Jewish Journalism and Printing Houses in the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey 9781617199097, 1617199095

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Jewish Journalism and Printing Houses in the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey

Analecta Isisiana: Ottoman and Turkish Studies

A co-publication with The Isis Press, Istanbul, the series consists of collections of thematic essays focused on specific themes of Ottoman and Turkish studies. These scholarly volumes address important issues throughout Turkish history, offering in a single volume the accumulated insights of a single author over a career of research on the subject.

Jewish Journalism and Printing Houses in the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey

Edited by Gad Nassi

1 The Isis Press, Istanbul

gorgiaS preSS 2010

Gorgias Press LLC, 954 River Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA www.gorgiaspress.com Copyright © 2010 by The Isis Press, Istanbul Originally published in 2001 All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of The Isis Press, Istanbul. 2010

ISBN 978-1-61719-909-7

Printed in the United States of America

On Sabbath, September 6, 1986, 23 worshippers lost their lives in a terrorist attack at Neve Shalom Synagogue in Istanbul. They paid the ultimate price for their devotion to the Jewish heritage. This book is dedicated to their sacred memory.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface by Rifat N. Bali

9

Foreword and Acknowledgements by Gad Nassi

11

Avner Levy, The Jewish Press in Turkey

13

Gad Nassi, Synoptic List of Ottoman-Turkish-Jewish

and Other

Sephardic Journals

29

Yaron Ben-Na'eh, Hebrew Printing Houses in the Ottoman Empire

73

Gad Nassi, Amplified Glossary of Book Printing

97

Rifat N. Bali, A Bibliography of Works on Journalism and Book Printing in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey

115

Illustrations

131

PREFACE

By the first half of the twentieth century, the use of the Judeo-Spanish and Hebrew languages as traditional means of communication on all levels, written and spoken, had come to an end among the Jews of Turkey. This turn heralded the decline of a heretofore-vivid awareness of a spiritual heritage that sustained them throughout their long tumultuous history, since their expulsion from the Iberian Peninsula and throughout their settlement in the new Ottoman homeland. The printing and journalistic activity of Jews in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey is the main pillar of this all-but-dimmed cultural heritage. In our opinion, neither proper appreciation of that heritage nor the proper integration of our Jewish identity is possible without an in-depth understanding of this prolific activity. This work, shedding light on one of the most central and least explored chapters in the history of Jewish intellectual creativity, contributes groundbreaking material invaluable for anyone who seeks to recapture the purport of this heritage. The bibliography on works concerning journalism and book printing in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey, though by no means complete, was compiled over many years. I hope that it will in the future be expanded and emerge in a more comprehensive form. The book is the achievement of several people who worked in a spirit of dedication and collective responsibility. I would like to express my gratitude to each one of them and to underscore the contribution of my friend Gad Nassi who initiated the project, and over the years edited it and steered it to publication.

Rifat N. Bali

FOREWORD AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal opened a new era in Jewish history in general, and in Jewish life in the Ottoman Empire in particular. In the wake of mass emigration to the lands under Ottoman rule, large, thriving communities were formed in the major cities of the Empire, and Ottoman Jewry soon assumed a leading role in Jewish spiritual and social life worldwide. In the 16th and 17th centuries, these communities were characterized by a revival of a national consciousness, unequaled since the Golden Age in the Iberian Peninsula. This revival found expression in vigorous activity in Jewish printing and, later, in journalistic activity. This activity bears testimony to a determined collective effort to preserve Jewish identity in the face of challenges posed by new socio-political conditions, while memories of past persecutions were still alive. Throughout its history, Turkish Jewry was affected by many political, social, and cultural upheavals. The printed books and journals provide us with significant information about the impacts of these upheavals on the Jews of Turkey in their long historical course to the present. Furthermore, they offer a valuable source of insight into the Jewish heritage of Ottoman lands. I hope that this work, the first to appear in English on the subject of Jewish printing and journalism in Turkey, will promote interest and scholarship in these areas among a larger lay and academic public. Without access to the archives of the Ben-Zvi Memorial Institute, we could not have expanded the list of journals to its final dimensions. To Miriam Cohen, Director of the Institute's Library, I express my appreciation for her kind co-operation. The names of many individuals who devoted themselves to Jewish printing and journalism in Turkey have vanished from memory. They are the unknown heroes of an endless struggle for spiritual survival. My heartfelt hope is that this work will contribute to drawing due attention to their endeavours and achievements, and be a tribute to their memory. In our Synoptic List of journals we have also included as many relevant journals we could of Sephardim around the world, up to the present. We acknowledge the fact that this work does not include the entire body of publications. Although this never was within the scope of this effort, we apologize for any important omissions.

