Learning Greek with Plato: A Beginner's Course in Classical Greek, Based on Plato, Meno 70a1-81e6 [Reprinted 2009] 9781904675563, 1904675565

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LEARNING GREEK WITH PLATO A beginner)s course in Classical Greek based on Plato, J\!Ieno 70al-81e6

by Frank Beetham

BRISTOL PHOENIX PRESS

First published in 2007 by University of Exeter Press Reed Hall, Streatham Drive Exeter EX4 4QR UK www.exeterpress.co.uk Corrected reprint 2007 Reprinted 2009 ©Frank Beetham 2007 The right of Frank Beetharn to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Acts 1988. The Greek text ofR.'X'. Sharples, Plato, lvfeno is reproduced by kind permission of Aris & Phillips.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978 1 904675 56 3

Mixed Sources Product group from well·managed and ather controlled sources

fore~t5

www.fsc.org Cert no. SA•COC-002112 'fjfLt

rPTJfLL, cpTJcrl(v), cpfLEV, cpTE andcpMl(v) are enclitic (see p.S), e.g. W, rP'l"' M€vwv ("as Meno affirms") (Meno 78d2). (&;:as) tu~

keeps its acute accent when last 'vord in a sentence, and othervvise has a grave accent.

23

Section 3

The endings are -w I you (singular) -El.$" •'ITOL. 6.ol TioA"A.oL (the majority) cpao{. 7 .d:rr6A.Au(.LE.V. S.ol KUKoL chroAA:UarrL TT}v '1T6Acv (the city). 9. cl.p' b LwKpcin]> OLacp8ECpEL (ocu8ECpw I corrupt) Tous vEous (the young men); 10. ol (.LEv TioALTaL cf>aaCv, b OE. ITAUTwv ol.'J cp'llaC.. 1 L ol cpLAOL. dya8cL (good things) cpEpoucTL.

24

Learning Greek with Plato

PERSONAL PRONOUNS Although it is necessary to use the correct verb ending to show whether the subject is "I", "you", "he, she, it", "we" or "they", Greek also has separate words for "I", "you", etc., which are often used for emphasis, e.g. kyw A.Eyw 1 say. Such words, which are used to take the place of nouns, are called pronouns . In English, instead of saying "the man is reading the book", we could say "he is reading it". l=:yW

I

cru utn6s

you (singular) Dp..el.s he UUTOL ' '

a.U-rft a-0T6

she it

we you (plural) they (masculine word subjects) they (feminine word subjects) they (neuter word subjects)

-!JfLElS

'

'

UUTUt.

' ' UUTU

What is the English for l.Tn.tels AE.yolJ-Ev, U~eLs d.KmJere. 2.EyuJ ~J-nv80.vw, a-U -rra.Ltet.s. 3.0 LwKpO.T'f]S AE.yet.., ~1-Lel.s ciKo0of.LEV.

-;e e ~' 4 .a.pa. 'f] OOOS: KUK11 ECTTL; )~ \..+..I 4 J.. 5 ·TJt 0.0€/\'t'l] [.LOU 't'T[CfL. TL f

'

I

I

\I

'

I

/\E)'EL UUTTj;

V ,.!.,. '' OU 't'1liTLV OTL

t e~/ ' l 8' ' Tj OUOS ECTTL U)'U TJ· TL

A.E.ynE OfLELl 'IJfLL I deny or I say that ... not ... )

I '>:-\ e ,. (are as1eep) · OUK UKOUETE. I 6 ·111..LElS ~EV 1\E"YO!J-EV, U!LELS: oE KCL EUOE.TE 7 .ou ow€p€L. S.oUK &8€A.of1€V fLOV8avELV (to learn) TOU'fO (that). t

.-..

\

'\

t

"

!

!

>I

apa..

In Greek, when a pronoun specifically represents a noun that is grammatically masculine or feminine, the corresponding pronoun will be masculine or feminine to match, even though the English pronoun is "it". E.g. if we use "it" to stand for "word", in Greek we use uti-r6s because the Greek for "the word" is b A6yos (which is masculine). If we use "it" to stand for "book", we use ui>-.TJ, because the Greek for "the book" is -1] ~L~AoTot Td:. ~pya cf>EpoucrL. 14. mhos Ta ~pya fLOU (my) r}4pw. "\I

t

'

Y

l

t

\

'

\

'

'

,

!

V

'

l

I

I

l

l

I

1

\

I

"

2. "The same": The Greek for "the same man" is b auTbs (c'Lv8pw-rros). "The same excellence" is -ft auTij aO"KeL TOV 'ITULOU. \'\That does this sentence mean? TOV liv8pW'ITOV oc8aO"KEL b 'ITUCS. Do these sentences mean the same as each other? Many 3rd declension nouns with~ nominative singular ending 1.:; have the accusative singular ending -..v. Ah e,;tception is given in footnote 21, below. 3

4

Contracted from -rOv livKpche.a..

32

Learning Greek with Plato

What does this sentence mean? b What does this sentence mean?

/iv8pw-rro< O.vuycyvw01(Ec 5 TT)v ~l~Aov.

~v ~l~/\ov O.vuycyvti>Ol("'

b liv8pw-rroI

I

I

1

\I

!

\.-.

I

1

aoEA't'ov a.oE./\'Y'llv "" '. '"' ouK ' EXW· " 6 .a.pa. ' '. '"' "EXETE; 7 .ot.a. • ' TL' 8Ep(-LOS ' 8 e.t.; ' voaov ' 9 5 .0./\1\0V "EXEL':;; 8 .apa. .,~k ' \ \ 9 ' ' '8'Y < 0 CTO't'LCTTTJS J-LO.Kpov /\O')'OV 1\E.')'E.t.; .TOV VEO.VLO..V E Lt;:,OUULV OL t

"'

CTO't'LCTTUL.

I

10 .1\.E:)IOUCTLV '\I

\

I

rl \ ,.hi ! \ ,..,. OTL TL.(-L'llV 't'EpEL 0 1TI\.OUTOS.

cpEpet.; 12.TioD e.Lcrt.v 0 ve.a.vCa.s Kal

'h

11 .a.pa. '? '«TJ U')ll.,E.LCL E.UOULJ-LOVLO.V !

!

I

I

10

ci.Oe.A.cp-f] a.UToU (his); TL TipclTToucnv;

aUT6v : hiin (or "it" referring to a masculine noun)

New words:

a.Unlv :her (or "it referring to a feminine noun) 71

aUT6: it

vVhat is the English for l.T~v ciA.Tj8e.t.uv yvyvWcrKo~E.V. 2.cu'YTTjv yvyvWcrKO~E.v. (mh-Tjv

refers to

~v

, ' '8 et..av ) UA'fJ

3 .o( KaKos \ cro't't..CT'TTJS: rk' \ ' ,, 4 .a.uTTJV ' \ ouK ' EXEL. " (auTllv , ' re f ers 7Lf.LTJV ouK EXEL. 11 7 ' ' ) 5 ' " 8 '~ '\ .+, \ ,, 6 ' \ '\ ' I'( ' tO Tli.L/r]V .0 UV pW'ITOS ClOE/\'Y'fJV E.XEL. .UUTTJV KU/\TJV VOJ.LL~;:,EL. .'TOV ,LUTpov " 8 ,.j.., I 12 \ I'( 8 ~~ av pWTIOL 't'EU')'OUO"V KUKOV UUTOV VOJ.LLsOUO"LV. .apa KU/\OV 'TTULUU EXEL 0 l

\

'?

