Lo-TEK Design by Radical Indigenism [scanned SD] [1 ed.] 9783836578189

Citation preview

Foreword Wade Davis Introduction The Mythology of Technology

10 16

Mountains 30

46 64

74

92 108

Waru Waru Agricultural Terraces of the Inca, Peru Jingkieng Dieng Jri Living Root Bridges of the Khasis, India Interview with Prabhat Dey Sawyan Palayan Rice Terraces of the Ifugao, Philippines Subak Rice Terraces of the Subak, Bali Interview with J. Stephen Lansing

Forests 122

138

Milpa Forest Gardens of the Maya, Mexico Kihamba Forest Gardens of the Chagga, Tanzania

Deserts 202

216

Waffle Gardens of the Zuni, New Mexico Boma Corrals of the Maasai, Kenya

Wetlands 272

290 312

150

Surangam Underground Aqueducts of the Malayali, India

234

Qanat Underground Aqueducts of the Persians, Iran 322

162

182

Waitiwina Dams of the Enawenê-nawê, Brazil Apete Forest Islands of the Kayapó, Brazil

252

Anok Corrals of the Ngisonyaka Turkana, Kenya

340

350 368

378

Totora Reed Floating Islands of the Uros, Peru Al-Tahla Floating Islands of the Ma’dan, Iraq Interview with Jassim Al-Asadi Bheri Wastewater Aquaculture of the Bengalese, India Interview with Dhrabajyoti Ghosh Acadja Aquaculture of the Tofinu, Benin Interview with Maximin K. Djondo Sawah Tambak Rice-Fish Aquaculture of the Javanese, Indonesia

BUY THE REAL BOOK HERE : https://www.taschen.com/pages/en/catalogue/architecture/ all/04698/ facts.julia_watson_lotek_design_by_radical_indigenism.htm 396

Conclusion Constructing A New Mythology

.•• t,

LIUn

u

,,

/\ Mylt1,,lr>f ll < l1t1c>lc,r~y 1

,t(/111

I

I

II

• I

I I I

'

I ,, I / /

,,,,,,,,

I 111 ,,,

I

,,/111,,/ It I

'

I

I

I

/ ' I

I

I I

I

I

I

I

'

'

)rowr1ing in formation 11le Starving Wisdom

"I

I

A

•

I

l I

< •• l

!.!• r " ' n•

(

."

Ancient Wisdom

•

I

FromtheQ story of th,-

gu1ded mankind t)undred years a~ the European structed a mythol lnfiuenced by a co ism, colonialism. and racism, the mythol wisdom and indigenous innovation, deeming Guiding tl1is was a perception of technology on Lhe felling of forests and extraction of re mythology that powered the Age of U-11,jLl,I distanced Itself from natural systems, favor! Today, the legacy of this mythology h Progress at the expense of the planet blrthed1he of lhe An thropocene-our current geological p characterized by the undeniable impactof humanll the environment at the scale of the Earth. Charle, scholar and naturalist who ls seen as the father of evolutionary theory, said "extinction happens el yet sixty percent of the world's biodiversity has van in the past forty years. Coming to terms with an uncertain future and confronted by climate event& cannot be predicted, species extinctions that can arrested, and ecosystem failures that cannot be humanity is tasked with developing solutlonsto p the wilderness that remains. and transform theclvll~ we construct. While we are drowning In this Age of Information, we are starving for wisdom. Only a sliver of the technologlesthilt existed at the time of the Enllghtenment were valued and shepherded thrdugt:1 to the present. Meanwhile, an altematlv.o mythology of technology has been w~ us since well before the Enllghtenme~ It is unacknowledged, existing atthafer ends of the Earth, with its contributors deemed prlmltkll for centuries. While 'modern' societies wereVY.lngto conquer Natur.a in the name of progress, the1al~~I cultures were working with It. Indigenous technologies are not loat orf'o only hidden by the shadow of progress In the rernotl places on earth. While society values and prlHl'Vd the architectural artifacts of dead cultur... Ui.tb1 t~~ousand year old Pyramids of Giza, thOII oftl;I displaced, like the six thousand year old floirtf technology of the Ma'dar:1'1n the southern wetl Extending the grounds of typical de1lgn,

amo technc.'og " rtd ge OU C

·1 • ra , • • c, p,ra

do.-,n as song~ c· o"

•

of the modern :.or o ll 9P- 1 Il'·'

fi,r,('!,tt

I

, (

, ·" ',')'' ;

, ,,

., ( ' , ,

'

V

,

'

'l"'';c,j

tt

I

j'

111 ~ • ' , J •

11

J ,... ,

(

j 'j

I

:11 .., • •

,.

I ,,tJ•, ,, r•

frf I f tr (. /. ( 1,1 (()f, , , , ' •t

•tJ f;Ç//,j',li:lfl',, ,l ,, J

ln û '· ,~r,, ' .

-..•111 rl':t-:'l

1 •fi I'' , r

t', ff;','·

f ,

,

.

< < ,. f

,_ , r f • r

i

U

•,

, ,a '''

I

tt 1 .. 1,,

rr

4

J(; ;;r ,j

/

3

rtcJ1r1.,.·'l',IJ', (,tJltt!f(~':. ,, ; ' :i ~-' 's a cool, co n1ort 'b' 'cl1 mote ,v1th tt1e only d• B\\ bock lw1nq a l::ic k ~ f land for cult1\ at,on ln the pt 1111s of )ngf id ,11 1 bc-!ow. the land of fers sµncc , nJ d 1 c ,.,a t11v.. f0< grow ng citrus plants Consequently, n1an) Kh '" l II rll r hJ111._ oultlVllted the land below. ,~11,:h tlltu t ~ lt,'th., .10 , l\ •• 11 , r,..,,.,.,rr., •y d '1 , Y' • t -> ... ~ - - tf', u -1 · , , ,1. 1, 11 .,. f t re ec wn of O'J f·ast-ueol rnyrh •rj• ood

2

Why do the V.ri:=3:. eopler)fÇr,të••ap ', ',.,· tell us about the oriq • •,-+•.;,• J ,.,1t· t ;,-· how it relates to th1; r,.., ng •,· ,rj~ , r

There 1s no legend that relatPS trir;. • • "J of the Kha s d rectly lt 1s ~li - d p- "'1 r the Sun, and the Moon. rn r lo'. ' 1 '' ' ' dwelt n the realm of the ü ' 1 commuted to Earth da ly thr

1' • •

' (

•

•

-=

--

-.

