Latin: A Clear Guide to Syntax (Anthem Education) [1 ed.] 1843312980, 9781843312987

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LATIN A Clear Guide to Syntax

Mike Seigel

ANTHEM PRESS LONDON * NEW YORK • DELHI

Anthem Press An imprint of Wimbledon Publishing Company www.anthempress.com

This edition first published in UK and USA 2009 by ANTHEM PRESS 75-76 Blackfriars Road, London SEI 8HA, UK or PO Box 9779, London SW19 7ZG, UK and 244 Madison Ave. #116, New York, NY 10016, USA

Copyright © Mike Seigel 2009 The moral right of the author has been asserted.

All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book.

Images reproduced courtesy of: Leo Curran, the AncientWorlds website, Ronald Embleton, Mark Hegarty, David Camden, F. Trefeau, the Mary Evans Picture Library, Barnaby's Picture Gallery, Paula Chabot, Leslie Noles, John Traupman and Barbara McManus. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Seigel, Mike. Latin : a clear guide to syntax/Mike Seigel. p. cm. ISBN 978-1-84331-298-7 (pbk.) 1. Latin language—Word order. 2. Latin language—Clauses. 3. Latin language—Syntax. I. Title.

PA2293.S45 2008 475—dc22 2007048802 ISBN-10: 1 84331 298 0 (Pbk) ISBN-13: 978 1 84331 298 7 (Pbk)

1 3579 10 8642 Printed in India

FOR

Wendy, Emma and Alexander

And for my numerous pupils, past, present and future

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

MIKE SEIGEL Mike Seigel has had a distinguished academic and teaching career. After being educated at St Paul’s School, he won an Exhibition to New College, Oxford, to read Classics. After rejoining St Paul’s School in 1973 as a teacher, Mike became Head of Classics at Colet Court (St Paul’s Prep School) in 1976 until 1987, dur­ ing which period more than 80 of his pupils succeeded in getting scholarships to the most prestigious independent schools in the UK, including Eton, St Paul’s, Winchester and Westminster. He then concentrated his teaching to the GCSE and A Level classes and was also a Careers and University Adviser at the school with special responsibility for those going abroad for their higher education (mainly to US universities), before becoming Headmaster of Rokeby, Kingston upon Thames, in August 1999. He served as Head for eight years, during which time he oversaw many developments of the school and became actively involved with the Independent Association of Preparatory Schools, serving on several educational committees. He has now returned to the classroom for the next stage of his career and is teaching Latin and Greek at all levels at Tiffin Boys’ School, Kingston.

Mike Seigel is married with two ‘young adult’ children.

CONTENTS

Foreword

ix

Introduction

xi

1

Revision of Case Usage

1

2

Time, Manner, Place

7

3

The Infinitive

15

4

Participles

19

5

Relative Clauses

25

6

Indirect Statement

29

7

Purpose Clauses

35

8

Result Clauses

39

9

Direct Commands

43

10

Indirect Commands

47

11

Direct Questions

53

12

Indirect Questions

57

13

Uses of cum

61

14

Simple Causal and Concessive Clauses

65

vii

CONTENTS 15

Temporal Clauses

69

16

Simple Conditional Clauses

73

17

Verbs of Fearing

77

18

Passages for Translation

81

19

Further Passages for Translation

87

20

Independent Uses of the Subjunctive

95

21

Relative Clauses with the Subjunctive

101

22

Further Conditional Clauses

105

23

Further Indirect Questions

109

24

Gerunds and Gerundives

113

25

Gerunds and Gerundives of Obligation

119

26

Impersonal Verbs

123

27

The Predicative Dative

127

28

Haider Passages for Translation

131

29

Verse Passages for Translation

137

30

Passages for Prose Composition

145

General Vocabulary

151

viii

FOREWORD

The study of Latin provides a firm foundation for the learning of other languages both ancient and modem, as well as promoting greater clarity of expression in the pupil’s own language. I am convinced that such a foundation is as important today as it has ever been and I commend this new book warmly both to teachers and to pupils. Mr Seigel’s aim is to expound and illustrate all the basic Latin construc­ tions. His explanations are clear and concise, and make the book a valuable vade mecum, as well as an excellent source of material, for those pupils who already have some two years of Latin behind them and who want to secure their grasp of syntax, extend their vocabulary and improve their translation skills.

R.S. Baldock The High Master St Paul’s School, London, 1995

INTRODUCTION

Some may feel that there is a plethora of Latin books and courses in the market, especially in the 21st century. The intention of this book when first published more than a decade ago was not to replace any of these but rather to act as a supplement to the existing courses. Its prime purpose remains to increase the understanding of Latin syntax and to provide further practice in translation for children during their study of the language when preparing for the challenges of various public examinations. It is hoped that the book will continue not only to be used in schools but also to be helpful for the enterprising pupil working on his or her own, or perhaps with their parents or a private tutor. No book can be totally self-reliant, and its success inevitably depends on the skill of the teacher (or pupil) using it. However, this book aims to provide as much assistance and explanation in as clear and concise a fashion as possible.

The book progresses from the simple revision of the basics to gradually more difficult material. Throughout the book there are lists of ten words to be leamt from each chapter to reinforce knowledge of these particular words. It has always been my experience as a teacher that children learn best from the reinforcement of vocabulary they have just met in context.

Learning should of course be both stimulating and enjoyable, and it is very much hoped that this book will continue to make it so! M.K.S. July 2008

xi

1 REVISION OF CASE 1 USAGE

The Arch of Septimius Severus, which stands in the Forum in Rome

It is assumed that a certain amount of Latin has already been covered at this stage, but before discussing the more advanced constructions it will be useful to revise the simple uses of the various cases. Further uses involved in expressions of Time, Manner and Place will be covered in the next chapter.

NOMINATIVE is used to describe the subject of a sentence: PUERI ADSUNT. The boys are present.

VOCATIVE is used to address people and is sometimes preceded by the word ‘o’: (O) PUERI, UBI ESTIS? Boys, where are you?

ACCUSATIVE is used a) as the object of the sentence: PUEROS VIDEMUS. Wfe see the boys. 1

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX b) after certain prepositions: AD PUEROS AMBULAMUS. We walk towards the boys.

GENITIVE is used to denote possession: PUERORUM LIBROS HABEO. I have the boys’ books. DATIVE is used a) as the indirect object, often after verbs of giving, showing etc.: PUERIS LIBROS DO. I give the books to the boys. or I give the boys the books. b) to denote advantage (or disadvantage!): HIC LIBER PUERIS ERIT UTILIS. This book will be useful for the boys.

ABLATIVE is used a) for the instrument with which something is done: PUER MANU SINISTRA SCRIBIT. The boy is writing with his left hand. PUER SAGITTA VULNERATUS EST. The boy was wounded by an arrow.

and

b) after certain prepositions: CUM PUERIS AMBULAMUS. We are walking with the boys.

A PUERIS PETEBAMUR. We were being chased by the boys.

Exercise 1.1 In the following sentences write out each noun and say what case it is in, and then translate each sentence into English.

1 2 3 4 5

agricola cibum animalibus dabat. pueri carmina poetarum legebant. ad oppidum hostium contendemus. dux barbarorum bellum cum Romanis gessit. milites, parate insidias hostibus. 2

1

REVISION OF CASE USAGE

6 equus ducis hasta militis necatus est. 7 exercitus consulum ab hostibus victus est. 8 vis tempestatis naves Romanorum delevit. 9 incola viam militibus monstravit. 10 o filia, cur domum relinquere vis?

Exercise 1.2 THE SAXONS ARRIVE IN BRITAIN Britanni per totam insulam miserrimi erant, nam barbari saevi domos eorum oppugnabant, incolae igitur epistolam ad consulem Romanum scripserunt et legatos cum hac epistola miserunt. “duas mortes exspectamus,” scripserant, “barbari enim nos ad mare pellunt, et mare ad barbaros nos repellit, nisi civibus nostris auxilium dederitis, a barbaris vincemur et patria nostra delebitur. Romani, audite Britannorum clamores et mittite milites summa celeritate ad insulam nostram!” Romani tamen cum aliis hostibus prope urbem suam pugnabant, neque Britannos iuvare poterant. Britanni domos reliquerunt et in silvis montibusque se celaverunt, multi ab hostibus capti sunt et gladiis occisi sunt, imperium Romanorum incolis insulae melius fuerat, nam hi barbari multo crudeliores quam Romani erant.

1

Translate the first seven lines down to nostram.

2

From the second paragraph write down:

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) 3

(30 marks)

a noun in the nominative case a noun in the vocative case a noun in the accusative case which is the object of its sentence a preposition followed by the accusative case a noun in the genitive case a noun in the dative case a noun in the ablative case without a preposition a preposition followed by the ablative case (8 marks)

Answer the following questions on the third paragraph:

a) b) c) d) e)

Why could the Romans not help the Britons? Where did the Britons hide? What happened to many of the Britons? Why had Roman rule been better? What are the cases of hostibus (1.8), urbem (1.8), imperium (1.10), incolis (1.11), insulae (1.11), Romani (1.12)?

3

(3 (2 (3 (3

marks) marks) marks) marks)

(6 marks)

5

10

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX Exercise 1.3

Translate into Latin. 1 2 3 4 5

The barbarians sent a large army to the island. The consul gave a letter to the ambassadors. We were being driven out of the city by the enemy. The cruel soldier killed the citizens with his sword. We heard the shouts of the soldiers in the woods.

It should be noted that certain verbs require a case other than the accusative for their object, and the following verbs should therefore be learnt together with the case they take:

+ DATIVE credo impero noceo parco pareo persuadeo placeo resisto

+ ABLATIVE fruor utor

I believe, trust I order, command I harm I spare I obey I persuade I please I resist

Exercise 1.4

Translate into English. 1 2 3 4 5

pueri boni magistris parent. cras libris novis utemur. ille leo captivo non nocebit. haec cena mihi valde placuit, et vino maxime fructus sum. Romani exercitibus barbarorum diu resistebant, sed frustra.

Exercise 1.5

Translate into Latin. 1 2 3

The boys enjoy the new book. The good schoolmaster will not harm the boys. The consul trusts the ambassador’s letter.

4

I enjoy I use

1 4 5

REVISION OF CASE USAGE

The large army pleased the consuls. The barbarians did not spare the inhabitants of the island.

In all remaining chapters there will be exercises ofLatin sentences to be translated into English, and English sentences to be translated into Latin; these will very often follow a passage of Latin and the vocabulary of these sentences will be based on that passage. As the book advances, these sentences may be given in the form of a continuous passage, but may still be translated as separate sentences ifpreferred. Specific instructions will be given only where appropriate and for the various language manipulation exercises.

Vocabulary auxilium, -i (n) epistola -ae (f) celo (1) mitto, -ere, misi, missum (3) nisi pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsum (3) relinquo, -ere, reliqui, relictum (3) saevus, -a, -um scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptum (3) totus, -a, -um

help letter I hide I send unless, if...not I drive I leave (behind) fierce, savage I write whole

5

2

TIME, MANNER, PLACE

In the previous chapter we looked at the most common case usages; we shall now look at some further uses.

Time The ACCUSATIVE is used to express TIME HOW LONG REX MULTOS ANNOS REGEBAT. The king ruled for many years.

TRES DIES IN INSULA MANEBAMUS. We stayed on the island for three days.

Some times per is used together with the ACCUSATIVE PER DECEM ANNOS TROIA OBSESSA EST. For ten years Troy was under siege. The ABLATIVE is used to express a) TIME WHEN SEXTO DIE SENEX MORTUUS EST. On the sixth day the old man died. TERTIA HORA DOMUM RELIQUIMUS. At the third hour (i.e. about 9 a.m.)* we left the house.

b) TIME WITHIN WHICH SEX DIEBUS AD URBEM REDIBIMUS. Within six days/In six days’ time we shall return to the city.

DUOBUS DIEBUS URBEM RELIQUI. Within two days I left the city. 7

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX * You must remember that the Romans lived long before the era of the digital watch or the mobile phone and were delightfully vague about time. (They had no trains to catch!!) Hours were counted not as in our manner, starting at midnight and again at noon, but by sunlight, and this is still done in some parts of Africa today. So when translating into English you must remember that PRIMA HORA means the first hour of daylight i.e. about 7 a.m. and not one o’clock. Another useful point to remember is that CARDINAL numbers (one, two, three etc.) are used in expressions of time how long and time within which, whereas ORDINAL numbers (first, second, third etc.) are used to express time when. Remember too that ALL ORDINALS decline but of the CARDINALS only unus, duo and tres. Exercise 2.1

1 bellum tres annos gerebatur. 2 quarto anno legati pacem petiverunt. 3 hunc librum duabus horis legi. 4 prima luce ab urbe proficiscemur. 5 sexta hora ad oram perveniemus. 6 secundo die consul ad castra rediit. 7 per multas horas equites hostium castra nostra oppugnabant. 8 illo die plurimi milites occisi sunt. 9 mater fabulas pueris duas horas narrabat. 10 Ulixes decem annos ad insulam suam redire conabatur.

Manner In the last chapter we looked at the use of the ABLATIVE case to express how something is done. This is often called the ABLATIVE OF MANNER or the ABLATIVE OF INSTRUMENT. It is used with inanimate objects and can be used with either active or passive verbs.

e.g. MAGNA VOCE CLAMAVERUNT. They shouted loudly, (lit. with a loud voice) HASTIS OPPUGNATI SUMUS. We were attacked with spears. Exercise 2.2 1 2

feminae consulem clamoribus petiverunt. equites summa celeritate progressi sunt.

8

2

TIME, MANNER, PLACE

3 mulieribus verbis sapientibus persuadebimus. 4 cives poetam maximo honore salutaverunt. 5 in proelio rex sagitta occisus est. 6 nautae somno superati sunt. 7 Ulixes gigantem vino oppressit. 8 lupa Romulum et Remum magna cura conservavit. 9 decimo anno Graeci Troiam dolo ceperunt. 10 incolae tria oppida magna vi oppugnaverunt.

Place In the last chapter we noted ad with the ACCUSATIVE case meaning to, towards. Particular care must be taken of in which means into, on to when followed by the ACCUSATIVE and in, on when followed by the ABLATIVE.

So

IN URBEM PROGRESSI SUMUS. We advanced into the city.

IN URBE MANSIMUS. We stayed in the city. The ACCUSATIVE is always used with prepositions expressing MOTION TO. The ABLATIVE is always used with prepositions expressing PLACE AT and PLACE FROM.

Other prepositions followed by the ACCUSATIVE include: ante circum contra inter per prope propter super trans

before, in front of around against among, between through near on account of, because of over, above across

Other prepositions followed by the ABLATIVE include: a, ab

cum

1) from 2) by (after passive verbs) (together) with - see Chapter 1 9

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX de

e, ex pro sine sub

1) down from 2) about (i.e. talk ‘about’ etc.) from, out of 1) in front of 2) for, on behalf of without under

Exercise 2.3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

puellae fessae sub arboribus multas horas iacebant. tribus horis ad castra hostium perveniemus. equites nostri contra barbaros saevos pugnabant. milites e patria secundo anno discesserunt. servi per silvas summa celeritate fugerunt. senator villam novam prope flumen aedificavit. subito leones equos de montibus oppugnaverunt. mercator pecuniam in mensam posuit. in mensa agricolae erant cibus et vinum. ante proelium imperator copias multis verbis hortatus est.

N.B. The simple prepositions meaning to, from, in are not used with the names of towns or small islands. The name is put into the ACCUSATIVE for MOTION TOWARDS and the ABLATIVE for MOTION FROM. So

ROMAM VENIMUS. We came to Rome. LONDINIO PROFECTUS SUM. I set out from London.

With such nouns an old case no longer used with other nouns is used to express PLACE AT - this is called the LOCATIVE. Its basic ending is -i, but in 1 st declension nouns it combines with a to become -ae. These endings are best learnt by example and they are also found with certain other common nouns listed below:

Romae Londinii domi humi ruri* vesperi*

at Rome in London at horne on the ground in the country (side) in the evening

10

2

TIME, MANNER, PLACE

*the ablative forms rure and vespere are sometimes also found. For plural nouns the locative ending is the same as the ablative, e.g. Athenis at Athens

Exercise 2.4 1 ille senator Romae octo dies mansit. 2 nono die Roma profectus est et Brundisium iter fecit. 3 ad Graeciam navigavit, sed duobus annis Romam rediit. 4 post proelium agricola gladios militum humi invenit. 5 pater meus Londinium ivit, sed ego domi cum matre mansi. 6 cives divites villas ruri aedificabant. 7 Athenis erant multa templa pulcherrima. 8 Theseus Athenas ex insula Creta cum filia regis redibat. 9 Ulixes Troia discessit neque domum decem annis pervenit. 10 Claudius Camulodunum cum exercitu et elephantis progressus est.

Exercise 2.5 THE FIRST KINGS OF ROME

olim Romae reges regnabant, rex primus erat Romulus qui multos annos bene regebat, post mortem eius (ut Romani dicunt) Romulus a deis in caelum ablatus est et ipse deus factus est. rex secundus, nomine Numa Pompilius, etiam a deis valde amatus est quod multa templa aedificavit. tertius rexit Tullus Hostilius, vir ferocissimus, qui bellum contra populos vicinos gessit. Ancus Martius, rex quartus, urbem auxit et pontem trans flumen Tiberim fecit, tum regnum tenuit vir Etruscus, Tarquinius Priscus, qui novum templum Iovi, regi deorum, aedificavit, postquam Tarquinius necatus est, Servius Tullius rex factus est. hic multa et utilia civibus Romanis instituit et pacem cum vicinis fecit, sed a filia sua crudelissime occisus est et Tarquinius Superbus regnum occupavit, hic erat rex septimus et ultimus. ut vicinus, -a, -um instituo, -ere, institui, institutum (3)

(here) as neighbouring) I set up, establish

1

Translate the first four lines of the passage down to aedificavit.

2

From the first paragraph write down: a) b)

a preposition followed by the accusative case a preposition followed by the ablative case 11

(20 marks)

5

10

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX c) d) e)

3

a noun in the locative case an expression of time an adverb

(5 marks)

Study the second paragraph and then answer the following questions: a) b) c) d) e) f) g)

What sort of man was Tullus Hostilius? What did he do to prove this comment? What did the fourth king do to improve Rome? Why might the gods have been pleased by the fifth king? What two particular things are we told that Servius Tullius did? How was Servius Tullius killed and by whom? Who was the last king of Rome and what does his cognomen (nickname) mean?

Exercise 2.6

1 2 3 4 5

Seven kings once ruled at Rome. The first king of Rome ruled for many years. One of the kings built many temples in the city. After many years the last king was expelled from the city. We will go home on the second day.

Exercise 2.7

Choose the correct form of the noun and then translate. 1 2 3 4 5

Romam/Romae/Roma septem annos habitavi. milites circum muri/muros/muris tres horas ambulabant. rex superbus a cives/civium/civibus non amatus est. Ulixes longissimum iter decem annos/annorum/annis fecit. Troia decimo annum/anno/annis a Graecis capta est.

12

(1 mark) (3 marks) (4 marks) (4 marks) (4 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks)

2

TIME, MANNER, PLACE

Vocabulary augeo, -ere, auxi, auctum (2) bene caelum, -1 (n) ferox, -cis occupo (1) olim pons, pontis (m) ultimus, -a, -um utilis, -e valde

I increase well sky, heaven fierce I seize once (upon a time) bridge last, furthest useful very (much)

13

THE INFINITIVE

Theseus deserts Ariadne on the island of Naxos

The INFINITIVE is commonly found after the following verbs: volo possum soleo timeo constituo

I I I I I

want, wish can, am able am used am afraid decide

nolo audeo disco conor paro

I I I I I

do not want dare learn (how) try prepare

Consider the following examples: ABIRE VOLUMUS. We want to go away. NATARE POSSUMUS. We are able to/can swim.

15

malo debeo scio cupio amo

I prefer I ought I know (how) I desire Hike

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX MANERE DEBETIS. You ought to stay.

Exercise 3.1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

pueri arborem ascendere volebant. puellae domi cum matre sedere maluerunt. cur in hortum mecum venire non vis? frater meus tribus diebus Romam iter facere conabitur. omnes bene scribere didicistis. milites Romani fortiter pugnare sciverunt. Horatius in ponte manere ausus est. Aeneas patrem in urbe Troia relinquere nolebat. Theseus monstrum adire nori timuit. filia regis hunc iuvenem iuvare valde volebat.

The infinitive is also used with the following verbs of ordering etc.: iubeo sino So

I order I allow

veto prohibeo

I forbid I prevent

cogo

I compel

TE TACERE IUBEO. I am telling you to be quiet. ME LOQUI PROHIBUIT. He prevented me from speaking.

N.B. How English uses ‘from’ after ‘prevent’.

Exercise 3.2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

magister pueros libros legere iussit. pater me in urbem solum ire vetuit. cives ad templum adire sinemus. agricola nos agros suos intrare prohibet. copias hostium prima luce pugnare cogemus. principes Gallorum pacem cum Romanis petere constituerunt. tribus diebus discedere parabamus, sed diutius manere coacti sumus. Aeneas Carthagini morari malebat, sed dei eum statim discedere iusserunt. Ulixes domum redire voluit, sed multa pericula subire coactus est. servus ex arena effugere conatus est, sed leo ferocissimus eum exire prohibuit.

16

3

THE INFINITIVE

Exercise 3.3

THESEUS AND THE MINOTAUR olim in insula Creta regnabat rex crudelis, nomine Minos, filius huius regis erat monstrum et in labyrintho habitabat, quotannis Minos cives Athenarum septem pueros et septem puellas ad Cretam mittere iussit. hi a Minotauro saevissime occisi sunt. Theseus igitur, filius regis Athenarum, ipse periculum subire constituit, cives enim suos servare volebat, deinde ad Cretam navigavit, ubi Ariadne, filia regis, eum subito amavit, itaque iuvenem iuvare constituit, et ei gladium et filum longissimum dedit, ille gladio monstrum necare et filo e labyrintho effugere potuit.

quotannis filum

every year thread

Exercise 3.4

1 2 3 4 5

The cruel king wanted to sail to the island. We ordered seven citizens to kill the monster. The king’s daughter decided to save the young man. The long sword was not able to help the king himself. The girls wanted to escape from the danger.

Exercise 3.5 Choose the correct infinitive to make sense and then translate.

1 2 3 4 5

filius regis monstrum mittere/amare/occidere volebat. hic iuvenis e Creta discedere/parare/subire poterat. cur Romam cras habitare/iubere/ire vis? pueros fessos legere/iuvare/manere constituimus. magistro parare/parere/portare debetis.

17

5

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX Vocabulary constituo, -ere, constitui, constitutum (3) crudelis, -e gladius, -i (m) iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussum (2) iuvo, -are, iuvi, iutum (1) neco(1) nomen, -inis (n) occido, -ere, occidi, occisum (3) subeo, -ire, subii (irr.) subito

I decide

cruel sword / order I help I kill name I kill I undergo suddenly

18

PARTICIPLES

In Latin, as in English, participles are adjectives formed from verbs:

e.g. FLYING SAUCERS TOASTED CHEESE The first of these is a PRESENT participle, and it is ACTIVE; it describes saucers which are flying. The second is both PERFECT and PASSIVE, describing cheese which has been toasted.

Latin has PRESENT PARTICIPLES which are ACTIVE and PERFECT PARTICIPLES which are PASSIVE

We shall first consider PRESENT PARTICIPLES. These are formed on the present stem + -ns, and decline like the 3rd declension adjective ingens, e.g. amans, amantis; mittens, mittentis etc. The only irregular formation is that of eo and its compounds, iens, euntis; rediens, redeuntis etc.

PRESENT PARTICIPLES may be used only when describing an action which takes place at the same time as the main verb:

PUEROS LUDENTES SPECTAMUS. We watch the boys playing. PUELLAM LACRIMANTEM AUDIVIMUS. We heard the girl crying. Because participles are formed from verbs they themselves can govern an object:

MILITEM HASTAM IACIENTEM VIDI. / saw the soldier throwing the spear.

19

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX Exercise 4.1

1 agricola filiam in ripa sedentem invenit. 2 pater filios de arbore descendentes vidit. 3 milites e proelio ad castra redeuntes maxime gaudebant. 4 in foro erat turba civium consules exspectantium. 5 senator nuntium in atrio manentem salutavit. 6 feminae corpus in ora iacens viderunt. 7 servus cibum in triclinium portans subito lapsus est. 8 leones captivos in arena occidentes spectabamus. 9 socii auxilium ad nos ferentes mox aderunt. 10 undas ad litus adeuntes audivimus.

Let us now consider PERFECT PARTICIPLES. These are formed from the SUPINE (the fourth of the principal parts) by replacing the final -um with -us, leaving an adjective which declines like bonus, e.g. amatus -a, -um; missus, -a, -um etc.

These participles can be used simply like any other adjectives, ‘large’, ‘fat’, ‘ugly’, etc.

e.g. MILITEM VULNERATUM CURAVIMUS. We looked after the wounded soldier. IN LITORE DESERTO STABAMUS. We were standing on the deserted shore.

However they are normally used to convey a verbal idea themselves and often replace another clause:

or or

MILITEM HASTA VULNERATUM CURAVIMUS. We looked after the soldier wounded by a spear. We looked after the soldier who had been wounded by a spear. We looked after the soldier because/when he had been wounded by a spear.

As you can see from the above examples, there are usually several ways of translating participle phrases into English; do not be too literal, but take care to write what sounds most natural.

Exercise 4.2 1 2 3

cives ab hostibus territi ex urbe in silvas effugerunt. agricola vaccam a lupo necatam invenit. magister ira commotus puerum scelestum e ludo expulit.

20

4 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

PARTICIPLES

servus epistolam ad dominum missam celavit. oppidum muris bene aedificatis defendebatur. milites in insidias ducti ab hostibus interfecti sunt. de periculo moniti e castris prima luce discessimus. puella pecuniam a patre relictam invenire non poterat. cena optima a servis parata in triclinium portata est. servi in arenam iacti a leonibus celeriter necati sunt.

It must be remembered that DEPONENT VERBS have PERFECT PARTICIPLES which are ACTIVE in meaning. They are therefore very useful, and are used often: e.g. PRIMA LUCE PROFECTI ROMAM ANTE NOCTEM PERVENIMUS. Having set out at dawn we arrived at Rome before nightfall. or We set out at dawn and arrived at Rome before nightfall.

The PRESENT PARTICIPLES of DEPONENT VERBS are ACTIVE in both form and meaning:

e.g. HOSTES NOS SEQUENTES VIDIMUS. . We saw the enemy following us.

Exercise 4.3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

servi effugere conati a custodibus capti sunt. imperator suos hortatus in proelium contendit. consul multa locutus e foro discessit. hostes ex insidiis exorti nostros subito oppugnaverunt. pater moriens filios ad se vocavit. nautas undas ingentes mirantes invenimus. hostes tria milia passuum secuti flumine impediti sumus. Londinio profecti ad oram duobus horis pervenimus. Boudicca suos de iniuriis Romanorum questos ad bellum excitavit. Britanni hastas in Romanos e navibus egredientes iaciebant.

Except when they are being used simply as adjectives (see earlier examples) participles in their verbal sense are normally used in the following three ways: 1

Agreeing with the subject:

SERVI A DOMINO CAPTI PUNITI SUNT. The slaves were captured by their master and punished.

21

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX AD FLUMEN PROGRESSI CASTRA POSUIMUS. We advanced to the river and pitched camp. 2

Agreeing with the object:

CAESAR URBEM VISAM OPPUGNABAT. Caesar saw the city and began to attack it. GALLI ROMANIS NUMQUAM VICTIS RESISTEBANT. The Gauls were resisting the Romans who had never been beaten. N.B. How concise Latin is in examples like these, but in English care must be taken to give a sensible translation which brings out the full meaning. 3

Agreeing with neither subject nor object - the ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE

or or

OPERE CONFECTO AD ARENAM IVI. With my work finished I went to the arena. When I had finished my work I went to the arena. I finished my work and went to the arena.

This usage is very common indeed in Latin and again great care must be taken when translating into English; the key is not to be too literal but to choose a way which makes sense.

The ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE can also be used with present participles:

or

NOCTE APPROPRINQUANTE DOMUM REDIBIMUS. With night approaching we shall return home. Since night is approaching we shall return home.

Exercise 4.4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

tot militibus vulneratis imperator ad castra redire constituit. magistro loquente pueri tacebant. agricola pecuniam inventam consuli dedit. barbari a Romanis victi pacem petiverunt. tempestate exorta nautae in navem conscendere timebant. clamoribus puellarum auditis in hortum cucurrimus. hostibus ad urbem progredientibus muros defendere debemus. milites gladiis abiectis e proelio effugerunt. epistolam a fratre scriptam legi. Galli castra nostra capta incenderunt.

22

4

PARTICIPLES

Latin also has FUTURE PARTICIPLES: like perfect participles these are formed from the supine stem + -urus, -a, -um and they also decline like bonus. They are active in meaning but they are less commonly used and then very often they are used not as participles but with the verb sum to express an alternative future tense; compare the use of alter + the infinitive in French.

e.g. CONSUL DISCESSURUS SERVOS CONVOCAVIT. The consul when about to leave called together his slaves. ROMANI PUGNATURI ERANT. The Romans were about to fight.

Exercise 4.5 1 2 3 4 5

imperator suos pugnaturos multis verbis hortatus est. mox ad insulam Cretam adventuri sumus. domum relicturus pueros in horto ludentes inveni. filio Romam profecturo pecuniam dedi. hodie in arena plurimi morituri sunt.

Exercise 4.6 ACHILLES AND PATROCLUS

Graeci urbem Troiam oppugnabant, multi fortes inter eos erant, sed nemo clarior erat quam Achilles, rex tamen, nomine Agamemnon, qui exercitui praefectus erat, iniuriam magnam ei intulerat, iratus, igitur, Achilles in bello pugnare non iam cupiebat, mox Troiani Graecos paene in mare repellebant. Patroclus, amicus Achillis, hostes Graecorum castra navesque incendentes vidit. itaque ad Achillem adiit, nam ex omnibus amicus carissimus illi erat, “trade mihi” inquit “arma tua”. Patroclus, hoc modo armatus, militibus Achillis eductis, Troianos a castris Graecis reppulit. tandem Hector, fortissimus e Troianis, illum hasta transfixit. Patroclo ita necato, arma a corpore removit, statim Achilles, armis novis a deis datis, proelium iterum iniit. Hectore interfecto, arma sua recepit, sic victoriam pro amico mortuo reportavit. praeficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum (+ dat.)

I put in command of

1

Translate into English the first five lines up to vidit.

2

Study the passage from lines 6-11 and answer the following questions:

a)

Why did Patroclus in particular approach Achilles? 23

(20 marks)

(2 marks)

5

10

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i)

What did Patroclus ask Achilles to do? What two things did Patroclus do before driving back the Trojans? How is Hector described? How did Hector kill Patroclus? What did he then do? How did Achilles get fresh armour? How did Achilles get his own armour back? Write down from these lines two examples of an ablative absolute.

(2 marks)

(4 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks)

Exercise 4.7 1 2 3 4 5

Many very brave soldiers were fighting at Troy. The angry leader no longer wished to fight. We saw the enemy driven back into the sea. My dearest friend was killed in that battle. After the battle nobody was able to find his body.