'\ \

"

cpLA6aocf>os; 9.ol TroAL7aL cpacrLv. 10.aUT0s: b cpLA6aocf>os: 3L36.crKEL aU16v. ., ' 110U !~\ KUL TO U')'U 8'OV TO \ UUTO ' . !~I the TO ECTTLV; (G OTglaS, 50 6C) (TO\ 'llOU: 11 .apa pJeasanr. For TO u{n6, see p.25.) 12.1Jf1EL> Tov LwKpanJ uocpov VOf1L(of1EV. \

'

'

I

'

Plural objects English examples:- The child finds the men. He speaks the words. He finds them. The definite article: To{,,; : the (masculine accusative plural) Ta,; : the (feminine accusative plural) .,-6. : the (neuter accusative plural) 7

S6.!;;a

also means the opinion other people have of one, one's reputation.

'e•p~6s, 8Ep~1], 8ep~6v: hor. 9-lj

v6aos: illness, disease (2nd declension)

10

-lj eUSmttovLa: happiness

11

vottL~w:

12 as: the children (boys) (masculine) -rus ELK6vas: the images, pictures (feminine) ,-Y

VO~Li;,OUO'LV,

36 p.e.v \

'\

29

32 Cl/\1\0L "''

I

"

\

vocrov EXEL, T'fJV

~

ECTTL, O.UT'fJV "'TI\OUTOV

VO\-LL~;:,EL. 1'(

(

•

1

AnStOt e,

Nicomachaean Ethics I 109Sa20-25 (adapted).)

3.oDOEv 8Ln6v 11-ou 40 oxtinrTEt.s; clp' oD KuAOs b d.Se.Acp6s !-Lou; E:yW a.-lnOv , ,

,

KUI\.OV OU

28 See

'Y

VO[-LL~:,W.

41

footnote 10 above. Myw means here I mention, I talk about.

29KnL ... Ka.l ... : both ... and .... AE:yw is used here in the sense of "I speak of 1 • 30TL; what? 0' stands for OE.. 31

-f] .f]Oov-ft: pleasure (cf. English 11 hedonist 11 and 11 hedonism 11 ).

-ii : or.

32

vo11L(w: I think, consider.

33 0€. (here) means 11 and 11 • O.AA.oL 0€. a.AA.o: 11 and others something else 11 • 34

Understand O.v8pwTios-.

3511

36

the other thing 11 = 11 Something different 11 , 11 an alternative 11 •

See p.21.

37EL: if. 1T€:VT[s- (3rd declension): poor man. EL 1T€.'V'l)s- ="if (he is) a poor man ... " 38 ot'JO€:v:

in (respect of) nothing, i.e. in no way. ciAAcL: but. nominative plural): absolutely all.

39See

footnote 5 above.

40=nmyn. 41

See footnote 11 above.

U."'Tucro.L

(feminine

38

Learning Greek with Plato

3.KaK~v 06~av {fxo~ev, c1 cpO\Ot.. ( 0 friends). 42 Ot..cl TL ~~as KCLKmJs vop.Ltouut..v; oU yvyvWrrKw.

4K ' ' av "8 pw-rrov . opt..oKos Tov

\ 43 1'( 1 \ LAoa6cf>ou TiuLOEs

eLaLv

8TjAet..aL.

25.ToD O.vOpos Cfpp11v

T] cf>Ucns.

Word order

There are two normal positions for the possessive. Like an adjective, it is usually either between "the" and the following noun, or "the" is repeated before the possessive. So "the citizen's house" can either be T] TOU 'TToAL-rou oLKLa or -f) otKta TJ TOU 'TT'oAt-rou. 6

A Greek dictionary is called a lexicon, from A.e~tKOv ~t~Atov (" a book of wordsn). ~L~A(ov: book. :\e!;LK6s, Ae!;LK"Tj, AESLK6v: of or for words.

To 7

8

An accusative is understood: I am hearing the sound of Socrates.

-/j ~(~:\as: the book

9 ,• EL.

1'f..

'

,,

-

,,

TO [LEAL, TOU [.LE/\LTOS":

h Oney.

55

Section 6

Genitive of pronouns fWU or l"ou: my, of me

aou Or aou: your, of yOU a.u-rfts:: of her, her

a.u-rou: of him, his

What is the English for 1.-rLs Ecrnv o0-ros 0 Uv8pw1Tos; I

2 .TL ' 3 .TLS

\1

1\E.')'EL;

'

¥cr-rLv

a-0ToU:

of it, its

0 0.8eAo/6s aou.

~ EU '!'' I ' '' O.UTOU O.KOUELV OUK EXD\-LEV. '

'

'

~ ' o' OUK ' " ~E.t\L !-LEALTTUS O€ EXEL. 4 .o' 1TO/\L'T'T]S 5 .OEL T-Tjv i'lLoTL[LaV 8au[Lcitw8av aov). Similarly, "because of us" is 1\

EL/\'fl't'EV

'A pt.UTL1T1TOS, I

'.+.

I

U't'LKO\-LEVOS

'A'/\E.UUuWV

o

8

U1T0Kpt..VE I

EUV

44

,. .,

I

"

''8

"

'TLS 'TL EpTjTUL, WCT'ITEp

45

>

\

\

>'>:'I

•I

ELKOS TOUS ELOO'TUS, U'TE

46

\

KUL

42

eL6LKEV is 3rd person singular of erBLKCC, the perfect of e8l(w. The subject of et8LKEV is 11 he 11 , meaning Gorgias. There are tvvo objects, tolho -rO €8os andUf-Las. It is easier to translate e8l(w in this context by a verb which can take two objects in English, such as 11 1 teach 11 , so that e'LBLKev means he has taught. Sharples translates: he has got you into this habit. For O.cp6~w and f'E')'Mo1Tpe1Tiii€.vac: to have written. What is the English for

l.f1€f1U8TJKEVLA6cro6s EcrTLv olos b IIAO.Twv (~

I

E.LOE.VCLL •

3.-roU-ro

4.o-lhws rro~oL E:cr-re Wer-re KLv8uveUeTE Tou-ro EL8EvaL. 5:rroL6v TL EaTLV T] cipET~; clp' oUK ola8u; 6.d, !J>~ ola6a TL EcrTLV -fJ clpETrf}, oUK e.l cro~6s. 7 .EL (-L~ ol8u 'rL E:aTLV T] Upe.T~, TIWs ELOE.va.L OUva(-LUL 0TioL6v TL Ecr-rLv. S.a.L E:v -r1j 1T6AeL. 9.oL Ev T'\1 000. lO.oL €v6U8e. To-lho 22 yvyvWcrKELV ~oUAovTO-L. ll.e'L Tl.S TWv €v8cl3E ~oUAe-raL Toiho E.p€cr8nL, oUx oi6s. T' ELiJ-t. d:rroKpLvecr8a.L. a.(n6s yO.p oDK olSa.. 12., crocpLa. Ex ToDTwv TWv eLoe.L.v.

