Local Religion in Sixteenth-Century Spain 9780691241906, 0691008272

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Local Religion in Sixteenth-Century Spain

Local Religion in Sixteenth-Century Spain William A. Christian, Jr.

PRINCETON

UNIVERSITY

Princeton, New Jersey

PRESS

Copyright © 1981 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, Chichester, West Sussex All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Christian, William A. 1944Local religion in sixteenth-century Spain. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Spain—Religious life and customs. 2. Catholic Church in Spain—History. I. Title. BX1584.C49 282'.46 80-7513 ISBN 0-691-05306-5 ISBN 0-691-00827-2 (pbk.) First Princeton Paperback printing, 1989 Publication of this book has been aided by a grant from the Paul Mellon Fund at Princeton University Press This book has been composed in Linotype Janson Princeton University Press books are printed on acid-free paper, and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources Printed in the United States of America by Princeton Academic Press 5 7 8 6

Contents List of Tables

vii

List of Illustrations

ix

Acknowledgments

xi

Chapter i. Introduction

3

Chapter 2. Vows

23

A RESPONSE TO DISASTER

23

THE VOW

3I

HOW SAINTS WERE CHOSEN FOR VOWS

33

MUTUAL OBLIGATIONS OF SAINTS AND COMMUNITIES

55

EFFECTIVENESS OF VOWS

59

GRADUATED RESPONSES TO CRISES

63

"ACTIVITY" OF SAINTS

66

Chapter 5. Chapels and Shrines

70

CHAPEL DEDICATIONS

71

ORIGIN LEGENDS

75

THE USE OF SHRINES IN CRISES

92

IMAGES USED FOR CURING

93

SHRINES, SHRINE KEEPERS, AND FIESTAS

Chapter 4. Relics and Indulgences

IO5

126

RELICS

126

INDULGENCES

I41

Chapter j . Local Religion: Variations, Alternatives, and Reform 147 LOCAL RELIGION OF CITIES

148

KINGSHIP AND LOCAL RELIGION

153

VI

CONTENTS ERASMIANISM AND REFORM

158

THE SURVIVAL OF LOCAL RELIGION

I 75

Chapter 6. Christ Enshrined, 1580-1780

181

Appendix A. Text of Madrid Vow to Saint Anne and Saint Roch, 1 $9j 209 Appendix B. District and Regional Shrines, 1575-1580, New Castile Appendix C. Locations and Sources of Relics,

211 2I

7

Sources and Abbreviations

223

Notes

2 31

Index

265

List of Tables 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. 3.6. 3.7. 3.8. 3.9. 3.10. 3.11. 3.12. 4.1. 4.2. 6.1. 6.2. 6.3. 6.4. 6.5.

Mean and Median Sizes of Towns and Villages Responding to the Questionnaires Priests in New Castile, 1591 Priests in N e w Castile, 1575-1580 Observant and Discalced Franciscan Convents Founded by 1575 Reasons for Vows Vows of Towns and Villages of N e w Castile in Effect, 1575-1580 Vows Made after 1550 Chapels in N e w Castile Chapel Dedications Compared with Vows Devotion to Mary, the Saints, and Christ in N e w Castile, 1575-1580 Images That Were Found Images That Appeared Apparitions of Saints in the Flesh Response to Community Disaster in New Castile Curing Images and Relics Miracles Mentioned in the Reports Sites and Occasions of Cures District Shrines North and South of the Tagus Shrines Associated with Castles Distribution of Relics Bearers of Relics to the Villages of N e w Castile Towns Responding to Questionnaires, 1575-1580, 1782-1789 Images Drawing Special Devotion in Towns Responding to Both Questionnaires Changes in Special Devotions, 1580-1780 Location of N e w Devotions, 1780 N e w Chapels, 1575-1580

11 14 15 18 29 67 68 70 72 74 76 77 78 92 94 95 99 12 3 124 127 134 183 183 183 183 188

Vlll

LIST OF TABLES

6.6. Image Abuse from the Inquisition of Cuenca up to 1650 6.7. Some Cases of Sacrilege Reported in Newsletters, 1630-1645 6.8. Images Giving Off Humors 6.9. Discovered Images 6.10. Prime Devotions, 33 Towns of the Diocese of Cuenca, 1580-1957 6.i 1. Components of Change, Devotions 1580-1957, Diocese of Cuenca

192 193 197 198 203 203

List of Illustrations Map of New Castile Figure 1. Saint Augustine conjuring locusts at Toledo. Figure 2. The Virgin Mary bestowing a chasuble on Saint Udefonso. Figure 3. The miracle of Our Lady of the Caridad, Illescas. Figure 4. Votive offerings in the regional shrine of Our Lady of Cortes. Figure 5. The chapel of Saint Quiteria, Huete. Figure 6. Ritual dance before the image of Saint Quiteria. Figure 7. Map sent by parish priest to Cardinal Lorenzana (1782). Figure 8. Reliquary at the shrine of Our Lady of the Caridad, Illescas. Figure 9. Detail of altar at the chapel of Saint Eugene, Toledo. Figure 10. Scene from a traditional representation of the Passion. Figure 11. A sacred crucifix is returned to its shrine. Figure 12. Flagellants of the Brotherhood of the True Cross. Figure 13. The first of three pages of the 1578 questionnaire. Figure 14. The questionnaire sent out by Cardinal Lorenzana in 1782.