Exercise 4.8 Choose the correct form of participle to make sense and then translate. 1 2 3 4 5

hostes naves oppugnantes/oppugnati/oppugnatos vidimus. milites a rege fortissimo ductus/ducti/ductos vincere poterant. corpus militis prope mare relictus/ielictum/relictos inveni. servi dominum atrium intrans/intrantem/intratum salutaverunt. Aegeus filium domum navigans/navigantem/navigantes diu exspectabat.

Vocabulary carus, -a, -um clarus, -a, -um corpus, -oris (n) cupio, -ere, cupivi, cupitum (3) hasta, -ae (f) incendo, -ere, incendi, incensum (3) interficio, -ere, interfeci, interfectum (3) modus, -i (m) nemo (acc. neminem) non iam 24

dear clear, famous body I desire, want spear I bum, set on fire I kill way, method nobody no longer

RELATIVE CLAUSES

The Roman army defending Hadrian's Wall

RELATIVE CLAUSES are those introduced by qui, quae, quod meaning who (or which/that according to the context).

e.g. ACHILLES QUI IRATUS ERAT PUGNARE NOLEBAT. Achilles who was angry did not wish to fight. FEMINAE QUAE DOMI MANSERANT CENAM PARABANT. The women who had stayed at home were preparing the dinner. The gender and number of the relative pronoun depend on the noun with which it agrees: in the first example above qui is masculine singular agreeing with Achilles, whereas in the second quae is feminine plural agreeing with feminae.

Exercise 5.1 1 2

milites qui in illo proelio pugnaverunt fortissimi erant. nauta qui hasta vulneratus erat duabus horis mortuus est. 25

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX 3 pueri qui scelesti sunt puniri debent. 4 magister novum carmen quod a poeta claro scriptum erat legebat. 5 incolae qui in montibus habitabant urbem saepe oppugnare solebant. 6 feminae quae ab hostibus captae erant non necatae sunt. 7 lupa quae Romulum Remumque curabat non saeva erat. 8 Graeci qui in equo celati erant urbem Troiam capere parabant. 9 Theseus monstrum quod tot cives Athenienses occiderat tandem necavit. 10 rex qui Roma expulsus erat redire conabatur. In the exercise above the relative pronoun was always in the nominative case. It can be used in all cases (except the vocative) and its case does not depend on the noun it agrees with but on its own function within the sentence.

e.g. PUELLA QUAM IN URBE VIDIMUS EST FILIA CONSULIS. The girl whom we saw in the city is the consul’s daughter. CONSUL CUIUS FILIAM VIDIMUS IN AFRICA PUGNAT. The consul whose daughter we saw is fighting in Africa.

In the first quam is feminine singular agreeing with puella, but accusative because it is the object of vidimus. In the second, cuius is masculine singular agreeing with consul, but genitive because it is the daughter of the consul. Note how English also uses cases for the relative pronoun with whose and (usually) whom. Note too that whereas most prepositions are used in the normal way with the relative pronoun cum is attached to it: quocum, quibuscum etc. just like mecum, tecum, etc.

e.g. MONTES PER QUOS ITER FACIEMUS ALTISSIMI SUNT. The mountains through which we shall travel are very high. PUER QUOCUM LUDEBAM EST HLIUS MAGISTRI. The boy with whom I was playing is the schoolmaster’s son.

Exercise 5.2 1 2 3

arbor quam pueri ascendebant altissima erat. puer quem curabamus erat aegerrimus. agricolae quorum casas hostes deleverant ad urbem iter fecerunt.

26

5

RELATIVE CLAUSES

4 librum quem tibi dedi ipse legere volo. 5 urbs in qua soror mea habitat a Romanis aedificata est. 6 cives quibuscum loquebar in arenam ire volunt. 7 leo cuius vitam Androcles servaverat eum non occidit. 8 captivus cui leo pepercerat a principe liberatus est. 9 iuvenis cui filia regis auxilium dederat e labyrintho effugere potuit. 10 rex cuius filia iuvenem iuverat iratissimus erat.

Exercise 5.3 HORATIUS COCLES

Tarquinius Superbus qui rex crudelis erat a Romanis expulsus est. deinde rex Etruscorum, nomine Porsenna, a quo auxilium Tarquinius petiverat, urbem Romam oppugnare parabat, pons trans quem hostes contendere volebant a viro fortissimo custodiebatur, hic vir erat Horatius Cocles. Horatius qui hostes ad pontem currentes vidit suos pontem delere iussit. ipse tamen in ponte cum modo duabus comitibus mansit, hostes ad eos celeriter appropinquabant. Horatius comites ad locum tutum misit, deinde ponte omnino deleto Horatius deos precatus in flumen desiluit, ita ab hostibus qui multa tela in flumen iaciebant effugiens ad suos qui in altera ripa stabant natabat. desilio, -ire, -ui alter, -era, -erum

I jump down the other

1

Translate the first four lines down to Codes.

2

From the first paragraph write down two examples of the relative pronoun and say what case each is.

3

(20 marks)

(4 marks)

Study the second paragraph and answer the following questions:

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j)

What were the enemy doing when Horatius saw them? What did Horatius order his men to do when he saw them? What action did Horatius himself take? At what point did Horatius send away his companions? Where did he send them? At what point did Horatius jump into the river? Which river was this? (The answer is not in the passage!) What did Horatius do just before he jumped? What were the enemy doing as he crossed the river? Where were his own men?

27

(2 marks) (2 marks) (3 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (1 mark) (2 marks) (3 marks) (2 marks)

5

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX Exercise 5.4 1 2 3 4 5

Very many soldiers were approaching the bridge. The cruel king had already been expelled from the city. Horatius saw many men running towards the river. Can you see the enemy throwing weapons? The companions who were with Horatius were veiy brave.

Exercise 5.5

Choose the correct form of the relative pronoun and then translate. 1 2 3 4 5

rex qui/quae/quod crudelissimus erat a civibus non amabatur. milites qui/quae/quos effugiebant non erant fortes. corpus qui/quae/quod in ora relictum erat invenimus. Theseus qui/quae/quem Ariadne iuverat e Creta effugere poterat. pueri cuius/quorum/quibus libros habeo nunc dimittuntur.

Vocabulary appropinquo (1) comes, *itis (m/f) contendo, -ere, contendi (3) curro, -ere, cucurri, cursum (3) custodio (4) deleo, -ere, delevi, deletum (2) iacio, -ere, ieci, iactum (3) peto, -ere, petivi, petitum (3) precor (1) ripa, -ae (f)

I approach companion I march, fight I run I guard I destroy I throw I seek, ask, look for, make for I pray bank (of a river)

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6

INDIRECT STATEMENT

PUER EST STULTUS. The boy is foolish. The above is an example of a DIRECT STATEMENT - something that is said or thought by somebody.

Now compare PUTAMUS PUERUM ESSE STULTUM. We think the boy to be foolish. or We think THAT the boy IS foolish. This is an INDIRECT STATEMENT or thought - something that is reported as being said or thought by somebody.

Either way of translating the above example is possible in English, but after most verbs of saying, reporting, knowing, seeing etc. the second way is far more natural. Latin, however, uses only the first method which is known as the ACCUSATIVE + INFINITIVE construction.

Consider the following examples:

NUNTIUS DICIT HOSTES APPROPINQUARE. The messenger says THAT the enemy ARE approaching. SCIMUS PUELLAS IN HORTO MANERE. We know THAT the girls ARE staying in the garden.

PATER INTELLEGIT FILIUM BENE DOCERI. The father understands THAT his son IS being well taught.

29

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX Verbs commonly used in this construction are:

dico promitto cognosco credo

I say I promise I find out I believe

video puto narro intellego

I see I think I relate I understand

scio audio nuntio sentio

I know I hear I announce realize

Exercise 6.1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

servi dicunt pueros in horto ludere. puella scit canem sub arbore dormire. milites putant iter esse longissimum. regina nuntiat naves hostium ad insulam appropinquare. intelligimus pueros leonem timere. credo milites hos montes superare posse. senatores cognoscunt Caesarem ad Britanniam navigare. Polyphemus intellegit Graecos effugere conari. Romani audiunt tria oppida a Boudicca oppugnari. cives vident gladiatores in arenam intrare.

So far we have used only present infinitives; there are in Latin three tenses of infinitive: present, perfect and future, formed as follows (using amo as an example):

PRESENT PERFECT FUTURE

ACTIVE amare amavisse amaturus* esse

PASSIVE amari amatus* esse amatum iri

* These are participles which are adjectives (see Chapter 4) and therefore must agree with their noun in the accusative - singular/plural and masculine/ feminine/neuter. Consider the following examples:

SCIMUS PUEROS DOMI MANSISSE. We know that the boys STAYED at home.

SPERO FILIAM MOX VENTURAM* ESSE. I hope that my daughter WILL come soon.

NUNTIUS DICIT HOSTES VICTOS* ESSE. The messenger says that the enemy HAVE BEEN defeated. 30

6

INDIRECT STATEMENT

PROMITTO FILIOS TUOS BENE DOCTUM IRI. / promise that your sons WILL BE well taught. * Note the agreement of the participle with the noun to which it refers.

Exercise 6.2

scisne poetam carmen novum scripsisse? audio milites ad insulam missos esse. promitto cibum ad illos cives mox missum iri. consules sperant deos urbem servaturos esse. scimus agricolam hasta necatum esse.

1 2 3 4 5

Now consider the following sentence:

PUTAVIMUS PUERUM ESSE STULTUM. This could be translated as We thought the boy to be stupid.

but more naturally as We thought THAT the boy W45 stupid.

So notice that when the verb of saying, thinking etc. is in the past then the translation of the infinitive must change accordingly: So

‘is’ becomes ‘was’ ‘has’ becomes ‘had’ ‘will’ becomes ‘would’

e.g. PUTAMUS OPUS FORE DIFFICILE. We think that the work WILL BE difficult. PUTAVIMUS OPUS FORE DIFFICILE. We thought that the work WOULD BE difficult.

Exercise 6.3 1 2 3

Romani putaverunt barbaros saepe crudelissimos esse. vidistine templa clausa esse? putavi patrem in atrio sedere. 31

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX 4 audivimus multos milites vulneratos esse. 5 spero fratrem cras adventurum esse. 6 magister narravit lupam Romulum Remumque curavisse. 7 pueri sciverunt olim Gallos urbem Roman capere conatos esse. 8 Boudicca promisit Romanos e Britannia expulsum iri. 9 Polyphemus speravit omnes Graecos non effugituros esse. 10 Ulixes intellexit nautas suos domum redire maxime velle.

Great care must be taken over the use of pronouns in an indirect statement. Consider the following: PUTAVI EUM ROMAM IVISSE. 1 thought that he had gone to Rome.

DIXIT SE DOMI MANSISSE. He said that he had stayed at home. If the subject of the infinitive is the same as the subject of the verb of saying etc. then SE must be used for ‘he/they’.

Exercise 6.4

1 milites intellexerunt se in periculo esse. 2 femina speravit se maritum Romae visuram esse. 3 ille miles dixit se e proelio effugisse. 4 dixi me multos libros legisse. 5 putasne te Romam missum iri? 6 dux Sabinorum dixit se Romanos oppugnare velle. 7 filia regis promisit se nautas adiuturam esse. 8 Caesar scripsit se Britannos superavisse. 9 gladiatores sciverunt se morituros esse. 10 Graeci speraverunt se urbem Troiam tandem capturos esse.

Exercise 6.5 JULIUS CAESAR AND BRITAIN

Caesar erat consul Romanus, deinde in Galliam missus est ubi contra multas gentes pugnabat, has gentes superavit sed insulam Britanniam quoque superare volebat quod putabat Britannos ad Gallos auxilium mittere, speravit autem se praedam et gloriam ibi comparaturum esse, magno igitur exercitu parato proficisci constituit. 32

5

6

INDIRECT STATEMENT

prima luce Romani naves solverunt. Caesar speravit se Britannos facile super­ aturum esse, sed hi barbari erant fortes et audaces, audiverant Romanos appropin­ quare et eos prope litus exspectabant, plurimi Britanni feroces in litore instructi erant et Romani his visis maxime timebant, unus e Romanis, qui aquilam legionis nonae ferebat, negavit se timere, scivit enim se duci parere debere et in aquam desiluit, ceteri milites secuti sunt, quamquam nonnulli credebant se necatum iri.

aquila, -ae nonus, -a, -um

eagle, standard ninth

1

Translate into English the first five lines up to constituit.

2

Study the second paragraph and answer the following questions.

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) 3

When did the Romans set sail? What did Caesar hope to achieve? How are the British described? Where were the British, and why were they there? Why were the Romans very frightened? Who was not frightened? What did he then do, and why? What did the other soldiers do? What tells us that they really did not want to do this?

(20 marks)

(1 mark) (3 marks) (2 marks) (3 marks) (3 marks) (2 marks) (3 marks) (1 mark) (2 marks)

Study the second paragraph and answer the following questions.

a) b)

c)

d)

Which infinitive is superaturum esse (lines 6-7)? From what verb does it come? (3 marks) Give the comparative form of fortes and the superlative form (2 marks) of audaces, (line 7) What part of the verb is visis (line 9)? What is its present (3 marks) infinitive active? Give an English word derived from credebant (line 11) and write a sentence to make clear the meaning of the word given. (2 marks)

Exercise 6.6

Either translate this exercise as separate sentences or write as a continuous passage. The principles are the same; take care to ensure that you have one main verb in each sentence. Caesar was fighting against very many tribes in Gaul. This bold leader wanted to lead an army into Britain. For he thought that the inhabitants were not strong. He therefore hoped that he would easily defeat them. Caesar, however, was unable to conquer the island. 33

10

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX Vocabulary autem comparo (1) instruo, -ere, instruxi, instructum (3) litus, -oris (n) nonnulli, -ae, -a praeda, -ae (f) proficiscor, -i, profectus sum (3) quoque spero (1) supero (1)

34

however, moreover I obtain I draw up, equip shore some booty I set out also I hope I overcome, defeat

PURPOSE CLAUSES

Statue of Boudicca, queen of the Iceni tribe in Britain

A PURPOSE CLAUSE (also sometimes called a FINAL CLAUSE) is one which tells us the purpose of the first part of the sentence:

e.g. PUERUM MITTIMUS UT CIBUM EMAT. We are sending a boy so that he may buy some food. or We are sending a boy TO BUY some food. In Latin these are always expressed by using ut + the subjunctive but in English the infinitive is the more normal way to express purpose.

Consider the following examples: PUELLA IN HORTO MANET UT AMICAM EXSPECTET. The girl is staying in the garden TO WAIT for her friend. CAESAR PROGRESSUS EST UT HOSTES OPPUGNARET. Caesar advanced (in order) TO ATTACK the enemy. 35

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX Note how in the first example the verb in the purpose clause is in the present subjunctive, but in the second it is in the imperfect subjunctive. Only these two tenses of the subjunctive may be used, and follow what is known as the SEQUENCE OF TENSES. The PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE is used if the main verb is in one of the following tenses:

PRESENT FUTURE TRUE PERFECT (i.e. I have sent) IMPERATIVE The IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE is used if the main verb is in one of these tenses:

IMPERFECT PLUPERFECT PERFECT/PAST (i.e. I sent) The negative is expressed by NE:

SERVI IN SILVA SE CELABANT NE CAPERENTUR. The slaves were hiding in the wood so that they would not be captured. Exercise 7.1

1 pueri in agros currunt ut ibi ludant. 2 canis arborem ascendit ut felem caperet. 3 legite hos libros, pueri, ut multa sciatis. 4 Romam iter faciemus ut templa videamus. 5 puellae tacebant ut matris fabulam audirent. 6 iuvenes profecti sunt ut aurum invenirent. 7 rex legatos miserat ut pacem peterent. 8 navem solvemus ut ad insulam ante noctem perveniamus. 9 agricola pecuniam sub terra celavit ne a barbaris caperetur. 10 cives ex urbe effugere conabantur ne hostes se necarent.

Exercise 7.2 1 2

magistri fabulas narrant ut pueri de temporibus antiquis sciant. Paris ad Graeciam iter fecit ut Helenam auferret. 36

7 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

PURPOSE CLAUSES

Graeci Troiam navigaverunt ut Helenam in Graeciam reportarent. Graeci urbem obsidebant ut eam caperent. Troiani fortissime resistebant ne Graeci vincerent. urbe decem annos obsessa Graeci dolo usi sunt ut bellum conficerent. Graeci equum ingentem aedificaverunt ut in eo suos celarent. nocte hi viri ex equo effugerunt ut portas urbis aperirent. Aeneas Troiam cum comitibus relinquere constituit ne a Graecis caperentur. hi Troiani ad Italiam ire volebant ut urbem novam ibi conderent.

Exercise 7.3

BOUDICCA’S REVOLT Iulius Caesar Britanniam vincere non poterat, post centum annos Claudius cum maximo exercitu invasit et Romani in Britannia quattuor saecula manebant, primo Romani saepe crudeles erant et multae gentes Britanniae Romanos non amabant, inter eas erant Iceni, quos regebat femina fortis et audax, nomine Boudicca. viro mortuo, Boudicca suos duxit ut tres urbes quas Romani in Britannia iam aedificaverant incenderent, has urbes deleverunt ut Romanos ex insula discedere cogerent, praefectus Romanus tamen qui contra Druidas Monae pugnabat Londinium cum legione festinavit, hanc urbem servare non poterat sed exercitum duxit ut barbaris resisteret, barbari iam fessi erant sed regina speravit se Romanos superaturam esse, in medio proelio autem vidit Romanos facile vincere et se veneno occidit ne a Romanis caperetur.

saeculum, -i Mona, -ae venenum, -i

century (the island of) Anglesey poison

Exercise 7.4

1 2 3 4 5

Claudius sent four legions in order to conquer Britain. The brave queen hurried to resist the Romans. The commander who had fought against the Druids returned to London. The barbarians saw that they were not able to defeat the army. After the city was destroyed we were compelled to leave.

37

5

10

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX Exercise 7.5

Choose the correct form of the subjunctive and then translate. 1 2 3 4 5

Caesar in Britanniam invasit ut insulam vincat/vinceret/vincerent. praefectus Romanus festinavit ut Londinium defenderem/defenderet/ defenderent. milites quam fortissime pugnaverunt ut hostes superent/superaret/superarent. Ariadne Thesea iuvit ut eum servaret/servaremus/servarent. in hortum ambulavimus ut sub arboribus sederet/sederemus/sederent.

N.B. Thesea is the accusative of Theseus. The form is borrowed, as in many other proper nouns, from Greek.

Vocabulary year bold easily I hurry tribe I wait, remain middle dead I save, keep safe I defeat, win, conquer

annus, -i (m) audax, -cis facile festino (1) gens, gentis (f) maneo, -ere, mansi (2) medius, -a, -urn mortuus, -a, -um servo (1) vinco, -ere, vici, victum (3)

38

O RESULT CLAUSES

A RESULT CLAUSE (also sometimes called a CONSECUTIVE CLAUSE) is one in which the second part expresses the result of the first part:

e.g. TAM FESSUS SUM UT LABORARE NOLIM. / am so tired that I do not want to work. SENEX TAM AEGER ERAT UT ILLA NOCTE MORTUUS SIT. The old man was so ill that he died that night.

Like purpose clauses (see Chapter 7) this construction involves ut + the subjunctive, but there are two significant differences: i) ii)

the negative is ut + non, nunquam etc. the Sequence of Tenses applies but the perfect as well as the imperfect subjunctive can be used to express a result in the past, and is the preferred tense if it was a single action (see the second example above and compare the use of the perfect indicative).

It will be noticed that in both Latin and English a word meaning ‘so...’ or ‘to such a degree’ is used in the first half of the sentence; among such words in Latin are the following:

tarn tantus, -a, -um talis, -e tot totiens ita adeo

so (+ other adjectives or adverbs) so great/large such so many so often in such a way to such an extent

39

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX Exercise 8.1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

puer tam celeriter currebat ut in flumen ceciderit. tam aeger sum ut ad ludum ire nolim. milites tam fessi erant ut iterum pugnare nollent. tot templa sunt Romae ut omnia videre non possitis. ille consul est talis vir ut omnes cives eum laudent. Romani totiens victi erant ut consul aliud proelium vitare constitueret. barbari tot Romanos necaverant ut reliqui cives maxime timerent. Polyphemus vino et somno ita superatus erat ut Graeci eum adire possent. tanta tempestas orta erat ut plurimae naves fractae sint. Caesar erat imperator tam audax ut trans mare ad Britanniam redire vellet.

Exercise 8.2 1 2 3 4 5

The boy was so good that the master very often praised him. The old man is so ill that we must help him today. So many soldiers were killed in the battle that the leader decided to retreat. Ariadne loved the young man so much that she decided to save him. Boudicca was so bold that she dared to attack three Roman towns.

Exercise 8.3

(These are a mixture of purpose and result clauses; before translating, write down which clause each sentence contains.) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

mensa tanta est ut servi eam in triclinium portare non possint. plures servi veniunt ut mensam portent. ille iuvenis tam pauper erat ut nullum cibum domi haberet. ille Romam ambulavit ut pecuniam inveniret. pater filio pecuniam dedit ut cibum emere posset. rex tam crudelis erat ut cives eum expellere constituerent. rex ad hostes Romanorum venit ut auxilium peteret. hostes copias miserunt ut urbem Romam oppugnarent. Horatius tam fortis erat ut solus hostibus resisteret. ille vir suos pontem delere iussit ne hostes urbem intrare possent.

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8

RESULT CLAUSES

Exercise 8.4

HADRIAN’S WALL Romae erat imperator novus, nomine Hadrianus, hic bellum gerere nolebat, sed provincias visere cupiebat ut de incolis cognosceret, multa itinera per provincias imperii Romani faciebat sed Romanis erant tot provinciae ut Hadrianus omnes visere non posset, in Britanniam autem venit et usque ad Caledoniam iter fecit, milites qui ibi positi erant murum ingentem aedificare iussit. alii dicunt Hadrianum murum aedificavisse ut provinciam contra barbaros defenderet; alii dicunt murum aedificatum esse ut gloriam et Romanorum et imper­ atoris ipsius Britannis ostenderet, per multos annos, dum Romani in Britannia manebant, milites murum custodire solebant, ut gentes barbaras spectarent, ita Romani semper parati erant ne hostes subito oppugnare possent, etiam hodie magnae partes huius muri supersunt et plurimi viatores ad Caledoniam iter faciunt ut in muro ambulent, tot tamen viatores huc veniunt ut non modo murum sed etiam agros vicinos laedant. viso, -ere, visi, visum usque ad Caledonia, -ae viator, -oris huc vicinus, -a, -um

I visit as far as Scotland traveller (to) here neighbouring

1

Translate into English the first five lines up to iussit.

2

Study the second paragraph and answer the following questions.

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h)

3

Why do the first group of people say that Hadrian’s Wall was built? What is the second reason given for building the Wall? What did the soldiers do at the Wall during the Roman occupation of Britain? Why did they do this? How did this help the Romans? What are we told about the state of the Wall today? How many people journey to Scotland, and why? What problems are caused by so many visitors to the Wall today?

(20 marks)

(2 marks) (3 marks) (2 (2 (3 (2 (3

marks) marks) marks) marks) marks)

(3 marks)

Study the whole passage and answer the following questions.

a)

What types of infinitive are aedificavisse (line 6) and aedificatum esse (line 7)? From what verb do they come? 41

(5 marks)

5

10

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX b) c)

d)

e)

0 g)

From these lines find a preposition followed by the accusative case and a preposition followed by the ablative case. What is the case of ipsius (line 8)? What is its nominative masculine singular? What part of what verb is supersunt (line 11)? Give the 1st person singular of its perfect tense. From the first paragraph write down one example each of a purpose clause, a result clause and a relative clause. From the second paragraph write down one example of the present subjunctive and two examples of the imperfect subjunctive. Give an English word derived from annos (line 8) and write an English sentence to make clear its meaning.

(2 marks) (2 marks) (3 marks) (3 marks)

(3 marks) (2 marks)

Exercise 8.5 The new emperor wanted to make journeys to many provinces. In Britain he decided to build a huge wall. Very many soldiers guarded the wall, and they were able to watch the inhabitants who lived nearby. This wall was so big that everyone either admired it or feared it.

Vocabulary aedifico (1) cognosco, -ere, cognovi, cognitum (3) incola, -ae (m/f) iter, itineris (n) murus, -i (m) novus, -a, -um ostendo, -ere, ostendi, ostentum (3) pono, -ere, posui, positum (3) soleo, -ere, solitus sum (2) supersum, -esse, superfui (irr.)

I build I leam, find out inhabitant journey wall new I show

I put, place I am used to I survive, am left over

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DIRECT COMMANDS

The legendary Roman general Gaius Marcius Coriolanus DIRECT COMMANDS are simply expressed by the use of the imperative - in either the singular or plural according to the number of those being addressed.

e.g. VENI HUC, MARCE. Come here, Marcus. TACETE, PUERI. Shut up, boys.

Imperatives can be easily leamt, but care should be taken over those of DEPONENT VERBS which are of course passive in form: e.g. PROFICISCERE PRIMA LUCE, IULIA. Set out at dawn, Julia. Particular notice should be taken of these irregular forms: DIC, DUC, FER, FAC. The plural form from fero is also irregular: FERTE.

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LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX Exercise 9.1

1 surgite statim, pueri, nam sero est. 2 ostende mihi viam, quae sine periculo est. 3 fac iter Londinium, filia, ut sororem videas. 4 sequere me et ascende hunc montem. 5 iube milites castra prope flumen ponere. 6 ferte cibum in agros ad dominum, servi. 7 utere hoc gladio novo quem heri emi. 8 duc nos ad urbem et monstra omnia templa pulcherrima. 9 conamini iuvare comites, nautae, nam tempestas saevissima orta est. 10 colligite copias, Galli, et vos parate contra Romanos pugnare. Negative commands require noli(te) - the imperative of nolo - + the infinitive.

e.g. NOLI HIC MANERE. Don’t stay here.

Exercise 9.2

1 2 3 4 5

nolite proficisci ante primam lucem. noli progredi trans illos montes. noli relinquere domum sed mane hic mecum. noli credere illi viro, nam pessimus est. milites, nolite laedere aut feminas aut liberos.

Exercise 9.3 CLOELIA

Porsenna qui propter fortitudinem Horatii Romam capere non potuerat urbem obsidere constituit, rex cui Romani obsides dederunt castra non procul a ripa posuit, una ex obsidibus erat puella nomine Cloelia, illa cum aliis puellis custodibus non spectantibus effugit ut trans flumen nataret, legati a Porsenna qui iratissimus erat Roman missi sunt ut obsides reciperent; “Cloeliam” inquiunt “nobis tradite”, mox tamen rex puellam miratus iterum legatos Romam misit; “nolite” inquiunt “Cloeliam Porsennae reddere, haec puella tam fortis est ut rex audaciam eius laudet, ille autem dicit se quosdam ex obsidibus ad vos remittere velle.” deinde Cloelia complures iuvenes elegit ut liberarentur.

44

5

9

DIRECT COMMANDS

obsideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessum obses, -idis complures, -ium

I besiege hostage several

Exercise 9.4

1 2 3 4 5

The angry king was not able to capture that city. Hand over several hostages to us, Romans. One of the guards was sent to watch the girls. Do not pitch camp far from the river, soldiers. I said that I was willing to set free the young men.

Exercise 9.5 Choose the correct form of the imperative and then translate.

1 2 3 4 5

veni/venite huc statim, pueri. pare/parete parentibus, Gai. noli/nolite natare in hoc flumine, Iulia. milites, pone/ponite castra prope ripam. specta/spectate captivos, custodes.

Vocabulary I take, capture camp angry I praise envoy, ambassador, legate I wonder at, admire I swim far (away) I look at, watch I hand over, hand down

capio, -ere, cepi, captum (3) castra, -orum (n.pl) iratus, -a, -um laudo (1) legatus, -i (m) miror (1) nato (1) procul specto (1) trado, -ere, tradidi, traditum (3)

45

W

INDIRECT COMMANDS

We have already met in Chapter 3 the use of the infinitive after iubeo, veto and cogo, which corresponds exactly to the English method of expressing an INDIRECT COMMAND:

e.g. NOS IUSSERUNT DISCEDERE. They ordered us to leave. However, in Latin more verbs which are used to introduce an indirect command require the use of ut + the subjunctive:

e.g. NOBIS IMPERAVERUNT UT DISCEDEREMUS. They ordered us to leave. (literally: they ordered that we should leave) e.g. REX IMPERAVIT UT OMNES CAPTIVI NECARENTUR. The king ordered all the prisoners to be killed. Note that Latin cannot use the (passive) infinitive here, whereas it could have done so if IUBEO had been used.

This construction is identical to that of purpose clauses (see Chapter 7): the tense of the subjunctive can only be either present or imperfect following the same SEQUENCE OF TENSES and the negative is NE. Verbs used with this type of indirect command construction include the following:

impero (+ dat.) moneo oro peto (a + abi.)

I I I I

persuadeo (+ dat.) hortor rogo precor

order, command warn, advise beg ask for

47

I persuade I encourage I ask I pray

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX Exercise 10.1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

uxor virum rogavit ut pecuniam sibi daret. pueros monui ne illas arbores ascenderent. feminae regem oraverunt ne liberos necaret. mihi nunquam persuadebis ut tecum ad Africam iter faciam. dux suis imperavit ut ad castra redirent. cives deos precati sunt ut suam urbem servarent. mone filiam ne unquam in urbe sola ambulet. multi servi a domino petiverunt ut liberarentur. Vetuit, magister pueros diutius in horto regina audacissima suos hortata omanis quam fortissime resisterent.

Exercise 10.2 (These are a mixture of indirect statements and indirect commands. Write down which of these each sentence is, and then translate.)

1 dominus servis imperavit ut aliam mensam in triclinium ferrent. 2 servi questi sunt dominum esse virum crudelissimum. 3 pater mihi persuasit ne in silvis ambularem. 4 amicum rogabo ut pecuniam mihi det. 5 magister pueros semper hortatur ut bene laborent. 6 rex Etruscorum imperavit ut Romani sibi obsides traderent. 7 Cloelia sperabat custodes se effugientem non vidisse. 8 filia regis iuvenem oravit ut se ex insula auferret. 9 iuvenis eam monuit multa pericula in itinere futura esse. 10 multi Graeci Achilli persuadere conabantur ne in castris diutius moraretur; sperabant enim eum iterum pugnaturum esse.

We noted in Chapter 6 the care that needs to be taken over pronouns in constructions like these, and it may be worth summarizing their various uses as follows: 1

se him(self), her(self), them(selves) ALWAYS refers to the subject of the MAIN CLAUSE

e.g. SE IN SILVIS CELAVERUNT. They hid (themselves) in the woods. SE VULNERAVERUNT. They wounded themselves.

48

10

INDIRECT COMMANDS

DIXIT SE ROMAM IVISSE. He said that he had gone to Rome. ME ROGAVIT UT PECUNIAM SIBI DAREM. He asked me to give him money. 2

eum, earn, id him, her, it eos, eas, ea them These NEVER refer to the subject, but to someone/thing else

e.g. EUM IN SILVIS CELAVI. / hid him in the woods. DIXI EUM ROMAN IVISSE. / said that he had gone to Rome.

REGEM ORAVI UT EIS PARCERET. I begged the king to spare them.