•

--

•

•

•

--

'

--

::------_é______ _

•

. •

' ...

-

-

__,,. _·-

..

- ----- ., -

-=-- ..

--

--- ---

. ·- -- ----• ---- - --- -- .-- ------ --- -----. ............... ---- .... ' -- --- -=-- -=---- - ::

:::::::

•

=:. - - ::r,

::::---

- -----

...a.- --

,- _,;:..;:;..-

.::.

--

-

--

_ _ 7 ..

.

-=- -::

•

---::------..r~- ------=-=---=---- . -.----~---- ---- --==-- =- - ---- - : ""'"=' :,_ .~--- --.---= --.- --.. -------- ---- - - ---- ---=--- ~=:-= --- - -·,--. --= ,.._ ·-= -......,- .-... --=--=---~ ----- -----.;.. ---,..,_ - - ··- - -_..,..._ --=------ - - -_ .......... .....- -- -,-.-- -- .- .-_ ..,------------•·· ,--- .. - --- ... -------=-----,..,.~,, --=~~ ... ' : : ----.;.-===--;:.,, ----=--------, -- -- -- --- ------ - __.. =--- - ' "'=i· -- --= - - --~ --. -- - - --=-...., ---~--- .---;'-r • --- -- .,..,.. __ -- - . --~=-- ·n.:: --- -- -- -- -- --- .aa-=---·--"'- --. . -· --... --·-. ..- ---=-----=- ----- ----- =- ... ---~ - ~=- - -- - .. __ ------- ,.,_ _-;...,~------=----------. ~· ---•

-

-

-

- >...;..

•

_ _::

~

..:

:;;,.--

.. - , = .

~

--

f"•

2.---

--~~;.

-""'-·

~

...... .....

.

.:.l

_

1,,.!:_"l.l

~ -1• ...

- - ..

.......

1,

::. ...

::; c,_:: - ..-= -

-

;:J;

-----:-;i

~ ...... _

•

•

j

-·- ., ---,J..~

.;:. __.

~

,..~:::;.-

=..z-::

f"" - ,..., -

....,..=--~

~-. • t-;

,.-;::--

=1

::

-...;:.

'""I ... ~~

=-1' .. ,- :•

...

'

•

-'--G.

1

1,.

-;:-

-::-

...

•

'tJ

..,.,

1

.

.

. Stephen Lansing Complexity Institut':; Wakil Direvt1Jr

,

.

,,

•

•

• ,

' .

•

•

,,

,

•

' '

You've been work1ng ,n Bali for a n u m ber of decades. Can you describe the Subak .:1ou found v,hen you nrst began working there, ln 1983, I returned v11th myfam f for a year te study the role of tempes l ve Er Jeruk 1n the ecology of nce production. We h·,ed ,n a sort of bunga'o" n the nce padd,es near the ·, lage of Kede·n atan. The house be'onged te the head of a subak, or farmer's assoc1at,on, named Wayan. fvly research strategy v,as qu1te simple: 1spent heurs v11th Wayan. trying .:o obser,e every deta,1 of v,hat ,..,ent on 1n h1s fields, asking end1ess questions about ,11hat I sav,. and follow1ng h1m on h1s errands connected :1rth both the 'practical' and the 'rehg1ous' aspects of nce productJon. The basic issue 11,as the relatlonsh1p betv,een the pract,cal role of the subak 1n nce-terrace ecology, and the ntuals of the 'nce cull ' .As subak head, Wayan had to organ1ze both act1v1t1es for the members of h1s subak, the 1ntncate senes of ntuals of the 'nce cu it.' and the actual phys1cal ,.,ork 1n the padd1es. Earller, Clifford Geertz had proposed an e1egant mode of the relationsh1p between these two tasks, sho1•,ing that the t1m1ng of the ceremonies of the nce cuit ,s 'symbohcally llnked to cultrvat1on 1n a v,ay th at locks the pace of that cult1vat1on 1nto a flrrn. expl1c1t rhythm .' The 'Water-Open1ng Ceremony,' for example, actually marks the beglnn1ng of the 1rngat1on schedule,just as the harvest ceremon,es m ark 1ts end. The rrtual s of the nce cuit thus prov1de a \Vay for the farmers to t 1me the flow of w ater and the phases of agncultural labor. 1 Bal,, Geertz v,rote, 'a complex ecolog,cal orderwas both reflected 1n ana shaped by an equally c omplex ntual order, wh1ch at once g re\\ ou• cf 1• and was 1mposed upon 1L'