2 45 79 86 96 108 109 125 140 1 c6 191 195 205 225 229

Acknowledgments I thank the Del Amo and the Tinker Foundations for their financial aid; the Marian Library of the University of Dayton; the Biblioteca del Escorial; the archivist of the diocese of Toledo, Don Ignacio Gallego Penalver; the archivist of the diocese of Cuenca, Don Dimas Perez Ramirez; and the following friends for providing criticisms of an earlier draft: Q. Aldea, S. Arrom, L. W. Bonbrake, P. Brown, R. Christian, N. Davis, S. Tax Freeman, N. Galpern, C. Gibson, J. and R. Gimeno, R. Harding, M. Jimenez, T. Kaplan, T. Kselman, J. Lang, J. and R. Linz, C. Lison, M. O'Neil, S. Ozment, S. Sharbrough, K. Sklar, and Bruco Storchovsky. In particular I thank Donald Moore for his intelligent, painstaking editing, Cristina Garcia Rodero for generously sharing her archive of photographs, and Natalie Zemon Davis for her example and her encouragement.

Local Religion in Sixteenth-Century Spain

TOWNS IN N E W CASTILE WHOSE REPORTS TO PHILIP I I ARE EXTANT

Number of Households •

1000-3000

• • o o A

5°°-999 less than 500 important towns not reporting selected shrines '""'••* f

67 Barcelona: catarro, 27-28; crucifix sweated, 197; droughts, 46-47; flagellants, 189; plague, 25; processions, 46-47, 151, 239-40; Eulalia, 138 Barnabas (Bemabe), Saint, 60, 72 Bartholomew, Saint, 72, 212, 214 Basque country, 180 Bataillon, Marcel, 3, 159 bathing of relics or images for rain, 120, 128, 240, 249 Batres (M, 1580, 65), 211, 220 Bayona (M), 187 beatas: and alumbrados, 160-61; communities, 15, 17, 170-71; control of, 170-71; definition, 16-17; shrinekeepers, 107; visions, 90 Beatriz de Silva [Saint], 251 Becerro, Gaspar, 194 beggars, 114, 168 Belmonte (Cu, 1579, 600): 12, 15; Dominican convent, 220;

INDEX doubter, 148; Jesuits, 137, 218; Our Lady of Grace, 77-78, 82, 97, 201, 215; sacrilege, 192 Benedict, Saint: brotherhood, 59; chapels, 72; miracle, 95; rain, 119; shrines, 211; vows, 67 Benedictines, 16. See also Sopetran. Berja (Almeria), Our Lady of Gador, 145 Bernardino, Saint, 54, 129 Berniches (G, 1575, 260), 234 Bernuy (T), 144 Beyrouth, Christ of, 184 Black Death, 21, 184 Blaise, Saint: apparition, 78; chapels, 72; local saint, 131-32, 134, 182, 251; miracles, 95; relics, 131-32, 220-21; shrine, 213; sign, 38-39 Blood of Jesus: brotherhood, 151, 187-89; chapels, 72 Boadilla del Monte (M, 1575, 70), 130, 213, 260

Bohemia, 135 Bolafios (CR, 1579, 250), 24, 53 Bolea, Juan de, 136-37 El Bonillo (Albacete), 187, 196-97 Borgofia, Felipe de, 79 Borja, Juan de, 135 Brea [de Tajo] (M, 1575, 200), 33. 37. 24° Bridget, Saint: chapels, 72; image found, 75-76, 89; vows, 67 Brihuega (G), 165 brotherhoods: chapels, 70-71; and clergy, 166, 168; of the Passion, 143 (see also Blood of Jesus, Soledad, True Cross); reforms, 167-69; and salvation, 143; in Toledo, 149-50; vows, 29, 50-52. See also Holy Sacrament, Rosary, Souls in Purgatory, and individual saints.