T61Twv 1Ta.pCt. ToUs E>e.TTa.AoUs o'L.xea8a.L 3oKe.l.. (0 -r6Tioc;, -roD -r6Tiou: the place. o't.xo[-Lm. (present, with perfect meaning: I have gone) 20yoT)TeUw: I bewitch.

[-LE.crr6c;, p..Ea-rlj, 1-LEcrr(lV (with genitive): full.

.fJ chropl.u, TI]c;

O:rropl.o.s: perplexity. 21

-fJ 0.TIE.X6E.Lu: hatred

22 Ep€.a8ut.,:

'ti

SLo.~oA:Tl:

slander.

to ask, the infinitive of '1'jp61-L'T]v, an aorist middle verb (section 14, p.l72).

96

Learning Greek with Plato

Plato, Meno 70c3-71c4 Socrates says that in Athens they don't even know what dpen] is, let alone whether it can be taught. lvfeno is surprised.

M

(,:'/ w1' 'cra.D-rws

I am absent the difficulty, perplexity, shortage 1 I corrupt each that in the (present) circumstances perhaps both ... and ... vice, badness, sometimes cowardice this I think I am present the act, the action 2 I save in the same way

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 3 singular

masculine

nominative 38": this

accusative genitive dative plural

-r6v8E: this -rouoE: of this -r ' " ' ' - CLKOUOVTWV , ' ' , - '1\E')IELV ' c TWV 0' IT't\CLTWV KO./\WS OOKEL. I

'

I

'

The participle is placed near the noun it describes, like any other adjective. Often adjectives in Greek come between "the" and the following noun (as they do in English). Thus o op8os A6yos means "the correct argument". So o

t

croL

ETIEL

' OU

y

I

~l

"'t

OLKa.Lov e.lva.L 1TtpL Wv

'

p.av TLS

t

0

kK6.8wa (I sat down) 16 What is the English for l.-fl8Lan. 2.0 crocpOs TaUs ve.avLa.s -fl8Lae.v.

5 .E1TO.LCJCL!-LEV. > ' 6 .OL
I

l

\

~

.f] a.UT~

Civ e'L11;

l EL11" TOU yap CTOU OECT'TTOTOU UPXELV OUK

16.eL 8€ ToD 8ecrTI6Tou O.pxeLv olos

.....,

T'

I

ll

~' OvTWS Clv SoUAos

..fi;

' UV EL'll TO OLKO.LWS UPXELV UV 8purrrWV. op8ws AEYELS. (bp8WI

\

~

I

•f

'

Scott, Plato's Meno (Cambridge, 2006), pp.39-42, comparing its meaning in the !v1eno and in other dialogues, suggests that ax:lli-Lu should be translated as "surface". e'L1TOLf.Lt. is 1st person singular of the optative of Ehov, the aorist oft.Eyw (p.l65). It has no past meaning. 19

20

Section 3, p.22.

21 Accusative

and infinitive. usomeonen is understood, making the sense literally, "someone to be able to ... 11 In English, it is also 11 tO be able to ... n

160

Learning Greek with Plato

19 .eyw l

\

\

n

1

/\E"YW OTL

20 •8\LS 22

8LKULOCTUV'fl I

l

l

I

\

ECTTLV apETT], CJU

8'E

"\ \ ' I 1\E)'ElS "TTOI\1\0S E.1..VUL

\I

' ' ' \ \ 23 OUK ' " ' A I 24 El..S TOV UUTOV 'ITOTUJ.lOV ClV E(-Lt-'ULTjS.

(H erac 1eltUS . )

Plato, Meno 73c6-74a6 Men a gives a definition of excellence which is too narrow.

-e-n 'E'ITE.L 8''Y) 25 £H.

' e ' ' ' ' 1 ' ""26 EL'TTELV ' ..... 27 KClL , 'TOLVUV Tj UU'T'f] apET'T] 'TTUVTWV ECTTLV, 1TELpW

' '"' 28 UVUiJ-VIlCT8TJVUL

l

I

.+..

I

TL UUTO 't''flCTL

"\ \ 30 y MEN • T 'L Cl/\/\0

l

'fl' '

''

r Op')'LUS I

~L

UPXELV 0 OV 'T

l

'f

\

EL.VUL KUL

~

""

au\ 1

ELVUL T/

1

l

\

one (feminine accusative, see p.287)) 6.eL 8uv6.J.Le8u, '1\.CLt-'W!J-EV. 'R 7 .OLCT ' 8U OUV ' 'OL ' OTL " ( W h Y ) 8UUt-tU~;,ELS, 'Y TJ"

Ka.TO. TiciVTWV e.UpwiLEV. ([.Llo.v: ' t-LLUV

' ' UpETTjV

' 'TICLVTWV ' KUTU

kycfJ rroL e'L1rw; (deliberative subjunctive, see p.144)

(Meno

97d4)

The strong aorist optative active This has similar endings to the present optative active: endings Aa~OLlJ-L

-Ql.~L

M~ocs Aci.~oc

-oL

-otrrov

AO.~ot-Tov

-QLTTjV

)w~oh'T]v

A1

aupt.ov:

tOmorrOW

, _..k \ J.' 1'] 't'l.A.O. The subject of

ol,-n.~xrt.

Exet. is "it".

24 dv€:povro is 3rd person singular aorist optative of civECpop.m: I ask about (p.175, sentence 5). Notice that this is a general condition (EL with optative) The next two conditions have EL with aorist indicative ( El1TEs ••• El1TEV ••• ), but this is a timeless aorist indicating generality: if you said ... if he said ...

178

Learning Greek with Plato

e.L uln0 •

Kn

e.lTIES \I

'1

,

'\ I 1/ 25 eyw, ' I crTpO)'')IUAO'T'flS, EL" croL E.-l TIEV U'TTEP ,I .... 1 !I -[ 26 ~/ " rl

cnpoyyui\O'T'lS ECY'TLV

'1

CJXiifta (second Clause beginning 8 (Which) applying tO TOUTo: & iS the object of 6voftatEL>)) Kat oJS \ 'TO

"

OVO~a,

"" ' I 'TOU OVO\-LU'TOS

i>Tiw > TO.UTOV.

