B elgium H ainaut V loesberg

200

( 1978,

1 979,

1 980)

C oordinates: C ontext:

5 0° 4 5'

4 8" N .

- 3° 4 2'01" E .

S hallow s ubsurface w ithin T ertiary s ands

T echnique: E xcavated A rea : E xcavated a rea 2 6 m2 E xcavator:

J .

R epository: R eference:

P rivate G ob ( 1976)

5 7.

D econinck

Q ugmanes 4 9

C ountry:

B elgium

P rovince: L iege C ommunity: T ohogne C oordinates: c a. 5 0° 2 5' C ontext: S urface

N .

- 5° 3 0'

E .

T echnique: C ollected A rea: N o i nformation C ollector: R epository:

L . L equeux M usges r oyaux d 'Art e t d 'Histoire,

R eference:

G ob

5 8.

R efawtay

C ountry: P rovince:

B elgium L iege

C ommunity:

P epinster

C oordinates: C ontext:

c a.

5 0° 3 4'

- 5° 4 7'

E .

C ollected

N o i nformation

C ollector:

J .

R epository: R eference:

P rivate Unpublished

5 9.

N .

S urface

T echnique: A rea:

( 1981a)

L eclercq

S chulen I

C ountry: B elgium P rovince: B rabant C ommunity: H erk-de-Stad C oordinates: 5 0° 5 7' 2 8" N .

- 5° 0 8'

C ontext: U ncertain T echnique: E xcavated, s creened A rea: E xcavated a rea 1 30 m2

3 4" E .

( 4 mm .

m esh)

E xcavator: R epository:

R . L auwers K atholieke Universiteit t e L euven

R eference:

Lauwers a nd V ermeersch

( 1982b)

B russels

6 0.

S chulen I I

C ountry: P rovince:

B elgium B rabant

C ommunity:

H erk-de-Stad

C oordinates:

5 0° 5 7

3 1" N .

- 5° 0 8'

3 7" E .

C ontext: D ispersed w ithin f luviatile s ands a nd l oamy s ands T echnique: E xcavated, s creened ( 4 mm . m esh) A rea: E xcavated a rea 3 9 m2 E xcavator: R . Lauwers R epository: R eference: 6 1.

K atholieke Universiteit t e L euven L auwers a nd V ermeersch ( 1982b)

S chulen I II

C ountry:

B elgium

P rovince:

B rabant

C ommunity : H erk-de-Stad C oordinates: 5 0° 5 7' 2 8" N .

- 5°08'

3 4" E .

C ontext: D ispersed w ithin f luviatile s ands a nd l oamy s ands T echnique: E xcavated, s creened ( 4 mm . m esh) A rea:

E xcavated a rea 1 24 m2

E xcavator: R epository:

R . Lauwers K atholieke Universiteit t e L euven

R eference:

L auwers a nd V ermeersch

6 2.

( 1982b)

S int -G enesius -R ode

C ountry:

B elgium

P rovince: C ommunity:

B rabant S int-Genesius-Rode

C oordinates: c a. 5 0° 4 5' C ontext: S urface

N .

- 4° 2 2'

E .

T echnique: C ollected A rea: N o i nformation C ollector:

N o i nformation

R epository: R eference: 6 3.

Musge C urtius,

L iege

U npublished

V ellereille -l e -S ec

C ountry: P rovince:

B elgium H ainaut

C ommunity: V ellereille-le-Sec C oordinates: 5 0° 2 3' 5 6" N . - 4° 0 3' C ontext:

S urface

T echnique: C ollected A rea : N o i nformation

3 8" E .

C ollector:

E .

R epository: R eference:

P rivate Van d e K onijnenburg

v an d er H oefdt a nd R .

R ossignol

( 1980)

V ieille C our

6 4.

C ountry: P rovince:

B elgium B rabant

C ommunity:

T hines

C oordinates:

5 0° 3 4'

5 8" N .

- 4° 2 2'

3 0" E .

C ontext: S urface T echnique: C ollected A rea:

N o i nformation

C ollector:

N o i nformation

R epository: R eference:

Musge C ommunale d 'Archeologie, N ivelles V an d e K onkjnenburg ( 1980)

W eelde I

6 5.

C ountry:

B elgium

P rovince:

A ntwerpen

C ommunity: W eelde C oordinates: c a. 5 1° 2 3' C ontext:

N .

- 4° 5 8'

E .

2 7" N .

- 4° 5 8'

0 0" E .

S urface

T echnique: C ollected A rea: N o i nformation C ollector:

A .

R epository: R eference: 6 6.

G oossens

P rivate U npublished

W eeide -P aardsdrank 1

C ountry:

B elgium

P rovince:

A ntwerpen

C ommunity: W eelde C oordinates: 5 1° 2 3' C ontext:

A p - B2 h orizon o f h umic-iron p odsol

T echnique: A rea:

E xcavated,

s creened

( 4 mm .

E xcavator: R epository:

P .M . V ermeersch K atholieke U niversteit

R eference:

H uyge a nd V ermeersch

6 7.

m esh)

E xcavated a rea 1 55 m2

W eelde -P aardsdrank 4

C ountry: P rovince: C ommunity:

B elgium A ntwerpen W eelde

t e L euven

( 1982)

C oordinates: 5 1° 2 3' 2 7" N . - 4° 5 8' 0 0" E . C ontext: A p - B2 o f h umic-iron p odsol T echnique: E xcavated, s creened ( 4 mm . mesh) A rea: E xcavated a rea 9 0 m2 E xcavator: P .M. Vermeersch R epository: K atholieke U niversiteit t e L euven R eference: 6 8.

H uyge a nd V ermeersch

( 1982)

W eelde -P aardsdrank 5

C ountry: B elgium P rovince: A ntwerpen C ommunity: W eelde C oordinates: 5 1° 2 3' 2 7" N . - 4° 5 8' 0 0" E . C ontext: A p - B 2 h orizon o f h umic-iron p odsol T echnique: E xcavated, s creened ( 4 mm . m esh) A rea: E xcavated a rea 1 00 m2 , a rtifact c oncentration 2 1 E xcavator:

P .M .

R epository: R eference: 6 9.

Vermeersch

K atholieke U niversiteit t e L euven H uyge a nd V ermeersch ( 1982)

W egnez .

C ountry:

B elgium

P rovince: L iege C ommunity: P epinster C oordinates: c a. 5 0° 3 5'

N .

- 5° 4 8'

E .

C ontext: S urface T echnique: C ollected A rea: N o i nformation C ollector: R epository:

L . L equeux Mus es r oyaux d 'Art e t d 'Histoire

R eference:

G ob

7 0.

( 1981a)

A bbaye -a u -B ois

C ountry:

F rance

P rovince: O ise C ommunity: O gnolles C oordinates: c a. 4 9° 4 1' C ontext:

S urface

T echnique: C ollected A rea: N o i nformation C ollector: M . G uilleman R epository: R eference:

P rivate U npublished

N .

- 2° 5 3'

E .

7 1.

A11ge T ortue II

C ountry:

F rance

P rovince:

A isne

C ommunity:

F ere-en-Tardenois

C oordinates: c a . 4 9° 1 2' N . - 3° 3 0' C ontext: A2 h orizon o f p odsol T echnique: E xcavated, s creened A rea:

5 4 m2

E xcavator:

R .

R epository: R eference: 7 2.

E .

P arent

P rivate P arent

( 1967), R ozoy

( 1978)

A llge T ortue IV

C ountry:

F rance

P rovince:

A isne

C ommunity: F ere-en-Tardenois C oordinates: c a. 4 9° 1 2' N . - 3° 3 0'

E .

C ontext: A2 h orizon o f p odsol T echnique: E xcavated, s creened A rea: U ncertain, c ontinuation o f A ll e T ortue I I E xcavator: R . P arent R epository: P rivate R eference: 7 3.

R ozoy

( 1978)

A ilge T ortue X

C ountry:

F rance

P rovince: A isne C ommunity: F ere-en-Tardenois C oordinates: c a. 4 9° 1 2' N . - 3° 3 0'

E .

C ontext: A2 h orizon o f p odsol T echnique : E xcavated, s creened A rea:

N o i nformation

E xcavator: R epository:

J .-G. R ozoy a nd R . P rivate

R eference:

U npublished

7 4.

Amiens-Etouvie

C ountry:

F rance

P rovince: S omme C ommunity: Amiens C oordinates: 4 9° 5 5'02" N . C ontext: T echnique: A rea:

P arent

- 2° 1 4'

4 5" E .

S hallow s ubsurface o f b ioturbated s oil E xcavated

E xcavated

E xcavator:

J .-P.

R epository: R eference: 7 5.

F agnart

P rivate U npublished

B elloy -P laisance

C ountry: P rovince:

F rance S omme

C ommunity:

B elloy s ur S omme

C oordinates: 4 9° 5 7' 5 5" N . - 2° 0 7' 3 9" E . C ontext: S hallow s ubsurface w ithin c layey l oess T echnique: E xcavated A rea: E xcavated a rea c a. E xcavator: J .-G. R ozoy R epository: R eference: 7 6.

6 0 m2

P rivate R ozoy ( 1978)

B ois d u M arais

C ountry: P rovince:

F rance N ord

C ommunity: M asny C oordinates: c a . 5 0° 2 3'

N .

- 3° 1 2'

E .

C ontext: S urface T echnique: C ollected A rea: N o i nformation C ollector: R epository:

R . F elix Mus e d 'Archeologie, D ouai

R eference:

U npublished

7 7.

C haintrgauvilie

C ountry:

F rance

P rovince: C ommunity:

S eine-et-Marne S t.-Pierre-les-Nemours

C oordinates:

c a.

4 8° 0 6'

N .

C ontext: s hallow s ubsurface T echnique: E xcavated A rea : E xcavated a rea 5 0 m2 E xcavator:

E spitalie

R eference: R epository:

7 8 .

R ozoy ( 1978) P rivate

G entelles

C ountry: P rovince: C ommunity:

F rance S omme G entelles

- 2° 3 6' ( A

E .

2) o f s oil

C oordinates: C ontext:

c a .

4 9° 5 1'

N .

- 2° 2 6'

E .

S urface

T echnique: C ollected A rea: D iffuse s catter c a. C ollector:

T .

1 00 x 5 0 m .

Durcroq

R epository: P rivate R eference: Unpublished 7 9.

H amel

C ountry:

F rance

P rovince:

N ord

C ommunity: H amel C oordinates: c a. 5 0° 1 7' C ontext:

N .

- 3° 0 3'

E .

S urface

T echnique: C ollected A rea: N o i nformation C ollector: N o i nformation R epository: Musge d 'Archeologie, D ouai R eference: 8 0.

U npublished

L a H aute B orne

C ountry:

F rance

P rovince: C ommunity:

O ise B ealieu-les-Fontaines

C oordinates: C ontext:

c a .

4 9° 3 7'

N .

- 2° 5 5'

E .

S urface

T echnique:

C ollected

A rea: N o i nformation C ollector: J . P . R oussel R epository: R eference: 8 1.

P rivate F agnart a nd R oussel

( 1981)

H auts d e Lutz

C ountry:

B elgium

P rovince: L oiret C ommunity: B eaugency C oordinates: c a. 4 7° 5 0' C ontext: T echnique:

E xcavated,

A rea: 3 4 m2 E xcavator: J .-G. R epository: R eference:

N .

- 1° 3 0'

E .

S hallow s ubsurface o f r eworked l oess s creened

( 4 mm .

R ozoy

P rivate R ozoy

( 1978)

2 07

m esh)

8 2.

L ongprg-ies-Corps-Saints

C ountry:

F rance

P rovince:

S omme

C ommunity:

L ongpre-les-Corps-Saints

C oordinates.

5 0° 0 1'

1 0" N .

C ontext: C ouche 2 c T echnique: E xcavated,

s creened

A rea: N o i nformation E xcavator: J . P . F agnart a nd R epository:

mesh)

J . Vaillant

F agnart a nd V aillant

( 1979)

F rance

P rovince: C ommunity:

N ord F ouquieres

C oordinates: C ontext: N o

c a.

S urface 5 0° 2 5'

T echnique:

N .

- 1° 5 5'

E .

C ollected i nformation

C ollector:

N o

R epository: R eference: 8 4.

( 4 mm .

Marais P ipy

C ountry:

A rea:

0 7" E .

P rivate

R eference: 8 3.

- 1° 5 4'

i nformation

Musge d 'Archeologie,

D ouai

U npublished

Marlemont

C ountry:

F rance

P rovince:

A rdennes

C ommunity:

Marlemont

C oordinates: c a. 4 9° 4 8' N . - 4° 2 7' E . C ontext: S hallow s ubsurface o f s andy s oil T echnique: A rea:

E xcavated

E xcavated a rea 3 0 m2

E xcavator:

J .-G.

R epository: R eference: 8 5.

R ozoy

P rivate R ozoy

( 1978)

M ontbani II

C ountry: P rovince:

F rance A isne

C ommunity: M ont N otre D ame C oordinates: c a . 4 9° 2 0' N . - 3° 4 0' E . C ontext: S tratified b elow i ron a ge d eposits w ithin b uried p odsol T echnique: A rea:

c a.

E xcavated,

s creened

( 4 mm .

1 50 m2

208

m esh)

E xcavator: R epository:

R . P arent P rivate

R eference:

P arent a nd P lanchais

8 6.

( 1972),

R ozoy

( 1978)

R oc / a Tour II

C ountry: P rovince:

F rance A rdennes

C ommunity:

M ontherme

C oordinates: c a. 4 9° 5 6' N . - 4° 4 1' E . C ontext: S hallow s ubsurface a bove d ecomposed b edrock T echnique: E xcavated, s creened A rea : E xcavated a rea 1 8.5 m2 E xcavator: J .-G. R ozoy R epository: R eference: 8 7.

( 4 mm .

m esh)

P rivate R ozoy ( 1978)

S ablonniere d e C oincy II

C ountry:

F rance

P rovince:

A isne

C ommunity: C oincy C oordinates: c a . 4 9° 1 0' N . - 3° 2 6' E . C ontext: S hallow s ubsurface o f s andy s oil T echnique:

E xcavated

A rea: 4 0 m2 E xcavator: R . R epository: R eference:

P arent

P rivate P arent ( 1973),

R ozoy

( 1978)

T able A -2 I nventory o f m icrolithic a rmatures b y s ite. S ite n umbers a nd m icrolithic t ypes ( rows) a re g iven b elow.

( columns)

S ites 1 . 2 .

A ardhorst A cht I

3 .

A chterste B rug

4 .

H aagakkers

5 . 6 .

h atert h azeputten I

4 3. 4 4. 4 5.

K leinenbusch I K leinenbusch I I L angmüs

4 6. 4 7. 4 8. 4 9.

L ommel L ommel 4 ( Gelderhorsten) Mazures ( les) M endonk

7 .

H azeputten I I

8 .