267

Brown, Peter, 141 Brugel ( T , 1576, 100), 75-76, 89 Budia (G, 1580, 410), 78, 221 Buendia (Cu, 1578, 900), 61, 18687, 202

Buges (M, 1575, 65), 33, 212, 214 bulls at fiestas, 113-14, 162-63 Burgos, Christ of (in Augustinian monastery): insignia, 100; miracle book, 103, 246; miracles, 105, 122; water cures, IOO-IOI

Burguillos (T, 1576, 120), 211 Bustares (G, 1580, 40), 214 Buzarabajo (T, deserted), 211 Cabanas de la Sagra (T, 1575, 87), 2 3> " 7 La Cabeza (T, 1576, 340), 124, 211

Cabeza, Our Lady of the (Andujar, Jaen), 122, 150 Cabezarados (CR, 1575, 70): grasshoppers, 26; lapsed vow, 40; San Juan, 216; Our Lady of Finibus Terrae, 101-102, 215 Cabra (Cordoba), 185 Caceres, 185-86 Cadiz, 25 Calatorao (Zaragoza), Christ of, 195 Calatrava, Order of, 10, 143 Calvary, 186-87 Calzada de Calatrava (CR, 1579, 700), 26, 53, 220 Camarena ( T , 1576, 438), 131, 2I 7> 233

Camarma [del Cano] (M, 1575, 55). 24 Campo de Criptana (CR, 1575, 1000): beatas, 171; image bleeds, 197; Our Lady of Criptana, 215; relic of True Cross, 128, 220

268

INDEX

49, 220, 234

Castejon (Cu), 37 Castellar de Santiago (CR, 1575,

192

Castillo de Bayuela (T, 1578,

El Campo Real (M, 1580, 550), Canalejas [del Arroyo] (Cu), El Canavete (Cu, 1575, 400), 54, 102-103,

I2

4>

2 I

4

Candeleda (Avila), Our Lady of Chilla, 166 Canillas (M, 1579, 50), 213, 220 Canizar (G, 1581, 100), 214 capellanias, 107 capillas (of churches or monasteries), 7 captives of Moors, 84, 95, 104 Capuchins, 54 Carabana (M, 1576, 220), 213 Carabanchel de Arriba (M, 1576, 200), 213

Cardiel [de los Montes] (T, 1578, 57), 119,211 Cardona, Catalina de, 112 caridades: 57-59; commuted, 16566; symbolism, 120-21; vows, 40, 48 Carmelites: near Groeninga, 136; Jaen, 189; Madrid, 18 Caro Baroja, Julio, 162, 193 Carranza, Bartolome, 19 Carrascosa del Campo (Cu, 1578, 676): aggressions on peasants, 234; True Cross Brotherhood, 188-89; bullfighting, 163; Castillo shrine, 124; clergy, 15; friars, 17-18; Anne, 113-14, 202, 215; Socorro shrine, 214 Carriches (T, 1576, 80), 211 Carrion de Calatrava (CR, 1575, 440), 53, 124 carters, 38 Casas Buenas (T, 1576, 75), 52 Casarrubios [del Monte] (T, 1576, 650), 118, 124, 211

Castanega, Martin de, 161

370), 220 160),

124

Castillo de Garci Muiioz (Cu, 1579, 400): Bernardino, 54, 129, 218; grasshoppers, 26-27; Our Lady of Angustias, 202; sign in plague, 66; worms return, 42 castles and shrines, 124 catarro, 27-28 Catherine (of Alexandria), Saint, 65, 67-68, 72 Caudilla (T, 1576, 50), 211-12 Cazalegas (T, 1576, 200), 75-76, 131

Cecilia, Saint, miracle, 95 Cerezo [de Mohernando] (G, '575> 75). 26 Cerralbo (T, 1576, 90), 34 Cervantes, Miguel de, 108-110, 122-23

Chamartfn (M, 1579, 10+), 213 chance, 207 chapels: dedications, 71-75; definition, 70; function, 70-71; new, 188; number, 70; photograph, 108; votive, 60-62 charity feast, see caridades Charles V: and local religion, 155, 157; in retirement, 109; Sorlada shrine, 44 childbirth, no, 151 children: caridad, 57; and Mary, 98; seers, 80, 81 Chillon: 13, 15; drought processions, 64-65; Castillo shrine, 64-65, 73, " 4 Chiloeches (G, 1575, 250), 27, 76 Chinchon (M), 249 Christ: 181-206; chapels in churches, 194; of the Column, 195, 197-98; copatron with

INDEX Mary, 204; divinity denied, 148; images cure, 22, 194-95; images sweat or bleed, 195-99; in Reformations, 32; relative votive devotion, 73-75; Veronica, 122, 197-98. See also crucifix, Cross, Crown of Thorns, Holy Name, Passion. Christopher, Saint: chapels, 72; cures, 94, 101, 127 cigiones, 157 Cifuentes (G, 1579, 700): 10, 15; Blaise, 131, 182, 251; Belen convent, 90; Francisca de la Conception, 90, 132 Ciruelo, Pedro, 161 Ciruelos (T, 1576, 102), 130, 251 Cistercians, 16, 130 cities, devotional religion of, 148-53 Ciudad Real: 12; authorities, 81; relics, 133; Our Lady of Alarcos, 215; Our Lady of Prado, 100, 103, 123, 216