10 .OU>

l

\

8

'

I

I l I "' \ I I \-LO.V UVE.t.S; E.L1TE LVO. !-LEI\ETTj UOL j'E.V'flTO.L 1

l

(

\

...,

I

may h appen tO you,

i.e., you may get) TipOs (for) -r~v 1TEpt TTjs ri.pe-rfis cl:TI6KpLcrLv.

188

Learning Greek with Plato

Aorist imperative middle (weak) 2nd person A.uauc ransom! 3rd person

A.vaua8e ransom! (plural) (ending -(a)m) (ending -(a)ua8e) A.uaaa8w let him/her/it ransom A.uacia8wv let them ransom (ending -(a )a crOw ) (ending -(a )acrOwv) 9

(strong) 2nd person 3rd person

yevou become! ykvecrOe become! (plural) (ending -ou) (ending -ea8e) yevkcrOw let him/her/it become yevka8wv let them become (ending -Eol. TTJV C\oc y€vE0"8E. 4.cj>C\oc yCyvecr8e. 5 .cj>LAOs:

accurately

OTL:whatever

13-rO dpyUpLOv, -roU dpyupLou: silver, hence d1ToTI.vw, I pay.

11

money 11 ,

11

CaSh 11 •

d:rrE.-reLaa is the aorist of

190

Learning Greek with Plato

While these distinctions can be regarded as true in a broad sense in Plato, there are subtle distinctions in different situations. For instance, d..,.oKpLvou (reply!) 2nd person singular present imperative of ci"lToKpLvo{Lat., is used to set up a protocol, i.e. to assign the role of answerer to one party in a dialogue, whereas the 2nd person singular aorist imperative, ci.'JToKplva..t., is used to obtain an answer to a particular point. 14 CTK6-rre.t. (2nd person singular, present imperative of rrKo-rrEw: I consider, contracted from CTK6'1Tee) is used to ask a leading question, that is, to invite someone to follmv a line of argument already thought out by the questioner: ETt. Kat T68e CTK61rev (clpe....?tv) Upxet.v 'Us- olav T' elvav aU 1rpocrfhluo!-LEV mh6cre -rO Ot.Kalws; (Meno 73d6) Yet consider this also: you affirm excellence to be ((to rule"; shalllve not add "fustly"? 15 mcEo/UL (2nd person singular, aorist middle imperative of O'K€-rr-rotlUL: I consider, excimine)

is used in a more balanced situation where the person addressed is invited to think and take an active part in the dialogue: LKEo/m 8Tj EK -raUTlls- Til d-rropl.as 0-rt. Kat clv€up-rl oc or 'I' to

w.

ou

oc

(except for

-nv ).

2 Contraction does not occur uniformly in all Greek dialects; in Epic (the dialect of Homer), for instance, some words often appear uncontracted. In lexica, it is usual to list verbs in their uncontracted form, e.g. KaA~w: I call.

3Contraction is found in nouns as well as verbs, e.g. the accusative of Lu>Kp6.T'TJS" is

Lw.cp6.1"1] (contracted from Lw.cp6.-reo.). form'!·

In nouns and adjectives e contracts with

o.

to

198

Learning Greek with Plato

The standard present indicative active endings for verbs are: -w: I -ofL"v :we -ELs : you (singular) -"T" :you (plural, more than one person) -"' : he, she, it -oum(v): they duals: -eTov: you both --E-rov: they both The effect of contraction on ~pwTciw: I ask( stem ending -a), q,cMw: I love (stem ending -")and OTJA6w: I show(stem ending -o): Epw-rU~w

> Epw·ntl I ask kpwTa-ecs > kpwTij.s you ask kpwTa-EL > kpwTij. he, she, it asks EpTd.e.-rov > Epw-r6:rov you both ask €pun-Ue.Tov > Epw-r6:rov they both ask

Epttnc±-o~ev Epu.n&.-e-re

> EpunWj-LEV we ask > Epw-r cf>t.AeiTov they both love

q,,>..€-ofL"v > c:\oilfL"v we love q,,>..€- ..oum.(v) they love

8'1>..6-w > 8'1:\w I show 8'1:\6-.,,s > 8'1:\ois you show 8'1:\6-.,, > 8'1:\oi: he, she, it shows O'lAOe.Tov > 011AoiJ'Tov you both shmv &rjAOe.-rov > 011AoU-rov they both show

8'1>..6-ofL"v > 8'1:\oilfL"v we show 8'1>..6-"T" > 8'1:\oilT" you show (plural) 8'1>..6-ouo-c(v) > O'T]Aoilm.(v) they show' 4

The accent remains on the vowel where it was before contraction 'When this is merged. In the present indicative tense a circumflex accent over the syllable where the stem ends is a sign that a verb is contracted.

199

Section 16

VVhat is the English for 3.-rL 1TOLe.l>re.; 4.TLs -rroLE.L Ta.tha; 5.-rL 1-LOL STj"/\oD-re.; 6.Toiho aol. 011AoDtJ-EV. 7.-rpuq,q,s, c1 -rro.L. 8.0ul TL; O:yvoGL 9.-rL Oe.L. Las €-rn8u!J-E.Ls; 11.-rL 1TOL.oDcnv oL ClpxovTes; e.ls -roD-ro TO Tipayf.La aKoTioDcnv. 12.Sul -rL ToUTo ~ " ' 1TO/\LV " , ).. ' ~ 13 .OLO. • ' TL' 'fJ\-LO.S ' ~ KCl/\E.VTE; ' ~ ' 1TOLE.LTE, a.pxoVTES; 'TT]V W'-Y€.1\0U\-LE.V. 'TOUS L E.pw-rWm..v;

2.0 SoDAos oDK E:poYri:2- -ro-l}ro.

Ex8poUs OpWJ.LEV. 1'

OUCTCL

~

T]

l

/

apETT];

14.-rL ~'flTELs, c1 LillKpa.Te.s; 15.To1lT6 aE. Epu.n@· TL TuYXO.ve.L 16 .Op\LS a.pa. OTL OlJ O.U'TOS OVO\-LClTO.. 1\E.YELS, OT]/\OLS ~ ~\ 8' oE. OU E.V; t

""

''

_,

\

l

\

l

I

\

I

'\

""

l

( Gorgias 489e6) (ov6f'uTu(here): mere words. ou3€v: nothing.)