Remember that is, ea, id may also be used as an adjective (in all cases) to mean THIS/THAT - compare the dual use of hie and file as both pronouns and adjectives: e.g. AD ID FLUMEN CONTENDEMUS. We shall march to the river. 3

POSSESSION a) eius, eorum, earum his, her, their i.e. of him/her/them referring to somebody else

e.g. PATREM EIUS VIDI. / saw his father. VOCES EORUM ME TERRUERUNT. Their voices frightened me.

b) suus, -a, -um This is an adjective (like meus, tuus) which agrees with its noun and ALWAYS refers to the subject like SE e.g. PATREM SUUM NECAVIT. He killed his (own) father.

49

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX suus is mainly used as above to stress the point; otherwise no word is used at all.

e.g. PATREM VIDIT. He saw his father. So too PATREM VIDI. I saw my father.

Note the use of parts of SUUS to mean his men, his soldiers, his family etc.

e.g. IMPERATOR SUOS AD FLUMEN DUXIT. The general led his men to the river. 4

ipsa, -a, -um is emphatic: my/your/him/her - self, themselves and is used to emphasise a particular noun or pronoun

e.g. EGO IPSE ROMAM IVI. / myself went to Rome. REGEM IPSUM VULNERAVI. I wounded the king himself.

Exercise 10.3 1 regina ipsa nos sequebatur, sed ab ea effugimus. 2 post proelium praefectus suos ad Italiam reduxit. 3 pueri magistrum oraverunt ne se puniret. 4 puella dixit patrem suum in ea nave vehi. 5 locus ipse eos milites maxime terruit. 6 dux eorum milites hortatus est ne timerent. 7 feminae ipsae viros oraverunt ne se domi relinquerent. 8 filia regis ipsius iuvenem adiuverat ut aufugeret. 9 pater putavit filium suum Athenas non rediisse. 10 senex ipse se in mare iecit, et hodie mare nomen eius adhuc habet.

Exercise 10.4

CORIOLANUS Coriolanus qui dux Romanorum fuerat ad hostes fugit, etiam contra patriam suam pugnare parabat, itaque mulieres Romanae, quae putabant Coriolanum urbem 50

10

INDIRECT COMMANDS

Romam capturum esse, ad matrem et uxorem eius venerunt, illae mulieres has rogaverunt ut in castra hostium secum irent, nam sperabant se Coriolano lacrimis persuasuras esse ne urbem oppugnaret. nuntius ad Coriolanum venit ut diceret mulieres adesse, dux imperavit ut hae ad se adducerentur, matre et uxore sua visis dux maxime miratus est. ex sede exortus ad matrem appropinquavit ut eam amplecteretur, sed mater adeo irata est ut eum ad se appropinquare vetaret, putavit enim filium suum esse hostem.

sedes, -is amplector, -i, amplexus sum

seat I embrace

1

Translate the first five lines down to oppugnaret.

2

Study the second paragraph and answer the following questions: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h)

What message did the messenger bring to Coriolanus? What order did Coriolanus then give? How did Coriolanus react on seeing his wife and mother? What did Coriolanus do after getting up from his seat? What was his mother’s immediate reaction to this? What did she then forbid him to do? Why did she do this? From these lines find one example each of an indirect statement, an indirect command, a purpose clause, a result clause and an ablative absolute.

(20 marks)

(2 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (3 marks) (1 mark) (2 marks) (3 marks)

(5 marks)

Exercise 10.5

Coriolanus had once been a good leader. However, he left Rome in order to help the enemies of the city. He was even preparing to attack his own country. Therefore his mother and his wife went to see him. They begged him not to harm his own people.

51

5

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX

Vocabulary adhuc lacrima, -ae (f) mulier, -eris (m) nuntius, -i (m) paro (1) pugno (1) puto (1) senex, senis (m) sequor, -i, secutus sum (3) uxor, -is (f)

stili tear woman messenger, message I prepare ffight 1 think old man I follow wife

52

DIRECT QUESTIONS

The Colosseum, the most famous amphitheatre in the Roman world

In Latin, as in English, there are many words which can introduce questions. These include the following: quis? quid? cur? ubi? quo? unde? quando? quomodo? quot? quantus, -a, -um? qualis? quotiens?

who? what? why? where? where to? where from? when? how? how many? how big? what kind of? how often?

53

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX The use of these words is straightforward, as in English:

e.g. CUR SERO VENISTI? Why have you come late? UBI EST FRATER TUUS? Where is your brother?

Exercise 11.1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

quid heri fecistis, pueri? quoties hunc librum legisti? quando ad urbem pervenietis? quomodo viam invenire poterimus? unde venistis, nautae? quo ire vultis? quis fabulam de regibus Romae audire vult? ubi sunt castra hostium? quot milites in illo proelio necati sunt? quis pecuniam in mensa iacentem vidit? cur leo eum captivum non occidit?

If there is no obvious question word as above, then Latin attaches -ne to the end of the first word of the sentence: e.g. PATERNE TUUS DOMI EST? Is your father at home? TUNE NATARE VIS? Do you want to swim? If the question is ‘loaded’ towards an answer, then Latin uses nonne to suggest that an answer yes is expected and num for an answer no.

e.g. NONNE ROMAM IRE VIS? Surely you want to go to Rome? or You do want to go to Rome, don’t you ?

or

NUM DOMI MANERE VIS? Surely you don’t want to stay at home? You don’t want to stay at home, do you ?

54

11 DIRECT QUESTIONS Exercise 11.2 1 illumne clamorem audivisti? 2 nonne naves e Graecia redeuntes videre vis? 3 num milites contra illos barbaros saevissimos pugnaverunt? 4 quis nuntium a consule missum accepit? 5 cur nemo in ludo heri erat? 6 num agricola animalia sua necavit? 7 tune consules ipsos in urbe vidisti? 8 quot servos in foro hodie emere vis? 9 nonne exercitum a femina ductum vincemus? 10 quomodo illa femina contra copias Romanas pugnare ausa est?

Exercise 11.3 A DAY OFF SCHOOL magister ludum ingressus (Annes pueros ad mensas sedentes vidit, magistro viso pueri subito tacuerunt, sed magister non clamavit, nam laetus erat, illo die ad arenam ire volebat, itaque ridens “pueri,” inquit, “vosne gladiatores videre hodie vultis? num in ludo morari mavultis? quis mecum venire vult?” pueri laetissimi erant, nam illi quoque in arenam ire volebant ut gladiatores pugnantes spectarent, sed tristes erant quod cum magistro ire nolebant, aut cum patribus aut cum amicis ad arenam venire malebant, unus igitur e pueris magistro dicere ausus est: “magister,” inquit, “nonne unum diem sine pueris agere mavis? ad arenam cum patribus ire possumus, quando nos domum mittes?” sed magister scivit patres eorum filios ad arenam ducere nolle et dixit se ipsum omnes pueros libenter ducturum esse.

Exercise 11.4 1 2 3 4 5

Who saw the gladiators entering the arena? Why are you sad, boys? Do you want to come with me? Who dares to fight against that gladiator? Where are your friends? Why do they prefer to stay at home? Why isn’t the schoolmaster shouting? Surely he isn’t happy today?

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5

10

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX Vocabulary audeo, -ere, ausus sum (2) hodie libenter ludus, -i (m) malo, malle, malui (irr.) mensa, -ae (f) moror (1) rideo, -ere, risi, risum (2) sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessum (2) taceo (2)

/ dare today gladly, willingly school, game I prefer table I delay I laugh I sit I am silent

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1 Q INDIRECT 1 £ QUESTIONS

An INDIRECT QUESTION is one which is reported, introduced by a verb of asking, telling etc. Many of the verbs used to introduce indirect statements (see Chapter 6) are also used for indirect questions but the construction is quite different. Indirect questions involve a question word (see Chapter 11) followed always by the subjunctive:

e.g. ME ROGAVIT CUR SERO VENISSEM. He asked me why I had come late. COGNOSCERE VOLO UBI SIT TEMPLUM. / want to find out where the temple is.

The tense of the subjunctive is regularly the same as the tense of the verb in English and should present no difficulties in translation.

Exercise 12.1

1 pater filium rogat cur mensa fracta sit. 2 scisne quis canem de arbore iecerit? 3 pueri mirati sunt cur magister tam iratus esset. 4 agricola nescivit quomodo lupus in agros suos intravisset. 5 milites scire volebant cur ad montes ducerentur. 6 cives mox cognoscent quis consul factus sit. 7 audivistine quando pater domum reliquerit? 8 Caesar cognoscere volebat quot Britanni Gallos iuvarent. 9 milites Romani sciverunt cur imperatori parere deberent. 10 sentio quoties hanc fabulam audiveris.

57

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX Exercise 12.2 Rewrite Nos. 6-10 of Exercise 11.1 as indirect questions after rogat, taking care to put the verb into the appropriate tense of the subjunctive.

The indirect question construction is one which requires a kind of future subjunctive: this is formed with the future participle + the present/imperfect subjunctive of sum - compare the use and formation of the future infinitive in indirect statement.

e.g. SCIMUS QUIS DISCESSURUS SIT. We know who will be leaving. SCIRE VOLEBAMUS QUANDO PERVENTURI ESSEMUS. We wanted to know when we were going to/would arrive.

Another word which introduces indirect questions is num: this simply means if/whether. This use of num should not be confused with the word that introduces a direct question that expects the answer ‘no’ (see p. 54).

Exercise 12.3 1 scisne num pater tuus hodie adventurus sit? 2 me rogavit num reginam umquam vidissem. 3 mirabamur quomodo illos montes ascensuri essemus. 4 pueri cognoverant quando magister se ad arenam ducturus esset. 5 nuntius dicere non poterat num hostes mox oppugnaturi essent. 6 servus nescivit unde epistola missa esset. 7 milites scire volebant quoties contra illos barbaros pugnaturi essent. 8 nemo e Troianis scivit cur Graeci subito discessissent. 9 Troiani mirabantur cur equus ingens in litore relictus esset. 10 cives nesciverunt num illum equum in urbem ducere deberent. It will be noticed that many of the same verbs can introduce either an indirect statement or an indirect command or an indirect question, and care should be taken to recognise which construction occurs in each sentence.

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12 INDIRECT QUESTIONS Exercise 12.4 (These are a mixture of the three constructions mentioned above; before translating each sentence, write down which construction it contains.) 1 frater me rogavit ut secum Londinium iter facerem. 2 ego eum rogavi cur ad illam urbem ire cuperet. 3 ille respondit se multos amicos ibi habitantes videre velle. 4 fratrem monui iter longum et asperum futurum esse. 5 etiam eum monui ne a mercatoribus in urbe deciperetur. 6 iterum me oravit ut secum venirem. 7 eum rogavi num tribus diebus profecturi essemus. 8 me hortatus est ne diutius morarer. 9 scire volebam quot equi parati essent. 10 frater a patre nostro petiverat ut nobis duos equos validos daret.

Exercise 12.5 DIDO AND AENEAS

Aeneas cum patre et filio Troia discessit. Hector Aeneam in somno monuerat eum novam urbem in Italia aedificaturum esse, sed tempestate orta naves in saxa pulsae sunt, navibus tamen fractis Aeneas cum comitibus in terram egressus est. Troiani nesciverunt ubi essent, sed Venus, mater Aeneae, ad filium advenit et ei. dixit eos in Africam missos esse. mox Aeneas et comites ad urbem advenerunt quam aedificabatAegina, nomine Dido, haec regina quae pulcherrima erat subito amore accensa/est. Aeneam ad convivium invitavit et eum rogavit cur Troiam reliquisset, iterum atque iterum audire volebat quot et qualia pericula Aeneas et nautae fortes subiissent. maxime speravit Troianos in Africa secum moraturos esse, sed Mercurius, ab love ipso missus, Aeneam monuit ut Africam quam celeirimXrelinaueret deus Aeneam rogavit quando ad Italiam iter facturus esset. AeneaXiussis 'cleorum temtus statim discedere parabat, sed regina iratissima scire voluitX^ur se relicturus esset. Aeneam tamen verbis movere non poterat et Troianis a litorekliscedentibus se in incendium iecit - eheu, miserrima regina! eheu, Aenea, nescis (quid feceris!

convivium, -i subeo, -ire, -ii

banquet I undergo

59

5

10

15

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX 1

Translate the first five lines down to missos esse.

2

Study the second paragraph and answer the following questions:

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m)

What was Dido doing when the Trojans arrived in Africa? What was Dido’s immediate reaction to Aeneas? What did she ask him at the banquet? What did she want to hear over and over again? What was Dido’s hope? Who sent Mercury to Aeneas? What was his warning to Aeneas? What did he ask Aeneas? Why did Aeneas prepare to leave at once? What was Dido’s immediate reaction to this? How did Aeneas respond to her? What was Dido’s final action? From this paragraph write down in Latin one example each of an indirect statement, an indirect command, an indirect question and an ablative absolute.

Exercise 12.6 1 2 3 4 5

Have you heard who is telling the story? Aeneas did not know where he was and who would help him. Do you know how many ships have been destroyed? The queen asked her young man why he wished to leave. The queen then asked him not to leave.

Vocabulary discedo, -ere, discessi, discessum (3) frango, -ere, fregi, fractum (3) incendium, -i (n) iterum moneo (2) nescio (4) saxum, -i (n) somnus, -i (m) tempestas, -atis (f) verbum, -i (n)

60

I go away, leave I break, wreck fire again I warn, advise I do not know stone, rock sleep storm, weather word

(20 marks)

(2 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (3 marks) (3 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (3 marks) (1 mark) (2 marks)

(4 marks)

USES OF CUM

We have already met the preposition cum in Chapters 1 and 2; it must NOT be confused with the conjuction cum (originally spelt quum) which has a variety of meanings. This cum can mean WHEN or SINCE; if it means SINCE it is always followed by the Subjunctive. The tense corresponds to that in English.

e.g. CUM FESSUS SIM, LABORARE NOLO. Since I am tired, I do not wish to work. DISCEDITE, PUERI, CUM OPUS CONFECERITIS. Leave, boys, since you have finished your work. Exercise 13.1 1 2

cum malus fueris, punieris. cum pueri clamarent, magister irascebatur. 61

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX 3 cum magister iratus esset, pueri timebant. 4 cum iter longum sit, prima luce proficisci debemus. 5 cum pons fractus sit, flumen transire non possumus. 6 cum Aeneas discedere constituisset, regina miserrima facta est. 7 cum regina tam misera esset, se necare paravit. 8 cum Tarquinius tam superbus et crudelis esset, Romani eum expulerunt. 9 cum de insula plura cognoscere vellet, Caesar ad Britanniam navigavit. 10 hi gladiatores, cum fortissimi sint, contra maximos leones pugnare possunt.

If cum has the meaning WHEN, it is used with the subjunctive only when referring to past time; if it refers to the present or the future then the indicative is used. e.g. CUM OPUS CONFECISSENT, PUERI DOMUM ABIERNUT. When they had finished their work, the boys went home. (Note that in sentences like the one above cum may often be translated by ‘when’ or ‘since’.)

CUM OPUS FECERITIS, DOMUM ABIBITIS. When you finish your work, you will go home.

The tense used here is the future perfect indicative, because Latin takes a more literal view than the lazier English: it really means ‘When you will have finished your work...’ because you need to have finished your work before you can go home! Compare the following example: CUM DOMUM ADVENERITIS, CENABITIS. When you arrive home (lit. when you will have arrived home), you will have dinner.

Exercise 13.2 (Look carefully at the tense and the mood and then decide whether cum means ‘when’ or ‘since’.)

1 2 3 4 5 6

cum Romam veneris, tibi multa aedificia clara ostendam. cum Roma discessissem, ad Graeciam navigavi. cum tempestas saeva orta esset, aegerrimus factus sum. cum e nave egressus essem, maxime gaudebam. cum luna lucem det, viam facile videmus. cum mulieres advenerint, mitte eas statim ad me. 62

13 USES OF CUM Boudicca, cum Romani filias suas laesissent, iratissima facta est. regina, cum copias collegisset, suos ad oppida Romanorum duxit ut ea incenderent. 9 praefectus Romanus, cum procul abesset, oppida servare non poterat. 10 nobiles, cum Caesarem non amarent, eum necare constituerunt. 7 8

Exercise 13.3 ULYSSES MEETS A GIANT

Ulixes, cum ab urbe Troia domum rediret, olim ad insulam quandam advenit. Ulixes alios comites prope oram reliquit, alios in terram duxit ut cognosceret quales homines in hac insula habitarent, speluncam ingentem intraverunt, ubi nihil invenerunt nisi oves et cibum, comites haec ad navem reportare volebant, sed Ulixes cum esset dux audacissimus manere constituit, hospitem enim salutare voluit, et speravit eum sibi dona daturum esse, hospes tamen erat gigas immanis et horrendus, nomine Polyphemus, hic cum speluncam intravisset exitum maximo saxo clausit. Graeci adeo timebant ut in angulos speluncae fugerent, subito gigas duos e comitibus rapuit, his consumptis obdormivit. Ulixes eum necare statim voluit sed sensit se saxum maximum ex exitu removere non posse, aliud igitur consilium capere debebat. spelunca, -ae ovis, -is immanis, -e adeo angulus consumo, -ere, -sumpsi, -sumptum

cave sheep huge so comer I eat

1

Translate the first five lines down to constituit.

2

Study lines 5-11 (hospitem ... debebat) and answer the following questions: a) b) c) d) e) f) g)

3

Why had Ulysses decided to remain? What was he hoping would happen? What did the giant do when he entered the cave? What was the reaction of the Greeks? What three things did the giant then do? What did Ulysses want to do? Why did he realize that he could not do this?

(20 marks)

(3 (3 (3 (2 (4 (2 (3

marks) marks) marks) marks) marks) marks) marks)

Study the whole passage and answer the following questions:

a)

In what tense and mood is rediret (line 1)? Why is this mood used? 63

(3 marks)

5

10

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX b) c) d) e) f) g) h)

i)

What is the gender of insula (line 3)? How can you tell? (2 marks) audacissimus (line 5) is in the superlative; give the simple and the comparative forms of this adjective. (2 marks) What are the cases of saxo (line 8) and speluncae (line 8)? (2 marks) What construction is his consumptis (line 9)? (1 mark) voluit (line 10) - give the 1st person singular present indicative active and the present infinitive active of this verb. (2 marks) Give an English word derived from sensit (line 10) and write an English sentence to make clear its meaning. (2 marks) Write down two examples of a present infinitive and one example of a future infinitive. (3 marks) Write down one example each of an indirect question, a purpose clause and a result clause. (3 marks)

Exercise 13.4 When translating continuous passages always ensure that you have one main verb in each sentence (see p. 46). If there is more than one main verb in the English sentence you should work out which becomes the main verb in Latin and either make the others participles or put them into subordinate clauses - plan each English sentence carefully and you will be able to construct a good Latin sentence.

Ulysses was returning home from Troy. After several days he came to an island. He left his ships near the shore and sent some men to explore the island. When they reached the middle of the island, they discovered a huge cave. They went into this cave and found that there was nobody there.

Vocabulary cibus, -i (m) consilium, >i (n) hospes, -itis (m/f) ora, -ae (f) orior, oriri, ortus sum (4) quidam, quaedam, quoddam rapio, -ere, rapui, raptum (3) redeo, -ire, redii (irr.) saluto (1) sentio, -ire, sensi, sensum (4)

food plan, advice guest, host shore, coast I rise up a certain I snatch, seize I return I greet I realize

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1 A SIMPLE CAUSAL 1 H- AND CONCESSIVE CLAUSES

cum meaning ‘since’ introduces what is known as a CAUSAL CLAUSE because it gives the reason for what happens in the main clause; the other conjunction which commonly introduces such clauses is quod which is always followed by the indicative.

e.g. QUOD FESSUS SUM, LABORARE NOLO. Because I am tired, I do not wish to work.

Exercise 14.1

Rewrite Exercise 13.1, replacing cum with quod, and remember to change the verb in the subjunctive to the appropriate tense of the indicative. Another Latin word meaning ‘since’ is quoniam, but this too is regularly followed by the indicative.

Exercise 14.2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

quod uxor mea abest, tristissimus sum. puer, quod aurum in montibus invenerat, praemium petebat. mox Roman ibimus, quoniam soror nostra iam ibi habitat. cum ille senex tam sapiens sit, multi cives verba eius audire volunt. num navem solvetis, quoniam hiems appropinquat? cum hostes adsint, pater nos domum relinquere vetat. quod barbari oppidum oppugnant, fortissime resistemus. cum ceteri pueri ad ludum iverint, tu domi morari non debes.

65

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX 9 ille civis, quod pauper semper fuerat, pecuniam sub mensa inventam retinere volebat. 10 noli me sequere, quoniam iter solus facere malo.

In contrast a concessive clause gives a statement which opposes the idea of the main clause and in Latin is regularly introduced by quamquam + the indicative.

e.g. QUAMQUAM FESSUS SUM, AD LUDUM IBO. Although I am tired, I shall go to school. Sometimes tamen is used to introduce the main clause in order to emphasize the contrast:

e.g. QUAMQUAM AEGERRIMUS ERAM, TAMEN AD LUDUM IVI. Although I was very ill, yet I did go to school.

Exercise 14.3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10

quamquam sunt multa animalia in his silvis, nolite timere. consul, quamquam loqui volebat, tamen tacere constituit. hostes, quamquam multa milia passuum progressi erant, ad castra nostra non pervenerunt. quamquam modo pauci milites necati erant, dux iterum pugnare noluit. quamquam gladio novo utebar, multos barbaros occidi. rex Etruscorum Cloeliam laudavit, quamquam effugerat. Theseus filiam regis in insula reliquit, quamquam vitam eius servaverat. Achilles proelium iterum inire noluit, quamquam tot Graeci eum orabant ut se defenderet. Aeneas, quamquam ad Italiam ire a deis coactus erat, Carthagine diu moratus est. Aeneas, quamquam reginam pulchram relinquere nolebat, tamen scivit se discedere debere.

Exercise 14.4 ULYSSES MEETS A WITCH

Ulixes, cum a Polyphemo effugisset, iterum domum navigabat, ad aliam insulam cum comitibus pervenit, quamquam tot pericula iam passi erant, nautas egredi iussit. cum in nave esset non satis cibi aut aquae, nautas misit ut haec in insula peterent, multi nautae, cum timerent, navem relinquere nolebant, itaque quibusdam prope

66

14

SIMPLE CAUSAL AND CONCESSIVE CLAUSES

oram cum Ulixe ipso relictis, ceteri in silvas iter facere audebant, mox ad magnam villam venerunt, multa animalia in horto huius villae ludebant et intra villam cantabat femina pulcherrima, comites Ulixis, quamquam territi sunt, tamen ad villam appropinquaverunt, femina eos invitavit ut intrarent, sed nautas ingressos virga pulsavit, subito hi nautae sues facti sunt! unus ex his nautis qui extra villam manserat iam vidit quid accidisset, statim ad Ulixem rediit ut auxilium peteret. Ulixes ad feminam miram - cui nomen erat Circe - adibat. Circe Ulixem laedere non poterat, cum dei hunc servarent. intra (+ acc.) virga, -ae sus, suis

inside stick

P>g

Exercise 14.5 1 2 3 4 5

Although we see the animals, we are not afraid. Since the woman is so beautiful, we wish to approach her. The sailor saw what had frightened his companion. I will leave many sailors near the shore to guard the ship. The gods could not harm the animals, since they had already escaped.

Vocabulary / sing the others, the rest I go out, disembark I enter I harm I play I suffer, allow beautiful enough I frighten, terrify

canto (1) ceteri, -ae, -a egredior, -i, egressus sum (3) ingredior, -i, ingressus sum (3) laedo, -ere, laesi, laesum (3) ludo, -ere, lusi, lusum (3) patior, pati, passus sum (3) pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum satis terreo (2)

67

5

10

TEMPORAL CLAUSES

Fresco painting of the centaur Chiron with his pupil Achilles cum meaning ‘when’ introduces what is known as a TEMPORAL CLAUSE, i.e. a clause of time; other conjunctions in Latin which introduce such clauses include the following:

ubi simul ac/atque postquam antequam dum

when as soon as after before while, until

Of these ubi, simul ac/atque and postquam are ALWAYS used with the indicative, whatever time they are referring to.

e.g. POSTQUAM DOMUM RELIQUIMUS, AD ARENAM IVIMUS. After we left home, we went to the arena.

69

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX UBI IN ARENAM IVERITIS, LEONES VIDEBITIS. When you go into the arena, you will see the lions.

Exercise 15.1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

simul ac dominus domum reliquit, servi in hortum cucurrerunt. ubi hiems venerit, rus iter faciemus ut amicos videamus. postquam pecuniam invenerunt, pueri ad patrem festinaverunt. cum ad litus iveris, multas naves ibi instructas videbis. puellae, ubi in silvas venerunt, clamores miros audiverunt. hae puellae, cum clamores audivissent, maxime timebant. simul atque ad ripam pervenimus, in herba obdormivimus. postquam cibum in mensa vidimus, mirati sumus quis in villam venisset. ubi flores collegeris, puella, da eos matri. leo, ubi illum captivum vidit, sensit eum esse amicum suum.

antequam is regularly used with the indicative, but can be used with the subjunctive if there is a sense of purpose/possibility. e.g. ANTEQUAM DISCESSERUNT, CENAM PARAVERUNT. Before they left, they prepared dinner. But SERVI EFFUGERUNT ANTEQUAM CAPERENTUR. The slaves escaped before they could be caught.

dum meaning UNTIL behaves similarly: e.g. DUM DISCESSERUNT CENAM PARABANT. Until they left, they were preparing dinner. But MANE DOMI DUM ADVENIAMUS. Wait at home until we (may) arrive.

If dum means WHILE it is always followed by the indicative, but usually the present tense:

e.g. DUM DOMI MANEO PATER ADVENIT. While I was at home, my father arrived.

70

15

TEMPORAL CLAUSES

Notice how the present is used if the action is interrupted: only if the two actions are coterminous may another tense be used:

e.g. DUM PLUEBAT DOMI MANEBAM. While (i.e. all the time that) it was raining, I stayed at home.

Exercise 15.2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

dux suos hortatus est antequam in proelium contenderunt. dum milites pugnant, dux sagitta vulneratus est. pueri in ludo manebant dum magister veniret. dum sol erat calidus, in umbra sedebamus. postquam domum rediimus, patrem in atrio stantem invenimus. Ulixes manere volebat dum incola speluncae rediret. postquam gigas exitum speluncae saxo ingenti obstruxit, nautae putaverunt se effugere non posse. antequam Boudicca pugnare ausa est, Romani crudeliores saepe fuerant. praefectus Romanus manere non poterat dum novae copiae advenirent. simul ac regina victa est, Romani sciverunt se Britanniam servavisse.

Exercise 15.3 ULYSSES RETURNS HOME

antequam Ulixes Troiam profectus est, in insula Ithaca cum uxore filioque habitabat, dum contra Troianos pugnabat, uxor domi eum exspectabat, quamquam Graeci Troiam decimo anno iam ceperant, Ulixes domum redire non poterat, nam tot peric­ ula passus est ut trans mare huc et illuc decem annos transire cogeretur, interea multi viri ad uxorem eius appropinquabant quod eam in matrimonium ducere volebant. ei dixerunt Ulixem iam mortuum esse, et eam orabant ut maritum eligeret. sed ubi tandem Ulixes domum rediit, dea Athena eum iuvit ut illos viros deciperet. Ulixes more senis pauperrimi vestitus est: nemo scire poterat quis esset - nisi canis suus! mox filius Ulixis quoque rediit, et pater filio se monstravit, inter se consilium ceperunt ut hostes vincerent, cum omnes hi viri scelesti necati essent, Ulixes uxori dixit maritum eius verum rediisse. itaque maritus et uxor iam laetis­ simi gaudebant. maritus, -i more (+ gen.) vestio (4)

husband like I dress

71

5

10

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX 1

Translate the first six lines down to eligeret.

2

Study the second paragraph and answer the following questions:

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j)

3

For how long altogether was Ulysses away from home? What was the name of Ulysses’ homeland? What did Athena help him to do? How was Ulysses disguised? Who was the only one to recognize Ulysses? Who also soon returned home? What did these two then do? When did Ulysses speak to his wife? What did he say to her? What was their reaction?

From the whole passage find one example each of a temporal clause, a causal clause, a result clause, a purpose clause, an indirect statement, an indirect question, an indirect command, a superlative adjective, a preposition followed by the accusative and a preposition followed by the ablative.

(25 marks)

(2 marks) (1 mark) (2 marks) (2 marks) (1 mark) (1 mark) (4 marks) (3 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks)

(10 marks)

Exercise 15.4

Ulysses had lived for many years on the island of Ithaca. When he went to fight against the Trojans, he left his wife and small son at home. Since he did not return, very many men approached his wife. They asked her to accept one of them as a new husband. She, however, refused because she believed that her own husband would return.

Vocabulary calidus, -a, -urn canis, -is (m/f) copiae, -arum (f.pl) eligo, -ere, elegi, electum (3) ingens, ingentis laetus, -a, -um obstruo, -ere, obstruxi, obstructum (3) pauper, -eris scelestus, -a, -um verus, -a, -um

hot dog troops, forces I choose huge happy I block poor wicked true

72

1 Zf SIMPLE 1 O CONDITIONAL CLAUSES CONDITIONAL CLAUSES are those which make a condition for the main clause, and are introduced in English by if/unless and in Latin by si/nisi. There are various types of conditional clauses in Latin, and the more complex types will be dealt with fully in Chapter 22. Those referring to the future require the same construction as temporal clauses introduced by cum or ubi (see Chapters 13 & 15). e.g. SI IN ARENAM IVERITIS, LEONES VIDEBITIS. If you go into the arena, you will see the lions. Again you will notice that when the si clause refers to the future, then either the future or the future perfect tense must be used.

Other tenses of the indicative can be used where appropriate:

e.g. SI FILIUS MEUS CAPTUS EST, EUM SERVARE CONABOR. If my son has been captured, I shall try to save him.

Exercise 16.1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

si amicos meos videbis, iube eos ad me venire. si ad oppidum iveris, eme vinum et cibum. si ad Graeciam veneris, templa pulcherrima tibi ostendam. si tempestas orta erit, navem solvere non poterimus. si plures milites necati erunt, nos recipere debebimus. hostes, si flumen transierint, nos facile vincent. si in silvas intraveris, filia, multa et mira animalia videbis. si rus iter facere vis, ante primam lucem discedere debes. si legio victa est, ad castra quam celerrime redibimus. si divites fieri vultis, pueri, adite ad urbem ut pecuniam inveniatis.

73

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX Exercise 16.2

THE WICKED SCHOOLMASTER olim magister quidam filios principum Faliscorum docere solebat; in pace hos pueros extra urbem in agros saepe ducebat, pueri, quamquam discere cupiebant, laeti erant quod in agris ludere potius quam in ludo manere malebant, illo tempore Camillus, qui erat imperator Romanus, urbem Falerios obsidebat, quamquam periculosum erat, magister pueros in agros usque ad castra Romana duxit ut eos hostibus traderet. “o imperator Romanorum,” inquit “si hos pueros acceperis, urbem Falerios in manibus tuis habebis, cum hi sint filii principum, patres eorum urbem tibi tradent ut filios suos recipiant”. Camillus tamen ira commotus est, “magister scelestis­ sime,” inquit “si putavisti me tale facturum esse, frustra venisti. Romani contra viros non pueros pugnant.” deinde Camillus militibus imperavit ut manus magistri post tergum vincirent, etiam virgas pueris dedit ut magistrum verberarent, cum pueri in urbem magistrum captum ducentes rediissent, cives ita gaudebant ut pacem cum Romanis peterent.