L uiksgestel I I

9 .

L uiksgestel-De Maay

5 0. 5 1.

M ontaigle N eerharen-De K ip

L uiksgestel Maarheeze

5 2. 5 3.

O pglabbeek-Ruiterskuil O pgrimbie I

1 0. 1 1. 1 2.

M oerkuilen I

5 4.

O urlaine ä T heux

1 3.

M oerkuilen I I

1 4. 1 5.

M ontfort N ijnsel I

5 5. 5 6. 5 7.

O verpelt P ottelberg Q ugmanes 4 9 R efawtay

1 6.

N ijnsel I I

5 8.

1 7.

N ijnsel I II

5 9.

S chulen I

1 8. 1 9.

O irschot V I T ilburg-Pompstok

6 0. 6 1.

S chulen I I S chulen I II

2 0. 2 1.

V enlo W estelbeers A

6 2. 6 3.

S t.-Genesius-Rode V ellereille-le-Sec

2 2. 2 3. 2 4.

W estelbeers C A nseremme Awan

6 4.

V ieille C our

6 5. 6 6.

W eelde I W eelde-Paardsdrank 1

2 5. 2 6.

B alen B asse C ense

6 7. 6 8.

W eelde-Paardsdrank 4 W eelde-Paardsdrank 5

2 7.

B ois d e l a B olette

6 9.

W egnez

2 8.

B ois d e l a G arenne

7 0.

A bbaye-au-Bois

2 9.

B ois d e l a H oussiere

3 0. 3 1.

B rasschaat B recht-Moordenaarsven 2

7 1. 7 2.

A ll e T ortue I I A ll e T ortue I V

3 2.

B recht-Thomas H ey V eld

3 3. 3 4.

B usch B rand C hinru B

7 3. 7 4. 7 5.

A llee T ortue X A miens-Etouvie B elloy-Plaisance

3 5. 3 6.

E ksel E stine-au-Mont

7 6. 7 7.

B ois d u M arais C haintreauville

7 8.

G entelles

3 7. 3 8.

F lönnes I F lönnes I I

H amel H aute B orne ( la) H auts d e L utz ( les)

3 9.

G and-Port A rthur

7 9. 8 0. 8 1.

4 0.

h aute C ense

8 2.

L ongprg-les-Corps-Saints

4 1. 4 2.

H odainry H uise

3 3. 8 4.

M arais P ipy M arlemont

210

8 5. 8 6.

M ontbani I I R oc l a T our I I

8 7.

S ablonniere d e C oincy I I

M icrolithic T ypes 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 1 0. 1 1. 1 2. 1 4. 1 5. 1 6. 1 7.

A typical t anged p oint T jonger p oint A p oint B p oint C p oint D p oint N eedle-shaped p oint L ancette p oint D ouble p oint L eaf-shaped p oint F euille d e g ui O ther s urface-retouched p oint A typical s houldered p oint M aglemose p oint S vaerdborg p oint T ransverse p oint

1 8. 1 9.

D iverse p oint U nidentifiable p oint

2 0. 2 1. 2 2. 2 3. 2 4. 2 5.

I sosceles t riangle S calene t riangle T hree-sided p oint S urface-retouched p oint C rescent U nidentifiable p oint

2 6. 2 7. 2 8. 2 9. 3 0. 3 1.

N arrow s ymmetric t rapeze N arrow a symmetric t rapeze N arrow r ight a ngled t rapeze N arrow r hombic t rapeze B road s ymmetric t rapeze B road a symmetric t rapeze

3 2. 3 3.

B road r ight a ngled t rapeze B road r hombic t rapeze

3 4. 3 5.

D erived t rapeze U nidentifiable t rapeze

211

S ite

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 0

1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 1 0. 1 1. 1 2. 1 3. 1 4. 1 5. 1 6. 1 7. 1 8. 1 9.

0 0 1 9 5 4 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 2 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

0 0 2 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 2

0 0 4 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 8 7 1 6 4 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

2 0. 2 1. 2 2.

1 2 5 0

0 0 4

1 3 1 6

0 3 1 0

0 3 0

3 1 2

0 0 1

0 4 0

2 8 0

4 1 4 0

2 3. 2 4. 2 5.

0 0 0

0 0 0

4 0 5

6 0 4

1 4 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 2 0

2 6. 2 7. 2 8 . 2 9. 3 0. 3 1 . 3 2. 3 3 . 3 4. 3 5.

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

1 1

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 5

1 6

T ype

2 12

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 1

0 0 0 5 7 0 1 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0

0 7 0

0 5 0

0 2 4

1 8 0

0 9 2

0 0 1 6

0 2 0

0 4 2

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

1 1 0

0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 4 0 0 6 3 5 6 0 1

0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0

S ite

1 7

1 8

1 9

2 0

2 1

2 2

2 3

2 4

2 5

2 6

2 7

2 8

2 9

3 0

3 1

3 2

T ype 1 .

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2 . 3 . 4 ,

0 0 1

0 2 4

0 0 0

0 1 1 4

0 3 1 4

0 0 6

0 0 1

0 3 6

0 3 7

0 0 3

0 0 0

0 0 2

0 0 2

0 2 3

0 8 3

0 0 2

5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 1 0. 1 1 .

0 0 0 0 1 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 0 3

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 2 2 0 0 1 0 0

2 0 0 0 1 0 4

1 0 0 0 0 0 0

6 0 0 0 0 0 6

4 2 0 0 0 2 0 0

3 0 0 1 0 0 2

1 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1

4 2 0 0 5 0 6

6 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 2. 1 3. 1 4. 1 5. 1 6. 1 7. 1 8.

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0 4 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 3

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 6 0 0 0 0 0

2 3 0 0 0 0 1

1 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 9.

0

2 0. 2 1. 2 2. 2 3. 2 4. 2 5,

0 0 0 0 0 0

2 6. 2 7. 2 8. 2 9. 3 0. 3 1. 3 2. 3 3. 3 4. 3 5.

1 3

0

2 8

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

1 6

0

1 6 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

3 1 8 1 0 1 0 0

3 0 0 0 0 0

1 4 0 0 0 0

0 3 0 0 0 0

2 4 4 0 0 2 0

1 4 0 0 2 0

1 1 0 0 2 0

0 0 0 0 1 0

1 1 0 1 1 0

3 9 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 4 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 1 0 1 5 5 5 1 0

2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 1 2 2 1 2 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 3 1 1 4 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

3 0 1 6 3 3 3 1 3 2

3 2 1 1 2 1 0 1 5 1 6 4

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1 2

2 13

0

S ite

3 3

3 4

3 5

3 6

3 7

3 8

3 9

4 0

4 1

4 2

4 3

4 4

4 5

4 6

4 7

4 8

T ype 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 1 0. 1 1 . 1 2. 1 3 . 1 4. 1 5. 1 6. 1 7. 1 8. 1 9.

0 0 4 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 5 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 7 3 6 3 4 1 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 3 7 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 0 5 1 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 3 6 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 1 5 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 0. 2 1. 2 2. 2 3. 2 4. 2 5.

3 4 0 0 0 0

1 6 0 0 0 0

7 5 6 0 0 2 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 . 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 2 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 0

• 3 6 0 0 3 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 7 0 0 1 1

0 2 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 2 0 0

1 2 4 4 0 0

2 9 0 0 0 0

2 6. 2 7. 2 8 . 2 9. 3 0 . 3 1. 3 2. 3 3. 3 4 . 3 5.

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

2 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

2 8 4 2 1 1 7 1 9 1 8 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

2 14

S ite

4 9

5 0

5 1

5 2

5 3

5 4

5 5

5 6

5 7

5 8

5 9

6 0

6 1

6 2

6 3

6 4

T ype 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 1 0. 1 1. 1 2. 1 3. 1 4. 1 5. 1 6. 1 7. 1 8. 1 9.

0 0 1 6 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 5 1 1 8 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 1 0 1 3 8 2 2 0 4 0 4 7 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 7 6 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 8 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 8 6 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 2 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

2 0 . 2 1 . 2 2. 2 3. 2 4. 2 5.

0 1 0 0 0 0

0 5 0 0 0 0

2 5 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 2 0 0 0 0

1 3 3 9 0 0 7 4 5

1 5 4 0 1 1 0 1 5 0

0 1 0 0 0 0

2 5 0 0 3 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 5 0 0 1 0

0 1 0 0 0 0

0 3 0 0 3 0

0 3 0 0 0 0

0 2 0 3 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 0

2 6. 2 7. 2 8. 2 9. 3 0. 3 1. 3 2. 3 3 . 3 4. 3 5.

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 4 1 7 5 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 2

0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1

0 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 0

215

S ite

6 5

6 6

6 7

6 8

6 9

7 0

7 1

7 2

7 3

1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 1 0. 1 1. 1 2. 1 3. 1 4. 1 5. 1 6. 1 7. 1 8 . 1 9.

0 0 3 9 1 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 3 0 0

0 0 5 2 3 3 0 0 0 1 0 5 5 9 0 0 0 0 1 0

0 0 1 1 8 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2

0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0

0 0 3 1 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 0. 2 1 . 2 2. 2 3. 2 4. 2 5.

0 8 0 1 0 0

0 7 1 1 1 0

0 7 0 0 0 0

0 2 0 0 0 0

2 8 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 8 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

2 6. 2 7. 2 8. 2 9. 3 0. 3 1. 3 2. 3 3 . 3 4. 3 5.

0 0 1 0 1 5 4 2 0 4

1 2 6 1 7 1 2 3 6 1 5 1 1 3

2 2 1 0 3 1 2 3 6 1 9 2 6

3 5 0 0 7 1 2 1 4 1 2 1 7

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 2 1 0

0 1 2 0 1 1 1 2 4 1 0

3 1 5 0 0 0 3 5 1 1 1 0

7 4

7 5

7 6

7 7

7 8

7 9

8 0

0 0 4 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 4

0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 9 5 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 2 6 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 3 8 1 5 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1 0

1 2 7 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 0

7 3 0 0 8 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 1

0 7 0 0 2 3 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 9 2 0

2 1 0 0 4 3 2 3 0 0

1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 2 9 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

T ype

216

S ite

8 1

8 2

8 3

8 4

3 5

8 6

8 7

T ype 1 . 2 .

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 .

0 0 2 5 0 0

3 1 1 6 0 1

0 0 2 0 0

1 3 7 0 0

7 1 2 2 8 0 0

0 1 9 1 3 0 0

3 9 2 7 0 0

8 . 9 . 1 0. 1 1. 1 2. 1 3.

6 2 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 0 0

3 1 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 1 0 4

1 4. 1 5.

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

1 6. 1 7.

0 0

0 0

0 2

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

1 8. 1 9.

0 2

0 0

0 0

0 1

0 0

1 0

0 7

2 0. 2 1. 2 2. 2 3. 2 4. 2 5.

0 1 9 1 0 1 0

0 6 0 0 8 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 7 0 0 0 0

0 5 0 0 0 2 4 0

4 1 4 0 0 5 0

2 3 9 0 0 1 3 0

2 6. 2 7. 2 8. 2 9. 3 0. 3 1. 3 2. 3 3. 3 4. 3 5.

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 1 6 2 0 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 17

T able A -3 C ounts

f or s elected m icrolithic t ypes

f rom p ublished s ources.

b ering o f s ites i s c ontinued f rom T able A -2.

N um-

A = P oints w ith u nre-

t ouched b ase, B = P oints w ith r etouched b ase, C = S calene t riangles, D = R ight a ngled t rapezes, E = R hombic t rapezes.

M icrolithic T ypes S ites

A

B

8 8. 8 9. 9 0.

B eauregard B illinghausen B reitenborn A W 1

9 1. 9 2. 9 3.

B urgsinn 5 C haville G rotte d u L endemain

-

5 1 9 4 3

5 2 5

1 0

8

9 4.

Halloh

9 5.

1 2 8

3 8

1 3

1 8

C

D

E

7

H ambach I

-

9 6.

H ohenbusch 4

-

9 7.

L archant

1 7 8

9 8. 9 9. 1 00.

Massouheid M ontbani 1 3 R oche-aux-Faucons/Sommet

-

1 01. 1 02.

R ochers d 'Auffargis ( les) S ablonniere d e C oincy I

2 3

4 1

3 0

1 03.

S ablonniere d e C oincy I II

1 0

3 2

4 4

1 04. 1 05.

S onnenberg S timberg

7 1 5

1 0 7

1 06. 1 07.

S tumpertenrod T roglodyte

4 9 1 3

2 7 1 0

1 08.

V ieilles

-

8

218

6 -

-

2 85

4 0

2 4 5

1

5

6

T able A -4.

C ounts f or s elected a ttributes o f p oints w ith u nretouched b ase. S ite n umbers f ollow T ables A -2 a nd A -3.

1 1 .

2 .

3 .

6 .

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 1

2 5 4 0

2 3

5 2

2 2

0 4

4 3

0 1

1 1 1

7 1 7

1 1 1 1

T runcation s hape A . S traight B . C oncave C . C onvex

2 4 6 2 6

5 0 0

3 0 4

1 0 3

1 0 3

5 0 2

1 0 0

5 2 5

1 3 1 8

1 3 1 8

A ngle o f r etouch A . A brupt

6 5

2 4

2 2

S emi-abrupt F lat

O rigin o f r etouch A . O bverse B . I nverse C .

5 .

3

L ateralization A . R ight B . L eft

B . C . 4 .

2

O bverse/Inverse

R egularity o f r etouch A . R egular B . I rregular P osition o f b ulb A . P oint t ip B . B asal e nd

5

7

2

4

7

1

0 0

0 0

0 0

2 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

6 4 0

5 0

7 0

4 0

4 0

7 0

1 0

1 2 0

2 4 0

2 1 0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

5 4 1 1

3 2

6 1

4 0

4 0

7 0

1 0

9 3

2 2 2

2 1 1

5 6

3

5

1

4

6

1

2 0

1 9

2

2

2

0

1

0

9

219

1 2

1 1 1

3

3

T able A -4.

1 3

C ontinued

1 4

1 5

1 6

1 7

1 8

2 0

2 1

2 2

2 3

2 4

2 5

2 6

2 9

3 0

3 3

1 . A . B .

2 1

2 2

3 1

1 2

1 0

3 4

8 1 0

9 8

4 2

1 3

4 5

3 7

0 3

0 2

2 3

4 3

2 . A . B . C .

2 0 1

3 0 1

2 0 2

1 0 2

1 0 0

4 0 3

7 0 1 1

1 0 2 2

3 1 2

0 1 0

7 0 2

5 0 5

3 0 0

2 0 0

4 1 0

3 0 0

3 . A . B . C .

3 0 0

4 0 0

4 0 0

2 1 0

1 0 0

7 0 0

1 8 0 0

1 7 0 0

6 0 0

1 0 0

9 0 0

1 0 0 0

3 0 0

2 0 0

5 0 0

3 0 0

4 . A . B .