3

You wrote the nomination t hat led to the UNESCO World Heritage listing of the subak. Why was it so important to list the cultural and spiritual subak landscape? Tr, Hita Karana (THK) is a Sanskrit religious formula, translated I as 'three causes of prosperity (or goodness).' S,nce 1966. TH K quently been c1ted by Baltnese planners and rehg1o us author t s1gnify the interdependence of humans (pawongan), nature ~ han) and spirit (parhyangan).The Long· term Develo pment Plan--~ stated that THK is exempl1fied by the subaks. This had far-rea h , consequences. Firstly, by advocat1ng direct government suppcr' subak temples and temple ntuals, it s1gnaled an end to the argu,r

wer on obst ,et.. t~ ,t

I t, "' t \tû mp I ed hythcsr;t, Jh t.v~t1'r

I

O J11

111·111 • ,tic< ,11111

11

oc cty Tturdly, 1t 1mpilPrn;, R,tualplaysav1talrole1n11,eact1vlt1 ,. 0 expression of la1th tn THK or 01 hn es 1lhe ,u/Juk,.. hui 1101 11.,, 11 , 1 11 " ~1 ru 1tgrou• ' 1>1tnc1ptfl', h1•,1,,,ir1 . 111 ,,,,.. r1tuals organize the cycles of collecll 11 vea>orrnlh1•1111 ' not only nies performl!d by lndtvld . 11 " c •,. 11 u,,,,, 111r.lu,1, but a1so 1arge ntuals lhat brtng togethua armer•;· lik,, N 11,,•,011 (pl,11111 11, 1)' er rnulll sui · k · Mapag Toyo (greet1ng/opentng the wat ) '" conqr, ·q,111," 1,, 111,, troll1ng pests) ei ancJ No,u1/uk M1•11,n., (r.r, 11

u,., ...

• •

•

For the Subak. irrigation ls organlzeci by netwo~ks of water temples thal constilute a n 1nst1tut1onal system separate from the state. The subaks are linked by lhe water temples into a hierarchy that balances lhe nee.ds of upstream and downstream farmers. You ve said before that " lt's one of the few function ing, ancient democratic institutions that we know about. lt's k ind of beautiful." ~

Can you tell us how and whythe Subak model o f managing common resources works?

•

.

•

The Green Revolution inadvertently exposed the vital funct1onal role of the subaks, by temporarily haltlng thelr management of Irrigation ln order to speed up cultivation cycles. The subaks were, ln effect. ta ken offi1ne for several years, an experiment that soon revealed the basls of the,r emphasis on the timing of Irrigation flows. Paddles must be flooded and drained to dellver nutrients and promote plant growth, while also controlllng weeds and rice pests. Synchronlzed harvests can redu ce pest populations by removing thelr habitat. but for lhis to work the geographical extent of the fa llow perlod must be large enough to prevent the pests from mtgrating to fields that are stlll ln cultlvat,on. The larger the area that is encompassed by the post harvest floodlng, the fewer are the pests, but If too many subaks try to flood thelr fields at the same time. there will not be enough water. Thus the timing of 1rrigat1on involves a trade·off between preventlng water shortages versus pest infestations.

The centra lized cont rai of common water resources is lead ing to problems worldwide. T his underscores a strong relationship bet ween irrigation and power. Many of the eco-technologies discussed in this ~ook are in some form innovative, local irngat,on syst ems. What lessons can we learn from 71 innovative irrigation systems hke the subak d nted levels of cooperat,on Water temple networks de pend on unprece e of lhe nec lerracl'!s nt among farmers; they act,vely manage the ecotogy

6

I

1 1

1

1 1, 1,,11

1 1

1111, 11

,

,t ,,,

,~

J

rJ, J .rr r rr yrJ rup r

,, rtr ,11 q d I , , , r Ill ~>1'1'f1v r 1ty, Il 1,11 1 1i 111 11,,,, 1 ,, ,,,,,,,,,1 ,,t il r,rf tJr (Jr:t 1 •ltq• Ill,,, ,,,,, t1,,,,,11,,,, T1J·1r1(J t1ft IV A(S trJgrow, ,1j 111 11, t lttt 11111,,11, ,1 t,I yt ,rt,11ft1 r,rr11r1g stronger 1

,

11

1, 1

1tt1,111, t, l 11,, t ,

r

1111 t11 d11,11,1,1r1,Jl1HJl11 r f1t1J1•t1r•r,1 lh! l> 1 !·, ) r~ , r,r J 1 'J lt 'Jrr, JI rJ l , i' , j Il r,r I r 'J Ill ·J • ëJrF) ,:r 11 n 1 1 UllCfL' ,tD fc,• rr 1 • , t • r ,p, off ' 1 h ,n, d cJ I f,,r I irr r , rr 1 , 1 , • ', ' ,J / ind tr1pt0r,han, ,11h1r.1-. th • t,01J Ir ,J tr, rr ,, t, d ( n, blteved to have been formed from maize, wllll whttt'l L ,)111 tor tht>11 bones, yellow corn fortheirflesh, black corn for 111 11 h 11r 1nd ~yi>,:., ind , t'ld corn for the1r blood. The Mayan ritual ctlr-1nd , 1 1ntt'1 wovt>n w1th the nnnual agncultural cycle and ceremonl w1,1, Il lll e pPr for n1ed nt each stage of maize growth, beginning wtth the plantlnÇJ oncl conclud1ng w1th the harvesting. Agricultural rituals vdry :1ccorcl1n9 to locol traditions, but common themes are found thrùughout Meso 1n1enca. such as the reenactment of the creation L1f thd world by n1nrk1ng the four cardinal directions of the milpa through otterlngs or orders of plant1ng. ln Amatlàn, Mexico, Nahua villagers ay, 'Corn 1s our blood.' Maize, and the intimate connect,on between mn1:ze and humans, arises again and again in ancient and modern myths. ln recent years, concern has been expressed about the impact of our current model of industnalized agriculture and its ability to meet the demands of susta1nabiltty, biodiversity conservation, and food securlty for all. Wh1le 1ndustrialized agricultural systems have higher productlvlty, they rely heavily on pesticides and fertilizers and lead to long term envlronmental degradation. The detailed indigenous knowledge drlvlng the Mayan milpa is valuable today as we face the urgent need for ecologlcal restoration, preservation of genetic biodiversity, and the renewal of rural hvelihoods. Unfortunately, the current policies of most local and national governments express doubt over the success of mllps practlce, especially the role of tire. Desplte pressures on small scale farmers to turn away from tradltJonal agriculture, the milpa's ten thousand years of experience in Mayen culture may hold knowledge that can improve contemporary egrtcultural practlces. Though it is unlikely that the milpa agricultural 1Y9tem can be reproduced on an industrial scale, the traditional ecologlcal knowledge embedded 1n 1ts design offers guidance for designing auatalnable agriculture ln the future. When applied to contemporary rmlng practJces, milpa practices can increase productivity and mainblodlverstty These systems hold inherent value to those who will be wlth aafeguardlng food security in the wake of climate change. [the mllps~] essential features,' writes scient1fic Journalist Mann, researchers may be able to smooth the rough ecologoonventional agr1culture.' I

