Marxist Governments: A World Survey 9780312518578, 0312518579, 9780312518585, 0312518587, 9780312518592, 0312518595

Citation preview

GOVERNMENTS A WORLD SURVEY VOLUME 3 MOZAMBIQUE-YUGOSLAVIA

The growing number and global significance of Marxist governments throughout the world, now numbering twenty-seven, present those interested in contemporary political developments with an increasing challenge. Fo a number of years writers on communism have concentrated on the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and China, and ignored the steady increase of communism elsewhere in the world This publication is unique in several respects. For the first time it places the Marxist-Leninis regimes alongside each other, making possible their comprehensive comparison. It shows that, depending on a variety of historical, cultural and political factors, the fundamental Marxist-Leninist ideology has assumed different forms at different times and in different places. It also demonstrates the rich diversity among those societies where attempts to synthesize ideology and national realities have often meant distinctive approaches and solutions to the problems of social, political and economic development. Twenty-five specialists from eight countries spanning four continents have participated in this joint venture. The geographical diversity of the authors, combined with the fact that as a group they represent many disciplines of social science, gives this collection an additional and unusual dimension. Furthermore, it provides the reader with a novel opportunity to compare the entire spectrum of communist governments, from the oldest (the USSR) to the youngest (Ethiopia).

Volume three covers Mozambique, Poland, Romania, Somalia, the USSR, Vietnam, the People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen and Yugoslavia.

For a note on the editor, please see the back flap

ISBN 0-312-51859-5

111

'OIINTY public library ..III! mill II mill I

/T£/V7 mscarded 32 7

335.43 M363 v.3 Marxist governments

7033827 335.43 M363 v.3 Marxist governments

ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY FORT WAYNE, INDIANA 46802

You may return this book to any agency, branch, or bookmobile of the Allen County Public Library DEMCO

Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2018

https://archive.org/details/marxistgovernmen03szaj

MARXIST GOVERNMENTS A World Survey

Volume 3

Mozambique— Yugoslavia

Also edited by Bogdan Szajkowski MARXIST GOVERNMENTS Volume 1

Albania— The Congo

Volume 2

Cuba — Mongolia

DOCUMENTS IN COMMUNIST AFFAIRS - 1977 DOCUMENTS IN COMMUNIST AFFAIRS - 1979 DOCUMENTS IN COMMUNIST AFFAIRS-1980

MARXIST GOVERNMENTS A World Survey Volume 3

Mozambique-Yugoslavia

Edited by

BOGDAN SZAJKOWSKI Lecturer in Politics and Comparative Communism University College, Cardiff

St. Martin’s Press

New York

ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY FORT WAYNE, INDIANA

© Bogdan Szajkowski 1981 All rights reserved. For information write: St. Martin’s Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Printed in Hong Kong First published in the United States of America in 1981 Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3

Albania-The Congo Cuba - Mongolia Mozambique-Yugoslavia

ISBN 0-312-51857-9 ISBN 0-312-51858-7 ISBN 0-312-51859-5

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Marxist governments. Includes indexes. CONTENTS: v. 1. Albania--The Congo. -v. 2. Cuba - Mongolia.-v. 3. Mozambique-Yugoslavia. 1. Communist state. 2. Communist countries — Politics and government. I. Szajkowski, Bogdan. JC474.M3512 1980 320.9T7U7 79-25471

)

7033827

FOR SOPHIE

•

)

Contents List of Maps

.viii

List of Figures

viii

List of Tables

ix

Preface

xi

List of Abbreviations

xiv

Notes on the Editor and Contributors

xvii

19

People’s Republic of Mozambique

Thomas FI. Henrik sen

20

Polish People’s Republic

21

Socialist Republic of Romania

22

Somali Democratic Republic

23

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

24

Socialist Republic of Vietnam

25

People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen

26

Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia Fred B. Singleton

784

Glossary

822

Index to Volume 3

xxi

George Sanford

Vll

553

Michael Shafir loan Lewis

589 640

Ronald J. Hill

David Elliott

Cumulative Index for Volumes 1-3

527

Tareq Y. Ismael

661 713 755

li

List of Maps Mozambique Poland: provincial boundaries Romania: provincial boundaries Somalia: provincial boundaries Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Vietnam: provincial boundaries People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen: boundaries of governorates Yugoslavia: boundaries of republics and autonomous provinces