3 0

4 0

3 0

2 0

1 0

7 0

1 5 0

1 7 0

6 0

1 0

9 0

1 0 0

3 0

2 0

5 0

3 0

C .

0

0

1

1

0

0

3

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

5 . A .

3

4

3

2

1

7

5

1

9

9

2

2

3

3

B .

0

0

1

1

0

0

3

3

1

0

0

1

1

0

2

0

6 . A . B .

1 2

4 0

3 1

2 1

0 1

7 0

1 8 0

1 2 4

5 1

0 1

7 1

9 1

3 0

2 0

4 1

2 1

1 5

1 4

2 20

T able A -4.

3 4

C ontinued

3 5

3 7

3 8

3 9

4 0

4 1

4 3

4 4

4 8

4 9

5 0

5 1

5 3

5 4

5 5

1 . A . B .

1 5

2 0 2 4

5 3

5 5

6 6

0 1

1 8

2 4

0 1

0 2

1 6

0 1

7 1 6

2 0

2 3 4 1

1 1 2 1

A . B .

5 0

1 5 2

4 0

5 1

5 1

1 0

4 2

2 1

1 0

2 0

3 0

1 0

1 7 1

2 0

2 0 3

2 2 2

C .

1

6

4

4

6

0

3

2

0

0

4

0

4

0

2 4

A . B . C .

6 0 0

2 3 0 0

7 0 0

1 0 0 0

1 2 0 0

1 0 0

4 2 3

4 0 0

1 0 0

2 0 0

7 0 0

1 0 0

2 3 0 0

1 1 0

5 4 0 0

3 1 1 0

4 . A . B . C .

6 0 0

2 3 0 0

7 0 0

1 0 0 0

1 2 0 0

1 0 0

9 0 0

4 0 0

1 0 0

2 0 0

7 0 0

1 0 0

2 3 0 0

2 0 0

5 4 0 0

3 1 0 1

5 . A . B .

4 2

2 1 2

6 1

4 6

1 2 0

1 0

8 1

3 1

1 0

2 0

6 1

1 0

2 1 2

2 0

5 0 4

3 1 1

6 . A . B .

5 1

1 8 5

6 1

9 1

1 0 1

1 0

7 2

4 1

1 0

2 0

6 1

0 1

2 1 2

2 0

4 9 5

2 5 8

2 .

8

3 .

2 21

T able A -4.

5 7

C ontinued

5 9

6 0

6 1

6 3

6 4

6 5

6 6

6 7

6 8

6 9

7 4

7 5

7 7

7 9

8 0

1 . A . B .

5 8

1 4 2 4

1 0

4 1 0

0 2

1 0

6 9

1 5 1 3

1 4 5

9 2

5 8

1 9

1 0 1

3 5

1 0

3 8

2 . A . B . C .

4 1 6

2 0 4 1 4

1 0 0

8 0 5

0 0 2

1 0 0

5 0 2

1 9 4 5

1 1 1 7

6 1 4

5 0 5

5 0 5

7 0 3

5 0 3

1 0 0

6 0 4

3 . A . B . C .

1 3 0 0

3 8 0 0

1 0 0

1 5 0 0

2 0 0

1 0 0

7 0 0

2 7 0 0

1 7 2 0

1 1 0 0

1 3 0 0

1 0 0 0

8 3 0

8 0 0

1 0 0

1 1 0 0

4 . A .

1 3

3 7

1

1 4

2 5

1 9

1 1

1 3

1 0

1 1

B . C .

0 0

5 . A . B .

1 3 0

6 . A . B .

1 0 3

2

1

6

8

1

0 0

0 1

0 0

0 0

0 1

1 1

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

1 3 2 5

0 1

5 1 0

1 1

1 0

4 2

2 5 2

1 7 2

1 1 0

1 1 0

9 1

1 1 0

4 3

1 0

1 0 1

3 2 0

1 0

1 2 0

1 1

0 1

6 1

2 0 5

1 2 7

5 5

1 2 1

1 0 0

4 7

7 1

0. 8 0 3

0 1

2 22

1 1

T able A -4.

8 2

C ontinued.

8 4

8 5

8 6

8 7

9 2 1 02 1 03 1 07

0 1 8

1 . A . B .

3 1 1

0 4

2 1 2

4 1 5

0 1 0

2 . A . B . C .

8 0 5

0 0 3

8 0 5

9 1 6

7 0 3

3 . A . B .

1 3 1

4 0

1 3 1

1 6 1

7 3

C .

0

0

0

0

0

4 . A . B . C .

1 4 0 0

4 0 0

1 4 0 0

1 7 0 0

1 0 0 0

5 . A . B .

1 2 2

4 0

1 4 0

1 4 3

1 1 0

6 . A . B .

1 2 2

3 1

1 4 0

1 6 1

7 2

7 1 6

2 6

2 23

0 1 0

T able A -5.

C ounts

f or s elected a ttributes o f p oints w ith

r etouched b ase. a nd A -3.

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

L ateralization A . R ight B . L eft B ase r etouch A . O bverse B .

I nverse

C .

B ifacial

S traight

B . C .

C oncave C onvex

S traight C oncave

C .

C onvex

A ngle o f r etouch A . A brupt S emi-abrupt F lat

O rigin o f r etouch A . O bverse

2

3

5

6

7

8

9

1 1

1 4

5 1 8

1 1

0 1

2 1

1 1

0 1

2 2

6 6

2 3

2 0

1 9 3

1 1

1 0

1 2

2 0

0 1

3 0

7 3

1 3

0 2

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

2

1

0

1

1 4

2

0

2

2

1

4

6

2

2

0

1

0

0

0

0

2

1

1

5

0

0

1

0

0

0

4

2

0

1 0

1

0

1

2

0

0

6

1

0

0 1 3

0 1

0 1

0 2

0 0

0 1

0 4

0 6

0 4

0 2

2 2

2

1

3

2

0

4

5

1

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

1 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

1 0

I nverse O bverse/Inverse

1 0

2 3

1 2

2

1

1

2

1

4

8

5

2

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 2

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 4

0 0

0 0

2 0 3

2 0

0 1

2 0

2 0

1 0

4 0

1 2 0

5 0

2 0

2 0 0

2 0

0 1

2 1

1 1

0 0

4 0

1 1 0

5 0

2 0

R egularity o f r etouch A . B .

8 .

1

T runcation s hape A . B .

B . C . 7 .

f ollow T ables A -2

B ase s hape A .

B . C . 6 .

S ite n umbers

R egular I rregualr

P osition o f b ulb A . P oint t ip B .

B asal e nd

224

T able A -5.

1 5

C ontinued

1 6

2 0

2 1

2 2

2 3

2 4

2 5

2 6

2 8

2 9

3 3

3 4

3 5

3 7

3 8

1 . A . B .

3 3

1 1

4 8

0 2

0 1

1 5

1 9 1 5

1 2

0 1

1 2

3 2

4 2

4 7

1 3 1 5

3 1

1 4

2 . A . B . C .

2 4 1

2 0 0

6 3 3

2 0 0

1 0 0

2 2 2

1 0 3 2 1

2 1 0

0 0 1

1 0 2

1 1 4

1 1 4

4 2 5

1 2 9 9

3 0 1

5 0 0

3 . A . B . C .

5 0 2

0 1 1

1 0 2 0

0 2 0

1 0 0

3 2 1

1 8 9 6

2 1 0

1 0 0

2 1 0

4 3 0

3 2 1

6 4 1

1 1 1 7 2

3 0 0

3 2 0

4 . A . B .

3 0

0 0

4 1

1 0

0 0

2 0

1 3 0

0 0

0 0

1 0

4 0

3 0

5 0

1 6 0

1 0

2 0

C .

3

2

6

1

0

4

1 5

3

1

2

2

1

5

1 2

3

3

C .

6 1 0

2 0 0

1 2 0 0

2 0 0

1 0 0

6 0 0

3 0 4 0

3 0 0

1 0 0

3 0 0

5 2 0

6 0 0

1 1 0 0

2 8 0 0

4 0 0

5 0 0

6 . A . B .

6 0

2 0

9 0

2 0

1 0

6 0

3 4 0

3 0

0 0

2 0

7 0

6 0

1 1 0

2 3 0

4 0

5 0

C .

1

0

3

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

5

0

0

7 . A .

4

2

2

1

3

3

1

2

7

6

9

B .

2

0

0

0

0

3

0

0

1

0

0

2

5

3

5

3

6

5 . A . B .

1 2

3 1 3

8 . A .

2

1

6

1

1

3

1 9

1

1

9

B .

0

0

1

0

0

2

1 1

1

0

0

2 25

2 7 1

1 7 6

4

5

0

0

1

5

1

0

T able A -5.

3 9

C ontinued

4 1

4 3

4 4

4 5

4 8

4 9

5 0

5 4

5 5

5 7

5 8

5 9

6 1

6 2

6 3

1 . A .

1

1

8

1

1

1

3

1

1 7

2 9

1

1

1

0

1

3

B .

4

6

8

2

0

1

1

2

2 2

1 5

3

0

0

1

4

6

2 . A . B . C .

3 0 2

7 0 0

2 6 8

1 0 3

0 0 1

2 0 0

1 1 2

0 1 2

2 8 5 6

2 1 1 3 1 3

2 0 2

0 0 1

1 0 0

1 0 0

2 3 0

3 2 5

3 . A . B .

2 3

4 3

1 0 4

3 1

0 1

2 0

3 1

2 1

1 9 1 7

2 7 1 1

0 2

1 0

1 0

1 0

5 0

8 2

C .

0

0

2

0

0

0

0

0

3

9

1

0

0

0

0

1

4 . A . B . C .

3 0 2

4 0 3

3 0 1 1

0 0 3

1 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 2

1 0 1

1 2 1 2 3

2 3 0 2 2

0 0 4

0 1 0

1 0 0

0 0 1

0 0 5

7 0 4

5 . A . B . C .

4 1 0

7 0 0

1 5 1 0

4 0 0

1 0 0

1 1 0

4 0 0

3 0 0

3 5 1 0

4 5 2 0

4 0 0

1 0 0

1 0 0

1 0 0

4 1 0

1 0 1 0

6 . A . B . C .

4 1 0

6 0 1

1 6 0 0

4 0 0

1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 1

3 0 0

3 5 0 1

4 6 0 1

4 0 0

1 0 0

1 0 0

1 0 0

5 0 0

1 0 0 1

7 . A .

5

7

1 5

4

1

1

4

3

3 5

4 1

4

1

0

0

5

7

B .

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

6

0

0

1

1

0

4

8 . A . B .

3 1

5 2

4 8

0 2

1 0

2 0

4 0

1 2

2 4 5

3 3 6

1 2

0 1

0 1

1 0

4 0

6 3

2 26

T able A -5.

6 4

C ontinued

6 5

6 6

6 7

6 3

6 9

7 5

7 6

1 . A .

3

6

0

2

1

4

0

B .

3

6

2

0

0

9

2

2 . A .

3

4

1

1

1

0

B . C .

1 2

6 4

1 1

1 0

0 0

1 0

0 2

3 . A . B . C .

3 2 1

4 8 2

2 0 0

2 0 0

1 0 0

7 5 1

1 1 0

4 . A . B . G .

3 0 3

6 1 7

1 0 2

1 1 0

0 0 1

7 0 5

5 . A .

6

3

2

1

B.

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

C .

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

6 . A .

6

3

1

1

1

2

B . G .

0 0

0 1

0 0

0 1

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

7 . A . B .

6 0

1 3 1

3 0

2 0

1 0

1 0

2 0

1 7 0

8 . A . B .

1 3

1 0 4

2 0

0 2

1 0

6 5

2 0

1 1 0

1 3

1 3

1 2

1 2

0

7 7

7 9

8 0

8 3

8 4

8 5

0

6

2

4

5

1

8

2 1 1

0 3

1 0

0 7

6 8

5 1 1 1

5 2 1

2 0 0

1 1 3 1

1 3 6 6

0 0 2

6 0 1 1

2 0 5

2 0 0

4 0 1 1

2

1 7

8

.2

0

0

0 0

8

2

6

2

7

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0 0.1

7 1

2 0

2 5 0

6 0

2 0

7 0

1 5 0

5 1

0 0

1 0 0

6 0

0 0

1 4

1 7 5

1 7

2 27

1 5

1 0

8 2

2

1 5

0

8 1

2

1

7

4

1

1

6

0

2

2

0 0

0 2

3 2

2 7 6

3 3 0

1 1 0

3 4 0

1 3 1 4 1

1 2 0 9

4 0 2

0 0 3

3 0 4

6 1 1 0

1 9

4

2

7

1 2

2 0

0 0

0 0

7

1 1

6 0

2 5

1 3 0

8 3 0

3 0

1 4

T able A -5.

8 6

C ontinued

8 7

8 8

8 9

9 0

9 1

9 2

9 4

9 5

9 6

9 8 1 00 1 02 1 03 1 04 1 05

1 . A . B .

6 6

4 1 5

2 . A . B . G .

8 3 2

1 4 4 9

3 . A . B . C .

5 5 3

1 0 1 5 2

4 . A . B . C .

3 0 6

4 0 1 6

5 . A . B .

1 3 0

C .

0

0

6 . A . B . C .

1 3 0 0

2 0 0 0

7 . A . B .

1 2 1

1 8 2

8 . A .

5

B .

2

0 1 7

1 0 4

1 2 3 4

0 2 2

3

2

1 7

7

3

2 3

2 3

3 4 0 7

2 1 3 8

2 1 0

9 1 2

1 0 1 0

1 2 8

2 28

6 2 0

1 0 3 0

3 1 2

1 4 4 6

9

5 2 0

1 1 0 4

Table A -5.

C ontinued

1 06 1 07

1 . A . B .

6 1 1

1 1 2

2 . A .

1 3

4

B .

1 8

6

C .

1 8

3

3 . A . B .

C . 4 . A . B . C . 5 . A . B .

C . 6 .

A . B . C . 7 . A . B .

8 . A . B .

2 29

f able A -6.

C ounts f or s elected a ttributes o f s calene t riangles. S ite n umbers f ollow T able A -2 a nd A -3. 1

1 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

9 .

1 0.

5

6

8

9

2 2

1 7

1 0

1 1

1 2

R etouch a ngle

1

2

0

1 5

2

5

3

0 1

1 5

0

0

2

0

1

4

3

4

1

1

1

1

1

3

2

5

2

2

1 1

C .