l

,

......, r 1 '"

'

t pl I r , , .1

"''''

1lh 1111

. 1 r

lI

1 1

I

TI r

,,

Ir , r, f( (

f,'Jf

f

r

J, ,,

t1r:.tf ,,, r,,,

(,

f fl

I

rr • J

rj

I

r, ,,,,,, lf

I

I

1

,1' f,

r,

• j

JI

'

, I 11 I

f

•

/

'

•

.,

I (

J '.

r.f .,. , r!1 (,

1t, r (,', , ,

.

'

J

,.

f,f

,

,

li

'

',fi ,(j,,,f,((

1

,(f(f,J

I

• 1

(

I

•

,

•

Ir,.,,, fr ,'1, ttr,r,,/11,, r nfW 1111 ft f tf r fr,rt ,f 1 ,1 f,/ "d.Jd tu .111 s. ::- . • •-'· :. ' t ' l , , . I • v age ce'1ter La•ge c;:;3nt t ~s o•fish a,"? {''lC~• • • 11 .• , aams tosu::p!yfocc fo•:he Ya,"l','3 C-2'1:''TI. n-es ,\" :n \, . < Si • ~, I sc n:'., a'Y.l aance perro·m an-::-es o~ 2· a f:- !..!" rn ::-n~"' P'=' • •.

mn a,,-:J pan: ng enos :he~::- -::, .. ~; ~ e3,r .... _ n; • . ,"1 ' . n ' .,_,,. n~-..a s. The ...e 1s ace -eb~iJ":'n c· c;1 ~ .:? as 3;: : . ~ .. ~ ~, .'. ........'e n~n. 3~(J. g~~or::v1 j ""' ""W'-' \-'4

f-oa::: ~ _.., .,,. -3 ..... ~ ::fi_, .... - 3r-o ,;;;; ,..; .. _.., .,...,..J

:,...,,,. m"Cug--u· - ,....o-n.as ::J ... .... ....ri...~ ,i_

::au=-r_,...::J a.... d _... ...., -

( " ' : : i r c ~ .....

...

...

........... ......... :. •,;

.:)c,... •

.,,~

- ... -

~

,:,,...,..

- ........... ._.. ~ ....... -

-

Q..,, .. , ..."!t,1

" ', ; ) ' .... ''

... ...!. ..,. "

- n. ..........

-

.. ,. ,., ....

.... ::)

v£"",rQa·;:1~ ,...,.f'"!' ............ ' , ~ ...... .............. - ............. ...., 3 ..... .......... - - ....,:::,; .......... :::-

...

h

•

"']

?'\,' ....!1 ..... •

.. ' ~..~1

.. •...

•

Th [r w n , 1.iw dr I 11ql 1I I 1111 .t I I I 11 111, · 1 .i I I 1, ty IN h1nqt 1111111111 rh I" 1,il1111J1 1,li i11 1 ' 1 1" i.J~•unul1rv l1 l111nJ1 111111t1lli 1111111, 1,, 11, 11 I toth111.111dl1IIL1lw11trltv,I 111,11,•JI, lr, 11 r I xplriilt cl l>y cl1ftt 1, nl u1 i1111,, , ,I 1111, , 1, , , II I r I I 11 Ir , il 011,,n£'11l1 t1w1tt1 ... pt,H ,,ll1llll ,,J .. JWdllil 111, ••I I I frorn !ht JUI• o of tl lr,1t ,I v1111 1111111 iN• I 1 , , 11 11, 1, 1 illd 11 , , r 1J wooden dornf. 1c10 ·, IIV• 1, to 111111 11 11 111, t 111 ,,rj cornpoct 1n the fr11t1t.l, 1:,111ul,111q II,, r ,JL1,1l1t 11 11111 11, I, I, 1, , , enclinq lhf.•111 li,11 k t, Jlllf• v1llc1q, I ,y 1 1111, 11 Tl1t'1110•,t11111111·:,:,lv, utlcl ti 1t ~· , l.1111& "iii 11 ip 111, t I I 1 ,•1 return downstrnc1111 oncil, 1v1H li-,v1,I:. I H,lJII I I• 1Ior11I wltl1l'111111.111 wi t\ catUe ranchers on Enawene-na\ve land contrnu~s ,, 1th ut tht' r 1 , , • sion. Stephen Corry, Director of Sur. \ al lnternJt .:>n.11. ~J1d t s. L• ttc to'Jy that wtJ le Yakwa snow recogn .!ea JS~ >rt , 8 ., , , t haltage. the ritual could vel} soon cease toe, st