528 554 590 641 662 714 756 785

List of Figures 22.1 Central structure of the Somali Socialist Revolutionary Party 24.1 Governmental structure of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 25.1 Organisational structure of the National Front of People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen 26.1 The government of Yugoslavia, 1974

Vlll

651 728 774 799

List of Tables 19.1 19.2 19.3 20.1 20.2 20.3 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 22.1 22.2 23.1 24.1 24.2 24.3 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4

Members of the Mozambican Permanent Political Committee and their governmental positions Numbers of assemblies and deputies in Mozambique Composition of the Mozambican People’s National Assembly Membership and social composition of the PUWP, 1948-75 PUWP Political Bureau elected by the Seventh Congress, December 1975 Membership of Poland’s United Peasant and Democratic Parties RCP (RWP) membership, 1944-78 Social composition of the RWP/RCP, 1955-78 Romanian foreign trade, 1960-76 Romanian election results, 1952-75 State or joint State-Party positions held by members of the Romanian Permanent Bureau, 1978 Composition of Somali governments by major lineage blocs, 1960-75 Political Bureau of the Somali Socialist Revolutionary Party USSR: administrative divisions, 1 January 1977 Development of the Vietnamese Party: membership 1945-78 Results of the 1976 National Assembly elections in Vietnam Posts held by members of the Political Bureau of the VCP, 1977 Membership of the LCY, 1941-78 Social composition of the LCY, 1976 Membership of the LCY by republic, 1976 Members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the LCY, 1978 ix

534 536 536 565 568 571 597 601 604 614 618 644 650 697 724 729 730 809 810 810 811

x 26.5

List of Tables Membership of socio-political organisations in Yogoslavia, 1976

t

812

)

Preface The growth in the number, global significance and ideological and political impact of countries ruled by parties which subscribe to the principles of Marxism-Leninism has presented students of politics with an increasing challenge. In meeting this challenge, Western commen¬ tators have put forward a dazzling profusion of terms, models, programmes and varieties of interpretation. It is against the background of this profusion that the present comprehensive survey of the Marxist-Leninist regimes is offered. This collection, in three volumes, is envisaged as a textbook and to some extent reference book on the governments and politics of these states. Each of the monographs in these volumes was prepared by a specialist on the country concerned. Thus, twenty-five scholars from all over the world have contributed monographs which are based on first¬ hand knowledge. The geographical diversity of the authors, combined with the fact that as a group they represent many disciplines of social science, gives their individual analyses, and the collection as a whole, an additional and unique dimension. Each volume contains short bio¬ graphical notes on the relevant authors. The collection, which is organised alphabetically by country, is preceded by two theoretical chapters. The first, ‘The Communist Movement: from Monolith to Polymorph’, by outlining the history and development of the study of the Marxist-Leninist regimes, suggests that a radically new approach be taken to the study of the politics of communism. The second chapter, on the meaning of a Marxist regime, examines the theoretical parameters of the collection. Three regimes have had to be omitted. In the case of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and the Democratic Republic of Madagascar, this was more for reasons of insufficient data than because their MarxistLeninist orthodoxy was in dispute. Also excluded from the analysis is the communist government of San Marino, which was voted into office when the preparation of this collection was in its final stages. It is hoped in subsequent editions to include chapters on the communist-led state governments in India, the communist parties’ XI