F lat

R etouch o rigin

1 0

2

3

5

2

2

2

1

1

2

4

5

3

5 9

0 1

0 0

0 3

0 0

0 1

0 4

0 4

0 2

0 1

2 5 0

2 1

2 1

3 0

1 0

4 0

8 0

1 4 0

7 0

4 0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2 5 0

3 0

3 0

2 0

1 0

4 0

7 0

1 3 0

6 0

4 0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

0

3

3

2

0

0

1

1 0

4 0

8 0

1 4 0

6 1

3 1

1 0 0

1 2 1

5

1 0

7

3

1 2

4 0

0 0

1 0

1 0 0

4 0 0

9 0 0

1 4 0 0

7 0 0

4 0 0

1 0 0

4 0 0

9 0 0

1 4 0 0

6 0 1

4 0 0

1 0

4 0

9 0

1 3 1

7

4

0

0

( LT)

A .

O bverse

B .

I nverse

C .

O bverse/Inverse ( LT)

2 2

A .

R egular

B .

I rregular

3

S mall t runcation s hape S traight

1 4

2

2

2

B .

C oncave

1 0

C .

C onvex

1 0

1 0

0 1

3

1 2 0

0 0

1

R etouch a ngle A . A brupt

( ST)

B .

S emi-abrupt

C .

F lat

R etouch o rigin

2 5

0 0

0 0

3

( ST) 2 4

A .

O bverse

B .

I nverse

C .

O bverse! I nverse

R egularity

6 8

( LT)

A brupt S emi-abrupt

R egularity

1 0

8

C oncave C onvex

A . B .

A .

8 .

S mall p oint

L arge t runcation s hape A . S traight B . C .

4 .

R ight L eft

P osition o f b ulb A . L arge p oint B .

3 .

4

L ateralization A . B .

2 .

3

0 0

3

2

2

0 0

0 1

0 1

( ST)

A .

R egular

B .

I rregular

2 5

0

3

3

3

0

0

0

2 30

T able A -6.

1 3

C ontinued

1 4

1 5

1 8

2 0

2 1

2 2

2 3

2 4

2 5

2 6

2 8

2 9

3 3

3 4

3 5

1 . A . B .

1 0

4 4

5 4

1 5

1 0 8

1 3

2 2

1 2

3 6

2 2

0 1

0 1

3 6

2 2

3 2

3 2 2 3

2 . A . B .

0 1

4 2

4 1

5 1

8 6

0 0

3 1

2 0

4 3

2 1

0 1

0 1

5 2

1 2

2 1

2 0 2 2

3 . A . B . C .

0 1 0

5 1 2

4 0 1

4 1 1

1 3 5 0

3 0 0

2 2 0

3 0 0

4 1 4

2 1 1

0 1 0

0 1 0

8 0 0

4 0 0

4 0 0

4 3 1 0 2

1 8

4 4

4 . A .

1

8

8

6

3

4

3

9

4

1

1

8

4

5

B . C .

0 0

0 0

1 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

1 0

0 0

0 0

1 0

5 . A . B . C .

1 0 0

6 0 2

8 1 0

6 0 0

1 3 0 5

3 0 1

4 0 0

3 0 0

8 0 1

3 0 1

1 0 0

1 0 0

9 0 0

4 0 0

5 0 0

5 0 0 5

6 . A . B .

1 0

7 1

9 0

6 0

1 8 0

3 1

2 2

3 0

6 3

4 0

1 0

1 0

9 0

4 0

4 1

5 1 4

7 . A . B . C .

0 1 0

4 4 0

4 4 0

6 0 0

1 2 6 0

2 1 1

4 0 0

2 1 0

5 1 2

2 2 0

1 0 0

1 0 0

9 0 0

3 1 0

4 3 3 0 2 2 0. 0

1 8

8 . A .

1

8

9

6

4

4

3

8

4

1

1

9

4

5

B .

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

C .

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

9 . A . B . C .

1 0 0

8 0 0

9 0 0

6 0 0

1 6 0 2

3 0 1

4 0 0

3 0 0

9 0 0

4 0 0

1 1 0 0 1. 0

9 0 0

4 0 0

5 0 0

4 8 0 7

1 0

8 0

9 0

6 0

1 8 0

4 0

2 2

3 0

7 2

4 0

1 0

9 0

4 0

4 1

5 4 1

1 0. A .

B .

2 31

1 0

5 5

T able A -6.

3 7

C ontinued

3 8

3 9

4 0

4 1

4 3

4 4

4 7

4 8

4 9

5 0

5 1

5 3

5 4

5 5

5 6

1 . A . B .

1 3

7

2 1

1 0

3 3

8 9

0 2

1 1

5 5

0 1

3 2

3 2

0 2

1 9 2 0

2 5 1 5

0 1

2 . A . B .

1 1

1 5

1 2

0 0

3 2

5 1 0

1 1

1 1

5 3

1 0

2 2

3 1

1 1

1 3 1 4

1 3 2 1

0 1

3 . A . B .

3 1

8 0

2 0

1 0

4 0

1 5 2

2 0

1 0

7 1

0 0

3 0

4 0

2 0

2 5 1

2 9 1

0 0

C .

0

4

1

0

1

0

0

1

2

1

2

1

0

7

9

1

4 . A . B .

4 0

1 2 0

3 0

1 0

3 0

1 7 0

2 0

2 0

1 0 0

1 0

5 0

5 0

1 1

3 5 0

4 0 0

1 0

C .

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

5 . A . B . C .

4 0 0

1 2 0 0

3 0 0

1 0 0

3 0 0

1 6 0 1

2 0 0

2 0 0

9 1 0

0 0 1

5 0 0

5 0 0

2 0 0

3 5 0 0

3 6 0 4

1 0 0

6 . A . B .

4 0

7 5

3 0

1 0

3 0

1 6 1

2 0

2 0

6 4

1 0

5 0

4 1

2 0

3 4 1

3 6 4

1 0

c .

2 2 0

1 0 2 0

3 0 0

0 1 0

5 0 0

8 9 0

0 2 0

2 0 0

7 2 1

0 0 0

4 1 0

3 1 0

1 0 0

2 6 1 1 2

2 9 0 1 0 0 0. 1

8 . A . B . C .

4 0 0

1 2 0 0

3 0 0

1 0 0

5 0 0

1 6 0 0

2 0 0

2 0 0

1 0 0 0

1 0 0

5 0 0

5 0 0

2 0 0

3 5 0 0

3 9 0 0

9 . A .

4

1 2

3

1

5

1 6

2

2

1 0

1

5

5

1

3 4

3 5

B . C .

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 1

0 1

0 5

0 0

1 0. A . B .

4 0

9 2

3 0

1 0

5 0

1 6 0

2 0

2 0

7 3

1 0

4 1

4 1

2 0

3 4 1

3 9 0

1 0

7 . A . B .

2 32

1 0 0

1

T able A -6.

5 7

C ontinued

5 9

6 0

6 1

6 2

6 3

6 4

6 5

6 6

6 7

6 8

6 9

7 1

7 5

7 6

7 7

1 . A . B .

3 2

0 5

1 0

0 3

1 2

1 1

1 0

4 4

3 4

6 1

1 1

5 3

8 1

2 3 3

1 1

2 1

2 . A .

3

5

1

1

3

0

0

3

4

4

1

3

3

1 1

1

1

B .

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

3

2

1

0

4

3

1 2

0

2

3 . A . B . C .

1 0 3

0 0 5

1 0 0

1 0 2

3 0 0

2 0 0

1 0 0

4 0 3

6 1 0

3 0 4

1 0 1

5 0 2

3 5 0

2 1 1 4

1 0 0

1 0 2

4 . A . B . C .

5 0 0

5 0 0

1 0 0

3 0 0

3 0 0

2 0 0

1 0 0

8 0 0

7 0 0

6 1 0

2 0 0

8 0 0

9 0 0

2 5 1 0

1 0 0

3 0 0

5 . A .

3

5

1

3

2

2

1

6

7

7

1

7

9

2 5

1

3

B . C .

0 2

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 1

0 0

0 0

1 1

0 0

0 0

0 1

0 1

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

6 . A .

5

1

0

1

3

2

1

7

5

6

2

8

8

1

3

B .

0

4

1

2

0

0

0

1

2

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

7 . A . B . C .

4 1 0

0 5 0

1 0 0

3 0 0

2 1 0

2 0 0

1 0 0

4 4 0

6 1 0

2 2 3

1 0 1

7 1 0

5 3 1

1 4 1 2 0

0 1 0

2 0 1

8 . A . B . C .

5 0 0

5 0 0

1 0 0

3 0 0

2 0 0

2 0 0

1 0 0

8 0 0

7 0 0

7 0 0

1 1 0

8 0 0

9 0 0

2 6 0 0

1 0 0

3 0 0

9 . A . B . C .

5 0 0

5 0 0

1 0 0

3 0 0

2 0 0

2 0 0

1 0 0

7 0 1

7 0 0

7 0 0

2 0 0

7 0 1

9 0 0

2 6 0 0

1 0 0

3 0 0

1 0. A . B .

5 0

3 2

0 1

1 2

2 0

2 0

1 0

8 0

7 0

6 1

2 0

8 0

9 0

2 6 0

1 0

3 0

2 33

2 5

T able A -6.

8 0

C ontinued

8 1

8 2

8 4

8 5

8 6

8 7

1 0 4

2 1 1 7

1 . A . B .

1 5

1 8 2

3 3

4 3

2 1 2 4

2 . A . B .

4 2

1 1 3

2 4

5 2

9 3 3

3 3

1 3 2 1

3 . A . B . C .

4 0 1

1 2 1 7

5 0 1

5 0 2

3 0 3 1 2

9 0 4

2 4 0 1 3

4 . A . B . C .

6 0 0

2 0 0 0

6 0 0

7 0 0

4 0 7 0

1 4 0 0

3 7 1 0

5 . A . B . C .

6 0 0

1 9 0 1

6 0 0

7 0 0

4 7 0 0

1 3 0 1

3 8 0 0

6 . A . B .

5 1

2 0 0

6 0

6 1

4 7 0

1 3 1

3 8 0

7 . A . B . C .

3 3 0

1 2 6 2

3 2 0

6 1 0

2 6 2 1 1

1 2 0 2

2 8 7 3

8 . A . B . C .

6 0 0

2 0 0 0

6 0 0

7 0 0

4 5 3 0

1 4 0 0

3 8 0 0

9 . A . B .

6 0

2 0 0

6 0

7 0

4 8 0

1 4 0

3 8 0

C .

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1 0. A . B .

6 0

2 0 0

6 0

7 0

4 8 0

1 3 1

3 8 0

9 2 1 02 1 03 1 07

1 7

1 2 1 8

1 3 3 1

3 7

T able A -7.

C ounts f or s elected a ttributes o f r ight a ngled t rapezes. S ite n umbers

f ollow T ables A -2 a nd A -3.

2 1 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

7 .

8 .

9 .

1 2

1 7

1 8

2 0

2 3

2 5

3 0

R ight L eft

3

1

5

1

1

1

5

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

P osition o f b ulb A .

L arge p oint

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

B .

S mall p oint

2

1

4

0

0

1

4

1

1

1

Large t runcation s hape A . S traight

2

1

4

0

1

1

4

B . C .

1 0

0 0

1 0

1 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

C oncave C onvex

R etouch a ngle A . A brupt

1

1

0 0

0 0

1 0 0

( LT) 3

1

5

1

1

1

5

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

B .

S emi-abrupt

0

C .

F lat

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

3 0

1 0

5 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

4 0

1 0

1 0

1 0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

R etouch o rigin A . O bverse B . C .

6 .

1 1

L ateralization A . B .

2 .

5

( LT)

I nverse O bverse/Inverse

S mall t runcation s hape A .

S traight

1

1

2

1

1

0

4

1

1

1

B .

C oncave

2

0

3

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

C .

C onvex

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

R etouch a ngle

( ST)

A .

A brupt

3

1

5

1

1

1

4

1

1

1

B .

S emi-abrupt

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

C .

F lat

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

R etouch o rigin A . O bverse

( ST) 3

1

5

1

1

1

4

B .

I nverse

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

C .

O bverse/Inverse

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 3

0 1

1 4

0 1

0 1

1 0

0 5

0 1

0 1

1 1

I nverse r etouch A .

P resent

B .

A bsent

1

1

1

( ST)

235

T able A -7.

3 1

C ontinued

3 2

3 9

4 4

4 6

4 7

4 8

5 2

5 4

6 2

6 3

6 4

6 5

6 6

6 7

6 8

1 4 0

1 . A . B .

6 0

1 6 0

1 0

1 0

2 3 0

1 0

0 1

4 0

0 2

1 0

2 0

2 0

5 0

4 2 0

3 6 2

2 . A . B .

3 3

4 6

1 0

1 0

1 4 9

0 1

1 0

1 3

1 1

1 0

1 1

2 0

1 4

1 2 2 8

1 5 2 0

6 6

3 . A . B . C .

4 0 0

1 4 0 2

0 0 1

1 0 0

2 0 1 2

1 ,0 0 1 0 0

4 0 0

2 0 0

1 0 0

2 0 0

1 0 1

5 0 0

3 6 3 3

2 7 7 4

1 0 1 2

4 . A . B . C .

6 0 0

1 6 0 0

1 0 0

1 0 0

2 3 0 0

1 0 0

4 0 0

2 0 0

1 0 0

2 0 0

2 0 0

5 0 0

4 0 2 0

3 5 3 0

1 2 1 0

5 . A .

6

1 6

1

1

2 3

1

1

4

2

1

2

2

5

4 2

3 7

1 4

B . C .

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

1 0

0 0

6 . A . B . C .

3 2 0

1 0 5 0

1 0 0

1 0 0

1 1 0

1 0 0

0 1 0

3 1 0

0 2 0

1 0 0

1 1 0

1 1 0

4 1 0

3 3 8 0

2 7 1 1 0

7 7 0

7 . A . B . C .

6 0 0

1 6 0 0

1 0 0

0 1 0

2 3 0 0

1 0 0

0 0 0

4 0 0

2 0 0

1 0 0

2 0 0

2 0 0

5 0 0

4 0 1 0

3 0 6 0

1 4 0 0

8 . A . B .

6 0

1 6 0

» . 0

1 0

2 3 0

1 0

0 0

4 0

2 0

1 0

2 0

2 0

5 0

4 1 0

3 7 1

1 4 0

C .

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

9 . A . B .

1 5

1 1 5

1 0

1 0

7 1 6

0 1

1 0

0 4

1 1

0 1

0 2

1 1

0 5

0 4 0

4 3 4

3 1 1

1 0 0

2 36

T able A -7.

7 0

1 .

C ontinued

7 1

7 2

7 3

7 4

7 5

7 8

8 3

8 4

8 5

9 3

A . B .

2 0

1 0 4

3 0 1 0

3 8 1

0 2

2 0

6 4

6 0

1 0

1 0

2 . A . B .

2 0

2 4

1 4 2 0

-

0 2

0 2

4 6

-

0 1

1 0

3 . A .

1

2

0

6

0

1

B . C .

0 1

1 1

6 1

0 7

0 0

0 2

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

4 . A . B . C .

2 0 0

1 4 0 0

4 0 0 0

-

2 0 0

2 0 0

1 0 0 0

6 0 0

1 0 0

1 0 0

5 . A . B . C .