12

FOREWORD

AND

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This project could not have been realized without the expert and generous cooperation of Avner Levy and Yaron B e n - N a ' e h , w h o patiently waited for long years for the publication of their research. I wish to express my gratitude to them, as well as to Rebecca T o u e g , w h o translated their articles f r o m Hebrew to English. Thanks also to Rachel A . Bortnick f o r translating into English the Glossary concerning book printing, for revising the final English version of this work, and for providing additional information. I am grateful to Meir Tzaritzky for his help in finding the meanings of certain entries of the Glossary on book printing, to Rabbi Eliyahu C o h e n w h o elucidated certain religious terms, and to Efrat Abravayah f o r her general assistance and particularly for her help in building up the list on journalistic publications. Many other people also helped in one way or another in the preparation of this work. T o them, too, I express my recognition. My deepest thanks to Rifat N. Bali f o r building the bibliographical list concerning the topics of this book, for providing me with material f r o m his archives and for his assiduous efforts to effectuate the publication of this work.

Gad Nassi

THE JEWISH PRESS IN TURKEY Avner Levy

Avner Levy was born in Izmir in 1942 and graduated there from the Kar§iyaka High School. During the years 1963-64 he served in the Turkish army as a reserve officer, and in 1968 he emigrated to Israel. In 1983 he received his Ph. D. from the Hebrew University. His subjects of study and research are: Ottoman and Turkish History, Language and Literature; the History, Language and Culture of the Turkish Jews; the History of Palestine and Jerusalem. He teaches at the Hebrew University Institute of Asian and African Studies. His book Turkiye

Cumhuriyeti'nde

Yahudilerin

Hukuki

ve Siyasi

Durumlari

(fleti§im yayjnlari Istanbul 1996) narrates the history of the Jews of Turkey in the years 1923-1945. He is married, has four children and he lives in Jerusalem.

La Buena Esperansa. Title pages of the special edition of the journal for the 25th year of its publication. Izmir, 1896. [By courtesy of the Ben Zvi Institute, Jerusalem] (For other illustrations see supra, pp. 131-140)

15 HISTORICAL REVIEW In our historical review of the journalistic history of Turkish Jewry, preference will be given to chronological divisions in accordance with the characteristics of each period.

a. The Early Experimental Period:

¡842-1871

This period will be dealt with by referring to the position held by Jewish journalism in Turkey within the framework of Turkish journalism on the one hand and of Jewish journalism in general in the other. The first Jewish journal in Turkey was La Buena Esperansa (The Good Hope) edited by Raphael Uziel. As far as can be estimated it appeared in Izmir during the years 1842/43. Since no issue of this journal remains extant, we cannot provide further details. However, we can state that until that time all journals published in Turkey or in the Middle East were either official government publications or were of foreign ownership. Therefore this was the first private, local journal in Turkey. As the editor himself stated in his next journal which began publication in 1845, he could not continue bringing out this first one because of financial difficulties. It is not improbable that this journal was part of the response made by World Jewry to the infamous Damascus blood libel of 1840 which was undoubtedly a turning point in the modern history of the Jewish people. The fact is that, prior to the blood libel, there were nine Jewish journals appearing in five countries, while five years later there were thirty-four journals in twelve countries. The very first Jewish journal known to us was La Gazette de Amsterdam published by the Spanish Jews of Amsterdam who were related to the Turkish Jews, while the first Jewish journal in the Orient that we known of was La Buena Esperansa. If this was indeed the very first one to appear among the Jews in the Balkan countries, the Near East, and in Asia and Africa, it should be easy to assess what a great loss it is that not a single copy of this historic journal has survived. The journal Sha'arey Mizrah (in Hebrew "Gates of the East"), 1845, the second one to be published by Raphael Uziel of Izmir, was a bi-weekly publication that appeared for about a year and was also discontinued for lack of funds.

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In 1853, against the background of the Crimean War, the Ladino language journal Or Israel edited by Leon Hayim de Castro appeared in Constantinople, and it continued to do so for a period of about two years. Protestant missionaries in Constantinople published a journal in SpanishLadino called El Manadero (Spanish "The Spring") which continued to appear for a long period of time. In 1860, Yehazkel Gabbay Effendi established the journal El Journal de Israel in Constantinople which continued to appear with a change in title for nearly seventy years, and therefore became the first to attain a measure of success. In 1864, Ezra Benveniste founded the Ladino-Hebrew journal El Progreso Israelii in Paris for the benefit of Turkish Jews, apparently because he was not given permission to publish it in Turkey by the Turkish government which was then far from liberal. This journal did not continue publication for very long, nor did other journals which appeared for similar reasons in Vienna and which were published by Joseph Calvo and Shem-Tov Semo in addition to a few others in Salónica such as El Lunar by Yehuda Nehama and Selanik by J. Uziel. This was the period of the early pionneers in journalistic publication, but they failed in their attempts because of the lack of readers. It seems that they sold fewer than a hundred and fifty copies per issue which was the amount necessary to maintain the existence of a journal in those days. Journals were sold solely to subscribers and did not as yet contain any advertisements. The only journal which managed to maintain itself was able to do so because its publisher Yehazkel Gabbay was a wealthy businessman.