xii

Preface

experiences in post-war West European governments, and the communist-led local councils in Italy, France, the Federal Republic of Germany and Portugal. Each of the twenty-five scholars who contributed to this collection was asked to analyse such topics as the governmental structure, including the constitutional framework, the system of elections, the ruling party - variously called communist, labour, socialist or workers’ - other mass organisations, party-state relations, the economy, domestic policies and foreign relations, as well as any features peculiar to the country and/or party under discussion. The exceptions to the pattern are the chapters on the USSR and China, where the wealth of material available could not be satisfactorily presented within the available space, and the article on Ethiopia, where the Marxist-Leninist experiment is still very new and does not yet permit extensive analysis. Every effort has been made by the contributors to compile and present data on party and mass-organisation membership, electoral returns and multiple office-holding, except in the few cases where no such data exist. In the preparation of this collection I have been given help by many people, some of whom should be singled out for special acknowledgement. I am most grateful for the help afforded me by the Hon. Dr Abdulai Conteh, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Sierra Leone; Dr Thomas G. Hart of the Swedish Institute of International Affairs; Dr Tom Keenoy of University College, Cardiff; Dr Gary Troeller of the United Nations High Commission for Refugees; and Mr Richard Hodder-Williams of the University of Bristol. I am grateful to all the contributors. Special thanks are due to Mr Michael Waller, Dr Ronald Hill, Ms Laura Summers, Professor Peter Schwab, Mr Fred Singleton and Dr Leslie Holmes. Very special thanks are also due to Mrs Val Dobie for her help with the manuscripts, to Mr Tom Dawkes for his help in compiling the indexes, and to Mr Michael Breaks, the Social Science Librarian at University College, Cardiff, for his advice. I would also like to thank Miss Valery Brooks and her colleagues at Macmillan for their help in seeing these books through the press. I am also very grateful to Mrs Jeanne Moorsom, whose house. The Coppice, proved to be the perfect place in which to write and was a most welcome refuge from the noise of my otherwise lavable children. All the maps in this collection have been superbly drawn by Mrs Margaret Millen of the Department of Geology of University College,

Preface

xiii

Cardiff; her patience and endeavour were very much appreciated. Above all, my very special gratitude goes to my wife, Martha, whose encouragement and help have been invaluable throughout the many months of work on these volumes. 4 January 1979 Dinas Powis

Bogdan Szajkowski

List of Abbreviations Note: owing to their great familiarity, abbreviations such as km., vol., EEC, US and USSR are omitted from this list. AK AL ASEAN AVNOJ BOAL COAL Comecon Comintern COSVN CPSU CPY DP DRV FAES FLOSY FNU FPLM Frelimo FRG GCSTU GDR GFTU GL GNA Gosplan GUKPiW GYP

[Home Army] (Poland) [People’s Army] (Poland) Association of South-East Asian States [Anti-Fascist Council for National Liberation] (Yugoslavia) Basic Organisation of Associated Labour (Yugoslavia) Complex Organisation of Associated Labour (Yugoslavia) Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Communist International [Central Office for South Vietnam] Communist Party of the Soviet Union Communist Party of Yugoslavia Democratic Party (Poland) Democratic Republic of Vietnam Federation of Arab Emirates of the South Front for the Liberation of South Yemen Front of National Unity (Poland) [People’s Forces for the Liberation of Mozambique] [Front for the Liberation of Mozambique] Federal Republic of Germany General Confederation of Somali Trade Unions German Democratic Republic [General Confederation of Labour] (Vietnam) [People’s Guards] (Poland) Grand National Assembly (Romania) [State Planning Commission] (USSR) [Main Department for the Control of the Press, Publications and Entertainments] (Poland) [People’s Vigilance Group] (Mozambique) xiv

)

List of Abbreviations ICP Komsomol KOR KPP KPRP KRN KSS LCY LDP LIFEMO

MPLA NFLOS NLF OAU OLOS OMM PAX PCP PCR PDRY PFLO PKWN PPR PPS PROSY PRP PSC PUWP PWP RCP RSFSR RWP SAWPY SDKPiL SDR SDWO