Claret, Antonio Maria, 264 Clement VI, 143 Clergy, 14-15, 145 clergy/laity distinction, 20, 5355. '59. l 6 6 -7 r cloud chasers, 29-30 Cobefia (M, 1579, 223), 144, 150, 166, 241

Cogolludo (G, 1580, 600), 88, 122, 221

Colmenar Viejo (M, 1579, 1000), 220, 249, 254

Coloma, Saint, near Talavera, 212

commensality, 118-21. See also caridades. Communion, Holy, 141-42, 159 comuneros, 234 Conception, see Mary, Conception of Conceptionist Rule, 16

269

confession, 141-42 conjuring, 30, 63, 191, 236 Contarini, Tommaso, 158 Corcoles (G, 1580, 130), see Monsalud Cordoba, 31, 141 Corpus Christi, 117, 151 El Corral [de Calatrava] (CR, '575. 334). i°i. 2 I 5 Cortes, Our Lady of (Alcaraz), 96 Cosmas and Damian, Saints, 62 court, heavenly, 55-56, 65-66 cows, 40, 48, 57 Credo, 142 Cross: devotional history, 183-84; idolatry, 160. See also crucifix, True Cross. Crown of Thorns, 152, 157, 252 crucifix: assaults on, 190-93; discovered, 76-77, 89-90. See also Christ, images. Crusade, Bull of the, 32, 118 Cubas (M, 1580, 200): Blaise apparition, 78, 131; Juana de la Cruz, 132; Our Lady of the Cross (Franciscan convent), 78, 80-81, 83, 91, 184, 212 Cubillete ( T ) , 212

El Cubillo [de Uceda] (G, 1579, 220), 188, 234 Cuenca, 192, 201 Cuerva (T, 1576, 300), 52 curing: documentation, 102-105; incubatory, 101; at shrines, 97-102 Daganzo (M, 1580, 255), 220 Dairniel (CR, 1575-1576, 1997): beatas, 171; demonic possession, 123; hospitals, 169; lottery, 240; Our Lady of the Crosses, 77-78, 81, 88-89, Il8> " o , 215; Our Lady of Peace, 77, 81-82;

27O

INDEX

Daimiel (cont.) plague, 234; True Cross Brotherhood, 144 dancing, 109, 113, 117, 164 deafness, 139 death, revival from: legends, 84, 89; miracles, 95-96 La Despernada (M, 1580, 120), 116, 144, 234 Devil, 30, 55-56, 123, 161, 163, 184 devotion, simple, 50, 53-55 Diego of Alcala [Saint], 131 diocesan boundaries, 14-15 Discalced Carmelites, 16, 18, 11112, 189

Dominicans, 16, 53-54, 189, 190-91 drama, sacred, 113, 164, 190-91 drought: processions, 46-47, 64, 119-20, 239-40; relics and, 120, 128-29; specialist saints, 46-47; vows, 29, 49, 61 earthquake, sign for vow, 34 Easter, 58 economy: decline, and devotion, 200-201; of region, 12-13; and theology, 207-208 Eleven Thousand Virgins, relics, 127, 134, 137-38, 152. 2 I 7" 2 1 enpsalmers, 29 Enguidanos (Cu, 1579), 202 epidemic disease, see plague Erasmians: and miracles, 103; and relics, 139; as trans-locals, 158-62, 176. See also Valdes, Alfonso de. ennitas, see chapels Escalona (T), 10 Escalona del Prado (Segovia), 91, 184, 244 Escalonilla (T, 1576, 250), 129, 133, 212, 217

Escorial, 27, 38 El Espinoso (T, 1576, 300), 211

Esquivias (T, 1576, 250), 60-61, 2 34 estampas, 100 La Estrella (T, 1576, 240), 220 Estremera (M, 1580, 550), 220 Eucharist: incredulity, 148; miracles, 193-94 Eugene, Saint, 130, 136 Eulalia, Saint, 138 excommunication of grasshoppers, 29-31, 44 ex-votos: false, 104, 247; paintings, 96-97; present-day, 96 (photo), 206; provoke cures, 102; sale, 104; show cures, 9397. " 9 eyes, cures, 84, 87, 94-95, 100-101 fair (feria), 114, 118 faith, 65, 102 false chronicles, 141, 182 famine, 25, 149 Farfan, Francisco, 142, 167 fasting: 35-36, 41, 57-58, 115; dispensation, 143; and feasting, 57-58 Fatima, 206 female saints, 45-47, 127 Ferdinand and Isabella, 144, 154 Ferrer, L., 224 Ferte, Jeanne, 4 fines, village: enforce vows, 39; enforce rogations, 117 fires, signs for vows, 34, 37 flagellation, 185-201, 204-206 Flanders, 134-38 floods, signs for vows, 34 Florence, 64 fornication: in shrines, 164; morality of, 167 France, 179-80 Francis, Saint, 30, 196-97 Francisca de la Concepcion, 90, 132