Dan1m1ng today 1s environmentally destructive, with 1n1pacts that range fron, altering river hydrology to stopping sed1n,ent transportation downstream and species rn1gration upstream. In contrast. the dams of the Enawene-nawe are porous, multi-functional, productive, responsive, seasonal, and temporary, supporting a unique forest fishing life. Ironically, this indigenous innovation and the community who build it are threatened with extinction by the multitude of hightech hydroelectric dams being constructed upstream. While the ecological impacts of these mega-damming infrastructures are highlighted locally by the plight of the Enawene-nawe people, eventually these impacts will be felt by all those people whose livelihoods are supported by the Amazon River. The disruption of natural river cycles that include fish spawning, nutrient cycling, sediment flowing and their effect upon the larger Basin landscape will be exacerbated in years to come. The adapted temporal damming infrastructures of indigenous communities respond to natural cycles, offering clues as to how the future of energy technology might accommodate dynamic and symbiotic cycles with the natural environments they inhabit. The emerging trend of microgrids for localized energy generation and the design of microdamming infrastructures may lead to designs that respond to more adaptable, sustainable, and temporal conditions. This would allow the world's largestwatersheds, river systems, and the human and nonhuman species which these mighty hydrological systems support, to thrive.

I

I

I

I , I

I

I

'

I

I

tt, /. rr ,1,11 , con, , t d b1 p (J, through th nopy rt , t, , KlylpOpe.opll,who tt r I of W ll p,1ng' It I In lho va tn green cir I

r,rl

r fr,H ,., t, , 1 • rt Ir r,r f

•1

,, , " , ,J h I 'Iii•

'I' • r ., t

1

of P r r r I I , ,J of r nf()r f It I r

f,

I

tr ,

i

'I

',

I r •, ,

f,,IJ

,r,

.f,,,,, r ,J

,,

known uµ lJJ r;1,r, r,r , 'J , ri 1111 Key r>/J 1 ,nt, , 1 t J,r,, • 1 1

of1t

Ir , f,J< ,•tnl ft

I,, I

rlt I

,,,,

r1

I

,

1

I , •11 , I , I '' I I • ' I ' I ,,, I I '11 11 1ll,•11l1,I Ill di ·II Ii 111 I l\ 11 1 I"' 11111, I "1111 \\1111111, Ii tl111 11 \ I 11,1 I' lit 111 j I i•llllu 1llt I' •Ii 11,1111\ l11J011•h, I 111ol,I, It 111111 111• 11 I 1111 I Ill 111 I 111 Ill. 111ol11 I 1.f 111, I 11111,11, 11 I l,1111 1111 11 11 111111, 111, 1 fftl•I fl1 11,1 1111111\1 1,,111,111,,, 111111 ·1•11111111111,l,I ill ~ I I " I I flit \11l1u1.1lp111ti.1 ,111,111!1 !•IJ•1 1111 .11,1111111111111, • Iii tt11 UJtlh 11Hh tllt11111 1llh l11ll1•\\IIIII I I 1111 ,I,,· h 1111,h 111 1 t , tt,"' dry 1,1 wr.t ,,111 IJII 1

t,, ,,

I'"

C1• 1111111111\ 1111t111\ll111h,1J\ 11,'111100111111,11111 I·,. Ii'"' I I• 11•, whu t,Vlllc1(J11, 11,1,11,11111 1, ,1,•tl11lh1111oill11·111\ll11ol1,111i 1111, 111111,,,1 th unlVbl e fht1r11hJl11 l,11,,1vl11i lil11·ql11·,11,1i1111ll11,11 11111 1,11 Ii, ,1 111 the ky. lvll (11 two l111111t,1·, wl11• l,111111l11l111h1111 Iii" 111,,11111 I 1-vl1lh I• olh •W Ing a hOi\l to It dr,r, I l111111ql1 ll111 ll1•l11 ll11,, .. 11, .1111, 1111111111, 11, I , · lil t manyon11n1t ll111y1111111111,·d,11,,111•111"11,,.,, l1111l1ii,w11l,11 • 11llt ,11d1111, afterthr2olt1tir, tht1ytlt1 1 t1111l11d l lp1111 .1111,o1I .. lj,11111,11 111,111 ! 111111111111 1111 about f1rv, wt,tct, lt,tl 111,,11111111,·,1l1· ll1111t 111ilq111• 1111.1111 . 11 11t111 ll1, 1,1 ferttll e tho nutrient d11t1i 1r,11t •,1111•, 11l ll11· 1.11t1lo11,· .1 1111 11111111 11il ,1 til i·i knowna 'ArT11 on11111rl 11k11,11lli'l\•,li1hl111ll11•11,·.,t1,,1,·il111~ 11,1111, , 11 nolagy I iHl ln1p(l1t 11,t lulll l111lt, plly•1h .111\ -1111 I ·,l'lilli111tl\ 1111· w111.J 1, 11 ah hae many v1,1,t111n11111111, t,,,y,11111 t.111!111rc ,l 111011 •JI r l,Jr1 ,,,, In I 1111< 11 s1vely managed a11d 1ncludua lllC' rnodil ir 011011 nl utl onrl 111• 1ntroduct1on of species frorn rnnlure tor.,51 f'l 111n111q 1, 11 • , ,11, 11 I! "I, ,t forest cult11/iJt1on, with s.Wlddeos lntcnttt,n illy dtr,fi• , nd ri11rr I '" 1• 111 1 Over time, a multitude of d1ve1 so plant ,;pcci,'3 hnvr IJr, 11, , ,lk, tPrJ I, f the Kayapo and introduced into l11t> loc 11 .irnn. l Ii• Ko 1.i1 ••J p1• fv1·lr indigenous Insight on succccislul lorr··.t f.irrnl119 and• oil r ulll,1ul1• '" At present. the Kayap6 lnnd•, arc composed of f 1ve, , JI i11q11• u land reserves encroJchcd on flli side:, byroads. r;nltlri fc11 rnr;, 'J' ,lrt, 11111, and Brazilian frontier settlemr,nts Lllrri the Enawene 11nwil d£ir11'J, • ,11 structed nearby, large-scale 1ntrastructural dcveloprn• , ,1 111 fJruzrl threatens the lands and llvcllhoods of 1nd1genou9 pr!orlP', 111 !1111 lu•,l thirty years, the forested land of the Kuyap6 h;is been ro111i11110• 11;1 ( disrupted by logging and mlntng corporations In 2011, a u"rlus r;f liyrlt', electric dams began construction along the Xingu R111er, pos11ic1 .in imminent threat to Kayap6 territory with the potential dl!.ipl.ir ,,,nn1 ii ,,r twenty thousand people.