Falisci, -orum Falerii, -orum potius tergum, -i vincio vincio, -ire, vinxi, vinctum verbero (1)

the Falisci Falerii (the town where the Falisci lived) rather back I bind, tie I beat

1

Translate the first six lines as far as traderet.

2

Study the second paragraph and answer the following questions: a)

b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i)

3

(25 marks)

What offer did the schoolmaster make to the Roman general? Why did he think that this would happen? What was the general’s immediate reaction to this proposal? What did he then say to the schoolmaster? Against whom did he say that Romans fight? What order did he then give his soldiers? What did the boys then do? When did the citizens rejoice? What did this make them do?

From the second paragraph find one example each of a conditional clause, a causal clause, an indirect statement, an indirect command, 74

(5 (6 (2 (5 (2 (2 (3 (2 (3

marks) marks) marks) marks) marks) marks) marks) marks) marks)

5

10

16 SIMPLE CONDITIONAL CLAUSES a purpose clause, a result clause, a present participle, a perfect participle, a superlative adjective and an adverb.

(10 marks)

Exercise 16.3 1 2 3 4 5

If you play in the fields, you will see the enemy’s camp. The citizens were so happy that they preferred to stay in the city. The schoolmaster said that he would hand over the sons of the chiefs. Do not send soldiers to fight against boys. If you do such a thing, you will be very wicked.

Vocabulary disco, -ere, didici (3) dives, -itis frustra gaudeo, -ere, gavisus sum (2) ira, -ae (f) magister, -tri (m) manus, -us (f) obsideo, -ere, obsedi, obsessum (2) pax, pacis (f) princeps, principis (m/f)

I leam rich in vain / rejoice anger schoolmaster hand I besiege peace leader, chief, (in the right context) emperor

75

VERBS OF FEARING

Thermae Diocletiani or the Baths of Diocletian, now the National Museum

We have already seen in Chapter 3 the verb timeo used with an infinitive to express a fear; the verbs vereor and metuo are used in the same way: e.g. TIMEO IN SILVAS INTRARE. / am afraid to go into the woods. VERETUR NAVEM SOLVERE. He is afraid to set sail. The infinitive is thus always used if the subjects of both verbs are the same, but when there is a new subject these verbs of fearing are followed by NE + the subjunctive:

e.g. TIMEO NE ANIMALIA ME OPPUGNENT. I am afraid that/in case the animals will/may attack me.

77

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX VERETUR NE TEMPESTAS ORIATUR. He is afraid that/in case a storm will/may arise.

Note how NE is used to introduce a positive fear; a negative fear is introduced by NE NON or UT:

e.g. TIMEO NE NAVES NON PERVENIANT. I cun afraid that/in case the ships will/may not arrive. It is best to translate NE in this construction as ‘that’ or ‘in case’ according to what makes better sense. Similarly the subjunctive verb can be translated as ‘will’ or ‘may’ according to context if the fear is for the future. The same construction is used for the present and the context will make this clear:

e.g. METUO NE NON LABORETIS. / am afraid that you are not working.

Exercise 17.1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

pater timet ne filia de arbore cadat. dominus metuit ne servi effugere conentur. feminae timent ne puellae in silvis morentur. pueri timent ne magister irascatur. mater timet ne filius Londinio non redeat. Troiani verentur ne equus sit dolus. Ariadne timet ne in insula sola relinquatur. Achilles non metuit ne amicus occidatur. Horatius timet ne urbs ab hostibus capiatur. Dido veretur ut Aeneas Carthagini diutius maneat.

The SEQUENCE OF TENSES applies (see Chapter 7), and if the verb of fearing is in the past then the subjunctive verb becomes imperfect: e.g. TIMEBAM NE NAVES NON PERVENIRENT. I was afraid that/in case the ships would/might not arrive.

Exercise 17.2

Rewrite Exercise 17.1, putting the verb of fearing into a past tense and the verb inside the clause into the imperfect subjunctive. 78

17 VERBS OF FEARING Fears for the past are expressed in the same way, using the perfect and the pluperfect subjunctive according to the SEQUENCE OF TENSES: e.g. TIMEO NE OPUS NON FECERIS. / am afraid that/in case you have not done the work.

TIMEBAM NE OPUS NON FECISSES. I was afraid that/in case you had not done the work.

Exercise 17.3 1 mater timebat ne puella in agris sola erraret. 2 cur times ne filius necatus sit? 3 cives timebant ne barbari oppidum delevissent. 4 pater metuit ne filius multum vinum bibisset. 5 nautae timebant ne venti navem in oram repellerent. 6 senex verebatur ut pecunia domi iam adesset. 7 maxime timebamus ne hostes pueros laesissent. 8 Ulixes timebat ne alius vir uxorem suam in matrimonium duxisset. 9 gigas metuebat ne nautae effugerent. 10 Aeneas non verebatur ne regina se necaret.

Exercise 17.4

1 2 3 4 5

I am afraid that you will fall into the river. I was afraid that you would not come to Rome. Surely the boys are not afraid to go to school? My son is afraid that his friends have already left. The soldiers were afraid that they would return to Britain.

Exercise 17.5 AENEAS ARRIVES IN ITALY

Aeneas, cum in Italiam venisset, sensit gentes quasdam Troianos accipere nolle, nam hae gentes timebant ne Troiani terram suam vastarent, multi incolae igitur bellum parabant ut Troianos ex Italia expellerent, rex Latinus tamen ducem Troianorum invitavit ut aut de bello aut de pace loqueretur, ille hunc rogavit quis esset et unde venisset. Aeneas respondit se filium deae Veneris esse et Troia effugisse ut novam urbem in Italia aedificaret, quamquam aliae gentes contra hos 79

5

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX advenas pugnare volebant, Latinus eis persuasit ne bellum cum illis gererent, veritus ne plurimi et ex Italis et ex Troianis occiderentur. Latinus autem Aeneam adeo miratus est ut filiam suam huic ad matrimonium dederit. advena, -ae

stranger, foreigner

Exercise 17.6 (Revision of various constructions.)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Aeneas came to Italy in order to build a new city. The tribes were afraid that they would be expelled from their land. The inhabitants said that they were prepared to fight. The goddess persuaded her son not to wage war. Ask the strangers who they are and where they have come from. The king’s daughter was so amazed at the leader that she invited him home. Although they had escaped, yet they were afraid that they might again be captured. Surely you realise that we are talking about peace? They asked me how many Trojans had been killed in the war. So many strangers have arrived that we cannot welcome them all.

Vocabulary accipio, -ere, accepi, acceptum (3) adsum, -esse, adfui (irr.) aut... aut bibo, -ere, bibi (3) cado, -ere, cecidi,casum (3) conor (1) dolus, -i (m) loquor, -i, locutus sum (3) respondeo, -ere, respondi, responsum (2) vasto (1)

/ receive, welcome I am here either... or I drink Ifall I try trick I speak, talk I reply

1 ravage, lay waste

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1 Q PASSAGES FOR 1 O TRANSLATION

The passages for translation so far used have been of increasing difficulty. This chapter consists of passages solely for translation practice and without any further grammatical explanation. The syntax so far covered will be sufficient to tackle these passages, but the vocabulary and style may be more varied and increasingly challenging. However, the following hints for translation should be helpful and are to be read (and re-read?!) very carefully.

•

• •

•

•

• • •

DON’T PANIC if you see a word that you do not know - too often people’s eyes are drawn as if by a magnet to the unknown word which they guess wildly and then make the rest of the sentence fit round this wild (and erroneous!) guess. USE what you know to help work out what you DON’T know - work out all that you can in a sentence before you even begin to guess the unknown word(s). BREAK UP a long sentence into smaller, more manageable sections - imagine that you are facing a mighty monster that you can attack more easily once it has been cut up limb by limb! So too with your complex Latin sentence divide it clause by clause before you try to translate it. USE all the information that you have in front of you. Notice whether a verb is singular, and do NOT translate it as though it were plural. Notice that a noun is in the genitive and do NOT translate it though it were the subject... and so on. USE whatever information is given to you (or that you already know) about the background to the passage - it is of enormous help if you are already familiar with the story so that you can more easily understand what is happening in the passage. PICTURE the scene - it helps enormously if you can imagine what is going on. NEVER write down something which you know is WRONG - you may as well get out your own red pen and underline it! NEVER write nonsense! I have known people on more than one occasion kill someone off half way through a passage and then have him alive and kicking again in a later sentence! Do NOT allow yourself to do something like this, but look again at the sentence and THINK HARDER!

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LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX Exercise 18.1 AN ATHENIAN DESPISES WEALTH

Phocion Atheniensis, cum saepe exercitibus praeesset et omnibus fortior audaciorque haberetur, tamen notior est propter virtutem vitae quam belli victorias, fuit semper pauper, quamquam viro tam praeclaro munera pulcherrima a populo interdum dabantur, olim multum pecuniae a Philippo, rege Macedoniae, datum repudiavit, tum legati eius omnino desperantes, “si pecunia non gaudes ipse,” clamaverunt, “tamen tu filios et uxorem, ut credimus, amas; si bonus pater et coniunx es, eorum causa regis munera non repudiare debes.” Phocion dicitur respondisse, “nemini placet hoc consilium, ei enim mihi similes sunt, num divitias istas desiderabunt? abite celeriter, vos prohibeo apud nos diutius loqui.” praesum, esse, praefui (irr.) (+ dat.) munus, -eris

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I am in command of gift

Exercise 18.2

JASON HELPS AN OLD WOMAN ACROSS A RIVER Iason, cum iter per montes faceret, ad flumen quoddam pervenit, hoc flumen, quod de montibus celeriter descendit, erat et latius et altius, in ripa sedebat mulier vestibus sordidis induta, femina senectute tam gravata erat ut flumen rapidum transire non posset. Iasonem igitur orabat ut se transportaret, primo iuvenis feminam tam sordidam tollere nolebat, sed deinde eam in umeros posuit ut in alteram ripam lente transferret, sed flumen erat tantum ut ambulare vix posset, praesertim cum onere tam gravi impeditus esset, postremo tamen in ulteriorem ripam advenit, onere de umeris deposito maxime attonitus est, nam ibi stabat non, ut antea, mulier misera, sed dea pulcherrima, putavit Iunonem, reginam deorum, ante se adesse. Iason timebat ne puniretur, sed dea promisit se eum semper adiuturam esse. indutus, -a, -um umerus, -i

dressed in, wearing shoulder

Exercise 18.3 THE DEVOTION OF TWO SONS

olim in oppido Graeco dies festus Iunonis celebrabatur, sacerdos ad templum eius proficisci volebat ut dona ad deam ferret, sed cum senectute iam gravata esset, pede

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PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION

iter facere non poterat, tam aegra erat ut vix ambulare posset et casa eius procul ab oppido aberat, filiis igitur persuasit ut boves pararent, nam his uti volebat ut in oppidum veheretur, iuvenes promiserunt se boves paraturos esse, sed hos nusquam invenire poterant, diu petebant, sed frustra, denique ad matrem regressi negaverunt se boves paravisse, mater tam tristis erat ut filios lacrimis precibusque oraret ut alio modo se ad templum deae veherent, itaque iuvenes cum matrem adeo amarent ipsi plaustrum more boum trahere constituerunt, quamquam via erat longa et aspera, hi iuvenes matrem incolumem ad oppidum transportaverunt ut deam coleret. festus, -a, -um sacerdos, -tis plaustrum, -i incolumis, -e colo, -ere, colui, coitum

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holy priestess wagon, cart safe I worship

Exercise 18.4

THE SIBYLLINE BOOKS

mulier quaedam novem libros ferens ad regem Tarquinium venit, dixit in his libris esse divina oracula et se eos regi vendere velle. Tarquinius rogavit quanti hos venditura esset et cum mulier pretium immensum poposcisset maxime risit, deinde mulier foculum ante regis pedes posuit et tres libros in illum coniecit. libris ita incensis mulier iterum regem rogavit num sex reliquos eodem pretio emere vellet. sed rex multo magis risit, mulier statim tres alios libros in ignem iecit et his incensis placide rogavit num tres reliquos eodem pretio empturus esset. Tarquinius iam sensit hanc mulierem esse tam constantem ut eam neglegere non deberet, itaque tres reliquos libros emit non minore pretio quam quod pro omnibus petiverat. posco, -ere, poposci foculus, -i

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I demand small fire

Exercise 18.5 A BEAR AND A WOLF AIR THEIR VIEWS ON THE OLYMPIC GAMES

redeunte iam quarto anno, turba ingens Olympiae convenire coeperat, uno die forte in proximo monte, qui sacer est Saturno, patri Iovis, sedebat ursus quidam cum lupo, amico suo. “quam stulti” inquit cum risu “sunt homines! nam tot tantosque labores sponte patiuntur ut coronam ex foliis contextam pro praemio accipiant.” at lupus eum retinuit, “noli” inquit “tantos clamores ad caelum tollere! nonne dis omnibus 83

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LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX potius gratias agemus et praesertim Iovi optimo maximo? cum enim homines inter se summa velocitate currant, nos ipsi ab eis aufugere non cogimur! quamquam stridorem telorum eorum audimus, non timemus ne haec nos vulnerent.”

folium, -i stridor, -is

leaf noise, clash

Exercise 18.6 ARION AND THE DOLPHIN

Arion poeta clarissimus Corintho ad Siciliam profectus erat ut divitias compararet, divitiis per carmina sic comparatis navem conscendit ut domum rediret, nautae tamen eum necare constituerunt ut argentum eius abriperent. Arion, consilio eorum cognito, oravit ut lyra sumpta carmen ultimum caneret, itaque in puppi stans magna voce cantabat; deinde subito in mare se iecit et nautae, rati eum sine dubio periisse, gaudentes argentum eius sustulerunt, sed delphinus carmine dulci adeo delectatus est ut ad illum attraheretur, eum in teigo exceptum ad terram incolumem reportavit. Arion ubi Corinthum celeriter pervenit nautas qui eum occidere conati erant invenit, nautae cum illum vidissent tam attoniti erant ut omnia confiterentur, deinde a rege Corinthi vehementer puniti sunt.

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Exercise 18.7 THE ATHENIANS WIN A VICTORY OVER A MUCH LARGER PERSIAN FORCE

postero die Athenienses acie sub montibus instructa ut montium altitudine protegerentur proelium commiserunt. Datis tamen, dux Persarum, quamquam locum suis difficillimum esse videbat, tamen fretus magno numero copiarum suarum pugnare cupiebat, arbitratus utile certare priusquam Lacedaemonii advenirent ut ad Athenienses auxilium ferrent, itaque in aciem peditum centum, equitum decem milia produxit et proelium commisit, in hoc proelio Athenienses propter virtutem adeo valuerunt ut decemplicem numerum hostium fugaverint et eos adeo perterruerint ut Persae non castra sed etiam naves petierint, nihil antea nobilius quam haec pugna acciderat. fretus (+ abi.) arbitror (1) certo (1)

relying on I think I fight 84

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Exercise 18.8 TRAVELLERS ARE SURPRISINGLY WELL RECEIVED AND ARE SHOWN A SACRED WELL

progressi multos dies per loca deserta ubi neque cibum neque aquam inveneramus tandem ad Campum pervenimus, hic viros feminasque agros colentes conspeximus, primum adire nolebamus, nam in itinere tanta ex barbaris passi eramus ut timeremus ne illi quoque essent hostes, sed fame et labore adeo oppressi sumus ut tandem appropinquare auderemus, incolae nos benigne acceptos ad domos suas duxerunt ubi nobis persuaserunt ut sine timore ederemus et requiesceremus, postridie cum bene dormivissemus et vires recepissemus, sacrum fontem ostenderunt in quo dixerunt habitare nympham mira pulchritudine et magna potestate, affirmaverunt quoque se multa dona ex illa accepisse et in aqua illius fontis tantam esse virtutem ut gravissima vulnera sanare salutemque aegris reddere posset, multa alia de hoc fonte tam mirabilia narraverunt ut vix crederemus. benigne pulchritudo, -inis (f)

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in a kindly way beauty

Exercise 18.9

THE TEMPLE OF JUNO IN MALTA

insula est Melita, mari lato et periculoso a Sicilia disiuncta: in hac insula est oppidum eodem nomine, ab eo non procul abest templum antiquum Iunonis, quod tanta religione semper fuit ut non modo in bellis Punicis (quae in his locis gesta sunt) sed etiam praedonibus semper sanctum inviolatumque fuerit, haec fabula tradita est: cum olim classis Masinissae regis ad eum locum venisset praefectum regis dentes eburneos incredibili magnitudine e templo sustulisse et eos in Africam transportavisse ut regi daret; regem primo hoc munere delectatum esse sed postea cum audivisset unde capti essent statim homines misisse ut eos dentes reponerent, itaque in templo haec verba inscripta esse dicuntur: “rex Masinissa dentes accepit imprudens; sapiens reposuit.” disiungo, -ere, -iunxi, -iunctum sanctus eburneus

I separate holy (made of) ivory

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LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX Exercise 18.10 LIVY TELLS HOW THE CITY OF ROME WAS FOUNDED AND GOT ITS NAME cum gemini essent, ut di auguriis legerent quis nomen urbi novae daret et urbem conditam regeret. Romulus montem Palatinum, Remus Aventinum cepit, priori Remo augurium venisse dicitur, sex vultures, iamque nuntiato augurio cum duplex numerus Romulo apparuisset, uterque rex a sua multitudine salutatus est. deinde irati ad caedem versi sunt; Remus in media turba ictus cecidit, alia fama tradita est Remum novos muros transiluisse ut fratrem derideret, et inde a Romulo ira commoto interfectum esse. Remo hoc vel illo modo necato, Romulus regno solus potitus est et urbs condita conditoris nomine appellata est.

augurium

condo, -ere, condidi, conditum ictus potior (+ abi.)

augury (the observation of birds to tell the future) I found struck I obtain

Vocabulary line of battle plain song, poem gift sometimes wide I read, pick, choose of one’s own accord, voluntarily I lift, raise, remove I sell

acies, -ei (f) campus, -i (m) carmen, -inis (n) donum, -i (n) interdum latus, -a, -um lego, -ere, legi, lectum (3) sponte tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum (3) vendo, -ere, vendidi, venditum (3)

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1 Q FURTHER PASSAGES 1 y FOR TRANSLATION

Model of the ancient city of Rome This chapter contains further translation passages for practice and again the standard will become increasingly challenging. Re-read the guidelines given at the beginning of the previous chapter and approach them with confidence and determination! The following specific points will also be of use:

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Historic Present: Latin very often switches to the present tense in narrative where in written English we would use the past, but note how in spoken English we often do the same thing: ‘I was just driving down the road, when a car suddenly comes out of a side turning and hits me!’ However, this is not acceptable in written English and in your translations you should always be consistent and use a past tense throughout a passage, except where a present is obviously more appropriate, e.g. in direct speech.

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LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX 2

Connecting Relative: Latin uses the relative pronoun (see Chapter 5) not only to connect clauses within the same sentence, but also to connect different sentences in a way that we do not in English:

e.g. IN AGROS AMBULAVIMUS. QUI AB HOSTIBUS VASTATI ERANT. We walked into the fields. These (lit. ‘which’) had been ravaged by the enemy. Particular care should be taken over two forms of the relative pronoun, quam and quod as these can easily be confused with other words of different meanings, take note as follows: quam = a) which, whom (fem. acc. sg. of the relative pronoun) PUELLA QUAM HERI VIDI EST PULCHERRIMA. The girl whom I saw yesterday is very beautiful.

b) than (after comparatives) ILLA PUELLA EST PULCHRIOR QUAM SOROR MEA. That girl is more beautiful than my sister.

c) how - followed by an abjective or adverb, in exclamations or questions QUAM STULTI ESTIS! How stupid you are!

d) the second half of antequam/priusquam (before) and of postquam (after) all of which can be split into two: e.g. PRIUS DISCESSERAMUS QUAM AMICI ADVENERUNT. We had left before our friends arrived. quod= a) which (neut. nom/acc. sg. of the relative pronoun) FLUMEN QUOD VIDES TRANSIRI NON POTEST. The river which you see cannot be crossed.

b) because FLUMEN TRANSIRI NON POTEST QUOD TAM ALTUM EST. The river cannot be crossed because it is so deep. 3

Good English: In exams at most levels you will be given credit for the quality of your written English - so work hard at getting the balance right between a translation that is sufficiently literal without being too wooden and a style that is fluent without straying too far from the meaning of the Latin. This is a little like walking the proverbial tightrope but it is important and can earn you extra marks! 88

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Exercise 19.1

THE GOLDEN FLEECE postridie Iason et comites eius prima luce navem ad oram deduxerunt, ibi morati sunt durii tempestatem idoneam nanciscerentur, ventum secundum nacti ad eum locum navigaverunt in quo Medea dixerat vellus aureum celatum esse, cum pervenissent, Iason primus in terram egressus est. comitibus prope navem in litore relictis ipse cum Medea in silvas iniit, pauca milia passuum progressus illud vellus, quod diu quaerebat, ex arbore suspensum conspicatus est: quam tamen arborem custodiebat draco ingens et saevus. Medea autem draconem veneno sparsit ut somno opprimeretur, deinde monstro dormiente Iason ad arborem adiit ut vellus aureum deriperet, quo facto cum Medea ad litus quam celerrime rediit ut cum comitibus iterum navem solveret. idoneus vellus, -eris (n.) draco, -onis

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suitable fleece dragon

Exercise 19.2

THE DEATH OF CATO post illud proelium multi ex fuga ad oppidum Uticam perveniunt, quos omnes convocatos Cato hortatus est ut oppidum summis viribus defenderent, cum autem perterritos pugnare nolle intellexisset, amplius de hac re agere destitit navesque eis attribuit ut quo vellent profiscerentur. Cato ipse, omnibus rebus diligentissime constitutis, cum dormitum abiisset, gladium in cubiculum secum intulit ut ita se traiceret. qui cum iam moriturus humum cecidisset, medicus quidam una cum amicis impetu in cubiculum facto vulnus obligare coepit, ipse autem suis manibus divellit atque aequo animo sic mortuus est.

amplius attribuo, -ere, -ui traicio, -ere, -ieci cubiculum obligo, -are divello, -ere, -velli, -vulsum

further I give, bestow I pierce bedroom I tie up, bandage I tear away

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LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX Exercise 19.3 JULIUS CAESAR IS CAPTURED BY PIRATES

Caesar insulam Rhodum iter facere constituit ut ab magistro claro doceretur, huc dum media hieme transit, circa insulam quandam a piratis captus est. apud quos mansit prope quadraginta dies cum uno medico et servis duobus, reliquos comites servosque dimisit ut pecuniam compararent, nam sperabat piratas hac pecunia accepta se liberaturos esse, comites cum tanto argento redierunt ut piratae laeti Caesarem in litus exposuerint. Caesar autem minatus se ab illis piratis supplicium olim sumpturum esse classem paravit ut eos persequeretur, quos in potestatem reductos supplicio gravi quod promiserat adfecit. supplicium

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punishment

Exercise 19.4 THE DICTATOR RALLIES THE ROMANS AND ROUTS THE GAULS IN TWO BATTLES

dum haec aguntur, Camillus dictator intervenit, hostibus nuntiat ut se ad proelium parent, quo facto Galli nova re perterriti arma capiunt et ira magis quam consilio in Romanos se immittunt, iam vertit fortuna, iam opes deorum humanaque consilia rem Romanam adiuvant. primo igitur concursu haud maiore difficultate Galli fusi sunt quam ipsi ad flumen Alliam vicerant, mox altero proelio facto prope viam Gabinam, quo se ex fuga contulerant, iterum superati sunt, ibi caedes facta est ingens; castra capta sunt et ne nuntius quidem cladis relictus est. dictator autem, patria ex hostibus sic recuperata, triumphans in urbem rediit, inter iocos militum “Romulus alter” ac “pater patriae” merito appellabatur.

opes, opum ne ... quidem

resources not even...

Exercise 19.5

MUCIUS SCAEVOLA dum Porsenna, rex Etruscorum, urbem Roman obsidet, C. Mucius, nobilis Romanus, in castra hostium intrare constituit, sed veritus ne forte a custodibus Romanis ut perfuga caperetur ad senatum appropinquavit, dixit se trans flumen Tiberim natare velle ut castra hostium iniret, senatores hoc consilium audacissimum approbant.

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gladio igitur intra vestes celato proficiscitur, cum in castra Etruscorum pervenisset magnam turbam prope regem invenit, nescivit quis esset rex sed vidit unum ex hominibus stipendium militibus forte dare, itaque ratus hunc esse regem eum gladio transfixit, hic tamen non rex sed scriba erat, rex ira commotus Mucium comprehendi iussit. imperavit ut hostis Romanus vivus incenderetur, sed Mucius erat vir fortissimus et mortem non timens dextram in ignem statim coniecit. Porsenna tantam fortitudinem ita miratus est ut Mucium ex igne quam primum trahi iusserit. etiam imperavit ut Mucius liberatus Roman remitteretur, postea Mucio erat cognomen Scaevola, quod dextra eius sic remota erat. perfuga, -ae stipendium, -i reor, ratus sum scriba, -ae comprehendo, -ere, -hendi, -hensum

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fugitive, deserter pay I think secretary I arrest

Exercise 19.6 A BRAVE BUT VAIN ATTEMPT BY THE SPARTANS TO RESIST THE PERSIANS

Leonidas autem rex Lacedaemoniorum, cum diu hostibus restitisset, ab exploratoribus certior factus est se suosque undique circumventos esse, proditor enim, nomine Ephialtes, tria milia Persarum per montes noctu duxerat ut in Lacedaemonios a tergo impetum facerent. Leonidas igitur, cum sciret nullam iam esse spem salutis, proelium committere constituit, omnes socios laudatos quod tantam fidem praestitissent domum remisit. Lacedaemonios modo secum retinuit qui omnes negaverunt se regem suum relicturos esse, tum vero Leonidas acie instructa impetum hostium exspectabat, cum diu et acriter pugnatum esset, Lacedaemonii omnes ad unum occisi sunt, postea aedificata est columna in qua sunt inscripta nomina eorum qui tam fortiter pro partia mortui erant. proditor, -oris

traitor

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LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX Exercise 19.7 THE UNEXPECTED APPROACH OF THE ROMAN FLEET CAUSES ALARM AND CONFUSION AMONG THE CARTHAGINIANS IN SPAIN

Hispani multas turres in locis altis positas habebant quibus contra praedones uti solebant, inde conspectis hostium navibus signum Hasdrubali datum est, et promunturiis classem nondum aperientibus, tumultus in terra altiore prius ortus est quam in litore. milites, qui in ora vagabantur vel in tabernaculis requiescebant, nihil minus quam hostem aut proelium illo die exspectabant, sed subito eques ab Hasdrubale missus naves conscendere atque arma capere eos iussit quod classis Romana haud procul a portu iam esset, mox Hasdrubal ipse cum omni exercitu aderat, atque, remigibus et militibus simul in naves ruentibus, omnia ita perturbabantur ut Poeni magis fugere e terra quam in pugnam ire viderentur, itaque non ab hostibus et proelio sed suo tumultu territi, in fugam averterunt classem. promunturium, -i tabernaculum, -i remex, -igis

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promontory tent oarsman

Exercise 19.8

POMPEY RETURNS HOME TO TRIUMPH AFTER VICTORIES IN THE EAST dum haec in urbe geruntur, Cn. Pompeius bellum memorabile adversus Mithridatem, qui post Luculli profectionem magnos exercitus reparaverat, gessit, at rex, fusus fugatusque et omnibus copiis victis, fugit ad Armeniam quam regebat socius Tigranes, rex potentissimus. Pompeius igitur hos duos reges persecutus Armeniam ingressus est. filius natu maior Tigranis qui patri discors erat ad Pompeium pervenit, mox Tigranes ipse supplex se regnumque potestati Pompeii tradidit, locutus neminem alium, neque Romanum neque ullius gentis virum, esse cui se dediturus esset quam Cn. Pompeium, proximo anno cum Pompeius omnibus gentibus quas adierat iam victis in Italiam revertisset, triumphum per duos dies de tot regibus egit magnificentissimum.

discors, -cordis (+ dat.) supplex

disagreeing with suppliant

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Exercise 19.9 CAESAR’S VICTORY AND POMPEY’S FLIGHT AT THE END OF THE BATTLE OF PHARSALUS

Pompeius cum equites suos pulsos esse vidisset ex acie evasit, quod ceteris non confisus est, statim in castra equo vectus est. centurionibus ad portas positis exclamabat, ut reliqui milites audirent: “tuemini,” inquit, “castra vestra et defendite diligentissime, si quid durius acciderit, ego circum castra vehar ut cetera praesidia confirmem.” quae cum dixisset in praetorium se contulit sed maxime timebat ne quod accidit accideret. Caesar Pompeianis ex fuga intra vallum compulsis nullum spatium dedit, ratus se hac occasione quam optime uti debere milites hortatus est ut beneficio fortunae accepto castra hostium celeriter oppugnarent. praetorium, -i

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general’s tent

Exercise 19.10

A JUNIOR OFFICER TRIES TO RESCUE A CONSUL BUT IN VAIN parte altera pugnae Paulus, quamquam primo statim proelio graviter vulneratus erat, tamen summa constantia Poenis resistere non destitit, protegebant eum equites Romani, omissis postremo equis, quod consul ne equum quidem propter infirmitatem regere iam poterat, mox tamen, hostibus undique prementibus, omnes praeter Paulum ipsum terga verterunt. Cn. Lentulus, tribunus militum, cum equo praetervehens consulem in saxo sedentem vidisset, “L . Aemili Paule,” inquit, “tu solus huius cladis culpam non habes; cape igitur hunc equum meum dum vires tibi supersunt, noli hanc pugnam funestam morte consulis facere; satis lacrimarum sine hoc iam vidimus.” cui respondit consul, “tu quidem, Cn. Corneli Lentule, fortissime pugnavisti; timeo tamen ne me adiuves frustra, nunc evade et abi ut nunties senatoribus hostes Romam celerrime appropinquare.”

funestus, -a, -um

deadly, full of death

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Vocabulary clades, -is (f) hiems, hiemis (f) idoneus, -a, -um nuntio (1) proelium, -i (n) socius, -i (m) tueor, -eri, tuitus sum (2) turba, -ae (f) undique vagor (1)

disaster, defeat storm, winter suitable I announce battle ally I watch over, guard, protect crowd from all sides I wander

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QfA INDEPENDENT Z/U USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE

We have so far met the subjunctive used only in subordinate clauses, which is its most common use. It can, however, be used independently in main clauses in the following ways: 1

Exhortations:

FESTINEMUS AD ARENAM. Let’s hurry to the arena. 2

3rd Person Commands:

SERVI LIBERENTUR. Let the slaves be freed. 3

Wishes:

BENE FACIATIS! May you do well! 4

Deliberative Questions:

QUID FACIAMUS? What are we to do? 5

Potential/Polite Statements (usually restricted to idiomatic phrases):

VELIM DICERE / should like to say

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LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX Note that the first two of these uses are often referred to as the jussive subjunctive, and for both of these - as well as for wishes - the negative is NE.

Exercise 20.1 1 prima luce proficiscamur. 2 milites tres dies requiescant. 3 semper felices sitis! 4 ne quis puellas laedat. 5 malim domi manere. 6 quomodo hostibus tam saevis resistamus? 7 in agros curramus ut cibum inveniamus. 8 ne amicos diutius exspectemus. 9 ne plura patiaris, mi fili! 10 quo eamus, amici, cum pericula nos undique circumveniant?