xv

Indochinese Communist Party [Young Communist League] (USSR) [Workers’ Defence Committee] (Poland) [Polish Communist Party] [Polish Communist Workers’ Party] [National Council] (Poland) [Committee for Social Self-Defence] (Poland) League of Communists of Yugoslavia Lao-Dong Party [Vietnam Workers’ Party] [League of Mozambican Women] Movimento Popular de Libertagao de Angola (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola) National Front for the Liberation of the Occupied South (Yemen) National Liberation Front (Yemen) Organisation of African Unity Organisation for the Liberation of the Occupied South (Yemen) [Organisation of Mozambican Women] [State-encouraged Catholic organisation] (Poland) Portuguese Communist Party Partidul Comunist Roman [Romanian Communist Party] People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman [Polish Committee of National Liberation] Polish Workers’ Party [Polish Socialist Party] People’s Republic of South Yemen People’s Revolutionary Party (Vietnam) People’s Supreme Council (Yemen) Polish United Workers’ Party Polish Workers’ Party Romanian Communist Party Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Romanian Workers’ Party Socialist Alliance of the Working People of Yugoslavia [Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania] Special drawing right (International Monetary Fund) Somali Democratic Women’s Organisation

xvi SEATO SFRY SRC SRV SRYU SSR SSRP SUF UCY UPO-NF UPP VCP VNQDD VWP WSLF WTO ZBoWID

List of Abbreviations South-East Asia Treaty Organisation Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia Supreme Revolutionary Council (Somalia) Socialist Republic of Vietnam Somali Revolutionary Youth Union Soviet Socialist Republic Somali Socialist Revolutionary Party Socialist Unity Front (Romania) Union of Communist Youth (Romania) Unified Political Organisation - National Front (Yemen) United Peasant Party (Poland) Vietnam Communist Party Viet-Nam Quoc-Dan Dang (Vietnam Nationalist Party) Vietnam Workers’ Party Western Somali Liberation Front Warsaw Treaty Organisation [War Veterans’ Organisation] (Poland)

)

Notes on the Editor and Contributors was educated in Eastern Europe and the Centre for Russian and East European Studies at Birmingham University. He conducted his postgraduate research at King’s College, Cambridge, and St Antony’s College, Oxford. Subsequently he was appointed to a lectureship in Comparative Communism at the Australian National University in Canberra. He has also taught at University College, Dublin, and is now Lecturer in Politics and Comparative Communism at University College, Cardiff. His writings on contemporary commun¬ ist affairs have appeared in professional journals and the press, and he has extensive broadcasting experience. He is the editor of the annual volume Documents in Communist Affairs. Bogdan Szajkowski

received his BA from Yale and his Ph.D from Cornell University. He spent a total of six years in Vietnam with the US Army, with the Rand Corporation, and as a private scholar. His research interests have been centred on the Vietnamese revolutionary movement in South Vietnam and the problems of political integration in North Vietnam. In addition to his Ph.D dissertation titled ‘Revolutionary Reintegration: the Foundation of the Post-liberation State in China and Vietnam’, he has written several articles on contemporary Vietnamese politics, including ‘North Vietnam since Ho’, in Problems of Communism, and ‘Political Integration in North Vietnam: the Cooperativization Period’, in J. Zasloflf and McAlister Brown (eds), Communism in Indochina: New Perspectives (Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1975). David Elliott

H. Henriksen is Associate Professor of History at the State University of New York, Plattsburgh. He is the author of Mozambique: A History f London: Rex Codings, 1978) and is co-editing Chinese and Soviet Aid to Africa (New York: Praeger, forthcoming). A graduate of Michigan State University, he has written numerous articles appearing in the Journal of Modern African Studies, African Affairs, African Thomas

xvn

xviii

Notes on the Editor and Contributors

Studies Review and Phylon. He served as Chairman of the New York African Studies Association in 1976-7. J. Hill trained in Russian studies at Leeds University (1961-5) and in political science at University of Essex (MA, 1968; Ph.D, 1974). He was appointed in 1969 to his present post as Lecturer in Political Science at Trinity College, Dublin, where he was elected a Fellow in 1978. He specialises in Soviet politics and society, and has several times visited the USSR and Eastern Europe, including extended visits to Kishinev and Moscow. He is the author of Soviet Political Elites: The Case of Tiraspol (London: Martin Robertson, 1977), and has con¬ tributed articles and reviews to a number of scholarly journals. He is at present completing a book on political science and political reform in the Soviet Union. Ronald