I

, H

I

r

l

'

1 ll

I

•

fl

II I

11,

J

I\

t1

..

k

•

n•1111 I ,,pl• 11

Ii

I I\
VIJ I!J lf P I r t I I 11 • JI. 1Jr 111 flq IJ I II 11, fl I I f JI I I I I rt I , I

H• 111 IJ ll1Hl1•11ll11r11,fr l1Jlrltr·11rf111Jr1q1,r l1 l,t,1llr1t1lJ, I//IJl1

ll1r I 11" Biid nxl•·1tl r,I rlt 1•111 ·.1,1ll1111 l11 ll,1 r• 'Jl'ifl, lt1• 111111 I• 1q11ltnrl 1'"'"11'1td r1I 11,, (J/11 I• rd lr111r, /,tllr111 11[ ll1nn/1nfnl1nr •lltH q, Vfllllflfll111Jl'1l 1 1tll1rJ,,1· ,1r-,1tripl 1 Aitrl nfln• fl;.rr,r11f,1rnr;lr1llqr,r,r l1•·rr111 lrJt I rr1 .J/ 1ir1i,J

2&

Forests NORTHERN

HfMISPHERE

1 H

~

m 'I

m111ar ,s arc> the

ra of Mexico

2 M t,a Fo• t Garden of r M y. Ml!l< c;o

3

ond I v ,tock n h megarderr; I lh

C bb n

4 A,rnai

I

5

'

t

nd noinand, red

ed be the dwenlng plac of godl Ind the burial grounds

6 Urban t101nc garuen are found 1n tho Kurna&I mctr.,pol1s of I ho A51lunll region 1n Ghan;i Home CJOrclens Which upply upplr•mcrit.ary food, fuel, fodder In central Sudan

7

8

In U1e Mu llm d1 ,tricts of

outhern Ettuop,a, tobacco,

using t•ad hon • b mboo rnat for water con ervat '1 uno des11to11on 11 SJ re!:! grove~ found . the crub lore!.t of (t,o Th r D rt ot ReJc1sthan ar rn:i,nt ,nr;rJ by th e, hno, 12 Surong m under ground ,,queduct or th Malay fl. fnd,a

coffee, end m dieInc r,ro 1ntenS1velycult1vatcd In homo garden

13 i::ourtecn thou

9 The Kodava of Komataka ma1nta1ned over one thou and acrcd groves 1n India

14

10 Naneghat 1n modern day Maharehtra 1s perhap the olde I example of harvesting system for torage ol water

nd acred groves aero ., Ind a t as reservoirs of rare fauna and noro

The kBncJyan lore t

gardens are a trodrt on al cropping ystem con ide1ee1 the olde t ogro forestry ystem In A II

l5 I

Home garde• ng I

Sr L

16

Ad,

10 1.1

d

1-.a

"'rse array of t1ces

and onderstory plants are grm·,n by hou Ello d nB ngladesh 17 Kommb1J are terrporary d m stretch ng aero st e rTIO\.ith of channcts. made of brushv'lood rnud and gru bu It tvJICe c1 year before the mon~ oon " a on 1n ordar to supp y water dunog w nter and summor sea on nth Eastern Ghats. India

18 . Home garden ng Is found 1n the Kasi reg onof A amlnlnd1a

n =J Is rn Burn1a f'

d n g s n Nc-'1.'1 rp Th 1land

20 1cu

1

21

HOM

J

t> ga

ard n "'!=! Is

('i

g

t1nd K TIPU~

T• dt r, fr 11 t

1,-,

~i .