INDEX

Franciscans, 15-18, 189 Franco, Francisco, 157 fraud: in bleeding images, 196-97; in miracles, 103, 105, 171, 247; of sacrilege, 190-92 Freeman, Susan Tax, 176 Fregacedos (M), 111 Fuencaliente (CR, 1575, 120): Our Lady of the Baths, 91; cures, 84, 100; fair, 114; income, 112; indulgences, 143; legend, 77; relics, 127, 220 Fuencarral (M, 1579, 350): 234; Our Lady of Valverde, 75-76, 212

Fuenlabrada (M, 1576, 350), 78, 116, 148, 219

Fuente de la Salud (Traiguera, Castellon), too Fuente de Pedro Naharro (Cu, 1575. 270). 35- 54. 2O2 Fuentelaencina (G, 157;, 700): artisans, 148; bullfighting, 162; indulgence, 144; miracle, 87; relics, 135, 138, 139, 171-72, 219; sermons, 18 Fuentenovilla (G, 1575, 160), 129, 2:9 Fuentes (G, 1581, 30), 34 Gabaldon (Cu, 1579, 75), 202 Galicia, 9, 55, 179-80, 206 Gamonal (T, 1576, 210), 27 Garaballa (Cu), 83 Garcia, Francisco (Esclavo Luciano), 189-90 Garcia Rodero, Cristina, Figures 2-6, 8, 10-12

George, Saint, 67, 71-72 Gerbet, Marie-Claude, 186 Gerindote (T, 1576, 100), 212 Germain, Saint, 127 Germany, 134-38 Gerson, Jean, 186

271

Getafe (M, 1576, 950): bullfighting, 162; caridades, 165; flood vow, 34; monks compete for, 17, 18; plagues, 234; Quiteria and Gregory, 60 Gil de Albornoz, 133 Ginzburg, Carlo, 264 God: nature of, 40, 55, 206-208, 264; punishment from, 33, 3942, 55-56, 206-210, 264 Gonzalez de Mendoza, Pedro, Archbishop of Granada, 106 Good Friday, 114, 196 grain: and cities, 149; grasshoppers, 26, 43, 49, 52; hail, 33-34; harvesting, 41-42; mendicants beg, 17; shrine income, 119 Granada, 9, 141, 193 Granados, Cristobal de, 84 Granatula de Calatrava (CR), grasshoppers: 1268, 44; 1476, 6061; 1545-1549, 26-27, 4°- 43-44. 62, 236; 1556-1557, 27; 1687, 46; specialist saints, 43-49; and theologians, 44; excommunication of, 29-31, 44; vows, 29, 61-62 Gregory the Great, Saint (March, 12): chapels, 72; vine pests, 43-44; vows, 67 Gregory XIII, 162 Gregory of Nazianzus, Saint (May 9): chapels, 71-72; processions, 115-16; vine pests, 43-44; vows, 60, 67-68 Gregory Ostiense, Saint (May 9), see Sorlada Grifion (M, 1579, 180): beatas, 233; cross in sky, 187; crucifix, 76, 89-90, 103, 196-97, 243 Groeninga, 136 Guadalajara (G, 1579, 2000), 10, ! 5> 233

272

INDEX

Guadalupe, Our Lady of, Hieronymite monastery: devotion in region, 78, 122; estctmpas, 100; miracle book, 103; royal favor, 155; shrine, 87, 121 La Guardia (Jaen), 197 La Guardia (T), Nino of, 103,

Huelves (Cu, 1578, 60), 203 Huesca, 120, 197 Huete (Cu): 11-12; carder, 148; monasteries, 15, 18, 54; Quiteria, 108, 109; sacrilege, 192; to Socorro shrine, 214 Hueva (G. 1575, 135), 26, 187 Humanes (G, 1580, 200), 135,

hail: conjuring, 29-30, 63, 191; danger, 117; as sign, 33-34, 37; specialist saints, 45-46, 71, 119, 128; vows, 29 Helen, Saint, 186 hermits (ermitanos): 108-112; control of, 169-70; get indulgences, 145; and relics, 139; not women, 171 hernias, cures, 83, 94-96, 98, 100, 13°. 245 Hieronymites (Jeronimos): 16; Escorial, 27, 38; La Sisla, 132, 212; Lupiana, 34, 42; Parraces, 30-31, 55. See also Guadalupe, Tendilla. historians' biases, 4, 54-55, 179 Holy Name of Jesus, 54, 67, 186, 188 Holy Sacrament, Brotherhood,