Other tenses of the subjunctive can also be used as follows: 1

Wishes:

Wishes for the future are expressed by the present subjunctive (as above) Wishes for the present by the imperfect subjunctive Wishes for the past by the pluperfect subjunctive

e.g. AMICI ADESSENT! If only my friends were here! NE HOC FECISSEM! If only I had not done this! Sometimes these wishes are introduced by utinam meaning ‘would that/if only’:

e.g. UTINAM SOCII ADVENIANT! If only the allies would arrive! 2

Deliberative Questions: if these refer to the past they require the imperfect subjunctive:

e.g. QUO IRENT? Where were they to go?

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20 INDEPENDENT USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE 3

Potential Statements: these can sometimes use an imperfect or a perfect subjunctive:

e.g. VIX CREDERES You would scarcely believe

CONSUL DIXERIT The consul might say

AUSIM LOQUI I would venture to speak

(ausim is an archaic form of perfect subjunctive of audeo) 4

Prohibitions: NE + the perfect subjunctive - as an alternative to noli + infinitive (see Chapter 9):

e.g. NE HIC MANSERIS. Do not stay here.

Exercise 20.2

Rewrite Exercise 9.2 replacing noli + the infinitive with NE + the perfect subjunctive.

Exercise 20.3 1 utinam comites mox redeant! 2 illum librum ne amisissem! 3 ausim consuli ipsi respondere. 4 ne milites hic diutius morentur. 5 ne hoc munus repudiaveris. 6 filios mittamus ut reginam salutent. 7 ubi pecuniam invenirent? 8 utinam dives essem! 9 ne Aeneas unquam Carthaginem venisset! 10 quid regina faceret? quis eam iuvare posset?

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LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX Exercise 20.4 THE DEFEAT OF CATILINE

confecto proelio tum vero videres quanta audacia quantaque vis animi fuisset in exercitu Catilinae, nam vix quisquam non eodem quem vivus ceperat loco cecidit, pauci autem, quos in medio positos cohors praetoria aggressa disiecerat, paulo longius sed omnes tamen adversis vulneribus conciderant. Catilina vero longe a suis inter hostium corpora repertus est, paulum etiam spirans, ferociamque animi quam habuerat vivus in vultu retinens, postremo ex omnibus copiis neque in proelio neque in fuga quisquam civis ingenuus captus est; tali discrimine omnes suae hostiumque vitae pepercerant, neque tamen exercitus populi Romani laetam aut incruentam victoriam reportaverat, nam strenuissimus quisque aut ceciderat in proelio aut graviter vulneratus discesserat.

cohors praetoria ingenuus discrimen, -inis incruentus victoriam reporto

the general’s bodyguard free-born struggle, fight bloodless I win a victory

Exercise 20.5 1 2 3 4 5

If only we had won such a victory! You would be able see how many fell in that battle. Let us try to find the commander among all the bodies. Whom are we to capture and whom are we to spare? Let the soldiers return to camp, since they can advance no further.

98

5

10

20

INDEPENDENT USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE

Vocabulary conficio, -ere, confeci, confectum (3) pauci, -ae, -a paulo/paulum postremo quisquam reperio, -ire, repperi, repertum (4) vis (acc. vim, abl. vi) (f) vix vulnus, -eris (n) vultus, -us (m)

99

/ finish (a) few a little finally anyone I find, discover force scarcely wound face, expression

r\ 1 RELATIVE Z/l CLAUSES WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE

Roman leaders displaying their conquered enemies

We saw in Chapter 5 how relative clauses usually work with the indicative in Chapter 5, and there have been many examples of these in the passages you have translated. There are, however, some uses of the relative pronoun involving the subjunctive which you should take note of: 1

Purpose: MITTE PUERUM QUI CIBUM EMAT. Send a boy to buy some food. (lit. who may buy some food)

MILES ADVENIT QUI REGEM VIDERET. A soldier arrived to see the king. (lit. who might see the king)

101

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX MISIMUS PLURES COPIAS QUO FACILIUS HOSTES VINCEREMUS. We sent more troops so that we might more easily defeat the enemy. (lit. by which the more easily) - this use of quo + the comparative is very common. Consecutive:

2

NON ERAT TALIS PUER QUI IGNAVUS ESSET. He was not the kind of boy to be lazy. (lit. who might be lazy)

DIGNUS EST QUI CONSUL HAT. He is worthy to become consul, (lit. who may become consul) HOC OPUS EST DIFHCILIUS QUAM QUOD FACERE POSSIMUS. This work is too difficult for us to do. (lit. more difficult than (one) which we may be able to do)

A similar use is also found with the expressions sunt/erant qui (there are/were those who): SUNT QUI CREDANT REGEM FUGISSE. There are some who believe that the king has fled.

3

Indirect Speech:

DUX PUTAVIT URBEM quam spectaret iam captam esse. The leader thought that the city which he was looking at had already been captured. It should be noted that all subordinate clauses normally requiring the indicative (except for dum clauses with the present - see Chapter 15) have a subjunctive verb when inside indirect speech:

MAGISTER DIXIT SE IRATUM ESSE QUOD PUERI CLAMARENT. The master said that he was angry because the boys were shouting.

Exercise 21.1 1 2 3 4 5

hostes legatos miserunt qui pacem peterent. prima luce discessimus quo celerius Romam perveniremus. post illud proelium nemo superfuit qui cladem nuntiaret. non sumus tales qui viatores decipiamus. dux complures nautas prope oram reliquit qui naves custodirent. 102

21

RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE

6 erant qui crederent vaccas agricolae a dracone necatas esse. 7 putavimus mulierem quae in atrium advenisset esse pulcherrimam. 8 ille poeta dignus erat qui praemia acciperet. 9 num hi libri sunt tales quos emam? 10 quam fortissime pugnemus quo plures hostes capiamus.

Exercise 21.2 THE CAUDINE FORKS

Samnites tamen, incerti quid facerent, legatos cum litteris ad Herennium Pontium, patrem imperatoris, miserunt qui eum rogarent ut consilium daret, ille autem, senectute gravatus, a rebus publicis iam diu aberat, sed in corpore invalido valebat vis animi, is ubi audivit ad Furculas Caudinas duos exercitus Romanos clauses esse censuit ut omnes quam primum inviolati dimitterentur, quae cum contempta esset sententia, censuit ut omnes interficerentur, eis rogantibus cur duo tam discordia responsa dedisset, dixit priore consilio, quod melius putaret, Samnites cum potentissimo populo perpetuam pacem amicitiamque firmaturos esse; altero in multos annos bellum dilaturos esse, dum Romani vires recepissent; nullum tertium consilium esse. I recommend I put off

censeo differo, differre, distuli, dilatum

1

Translate the first five lines down to dimitterentur.

2

Study lines 5-9 (quae ... esse) and answer the following questions:

a) b) c) d) e) f) 3

What was the reaction to the first plan? What was the second plan? What did people then ask? What would the first plan lead to? What would the second plan lead to? What was the third plan?

(25 marks)

(1 mark) (2 marks) (3 marks) (4 marks) (4 marks) (1 mark)

Study the whole passage and answer the following questions:

a)

b) c)

Explain why the following verbs are in the subjunctive: facerent (line 1), rogarent (line 2), daret (line 2), dedisset (line 7), putaret (line 7). Write down an example of a connecting relative. Explain the case of rogantibus (line 6) and altero (line 8).

103

(5 marks) (1 mark) (4 marks)

5

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX Exercise 21.3 The Samnites were fighting a war against the Romans. Since they did not know what to do, they sent ambassadors to seek out the general’s father. This man, although he was very old, yet was able to think clearly. He welcomed them and asked what had happened. When he heard that the armies were blocked, he gave his advice.

Vocabulary claudo, -ere, clausi, clausum (3) contemno, -ere, contempsi, contemptum (3) decipio, -ere, decepi, deceptum (3) diu emo, -ere, emi, emptum (3) mereor (2) potens, potentis sententia, -ae (f) valeo (2) vires, -ium (f.pl)

I shut, close I despise

I cheat, deceive for a long time I buy I deserve powerful opinion I am well, am strong strength

104

r\r\ FURTHER ZZ CONDITIONAL CLAUSES In Chapter 16 we looked at simple CONDITIONAL CLAUSES which are sometimes known as OPEN CONDITIONS; those which are more complex are often known as REMOTE CONDITIONS - these require the subjunctive in Latin and are translated by the subjunctive/conditional in English (would/were). The following examples will show clearly the different tenses of the subjunctive involved, and care must be taken to find the right tense in English:

1

Future Present Subjunctive: SI PUEROS BENE DOCEAS, MULTA DISCANT. If you were to teach the boys well, they would learn a lot.

2

Present Imperfect Subjunctive: SI PUEROS BENE DOCERES, MULTA DISCERENT. If you were teaching the boys well, they would be learning a lot.

3

Past Pluperfect Subjunctive: SI PUEROS BENE DOCUISSES, MULTA DIDICISSENT. If you had taught the boys well, they would have learnt a lot.

You will notice that the tense of the subjunctive always goes back a stage, just as in the construction for wishes (see Chapter 20).

105

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX Sometimes a pluperfect and imperfect subjunctive can be mixed:

e.g. SI PUEROS BENE DOCUISSES, MULTA SCIRENT. Ifyou had taught the boys well, they would know a lot.

Exercise 22.1 1 si prima luce discessissemus, Romam ante noctem pervenissemus. 2 si agros adeatis, vaccas in herba iacentes videatis. 3 si hanc insulam cepissemus, hostes facilius vicissemus. 4 si nuntius adveniat, de proelio audiamus. 5 si dux adesset, non timeremus ne superaremur. 6 nisi tempestas navem fregisset, domum decem diebus redissemus. 7 si socii auxilium ad nos misissent, urbs nostra non capta esset. 8 si dies esset calidus, in flumine nataremus. 9 si plures servos emisses, villa tua melius curaretur. 10 si Boudicca vicisset, Romani e Britannia discedere coacti essent.

Exercise 22.2

HERCULES AND CACUS Hercules prope Tiberim flumen loco herbido, ut quiete et pabulo reficeret boves et se ipsum via fessum, procubuit, ibi cum eum cibo vinoque gravatum sopor oppressisset, pastor nomine Cacus, ferox viribus, pulchritudine boum eius captus est. sed scivit si eam praedam abreptam in speluncam traxisset, Herculem vestigia eorum quaerentem boves in spelunca inventurum esse, itaque boves aversos caudis traxit. Hercules somno excitus cum gregem spectavisset et partem abesse sensisset, ad speluncam proximam festinavit si forte vestigia eo ferrent, quae ubi omnia foras versa vidit nec in aliam partem ferre, confusus atque incertus animi ex hoc loco gregem agere coepit, inde cum boves quidam acti mugissent, vox boum in spelunca clausorum reddita ad Herculem pervenit, quem cum ad speluncam vadentem Cacus vi prohibere conatus esset, clava ictus ad terram mortuus cecidit. herbidus pabulum, -i vestigium, -i grex, gregis foras clava, -ae

grassy fodder track herd outside club

106

5

10

22

FURTHER CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

Exercise 22.3

1 2 3 4 5

If we had gone to the river, we would have seen the shepherd. If you were looking for the booty, you would find the wine. If you were to hurry, you would not be caught. If you try to enter the cave, you will fall to the ground. If we had not known about the footprints, the cattle would not now be here.

Vocabulary bos, bovis (m/f) cogo, -ere, coegi, coactum (3) coepi, -isse (3) fessus, -a, -um opprimo, -ere, oppressi, oppressum (3) proximus, -a, -um quaero, -ere, quaesivi, quaesitum (3) reficio, -ere, refeci, refectum (3) spelunca, -ae (f) traho, -ere, traxi, tractum (3)

107

ox, cow I compel I began tired I overwhelm nearest, next I look for, ask for I repair, refresh cave I drag

QQ FURTHER INDIRECT ZJ QUESTIONS

Hercules slaying the Lernaean Hydra

In Chapter 12 we looked at single INDIRECT QUESTIONS introduced by num (meaning ‘if/whether’). If the question introduced is a double one, then it is introduced by utrum ... an (‘whether ... or’); necne means ‘or not’.

e.g. ME ROGAVIT UTRUM AD ARENAM IVISSEM AN DOMI MANSISSEM. He asked me whether I had gone to the arena or had stayed at home. EUM ROGAVI UTRUM CONSULEM VIDISSET NECNE. I asked him whether he had seen the consul or not. It should also be noted that uter, utra, utrum is used to mean which of two people or things, as opposed to the more general qui, quae, quod.

e.g. NESCIVIT QUI REX ROMA EXPULSUS ESSET. He did not know which king had been expelled from Rome. (i.e. which one out of seven)

109

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX NESCIVIT UTER CONSUL IN PROELIO NECATUS ESSET. He did not know which consul had been killed in the battle. (i.e. which of the two consuls)

Indirect questions are sometimes translated into English by using abstract nouns, and great care should be used when translating these back into Latin.

e.g. ME ROGAVIT CUR ROMAM ITER FECISSEM. He asked me the reason for my trip to Rome.

Exercise 23.1 1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10

nemo scivit utrum hostes oppugnaturi essent necne. cognoscere conabamur utrum consulem barbari cepissent. magister sensit qui pueri opus non perfecissent. scisne utrum ad Italiam an ad Graeciam navigaturus sis? nuntius nos rogavit utrum hostibus resistere possemus an aufugere constituissemus. cives nesciverunt utrum Romulus an Remus urbem novam recturus esset. Ulixes mirabatur utrum e spelunca gigantis evasurus esset necne. pueri rogant utram manum Mucius in ignem iecerit. Arion nescivit utrum nautae argentum abripere an se ipsum interficere vellent. audivisitine qua in insula Ariadne relicta sit? nonne a deo servata est?

Exercise 23.2 A BOY MANAGES TO FOIL AN ATTEMPT TO DISCOVER THE SENATE’S SECRET

mos antea senatoribus fuit in Curiam cum filiis intrare, cum de re maiore quadam olim consulerent, mater Papirii pueri, qui cum parente suo in Curia fuerat, rogavit filium quid Patres egissent, quamquam puer respondit se de hac re non dicturum esse, mulier iterum atque iterum eum interrogavit, tum puer lepidi mendacii consilium capit: actum in senatu dicit utrum videretur utilius esse, unus ut duas uxores haberet an ut una apud duos nupta esset, hoc illa ubi audivit, domo trepidans egreditur, ad ceteras matronas refert quod audiverat, perveniunt omnes ad senatum et orant una potius ut duobus nupta fieret quam ut uni duae, senatores cur mulieres ita postularent mirabantur, tum puer Papirius in medium progressus quid mater audire voluisset, quid ipse matri dixisset, narravit, senatus 110

5

10

23 FURTHER INDIRECT QUESTIONS fidem atque ingenium pueri miratus, consultum fecit ne posthac pueri cum patribus in Curiam inirent. Curia Patres lepidus, -a, -um mendacium, -i

Senate-house senator witty lie

Exercise 23.3 1 2 3 4 5

The mother had not heard which of the two boys would go into the senate. Do you know the whereabouts of those women? I shall ask him whether he has thought of a plan or not. The senator’s wife wondered why her son seemed to be in a panic. The other ladies did not know whether the boy had come home or had stayed in the senate-house.

Vocabulary silver, money faith I become fire talent, ability custom work rather I go forward, advance I am in a panic

argentum, -i (n) fides, -ei (f) fio, fieri, factus sum (irr.) ignis, -is (m) ingenium, -i (n) mos, moris (m) opus, operis (n) potius progredior, -i, progressus sum (3) trepido (1)

111

Q/| GERUNDSAND GERUNDIVES

A GERUND is a verbal noun which in English ends in -ing, e.g. swimming, riding, playing etc. Note that these are nouns, meaning ‘the act of swimming’ etc., and are not to be confused with the present participle, which also ends in -ing. If this is used as the subject or the object of a sentence, then Latin uses an infinitive - compare this use in Chapter 3. AMO NATARE. / like swimming/to swim.

NATARE EST FACILE. Swimming is easy/It is easy to swim. Note that in examples like the second one the infinitive is regarded as a neuter noun - as it is in English (it is easy to swim). However, with all other case uses (with or without prepositions) the gerund is used; this was originally the ending -undum on all verbs (like the word gerund itself), but then it was altered to reflect the stems of the various verb conjugations:

AMANDUM

MONENDUM

REGENDUM

They are used as follows:

1

ad + accusative to express purpose:

MILITES ADVENERUNT AD OPPUGNANDUM. The soldiers arrived in order to attack.

113

AUDIENDUM

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX Genitive after certain nouns and adjectives:

2

MAGISTER LOQUENDI A master of speaking, i.e. a rhetorician ARBITER BIBENDI The judge of drinking, i.e. the master of ceremonies

OCCASIO FUGIENDI The opportunity offleeing/The chance to flee CUPIDUS ERAT REGNANDI. He was desirous of ruling/He was eager to rule.

The genitive is also used with causa (which always follows its noun) to express purpose - cf. the use of ad above: MILITES ADVENERUNT OPPUGNANDI CAUSA. The soldiers arrived in order to attack, (lit. for the sake of attacking)

Dative after certain verbs and adjectives:

3

STUDENS DISCENDO. He is keen to learn/on learning.

LOCUS EST IDONEUS EGREDIENDO. The place is suitable for disembarking. 4

Ablative of instrument:

NATANDO AD ALTERAM RIPAM PERVENIMUS. By swimming we reached the other bank. Note how in certain of the above examples the literal use of the case may not be the ideal translation in English. You should always take care to translate in a way that sounds natural and unstilted.

Exercise 24.1 1 2 3

pueri in agros cucurrerunt ad ludendum. arbores ascendere valde amamus. legendo, mi fili, multa scies. 114

24

GERUNDS AND GERUNDIVES

4 milites nullam spem effugiendi habuerunt. 5 frater meus docendo valde studebat. 6 artem loquendi discere volumus. 7 duces finem deliberandi fecerunt. 8 nonne es peritus natandi? 9 tempus iam est pugnandi, non morandi. 10 rex magnum exercitum paravit Troiam navigandi causa.

So far we have used the gerund only with verbs which are not governing an object. If the gerund is used with a normal accusative object, then the gerund is replaced by its adjectival form, the gerundive, and both this and the noun it governs are put into the same case, number and gender. This is called the gerundive attraction. The gerundive has the same stem as the gerund (always containing -nd- before its ending), and declines like bonus:

e.g. AMANDUS,-A,-UM REGENDUS, -A, -UM So

MONENDUS,-A,-UM AUDIENDUS, -A, -UM.

MILITES ADVENERUNT AD URBEM OPPUGNANDAM. The soldiers arrived to attack the city. CUPIDUS EST CIVITATIS REGENDAE. He is keen to rule the state.

MULTIS LIBRIS LEGENDIS PLURA COGNOSCETIS. By reading many books you will find out more. In each of the above examples the noun is attracted into the same case as the gerundive, while the gerundive is attracted into the same number and gender as the noun. However, the gerundive attraction must not be used if the verb concerned takes a case other than the accusative: CASTRA INTRAVIT AD PARCENDUM CAPTIVIS. He entered the camp in order to spare the prisoners. The gerundive attraction is usually avoided as follows:

1

if it would cause an ugly-sounding genitive plural jingle:

MILITES ADVENERUNT CASTRA OPPUGNANDI CAUSA. The soldiers arrived to attack the camp.

115

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX 2

if the object is a neuter pronoun: HAEC COGNOSCENDO CELERIUS PROGRESSI SUMUS. By finding this out we advanced more quickly.

Exercise 24.2

1 legati missi sunt ad pacem petendam. 2 latrones in silvis se celaverant ad viatores oppugnandos. 3 auxilio statim mittendo socios servare poteris. 4 nostri occasionem hostium vincendorum amiserunt. 5 magistris parendo, pueri, sapientiores fietis. 6 Hercules peritissimus erat monstra necandi. 7 putasne Caesarem profectum esse ad Britanniam superandam? 8 Boudicca copias incitavit ad Romanos ex insula expellendos. 9 incolis conciliandis praefectus provinciam restituit. 10 post multa saecula nulla spes Romanis erat Britanniae retinendae.

Exercise 24.3

ROME REACTS TO THE NEWS OF HANNIBAL’S VICTORY AND MAHARBAL, A CARTHAGINIAN OFFICER, RESPONDS TO HIS LEADER’S INDECISION quo nuntio Romae accepto cives primo quidem tanto sunt timore permoti ut nihil facere possent; arbitrati enim Hannibalem ipsum iam adesse timebant ne etiam urbem Romam oppugnare auderet, enimvero si hostes statim contra urbem exercitum duxissent, sine dubio eam cepissent, sperabant tamen eum moraturum esse ad agros finitimos vastandos, interea mulieres deos immortales orabant ut sibi subvenirent, viri quam celerrime urbem muniverunt ne ullus locus intrandi relinqueretur. Maharbal, praefectus equitum, cum ei monenti ut Romam iter faceret Hannibal parere nollet, “vincere scis, Hannibal,” inquit, “victoria uti nescis.”

enimvero

indeed

Exercise 24.4

(Use a gerund or gerundive wherever possible.) 1 2

The messengers arrived to warn the citizens. By fortifying this place we will be able to drive off the enemy.

116

1

5

24 3 4 5

GERUNDS AND GERUNDIVES

The women were eager to help their husbands. There is no longer any hope of entering the city. Hannibal lost the opportunity of capturing Rome.

Vocabulary I think, judge neighbouring meanwhile mbber I fortify opportunity I obey experienced in commander traveller

arbitror (1) finitimus, -a, -um interea latro, -onis (m) munio (4) occasio, -onis (f) pareo (2) (+ dat.) peritus, -a, -um (+ gen.) praefectus, -i (m) viator, -oris (m)

117

GERUNDSAND gerundives of OBLIGATION

Statue of the Centaur: half man, half horse

There is a completely different use of the GERUND and the GERUNDIVE which always involves a part of sum. In this construction the gerundive is always passive in meaning; consider the following examples: HIC LIBER LEGENDUS EST. This book is to be read/must be read. OMNES CIVES NECANDI ERANT. All the citizens were to be killed/had to be killed. In each of the above the first meaning is the more literal, but some degree of obligation must be expressed appropriate to the context.

119

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX If an agent is expressed, this normally goes into the dative, but in English this is most often turned round to be translated as the subject of an active verb:

e.g. HIC LIBER VOBIS LEGENDUS EST. You must read this book. OMNES CIVES MILITIBUS NECANDI ERANT. The soldiers had to kill all the citizens.

Any tense of sum can be used, and this construction frequently occurs within another:

e.g. ROGAVIT QUOT CIVES NECANDI ESSENT. He asked how many citizens had to be killed.

Exercise 25.1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

hostes trans flumen repellendi sunt. vaccae in agros ad pascendum ducendae sunt. auxilium ad socios statim mittendum est. castra quam celerrime munienda erant. urbs fortiter pugnando servanda est. plures servi domino emendi erunt. vinum in triclinium servis ferendum erat. dixi hoc opus tibi reficiendum esse. tot naves deletae erant ut plures aedificandae essent. scisne quantum frumenti nobis colligendum sit?

If the verb is intransitive (i.e. does not take a direct object) then Latin uses the gerund rather than the gerundive: EUNDUM EST NOBIS. We must go. (lit. it is to be gone by us)

CAPTIVIS A NOBIS PARCENDUM EST. We must spare the prisoners, (lit. it is to be spared to the prisoners by us) Note how in the second example the agent is expressed by a + abl - to avoid confusion with the dative object of the verb.

120

25

GERUNDS AND GERUNDIVES OF OBLIGATION

Exercise 25.2

1 puellis in silvas non errandum est. 2 domum quinque diebus tibi redeundum est. 3 nobis prima luce discedendum est Romam ante noctem perveniendi causa. 4 praefectus dixit militibus quam fortissime pugnandum esse. 5 nautae scire volebant quando sibi navigandum esset. 6 sociis a nobis subveniendum est ne ab hostibus vincantur. 7 pueri non semper sentiunt magistris a se parendum esse. 8 tam sero advenistis ut hic vobis non diutius manendum sit. 9 tanta erat tempestas ut a litore nobis abeundum esset. 10 miles rogavit cur illis civibus non nocendum esset.

Exercise 25.3

SOPHONISBA, WIFE OF SYPHAX, A DEFEATED AFRICAN KING, BEGS HER HUSBAND’S CONQUEROR, THE NUMIDIAN PRINCE MASINISSA, TO SAVE HER FROM THE ROMANS Masinissa, praesidio circa portas disposito, ad regiam occupandam processit, intranti vestibulum in ipso limine Sophonisba, uxor Syphacis, occurrit; et, cum in medio agmine armatorum Masinissam insignem armis et cetero habitu conspexisset, regem esse (id quod erat) rata, ante pedes eius proiecta, “victoriam quidem istam” inquit “di virtusque et fortuna tua dederunt, sed si captivam sines apud victorem verbis supplicibus loqui, precor per maiestatem regalem, in qua paulo antea nos quoque fuimus, ne in Romanorum arbitrium superbum et crudele veniam, si nihil aliud quam Syphacis uxor fuissem, tamen tibi, qui in eadem Africa mecum natus es, me dedere mallem quam hosti externo; cum et Carthaginiensis sim et lilia Hasdrubalis ipsius, vides quantum mihi a Romanis timendum sit. si nullo alio modo potes, oro obsecroque ut morte me liberes a Romanorum arbitrio. arbitrium

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

authority

Why did Masinissa proceed towards the palace? Where exactly was he when Sophonisba met him? How did Sophonisba recognise him? What did she think, and what did she then do? What three things did she say had given him his victory? What did she hope he would allow her to do? By what did she entreat him, and how did she identify herself with this?

121

(2 (4 (3 (4 (3 (3

marks) marks) marks) marks) marks) marks)

(3 marks)

5

10

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX 8 9

What did she entreat him not to do? Translate from line 7 (si nihil...) until the end of the passage.

(3 marks) (20 marks)

Exercise 25.4 (Use the gerund or gerundive of obligation.) 1 2 3 4 5

The king himself must be freed straightaway. We had to seize the gates as soon as possible. The soldiers must not be afraid before the battle. You must spare the female prisoners. I had to meet my wife in the palace.

Vocabulary / wander, make a mistake remarkable, distinguished threshold, doorway I am born (+ Dat) I (run to) meet protection, garrison I think late I allow proud

erro (1) insignis, -e limen, -inis (n) nascor, -i, natus sum (3) occurro, -ere, occurri (3) praesidium, -i (n) reor, reri, ratus sum (2) sero sino, -ere, sivi, situm (3) superbus, -a, -um

122

2^ IMPERSONAL VERBS

There are some IMPERSONAL VERBS in Latin, as in English, referring to time or weather:

e.g. PLUIT. It rains. NINGIT. It snows.

(AD)VESPERASCIT. It becomes evening, grows dark. There are others also used impersonally, as in English:

e.g. ACCIDIT/EVENIT It happens/happened

Both of these are followed by ut + subj: ACCIDIT UT SERO ADVENIREM. It happened that I arrived late.

Other verbs are impersonal in Latin, but in English are used personally; these are followed by an accusative or dative object and then require an infinitive:

e.g. MIHI LICET DISCEDERE. I am allowed to leave. (lit. it is allowed for me to) ME PUDET LACRIMARE. / am ashamed to cry. (lit. it shames me to)

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LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX ME OPORTET LOQUI. I ought to speak, (lit. it is right for me to)

ME DECET TACERE. I should keep silent, (lit. it is becoming for me to) ME TAEDET PUGNARE. Iam tired offighting, (lit. it wearies me to) These verbs can of course be used in other tenses:

ME OPORTUIT LOQUI. I ought to have spoken. There are certain personal verbs which can also be used impersonally: e.g. ME IUVAT LOQUI. I am delighted to speak, (lit. it helps me to)

MIHI PLACUIT LOQUI. I decided to speak, (lit. it pleased me to)

Intransitive verbs can only be used impersonally in the passive - compare the use of the gerundive of obligation in Chapter 25: e.g. AD URBEM TRIBUS HORIS PERVENTUM EST. The city was reached in three hours.

AB HOSTIBUS ACERRIME PUGNATUM EST. The enemy fought very fiercely.

CAPTIVIS PARCETUR. The prisoners will be spared.

Exercise 26.1

1 2 3 4 5

quod tam diu pluebat, nobis persuasum est ut domum rediremus. accidit ut templum intrare nobis liceret. cur istos milites e proelio effugere non pudebat? te oportet epistolam ad patrem quam primum scribere. cum advesperasceret, agricolae placuit vaccas ex agro reducere. 124

26 IMPERSONAL VERBS 6 7 8 9 10

Caesari placuit ad Britanniam redire insulae aut explorandae aut superandae causa. Boudicca sensit se oportere Romanos ex insula expellere. nonne Romanos puduit contra copias a femina ductas pugnare? Romanis persuasum est ut incolis parcendum esset. Hadrianum iuvit ad quam plurimas provincias iter facere.

Exercise 26.2 FALSE REPORT OF A KING’S DEATH pugnatum amplius duas horas est; cedere inde hostes coeperunt, turbata tota acies est, deinde fusa, nuntiatum est regem ipsum una cum paucis equitibus perisse; quo nuntio allato Romani putaverunt se oportere noniam sequi, revera tamen rex, vulnere accepto, dum flumen transire conatur, in aquam ceciderat; sed, cum postea inter virgulta ripae ulterioris emersisset, complures dies vulneris curandi causa se celabat, simulae iter pati posse visus est, audacia ingenti rediit ad regnum suum repetendum; quem ubi incolumem venire cives conspexerunt, tanto gaudio exceperunt ut intra paucos dies sex milibus peditum, quattuor equitum ad illum convenire liceret. virgultum, -i

thicket

Exercise 26.3

(Use impersonal verbs wherever possible.) 1 2 3 4 5

The enemy were not persuaded to fight. You ought to take the message to Rome. The king had already decided to cross the river. It was announced that several cavalrymen had been wounded. Although they were weary of the war, the citizens were ashamed to ask for peace.

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I go, yield several I come together, meet I look after I spy out, reconnoitre I pour, rout unharmed, safe I spare

really, truly at the same time

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/-)^7 THE PREDICATIVE / DATIVE

Hercules carrying the Erymanthian boar

In sentences such as: The war is long or The poem is an epic the words in bold are sometimes called predicates. Latin has a special use of the dative, in which some predicate nouns are put in this case. In the following examples it will be seen that there are two datives, one for the predicate and one for the person who is ‘advantaged’ or ‘disadvantaged ’.

e.g. SOCII AUXILIO NOBIS ERANT. The allies were a help to us. HIC LIBER TIBI USUI ERIT. This book will be of use to you.

A similar use can also be found with some other verbs: e.g. CAESAR MULTAS COPIAS PRAESIDIO CASTRIS RELIQUIT. Caesar left many troops to protect the camp. (lit. as a protection for the camp)

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LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX CAESAR SUOS AUXILIO SOCIIS MISIT. Caesar sent his men to help the allies, (lit. as a help for the allies)

Exercise 27.1 1 pecunia quam inveneras civibus magno usui erat. 2 filius meus summo auxilio consuli fuit. 3 num putas me tibi oneri fore? 4 res urbanae mihi magnae curae semper sunt. 5 tu, puer, te ita gessisti ut parentibus dedecori sis. 6 draco praesidio velleri aureo relictus erat. 7 Caesar intellexit tempestatem navibus exitio paene fuisse. 8 Cloelia speravit flumen sibi saluti fore. 9 credisne delphinum a deis auxilio Arioni missum esse? 10 Tarquinio tandem persuasum est libros ei maximo usui fore.