2 0 0

1 4 0 0

3 8 0 0

-

2 0 0

2 0 0

1 0 0 0

6 0 0

1 0 0

0 0 0

C .

1 1 0

2 1 1 0

8 3 2 0

1 0 2 8 0

2 0 0

0 2 0

5 4 0

2 4 0

1 0 0

0 1 0

7 . A . B . C .

2 0 0

1 4 0 0

3 8 0 0

-

2 0 0

2 0 0

1 0 0 0

6 0 0

1 0 0

0 0 0

8 . A . B . C .

1 0 0 0

1 4 0 0

3 7 0 0

-

2 0 0

2 0 0

1 0 0 0

6 0 0

1 0 0

0 0 0

9 . A .

2

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

B .

0

2

2

6

1

1

6 . A . B .

1 2

3 3

1 1 3

3 2

4 3 6

3 7

1 0

1 0

2 37

0 7

9 7

9 9 1 01 1 08

0 2 55 8 5 0

8 5 1 95

0 5

0 5

T able A -3.

C ounts f or s elected a ttributes o f r hombic t rapezes. S ite n umbers

1 .

b .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

1 1

2 0

2 2

2 3

2 5

1 0

1 0

6 0

2 0

1 0

3 0

4 0

1 0

0 1

3 3

1 1

1 0

2 1

2 9

3 1

3 2

R ight L eft

1 0

2 1 0

2 1 0

L arge p oint S mall p oint

2 2

0 1

9 7

8 8

L arge t runcation s hape A . S traight

1

1

3

2

1

1

4

0

B .

C oncave

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

C .

C onvex

0

0

3

0

0

2

0

1

7

2

1 0 0

1 0 0

6 0 0

2 0 0

1 0 0

3 0 0

4 0 0

1 0 0

2 1 0 0

2 1 0 0

R etouch a ngle

1 2

1 9

( LT)

A . B .

A brupt S emi-abrupt

C .

F lat

R etouch o rigin

( LT)

A . B .

O bverse I nverse

0 0

1 0

6 0

2 0

0 0

3 0

4 0

1 0

2 1 0

2 1 0

C .

O bverse/Inverse

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

S mall t runcation s hape A . S traight

1

0

6

1

1

1

3

1

B .

C oncave

0

1

0

1

0

2

1

0

3

5

C .

C onvex

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

R etouch a ngle

1 7

1 6

( ST)

A .

A brupt

1

1

6

2

1

3

3

1

B . C .

S emi-abrupt F lat

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

1 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

1 0

1 0

6 0

2 0

1 0

3 0

4 0

1 0

2 1 0

2 1 0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

R etouch o rigin A . O bverse B . I nverse C .

9 .

9

P osition o f b ulb A . B .

3 .

2 L ateralization A .

2 .

f ollow T ables A -2 a nd A -3.

2 1

( ST)

O bverse/Inverse

I nverse r etouch

2 1

( ST)

A .

P resent

0

0

2

0

0

1

1

1

B .

A bsent

1

1

4

2

1

2

3

0

2 38

1 2 9

6 1 5

T able A -8.

3 5

C ontinued

3 9

4 6

4 9

5 2

6 5

6 6

6 7

6 8

7 0

7 1

7 2

7 3

1 . A . B .

1 0

1 0

2 1 0

2 0

2 3 0

2 0

1 7 0

1 9 1

1 3 0

3 1 2

5 0

8 4

2 . A . B .

0 1

1 0

7 1 4

2 0

9 1 2

1 1

7 7

6 1 2

4 8

3 1 7

1 3

3 8

3 . A . B .

1 0

1 0

1 5 0

2 0

1 2 0

2 0

1 1 1

9 0

3 2

8 0

3 0

9 1

C .

0

0

6

0

1 0

0

4

2

2

2

1 7

1 0

3

2 3

4 . A .

1

1

B . C .

0 0

0 0

5 . A .

1

1

B . C .

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

6 . A . B . C .

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 7 4 0

2 0 0

1 9 4 0

2 0 0

1 3 4 0

1 9 1 0

9 3 0

1 4 1 7 0

1 4 0

7 . A . B .

1 0

1 0

2 1 0

1 1

1 7 6

2 0

1 6 1

1 8 2

1 3 0

3 3 0

C .

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

A . B .

1 0

1 0

2 1 0

2 0

2 3 0

2 0

1 7 0

2 0 0

C .

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

9 . A .

0

0

1 1

2

8

0

B .

1

1

1 0

0

s .

2 1 0 0

2 1

0 0

2

6 0

2 3

1 5

2 0 0

2

2

1 7

1 8

0 0

1 7

1

1 2

0 0

0 0

8 0

2 0

1 0

1 0

3

1

0

0

1

1 0 0

0

1

1

-

0 1

0 0

0 0

3 9 0

5 6 0

0 3 0

1 0 0

0 1 0

5 0

1 2 0

-

3 0

1 0

1 0

0

0

0

-

0

0

0

1 3 0

3 2 0

5 0

1 2 0

-

3 0

1 0

1 0

0

0

0

0

0

-

0

0

0

3

5

1 2

2

0

0

0

7

2 0

3

3

1

1

1 7

2 39

1 0

0 0

2 0

1 6

1 0

3

1 3

3 2

0 0

5

1 2

2 1

0 0

0 0

5

8 3

-

0 0

3 3

7 8

-

2 0

1 3

1 1 0

7 4

0 0

1 2

1 2 0

T able A -8.

8 5

C ontinued

9 9 1 01 1 02

1 . A . B .

1 3 7 0 3

2 . A .

1

B .

0

3 . A . B . C .

1 0 0

4 . A .

1

B .

0

C .

0

5 . A . B .

1 0

C .

0

6 . A . B . C .

1 0 0

0 1

0 6

1 5 2 2 0

7 . A .

1

B .

0

C .

0

8 . A .

1

B .

0

C .

0

9 . A . B .

0 1

2 40

T able A -9 M etric a ttributes o f p oints w ith u nretouched b ase.

M ean ( cm)

S tandard d eviation

L ength 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 8 . 9 . 1 1. 1 3. 1 3. 2 0. 2 1. 2 2. 2 4. 2 3. 2 6. 3 0. 3 4. 3 5. 3 7. 3 8.

A ardhorst A cht I A chterste B rug H aagakkers H atert H azeputten I L uiksgestel I I L uiksgestel-De M aay M aarheeze M oerkuilen I I N ijnsel I V enlo W estelbeers A W estelbeers C A wan B aien B asse C ense B rasschaat C hinru B E ksel F lönnes I F lönnes I I

4 7 3 6 3 3 4 5 1 5 1 6 3 4 1 4 1 0 3 9 7 3 5 4 2 1 5 7

2 .26 2 .40 1 .94 2 .23 2 .59 2 .03 2 .16 2 .15 2 .26 2 .34 1 .74 2 .08 1 .97 2 .25 2 .12 2 .39 2 .36 2 .23 2 .34 2 .18 2 .43 2 .13

. 45 . 72 . 24 1 .08 . 75 . 46 . 31 . 29 . 39 . 42 . 44 . 33 . 51 . 44 . 42 . 43 . 53 . 36 . 40 . 46 1 .12 . 30

3 9. 4 1. 4 3. 4 9. 5 1. 5 4. 5 5. 5 7. 5 9. 6 1 . 6 6. 6 7. 6 8.

G and-Port A rthur H odainry K leinenbusch I M endonk N eerharen-De K ip O urlaine ä T heux O verpelt Q uemanes 4 9 S chulen I S chulen I II W eelde-Paardsdrank 1 W eelde-Paardsdrank 4 W eelde-Paardsdrank 5

5 4 3 5 1 3 2 1 3 3 8 1 7 4 1 8 1 3 4

2 .59 2 .20 2 .25 2 .32 2 .46 2 .16 2 .20 2 .21 2 .35 2 .10 2 .17 1 .90 1 .81

. 21 . 46 . 25 . 15 . 43 . 52 . 47 . 38 . 62 . 43 . 38 . 25 . 24

7 4. 7 5. 7 6.

A miens-Etouvie B elloy-Plaisance B ois d u M arais

6 6 7

2 .29 3 .90 2 .70

. 66 1 .06 . 28

7 7.

C haintreauville

4

2 .03

. 16

2 41

T able A -9.

C ontinued Mean ( cm )

S tandard d eviation

5 8 5 7

2 .71 2 .27 2 .36 2 .35

. 66 . 29 . 44 . 34

L ength 8 0. 8 2. 8 5. 8 6.

L a H aute B orne L ongpre-les-Corps-Saints M ontbani I I R oc l a T our I I ,

W idth 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 8 . 9 . 1 1. 1 3. 1 4. 1 5. 2 0. 2 1. 2 2. 2 4. 2 5. 2 6. 2 3. 3 0. 3 3. 3 4. 3 5. 3 7. 3 8.

A ardhorst A cht I A chterste B rug H aagakkers H atert h azeputten I L uiksgestel I I L uiksgestel-De M aay M aarheeze M oerkuilen I I M ontfort N ijnsel I V enlo W estelbeers A W estelbeers C A wan B aien B asse C ense B ois d e l a G arenne B rasschaat B usch B rand C hinru B E ksel F lönnes I F lönnes I I

6 3 4 6 4 4 7 1 2 2 3 2 2 3 4 5 1 8 1 6 5 9 9 3 3 5 3 6 2 2 8 1 0

1 .09 1 .33 . 95 1 .03 . 98 1 .02 1 .01 . 80 . 82 1 .11 . 91 . 81 . 77 . 89 1 .04 . 86 . 83 . 84 . 74 . 94 1 .17 . 91 . 94 . 84 . 78

. 21 . 33 . 17 . 39 . 23 . 23 . 23 . 25 . 14 . 31 . 06 . 09 . 11 . 20 . 15 . 14 . 19 . 05 . 09 . 22 . 30 . 26 . 25 . 24 . 17

3 9. 4 1. 4 3. 4 9. 5 1. 5 4. 5 5. 5 7.

G and-Port A rthur H odainry K leinenbusch I M endonk N eerharen-De K ip O urlaine ä T heux O verpelt Q uemanes 4 9

1 2 9 6 7 2 1 5 2 3 3 1 2

. 93 . 82 . 90 . 88 . 88 . 86 . 86 . 89

. 15 . 11 . 10 . 25 . 20 . 24 . 24 . 18

5 9. 6 1.

S chulen I S chulen I II

3 3 1 4

. 76 . 77

. 18 . 13

2 42

T able A -9.

C ontinued

W idth

M ean ( cm )

S tandard d eviation

6 5. 6 6. 6 7. 6 8.

W eelde I W eelde-Paardsdrank 1 W eelde-Paardsdrank 4 W eelde-Paardsdrank 5

7 2 8 1 7 1 0

. 81 1 .15 1 .11 1 .15

. 17 . 20 . 19 . 16

6 9. 7 4. 7 5. 7 6.

W egnez A miens-Etouvie B elloy-Plaisance B ois d u M arais

1 3 1 0 1 1 9

. 90 . 82 1 .43 . 95

. 23 . 13 . 22 . 30

7 7. 8 0. 8 2. 8 4.

C haintrgauville 8 L a h aute B orne 1 1 L ongprg-les-Corps-Saints 1 4 Marlemont 4

. 77 1 .03 . 82 . 63

. 21 . 23 . 15 . 10

8 5. 8 6. 8 7.

M ontbani I I 1 4 R oc l a T our I I 1 6 S ablonniere d e C oincy I I 1 0

. 93 . 82 1 .04

. 29 . 15 . 10

. 27 . 35 . 29 . 36 . 30 . 28 . 28 . 24 . 23 . 24 . 24 . 25 . 24 . 26 . 28 . 27 . 24 . 24 . 23 . 22 . 31 . 26 . 28 . 26 . 25

. 10 . 09 . 04 . 19 . 08 . 06 . 07 . 07 . 05 . 04 . 04 . 01 . 06 . 06 . 06 . 03 . 08 . 04 . 03 . 02 . 03 . 05 . 07 . 11 . 04

T hickness 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 8 . 9 . 1 1. 1 3. 1 4. 1 5. 2 0. 2 1. 2 2. 2 4. 2 5. 2 6. 2 8. 3 0. 3 3. 3 4. 3 5. 3 7. 3 8.

A ardhorst A cht I A chterste B rug h aagakkers H atert H azeputten I L uiksgestel I I L uiksgestel-De M aay M aarheeze M oerkuilen I I M ontfort N ijnsel I V enlo W estelbeers A W estelbeers C A wan B alen B asse C ense B ois d e l a G arenne B rasschaat B usch B rand C hinru B E ksel F lönnes I F lönnes I I

6 9 4 7 4 4 5 1 2 2 3 2 2 3 4 5 1 8 1 5 3 9 1 0 3 3 5 3 6 2 3 8 1 0

2 43

T able A -9.

C ontinued Mean

S tandard

( cm)

d eviation

T hickness 3 9. 4 1.

G and-Port A rthur H odainry

1 2 9

. 26 . 27

. 04 . 06

6

. 28

. 07

7 2 3

. 30 . 24

. 10 . 06

4 3.

K leinenbusch I

4 9. 5 1.

Mendonk N eerharen-De K ip

5 4.

O urlaine ä T heux

5 1

. 25

. 06

5 5. 5 7.

O verpelt Q ugmanes 4 9

3 3 1 2

. 26 . 29

. 08 . 07

5 9.

S chulen I

3 8

. 22

. 06

6 1. 6 5. 6 6.

S chulen I II W eelde I W eelde-Paardsdrank 1

1 5 7 2 8

. 23 . 25 . 31

. 06 . 05 . 09

6 7. 6 8.

W eelde-Paardsdrank 4 W eelde-Paardsdrank 5

1 9 1 1

. 30 . 33

. 15 . 07

6 9.

W egnez

1 0

. 27

. 06

7 4. 7 5.

Amiens-Etouvie B elloy-Plaisance

1 0 9

. 24 . 33

. 05 . 05

7 6. 7 7. 8 0.

B ois d u M arais C haintrgauville L a H aute B orne

5 6 1 1

. 27 . 18 . 29

. 04 . 05 . 08

8 2. 8 4.

L ongprg-les-Corps-Saints M arlemont

1 4 3

. 21 . 20

. 01 . 01

8 5.

M ontbani I I

1 2

. 23

. 05

8 6.

R oc l a T our I I

1 4

. 22

. 04

8 7.

S ablonniere d e C oincy I I

. 25

. 03

6

2 44

T able A -10 M etric a ttributes o f p oints w ith r etouched b ase .