f

JI

d I ti W1

rt'IOl.l'ltJ

n qrac S

cJ

1ft,

~ 'lll'! pl

tr

rt1nqof

qard

ns

garden nri , Pl II PPI r,

26

~

T

t

i:,

JSP""s ori

,ntegml p ·rt of th Ire. J •o d syst 'rl1

l

•

v g t )ll n, Ir 1 rop brt lq dat1 CJ b J k iv, c~ ,tt, (

br dl:l c; over r1riyon • ~o '-I arid riv .. the root blocks and used to IJsh the oo ks lQSeth:e• cn::Jt ng J h,o met r deco noat,ng foundation Over t ~ bt ~i..s grov. togeth r fy u1 ,·1lp.it1,111 11 ii, 1 lw11 11111111 •It• ,1111 • 1111 I 11, , • I 11 ,, I 1 ,1 , w.iter hulli1ID, wltll1111111111111·1111lllv.t1, 11 1 '''I" , 11 11 !11,11111111,, 1, ,11i , wh1~ot, 111HI pt1,11l 111rllut. ,111d l,1111p, 1 .1flh 111 I,,, 1• · 1,1,111, 1 111,1111, 1 lncludonr11n11d1i µJ•,tu1.i1J•,l·1.wl1111·1, 11111,1111,1,111d w, 1111111 111tl111•, ~1 buffnlo nr1JL1111 I ti 11• 111, ,,.ti 1,i·, "' , 111 dl1111 Ii, II 1, ,. 1 , 111 · ,, ,111, II I11, 1111 nlso prncth ed 11·,11111 ·,p1•o11•, 1111d d11l1u.i 1ui11,1,11, 1111 11,1,,, , ,1, II ,11111•1 us1ngn1t lsroqr11d1•d.11,i1dl11l11111111,il1I, 11111111 ,11111 11 ,,11 1r111 1111" ned out by n ,op,11 .it ,t1, ,w •,L ti 11•, I I II 11 •I· 1111w11 ,11, II 11 11, ,I" 1" In 111111,y, 1u1111111 .... , ,,111111111 di.1111,111, 1,, 1111,111111 w, 11111,, 1 ducod In IIJ0 l11Jp11111111111l1•111J:1i1'1 l11illq11111111 d1 11111111, 111111 ,, dl1111 wlllcti1~flcolnq11 t11iy,1i11111,11lli1li11 i1l1 ,111dlll1111 w11 111111•111,1, 111111• rl, leod1ngtowldll ,fJJ11,1cl11111l11q11 1l1h",l1111 ll1111 '1111111 ll v, t11,111l11q 11l ll 1• sout11ernr11t1r•,h1 t1l11•q,111l11tl111 l1ll111,,. 111,I, •11ilh1111 illl11 ,1111 1l,ll1• l'Jtr, . recfotrr1111q lt1r1d 11111111111 ,,111111· ,111,I 1111, ·111111,1111111 111 11 111,,111111111 1 wero 1nr;tnur11•11t 11111 w111l1111q wfll1 ll11• lr,1ql q1 1111it11111, 1t1 Ii, ti, 11 1111 1 1 nun1bor of w11l11, 111111111·.t11111111, .... 111,11·111,11,111111 ,Id, r ,1111l 111ol l,1 dra1n1ng fJ111111qll1t1p1r ld11111 y11J'1,11ld11111l l11 ·, 1111l11 ,w1 1JI, J1111 1il1 •I and acct1113rut, rl lo, 111,1111111111111y,11,, · ·, ,111111111 1," " 11• 111111 111 1 ,1t11, d oftho11ortl11irriM,1'd,111,wl111•,1,l11, pll.1lllyl1o11l111111i, 1111111 111 ,111 1 ,111 ,, t1vo to rof1JrJo, ..,,, ·,, ,p111I 1,l,,v111, ,1111·,, .111 tl 11 1,,, 1,1,1 , , 111, Cll(J(I ' vi 1111 ,,uril , y• t, 111 it11 ·clli1111rr1c1 llr 1 I I II I of t Irru I >V 1ll r · t I ' ' 1 ,vivriliilt,,rllldlll/,lr1wlyr1u,l11r1r1IILr ,.il1vr,c1 1 M 111 m1r tu j 1111 "' • I ii l I I ,.i •1 I 1 1v11it ii ll>l 1, t .ir, 1v11 )(UfTlf Jlf I 1J I 111W Il I t l II l l W I I1 1 11• rill '/ I ,1111 lll••111111 t""cltl 11,111, 1 I 1 111 lJ t II1111 I >IV I ir 1 { ' ,t 11111 ,,.,11 1,111111,v,·rit• .• "" 1 11 1 1 I ()f cJr,11111 Ii i ti I,,vit ' 1 ', , I I• lriHJl r 11111,IIL r l1,lllJl 1 1 111 o tt,r r 1111111 11, l,il/ \ ;','/ :',,,1r;,,1 , .i11r,,, ,,t11,,,,J,p111l,1111 t• 1 1 1 11 11 ~~:~ :,.': : :·,:: 1; 1 1\ ;I/IJf / 11 \llll ,, jllf ,11 pf illr I IVlll /t tllftll 1,

i

1

•

Nature 1ra q, vi IIU O .Y General Director

lv

l

I rr,rn ht , c..htl

--

-.

.;

•

-

-

' •

.. .. _ -" .;

•

•

~

-

- .. -

•

--

-- =-• .. ... ~t::" --· -- -------., ...... --.. -- --= -- ·-~ ·- ---- -• - ·----. . ... ·-----· -.... ---- -~- ----................ ---~ --- _-- --_,

:>

-"

:

'

-,;r--- ~ ---

.::

,I

.:--:

~

-

.......

-.:--;;::,

--=:. c

;::.-

--°-

'?Q'_ •

:,

-

.,&

->: ':'€" •

-c..-

__ . : : !

....

--....

-~

- ...

- - ...... ........ !l ~

- --------------- - - .....--

-.:,

~

~

•

1

•

----

...

~

,.

..

,

• ·----• ~

••

Alltl1,•r11t1nl>,1,l1\,' 1111111q, 1111 J\cr,t I J'\ 1"1, t11, 111, lt'r, to Pnsu,,• o ht• 11111, .111d J'll'''' 1l•lc1 ., tr111 ti, 11 \\ ., I , t

,ti,

t·,

Storm\vater n,anJQcrnt'nt rs rin-.'th,••, t,ll St'I\ ~· ,,{f,·n ~ tti ,, t lands.Acon1ple,nutrlt'ntrt'C'0\"t'r\ ,·,,·,,,,, .. ,,, ·s ..,,;,··.· · ; ~' J hard n1etals fr on, the \\ 3lt'r bt"'f0rt• ,t fl,'\' s , tt>."' on,vnrdstotheSund.ubJnst>.l~·~\ •F,'rt'Sl,l 1-1, ,, ·,-' , t ,,8 , , • Bengnl. The ,•.etlnnds 1.'fft'r ,,,,tt'r st,, J~lt', ~' , , It' ~.~ reduced erosion, tn~rt'JSi'd st•,1 nit>ntjt, ••1 ',1 t , '-1 ,' , t,·;t, 1, 4 the heavy mcns.oon rJ 1!,111 t )11.is , ~., 1 quality, oct1ng os n to., c- s 11-. f,,, (',1\'t', 1 i'\ t ,1'.1 ~ ,' , • • ,1 ti: • , , As resll,ent l:lS the E,1::t h,' 1',11.1 \ 'I ,•t 1 h'S ,1 • t • \ ,-, , t ,, ~ , stand the constant IJnd c'nc:1,).];h111t'1ll , \ , t,, ,X','. t; ; , ':-,' and de, elopment press,11':' 8 ,-.:1, st\ his,','duct10111n tt>u r rt'1 1,lly .• c~ldw1tt> 1•yor oft111u'l,1( r I taro