Exercise 27.2

THE DEATH OF CHABRIAS oppugnabant Athenienses Chium, erat in classe Chabrias privatus, sed omnes qui in magistratu erant auctoritate anteibat, iliumque magis milites quam eos qui praeerant aspicere solebant, quae res ei maturavit mortem, nam dum primus studet portum intrare, gubematoremque iubet eo dirigere navem, ipse sibi exitio fuit, cum enim eo penetravisset, ceterae non secutae sunt, quo facto circumfusus hostium concursu, quamquam fortissime pugnabat, navis rostro percussa coepit sidere, hinc cum refugere posset, si se in mare deiecisset, quod classis Atheniensium aderat quae natantes exciperet, tamen perire maluit quam armis abiectis navem relinquere in qua vectus erat, id ceteri facere nolebant, qui natando in tutum pervenerunt, at ille, praestare honestam mortem existimans turpi vitae, comminus pugnans telis hostium occisus est. maturo, -are gubernator, -is rostrum, -i cum comminus

I hasten, speed up helmsman, steersman beak, prow (here) although hand to hand

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27 THE PREDICATIVE DATIVE Exercise 27.3 (Use the predicative dative wherever possible.)

1 2 3 4 5

These soldiers will be a help to the magistrates. Those who were in command of the fleet were a disgrace to their city. How many ships will be left to protect the harbour? The enemy realised that the weapons would be very useful to them. The sea is very often a source of destruction for ships.

Exercise 27.4 (General Revision.) Do you know the position of the enemy ships? If you wish to leam more, you must read this book again. By setting out early you will reach the city before the enemy can attack. Surely the women and children will be spared by the leader? Let us hurry into the woods straightaway to find the money buried there. If you had seen my mother, you would have realised that she was ill. Although the boy had been seriously hurt, he was ashamed either to cry or to shout out. 8 The house had been so badly built that it had to be pulled down. 9 Hannibal now knew that he no longer had any opportunity of conquering Rome. 10 If Hannibal had conquered Rome, perhaps you would now be learning the Carthaginian language.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX Vocabulary classis, -is (f) dedecus, -oris (n) exitium, -i (n) onus, -eris (n) paene percutio, -ere, percussi, percussum (3) praesum, -esse, praefui (irr.) (+ dat.) salus, -utis (f) turpis, -e veho, -ere, vexi, vectum (3)

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fleet disgrace death, destruction burden, load nearly, almost I strike, hit

I am in command of safety, health disgraceful I carry

QQ HARDER PASSAGES ZrO FORTRANSLATION

Before translating these passages it will be useful to re-read the advice given at the beginning of Chapters 18 & 19, and also to revise the constructions that have been explained since. The following passages are intended to be slightly more difficult than those so far included, but it is hoped that they will be manageable, especially if approached with common sense, application and self-discipline. Good luck!

Exercise 28.1 HANNIBAL COMMITS SUICIDE TO AVOID CAPTURE BY THE ROMANS Hannibal enim uno loco se tenebat, in castello quod ei a rege datum erat muneri, idque sic aedificaverat ut in omnibus partibus aedificii exitus haberet: nam verebatur ne accideret quod accidit, huc cum legati Romanorum venissent ac multitudine militum domum eius circumdedissent, puer a ianua prospiciens Hannibali dixit insolitum armatorum numerum apparere, qui imperavit ei ut omnes fores aedificii circumiret ac propere sibi nuntiaret num eodem modo undique obsideretur, puer cum celeriter quid esset renuntiavisset omnesque exitus occupatos esse ostendisset, sensit Hannibal id non fortuito factum sed se peti, neque sibi diutius vitam esse retinendam, ne alieno arbitrio periret, memor pristinae virtutis, venenum quod semper secum habere consuerat sumpsit.

Exercise 28.2

THE MURDER OF LARCIUS MACEDO, A CRUEL SLAVE-OWNER rem atrocem Larcius Macedo, filius servi et iam ipse dominus superbus et crudelis, a servis suis passus est. illi enim iam diu facultatem eius necandi quaerebant. Macedo in villa lavabatur, repente eum servi circumsistunt, alius fauces invadit; 131

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LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX alius os verberat, alius pectus percutit, cum eum exanimatum putarent, abiciunt in fervens pavimentum ut experirentur num viveret. Macedo autem ipse veritus mortem iacebat immobilis, tum demum quasi calore superatus effertur, eum excipiunt servi fideliores, ancillae cum clamoribus undique concurrunt, ille et vocibus et loci frigore recreatus, oculis sublatis, ostendit se vivere, diffugiunt servi scelesti quorum magna pars comprehensa est. fideliores servi gaudent quod dominum vivum vident; sublatum in cubiculum ferunt, in lecto imponunt, at non diu vixit Macedo, nam intra paucos dies confectus vulneribus mortuus est. fauces, -ium

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throat

Exercise 28.3

VERRES, GOVERNOR OF SICILY, TRIES TO OBTAIN A STATUE BY MEANS OF TORTURE DESPITE OBJECTIONS FROM THE LOCAL COUNCIL

Verres civibus imperavit ut statuam Mercurii pulcherrime factam ad suam villam deportarent. Sopater respondit senatum id non sinere, tum Verres “quem senatum” inquit “mihi dicis? vivum te non relinquam; morieris verberibus nisi haec statua mihi tradita erit.” Sopater iterum ad senatum rem defert et Verris cupiditatem demonstrat, senatus Sopatro responsum nullum dat, sed ille commotus perturbatusque discedit, ad Verrem regressus, negat rem ullo modo fieri posse, erat hiems summa, tempestas frigidissima, imber maximus, cum Verres suis imperat ut Sopatrum praecipitem in forum deiciant, ubi sunt statuae equestres, quarum in una Sopatrum, nudum factum, deligari iubet. nec finis huic crudelitati factus est donec totus populus, misericordia commotus, senatum coegit ut statuam Verri polliceretur, ita Sopater de statua, cum iam paene obriguisset, vix vivus aufertur.

donec obrigesco, -ere, -rigui

until I freeze

Exercise 28.4

ANOTHER STORY DEMONSTRATING THE CRUELTY OF VERRES multi liberi in carcerem iussu Verris clausi sunt, veniunt ad carcerem parentes miserorum adulescentium; prohibentur parentes filios adire, prohibentur liberis suis aut cibum aut vestitum ferre, patres in limine ipso iacebant, matres ad portam pernoctabant, aderat custos carceris. nomine Sextius, terror sociorum et civium

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Romanorum, cui ex omni gemitu doloreque captivorum argentum erat tradendum. “ut adeas” inquit parentibus “tantum dabis; ut cibum quoque inferas tantum.” nemo recusare poterat, “quid dabis” inquit “ut mortem filio tuo modo uno ictu securis adferam?” etiam ob hanc causam pecunia Sextio dabatur, non vitam liberorum, sed mortis celeritatem emere cogebantur parentes, quibus omnibus rebus actis, producuntur e carcere liberi, securi necantur, tu, Verres, gaudes quod testes avaritiae tuae sic sublati sunt, sed erras, nam quamquam illi sunt mortui tamen parentes eorum adhuc vivunt et adsunt qui te accusent. career, -eris securis, -is

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prison axe

Exercise 28.5

FABIUS CAPTORES THE TOWN OF ANXUR Anxur fuit, quod nunc Tarracinae vocatur, urbs prona ad paludes, ab ea parte Fabius oppugnare parat, circummissae quattuor cohortes cum C. Servilio Ahala, cum collem urbi imminentem cepissent, ex loco altiore ubi erat nullum praesidium maximo clamore et tumultu invaserunt, ad quem tumultum stupefacti ei, qui adversus Fabium urbem tuebantur, ei occasionem dederunt scalas admovendi. itaque Romani sine difficultate urbem intraverunt, diu caedes fuit ingens et fugientium et resistentium, et armatorum et inermium, cogebantur igitur superati, quod cedentibus nulla spes erat, pugnam inire, tum subito nuntiatum est ne quis praeter armatos violaretur, quo nuntiato omnis multitudo arma abiecit. quorum duo milia et quingenti vivi capiuntur, a praeda Fabius milites abstinere iussit donec Ahala descenderet, cum dixisset ab eo quoque captum esse Anxur. pronus, -a, -um palus, -udis scala, -ae

sloping downhill marsh ladder

Exercise 28.6

ADVICE TO SCHOOLMASTERS FOR RECREATION AND FOR PUNISHMENT

danda est tamen omnibus aliqua remissio, non solum quod nulla res est quae continuum laborem perferre possit, sed quod studium discendi voluntate, quae cogi non potest, constat, itaque pueri, renovati et recentes, et plus virium ad discendum afferunt et acriorem animum, nec me offendit lusus in pueris; est et hoc signum 133

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LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX alacritatis, neque puerum tristem semperque demissum sperare possim mentem ad studia paratam habiturum esse, sunt etiam nonnulli ludi ingeniis puerorum acuendis utilissimi, et mores inter ludendum clarius se ostendunt, modus tamen sit remissionibus, ne si diutius producantur otium nimis iucundum videatur, nulla aetas tam infirma putanda est ut non statim discat quid rectum sit quid pravum; nam tum maxime formanda est cum simulare nescit, et magistris facillime cedit. puer igitur ne quid improbe faciat monendus est, nam caedi vero minime velim! constare (+ abi.) acuere

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to consist of to sharpen

Exercise 28.7

UMBRENUS TRIES TO PERSUDE SOME GALLIC ENVOYS TO JOIN CATILINE’S CONSPIRACY Umbrenus igitur legatos Allobrogum conabatur impellere ad societatem belli, arbitratus eos aere alieno oppressos et natura bellicosos facile ad tale consilium adductum iri. ille, quod in Galliam missus erat, principibus civitatis notus erat et ipse eos noverat, itaque sine mora ubi primum legatos in foro conspexit, paucis de rebus civitatis rogatis quasi dolens fortunam eorum cognoscere conatus est quem finem tantis malis sperarent, postquam illos videt queri de avaritia magistratuum, accusare senatum quod in eo nihil auxilii esset, miseriis suis remedium solum mortem exspectare, “at ego” inquit “vobis, si modo viri esse vultis, viam ostendam qua tanta ista mala effugiatis.” quae ubi dixit, Galli in maximum spem adducti sunt. Umbrenus igitur eos in domum D. Bruti duxit, et eo Gabinium arcessivit quo maior auctoritas verbis inesset. quo praesente coniurationem aperit, socios nominat, deinde pollicitus auxilium suum eos in patriam dimittit. aes alienum arcesso

debt I send for

Exercise 28.8

CAESAR PREPARES HIS TROOPS TO MEET THE THREAT FROM ELEPHANTS Caesar duabus de causis magnopere commovebatur; prima erat quod, quotiens proelium commissum erat, equites eius hostium equitibus nullo modo pares esse 134

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poterant; altera quod elephantorum magnitudo multitudoque animos militum terrebat, cui tamen rei invenerat remedium, nam elephantos ex Italia transportari iusserat, quo milites sui melius cognoscerent quales essent hae bestiae et qua in parte corporis telo facilius vulnerari possent, inveniebant quoque, cum elephantus armatus esset, quae pars corporis eius sine tegmine nuda relinqueretur, ut illuc tela conicerentur. praeterea equi odorem, stridorem, formam animalium consuetudine non iam timebant, milites simul bestias tractando earum tardidatem cognoscebant, equitesque qui in eas pila praepilata cotidie iaciebant se ad hoc novum proelii genus parabant.

quotiens tegmen, -inis consuetudo, -inis tracto pilum (n.) praepilatus

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whenever covering habit I handle spear, javelin tipped

Exercise 28.9

KING TARQUIN SENDS HIS SONS TO THE ORACLE AT DELPHI

serpens ex columna quadam elapsus, cum terrorem fugamque in regia fecisset, Tarquinii regis pectus anxiis implevit curis, quo perterritus rex filios Delphos, ubi erat oraculum in terris maxime praeclarum, mittere constituit, itaque Titus et Arruns proficiscuntur; comes eis additur L. Iunius Brutus, filius sororis regis, cum Delphos venissent, mandatis patris perfectis, cupido incessit animos iuvenum rogandi ad quem eorum regnum Romanum venturum esset, dicunt vocem miram e spelunca redditam esse: “imperium summum Romae habebit qui primus vestrum, o iuvenes, osculum matri tulerit.” filii Tarquinii rem omnino taceri iusserunt ut Sextus frater suus, qui Romae relictus erat, ignarus huius responsi esset, deinde ipsi inter se uter prior, cum Romam redisset, matri osculum daret, sorte constituerunt. Brutus autem, cum tam sapiens esset ut responsum oraculi aliud significare sentiret, quasi prolapsus cecidisset, terrae osculum dedit, quod ea communis mater omnium mortalium esset. regia, -ae mandatum, -i osculum, -i sors, sortis

palace instruction kiss lot

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LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX Exercise 28.10

JUBA FAILS TO WIN THE CO-OPERATION OF THE INHABITANTS OF ZAMA postquam Iuba ante portas diu multumque egit cum civibus Zamae, cum se parum proficere intellexisset, tandem petit ab eis ut sibi coniuges liberosque redderent, ut secum eos auferret, ubi sibi nihil oppidanos respondere animadvertit, nulla re ab his impetrata. Zama discedit, atque ad villam suam cum M. Petreio paucisque equitibus se confert. Zamenses interim legatos de his rebus ad Caesarem Uticam mittunt petuntque ab eo ut, antequam rex manum colligeret et Zamam oppugnaret, sibi auxilium mitteret; se tamen paratos esse oppidum seque ei reservare, legatos laudatos Caesar domum iubet antecedere et adventum suum praenuntiare, ipse postero die Utica egressus cum equitibus in regnum ire contendit, interim in itinere ex regiis copiis duces complures ad Caesarem veniunt, orantque ut sibi ignoscat; quibus supplicibus venia data, Zamam pervenit, rumore interim perlato de eius clementia, omnes regni equites Zamam perveniunt ad Caesarem, et ab eo sunt timore periculoque liberati.

proficio impetro venia, -ae

I make progress I gain pardon

Vocabulary collis, -is (m) coniunx, coniugis (m/f) doleo (2) facultas, -atis (f) iaceo (2) imber, imbris (m) munus, -eris (n) pectus, -oris (n) praeterea studium, -i (n)

hili husband, wife I grieve opportunity I lie (down) shower (of rain) gift breast, chest besides, moreover eagerness

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z-)Q VERSE PASSAGES FORTRANSLATION

Sculpture of Pluto abducting Persephone Latin verse is often read as a set text at both GCSE and A Level. It is also set as unprepared translation at A Level and the following passages may be useful in preparation for this. The passages chosen are adapted from the poet Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso) who was bom in Sulmo, Italy in 43BC (a year after Julius Caesar was assassinated) and died in exile at Tomis on the Black Sea in AD17. His many poems include the Heroides, a group of imaginary letters from famous legendary heroines to the husbands/lovers from whom they have been separated, and work written in exile to the emperor regretting his banishment to what he considers a land of ignorant barbarians. All the passages below are written in elegiac couplets, alternate hexameters and pentameters. This metre was considered more suitable for lighter topics, such as love, whereas continuous hexameters were used for works of epic scale and quality such as Virgil’s Aeneid. It can take a little while to get used to the technique of translating verse, but the same rules of common sense apply as outlined at the beginning of Chapter 18; very often the style used in poetry is more straightforward than in prose but

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LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX because of the metre the word order can appear less obvious - note particularly that adjectives are very often separated from their nouns. Some vocabulary is used more often in poetry than in prose, and I try to give the meanings of such words. There are also certain forms that are preferred by the poets for metrical reasons, such as the 3rd person plural of the perfect tense where the older form ending in -ere is used in preference to the later form -erunt, e.g. cecidere=they fell/have fallen; particular care should be taken with this usage to avoid confusion with the present infinitive.

Exercise 29.1 CIRCE TRIES TO PERSUADE ULYSSES NOT TO SAIL AWAY AND LEAVE HER

non ego, quod quondam (memini) sperare solebam, iam precor, ut coniunx tu meus esse velis; et tamen, ut coniunx essem tua, digna videbar, quod dea, quod magni filia Solis eram. quae tibi causa fugae? non hic nova Troia resurgit, non aliquis socios rursus ad arma vocat; hic amor et pax est, in qua male vulneror una, totaque sub regno terra futura tuo est.

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Exercise 29.2 ARIADNE ABANDONED ON THE ISLAND OF NAXOS VIEWS HER SITUATION WITH ANXIETY AND SADNESS

quid faciam? quo sola ferar? caret insula cultu; non homines video, non ego facta bourn. omne latus terrae cingit mare; navita nullus, nulla per Oceani navis itura vias. non ego te, Crete, centum divisa per urbes, aspiciam, puero cognita terra Iovi. at pater et tellus iusto regnata parenti prodita sunt facto, nomina cara, meo nativa, -ae tellus, -uris

sailor land, earth

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Exercise 29.3

DIDO ASKS AENEAS IF HE IS DETERMINED TO LEAVE HER AND MAKE FOR ITALY certus es ire tamen miseramque relinquere Didon, atque idem venti vela fidemque ferent? certus es, Aenea, cum foedere solvere naves, quaeque ubi sint nescis, Itala regna sequi? nec nova Carthago, nec te crescentia tangunt moenia, nec sceptro tradita summa tuo? ut terram invenias, quis eam tibi tradet habendam? quis sua non notis arva tenenda dabit?

vela, -orum foedus, -eris summa ut arva, -orum

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sails promise, treaty supreme power (here) even though lands, fields

Exercise 29.4 LAODAMIA WRITES TO PROTESILAUS, HER HUSBAND, TELLING HIM HOW SHE WATCHED THE SAILS OF HIS DEPARTED SHIP AND THEN FAINTED

dum potui spectare virum, spectare placebat, sumque tuos oculos usque secuta meis. si te non poteram, poteram tua vela videre: vela diu vultus detinuere meos. at postquam nec te nec vela fugacia vidi, et quod spectarem nil nisi pontus erat, mens quoque tecum abiit, tenebrisque exsanguis obortis succiduo dicor procubuisse genu. pontus tenebrae, -arum succiduus, -a, -um

sea gloom, darkness bended

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LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX Exercise 29.5 MEDEA WRITES TO JASON WHO HAS TREACHEROUSLY DESERTED HER tunc ego te vidi, tunc coepi scire quis esses; illa fuit mentis prima ruina meae. et vidi et perii! nec notis ignibus arsi, aidet ut ad magnos pinea taeda deos. et formosus eras, et me mea fata trahebant; abstulerant oculi lumina nostra tui. perfide, sensisti: quis enim bene celat amorem? eminet indicio prodita flamma suo.

pinea taeda ad formosus eminere

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a pinewood torch in honour of good-looking to stand out

Exercise 29.6

OVID RECALLS HIS LAST NIGHT IN ROME BEFORE HIS EXILE cum subit illius tristissima noctis imago, quae mihi supremum tempus in urbe fuit, cum repeto noctem, qua tot mihi cara reliqui, labitur ex oculis nunc quoque gutta meis. iam prope lux aderat, qua me discedere Caesar finibus extremae iusserat Ausoniae. adloquor extremum maestos abiturus amicos, qui modo de multis unus et alter errant.

Ausonia is another name for Italy.

maestus, -a, -um

sad

Exercise 29.7

OVID REMEMBERS HOW HE HAD ENJOYED WRITING POETRY AS A BOY AND THAT HE WAS UNABLE TO OBEY HIS FATHER’S ADVICE AS VERSES KEPT COMING TO HIM at mihi iam puero caelestia sacra placebant, inque suum furtim Musa trahebat opus. 140

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VERSE PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION saepe pater dixit “studium quid inutile temptas? Maeonides nullas ipse reliquit opes.” motus eram dictis, totoque Helicone relicto scribere conabar verba soluta modis. sponte sua carmen numeros veniebat ad aptos, et quod temptabam dicere, versus erat.

Maeonides is another name for Homer. Helicon was the mountain sacred to the Muses.

modus, -i

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(here) rhythm

Exercise 29.8

OVID IN EXILE LONGS FOR THE ARRIVAL OF A SAILOR FROM THE CIVILISED WORLD NOW THAT THE VOYAGING SEASON IS ABOUT TO START incipient aliquae tandem hue adnare carinae, hospitaque in Ponti litore navis erit. sedulus occurram nautae, dictaque salute, cur veniat quaeram, quis sit, et unde domo. rarus ab Italia tantum mare navita transit, litora rarus ad haec portibus orba venit. sive tamen Graeca poterit mihi sive Latina voce loqui, certe gratus amicus erit.

Pontus is the area of the Black Sea to which Ovid was exiled.

carina, -ae hospita, -ae sedulus orbus, -a, -um (+ abl.)

boat foreign diligent, conscientious deprived of, lacking in

Exercise 29.9 OVID WORRIES ABOUT HIS HEALTH WHILE IN EXILE

vix igitur possis visos agnoscere vultus, quoque ierit quaeras qui ante fuit color. parvus in exiles sanguis mihi pervenit artus,

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LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX membraque sunt cera pallidiora nova. non haec immodico contraxi damna Lyaeo: scis mihi quam solae paene bibantur aquae. non epulis oneror: quarum si tangar amore, est tamen in Geticis copia nulla locis.

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Lyaeus is another name for Bacchus, and here means ‘wine*. The Getae were a tribe living where Ovid was exiled.

exilis, -e cera, -ae

thin wax

Exercise 29.10 A GIRL GATHERS FLOWERS

filia consuetis, ut erat, comitata puellis, errabat nudo per sua prata pede. valle sub umbrosa locus est aspergine multa uvidus ex alto desilientis aquae. tot suberant illic, quot habet natura, colores, pictaque dissimili flore nitebat humus. quam simul aspexit, “comites, accedite,” dixit, “et mecum plenos flore referte sinus.” praeda puellares animos prolectat inanes. et non sentitur sedulitate labor.

consuetus, -a, -um pratum, -i aspergo, -inis uvidus, -a, -um nitere inanis, -e

accustomed meadow spray damp to shine, be bright empty

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Vocabulary ardeo, -ere, arsi (2) careo (2) (+ abl.) furtim genu,-us(n) incipio, -ere, incepi, inceptum (3) labor, -i, lapsus sum (3) plenus, -a, -um (+ abl.) rursus sanguis, -inis (m) ventus, -i (m)

I

I burn, am on fire Hack secretly, stealthily knee I begin I fall, slip full (of) again blood wind

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QM PASSAGES 3 U FOR PROSE COMPOSITION There have been many opportunities already in this book for translation of English into Latin. I believe that this provides an excellent way to reinforce the understanding of any construction. At all examination levels, however, the translation of English to Latin, whether of sentences or of continuous passages, has become optional. Nonetheless, for those intending to olfer prose composition, particularly at A Level, this final chapter offers ten further passages for practice.

The key to success in these passages is not just a thorough knowledge of vocabulary and grammar, but the ability to analyse sentences correctly, and it is because of this that I think that prose composition has always been an excellent discipline.

Before writing any Latin in a fair copy, you should break up each English sentence clause by clause; write down on rough paper every verb that appears in each sentence and then decide how you will translate it into Latin - i.e. • • • •

will it become the main verb? will it be some sort of subordinate clause, and if so what? will this involve the subjunctive, and if so, what tense? should a participle be used? etc. etc.

Sometimes participles in English will require a verb in a clause in Latin, and vice versa. Note especially that Latin prefers to use verbs where English might use an abstract noun; we saw this with regard to indirect questions (Chapter 23), but consider also the following: He askedfor my assistance. ME ROGAVIT UT SE IUVAREM.

Think very carefully about the meaning of English words: if you cannot immediately remember the Latin, then think of a synonym in English and try again. Also there 145

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX are words in English, as in all languages, which have different meanings in different contexts; consider the following:. He lived in Rome. ROMAE HABITABAT.

He lived for seventy years. SEPTUAGINTA ANNOS VIXIT.

I missed my friend. AMICUM DESIDERABAM. The arrow missed my shield. SAGITTA SCUTUM MEUM NON TRANSFIXIT.

Exercise 30.1

Hannibal, when only twenty-five years old, was appointed to command the Carthaginian army which was then in Spain; and within three years he overcame almost all the tribes that inhabited that land. He next besieged Saguntum, a city allied with the Romans. The people of Saguntum, realising that they could not defend their city, begged assistance from the Roman senate. Therefore ambassadors were sent to order the Carthaginian general to withdraw his troops. This Hannibal refused to do. Not long after he took the city by storm and completely destroyed it. to take by storm

5

expugnare (1)

Exercise 30.2 A certain very beautiful maiden called Atalanta ran so quickly that nobody could ever beat her. However, warned by an oracle that marriage would be a great danger to her, she decided on the following plan: “I shall be” she said “the wife of the man who runs faster than me, but all who fail will be put to death.” After many had died in this way, a certain Hippomenes, so as not to suffer the same fate, threw three golden apples in front of the girl while she ran. He therefore won both the victory and the girl. However, nobody knows whether this story is true or not, and there are some who believe that Atalanta was in fact delayed by the young man’s good looks rather than by her desire for collecting apples!

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30 oracle marriage apple

PASSAGES FOR PROSE COMPOSITION oraculum, -i (n) matrimonium, -i (n) pomum, -i (n)

Exercise 30.3

When Mycerinus was king of Egypt, he sent messengers to the oracle of Jupiter in order to ask how long he would live. The god replied that he would die suddenly after ruling only six years. Mycerinus was so astonished by this news that he sent the same messengers again and told them to tell the oracle that this was not a just reward for his virtue, since he had ruled well a people who had long been oppressed. The god however replied that the king’s virtue had angered him, for he himself had ordered that Egypt should be oppressed for one hundred years. So, on hearing this, the king decided to enjoy the rest of his life as much as possible. Egypt astonished to anger

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Aegyptus, -i (f) attonitus, -a, -um lacessere, -ivi, -itum (3)

Exercise 30.4 Juno had sent such a great storm to the Greeks that their ships were in the utmost danger. However, Hercules and his companions at last sailed safely to a certain island. The king of this island, warned by the goddess that a band of robbers would land, attacked the Greeks weary from their journey. He led such a strong army that he easily routed them. Hercules himself escaped and reached a house where he put on women’s clothes which he happened to find there. When the soldiers arrived at the door of the house, they thought they were being greeted by a woman and so they went away. Hercules was thus able to rest in this house until the soldiers were no longer a danger to him.

robber women’s

praedo, -onis (m) muliebris, -e (adj)

Exercise 30.5 In the sixth year of the war the enemy sent a large army across the sea to attack a small town. After this army landed on the shore, many of the inhabitants were so terrified that they fled into the fields. However there were some women who were braver than the men, and they rushed down to the harbour, screaming loudly. 147

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LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX These women were by chance wearing clothes such as the enemy soldiers had not previously seen, and, deceived by this, they thought that they were reinforcements who had arrived to help the townsfolk. Therefore they sped a hasty retreat to their ships, sailed home and never again attempted to attack this town. to wear townsfolk

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gerere, gessi, gestum (3) oppidani, -orum OR cives, civium

Exercise 30.6 After the king Tarquinius had been expelled, the Romans wished to set up a republic. But when the people had begun to enjoy liberty for a while, certain nobles, fearing that they would have less power, hoped to persuade the king to return. They therefore plotted to bring him back to the city by force, but one of the slaves heard them talking and thought that he had found an opportunity for winning his freedom. He went to the consul to tell him what he had discovered, and the consul, though moved to pity by the young men’s words, nonetheless ordered that they be executed. to set up nobles toplot

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instituere, -ui, -utum (3) nobiles, -ium (m.pl) coniurare(l)

Exercise 30.7

Androclus’s master was so cruel that at last he ran away. He reached a cave, but when he entered he saw a lion and was terrified by him. However, the lion came towards him miserable and limping, and raised his paw to ask for help. Androclus extracted a large thorn and he then looked after the lion until he could walk without pain. For three years the lion and the slave lived together in this cave, but they were captured on the same day. Androclus was sent to Rome and thrown to the beasts. There he would undoubtedly have perished, had he not been offered to his very own lion. The emperor and the whole crowd were truly amazed that he had not been harmed, and he told them the whole story.

to limp to raise thorn beasts emperor story

claudicare (1) tollere, sustuli, sublatum (3) spina, -ae (f) bestiae, -arum (f.pl) princeps, principis (m) res, rei (f)

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Exercise 30.8

In Gaul the king of a certain tribe advanced against the Roman army with such force that Sempronius was forced to ask the other consul to send help as quickly as possible. The Gauls waited for a few days, hoping that the Romans would come out of their camp, but, annoyed by the delay, they decided to attack. For a long time there was a fierce battle. Finally the Gauls were about to enter the camp, and they would have done so, had a certain centurion, by name Victorius, not done a remarkable thing. For throwing the standard of his own legion into the middle of the enemy he shouted to the other soldiers: “Now we must show even greater courage,” he said “for we have to break out of the city in order to recover our standard.”

centurion standard

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centurio, -onis (m) signum, -i (n)

Exercise 30.9

Valerianus, driven on by love of victory, led a large army against the Parthians. They were a cunning enemy, and, although at first they did not appear to resist, yet they were in fact retreating in order to draw him into the more remote parts of their country. At last, when he had advanced many miles, the Parthians suddenly surrounded him on all sides with their cavalry so that he was unable to escape. The leader of the Parthians sent envoys to Valerianus, asking him to come into their camp in order to make a treaty. Believing that it would be helpful for him to do this, Valerianus entered the camp with only a few companions. However the Parthians were so treacherous that they seized him at once, and kept him a slave until he died. Parthians cunning remote treacherous

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Parthi, -orum (m.pl) callidus, -a, -um remotus, -a, -um perfidus, -a, -um

Exercise 30.10 There was very great rivalry between two centurions Pullo and Vorenus. They were always trying to prove which of them was the braver. In one battle when the fighting was fiercest Pullo said, “Why are you hesitating. Vorenus? This day will without doubt show which of us has more courage.” With these words he ran forward as fast as he could to attack the enemy. He wounded a soldier with his spear, but his companions protected him with their shields and attacked Pullo so

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LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX violently that he could scarcely defend himself against so many. Seeing what had happened, Vorenus immediately went to his aid. He too was then surrounded by the enemy, and, although he resisted with all his might, he slipped and fell. He would have been killed, had not Pullo in turn brought help to him and both men were saved from death. rivalry hesitate in turn

contentio, -onis (f) dubito (1) in vicem

Vocabulary I defend I die I enjoy fierce (offighting) pain power I protect I retreat (OR) I retreat I scream utmost

defendo, ere, defendi, defensum (3) morior, mori, mortuus sum (3) fruor, frui, fructus sum (3) (+ abl.) acer, acris, acre dolor, -oris (m) imperium, -i (n) protego, -ere, protexi, protectum (3) pedem refero, referre, rettuli relatum (irr.) me recipio, -ere, recepi, receptum (3) exclamo (1) summus, -a, -um