b. The Period of Establishment:

1871-1908

The journal La Buena Esperansa which was founded by Aharon Hazan in 1871 opens this period. In the f ollowing year El Tyempo founded by H. Carmona made its appearance and was later to become known as the journal edited by David Fresco. These two journals appeared for several decades and were noted for their level of high seriousness and their advocacy of social progress. During this period Salónica also became an important centre of Jewish journalism. Among the journals worthy of particular note are La Epoca, edited by Bezalel Sa'adiah Halevi, which began publication in 1879 and El Avenir, edited by David Yitzhak Florentin, which was founded in 1897. Many other journals were started during this period and continued to appear simultaneously for decades. This indicates that a radical change had occurred in the reading habits of tin; general public. Side by side with talented, hard-

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working journalists there was also a wide public for whom the "journal" or "newspaper", began to play an important role in their daily lives. At the same time, journalistic advertisement was gradually adopted, and the publications began to be richer and more varied in content, and for the first time showed indications of ideological trends.

c. The Period of Flowering:

1909-1914

The Young Turks revolution and the abolition of censorship which had been imposed during the preceding reign of Abdul Hamid II, allowed Jewish journalism to flourish as never before. Within the space of one year the number of Jewish journals appearing in izmir jumped from five to eleven. In Jerusalem, four journals made their debut in one year, and in Salonica and Constantinople the number of Jewish journals doubled. In that atmosphere of liberty and free debate, there also appeared certain Zionist and socialist journals such as Avanti (Italian "Forward")* by Albert Benaroya of Salonica which propagated socialist ideas and the Zionist journals: El Imparsyal ("The Impartial") of K. Sanji and El Judyo ("The Jews") of David Elnecave. Humanistic and satirical journalism also flourished during this period. War broke out in Tripoli and the Balkans in the final years of this period, followed by the First World. The Ottoman Empire crumbled, and as a result the large Spanish Jewish community also began to separate into relatively smaller communities: those of Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and Turkey. Although Jewish journals became more localized because of the new political boundaries, many new journalistic centres established, especially in Bulgaria and Serbia, which broke off from the main centers of Salonica and Istanbul.

d. The Period of Decline:

1914-1922

From his date onward we are dealing only with Turkey proper. During the First World War, because of wartime conditions and censorship, the number of journals decreased while those that continued to appear reduced the number of pages and lowered the frequency of publication. They furthermore contained little more than official reports on the progress of the war and information which did not have anything of a sensitive nature. For Turkey, the state of war continued until 1922 when it re-emerged as a small independent national state.

Note: It is interesting to note that this journal, published in Ladino, had an Italian name. This most likely indicates the d e g r e e to which Italian i n f l u e n c e had penetrated the political and intellectual circles in Salonica.

18 e. The Period of Silence:

AVNER

LEVY

1922-1948

This was the period in which Jewish journals gradually disappeared. Beginning in Izmir and then in Edirne, all Jewish journals ceased publication, leaving Istanbul as the only center with limited journalistic activity. This period of cultural integration within Turkish society was thus reflected in the Jewish press. Important, long-standing journals such as El Tyempo and El Telegrafo disappeared in the early thirties. Yitzhak Algazi's La Boz de Oriente ("Voice of the East") was far from being a worthy successor to such journals. Owing to practical considerations, this weekly journal became a monthly, and concerned itself with news about high society life. La Boz de Tiirkiye (The Voice of Turkey), La Tyenda de Yaakov, could not achieve much because of the new regime.

f . The Final Flowering:

1948-

With the transition to democratic, multi-party rule in Turkey in 1946, Jewish journalism revived. §abat was founded at first, and immediately afterwards §alom, Or Yeuda and Atikva. L'Étoile du Levant was also established in July 1948. This was once more a journalism of pride and self-confidence, championing the cause of the Jewish community. But this period did not last very long. After the mass migration of Turkish Jewry to Israel, the number of Jews was greatly diminished and also, naturally, that of the Jewish reading public. Many of those working in the field of journalism had also emigrated; for example, La Verdad of Tel Aviv was simply the continuation of Or Yeuda of Istanbul. The journal Çalom is all that now remains of active Jewish journalism in Turkey, and its appearance has been discontinued several times in the past. It is published mainly in the Turkish language and the publishers are a group of young idealists. For the most part, the journal deals with community news and Turkey-Israel relations.