Present infinitive active To form the present infinitive active (section 6, p.49) -Ecv is added to the stem of a verb: e.g. :\E.yEcv: to say, k8E.AELv: to wish, etc. When -Ew is added to a verb stem ending -a, -E or -o, contraction occurs:-

o"TJM-Ecv > O'TJAouv to show .6

What is the English for l.KCLAELV. 2.f:m8uf'ELV. 3.bpiiv. 4.ti>EA€LV. 5.00K€LV. 6.0'f]Aouv. 7.LAELV. S.~'TJTELV. 9.kpulTiiv. 10.Tc f'E kpwTiiv ~ouAEL; ll.TouTo O'TJAouv ooL m'>K 7 €8€1\.w. 12.~LKp6v TL -rrot..el.v erE Ke.l\.e.Uw. 13.0e.L TaUs ~CL8'flT0s W¢e\eLv T0v crocp6v. 14.oU KnA6v E.crTLV TaUs -rrnLOns Tpucpav. 15.TIWs Toiho d:yvoeLv ouvaaaL; 16.ouKouv f'EL~ova aO T-!jv 1r6ALV OEL (-ljf'iiS) 1TOL€LV. (Republic 373b1) (!-Lel,ova is feminine accusative singular of p.EL'C,wv: bigger)

5 The

infinitive of s6.w (I live, am alive) is sijv, to live, to be alive.

~he present infinitive active ending -e.t.v is a contraction of -ee.v

(Sihler, New Comparative Grammar of Greek & Latin para.552, p.608) and so epun6.ELV becomes E.punCiv as if it were Epun6.e.e.v and 811A6e.t.v becomes O'lA.oUv as if it were 011A6e.e.v. 7 ~t.xpo:;, ' I p.t.Kpa,

, p.tKpov: sma11.

200

Learning Greek with Plato

Present imperative active Verbs with stems ending -a

, ' > o:pw-ru , ' o:pw-rao: as k (addressed to one person) .Opw-rdo:-ro: > .Opw-ra-ro: ask (addressed to more than one person) .Opw-ra.&-rw > .Opw-rd-rw let him (or her, or it) ask Epo.Yra6vTwv

> EpwTWVT(l)V let them ask duals: ~p=u-rov (2nd person), ~pw-r&-rwv (3rd person)

Verbs with stems ending -E 8 tA.o:o: > tA.o:c love (addressed to one person) cA..&o:-ro:. > cAEi:-ro: love (addressed to more than one person) cAEETW > LAELTW let him (Or her, Or it) love cA.o:6v-rwv > c::\ol)v-rwv let them love duals: cj>c:\€c-rov (2nd person), cj>cA l:h)A.ou show (addressed to one person) O'T]A6o:-ro: > O'T]Aou-re show (addressed to more than one person) O'TJAo.&-rw > O'TJAdTw let him (or her, or it) show O'T]Ao6VTwv > o'TJA.ol)vTwv let them show duals: lnj:\oihov (2nd person), OTJAothwv (3rd person)

What is the English for 1.5pa. 2.f1Tj oijAou. 3.~f1E wcpEAEL. 4.~f1E wEAEL. 5.~pwTiLTE (2 meanings). 6.f1Tj ~'T]TELTE. 7.f1Tj ~AE1T€TE. 8.f1Tj EpWTW , (let me ask), I may ask EpWTUW kpw-rbo1J> > kpw-rlf~ you may ask (singular) kpw-r.i\1 > kpw-rlf he, she, it may ask duals: l:.fXlYTfr'Tov (2nd person), l:.paml:Tov {3rd person)

kpw-r&wfL"v > kpw-rwp."v kpw-r o'lA.oc

(let me show), I may show you may show (singular) he, she, it may show

o'lM"'IL"v > o'lA.wp.Ev 01'JAb1'J'~"" > 01'JAw,-., o'lMwac(v) > 01'JAWo-L(v)

let us show, we may show you may show (plural) they may show

duals: S'T]Afuov (2nd person), S'T]Afuov (3rd person)

What is the English for

l.Tij~ aocas Em8up.wf1EV. 2.f1'1'] 01']Awp.ev T'l'jv Kpu-rr,-'l'jv E'Caooov 'Toes "x8pocs. ( -1] the secret entrance) 3.,-oUs TioAL,-as Ke.AeUw1-1-e.v cpuA6:rTe.cr8aL 'Lva ol Ex8pol. 1-L-.-fJ bpWm.,v -ri-tv Kpu-rrT~v e.'CcroOov. (s

or

EpwTt.AoUcrav cAm\0"1]t.AoUvTos

LAOUV , u cAouv cf>LAoUvTos cAouvn

dual lAoUVTOLV

plural nominative accusative

LAOUVTELAoUvTaS

t.AoDcras

genitive

t.AoUonLs

cAoUVTU cAouvTu

t-AECTftV ~pwTW\1-EV

we were asking -ftpw-rii'Te. you were asking ' ' 'TjplTWV they were asking

Et.Aou!-LE.v'fl, [-L€peL: in (your) turn, f'E7' Eftou: f'E7n EftoD) ( Gorgias 462a3, adapted) 3.(and if a letter is added or subtracted, this doesn't matter at all as long as there remains intact) ~ oDo-La ToD 1Tpciy~nTos- 811Aou1-1€v11 J.v 1 "

Us

a

ou '

fJ>

oD

OJV

'

!Sv

iSv

~

OLS'

' '""

OL68pu

yE.

TLVOS TWV OV'TWV "

''E[.LTIEOOK/\ECLi • '' "

KCLTCL

19

'' ' ' · an examp I eo f parataxis. . 1.e. . c I auses not sub ord"1nated one to 1-'ouAEL ... aTioKpLvw~a.L; 1s the other: poUAeL and cl.'IToKplvwl-laL are 2 main verbs side by side, not joined by 11 andu or "but". The sense, do you want? am I to reply? (subjunctive) is like the English would you like me to reply? See also section 15, p.l93, footnote 29. 14o

15-D: by which, i.e. in the way in which. 1-La.Ata-Tn: especially (here meaning most readily). aKoAou8l]crms is 2nd personsingu!ar of aKOAou8l]cracftC, the Optative Of ojKoAou80]CTO., the aorist of aKOAou8€w: I follow.

>

'

UTIO

oL lnrb ToG crocpou > ' ' E\-LV'fJO'8TjSj 8 .TIUVTES -yap OL 'O ' "0 ' '_a 'T]UUCTfLUTWV fL'T]pOS EfLV'T]LTV'T]. A6-yoL I

J

(Republic 404c7-8) (To 1]8w;w, Toii 1\ou' the COnstitution, the republic) 12.T often means cowardly) 4.E:O.v TO~~ €(-Lol.s A6yot..s Wcpe.A.:Ij8'flTE, xaLpw. 5.EUV Toiho op8&ls :\E.x81J, 'Caws 0.:\"18&\s :\E.yELs. (U:v'lew,: truthfully) 6.1-1-ft SeTJ8wJ-LEV -roD TI~oUTou f-LTJTE 'TTjs UyLe.Las, dAAU Tfls crwcpporrUvTJS KCJ.L' TfjS OLKCJ.LOaUV'T]S.