L ength

N

M ean ( cm )

S tandard d eviation

1 7 4 1 1 3 4 9 5 2 4 3 6 5 6 2 5 4 4 4

2 .03 1 .73 2 .06 2 .01 1 .61 1 .77 2 .23 2 .40 2 .24 2 .38 2 .50 2 .13 1 .72 2 .20 2 .42 1 .84

. 34 . 17 . 32 . 18 . 28 . 34 . 13 . 35 . 29 . 26 . 27 . 33 . 26 . 60 . 46 . 41

7 9 3 4

2 .16 2 .10 1 .80 2 .57

. 30 . 31 . 28 . 65

1 . 8 . 9 . 1 1. 1 5. 2 0. 2 3. 2 4. 2 8. 2 9. 3 3. 3 4. 3 5. 3 7. 3 8. 3 9.

A ardhorst L uiksgestel I I L uiksgestel-De M aay M aarheeze N ijnsel I V enlo A nseremme A wan B ois d e l a G arenne B ois d e l a H ousierre B usch B rand C hinru B E ksel F lönnes I F lönnes I I G and-Port A rthur

4 1. 4 3. 4 4. 4 9.

H odainry K leinenbusch I K leinenbusch I I M endonk

5 4. 5 5. 6 2. 6 3. 6 4. 6 5. 6 9. 7 6. 7 7. 8 0.

O urlaine ä T heux O verpelt S int-Genesius-Rode V elereille-le-Sec V ieille C our W eelde I W egnez B ois d u M arais C haintreauville L a H aute B orne

2 1 3 9 5 4 4 1 1 7 4 6 9

2 .23 1 .80 2 .66 2 .32 2 .37 1 .96 2 .20 2 .30 1 .68 2 .66

. 25 . 33 . 28 . 44 . 09 . 42 . 21 . 68 . 23 . 50

8 1. 8 2. 8 4. 8 5.

H auts d e L utz L ongpre-les-Corps-Saints M arlemont M ontbani I I

1 2 4 6 1 3

1 .56 2 .00 2 .26 2 .22

. 30 . 61 . 40 . 29

8 6. 8 7.

R oc l a T our I I S ablonniere d e C oincy I I

6 1 2

1 .80 1 .83

. 50 . 26

2 45

T able A -10.

C ontinued M ean ( cm )

S tandard d eviation

W idth 1 . 2 . 5 . 8 . 9 .

A ardhorst A cht I H atert L uiksgestel I I L uiksgestel-De M aay

2 2 3 5 4 1 2

. 89 . 88 . 85 . 86 . 89

. 10 . 08 . 33 . 21 . 18

1 1. 1 5. 2 0. 2 3.

M aarheeze N ijnsel I V enlo A nseremme

5 7 1 1 6

. 89 . 88 . 87 1 .04

. 12 . 21 . 15 . 15

2 4. 2 8. 2 9. 3 3.

A wan B ois d e l a G arenne B ois d e l a H ousierre B usch B rand

3 3 3 7 5

1 .19 . 90 . 91 1 .20

. 22 . 39 . 20 . 16

3 4. 3 5. 3 7. 3 8. 3 9. 4 1. 4 3. 4 4. 4 9. 5 0. 5 4. 5 5. 5 7. 6 2. 6 3. 6 4. 6 5.

C hinru B E ksel F lönnes I F lönnes I I G and-Port A rthur H odainry K leinenbusch I K leinenbusch I I M endonk M ontaigle O urlaine g T heux O verpelt Q uemanes 4 9 S int-Genesius-Rode V ellereille-le-Sec V ieille C our W eelde I

1 0 3 3 3 5 5 7 1 3 4 4 3 3 5 4 6 4 5 7 5 1 4

1 .04 . 82 . 85 . 76 . 89 . 84 1 .10 1 .00 . 98 1 .43 . 87 . 80 . 90 1 .07 1 .02 1 .08 . 87

. 17 . 12 . 25 . 07 . 26 . 17 . 13 . 09 . 18 . 26 . 19 . 15 . 15 . 20 . 21 . 33 . 13

6 9. 7 6. 7 7. 8 0.

W egnez B ois d u M arais C haintreauville L a H aute B orne

1 3 1 7 7 1 5

. 78 . 96 . 83 . 81

. 16 . 22 . 22 . 10

8 1. 8 2. 8 4. 8 5. 8 6. 8 7.

H auts d e L utz L ongpre-les-Corps-Saints M arlemont M ontbani I I R oc l a T our I I S ablonniere d e C oincy I I

2 4 6 7 1 7 1 1 1 8

. 81 . 67 1 .07 . 99 . 76 . 88

. 13 . 10 . 22 . 09 . 16 . 09

2 46

T able A -10.

C ontinued M ean ( cm )

S tandard d eviation

T hickness 1 . 2 .

A ardhorst A cht I

5 . 3 .

H atert L uiksgested I I

2 2 3

. 26 . 31

. 05 . 04

3 4

. 24 . 26

. 04 . 07

9 . 1 5. 2 0. 2 3. 2 4. 2 5. 2 8. 2 9. 3 3. 3 4. 3 5. 3 7. 3 8. 3 9. 4 1. 4 3. 4 4. 4 9. 5 0. 5 4. 5 5. 5 7. 6 2. 6 3. 6 4. 6 5. 6 9. 7 6. 7 7. 8 0. 8 1. 8 2. 8 4. 8 5.

L uiksgestel-De M aay N ijnsel I V enlo A nseremme A wan B aien B ois d e l a G arenne B ois d e l a H oussiere B usch B rand C hinru B E ksel F lönnes I F lönnes I I G and-Port A rthur H odainry K leinenbusch I K leinenbusch I I M endonk M ontaigle O urlaine h T heux O verpelt Q uemanes 4 9 S int-Genesius-Rode V ellereille-le-Sec V ieille C our W eelde I W egnez B ois d u M arais C haintreauville L a H aute B orne h auts d e L utz L ongpre-les-Corps-Saints Marlemont M ontbani I I

1 2 6 1 1 6 3 4 3 3 7 6 9 3 2 4 5 5 7 1 3 4 4 3 3 7 4 5 3 5 8 6 1 3 1 3 1 2 7 1 5 2 0 6 7 1 6

. 30 . 40 . 26 . 31 . 34 . 22 . 37 . 30 . 33 . 28 . 30 . 27 . 27 . 27 . 27 . 30 . 29 . 37 . 39 . 29 . 28 . 29 . 30 . 36 . 31 . 31 . 28 . 28 . 25 . 31 . 25 . 25 . 33 . 26

. 06 . 24 . 06 . 11 . 07 . 05 . 08 . 09 . 06 . 06 . 07 . 04 . 09 . 08 . 04 . 04 . 02 . 11 . 04 . 06 . 07 . 04 . 06 . 10 . 04 . 08 . 05 . 06 . 07 . 05 . 06 . 04 . 07 . 04

8 6. 8 7.

R oc l a T our I I S ablonniere d e C oincy I I

1 0 1 7

. 24 . 24

. 07 . 05

2 47

T able A -11 M etric a ttributes o f s calene t riangles.

M ean

S tandard

( cm)

d eviation

L ength A ardhorst

1 9

2 .26

. 27

5 . 9 . 1 0.

1 .

h atert L uiksgestel-De M aay L uiksgestel

3 7 1 2

1 .98 1 .81 2 .06

. 21 . 27 . 36

1 2. 1 4.

M oerkuilen I M ontfort

3 7

1 .88 1 .78

. 41 . 26

2 0.

V enlo

8

1 .93

. 32

2 2.

W estelbeers C

3

2 .40

. 57

2 4.

A wan

9

2 .28

. 42

2 5. 3 5.

B aien E ksel

3 2 2

2 .40 2 .01

. 40 . 18

3 7. 3 8. 4 3.

F lönnes I F lönnes I I K leinenbusch I

3 3 6

1 .63 1 .75 2 .55

. 07 . 27 . 45

4 8.

L es M azures

2 .13

. 54

5 4.

O urlaine ä T heux

1 7

2 .17

. 56

5 5. 5 9.

O verpelt S chulen I

2 4 5

2 .01 2 .49

. 37 . 50

6 5. 6 7. 7 1.

W eelde I W eelde 4 A ll e T ortue I I

3 5 5

2 .18 2 .09 2 .34

. 53 . 33 . 48

7 5. 8 0.

B elloy-Plaisance L a H aute B orne

9 4

3 .01 2 .56

. 56 . 47

8 1. 8 2.

H auts d e L utz L ongpre-les-Corps-Saints

8 5

1 .18 1 .79

. 14 . 28

8 5. 8 6.

M ontbani I I R oc l a T our I I

2 6 4

2 .36 2 .30

. 56 . 58

8 7.

S ablonniere d e C oincy I I

2 5

1 .74

. 34

2 5

4

W idth 1 .

A ardhorst

3 . 4 .

A chterste B rug H aagakkers

5 . 8 . 9 . 1 0. 1 1.

. 79

. 11

3 3

. 78 1 .18

. 15 . 05

H atert

3

. 69

. 24

L uiksgestel I I L uiksgestel-De M aay

4 8

. 74 . 73

. 06 . 17

1 4 7

. 81 . 74

. 19 . 08

L uiksgestel M aarheeze

2 48

T able A -11.

C ontinued M ean ( cm)

W idth 1 2. 1 4.

M oerkuilen I M ontfort

1 5. 2 0. 2 1. 2 2. 2 3. 2 4. 2 5.

N ijnsel I V enlo W estelbeers A W estelbeers C A nseremme A wan B aien

2 9. 3 3. 3 4.

B ois d e l a H oussiere B usch B rand C hinru B

3 5. 3 7. 3 8.

S tandard d eviation

4 8

. 59 . 65

. 12 . 10

9 1 8 4 4 3 9 4

. 72 . 65 . 62 1 .07 . 74 . 96 . 73

. 16 . 10 . 11 . 08 . 03 . 27 . 13

9 4 5

. 72 . 92 . 61

. 19 . 16 . 14

E ksel F lönnes I F lönnes I I

5 6 4 1 2

. 67 . 67 . 66

. 10 . 05 . 12

3 9. 4 1 . 4 3. 4 8. 5 1. 5 4. 5 5. 5 7. 5 9. 6 2. 6 5.

G and-Port A rthur H odainry K leinenbusch I L es M azures N eerharen-De K ip O urlaine ä T heux O verpelt Q uemanes 4 9 S chulen I S int-Genesius-Rode W eelde I

3 6 1 7 1 0 5 3 5 4 0 5 5 3 8

. 96 . 57 . 81 . 70 . 82 . 71 . 73 . 66 . 79 . 92 . 71

. 23 . 08 . 10 . 08 . 16 . 15 . 14 . 05 . 11 . 06 . 09

6 6. 6 7. 6 9.

W eelde-Paardsdrank 1 W eelde-Paardsdrank 4 W egnez

7 7 8

. 62 . 95 . 63

. 11 . 17 . 14

7 1. 7 5. 7 7. 8 0. 8 1. 8 2.

A ll e T ortue I I B elloy-Plaisance C haintreauville L a H aute B orne H auts d e L utz L ongpre-les-Corps-Saints

6 2 6 3 6 2 0 6

1 .15 1 .03 . 60 . 86 . 60 . 69

. 21 . 24 . 14 . 07 . 15 . 05

8 4. 8 5. 8 6.

M arlemont M ontbani I I R oc l a T our I I

7 4 8 1 4

. 83 . 79 . 59

. 11 . 15 . 11

8 7.

S ablonniere d e C oincy I I

3 7

. 77

. 16

2 49

T able A -11.

C ontinued M ean ( cm )

S tandard d eviation

T hickness 1 . 3 .

A ardhorst A chterste B rug

2 5 3

. 23 . 29

. 05 . 08

5 . 8 . 9 . 1 0. 1 1. 1 2. 1 4. 1 5. 2 0. 2 1. 2 2. 2 3. 2 4. 2 5. 2 9. 3 3. 3 4.

H atert L uiksgestel I I L uiksgestel-De M aay L uiksgestel M aarheeze M oerkuilen I M ontfort N ijnsel I V enlo W estelbeers A W estelbeers C A nseremme A wan B aien B ois d e l a H oussiere B usch B rand C hinru B

3 4 8 1 4 7 4 8 9 1 8 4 4 3 9 4 9 4 4

. 24 . 22 . 25 . 24 . 26 . 25 . 24 . 26 . 24 . 23 . 25 . 25 . 32 . 23 . 24 . 28 . 24

. 08 . 02 . 05 . 05 . 05 . 04 . 04 . 06 . 05 . 03 . 06 . 06 . 07 . 04 . 05 . 06 . 04

3 5. 3 7. 3 8. 3 9. 4 1. 4 3. 4 8. 5 0. 5 1. 5 4. 5 5. 5 7. 5 9. 6 1.

E ksel F lönnes 1 F lönnes I I G and-Port A rthur H odainry K leinenbusch I L es M azures M ontaigle N eerharen-De K ip O urlaine ä T heux O verpelt Q uemanes 4 9 S chulen I S chulen I II

5 4 4 1 2 3 6 1 7 1 0 5 5 3 3 3 9 3 5 3

. 27 . 23 . 25 . 25 . 23 . 27 . 25 . 32 . 25 . 26 . 26 . 28 . 27 . 26

. 07 . 06 . 04 . 07 . 02 . 05 . 05 . 06 . 07 . 05 . 05 . 03 . 06 . 06

6 2. 6 5.

S int-Genesius-Rode W eelde I

3 8

. 37 . 31

. 05 . 04

6 6. 6 7. 6 9. 7 1 . 7 5. 8 0.

W eelde-Paardsdrank 1 W eelde-Paardsdrank 4 W egnez A ll e T ortue I I B elloy-Plaisance L a H aute B orne

7 5 8 8 2 1 6

. 20 . 36 . 24 . 31 . 26 . 30

. 06 . 05 . 05 . 06 . 05 . 05

8 1 . 8 2.

H auts d e L utz L ongpre-les-Corps-Saints

1 9 6

. 21 . 23

. 03 . 06

2 50

T able A -11.

C ontinued M ean ( cm )

S tandard d eviation

T hickness 8 4. 8 5. 8 6. 8 7.

M arlemont M ontbani I I R oc l a T our I I S ablonniere d e C oincy I I

6 4 5 1 4 3 8

. 27 . 23 . 24 . 23

. 08 . 04 . 06 . 05

A ardhorst H atert L uiksgestel-De Maay

1 9 3 7

2 .02 1 .46 1 .38

. 27 . 19 . 24

1 0. 1 2. 1 4. 1 5. 2 0. 2 2. 2 4. 2 5. 2 9. 3 5. 3 7. 3 8. 4 3. 4 8. 5 4. 5 5. 5 9. 6 5. 6 7. 7 5. 7 7.