If p,, p;,011, O, 11 >wn.edullft 1111, t·.1,v,.-.. rJtwoways.e,11 er 11 ,1 1 •1 !'\> • h 1tw Iv Mor,•1- ,>rlly CIL•1•vch.h·9ttrC'u~hour ti, y ,.u 1•1, w1ll•t>oe.laroce~cughto ,llow•·riallrst>toc" .ipc Du Iott n 1t1Jr JIC I thnonryn cc c1ry,nput1ntott('cystc•n lhr k

j j

k

-- ~

'u I \ ,I

I I• I Ji I Ir

Ill IJ I

11 iN

I

"

I

.

I

'

, l

II I rc.1 11 r (

I

I

•J I

'

I

'

I

I

•

I I• I

1

,

J

ti

I

I I I

jl•

J I 111

' d

t

' I r

I

"

A. •11;11111111111 ,,, ,,rl/r,

,v

1, ,,,. ,,, 111111 ,,v, 11,11 1 , 111 111 (1 I II If 'l! II I1, l I ii I II II 1 11 I ii I 11 W I I I I I, I 1 11 I f ii f 1f j V/ 111 I I I( 11 J t 11 C lrl1 :. lr1 ll11 ; 11 I ,I ll111 lyy1 If '1111 fl'''' r Iii (11 (,llf ,,11,IJ ti 1;ci,1o l,1l 111r111111c,v,, 1,111 d 1 l11v1 l,r,, ,l1c,y1111,y

,,,If,

11101

,11111 ll11f1 (,I 1111 II JI 1l1111ld1 1 t1,1 1 [111 H!ll11( 1111111< lr111,10 1r1 ll1t ic l1,vr 1 lc,1,li111wc,1c/1a brL1st1 r)arks I 1ovc rillc >w1 icl I I 1of, rerr1 alr 1 sellsuslai11i11cJ lc>1 l1Lu1chovc,lior1 r>l ll1s la pro'Ttot1011 ac l'eq.,1t sante env1ronnementale et la v1ab1hte econorr ~ue er Afr qu c I r tors des qu1nze dern1eres arnees. La prer;ervat1on do •'t ,v n m r I eta1t son principal doma1ne d'act1v1te a traverc S.JWJh lorntiok r lco llch ficfcJ5 opr>r ate throuqhoul lho wet uncJ cJry ror.:on5 by rnoderullnrJ w,iter lc11el~. lron1 t111:i conr.lnnl thrt•ats of flood dunnq the wet c;e1-1:.on .incl drought durllHJ Jhe dry season Inlet nnd outlet gale!i aren't rcqutrt>d, .J' water l'l r.ourcod from rnlnfall or seepage, and wht n nccessnry, purnprng and b1,1linq. Prcpc1r.it1on bC'g1n1 ,n September before the rainy srason, when the pcrtpherfJI conol wh ch oµerates as n nursery rs watcnid by riump or ball, ,ind then hllC'd with fish frythrcP. days later The systern ts urranged spatially nnd temporally around 111c cycle of growth for rrce and fish. lnd1viduul rice fish paddle, playcl1ffer ent roles 111 d1rP.cttng a balanced symbiotic relntionsh1p arnong sriecles. Four types of fish-nee ftelds fac1lllt1te dlffr>rcnt periods of fish develop· ment Ade::,gn::ited mating pond ollovvs rn 1leund female 11sh to fertilize eggs thal are ,;powned ,n c1 fry pond. They nrP. lhen moved to a rnatunty pond of ten or less llsh per square rneter, eventu;illy ending up 111 D market pond, which contc11ns millurc f1~h ready lo be h:Jrvcsted ond r;')Jd Frequently, rn1lkf1sh and !awes fry arc cultured separately 1n a nuracry or a holding corner 1n the perrpheral canal for one month bc·fore being released Into the frcld. Organic lertll1zers, Including com P', t man•Jre, aquc1tlc pl-::;p-yru• rE'"'d .,tr1Jctures t(" as~ r:Js

c

1

~5

0-l':J Has Conservation Being borne In an Crtl bcdOtf; clitrl,Jll; . change, the early erlortsof th,; Failed Us? conservation movement to ':;nve nature' predictably perpetuated 1ti,~ same mythology of technology, overlooking indigenous peoplu and their innovations. Conservation lands were conceived of as guarded wilderness, from which human life was removed. Charismatic landscapes and species were protected, rather than the symbiotic relationships between species that support ecosystems. By attempting to preserve nature, the top down approach to conservation has often eroded it. This movement removed stewards, erased knowledge, and ignored resilient technologies that had been mitigating climate challenges for thousands of years. The American forefathers of conservation could not have imagined the movement would be adopted globally, displacing millions of indigenous peoples and accelerating the mass extinction of species. In the .• , ' t g shadows of the conservation movement is the hidden story of conserva!ion refugees. Millions of indigenous • peoples who have been systematically removed from •• their lands to create conservation areas. Accornpany1nq ; • . J . this mass displacement is the loss of Lo TEK innovations wt': t that rely on and protect animals, materials, mythologies, and man . • .' While the conservation movement was conceived with admirable ambitions, it was based on the scion I if 1c thinking of the time that elevated nature as pristine wild