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GENERAL VOCABULARY Latin-English

a, ab + Abl abicio, ere, abieci, abiectum (3) abripio, ere, abripui, abreptum (3) absum, abesse, afui (irr.) accendo, ere, accendi, accensum (3) accidit accipio, ere, accepi, acceptum (3) acer, acris, acre acies, ei (f) acuo, ere, acui, acutum (3) ad + Acc adeo adeo, ire, adii, aditum (irr.) adhuc adiuvo, are, adiuvi, adiutum (1) adsum, esse, adfui (irr.) advenio, ire, adveni, adventum (4) advena, ae advesperascit aedifico (1) aeger, ra, rum aequus, a, um aetas, atis (f) affirmo (1) ager, agri (m) aggredior, i, aggressus sum (3) agmen, inis (n) ago, ere, egi, actum (3) agricola, ae (m) alius, a, ud alter, era, erum altus, a, um ambulo (1) amo (1)

from, by 1 throw away I snatch away I am away/absent / set on fire, inflame it happens I receive, welcome keen, fierce (of battles or contests) line of battle I sharpen to, towards to such an extent I approach, go towards still I help I am here I reach, arrive at stranger, foreigner it becomes evening/grows dark I build ill fair, level, equal age / declare field I attack column (of soldiers) I do, drive, spend (time) farmer other, another the other (of two) high I walk / love, like

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LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX I embrace further large, spacious, great maid, female slave comer animal mind, spirit, courage year before, in front of (preposition) before (adverb) before (conjunction) old, ancient I open I appear I approach at the house of, among, with eagle, standard authority I think, judge tree I send for, summon I bum, am on fire sand silver, money skill, art lands, fields I climb (up) rough spray I look at hall (main room of house) astonished I give, bestow boldness, daring bold I dare 1 hear, listen to I take/carry away I increase golden gold either... or however, moreover help greed I turn away

amplector, i, amplexus sum (3) amplius amplus, a, um ancilla, ae (f) angulus, i (m) animal, alis (n) animus, i (m) annus, i (m) ante + Acc antea antequam antiquus, a, um aperio, ire, aperui, apertum (4) appareo (2) appropinquo (1) apud + Acc aquila, ae (f) arbitrium, ii (n) arbitror (1) arbor, oris (f) arcesso, ere, arcessivi, arcessitum (3) ardeo, ere, arsi (2) arena, ae (f) argentum, i (n) ars, artis (f) arva, orum (n.pl) ascendo, ere, ascendi, ascensum (3) asper, era, erum aspergo, inis (f) aspicio, ere, aspexi, aspectum (3) atrium, ii (n) attonitus, a, um attribuo, ere, attribui, attributum (3) audacia, ae (f) audax, acis audeo, ere, ausus sum (2) audio (4) aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatum (irr.) augeo, ere, auxi, auctum (2) aureus, a, um aurum, i (n) aut... aut autem auxilium, ii (n) avaritia, ae (f) averto, ere, averti, aversum (3)

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GENERAL VOCABULARY barbarus, a, um bellum, i (n) bene benigne bestia, ae (f) bibo, ere, bibi (3) bonus, a, um bos, bovis (m/f)

foreign, strange war well in a kindly way beast I drink good ox, cow

cado, ere, cecidi, casum (3) caedes, is (f) caedo, ere, cecidi, caesum (3) caelum, i (n) calidus, a, um callidus, a, um campus, i (m) canis, is (m/f) cano, ere, cecini, cantum (3) canto (1) capio, ere, cepi, captum (3) captivus, i (m) career, eris (n) careo (2) + Abi carmen, inis (n) carus, a, um casa, ae (f) castra, orum (n.pl) cauda, ae (f) causa + Gen cedo, ere, cessi, cessum (3) celer, eris, ere celeritas, atis (f) celeriter celo (1) cena, ae (f) ceno (1) centum centurio, onis (m) cera, ae (f) certiorem facio, ere, feci, factum (3) certo (1) certus, a, um ceteri, ae, a cibus, i (m) cingo, ere, cinxi, cinctum (3)

I fall murder, slaughter I cut, kill sky, heaven hot clever, cunning plain dog I sing I sing I take, catch, capture prisoner prison Hack song, poem dear small house, cottage camp tail for the sake of 1 go, yield quick, fast speed quickly I hide dinner I have dinner a hundred centurion wax I inform I fight, struggle fixed, decided, sure the others, the rest food I surround

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LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX circum + Acc circumvenio, ire, circumveni, circumventum (4) civis, is (m/f) clades, is (f) clamo (1) clamor, oris (m) clarus, a, um classis, is (f) claudo, ere, clausi, clausum (3) clava, ae (f) zcoepi, isse (3) cognosco, ere, cognovi, cognitum (3) cogo, ere, coegi, coactum (3) colligo, ere, collegi, collectum (3) collis, is (m) colo, ere, colui, cultum (3) comes, itis (m/f) comminus commoveo, ere, commovi, commotum (2) comparo (1) complures, ium comprehendo, ere, comprehendi, comprehensum (3) concilio (1) condo, ere, condidi, conditum (3) conficio, ere, confeci, confectum (3) confido, ere, confisus sum (3) + Dat confiteor, eri, confessus sum (2) coniunx, coniugis (m/f) coniuro (1) conor (1) conscendo, ere, conscendi, conscensum (3) conservo (1) consilium, ii (n) constituo, ere, constitui, constitutum (3) consuetudo, inis (f) consuetus, a, um consul, ulis (m) consumo, ere, consumpsi, consumptum (3) contemno, ere, contempsi, contemptum (3) contendo, ere, contendi (3) contentio, onis (f) contra + Acc convenio, ire, conveni, conventum (4) convivium, ii (n)

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around I surround citizen disaster, defeat I shout shout, cry clear, famous fleet I shut, close club I began I find out I compel I gather together, collect hill I cultivate, take care of, worship companion hand to hand I move, disturb / obtain several / seize / win over I found, establish, bury I finish I trust / confess husband, wife I conspire, plot I try / mount, ascend, embark 1 keep safe plan, advice I decide custom, habit accustomed consul 1 eat I despise 1 march, fight rivalry against I come together, meet feast, banquet

GENERAL VOCABULARY copia, ae (f) copiae, arum (f.pl) corpus, oris (n) cotidie cras credo, ere, credidi, creditum + Dat (3) cresco, ere, crevi, cretum (3) crudelis, e cubiculum, i (n) culpa, ae (f) cum + Abi cum cupido, inis (f) cupio, ere, cupivi, cupitum (3) cur? cura, ae (f) curia, ae (f) curo (1) curro, ere, cucurri, cursum (3) custodio (4) custos, odis (m/f)

plenty troops, forces body every day, daily tomorrow I believe, trust I grow cruel bedroom blame, fault (together) with when, since desire I want, desire why? worry, care, anxiety senate-house look after I run I guard guard

de + Abi debeo (2) decem decet decimus, a, um decipio, ere, decepi, deceptum (3) dedecus, oris (n) dedo, ere, dedidi, deditum (3) defendo, ere, defendi, defensum (3) deinde delecto (1) deleo, ere, delevi, deletum (2) denique dens, dentis (m) descendo, ere, descendi, descensum (3) desilio, ire, desilui, desultum (4) desisto, ere, destiti, destitum (3) dexter, tra, trum dextra, ae (f) dico, ere, dixi, dictum (3) dies, diei (m) dignus, a, um +Abl diligenter

down from, about I owe, ought to ten it is becoming tenth 1 cheat, deceive disgrace I give up, surrender I defend then, next / delight, please I destroy finally, at last tooth 1 go/climb down I jump down I stop, cease right right hand I say, tell day worthy (of) carefully 155

LATIN: A CLEAR QUIDE TO SYNTAX discedo, ere, discessi, discessum (3) disco, ere, didici (3) discors, ordis diu divello, ere, divelli, divulsum (3) dives, itis divitiae, arum (f.pl) do, dare, dedi, datum (1) doceo, ere, docui, doctum (2) doleo (2) dolor, oris (m) dolus, i (m) dominus, i (m) domus, us (f) donee donum, i (n) dormio (4) draco, onis dubito (1) duco, ere, duxi, ductum (3) dulcis, e dum duo, duae, duo durus, a, um dux, ducis (m/f)

I go away, leave I leam disagreeing, different for a long time 1 tear away rich riches, wealth I give I teach I grieve grief, pain trick master (of the house) house, home until gift I sleep dragon, serpent I hesitate I lead, guide sweet while, until two hard, harsh leader, commander, guide

e, ex + Abl eburneus, a, um edo, ere, edi, esum (3) edo, ere, edidi, editum (3) educo, ere, eduxi, eductum (3) effugio, ere, effugi (3) ego egredior, i, egressus sum (3) eligo, ere, elegi, electum (3) emo, ere, emi, emptum (3) enim enimvero epistola, ae (f) epulae, arum (f.pl) eques, equitis (m) equites (m.pl) equus, i (m) erro (1) et

from, out of (made of) ivory I eat I give out, publish I lead out I escape 1 I go out, disembark 1 choose I buy for(i.e. because) indeed letter feast, banquet horseman, cavalryman cavalry horse I wander, make a mistake and

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GENERAL VOCABULARY etiam evado, ere, evasi, evasum (3) evenit excito (1) exclamo (1) exeo, exire, exii, exitum (irr.) exercitus, us (m) exilis, e exitium, ii (n) exorior, iri, exortus sum (4) expello, ere, expuli, expulsum (3) explorator, oris (m) exploro (1) expugno (1) exspecto (1) extra +Acc

even, also I go out, escape it happens I arouse, wake up I shout out, scream I go out army thin, slender death, destruction I rise up I drive out, expel scout I spy out, reconnoitre 1 take by storm I wait for outside

fabula, ae (f) facile facio, ere, feci, factum (3) facultas, atis (f) fama, ae (f) fames, is (f) fauces, ium (f.pl) feles, is (f) felix, icis femina, ae (f) fero, ferre, tuli, latum (irr.) ferox, ocis fessus, a, um festino (1) festus, a, um fidelis, e fides, ei (f) filia, ae (f) filium, i (n) filius, ii (m) fines, ium (m.pl) finitimus, a, um fio, fieri, factus sum (irr.) firmo (1) flos, floris (m) flumen, inis (n) foedus, eris (n) folium, ii (n)

story, play easily I do, make opportunity reputation, rumour, fame hunger throat cat lucky, happy woman I bring, carry, bear, endure fierce tired I hurry holy faithful faith daughter thread son borders, territory neighbouring I become, am made I strengthen, encourage flower river promise, treaty leaf 157

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX fores (f.pl) forma, ae (f) formosus, a, um forte fortis, e fortiter fortitudo, inis (f) forum, i (n) frango, ere, fregi, fractum (3) frater, fratris (m) fretus, a, um + Abi fruor, frui, fructus sum (3) + Abi frustra fuga, ae (f) fugio, ere, fugi (3) fugo(l) fundo, ere, fudi, fusum (3) furtim

doors, entrance shape, beauty good-looking by chance brave bravely bravery market-place, forum 1 break, wreck brother relying on 1 enjoy in vain flight, escape I flee 1 put to flight I pour, rout secretly, stealthily

gaudeo, ere, gavisus sum (2) gemini, orum (m.pl) gemitus, us gens, gentis (f) genu, us (n) genus, eris (n) gero, ere, gessi, gestum (3) gigas, antis (m) gladius, ii (m) gloria, ae (f) gratias ago, ere, egi, actum (3) + Dat gratus, a, um + Dat gravis, e grex, gregis (m) gubernator, oris (m)

/ rejoice twins groan, groaning, sigh tribe knee tribe, race, type, kind / carry (on), bear, wear giant sword fame, glory I thank, give thanks to pleasing (to) heavy flock, herd helmsman, steersman

habeo (2) habito (1) hasta, ae (f) haud herbidus, a, um heri hic hic, haec, hoc hiems, hiems (f)

1 have 1 Uve in, dwell spear not grassy yesterday here this, he, she, it storm, winter

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GENERAL VOCABULARY hodie honestus, a, um honor, oris (m) hora, ae (f) hortor (1) hortus, i (m) hospes, itis (m/f) hostis, is (m/f) huc humus, i (f)

today honourable honour, distinction hour I encourage garden guest, host enemy (to) here ground

iaceo (2) iacio, ere, ieci, iactum (3) iam ianua, ae (f) ibi idem, eadem, idem idoneus, a, um igitur ignis, is (m) ille, illa, illud illuc immanis, e imber, imbris (m) impedio (4) imperator, oris (m) imperium, ii (n) impero (1) + Dat impetro (1) impetus, us (m) in + Abi in + Acc inanis, e incendium, ii (n) incendo, ere, incendi, incensum (3) incipio, ere, incepi, inceptum (3) incito (1) incola, ae (m/f) incolumis, e inde indutus, a, um ineo, inire, inii, initum (irr.) ingenium, ii (n) ingens, ingentis ingredior, i, ingressus sum (3)

I lie (down) I throw now, already door there the same suitable therefore fire that, he, she, it (to) there huge shower (of rain) I hinder commander, general command, rule, empire / order, give commands to / obtain, get, gain charge, attack in, on into, on to empty fire I burn, set on fire 1 begin I rouse, stir up, incite inhabitant unharmed, safe from there, from then on, next dressed in, wearing / go in, enter talent, ability huge I enter 159

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX

ita itaque iter, itineris (n) iterum iubeo, ere, iussi, iussum (2) iucundus, a, um iuvenis, is (m) iuvo, are, iuvi, iutum (1)

injustice ambush remarkable, distinguished 1 set up, establish I draw up, equip island, block offlats I understand among, between sometimes meanwhile I kill meanwhile inside, within I enter I find, find out, come upon -self (emphatic pronoun) anger I become angry angry this, that, he, she, it that (of yours), he, she, it, the defendant in such a way therefore journey again I order pleasant young man I help

labor, labi, lapsus sum (3) labor, oris (m) laboro (1) lacesso, ere, lacessivi, lacessitum (3) lacrima, ae (f) lacrimo (1) laedo, ere, laesi, laesum (3) laetus, a, um latro, onis (m) latus, a, um latus, eris (n) laudo (1) lavo (1) lectus, a, um

I slip, fall work I work I provoke, anger tear I cry, weep I harm happy robber wide side, flank I praise 1 wash chosen, selected

iniuria, ae (f) insidiae, arum (f.pl) insignis, e instituo, ere, institui, institutum (3) instruo, ere, instruxi, instructum (3) insula, ae (f) intellego, ere, intellexi, intellectum (3) inter + Acc interdum interea interficio, ere, interfeci, interfectum (3) interim intra + Acc intro (1) invenio, ire, inveni, inventum (4) ipse, ipsa, ipsum ira, ae (f) irascor, i, iratus sum (3) iratus, a, um is, ea, id iste, ista, istud

160

GENERAL VOCABULARY lectus, i (m) legatus, i (m) legio, onis (f) lego, ere, legi, lectum (3) lente leo, leonis (m) lepidus, a, um libenter liber, libera, liberum liber, libri (m) liberi, orum (m.pl) libero (1) libertas, atis (f) licet + Dat & Inf limen, inis (n) littera, ae (0 litterae, arum (f.pl) litus, oris (n) locus, i (m) longe longus, a, um loquor, i, locutus sum (3) ludo, ere, lusi, lusum (3) ludus, i (m) lumen, inis (n) luna, ae (0 lupa, ae (0 lupus, i (m) lux, lucis (0

couch, bed envoy, ambassador, legate legion I read, pick, choose slowly lion witty freely, gladly, willingly free book children I free, set free freedom it is allowed threshold, doorway ' letter (of the alphabet) letter, dispatch shore, coast place, spot, position far long I speak, talk I play school, game light, eye moon she-wolf wolf light

maestus, a, um magis magister, tri (m) magnopere magnus, a, um malo, malle, malui (irr.) malus, a, um mandatum, i (n) maneo, ere, mansi (2) manus, us (0 mare, maris (n) maritus, i (m) mater, matris (0 matrimonium, ii (n) matrona, ae (0

sad more (adverb) schoolmaster greatly, very large, great I prefer bad, wicked, evil instruction I wait, remain hand sea husband mother marriage lady 161

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX / hasten, speed up very (much) very great/large, greatest, largest doctor middle better remembering, mindful of lie mind, reason, intellect table merchant I deserve I fear fear my soldier a thousand a mile I threaten smaller less I wonder at, admire wonderful, amazing wretched, miserable pity I send only way, method, rhythm I warn, advise mountain I show monster delay like I die I delay, wait, stay death dead custom / move soon women 's woman many (by) much I fortify

maturo (1) maxime maximus, a, um medicus, i (m) medius, a, um melior, oris memor, oris + Gen mendacium, ii (n) mens, mentis (f) mensa, ae (f) mercator, oris (m) mereor (2) metuo, ere, metui, metutum (3) metus, us (m) meus, mea, meum miles, itis (m/f) mille mille passus minor (1) minor, oris minus miror (1) mirus, a, um miser, misera, miserum misericordia, ae (f) mitto, ere, misi, missum (3) modo modus, i (m) moneo (2) mons, montis (m) monstro (1) monstrum, i (n) mora, ae (f) more + Gen morior, mori, mortuus sum (3) moror (1) mors, mortis (f) mortuus, a, um mos, moris (m) moveo, ere, movi, motum (2) mox muliebris, e mulier, eris (m) multi, ae, a multo munio (4)

162

GENERAL VOCABULARY munus, eris (n) murus, i (m)

gift wall

nam nanciscor, i, nactus sum (3) narro (1) nascor, i, natus sum (3) nato (1) nauta, ae (f) navigo (1) navis, is (f) ne ... quidem nec ... nec nec/neque neco (1) nego(l) nemo (Acc. neminem) neque ... neque nescio (4) nihil nimis ningit nisi niteo (2) noceo (2) + Dat noctu nolo, nolle, nolui (irr.) nomen, inis (n) non nondum non iam nonne? nonnulli, ae, a nonus, a, um nos noster, nostra, nostrum notus, a, um novem novus, a, um nox, noctis (f) nullus, a, um num num? numquam/nunquam nuntio (1)

for (i. e. because) / obtain I tell (a story) I am born I swim sailor I sail ship not even ... neither... nor nor, and... not I kill I deny, say ... not nobody neither... nor I do not know nothing too much it snows if... not, unless, except I shine, am bright I harm by night I do not want, am unwilling, refuse name not not yet no longer surely? some ninth we, us our well-known, famous nine new night no whether, if surely... not? never I announce

163

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX nuntius, ii (m) nupta, ae (f) nusquam

messenger, message bride nowhere

obligo (1) obsecro (1) obses, idis (m/f) obsideo, ere, obsedi, obsessum (2) obstruo, ere, obstruxi, obstructum (3) occasio, onis (f) occido, ere, occidi, occisum (3) occupo (1) occurro, ere, occurri (3) + Dat octo oculus, i (m) olim omnino omnis, e onus, eris (n) opes, opum (f.pl) oportet oppidani, orum (m.pl) oppidum, i (n) opprimo, ere, oppressi, oppressum (3) oppugno (1) optimus, a, um opus, operis (n) ora, ae (f) oraculum, i (n) orbus, a, um + Abi orior, oriri, ortus sum (4) oro (1) os, oris (n) os, ossis (n) osculum, i (n) ostendo, ere, ostendi, ostentum (3) otium, ii (n) ovis, is (f)

I tie up, bandage I beg, beseech hostage I besiege I block opportunity I kill I seize I (run to) meet eight eye once (upon a time) altogether every, all burden, load resources, wealth it is right for townsfolk town I overwhelm I attack best, very good, excellent work shore, coast oracle deprived of, lacking in I rise up / beg face, mouth bone kiss I show free time, leisure, rest sheep

pabulum, i (n) paene palus, udis (f) parco, ere, peperci, parsum (3) + Dat pareo (2) + Dat

fodder nearly, almost marsh I spare I obey

164

GENERAL VOCABULARY paro (1) pars, partis (f) parum passus, us (m) pastor, oris (m) pater, patris (m) patior, pati, passus sum (3) patres (m.pl) patria, ae (f) pauci, ae, a paulo/paulum pauper, eris pax, pacis (f) pectus, oris (n) pecunia, ae (f) pedes, itis (m) pedites, um (m.pl) pello, ere, pepuli, pulsum (3) per + Acc percutio, ere, percussi, percussum (3) perfidus, a, um perfuga, ae (m) periculosus, a, um periculum, i (n) peritus, a, um + Gen persuadeo, ere, persuasi, persuasum (2) + Dat perturbo (1) pervenio, ire, perveni, perventum (4) pes, pedis (m) pedem refero, referre, rettuli, relatum pessimus, a, um peto, ere, petivi, petitum (3) pilum, i (n) placeo (2) + Dat placidus, a, um plaustrum, i (n) plenus, a, um + Abi pluit plures, ium plurimi, ae, a poeta, ae (m) polliceor (2) pomum, i (n) pono, ere, posui, positum (3) pons, pontis (m)

I prepare part too little pace, footstep shepherd father I suffer, allow senators (one's own) country (a) few a little poor peace breast, chest money infantryman infantry I drive through I strike, hit treacherous fugitive, deserter dangerous danger experienced in I persuade I throw into confusion I arrive at, come to, reach foot I retreat worst, very bad I seek, ask, look for, make for, attack spear, javelin I please calm wagon, cart full (of) it rains more (adjective) very many, most poet I promise apple I put, place bridge

165

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX pontus, i (m) populus, i (m) porta, ae (f) porto (1) portus, us (m) posco, ere, poposci (3) possum, posse, potui (irr.) postea postquam postremo postridie/postero die postulo (1) potens, potentis potestas, atis (f) potius praeceps, praecipitis praeclarus, a, um praeda, ae (f) praedo, onis (m) praefectus, i (m) praeficio, ere, praefeci, praefectum (3) praemium, ii (n) praesertim praesidium, ii (n) praesto, are, praestiti, praestitum (1) praesum, esse, praefui (irr.) + Dat praeter + Acc praeterea pratum, i (n) preces, precum (f.pl) precor (1) pretium, ii (n) prima lux, primae lucis primo/primum primus, a, um princeps, principis (m/f) prior, prioris pristinus, a, um pro + Abi procul proditor, oris (m) prodo, ere, prodidi, proditium (3) proelium, ii (n) proficiscor, i, profectus sum (3) progredior, i, progressus sum (3) prohibeo (2)

sea people, populace gate I carry, bring harbour I demand I can, am able to afterwards after finally, at last on the next day I demand powerful power rather headlong famous loot, plunder robber, pirate commander I put in command of reward especially protection, garrison I show, offer I am in command of beyond, except besides, moreover meadow prayers I pray price dawn, first light at first first leader, chief, emperor earlier, first (of two) earlier, former in front of, on behalf of far (away) traitor I betray battle I set out I go forward, advance I prevent

166

GENERAL VOCABULARY promitto, ere, promisi, promissum (3) pronus, a, um prope + Acc propter + Acc protego, ere, protexi, protectum (3) proximus, a, um pudet puella, ae (f) puer, pueri (m) pugno (I) pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum pulchritudo, inis (f) punio (4) puppis, is (f) puto (1)

/ promise inclined forward, sloping downhill near on account of, because of I protect nearest, next it shames girl boy I fight beautiful beauty I punish poop, stern, ship I think

quaero, ere, quaesivi, quaesitum (3) qualis? quam quamquam quando? quantus, a, um? quartus, a, um quasi quattuor queror, i, questus sum (3) qui, quae, quod quid? quidam, quaedam, quoddam quinque quintus, a, um quis? quisquam quo? quod quomodo? quoniam quoque quot? quotannis quoties?/quotiens?

1 look for, ask for what kind of? which, than, how although when? how big? fourth as if four I complain who, which what? a certain five fifth who? anyone where to? which, because how? since also how many? every year how often?

rapio, ere, rapui, raptum (3) recipio, ere, recepi, receptum (3)

I snatch, seize I accept, receive 167

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX me recipio reddo, ere, reddidi, redditum (3) redeo, ire, redii (irr.) reficio, ere, refeci, refectum (3) regia, ae (f) regina, ae (f) regno (1) regnum, i (n) rego, ere, rexi, rectum (3) regredior, i, regressus sum (3) relinquo, ere, reliqui, relictum (3) reliquus, a, um remex, igis (m) reor, reri, ratus sum (2) repello, ere, reppuli, repulsum (3) reperio, ire, repperi, repertum (4) reporto (1) repudio (1) requiesco, ere, requievi, requietum (3) res, rei (f) resisto, ere, restiti (3) + Dat respondeo, ere, respondi, responsum (2) retineo, ere, retinui, retentum (2) revera rex, regis (m) rideo, ere, risi, risum (2) ripa, ae (f) rogo(l) rostrum, i (n) ruo, ere, rui (3) rursus rus, ruris (n)

I retreat I give back, return 1 go back, return I repair, refresh palace queen I reign kingdom I rule I return I leave (behind) remaining rower, oarsman I think I drive back, repel I find, discover I carry back, win (a victory) I reject I rest thing, matter, affair, situation I resist I reply I keep back, retain really, truly king I laugh bank (of a river) I ask beak, prow I rush again country(side)

sacedos, otis (m/f) sacer, sacra, sacrum saeculum, i (n) saepe saevus, a, um sagitta, ae (f) salus, utis (f) saluto (1) sanctus, a, um sanguis, inis (m) sano (1) sapiens, entis

priest, priestess sacred, holy century often fierce, savage arrow safety, health I greet holy blood I cure wise

x

168

GENERAL VOCABULARY satis saxum, i (n) scala, ae (f) scelestus, a, um scio (4) scriba, ae (m) scribo, ere, scripsi, scriptum (3) se secundus, a, um securis, is (f) sed sedeo, ere, sedi, sessum (2) sedes, is (f) sedulus, a, um semper senator, oris (m) senatus, us (m) senex, senis (m) . sententia, ae (f) sentio, ire, sensi, sensum (4) septem septimus, a, um sequor, i, secutus sum (3) sero servo (1) servus, i (m) sex sextus, a, um sic signum, i (n) silva, ae (f) similis, e + Dat simul ac/atque simul simulo (1) sine + Abi sino, ere, sivi, situm (3) socius, ii (m) soleo, ere, solitus sum (2) solus, a, um solvo, ere, solvi, solutum (3) navem solvo somnium, ii (n) somnus, i (m) soror, oris (f) sors, sortis (f)

enough stone, rock ladder wicked I know scribe, secretary I write himself/herself/itself/themselves second, following, favourable axe but I sit seat diligent, conscientious always senator senate old man opinion I feel, realise seven seventh I follow late I save, keep safe slave six sixth . in this way, thus sign, signal, standard wood, forest like as soon as at the same time I pretend without I allow ally I am used to alone, only I untie, loosen I set sail dream sleep sister lot 169

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX spargo, ere, sparsi, sparsum (3) specto (1) spelunca, ae (f) spero (1) spes, spei (f) spina, ae (f) sponte statim stipendium, i (n) sto, stare, steti, statum (1) studeo (2) + Dat studium, ii (n) stultus, a, um sub + Abl sub + Acc subeo, ire, subii (irr.) subito subvenio, ire, subveni, subventum + Dat sum, esse, fui (irr.) summus, a, um sumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptum (3) super + Acc superbus, a, um supero (1) supersum, esse, superfui (irr.) supplex, icis supplicium, ii (n) surgo, ere, surrexi, surrectum (3) sus, suis (m/f) suus, a, um

1 scatter, sprinkle I look at, watch cave I hope hope thorn of one’s own accord, voluntarily at once, immediately pay I stand I am keen on eagerness, enthusiasm foolish under under (if implying motion towards) I undergo suddenly / (come to) help lam highest, top, most important I take over, above proud I overcome, defeat I survive, am left over suppliant punishment 1 rise Pig his/her/its/their own

tabernaculum, i (n) taceo (2) taedet talis, e tam tamen tandem tantus, a, um tegmen, inis (n) tellus, uris (f) telum, i (n) tempestas, atis (f) templum, i (n) tempus, oris (n)

tent I am silent it wearies such a so, such a (+ other adjectives/adverbs) however at last so great/large covering land, earth weapon, dart, spear, javelin storm, weather temple time

170

GENERAL VOCABULARY tenebrae, arum (f.pl) teneo, ere, tenui, tentum (2) tergum, i (n) terra, ae (f) terreo (2) tertius, a, um testis, is (m/f) timeo (2) tollo, ere, sustuli, sublatum (3) tot toties/totiens totus, a, um trado, ere, tradidi, traditum (3) traho, ere, traxi, tractum, (3) trans + Acc transeo, ire, transii, transitum (irr.) trepido (I) tres triclinium, ii (n) tristis, e tu tueor, eri, tuitus sum (2) turba, ae (f) turpis, e turris, is (f) tutus, a, um tuus, a, um

gloom, darkness I hold back, rear land, ground, earth I frighten, terrify third witness I fear, am afraid I lift, raise, remove so many so often whole I hand over, hand down I drag across I go across, cross I am in a panic three dining-room sad you (referring to one person) I watch over, guard, protect crowd disgraceful tower safe your (referring to one person)

ubi ubi? ullus, a, um ulterior, oris ultimus, a, um umbra, ae (f) umerus, i (f) umquam/unquam unda, ae (f) unde? undique unus, a, um urbs, urbis (f) usque ad + Acc usque ut uter?

when, where where? any further furthest, last shade, shadow, ghost shoulder ever wave where from? from all sides one city right up to, as far as continuously (in order) to, that, as which (of two)?