Humanes (M), 198 Humera (M, 1579, 16), 213 Hungary, 135 Hurtado, San Juan de (T), 116,

192-93, 212, 245

64, 168

Holy See, see eyes, cures Honrubia (Cu), 196-97 Hontova [Hontoba] (G, 1575, 160), Our Lady of los Llanos, 78, 83, 103, 213 El Horcajo de Santiago (Cu, 1575, 270), 202

Hortaleza (M, 1579, 96), 213 hospices, 24, 93 hospitals, 85, 93, 168-69 household size, 11 Huecas (T, 1576, no), 117, 16364, 165, 212 Huelamo (Cu, 1576, 141), 202

214, 219

212

Igualada (Barcelona), 196 Ildefonso, Saint, 72, 77, 79, 130 Ulan de Vacas (T, 1576, 70), 109 Illescas (T, no date, 1000): 10; Our Lady of the Caridad, 8487, " i , i55» 2 " Images: "appeared," 76-77; Baroque realism, 198-99; bathing of, 240, 249; coronation of, 201; discovered on walls, 19698; found, 75-76, 89-90; indecent, 163; made, 44, 57 Immaculate Conception, dogma, 206. See also Mary, Conception. indulgences: bishops, 36-37; cities, 151; papal, 143-46; for rogations, 117; vow to obtain, 209210

Iniesta (Cu, 1575, 1447), Our Lady of Consolation, 77, 201, 214

Inquisition: 19-20; of Cordoba, 90; of Cuenca, 90, 186, 190-92, 197, 236; and doubt, 258; and magicians, 236; records, 4, 230; Toledo, 9; and visionaries, 78, 90-91 insect pests, see vine pests, grasshoppers

INDEX Iriepal (G, 1579, 90), 26, 34 Isabel, Princess of Portugal, 135Isidro Labrador [Saint], 130, 157 Ismiquilpa (Mexico), 197 Italians in New Castile, 10, 150 Italy, apparitions, 184 Jadraque (G, 1580, 230), 124, 234 Jaen: apparition, 78; Passion brotherhoods, 185-86, 189, 194; Veronica, 122 Jaen region, beatas, 170 Jaime I of Aragon, 240 James, Saint, 72, 122, 212. See also Saint James of Compostela. Jerome, Saint, 30 Jerusalem, 32 Jesuits, 12, 16, 133, 137-38 Jesus of Medinaceli, 194 Jews, 12, 19, 184, 192-93 Jimenez de Cisneros, Francisco, 162

John the Baptist, Saint, 72 John the Evangelist, Saint (May 6): chapels, 72; processions, 115-16; shrine, 212; vows, 67 John of the Cross [Saint], m Josep, Valentin, S. J., 138 Joseph, Saint, 53-54 Juan de Avila [Saint]: on brotherhoods, 168; confessions, 142; feast days, 38, 172; reforms, 161 Juana de la Cruz, 132 jubilee, 144 Justa and Rufina, Saints, 49 Justo and Pastor, Saints, 130, 250-51

kingship, 5, 151, 153-58 laborers, agricultural, 13, 24, 37, 154

273

labradores, 13, 153-54

landscape, sacred, 91, 149, 152, 158 Langa (Cu), 214 Lawrence, Saint, 30, 38 Lazarillo de Tonnes, 147 Le Roy Ladurie, Emanuel, 4 learning, 114 Leganes (M, 1580, 430), 240 Leganiel (Cu, 1578, 280), 192 legends: images found, 75-76, 88-90; local saints, 182, 251; saints appeared, 76-83, 89-91 Lent, 7, 187-88 Leocadia, Saint, 130, 136, 138, 163 Leon, San Isidoro de, 103 Lepanto, Battle of, 151 Lerida, rain processions, 120 letrados/riisticos, 142 lightning, 35, 139 Lillo (T, 1576, 800), 144, 217 Lisbon, Sao Roque, 137 Lison Tolosana, Carmelo, 121 Litanies, Greater, 115, 119 Litanies, Lesser, 117-18, 128 litigation, 56, 241 little tradition/great tradition, 178 Llers (Gerona), Our Lady of Roure, 197 locusts, see grasshoppers Loeches (M, 1576, 300), 221 loggers, 13, 37 Lominchar (T, 1575, 100), Franciscan monastery of Our Lady of the Oliva, 211, 220 Lope de Vega, 87 Loranca [del Campo] (Cu), Our Lady of Socorro, 102, 214 Lorenzana, Francisco Antonio, 181