'' 1-'0UI\"1 Q \ 'e 1JS O.[LELVWV ' ' ycyvEcr ' eCtL, f1"1TE ' a.pyupcou ' ' [L'T]TE' XPUITLOU ' E1TL ' eUf1"1"1JS, , 7 .Eav 0.:\:\0. OLKCJ.LOcrUV'T]S KaL crwpocrUV"lS· (for d.ftelvwv: better see p.297) 8. E.Uv x.pucrl.ov KCLL clp')'Upt..ov d.St..KWs croL TiopLcr8wat..v, TIWs Tolho apET"l ' ' E.cr·nv; { 1mpL~o~m with dative: I accrue to). 9 .KnL yvWcr'U -ro{iT(fl oUs Uv E:yW TjyW(.LCLL crocpoUs e.Ivav e.Up11crELS yelp J-LE ... 1Tuv8a.v6[1Evov 1rap' m'nou Eva f.La8wv TL u\e:\1]8w. (Hippias Minor 369d8-e2) (Tothf.J:.I is neuter: by this. 1Tuv8Uvo!-Lm: I enquire. 1Tap' stands for 1rapO. here simply meaning from. We might have expected a:t'nWv after oUs-, but we get m'nou, singular instead of plural.)

10 .OUKOUV l

""'

,,

EL

TLS

l

\

O.UTO

~

TOUTO

',..).,.

~

O.'t'O.LpEL 1

\

T'flV

''i:'

~

UUI..KLO.V,

''i:''

OUOEV

poaUvTjs Seij8ELTe.

4.el Tj !J-ETO. 8LKULocrUv11S 1TpCi~v; d.pE.T~ KA118EL'fl, eD av PTIBEL'Y]; 5 .E.L' P'll TL · eEL11 ' " OLOV ·' T ' ELVO.L ' TU')'U ' eCL 1TOpL~;,E.CT '' eUt, o.pET'flV ' " ELVUL, ' ' (Td.ya80. stands for

Ta

d.ya80.. al"lv is the optative of llfll.)

6.eL xpucrl.ov KaL cip-yUpt.ov 1-L'ft 8LKa.Lws 1Topu:r8eL-r·h crU

av

a.U-rO. -rropLhea8a.L

O.pe-r-f]v KaA.oL-qs;

7 .dp '

aUK

d.v

Tolho

Ci0LKOV

cf>a.veL"l;

8.d:.vayKaLov

Clv e'L'fl, eL

TOUTo

-rrpax8ELTJ. 9.e[ 0LKCLLocnJvTJ f.!-~ 1TpoaeL'f], -rrWs aUK U.v Cf3t..Kov cpa.veLTj;

('ITp6aHf.1t. I

am

present)

lO.dpa Pi8Lov

TUYXciveL

Ov

TO ')'VWva.L

Ea.uT6v; ... cpe.pe 8Tj,

TLva

av

Tp61TOV

e-0pe8eL'Y} aUTO TODTo; (Alcibiades I, 129a2-bl, adapted. ·n) yvWvo.L Eo.uT6v: (the art of how) to know oneself. G>Epe 8~: come, then. TCva. Tp6-rrov (accusative of manner) in what way, by what means ) (for €auT6v see section 25, p.338; yvWva.L is the infinitive of Eyvwv, p.l?O).

Learning Greek with Plato

238

Plato, Meno 77a2-77e4 Meno tries to define excellence as to rejoice in fine things and have power to obtain them.

"'" 'A", ~H. 1\/\U

,

8 ,

1s

,,,

,

, •.r.

16

i-L'llV 1Tp0 U!-LLU~ ')'E OUO€V 0.11'0/\EL't'W, ~ "\ I _., ! "\ '\ l rJ ~ ! ';' I l E\-LUUTOU, f\E')IWV 'TOLO.UTO. • 0.1\1\ 01TWS p.'l) OUX OLOS 'T l

"

'TOLO.UTO.

\

/

1\E.')'ELV.

l \

\

l

0./\/\

1/8

L L

19

~\

011

~

TIELpW

\.

KO.L

\

01J

,

KO.L

~

EVEKU

18

\ '\ \

EITO!LUL !

\

El-LOL

"

CTOU

"

\

'T1"}V

n

,

KO.L

'TT0/\/\0. t

I

U'TTOOXE.O"LV

20

l ~ ,-. 21 \ TJflL is negatived, e.g. ( Lach es 1 86b 1) if any one of us says that he has not had a teacher (if any one of us denies (does not affirm) a teacher to have happened to himself) " Tl-S 'fjtJ-WV ' ' ' ' • -24 OLUUO'"KU/\OV s s ,, 25 OU " "'t'TiCTL YE.')'OVEVUL ' EL CLUTWV EUUTL[>

21

This is not an invariable rule; for instance an infinitive clause is found after AE.yw at Laws 661c8: E.yW ~ev yUp AE.yw au~ Tli ~Ev KuKU Aey6~evu d.ya80:. Tols d8[Kots etvm :For I indeed am saying clearly that the things which are called bad are good to the 1

unjust. 22

~-rrL.TIJOeikrm. is the infinitive of aorist infinitive, see p.173. 23

Tia.L0eUw:

E.-rreT~Oeucra,

the aorist of E:·rn. .~&.uw. For this use of an

I educate.

24

€cw~4> to himself (reflexive).

25

0

Q~,OacncUAos, Toi:i O~,Oo.cnc£\ou:

the teacher (p.35, footnote 16).

270

Learning Greek with Plato

but sometimes the negative applying to the infinitive is found after c/>'11'-(: .-k \ OUK ' '~I ' ' 't'TJ\l.L E.LUEVO..L OUT

' EL

a..' yo.. 8'OV

' ' OUT

I ' EL' KO..KOV EO"TLV

(

Ap0I ogy 37b 6)

I say that I do not know whether it is a good thing or a bad thing (I say not to know whether it is a good thing or a bad thing).

Plato omits introductory words like 0VLQ/~

I

P:"

\

'C'

.L..WKpCLTT!S'

O'TL

8 '

7 .ap

l\

\

9

Tl)S' 0./\'ft E.LaS;

"

cl

OiL

I

C

0

R_

l

J

1

!-"LOS'

1\

.>.a: and in other respects. 591TAo.nJs, "'TA.a.Tela., 1rAcLTU: flat. Tj vUpK11, Tils v6.pKT[~: the torpedo fish, an electric ray of the genus Torpedo. BaAclTTt.OS, ea.AaTTLa, Bo.AclTTlOV: found in the sea. 60

1TAT[crl~ovTa is masculine accusative singular of 'lTAT[crL~wv, the present participle of -rrl."lcr'Ol;w, I approach. o det -rrA"l"'a~wv: the man who approaches (it) at any time. 61

"' I U1TTOf-LUl:

62

vapKCi.v is the infinitive ofvapKclw: I grow numb (cf. English 11 narcotic 11 ).