171

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX uterque, utraque, utrumque utilis, e utor, uti, usus sum (3) + Abl uvidus, a, um uxor, oris (f)

each (of two) useful I use damp wife

vacca, ae (f) vagor (1) valde valeo (2) validus, a, um vallis, is (f) vallum, i (n) vasto (1) vehementer veho, ere, vexi, vectum (3) vel vela, orum (n.pl) vellus, eris (n) vendo, ere, vendidi, venditum (3) venenum, i (n) venia, ae (f) ventus, i (m) verber, eris (n) verbero (1) verbum, i (n) vereor (2) vero verto, ere, verti, versum (3) verus, a, um vesper, eri/eris(m) vester, vestra, vestrum vestigium, ii (n) vestis, is (f) vestio (4) veto, are, vetui, vetitum (1) via, viae (f) viator, oris (m) vicinus, a, um video, ere, vidi, visum (2) videor, eri, visus sum (2) villa, ae (f) vincio, ire, vinxi, vinctum (4) vinco, ere, vici, victum (3) vinum, i (n)

cow I wander very (much) I am well, am strong strong valley rampart I ravage, lay waste strongly, forcibly, violently I carry or sails fleece I sell poison pardon wind whip, lash, blow I beat, whip word I fear, respect truly, really I turn true evening your (referring to more than one person) footprint, track clothing I dress lforbid way, road, path traveller neighbouring I see I seem country-house, estate, villa 1 tie, bind I defeat, win, conquer wine

172

GENERAL VOCABULARY vir, viri (m) vires, ium (f.pl) virga, ae virtus, utis (f) vis (Acc. vim, Abi. vi) (f) viso, ere, visi, visum (3) vita, ae (f) vito(l) vivo, ere, vixi, victum (3) vivus, a, um vix voco (1) volo, velle, volui (irr.) vos vulnero (1) vulnus, eris (n) vultus, us (m)

man, husband strength stick, stake, rod manliness, courage force I visit life I avoid I live alive scarcely I call I want, wish you (referring to more than one person) I wound wound face, expression

173

English-Latin

de + Abl recipio, ere, recepi, receptum (3) sponte propter + Acc consuetus, a, um trans + Acc postquam postea iterum rursus contra + Acc aetas, atis (f) vivus, a, um sino, ere, sivi, situm (3) licet + Dat & Inf socius, ii (m) solus, a, um quoque quamquam omnino semper insidiae, arum (f.pl) inter + Acc apud + Acc et ira, ae (f) iratus, a, um irascor, i, iratus sum (3) animal, alis (n) nuntio (1) ullus, a, um quisquam appareo (2) pomum, i (n) adeo, ire, adii, aditum (irr.) appropinquo (1) exercitus, us (m) circum + Acc excito (1)

about, down from I accept, receive of one's own accord, voluntarily on account of, because of accustomed across after afterwards again again against age alive I allow it is allowed ally alone, only also although altogether always ambush among, between among, at the house of, with and anger angry I become angry animal I announce any anyone I appear apple I approach, go towards 1 approach army around I arouse, wake up 174

GENERAL VOCABULARY / arrive at, come to, reach arrow as if I ask astonished at last I attack I attack authority I avoid I am away/absent axe

pervenio, ire, perveni, perventum (4) sagitta, ae (f) quasi rogo(l) attonitus, a, um tandem aggredior, i, aggressus sum (3) oppugno (1) arbitrium, ii (n) vito (1) absum, abesse, afui (irr.) securis, is (f)

back, rear bad, wicked, evil bank (of a river) line of battle battle beak, prow beast I beat, whip beautiful beauty because of, on account of I become, am made it is becoming bedroom before (adverb) before (conjunction) before, in front of (preposition) I beg, beseech I beg I began I begin I believe, trust besides, moreover I besiege best, very good, excellent 1 betray better beyond, except blame, fault 1 block blood body

tergum, i (n) malus, a, um ripa, ae (f) acies, ei (f) proelium, ii (n) rostrum, i (n) bestia, ae (f) verbero (1) pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum pulchritudo, inis (f) propter + Acc fio, fieri, factus sum (irr.) decet cubiculum, i (n) antea antequam ante + Acc obsecro (1) oro (1) coepi, isse (3) incipio, ere, incepi, inceptum (3) credo, ere, credidi, creditum + Dat (3) praeterea obsideo, ere, obsedi, obsessum (2) optimus, a, um prodo, ere, prodidi, proditium (3) melior, oris praeter + Acc culpa, ae (f) obstruo, ere, obstruxi, obstructum (3) sanguis, inis (m) corpus, oris (n) 175

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX bold boldness, daring bone book borders, territory I am born boy brave bravely bravery I break, wreck breast, chest bride bridge I bring, carry, bear, endure brother I build burden, load I bum, am on fire I bum, set on fire but I buy

audax, acis audacia, ae (f) os, ossis (n) liber, libri (m) fines, ium (m.pl) nascor, i, natus sum (3) puer, pueri (m) fortis, e fortiter fortitudo, inis (f) frango, ere, fregi, fractum (3) pectus, oris (n) nupta, ae (f) pons, pontis (m) fero, ferre, tuli, latum (irr.) frater, fratris (m) aedifico (1) onus, eris (n) ardeo, ere, arsi (2) incendo, ere, incendi, incensum (3) sed emo, ere, emi, emptum (3)

I call calm camp 1 can, am able to carefully I carry I carry back, win (a victory) I carry, bring I carry (on), bear, wear cat cavalry cave centurion century a certain by chance charge, attack I cheat, deceive children I choose chosen, selected citizen

voco (1) placidus, a, um castra, orum (n.pl) possum, posse, potui (irr.) diligenter veho, ere, vexi, vectum (3) reporto (1) porto (1) gero, ere, gessi, gestum (3) feles, is (f) equites (m.pl) spelunca, ae (f) centurio, onis (m) saeculum, i (n) quidam, quaedam, quoddam forte impetus, us (m) decipio, ere, decepi, deceptum (3) liberi, orum (m.pl) eligo, ere, elegi, electum (3) lectus, a, um civis, is (m/f) 176

GENERAL VOCABULARY city clear, famous clever, cunning I climb (up) clothing club column (of soldiers) I come together, meet command, rule, empire I am in command of I put in command of commander, general commander companion 1 compel I complain 1 confess I throw into confusion I conspire, plot consul continuously corner couch, bed (one’s own) country country(side) country-house, estate, villa covering cow cross, I go across crowd cruel I cry, weep I cultivate, take care of, worship I cure custom, habit custom I cut, kill

urbs, urbis (f) clarus, a, um callidus, a, um ascendo, ere, ascendi, ascensum (3) vestis, is (f) clava, ae (f) agmen, inis (n) convenio, ire, conveni, conventum (4) imperium, ii (n) praesum, esse, praefui (irr.) + Dat praeficio, ere, praefeci, praefectum (3) imperator, oris (m) praefectus, i (m) comes, itis (m/f) cogo, ere, coegi, coactum (3) queror, i, questus sum (3) confiteor, eri, confessus sum (2) perturbo (1) coniuro (1) consul, ulis (m) usque angulus, i (m) lectus, i (m) patria, ae (f) rus, ruris (n) villa, ae (f) tegmen, inis (n) vacca, ae (f) transeo, ire, transii, transitum (irr.) turba, ae (f) crudelis, e lacrimo (1) colo, ere, colui, cultum (3) sano (1) consuetudo, inis (f) mos, moris (m) caedo, ere, cecidi, caesum (3)

damp danger dangerous I dare daughter dawn, first light day

uvidus, a, um periculum, i (n) periculosus, a, um audeo, ere, ausus sum (2) filia, ae (f) prima lux, primae lucis dies, diei (m)

177

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX cotidie postridie/postero die mortuus, a, um carus, a, um mors, mortis (f) exitium, ii (n) constituo, ere, constitui, constitutum (3) affirmo (1) vinco, ere, vici, victum (3) defendo, ere, defendi, defensum (3) mora, ae (f) moror (1) delecto (1) posco, ere, poposci (3) postulo (1) nego (1) orbus, a, um + Abi mereor (2) cupido, inis (f) contemno, ere, contempsi, contemptum (3) deleo, ere, delevi, deletum (2) morior, mori, mortuus sum (3) sedulus, a, um triclinium, ii (n) cena, ae (f) ceno (1) discors, ordis clades, is (f) dedecus, oris (n) turpis, e ago, ere, egi, actum (3) facio, ere, feci, factum (3) medicus, i (m) canis, is (m/f) ianua, ae (f) fores (f.pl) de + Abi traho, ere, traxi, tractum, (3) draco, onis instruo, ere, instruxi, instructum (3) somnium, ii (n) vestio (4) indutus, a, um bibo, ere, bibi (3) pello, ere, pepuli, pulsum (3)

every day, daily on the next day dead dear death death, destruction I decide I declare I defeat, win, conquer I defend delay I delay, wait, stay 1 delight, please I demand I demand I deny, say ... not deprived of, lacking in I deserve desire I despise I destroy I die diligent, conscientious dining-room dinner I have dinner disagreeing, different disaster, defeat disgrace disgraceful I do, drive, spend (time) I do, make doctor dog door doors, entrance down from, about I drag dragon, serpent I draw up, equip dream I dress dressed in, wearing I drink I drive

178

GENERAL VOCABULARY / drive back, repel I drive out, expel

repello, ere, reppuli, repulsum (3) expello, ere, expuli, expulsum (3)

each (of two) eagerness, enthusiasm eagle, standard earlier, first (of two) earlier, former easily I eat

I eat eight either... or I embrace empty I encourage enemy I enjoy enough I enter I enter envoy, ambassador, legate / escape especially even, also it becomes evening/grows dark evening ever every, all experienced in eye

uterque, utraque, utrumque studium, ii (n) aquila, ae (f) prior, prioris pristinus, a, um facile consumo, ere, consumpsi, consumptum (3) edo, ere, edi, esum (3) octo aut... aut amplector, i, amplexus sum (3) inanis, e hortor (1) hostis, is (m/f) fruor, frui, fructus sum (3) + Abi satis ingredior, i, ingressus sum (3) intro (1) legatus, i (m) effugio, ere, effugi (3) praesertim etiam advesperascit vesper, eri/eris(m) umquam/unquam omnis, e peritus, a, um + Gen oculus, i (m)

face, expression face, mouth fair, level, equal faith faithful ifall fame, glory famous far far (away) farmer

vultus, us (m) os, oris (n) aequus, a, um fides, ei (f) fidelis, e cado, ere, cecidi, casum (3) gloria, ae (f) praeclarus, a, um longe procul agricola, ae (m) 179

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX pater, patris (m) metus, us (m) metuo, ere, metui, metutum (3) timeo (2) vereor (2) convivium, ii (n) epulae, arum (f.pl) sentio, ire, sensi, sensum (4) pauci, ae, a ager, agri (m) ferox, ocis saevus, a, um quintus, a, um pugno (1) certo (1) denique postremo cognosco, ere, cognovi, cognitum (3) reperio, ire, repperi, repertum (4) invenio, ire, inveni, inventum (4) conficio, ere, confeci, confectum (3) ignis, is (m) incendium, ii (n) primus, a, um primo/primum quinque certus, a, um fugio, ere, fugi (3) vellus, eris (n) classis, is (f) fugo (1) fuga, ae (f) grex, gregis (m) flos, floris (m) pabulum, i (n) sequor, i, secutus sum (3) cibus, i (m) stultus, a, um pes, pedis (m) vestigium, ii (n) enim nam veto, are, vetui, vetitum (1) vis (Acc. vim, Abi. vi) (f) barbarus, a, um advena, ae

father fear I fear I fear, am afraid I fear, respect feast, banquet feast, banquet I feel, realise (a) few field fierce fierce, savage fifth I fight I fight, struggle finally, at last finally, at last I find out 1 find, discover I find, find out, come upon I finish fire fire first at first five fixed, decided, sure I flee fleece fleet 1 put to flight flight, escape flock, herd flower fodder I follow food foolish foot footprint, track for (i.e. because) for (i.e. because) I forbid force foreign, strange foreigner, stranger

180

GENERAL VOCABULARY f fortify I found, establish, bury four fourth free free time, leisure, rest 1 free, set free freedom freely, gladly, willingly I frighten, terrify from, by from all sides from there, from then on, next from, out of in front of, on behalf of fugitive, deserter full (of) further further furthest, last

munio (4) condo, ere, condidi, conditum (3) quattuor quartus, a, um liber, libera, liberum otium, ii (n) libero (1) libertas, atis (f) libenter terreo (2) a, ab + Abi undique inde e, ex + Abi pro + Abi perfuga, ae (m) plenus, a, um + Abi amplius ulterior, oris ultimus, a, um

garden gate I gather together, collect giant gift gift girl I give I give back, return I give out, publish I give up, surrender I give, bestow gloom, darkness I go across, cross I go away, leave I go back, return I go/climb down

hortus, i (m) porta, ae (f) colligo, ere, collegi, collectum (3) gigas, antis (m) donum, i (n) munus, eris (n) puella, ae (f) do, dare, dedi, datum (1) reddo, ere, reddidi, redditum (3) edo, ere, edidi, editum (3) dedo, ere, dedidi, deditum (3) attribuo, ere, attribui, attributum (3) tenebrae, arum (f.pl) transeo, ire, transii, transitum (irr.) discedo, ere, discessi, discessum (3) redeo, ire, redii (irr.) descendo, ere, descendi, descensum (3) progredior, i, progressus sum (3) ineo, inire, inii, initum (irr.) exeo, exire, exii, exitum (irr.) egredior, i, egressus sum (3) evado, ere, evasi, evasum (3) cedo, ere, cessi, cessum (3)

I go forward, advance I go in, enter I go out 1 go out, disembark I go out, escape 1 go, yield 181

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX gold golden good good-looking grassy greatly, very greed I greet grief, pain I grieve groan, groaning, sigh ground I grow I guard guard guest, host

aurum, i (n) aureus, a, um bonus, a, um formosus, a, um herbidus, a, um magnopere avaritia, ae (f) saluto (1) dolor, oris (m) doleo (2) gemitus, us humus, i (f) cresco, ere, crevi, cretum (3) custodio (4) custos, odis (m/f) hospes, itis (m/f)

hall (main room of house) hand I hand over, hand down hand to hand it happens it happens happy harbour hard, harsh I harm I harm 1 hasten, speed up I have headlong I hear, listen to heavy helmsman, steersman I help help I help I (come to) help

atrium, ii (n) manus, us (f) trado, ere, tradidi, traditum (3) comminus accidit evenit laetus, a, um portus, us (m) durus, a, um laedo, ere, laesi, laesum (3) noceo (2) + Dat maturo (1) habeo (2) praeceps, praecipitis audio (4) gravis, e gubernator, oris (m) adiuvo, are, adiuvi, adiutum (1) auxilium, ii (n) iuvo, are, iuvi, iutum (1) subvenio, ire, subveni, subventum + Dat adsum, esse, adfui (irr.) hic huc dubito (1) celo (1) altus, a, um

1 am here here (to) here I hesitate I hide high

182

GENERAL VOCABULARY highest, top, most important hill himself/herself/itself/themselves 1 hinder his/her/its/their own I hold holy holy honour, distinction honourable hope I hope horse horseman, cavalryman hostage hot hour small house, cottage house, home how? how big? how many? how often? however however, moreover huge huge a hundred hunger I hurry husband husband, wife

summus, a, um collis, is (m) se impedio (4) suus, a, um teneo, ere, tenui, tentum (2) festus, a, um sanctus, a, um honor, oris (m) honestus, a, um spes, spei (f) spero (1) equus, i (m) eques, equitis (m) obses, idis (m/f) calidus, a, um hora, ae (f) casa, ae (f) domus, us (f) quomodo? quantus, a, um? quot? quoties?/quotiens? tamen autem immanis, e ingens, ingentis centum fames, is (f) festino (1) maritus, i (m) coniunx, coniugis (m/f)

I lam if... not, unless, except ill in, on inclined forward, sloping downhill I increase indeed infantry infantryman I inform inhabitant

ego sum, esse, fui (irr.) nisi aeger, ra, rum in + Abi pronus, a, um augeo, ere, auxi, auctum (2) enimvero pedites, um (m.pl) pedes, itis (m) certiorem facio, ere, feci, factum (3) incola, ae (m/f)

183

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX injustice inside, within instruction into, on to island, block offlats (made of) ivory

iniuria, ae (f) intra + Acc mandatum, i (n) in + Acc insula, ae (f) eburneus, a, um

journey I jump down

iter, itineris (n) desilio, ire, desilui, desultum (4)

keen, fierce (of battles or contests) 1 am keen on I keep back, retain I keep safe I kill I kill I kill what kind of? in a kindly way king kingdom kiss knee I know I do not know

acer, acris, acre studeo (2) + Dat retineo, ere, retinui, retentum (2) conservo (1) interficio, ere, interfeci, interfectum (3) neco (1) occido, ere, occidi, occisum (3) qualis? benigne rex, regis (m) regnum, i (n) osculum, i (n) genu, us (n) scio (4) nescio (4)

Hack ladder lady land, earth land, ground, earth lands, jields large, great large, spacious, great late I laugh I lead out I lead, guide leader, chief, emperor leader, commander, guide leaf I learn I leave (behind)

careo (2) + Abi scala, ae (f) matrona, ae (f) tellus, uris (f) terra, ae (f) arva, orum (n.pl) magnus, a, um amplus, a, um sero rideo, ere, risi, risum (2) educo, ere, eduxi, eductum (3) duco, ere, duxi, ductum (3) princeps, principis (m/f) dux, ducis (m/f) folium, ii (n) disco, ere, didici (3) relinquo, ere, reliqui, relictum (3)

184

GENERAL VOCABULARY legion less letter letter (of the alphabet) letter, dispatch lie I lie (down) life I lift, raise, remove light light, eye like like line of battle lion a little I live I live in, dwell long for a long time look after I look at I look at, watch I look for, ask for loot, plunder lot I love, like lucky, happy

legio, onis (f) minus epistola, ae (f) littera, ae (0 litterae, arum (f.pl) mendacium, ii (n) iaceo (2) vita, ae (f) tollo, ere, sustuli, sublatum (3) lux, lucis (f) lumen, inis (n) more + Gen similis, e + Dat acies, ei (0 leo, leonis (m) paulo/paulum vivo, ere, vixi, victum (3) habito (1) longus, a, um diu curo (1) aspicio, ere, aspexi, aspectum (3) specto (1) quaero, ere, quaesivi, quaesitum (3) praeda, ae (f) sors, sortis (0 amo (1) felix, icis

maid, female slave man, husband manliness, courage many very many, most I march, fight market-place, forum marriage marsh master (of the house) meadow meanwhile meanwhile I (run to) meet merchant messenger, message

ancilla, ae (f) vir, viri (m) virtus, utis (0 multi, ae, a plurimi, ae, a contendo, ere, contendi (3) forum, i (n) matrimonium, ii (n) palus, udis (f) dominus, i (m) pratum, i (n) interea interim occurro, ere, occurri (3) + Dat mercator, oris (m) nuntius, ii (m)

185

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX

(by) much murder, slaughter my

medius, a, um mille passus mens, mentis (f) animus, i (m) pecunia, ae (f) monstrum, i (n) luna, ae (f) magis plures, ium mater, matris (f) conscendo, ere, conscendi, conscensum (3) mons, montis (m) moveo, ere, movi, motum (2) commoveo, ere, commovi, commotum (2) multo caedes, is (f) meus, mea, meum

name near nearest, next nearly, almost neighbouring neighbouring neither... nor neither... nor never new by night night nine ninth no no longer nobody nor, and... not not not not even ... not yet nothing now, already nowhere

nomen, inis (n) prope + Acc proximus, a, um paene finitimus, a, um vicinus, a, um nec ... nec neque ... neque numquam/nunquam novus, a, um noctu nox, noctis (f) novem nonus, a, um nullus, a, um non iam nemo (Acc. neminem) nec/neque haud non ne... quidem nondum nihil iam nusquam

middle a mile mind, reason, intellect mind, spirit, courage money monster moon more (adverb) more (adjective) mother I mount, ascend, embark mountain I move I move, disturb

186

GENERAL VOCABULARY / obey I obtain I obtain I obtain, get, gain often old man old, ancient once (upon a time) at once, immediately one only I open opinion opportunity opportunity or oracle I order I order, give commands to the other (of two) other, another the others, the rest our outside over, above I overcome, defeat I overwhelm I owe, ought to ox, cow

pareo (2) + Dat comparo (1) nanciscor, i, nactus sum (3) impetro (1) saepe senex, senis (m) antiquus, a, um olim statim unus, a, um modo aperio, ire, aperui, apertum (4) sententia, ae (f) facultas, atis (f) occasio, onis (f) vel oraculum, i (n) iubeo, ere, iussi, iussum (2) impero (1) + Dat alter, era, erum alius, a, ud ceteri, ae, a noster, nostra, nostrum extra +Acc super + Acc supero (1) opprimo, ere, oppressi, oppressum (3) debeo (2) bos, bovis (m/f)

pace, footstep palace I am in a panic pardon part pay peace people, populace I persuade

passus, us (m) regia, ae (f) trepido (I) venia, ae (f) pars, partis (f) stipendium, i (n) pax, pacis (f) populus, i (m) persuadeo, ere, persuasi, persuasum (2) + Dat sus, suis (m/f) misericordia, ae (f) locus, i (m) campus, i (m) consilium, ii (n)

pig pity place, spot, position plain plan, advice 187

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX / play pleasant I please pleasing (to) plenty poet poison poop, stern, ship poor 1 pour, rout power powerful I praise I pray prayers 1 prefer I prepare I pretend I prevent price priest, priestess prison prisoner I promise I promise promise, treaty I protect protection, garrison proud I provoke, anger I punish punishment 1 put, place

ludo, ere, lusi, lusum (3) iucundus, a, um placeo (2) + Dat gratus, a, um + Dat copia, ae (f) poeta, ae (m) venenum, i (n) puppis, is (f) pauper, eris fundo, ere, fudi, fusum (3) potestas, atis (f) potens, potentis laudo (1) precor (1) preces, precum (f.pl) malo, malle, malui (irr.) paro (1) simulo (1) prohibeo (2) pretium, ii (n) sacedos, otis (m/f) career, eris (n) captivus, i (m) polliceor (2) promitto, ere, promisi, promissum (3) foedus, eris (n) protego, ere, protexi, protectum (3) praesidium, ii (n) superbus, a, um lacesso, ere, lacessivi, lacessitum (3) punio (4) supplicium, ii (n) pono, ere, posui, positum (3)

queen quick, fast quickly

regina, ae (f) celer, eris, ere celeriter

it rains rampart rather I ravage, lay waste I reach, arrive at I read, pick, choose

pluit vallum, i (n) potius vasto (1) advenio, ire, adveni, adventum (4) lego, ere, legi, lectum (3) 188

GENERAL VOCABULARY really, truly I receive, welcome I accept, receive I reign I reject I rejoice relying on remaining remarkable, distinguished remembering, mindful of I repair, refresh I reply

I retreat I return reward rich riches, wealth right it is right for right hand right up to, as far as I rise 1 rise up I rise up rivalry river robber robber, pirate rough I rouse, stir up, incite rower, oarsman I rule I run 1 rush

revera accipio, ere, accepi, acceptum (3) recipio, ere, recepi, receptum (3) regno (1) repudio (1) gaudeo, ere, gavisus sum (2) fretus, a, um + Abi reliquus, a, um insignis, e memor, oris + Gen reficio, ere, refeci, refectum (3) respondeo, ere, respondi, responsum (2) fama, ae (f) resisto, ere, restiti (3) +’Dat opes, opum (f.pl) requiesco, ere, requievi, requietum (3) pedem refero, referre, rettuli, relatum me recipio regredior, i, regressus sum (3) praemium, ii (n) dives, itis divitiae, arum (f.pl) dexter, tra, trum oportet dextra, ae (f) usque ad + Acc surgo, ere, surrexi, surrectum (3) exorior, iri, exortus sum (4) orior, oriri, ortus sum (4) contentio, onis (f) flumen, inis (n) latro, onis (m) praedo, onis (m) asper, era, erum incito (1) remex, igis (m) rego, ere, rexi, rectum (3) curro, ere, cucurri, cursum (3) ruo, ere, rui (3)

sacred, holy sad sad

sacer, sacra, sacrum maestus, a, um tristis, e

reputation, rumour, fame I resist resources, wealth I rest

1 retreat

189

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX tutus, a, um salus, utis (f) navigo (1) nauta, ae (f) vela, orum (n.pl) causa + Gen idem, eadem, idem simul arena, ae (f) servo (1) dico, ere, dixi, dictum (3) vix spargo, ere, sparsi, sparsum (3) ludus, i (m) magister, tri (m) explorator, oris (m) scriba, ae (m) mare, maris (n) pontus, i (m) sedes, is (f) secundus, a, um furtim video, ere, vidi, visum (2) peto, ere, petivi, petitum (3) videor, eri, visus sum (2) comprehendo, ere, comprehendi, comprehensum (3) occupo (1) ipse, ipsa, ipsum vendo, ere, vendidi, venditum (3) senatus, us (m) curia, ae (f) senator, oris (m) patres (m.pl) mitto, ere, misi, missum (3) arcesso, ere, arcessivi, arcessitum (3) accendo, ere, accendi, accensum (3) proficiscor, i, profectus sum (3) navem solvo instituo, ere, institui, institutum (3) septem septimus, a, um complures, ium umbra, ae (f) pudet forma, ae (f)

safe safety, health I sail sailor sails for the sake of the same at the same time sand I save, keep safe 1 say, tell scarcely I scatter, sprinkle school, game schoolmaster scout scribe, secretary sea sea seat second, following, favourable secretly, stealthily I see I seek, ask, look for, make for, attack I seem I seize I seize -self (emphatic pronoun) I sell senate senate-house senator senators 1 send I send for, summon I set on fire, inflame I set out I set sail I set up, establish seven seventh several shade, shadow, ghost it shames shape, beauty

190

GENERAL VOCABULARY / sharpen sheep shepherd she-wo If I shine, am bright ship shore, coast shore, coast shoulder I shout I shout out, scream shout, cry I show I show I show, offer shower (of rain) I shut, close side, flank sign, signal, standard I am silent silver, money since I sing I sing sister I sit six sixth skill, art sky, heaven slave I sleep sleep I slip, fall slowly smaller I snatch away I snatch, seize it snows so great/large so many so often so, such a (+ other adjectives/adverbs) soldier some sometimes

acuo, ere, acui, acutum (3) ovis, is (f) pastor, oris (m) lupa, ae (f) niteo (2) navis, is (f) litus, oris (n) ora, ae (f) umerus, i (f) clamo (1) exclamo (1) clamor, oris (m) monstro (1) ostendo, ere, ostendi, ostentum (3) praesto, are, praestiti, praestitum (1) imber, imbris (m) claudo, ere, clausi, clausum (3) latus, eris (n) signum, i (n) taceo (2) argentum, i (n) quoniam cano, ere, cecini, cantum (3) canto (1) soror, oris (f) sedeo, ere, sedi, sessum (2) sex sextus, a, um ars, artis (f) caelum, i (n) servus, i (m) dormio (4) somnus, i (m) labor, labi, lapsus sum (3) lente minor, oris abripio, ere, abripui, abreptum (3) rapio, ere, rapui, raptum (3) ningit tantus, a, um tot toties/totiens tam miles, itis (m/f) nonnulli, ae, a interdum

191

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX

I survive, am left over sweet I swim sword

filius, ii (m) carmen, inis (n) mox simul ac/atque parco, ere, peperci, parsum (3) + Dat loquor, i, locutus sum (3) hasta, ae (f) pilum, i (n) celeritas, atis (f) aspergo, inis (f) exploro (1) sto, stare, steti, statum (1) aquila, ae (f) virga, ae adhuc saxum, i (n) desisto, ere, destiti, destitum (3) tempestas, atis (f) hiems, hiems (f) fabula, ae(f) advena, ae vires, ium (f.pl) firmo (1) percutio, ere, percussi, percussum (3) validus, a, um vehementer talis, e subito patior, pati, passus sum (3) idoneus, a, um supplex, icis num? nonne? cingo, ere, cinxi, cinctum (3) circumvenio, ire, circumveni, circumventum (4) supersum, esse, superfui (irr.) dulcis, e nato (1) gladius, ii (m)

table tail I take I take by storm

mensa, ae (f) cauda, ae (f) sumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptum (3) expugno (1)

son song, poem soon as soon as I spare I speak, talk spear spear, javelin speed spray I spy out, reconnoitre I stand standard, eagle stick, stake, rod still stone, rock I stop, cease storm, weather storm, winter story, play stranger, foreigner strength I strengthen, encourage I strike, hit strong strongly, forcibly, violently such a suddenly 1 suffer, allow suitable suppliant surely... not? surely? I surround I surround

192

GENERAL VOCABULARY capio, ere, cepi, captum (3) aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatum (irr.) ingenium, ii (n) doceo, ere, docui, doctum (2) lacrima, ae (f) divello, ere, divelli, divulsum (3) narro (1) templum, i (n) decem tabernaculum, i (n) decimus, a, um gratias ago, ere, egi, actum (3) + Dat iste, ista, istud ille, illa, illud deinde ibi illuc igitur itaque exilis, e res, rei (f) puto (1) reor, reri, ratus sum (2) arbitror (1) tertius, a, um hic, haec, hoc is, ea, id spina, ae (f) mille filium, i (n) minor (1) tres limen, inis (n) fauces, ium (f.pl) per + Acc iacio, ere, ieci, iactum (3) abicio, ere, abieci, abiectum (3) obligo (1) vincio, ire, vinxi, vinctum (4) tempus, oris (n) fessus, a, um adeo ut ad + Acc

/ take, catch, capture I take/carry away talent, ability I teach tear I tear away I tell (a story) temple ten tent tenth I thank, give thanks to

that (of yours), he, she, it, the defendant that, he, she, it then, next there (to) there therefore therefore thin, slender thing, matter, affair, situation I think I think I think, judge third this, he, she, it this, that, he, she, it thorn a thousand thread I threaten three threshold, doorway throat through I throw I throw away I tie up, bandage I tie, bind time tired to such an extent (in order) to, that, as to, towards 193

LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX today tomorrow too little too much tooth tower townsfolk town traitor traveller treacherous tree tribe tribe, race, type, kind trick troops, forces true truly, really 1 trust I try / turn 1 turn away twins two

hodie cras parum nimis dens, dentis (m) turris, is (f) oppidani, orum (m.pl) oppidum, i (n) proditor, oris (m) viator, oris (m) perfidus, a, um arbor, oris (f) gens, gentis (f) genus, eris (n) dolus, i (m) copiae, arum (f.pl) verus, a, um vero confido, ere, confisus sum (3) + Dat conor (1) verto, ere, verti, versum (3) averto, ere, averti, aversum (3) gemini, orum (m.pl) duo, duae, duo

under under (if implying motion towards) I undergo I understand

unharmed, safe I untie, loosen until 1 use I am used to useful

sub + Abi sub + Acc subeo, ire, subii (irr.) intellego, ere, intellexi, intellectum (3) incolumis, e solvo, ere, solvi, solutum (3) donec utor, uti, usus sum (3) + Abi soleo, ere, solitus sum (2) utilis, e

in vain valley very (much) very (much) very great/large, greatest, largest I visit voluntarily, of one’s own accord

frustra vallis, is (f) maxime valde maximus, a, um viso, ere, visi, visum (3) sponte

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GENERAL VOCABULARY plaustrum, i (n) exspecto (1) maneo, ere, mansi (2) ambulo (1) murus, i (m) vagor (1) erro (1) cupio, ere, cupivi, cupitum (3) volo, velle, volui (irr.) nolo, nolle, nolui (irr.) bellum, i (n) moneo (2) lavo (1) tueor, eri, tuitus sum (2) unda, ae (f) cera, ae (f) modus, i (m) via, viae (f) sic nos telum, i (n) taedet bene valeo (2) notus, a, um quid? cum ubi quando? unde? quo? ubi? num uter? quod quam dum verber, eris (n) qui, quae, quod quis? totus, a, um cur? scelestus, a, um latus, a, um uxor, oris (f) concilio (1)

wagon, can I wait for I wait, remain I walk wall 1 wander I wander, make a mistake I want, desire I want, wish I do not want, am unwilling, refuse war I warn, advise I wash I watch over, guard, protect wave wax way, method, rhythm way, road, path in this way, thus we, us weapon, dart, spear, javelin it wearies well I am well, am strong well-known, famous what? when, since when, where when? where from? where to? where? whether, if which (of two)? which, because which, than, how while, until whip, lash, blow who, which who? whole why? wicked wide wife I win over

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LATIN: A CLEAR GUIDE TO SYNTAX wind wine wise (together) with without witness witty wolf woman woman women’s I wonder at, admire wonderful, amazing wood, forest word work I work work worry, care, anxiety worst, very bad worthy (of) I wound wound wretched, miserable I write

ventus, i (m) vinum, i (n) sapiens, entis cum + Abl sine + Abl testis, is (m/f) lepidus, a, um lupus, i (m) femina, ae (f) mulier, eris (m) muliebris, e miror (1) mirus, a, um silva, ae (f) verbum, i (n) labor, oris (m) laboro (1) opus, operis (n) cura, ae (f) pessimus, a, um dignus, a, um +Abl vulnero (1) vulnus, eris (n) miser, misera, miserum scribo, ere, scripsi, scriptum (3)

year yearly, every year yesterday you (referring to one person) you (referring to more than one person) young man your (referring to one person) your (referring to more than one person)

annus, i (m)s quotannis heri tu vos iuvenis, is (m) tuus, a, um vester, vestra, vestrum

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