Y. Ismael is Professor of Political Science at the University of Calgary. He was educated at the Universities of Baghdad and Indiana and received his Ph.D at George Washington University in 1967. He is the author of several books on contemporary Middle East politics, including Governments and Polities of the Contemporary Middle East (Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey, 1970); The Middle East in World Politics: A Study in Contemporary International Relations (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1974); The Arab Left: A Study in Contemporary Ideology (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1976). He has contributed to several collections and written numerous articles, some of which have been translated.

Tareq

is Professor of Anthropology at the London School of Economics and Political Science. He was educated at the Universities of Glasgow and Oxford, where in 1957 he received his D.Phil. Professor Lewis has conducted field research in the Somali Democratic Republic (former British and Italian Somalilands) and French Somaliland in 1955—7, 1962, 1965, 1974 and 1978. He has also made several visits to Ethiopia. His many publications include Peoples of the Horn of Africa [The Somali, Afar (Danakil), and Saho] (London: International African Institute, 1955; rev. ed., 1969); A Pastoral Democracy: Pastor alism and Politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa (London: Oxford University Press, 1961; 4th ed., 1970); The Modern History of Somaliland: From Nation to State (London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1965; new ed., 1979); and Social Anthropology in Perspective (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976). Ioan Lewis

George Sanford

was educated at the Universities of Bristol and

Notes on the Editor and Contributors

xix

London, where he received his Ph.D. He is at present Lecturer in Eastern European Studies in the Department of Politics at Bristol University. Dr Sanford is the author of numerous articles in Polish Review, Slavonic and Eastern European Review, Historical Journal, British Journal of Political Science and Przeglad historyczny. He is a regular visitor to Poland, where during the past twelve years he carried out research at various Polish academic institutions. is a Fellow of the Centre for the Study of the USSR and Eastern Europe, at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He taught political science and Russian studies at the same university and is currently completing his Ph.D on contemporary Romanian affairs. He is the author of Bibliography on the Study of the Communist World and several articles on Romanian and communist affairs (in Wissenschaftlicher Dienst Siidost Europa, Sudost-Forschungen, Cahiers de I’Est, Index on Censorship and other periodicals). Michael Shafir

B. Singleton was educated at the Universities of Leeds and Helsinki. His first visit to Yugoslavia was in 1945, whilst serving in the Royal Navy. In 1948 he took part in the building of the Zagreb-Belgrade highway as a member of a youth brigade. He has visited Yugoslavia since then, as a mountaineer, a director of WEA summer schools, organiser of a British student work brigade to assist in the reconstruc¬ tion of Skopje after the 1963 earthquake, and as a lecturer and academic researcher. He is now Reader in Yugoslav Studies and Chairman of the Post-graduate School of Yugoslav Studies, Bradford University. He has written many books and articles on East European, and particularly Yugoslav, topics, including Background to Eastern Europe (Oxford: Pergamon, 1965) and Twentieth Century Yugoslavia (London: Macmillan, 1976). He is Chairman of the British National Association for Soviet and East European Studies. Fred


Uh

u^i

C/5

22

3 75; >N N D QJ

g

N CJ 'i D N

C/5

D N

3

Uh

3 ’£

3

C/5

3 l—5

3

O Uh

JO

a QJ^

3 —5

3 QJ

Uh

0

O

’o’

4—> CU

3 £

3 uo

Chh QJ N -O

T3 C 3 CJ

Polish People’s Republie NO

I o

r--

£

O

On

-o N C/3

d

£ £

Vh

4 NO

b m

B o Uh

r\ —

O >■
75 c o 4-J

Q

2

CD

c

03

Q.

D CO to

® Q-

g 8 a. U

£ CD

i-

0) CJ c CD CD

o

O

UJ

D 03 4-< 03

c Li a

to