toUCh •

63

-rre.-rrOLT[KEvat, is the infinitive of -rre.-rroLT[Ka, the perfect of -rrot,Ew. vapKCi.v after 1TE.-rrOLT[KEvaL has been bracketed in the text because, as the infinitive of vapKUw, it means to be numb, whereas what Meno says Socrates has done to him is to make him numb, and the translation is easier without vapKCi.v after 1TE.1TOl~Ke.vm. There is doubt in this case whether to keep vapKCi.v in the text or omit it. 1rmEw is sometimes nearer to "I make" than "I do", and, taking TowUTov as masculine and TL as accusative of respect, we could translate OoKE.L~ p.ol viiv kfJ-E ToLoihOv Tl 1TE1TmT[KEva.L, vapKCi.v as "you seem to me now to have made me like this, in a certain way, to be numb", thus keeping va.pKCi.v in the text. An infinitive used to explain another word, as vapKCi.v is used tO explain Towlh6v, is said to be epexegetical (from Tfjs.(Theaetetus 190a4) We call this (put this down as) its opinion (mhfjs refers to -1] TUUT'fjV Tt8E1LEV

o/ux~.).

n&rjiJ.c is also used for apply. -r(8e.v.ev oDv Ka.L TiiAAa 7rclvTa eLs -rOv alYTOv A6yov; (Republic 353 dl) 15 Do we therefore apply all the others (sc. r:he other cases) to the same logic?

n&rjl"c can also mean assume. E-yW tJ-Ev oDv a-0 T£81llLL Ta.iha. oU-rws ExeLv.(Gorgias 509a7) I, at any rate, am assuming again that these things are so (that this is so)

VOiJ.OV n8€iJ.al (middle) means I make a law (for myself), legislate: ciA_A_

1

ol1-1a.L o-0-roL KctTci c}Do-LV TTjv ToU 8L.Kn£ou Taihu -rrpEAw!l-ev is 1st person plural of dc€i:v I began to shout at the top of my voice (literally, I began to send out all voice), "Tjkcv is 1st person imperfect active and stands for clloLv (see p.425 for the imperfect of 'l'TntL) because cll'fJfJ.L is treated as a simple verb and is augmented on the first syllable. 42

Plato, Meno 80b8-8lal0 Meno caps Socrates' response with a puzzle on his own part.

IT O.VOUp)IOS ~ ' W' EL, '4S ' \ MEN • T L ll-UI\LUTU,

- "'-'H.

r L')'VWCJ"KW I

' , \'

M~ 't 'f11TO.TT]CfO.S ' ' 44 EVWV, KO.L 0/\L')'OU 43 Es

'

~E.

'aat

SE

oUK EvoUcrTjs ~v T"Q o/uxi] ~-rrLaTTjiLTJS ~ EvTL8evaL

they affirm knowledge not being in the soui, they themselves to put it in ~they affirm that when there is no knowledge in the soul, they (themselves) put it in. (Republic 518b9-cl) 38 35 1Tp0s (here): against, i.e. in competition with 36

The subject is "hen, the prisoner who has escaped from the cave. TEAEuTul.ov: finally. b 1iALDs, Tali -r]Alou: the sun. U8amv is dative plural of (TO) UO.wp, U8o.Tos: water. ci.A.A6Tpt..os, ci.AAoTpla, ill6Tpt..ov: belonging to another, belonging to something else. -T] EOpa, -rYts EO.pa.s: the seat (proper) location. TO 4>6.vTaa~J.a, Tali r}uvTO.rr!J.aTos: the vision, apparition. '11 xWpu, Tijs xWras: the place. KO.Tt..8e.l.v is the infinitive of KO.Te.l.Sov, the aorist of Ka8op6.w: I see distinctly. BEUO!J.O.L.: I observe. Begin translating at 8Uvavr' av KU'Tt..8ELV "T0v 1iAt..ov. 7

37

38

d:rrovl.~w: I wash. 0 TiaLs-: the slave boy.

E.v£q.1.t..: I am inside Tt E.-rrt..CIT1J!J.'fJ, -rYts E.-rrt..D""T'ftt-L'fJS :knowledge. "Theyn are educationalists who believe that they put knowledge into the soul.

341

Section 25

~tTCt Taiha E E.vo:-rov: ninth (see p.287 above). TO ETas, -roii E:rous (3rd declension neuter): the year.) O.vocoo1 stands for O.vaolowo-c (3(3wf1-' meaning (here) I send). Kelvwv &v6.~'1' hec av3coo1 o/uxo.s '!TaAcv means of those (people) on the ninth year she sends up again the souis.

56€.K TWv: out of whom. The definite article is used instead of the relative pronoun. 57

~a.o-lAfjes

is the nominative plural of ~ao-LAeUs (p.70). d:yau6s, ciyo.u~, dya.u6v means

illustrious. cr8€veL is dative singular of CT8E.vos (3rd declension neuter), strength, might. Kpavrrv6s, ttpcu,7rV.f), t LAEL (the lover is a friend).

The objective genitive stands to a noun connected with the root of a verb as the object would to the verb: ~ 'ToY ciet OvTos ')'VWm.s the knowledge of that which always is (Republic 527b4)

where To cl.El. gv (accusative) , the always-being thing, or that which always is would be the object of a verb like yLyv

~

OOKEL,

'1.

,

\

KO.L. E1TL

31]Kw: I have arrived, am here. The example is from T.G. Goodell, The Order of words in Greek, Transactions of the American Philological Association voLXXI, pp.S-47.

Learning Greek with Plato

368

extension of subject

'A f)LQ"TLTITIOll '

A-' \ ' r! t "' " ~ I CTO't'Lq., KUL OUX 'flKUYTO. OL TOU CYOU E.TULf20U

ro{nou 0€ D[.LLV a'L·n6s

AupLqa.LoL. V

EcrTL ropyLas.

extension of 0

cl¢LK6~&e.vos yelp

0 TolJs TipWTous,

T~v 'TT6ALv EpugTcis

e.Ls

\~

TIOI\LTO.L

S+V

ETIL rrocpLq.

e.'LAu~e.v 'AAe.ua.OWv

tbv 0 erOs Epa.crTTjs EcrTLV 'ApLcrTt:rrrros, Ka.L TWv ClAAwv 8e.TTa.AWv. 0

0

S+V TE Kac fLE'jaAo1Tperrws

s

v ' ' 8 ,, 0.1I0Kf2l,VEQ" O.L E.UV

v

f

.I1..S.

v

0 "

V, ptcpl, ext. of 0 ,,

TL EP'QTO.L, W TL> y&yovE, KcvouvEDEL ... ~ crocp(a forms chiasmus, 4 a pattern (e.g. too proud to dig, to beg I am ashamed ) which was popular in Greek; second, it draws attention to ~ crocp(u at the outset of the dialogue,

and reminds us that this dialogue is in the last analysis about wisdom, the ability to know things, of which knowing what excellence is, is only an example. A reference list of figures of speech is found at Smyth, Greek Grammar paras. 3008-3048. Among those particularly affecting word order are anacolouthon ("not followingn), when the construction at the beginning of a sentence seems not to be followed consistently, anaphora (repetition of a word at the beginning of several successive clauses), aposiopesis ("falling silent", breaking off before the end of a clause or sentence), asyndeton (lack of conjunctions), hyperbaton ("transposition" or "passing over") where by words are separated which would naturally belong together, hysteron proteron ("later earlier"). whereby the temporal order of events is reversed.