L uiksgestel M oerkuilen I M ontfort N ijnsel I V enlo W estelbeers C A wan B aien B ois d e l a H oussiere E ksel F lönnes I F lönnes I I K leinenbusch I L es M azures O urlaine ä T heux O verpelt S chulen I W eelde I W eelde-Paardsdrank 4 B elloy-Plaisance C haintreauville

1 3 3 7 3 1 1 4 9 4 3 2 7 3 9 6 6 1 7 2 5 5 3 5 9 3

1 .53 1 .39 1 .36 1 .38 1 .44 1 .37 1 .81 1 .63 2 .02 1 .48 1 .29 1 .34 1 .93 1 .61 1 .59 1 .50 2 .12 1 .64 1 .75 2 .24 1 .44

. 24 . 35 . 26 . 45 . 26 . 44 . 33 . 35 . 59 . 18 . 10 . 24 . 37 . 33 . 43 . 24 . 45 . 47 . 31 . 56 . 37

8 0. 8 1. 8 2.

L a H aute B orne H auts d e L utz L ongpre-les-Corps-Saints

4 1 0 6

2 .26 1 .00 1 .43

. 43 . 13 . 21

8 5. 8 6. 8 7.

M ontbani I I R oc l a T our I I S ablonniere d e C oincy I I

2 7 7 2 7

1 .96 1 .59 1 .45

. 52 . 46 . 33

. 78

. 11

1 .53

. 12

L arge T runcation L ength 1 . 5 . 9 .

S mall T runcation L ength 1 .

A ardhorst

4 .

h aagakkers

2 1 3

251

T able A -11 .

C ontinued M ean ( cm )

S tandard d eviation

S mall T runcation L ength

8 . 9 . 1 0. 1 1. 1 2. 1 4. 1 5. 2 0. 2 1. 2 2. 2 3. 2 4. 2 5. 2 9. 3 3. 3 4. 3 5. 3 7. 3 8. 4 1. 4 3. 4 8. 5 0. 5 1. 5 4. 5 5. 5 7. 5 9. 6 1. 6 2. 6 5. 6 6. 6 7. 6 9. 7 1. 7 5. 8 0. 8 1.

H atert L uiksgestel I I L uiksgestel-De M aay L uiksgestel M aarheeze M oerkuilen I M ontfort N ijnsel I V enlo W estelbeers A W estelbeers C A nseremme Awan B aien B ois d e l a h oussiere B usch B rand C hinru B E ksel F lönnes I F lönnes I I H odainry K leinenbusch I L es M azures M ontaigle N eerharen-De K ip O urlaine ä T heux O verpelt Q uemanes 4 9 S chulen I S chulen I II S int-Genesius-Rode W eelde I W eelde-Paardsdrank 1 W eelde-Paardsdrank 4 W egnez A ll e T ortue I I B elloy-Plaisance L a H aute B orne H auts d e L utz

3 4 8 1 3 6 4 8 5 1 5 4 3 3 9 4 7 4 4 4 9 4 9 5 1 3 8 4 3 2 8 3 7 4 5 3 3 7 6 7 5 6 2 1 5 1 8

. 92 . 84 . 89 . 99 . 89 . 79 . 83 1 .06 . 94 . 84 1 .33 . 86 1 .04 . 98 . 92 1 .03 . 88 . 93 . 84 . 86 . 77 1 .01 . 89 . 94 1 .17 1 .00 . 94 . 81 . 77 . 75 1 .21 1 .07 . 71 1 .03 . 80 1 .37 1 .39 . 82 . 71

. 19 . 08 . 17 . 15 . 16 . 18 . 16 . 18 . 33 . 11 . 06 . 12 . 18 . 15 . 11 . 14 . 10 . 13 . 05 . 12 . 14 . 21 . 17 . 12 . 01 . 19 . 20 . 18 . 23 . 23 . 19 . 16 . 13 . 09 . 12 . 27 . 26 . 12 . 18

8 2. 8 4. 8 5.

L ongpre-les-Corps-Saints M arlemont M ontbani I I

5 5 4 6

. 83 . 95 . 93

. 06 . 17 . 19

8 6. 8 7.

R oc l a T our I I S ablonniere d e C oincy I I

1 1 3 4

. 86 . 90

. 12 . 19

5 .

2 52

T able A -11.

C ontinued M ean ( Degrees)

S tandard d eviation

T riangle A ngle 1 . 3 . 5 . 8 . 9 . 1 0. 1 1 . 1 2.

A ardhorst A chterste B rug H atert L uiksgestel I I L uiksgestel-De M aay L uiksgestel M aarheeze M oerkuilen I

2 5 3 3 4 8 1 4 7 4

1 05.1 1 06.3 1 16.0 1 11.0 1 09.4 1 19.5 1 17.1 1 25.5

1 0.9 1 1.9 1 1.1 1 6.2 1 0.6 1 3.2 9 .6 1 0.4

1 4. 1 3.

M ontfort N ijnsel I

8 9

1 17.6 1 29.7

1 0.3 1 0.7

2 0. 2 1.

V enlo W estelbeers A

1 8 4

1 23.1 1 14.8

8 .0 9 .3

2 2. 2 3. 2 4. 2 5. 2 9. 3 3. 3 4. 3 5. 3 7. 3 8. 3 9. 4 1. 4 3. 4 9. 5 0. 5 1. 5 4. 5 5. 5 7. 5 9. 6 1. 6 2. 6 5. 6 6. 6 7. 6 9. 7 1. 7 5. 7 7. 8 0. 8 1. 8 2.

W estelbeers C A nseremme A wan B aien B ois d e l a H oussiere B usch B rand C hinru B E ksel F lönnes I F lönnes I I G and-Port A rthur H odainry K leinenbusch I L es M azures M ontaigle N eerharen-De K ip O urlaine h T heux O verpelt Q ugmanes 4 9 S chulen I S chulen I II S int-Genesius-Roae W eelde I W eelde-Paardsdrank 1 W eelde-Paardsdrank 4 W egnez A llge T ortue I I B elloy-Plaisance C haintrgauville L a H aute B orne H auts d e L utz L ongprg-les-Corps-Saints

4 3 9 4 9 4 5 5 6 4 1 2 3 6 1 7 1 0 5 5 3 4 4 0 5 5 3 3 8 7 7 8 7 2 6 3 6 2 0 6

1 05.3 1 11.3 1 10.9 1 26.8 1 04.8 1 02.0 1 33.0 1 24.4 1 07.5 1 10.9 1 07.7 1 23.3 1 19.1 1 15.1 1 07.2 1 17.3 1 22.9 1 18.3 1 10.2 1 17.0 1 24.3 1 20.3 1 30.5 1 10.6 1 02.4 1 22.1 9 4.6 1 14.1 1 10.7 1 08.5 1 05.2 1 06.8

1 0.5 5 .5 1 5.2 1 6.5 1 3.3 7 .5 2 .5 1 0.1 1 0.6 8 .0 5 .5 1 1.7 1 0.6 1 0.6 1 2.0 1 6.1 1 3.0 1 2.8 1 9.8 1 6.9 1 2.6 9 .0 1 3.2 1 0.3 1 4.8 1 3.2 1 7.7 1 1.2 1 4.0 1 1.9 1 5.0 1 3.5

2 53

T able A -11.

C ontinued M ean ( Degrees)

S tandard d eviation

T riangle A ngle 8 4. 3 5. 3 6. 8 7.

M arlemont M ontbani I I R oc l a T our I I S ablonniere d e C oincy I I

7 4 8 1 4 3 6

1 09.7 1 11.8 1 28.4 1 00.8

6 .0 1 3.0 1 1.4 1 1.3

A ardhorst A chterste B rug H atert L uiksgestel I I L uiksgestel-De M aay

2 5 3 3 4 8

5 6.2 4 8.7 3 8.7 5 0.0 4 2.8

9 .5 1 0.2 4 .9 4 .5 7 .7

1 0. 1 1. 1 2. 1 4. 1 5. 2 0. 2 1. 2 2. 2 3. 2 4. 2 5.

L uiksgestel M aarheeze M oerkuilen I M ontfort N ijnsel I V enlo W estelbeers A W estelbeers C A nseremme A wan B aien

1 4 7 4 7 7 1 8 4 4 3 9 4

3 8.7 4 3.7 3 5.5 4 3.1 3 4.6 3 6.9 4 3.3 4 7.5 4 7.7 4 7.3 3 4.3

8 .1 9 .8 6 .1 7 .5 6 .9 6 .3 8 .1 1 0.5 4 .2 1 2.5 1 2.7

2 9. 3 3. 3 4. 3 5.

B ois d e l a H oussiere B usch B rand C hinru B E ksel

9 4 5 5 5

5 3.7 5 6.5 3 1.2 3 6.7

1 3.1 1 2.4 5 .1 7 .8

3 7. 3 8. 3 9. 4 1. 4 3. 4 8. 5 0. 5 1. 5 4. 5 5. 5 7.

F lönnes I F lönnes I I G and-Port A rthur H odainry K leinenbusch I L es M azures M ontaigle N eerharen-De K ip O urlaine h T heux O verpelt Q uemanes 4 9

4 1 2 3 6 1 6 1 0 5 5 3 4 4 0 5

4 7.8 4 4.5 4 3.0 3 7.7 4 1.4 4 3.2 5 8.0 3 9.6 3 7.8 4 0.3 5 0.0

6 .9 7 .2 4 .6 9 .4 1 0.8 1 1.4 7 .9 9 .7 9 .5 9 .1 1 1.6

5 9. 6 1.

S chulen I S chulen I II

5 3

5 2.6 4 4.3

9 .2 1 0.7

6 2. 6 5. 6 6.

S int-Genesius-Rode W eelde I W eelde-Paardsdrank 1

3 6 7

4 3.0 3 4.3 4 8.1

5 .3 6 .5 1 2.6

S mall P oint A ngle 1 . 3 . 5 .

8 . 9 .

2 54

T able A -11.

C ontinued M ean ( Degrees)

S tandard d eviation

5 2.4 4 0.6 5 6.9 4 1.3 4 6.0 5 6.0 5 0.0 4 7.3 4 9.0 4 8.9 3 6.4 5 3.7

9 .6 1 0.8 1 0.9 7 .9 1 .7 1 2.1 1 3.9 8 .0 6 .2 9 .8 1 0.0 9 .9

S mall P oint Angle 6 7. 6 9. 7 1 . 7 5. 7 7. 8 0. 8 1. 8 2. 8 4. 8 5. 8 6. 8 7.

W eelde-Paardsdrank 4 W egnez A ll e T ortue I I B elloy-Plaisance C haintreauville L a H aute B orne H auts d e L utz L ongpre-les-Corps-Saints M arlemont M ontbani I I R oc l a T our I I S ablonniere d e C oincy I I

7 8 7 2 6 3 6 2 0 6 7 4 8 1 4 3 7

2 55

T able A -12 Metric a ttributes o f r ight a ngled t rapezes.

Mean ( cm )

S tandard d eviation

1 .17 1 .10

. 14 . 09

W idth 2 . 1 1.

A cht I Maarheeze

3 4

3 1.

B recht-Moordenaarsven 2

5

. 96

. 13

3 2. 4 6. 5 2.

B recht-Thomas H ey V eld L ommel O pglabbeek-Ruiterskuil

1 6 2 3 4

1 .29 1 .16 1 .09

. 15 . 13 . 21

6 5. 6 6.

Weelde I W eelde-Paardsdrank 1

4 3 9

1 .06 1 .15

. 29 . 19

6 7. 6 8.

W eelde-Paardsdrank 4 W eelde-Paardsdrank 5

3 4 1 4

1 .16 1 .07

. 16 . 13

7 1. 7 2. 7 3.

A llge-Tortue I I A llge-Tortue I V A llge-Tortue X

1 4 4 0 3 9

1 .25 1 .16 1 .15

. 16 . 20 . 14

7 3. 8 3.

G entelles Marais P ipy

1 0 6

1 .21 1 .32

. 20 . 19

T hickness 3

. 30

. 08

1 1.

2 .

Maarheeze

A cht

I

5

. 25

. 04

2 0.

V enlo

5

. 27

. 05

3 1. 3 2.

B recht-Moordenaarsven 2 B recht-Thomas H ey V eld

5 1 6

. 23 . 32

. 05 . 06

4 6.

L ommel

2 2

5 2. 6 5.

O pglabbeek-Ruiterskuil W eelde I

6 6.

W eelde-Paardsdrank 1

6 7. 6 8.

W eelde-Paardsdrank 4 W eelde-Paardsdrank 5

. 28

. 06

. 25 . 25

. 06 . 05

4 2

. 26

. 04

3 8 1 4

. 26 . 26

. 05 . 03

4 5

7 1.

A llge-Tortue I I

1 4

. 28

. 04

7 2. 7 3. 7 8.

A llge-Tortue I V A llge-Tortue X G entelles

4 0 3 9 1 0

. 25 . 27 . 23

. 05 . 05 . 03

2 56

T able A -12.

C ontinued Mean ( cm )

S tandard d eviation

1 .65 1 .37 2 .20 2 .01

. 09 . 30 . 34 . 42

L arge B ase L ength 1 1. 3 1. 3 2. 4 6.

M aarheeze B recht-Moordenaarsven 2 B recht-Thomas h ey V eld L ommel

3 4 9 1 9

5 2.

O pglabbeek-Ruiterskuil

3

1 .71

. 23

6 3. 6 6.

W eelde I W eelde-Paardsdrank 1

5 3 4

1 .64 1 .84

. 12 . 15

6 7.

W eelde-Paardsdrank 4

2 8

1 .73

. 17

6 8. 7 1.

W eelde-Paardsdrank 5 A llge-Tortue I I

1 2 1 3

1 .62 1 .87

. 19 . 30

7 2.

A llge-Tortue I V

2 7

1 .71

. 31

7 3. 7 8.

A llge-Tortue X G entelles

2 9 5

1 .94 1 .66

. 29 . 21

8 3.

Marais P ipy

4

1 .84

. 15

3 5

1 .37 1 .44

. 13 . 21

5

1 .12

. 24

1 .33 1 .57

. 26 . 26

1 .33 1 .33

. 21 . 11

C entral Axis L ength 2 . 1 1.

A cht I M aarheeze

3 1.

B recht-Moordenaarsven 2

3 2. 4 6.

B recht-Thomas H ey V eld L ommel

5 2. 6 5.

O pglabbeek-Ruiterskuil W eelde I

6 6.

W eelde-Paardsdrank 1

3 9

1 .49

. 16

6 7. 6 3.

W eelde-Paardsdrank 4 W eelde-Paardsdrank 5

3 8 1 3

1 .39 1 .26

. 19 . 16

7 1. 7 2. 7 8.

A llge-Tortue I I A llge-Tortue I V G entelles

1 4 4 0 8

1 .28 1 .19 1 .37

. 18 . 21 . 22

4 3 4

. 35 . 64 . 74

. 15 . 21 . 29

1 5 2 3 4 5

S mall B ase L ength 1 1. 2 0. 3 1.

M aarheeze V enlo B recht-Moordenaarsven 2

3 2.

B recht-Thomas H ey V eld

1 3

. 87

. 24

4 6.

L ommel

2 1

1 .03

. 20

5 2.