Lorenzana, Relaciones del Cardenal, 181-83, 2 2 7 " 2 0 lotteries among saints: 46, 207;

2 74

INDEX

lotteries among saints (cont.) procedures, 47; saints included, 47-50 Lourdes, 206 Lucca, Crucifix of, 150 Lucero (M), 213 Luciana (CR, 1575, 70), 76, 89, 114, 216

Lucy, Saint: chapels, 72; cures, 94; vows, 72 Luna (Zaragoza), Our Lady of Monlora, 197 Lupiana (G, 1575, 230), 26, 34, Luther, Martin, 19 Macarius, Saint, 130. See also Valdesaz. Madrid, 9, 15; archpriestric vow, 115; catarro, 27; hospitals, 169; Isidro Labrador, 130, 141; relics, 151-52; sacrilege, 193; shrines, 194, 200; vow text, 209-210. See also Atocha. Madridejos (T, 1575, 1600), 15 Madrona, Saint, 47 Magan (T, 1576, 200), 52, 144, 217, 220

Magin, Saint (Pontils, Tarragona), 120 Malagon (CR, 1575, 600), 190, Male, Emile, 204 Manzanares (CR, 1579, 700), 24 Manzanares de la Sierra [el Real] (M), 197, 204 Maqueda (T, 1576, 550), 101, 116, 212

Maria de Ajofrfn, 132, 251 Marian devotion: criticized, 160; geography, 123-24; history, 21, 182-83, 201-202; and that of Christ and Saints, 73-75 Marian Library, University of Dayton, xi

Marjaliza (T, ^576, 130), 251 Mark, Saint, 72. See also Greater Litanies. Martin, Fray, 251 Martin, Saint, 94 Mary (for individual shrines and chapels, see town name): apparitions, 77-83, 88-91, 184; and castles, 124; chapels, 72, 124; divine role, 97-99; and drought, 46-47; feast days, 61, 114-15, 144, 240 (see also Mary, Conception) ; general helper, 50, 64-65, 73; and landscape, 91; images sweat or bleed, 195-99; miracles, 95-99; Passion images, 197-203; processions, 46-47; shrines, 73-75, 211-16; virginity, 148; vows, 67, 73. See also Marian devotion, Peace, Remedios, Rosary, Soledad. Mary, Conception of (Dec. 8): vows, 35-37, 55, 67-68; chapels, 72, 188

Mary Magdalen, Saint: chapels, 71-72; shrines to, 212-13; a n d Venus, 117; vows, 67-68 Mary the Egyptian, Saint, 76, 89, 95. See also Luciana. Mascaraque (T, 1576, 226), 162 masses in shrines, 105, 107 Matthew, Saint, 94, 130 Maurus, Saint, 40 May queens or kings, 116 mayordomo: of brotherhood, 40; of shrine, 102, 107 Mazarulleque (Cu, 1578, 212), i n , 144, 218 Meco (M, 1579, 180), 23, 234 medals, 100 Membrilla (CR, 1575, 1000), 113, •44- 2 I 5 Mendicant Orders, 17-18 Las Mesas (Cu, 1575, 230), 15355, 158, 203-204, 215, 234

INDEX Mesegar (T, 1576, 150), 34, 234 Mesones (G, 1579, 100), 130 Mesta, 9 Michael, Saint: in grasshopper trial, 30; chapels, 72; processions (May 8), 115-16; vows, 67 Miguelturra (CR, 1579, 400), 15. 53- '96-97 Military Orders, 13 Minglanilla (Cu, 1575, 130), 203 Minims, 16, 150, 194 miracles: denied, 148; Eucharistic, 193-94; false, 104-105, 247; registers of, 39, 102-103; in reports, 95-97; verification, 102-105; wine at feast, 204. See also ex-votos. misfortune, 207 Mocejon (T, 1575, 200), 135, 217 Molina de Aragon (G), 192 monasteries, 15, 19 Monasterio (G), 198 Monsalud, Our Lady of, Cistercian monastery (Corcoles, G), 94, 101, 103, 213, 221, 245

Montes de Toledo, 19, 147 Montiel (CR, 1575, 300), 77 Montserrat, Our Lady of, Benedictine monastery: 121; Azafia, 157; candles, 100; miracle book, 103, 245-46; questors, 122 Moral de Calatrava (CR), 81 Morata [de Tajuna] (M, 1579, 500), 208, 213

Moratilla [de Henares] (G, 1580, 400), 240 Moriscos, 9, io, 12, 153 Mostoles (M, 1576, 300), 61, 119, 213 Mota del Cuervo (Cu, 1575, 500), 202