4 Chiasmus

is a figure of speech where contrasting pairs of words or ideas are put in reverse order. The name comes from the Greek letter X and means I

>!'\ '\

v

Ov-rwv

dative

oDOL(v)

oUcrm.s

oDOL(v)

Imperative (p.185) '(a6c be! (to one person) ~ OLOoCTj

St..Ool:TOV ~kSol.-rrtv

OLOOLfJ-EV OLOoLTE OLOoLEV 17

(p.310)

Othat I might give!

n8eL11v

0 that I might put!

0 that you might give! Othat he/she/it might give!

TL8el'l"}s

Othat you might put! Othat he/she/it might put!

0 that you both might give 0 that they both might give

n8e.L'T)

n.StiTov 0 that you both might put n.BE.L"Mlv 0 that they both might put

Othat we might give!

TL8E'Lj.LEV

Othat you might give!

n8e.l:Te.

Othat we might put! Othat you might put!

Othat they might give!

n&.Le.v

Othat they might put!

In the imperfect, Lis augmented and so is pronounced long.

.

-~~~~;:~~!!1!!!~;..:

Reference Llst ofVere.)'i!Endmgs·&alvw, I show) cj>a.voiip.aL (future of alvof!.L)

6.=wv (participle of

w o/T)p.t

LA€w 1] 0..·1h Tijs LA.fis tA.os, tA.'I], tA.ov b LAos, -rou LAou LA6aoos, LA6aoov 65 o LA6aoos, TOU LAoa6ou OV

.ft cf>tlm.s, 7"11s

cf>Ucn~ws

I appear, am demonstrated ( 12) 64 I shall appear, be demonstrated (12 p.138) saying (1 0 p.104) I am bringing, I bring (3) I say yes, affirm (3) I love, regard with affection, like (9) the friend (2) friendly, dear (2) the friend (2) philosophic, loving knowledge (2) the philosopher (6) dearest (23 p.Z95) dearer (23 p.Z95) nature (6)

64 cpalveTat. with a participle means it appears (and is true) i.e .it is evident. 8elq. fLOlpq.. -Tt1-1i:.v o/alveTUL -i)j-LLV 1Ta-payt.yvo[-LEVT) Tj d.per~:

it is evident that by a divine dispensation virtue comes to us. ( Meno 1 00b3) ( ~ fLOcpa, -riis f!.olpas: dispensation, fate) (Our observation shows that virtue really does arrive in this way.) alvEmL with an infinitive means it appears to be... (but may be so or not) 1-1-G86v nva. ~acnoo;- cpaLvETal (LOL 8vrjyel.o-8at. 1Tnt.cr1.v W:; 0"0cn..v ijp.Lv: each (of them) seems to me to be telling us a story as if we were children (literally, as being children.) (Sophist, Z4Zc 8-9) (b f!.ii8os, Toii f!.D8ou: the myth, story. 8L1JyEofJ.m: /lead through, i.e./ relate, tell) cpaLvera.L with an infinitive may sometimes, but not invariably, g:> farther and indicate that an appearance is false (e.g. KALELV ealve'To: he looked as if he were weeping, i.e. pretended that he was weeping) (Xenophon, Symposium 1, 1 5, qucted by Smyth). ( Iu

~E~;\CtfLfLCtL

I am hatming

I shall harm

I harmed

I have banned

I have been harmed

~ou!-ofLm

~ou!-'ijcrofLCtL

E~ou!-1j8TjV

~E~ou!-TJfLC1L

I want

I shall want

I wanted'

I have come to vvant

)'L)'VOfLUL I am happening

' ' )'EVTJCTOfLUL E)'EVOfLTJV I shall happen I happened

3

,

' )'E)'OVCL I have happened

s·"' n

' )'€)'€VTjfLC1L

'1

I have become, been generated

~·

>cJ

ycyvwcrKw ' I am discovering,

E'yvwv " )'VUJCTOfLC1L ' I shall discover l discovered

"

E'YVWKU

I have discovered

, ' 8TJV E)'VUJCT I was

discovered

I know

e.

"''" '1

M

~

,_.,

0

< SEofLCLL I need, beseech

oe'ijcrofLC1L I shall need, beseech

2

EOE'ijBTjV l needed besought

(1>

'1

rr ~

Passive form, active meaning.

future passive form, ye.v'T]B~rrETett. is found at Parmenides 14le6- oUTe yev~aerut. oUTe ye.v7]8~cre.Tat..: it will neither become nor be made to become.

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£ "'

present active

future active

aorist active

perfect active

perfect passive (and middle)

aorist passive

8€xofLuL

o.f~OfLUL I shall receive

EOE~UfL'flV I received

OtfOE')'f'UL

I am receiving

OLuA.fyofLUL

OLuA.f~ofLuL

8LeA€x8'Tlv

I am conversing

I shall converse

I conversed

I have conversed

8wcp8eCpw

8wcp8epw

OL€cp8ELpu

I am ruining, corrilpting

I shall ruin

I ruined

oL€cp8upKu

OL€cj>8upfLuL

OLecp8up'flV

I have ruined

I have been ruined

I was ruined

8L0ciaKW I am teaching

OL8U~w I shall teach

€8C8u~a I taught

OLOWfLL

OWaw

I am giving

I shall give

~0WKCL I gave

-""

0 "'

I have received 4

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r

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1:' ~· 1:'

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5

8e8Couxu

8e8C8uyfLuL

€8L8Ux8'Tlv

()

I have taught

I have been taught

I was taught

8€8wKu

"'"'"

O.fOOfLUL

eo68'flV

I have given

I have been given

I was given

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"'

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M

1:" M

0

SoKEw

86~w

1 seem

I shall seem

~So~ a I seemed

4Passive form active meaning, 8LEAEy'T]v sometimes in Aristotle. 1 5

See p.313.

8€8oyfLuL I have seemed

present active

,

' eyupw I

am awakening

future active

,

eyepw I shall awaken

aorist active

perfect active

perfect passive (and middle)

aorist passive

'TlYELpu

v

, ' eyp'Tlyopu

Tjy€p8'Tlv

I awakened

lam awake6

I was

awakened

E'A'EYXW I am examining

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1]Aey!;a

I shall examine

I e-xamined

~A'l'jAeyp,ac I have been examined

o\Mx8'Tlv I was examined >;j

E'TTO~ct\..

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€

I am following

I shall follow

[~po!laL]

"tjl O~O.L

,

' EP'TlO"OfLUL I shall ask

~

' ' E0"1T0fL'TlV I followed

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p n

,;:;·

;::.

, ' 'TlPOfL'TlV

>;j

" ~

I asked

rl

ELI-'L

i\A8ov

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