O pglabbeek-Ruiterskuil

. 75

. 49

6 6. 6 7.

W eelde-Paardsdrank 1 W eelde-Paardsdrank 4

3 1 2 8

. 99 . 97

. 28 . 21

6 8.

W eelde-Paardsdrank 5

1 2

. 71

. 15

4

257

T able A -12.

C ontinued M ean ( cm)

S tandard d eviation

S mall B ase L ength 7 1. 7 2. 7 3. 7 8. 8 3.

A llee T ortue I I A llee T ortue I V A llee T ortue X G entelles M arais P ipy

1 2 3 7 3 0 6 6

. 63 . 65 . 69 . 66 . 82

. 13 . 16 . 19 . 20 . 19

( degrees) L arge P oint A ngle 2 . 1 1. 2 0. 3 1. 3 2. 4 6. 5 2. 6 5. 6 6. 6 7. 6 8. 7 1. 7 2. 7 3. 7 8.

A cht I M aarheeze V enlo B recht-Moordenaarsven 2 B recht-Thomas H ey V eld L ommel O pglabbeek-Ruiterskuil W eelde I W eelde-Paardsdrank 1 W eelde-Paardsdrank 4 W eelde-Paardsdrank 5 A ll e-Tortue I I A llee-Tortue I V A llge-Tortue X G entelles

3 5 3 6 1 6 2 3 4 5 4 1 3 8 1 4 1 4 4 0 3 9 1 0

2 58

5 1.0 4 6.2 4 2.3 3 1.7 3 7.1 4 5.1 4 9.5 5 3.2 4 8.0 5 1.2 4 4.4 4 1.5 4 3.4 3 8.7 3 2.7

1 0.8 1 3.8 7 .1 3 1.6 5 .2 1 2.6 1 5.4 4 .3 7 .6 9 .0 8 .8 7 .1 8 .4 5 .3 2 3.3

T able A -13 M etric a ttributes o f r hombic t rapezes.

M eans ( cm )

S tandard d eviation

W idth 1 1. 2 3. 2 5. 3 1. 3 2.

M aarheeze A nseremme B aien B recht-Moordenaarsven 2 B recht-Thomas H ey V eld

5 3 4 1 9 2 0

1 .21 1 .08 1 .24 1 .32 1 .28

. 09 . 22 . 15 . 22 . 25

4 6. 5 2. 6 6. 6 7. 6 8. 7 0. 7 1. 7 2. 7 3.

L ommel O pglabbeek-Ruiterskuil W eelde-Paardsdrank 1 W eelde-Paardsdrank 4 W eelde-Paardsdrank 5 A bbaye-au-Bois A llge-Tortue I I A llge-Tortue I V A llge-Tortue X

2 1 2 3 1 7 1 7 1 1 3 0 5 1 2 1 1

1 .37 1 .51 1 .29 1 .41 1 .29 1 .39 1 .40 1 .40 1 .27

. 19 . 23 . 16 . 22 . 12 . 20 . 25 . 25 . 12

7 4.

A miens-Etouvie

3

1 .32

. 15

T hickness 1 1. 2 3. 2 5. 3 1. 3 2. 4 6. 5 2. 6 6. 6 7. 6 8.

M aarheeze A nseremme B aien B recht-Moordenaarsven 2 B recht-Thomas H ey V eld L ommel O pglabbeek-Ruiterskuil W eelde-Paardsdrank 1 W eelde-Paardsdrank 4 W eelde-Paardsdrank 5

6 3 4 2 1 2 1 4 6 2 3 1 7 2 0 1 3

. 29 . 24 . 33 . 32 . 30 . 32 . 37 . 30 . 36 . 32

. 05 . 06 . 06 . 05 . 05 . 07 . 09 . 07 . 05 . 08

7 0. 7 1. 7 2. 7 3. 7 4.

A bbaye-au-Bois A llge-Tortue I I A llge-Tortue I V A llge-Tortue X A miens-Etouvie

2 9 5 1 2 1 1 3

. 34 . 32 . 30 . 29 . 29

. 06 . 04 . 07 . 05 . 09

2 59

T able A -13.

C ontinued M ean ( cm )

S tandard d eviation

L arge B ase L ength 3 1. 3 2.

B recht-Moordenaarsven 2 B recht-Thomas H ey V eld

1 0 1 0

2 .16 1 .76

. 44 . 39

4 6. 5 2. 6 6. 6 7. 6 8. 7 0. 7 1. 7 2.

L ommel O pglabbeek-Ruiterskuil W eelde-Paardsdrank 1 W eelde-Paardsdrank 4 W eelde-Paardsdrank 5 A bbaye-au-Bois A llee-Tortue I I A llge-Tortue I V

1 9 1 3 1 0 1 1 6 1 2 5 8

2 .03 2 .03 1 .90 1 .84 2 .06 2 .07 2 .29 1 .94

. 28 . 38 . 36 . 30 . 07 . 15 . 21 . 45

7 3.

A llge-Tortue X

1 0

1 .92

. 22

6

1 .51

. 22

3 4 1 8 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 6 2 0 1 1 3 0 5 1 2

1 .53 1 .30 1 .62 1 .49 1 .64 1 .72 1 .49 1 .55 1 .60 1 .52 1 .72 1 .30

. 24 . 22 . 28 . 22 . 24 . 34 . 22 . 23 . 28 . 17 . 19 . 33

. 77 . 77 . 98 . 89 . 96

. 20 . 45 . 34 . 26 . 33

. 90 1 .03 . 75

. 34 . 21 . 15

. 90 . 85 . 78 . 65

. 23 . 37 . 03 . 21

C entral A xis L ength 1 1.

M aarheeze

2 3. 2 5. 3 1. 3 2. 4 6. 5 2. 6 6. 6 7. 6 8. 7 0. 7 1. 7 2.

A nseremme B aien B recht-Moordenaarsven 2 B recht-Thomas H ey V eld L ommel O pglabbeek-Ruiterskuil W eelde-Paardsdrank 1 W eelde-Paardsdrank 4 W eelde-Paardsdrank 5 A bbaye-au-Bois A llge-Tortue I I A llge-Tortue I V

S mall B ase L ength 1 1. 2 5. 3 1. 3 2. 4 6.

M aarheeze B aien B recht-Moordenaarsven 2 B recht-Thomas H ey V eld L ommel

4 4 1 4 1 1 2 0

5 2. 6 6. 6 7.

O pglabbeek-Ruiterskuil W eelde-Paardsdrank 1 W eelde-Paardsdrank 4

1 5 1 3 1 4

6 d. 7 0. 7 1. 7 2.

W eelde-Paardsdrank 5 A bbaye-au-Bois A llge-Tortue I I A llge-Tortue I V

1 0 9 4 9

2 60

T able A -13.

C ontinued M ean ( cm)

S tandard d eviation

S mall B ase L ength 7 3.

A llge-Tortue X

6

. 87

. 17

( degrees) L arge P oint A ngle 1 1 .

M aarheeze

2 3. 2 5. 3 1. 3 2. 4 6. 5 2. 6 6. 6 7. 6 8. 7 0 . 7 1 . 7 2. 7 3. 7 4.

A nseremme B aien B recht-Moordenaarsven 2 B recht-Thomas H ey V eld L ommel O pglabbeek-Ruiterskuil W eelde-Paardsdrank 1 W eelde-Paardsdrank 4 W eelde-Paardsdrank 5 A bbaye-au-Bois A llge-Tortue I I A llge-Tortue I V A llge-Tortue X A miens-Etouvie

4

3 9.3

5 .7

3 4 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 6 2 0 1 2 3 3 5 1 2 1 1 3

4 2.3 3 7.3 3 2.9 3 9.0 3 7.0 4 0.8 4 1.1 4 0.4 3 9.8 2 0.2 3 4.8 3 8.4 4 0.2 3 7.0

1 8.5 6 .0 1 5.2 1 0.4 4 .2 1 0.6 8 .9 9 .5 5 .5 2 1.6 2 .8 6 .2 6 .0 3 .0

S mall P oint A ngle 1 1. 2 3. 2 5. 3 1. 3 2. 4 6.

M aarheeze A nseremme B aien B recht-Moordenaarsven 2 B recht-Thomas H ey V eld L ommel

6 3 4 2 1 2 1 2 1

1 10.7 1 07.0 1 11.5 1 10.8 1 08.8 1 13.1

6 .5 2 .0 4 .0 7 .6 8 .7 6 .3

5 2. 6 6. 6 7.

O pglabbeek-Ruiterskuil W eelde-Paardsdrank 1 W eelde-Paardsdrank 4

2 3 1 6 2 0

1 13.9 1 13.6 1 11.7

9 .9 7 .9 6 .9

6 8. 7 0. 7 1. 7 2.

W eelde-Paardsdrank 5 A bbaye-au-Bois A llge-Tortue I I A llge-Tortue I V

1 2 3 3 5 1 2

1 06.2 1 03.1 1 04.4 1 06.2

1 2.8 3 7.0 3 .3 5 .4

7 3. 7 4.

A llge-Tortue X A miens-Etouvie

1 1 3

1 02.9 1 05.3

3 .1 1 0.2

2 6 1

APPENDIX B STATISTICAL

PROCEDURES

M ultivariate s tatistical a nalyses a nd c orrelation a re u sed i n t his s tudy a s a m eans o f d escribing s tylistic s imilarities a nd d ifferences b etween a ssemblages a nd t o c haracterize t he s patial d istribution o f s tylistic a ttributes. T hese s tatistics a re e mployed t o a id i n t he b ehavioral i nterpretation o f s tylistic v ariation. T he r ationale f or t he u tilization o f t he s pecific s tatistical p rocedures i s d iscussed i n C hapter 4 ; t heir o peration a nd t he a daptation o f t he d ata i s p resented b elow . C luster a nalysis a nd p rincipal c omponents a nalysis a re u sed e xtensively i n t his s tudy . B oth p rocedures a re u sed t o g roup s ites o n t he b asis o f s imilarities i n i ndividual s tylistic a ttributes o r s elected a ttribute c ombinations. I nitially , t he r aw d ata ( percentages o f v arious a ttribute s tates i n t he c ase o f n on-metric a ttributes) w ere a dapted f or t he a nalyses b y t he a pplication o f t he i nverse s ine t ransformation ( Bartlett 1 974:45-6). T he t ransformation h as b een u sed f or s imilar a nalyses o f s tylistic v ariation b y C lose ( 1977) a nd C lose e t a l. ( 1979) a nd " to s ome e xtent ' de-correlates' t he v alues" ( Close e t a l . 1 979:218). I t i s g iven a s 0 (i)

= s in - l (P(i)/100) / 2 1

w here P (i) i s t he p ercentage f requency o f v ariable i , a nd 0 i s e xpressed i n r adians. M issing v alues f or a v ariable w ere s ubstituted w ith t he a verage v alue f or t hat v ariable i n a ll o ther a ssemblages. C luster a nalysis w as p erformed o n a m atrix o f d istance c oefficients ( Squared E uclidean d istance). T he c oefficient r epresents t he s um o f t he s quared d ifferences i n v alues f or e ach v ariable b etween e ach p air o f a ssemblages, a nd i s e xpressed a s =

( Xi k - Xik)2 ) k =1

w here t he d istance b etween p oints ( assemblages) i a nd j i s d enoted b y a ndXik i s t he v alue o f t he k thvariable f or t he i th a ssemblage. S ites t hen w ere g rouped t hrough h ierarchical l inkage a ccording t o W ard's m ethod ( error s um o f s quares). T he e rror s um o f s quares i s d efined a s t he s um o f t he d istances f rom e ach a ssemblage t o t he c entroid o f i ts p arent c luster a nd t he m ethod c ombines t wo a ssemblages o r c lusters w hose f usion r esults i n t he l east i ncrease i n t he e rror s um o f s quares ( Wishart 1 978:33). T he r esults o f t he c luster a nalysis a re d isplayed a s ah ierarchical t ree ( dendrogram) w hich s hows t he s uccessive f usion o f i ndividual s ites a nd c lusters u ntil t he e ntire s ample f orms a s ingle c luster. T he n umbered s cale o n t he d endrogram i ndicates t he v alue o f t he e rror s um o f s quares. P rincipal c omponents a nalysis i s at echnique o f d ata r eduction w hich a ttempts t o c onstruct a n ew s et o f v ariables o n t he b asis o f t he i nterrelations i nherent i n t he o riginal v ariables o r d ata s et ( Kim 1 975:470). I n t his i nstance, t he p rincipal c omponents a nalysis i s p erformed o n am atrix o f c orrelation c oefficients c alculated b etween t he t ransformed s tylistic a ttributes f rom t he a rchaeological a ssemblages. T he f irst p rincipal c omponent a ttempts t o f ind t he b est l inear c ombination

2 62

o f t he o riginal v ariables t hat a ccounts f or t he g reatest a mount o f v ariance i n t he d ata--in d oing s o d efining t he f irst n ew v ariable. S ubsequent p rincipal c omponents ( or a xes) f ind t he b est l inear c ombination t hat a ccounts f or t he m ost r esidual v ariance i n t he d ata, p rovided t hat t he n ew a xis i s o rthogonal t o t he p receding p rincipal c omponent. T he r esults o f t he p rincipal c omponents a nalysis m ay b e d isplayed a s a s catter d iagram s howing t he p lacement o f a ssemblages i n t wo d imensions b ased o n t wo c omponents. P roximity o f a ssemblages o n t he s catter d iagram s hould r elate t o s imilarities b etween s ites b ased o n t he t wo n ew v ariables. A ny t wo p rincipal c omponents m ay b e p lotted. H owever, s ince t he f irst t wo p rincipal c omponents g enerally e xplain t he m ajority o f t he v ariance i n t he d ata, o nly t he f irst a nd s econd p rincipal c omponents h ave b een i ncluded i n t he s catter d iagrams g iven i n C hapter 6 . B oth t he c luster a nalyses i nd t he p rincipal c omponent a nalyses w ere p erformed u sing t he s uite o f p rograms a vailable w ith C LUSTAN 1 C, R elease 2 ( Wishart 1 978). P earson's p roduct-moment c orrelation c oefficient w as u sed t o p rovide a dditional d efinition o f d istributional p rofiles o f s tylistic v ariation. F actor s cores d erived f rom t he f irst t wo p rincipal c omponents o f s ite l ocation ( see C hapter 6 ) w ere c orrelated w ith f actor s cores f or t he r espective a ssemblages d erived f rom t he a nalysis o f s tylistic a ttributes. T he f actor s cores a re e stimates f or a p articular s ite o r a ssemblage a long t he p rincipal c omponent a xes. T he r esulting c orrelation c oefficients ( see T ables 6 -1, 6 -3, a nd 6 -5), a long w ith t he s catter-plot o f t he f actor s cores a id i n t he c haracterization o f p rofiles o f s tylistic v ariation.

2 63