Motilla [de Palancar] (Cu), 192 Murcia, 9, 197, 199

2

75

music, 106, 113, 164 mutes cured, 87, 114 Navalcarnero (M, 1579, 500), 119, 2 I 3

necromancers, 29-31, 236 Negredo (G, 1580, 40), 37 New Mexico, Penitentes of, 190 New World, 13, 21 Nicaea, Second Council of, 184 Nombela (T, 1578, 500), 211 novenas, 30, 99, 120 Noves (T, 1576, 340), 211-12 obras pias, 51, 106

Ocana (T, 1576, 3000), 15, 163, 197

Ocentejo (G, 1578, 70), 128 Odon (M), 119, 213 oil, 10, 12, 34, 99, 101, 129 Olias (T, 1576, 300), 220 Olmeda [de las Fuentes] (M, 1576, 100), 213

Orense, Christ of, 184 Orgaz (T, no date, 700) ,211 Orgaz, Count of, 132 Osa de la Vega (Cu), 196-97 Osma, 31, 165 Oviedo, Camara Santa, 126 "pagan" customs, 161-62 palladia, 75 Palomares del Campo (Cu, 1578, 340), 203, 218

Pantaleon, Saint: chapels, 71-72; vines, 43; vows, 67 Paracuellos [de Jarama] (M, 1579, 300), 213

Pareja (G, 1580, 700): lottery, 48; relics, 139, 221, 252; sacrilege, 192 Parma, 197 Parraces, Saint Mary of, Hieronymite monastery, 30-31, 55 Pascual Bailon, Saint, 11

276

INDEX

Passion, devotion to: brotherhoods, 71, Chap. VI passim; and Franciscans, 16; images, 182-206; play, 190-91 Pastrana (G, 1576, 1200): 10, 148; alumbrados, 10; hospital, 254; monasteries, 15; relics, 134, 221

Pater Noster, 142 paupers, 57, 168 Paxaco (?), 192 Paz, Ramon, 223-24 Peace, Our Lady of, 67, 72 Pearce, Richard, 263 El Pedernoso (Cu, 1575, 150), 202, 215

Pedrezuela (M, 1579, 150), 15 Pedro, hermit, 110-11 Pedro de Castillo, i n Pedro Munoz, Ven., 111 Pedro Pecador, Ven., i n Las Pedrofieras (Cu, 1575, 350), 2 >5 Pena de Francia, Our Lady of, Dominicam monastery, 89, 103, 121, 150

Peiialen (G), 192 Pefialver (G, 1580, 375), 76-77, 88 Penamora (G), 214 Penas de San Pedro (Albacete), 155. '95

Pepino (T, 1576, 60), 211 El Peral (Cu, 1575, 160), 62, 144, 203

Perales del Rfo (M, 1578, 7), 58 Perez de Valdivia, Diego, 90 Peromoro (T, 1576, 20), 211 Perouas, Louis, 4 Peter, Saint, 72, 119, 213 Peter of Alcantara, Saint, 111 Pezuela [de los Torres] (M, 1578, 230), 59, 208 Philip II: devotion, 131; hospitals,

168; and local religion, 154-58; and relics, 135-37 Philip III, 155, 157 Piedrabuena (CR, 1575, 500), 2627, 216

Pilar, Our Lady of (Zaragoza), 89, 121

pilgrims: false, 104; full-time or serial, 122-23; proxy, 99 Pineda, Juan de, 24 Pioz (G, 1579, 130), 214 Pius II, 144 Pius V: on bullfighting, 162; relics, 136, 139; Third Orders, 170 plagues or epidemics: ca. 1463,

48; 1465, 23; 1492, 234; 1496, 2 5 ; : 5°i> 47; r5°7> 2 3 , 25"2> 2 34-35; >527> 2 6; i544> 2 3 ; 1545-1546, 26; i55 2 7; 1580, 27-28; 1590, 46; 1651, 46; collective etiology, 97; few miracle cures, 95, 97-99; signs for vows, 35, 66; specialist saints, 42-43, 48-49; and theology, 207-208; from Valencia, 62; vows, 29, 62-63 poor/wealthy, 12, 24, 147, 172 Popolo, O u r Lady of, Rome, 150 "popular" religion, 8, 15, 178 population of settlements, 11 Portilla Duque, Juan de la, 199 Portuguese, 193

Pozo de Guadalajara (G, 1579, 50), 214

Pozuelos [de Calatrava] (CR, 1575- 35). 2 '5 preachers, 53-54, 113-14 priests, see clergy/laity processions: curtailed, 118, 16465, 256-57; descriptions, 113, 256, 257; drought, 119-20; enforcement, 58-59; feast days, 112-13; Holy Week, 188-89;

INDEX petitionary, 46-47, 63-65, 23940; springtime, 115-19, 256; Toledo, 151 promises, see vows, personal prophet, 78 Protestant Reformation, 32, 133, i3