THE JOURNALISTS

In most cases, the Jewish journalist comes from a family which belongs to the intellectual elite. In the early years, the leading journalists had a religious outlook. Although later we find a changeover from a religious to a secular elite, in most instances the Jewish journalist was educated in both Jewish tradition and Western culture. Western education was indicated by their knowledge of the French language, but at the same time they were proficient in Jewish history, religious law and early Jewish literature.

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The Jewish journalist began his career at an early age and spent many years in the pursuit of his profession. He did not limit himself solely to professional journalism, mainly because of the insignificant income it provided. This is particularly true f o r the correspondents who were amateur journalists and supported themselves by engaging in other jobs. Teaching was probably the most obvious field of occupation for the press correspondent, and it should be emphasized here that Turkish Jews excelled in this field. They were employed as teachers and school superintendents not only in local Jewish schools but also in government schools and in the entire Alliance school network, which forced them to move constantly around the country. Besides maintaining contact with their home towns, they sent back news reports on what was occurring in the places to which they were posted to the journals in Istanbul, Izmir and Salonica. Another profession closely linked to journalism was printing. W e have many instances of printing press owners trying to publish their own journal, and vice-versa: i.e. the publisher of a j o u r n a i sets up a printing house and begins handling general printing work. The Jewish journalist did not only report on community matters but was a community activist himself. Like Gad Franco, Aharon Hazar and Yehazkel Gabbay who served as presidents of the community's Executive Committee, many journalists held leading positions in the community. A significant number of journalists had ties to the Alliance Israélite Universelle and represented the Society's viewpoint. Some were activists in the Freemason Order or belonged to the B'nai B'rith organisation.

THE READING PUBLIC

An ever-widening circle of journal readers gradually included those of the lower social levels. From the information at our disposal we can see that in the initial stages circulation reached a hundred and fifty copies, sufficient to justify the journal's existence. During the First World War it grew to an average of six hundred copies, with one of the journals, El Tyempo, reaching a circulation of ten thousand copies. At first there were only men readers, since they alone were taught to read and write. But in time, with the extension of general education to women as well, the journal began to be family-oriented, with women and children among its readership. Gradually we find more and more w o m e n a m o n g the correspondents, as well and even among the editors of journals.

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Journal readers were primarily businessmen who were also community leaders. The first journals gave greater coverage to business concerns such as monetary rates of exchange and the world stock-exchange market. Later the journals were addressed to the general public and economic matters took up far less space in the journal's pages. The prime subject was politics: both in connection with the Jewish community and with the world in general. It should be noted that the spread of general education was accompanied by a development in the means of communication, brought about especially by the telegram. In addition, an ever increasing a m o u n t of e c o n o m i c activity introduced advertising into the journal. In order to attract advertisements, it was necessary to increase circulation. This could only be achieved by maintaining popular and equitable prices and including a variety of topics in the journal. T o sum up, it can be said that initially, the journal, was a novelty, an oddity which interested a select few, but within a few decades, it had acquired a place f o r itself in the daily lives of the population, most of whom were reading at least one journal.

Proliferation of Journals A n y o n e who examines the development of journalism among Turkish Jewry will notice the large number of journals which were published. These can be counted in the hundreds, a disproportionately high number in relation to the Jewish population, which never exceeded two hundred thousand. One of the causes for this proliferation was no doubt the fact that some of these publications were unsuccessful experiments which appeared for only a short time. This was true even during the initial stages of journalism in which a new journal was brought out to replace a previous o n e and not in competition with it. However, at a later stage, there were increasing numbers of journals appearing concurrently. For instance, in Izmir after 1909, when the number of Jewish residents was about twenty thousand, no less than eleven journals were being published (i.e. one journal f o r every three hundred families). In Salonica, twenty journals were being published at the same time, though in Istanbul the number of journals was relatively small. Some of the journals were devoted to specific fields such as economics, literature or humoristic sketches instead of more general interests. There were progressive and conservative journals, those that were pro-Turkish, Zionist or socialist in outlook, and with no special qualifying characteristics.

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Certainly this profusion of journals is commendable as it provided a forum for the expression of various viewpoints and ideologies, and ensured social pluralism. It also indicates that there were a large number of influential activists, hard-working and enterprising individuals who were willing to risk their money for a cause. On the other hand, such a multiplicity betrays in no small measure a state of disunity and separatism within the community which does not always indicate differences in ideology, but rather a divergence of interests. There were power struggles among antagonistic parties, each trying to gain dominance and positions of authority because these ensured control over public funds. The journal could also serve as the mouthpiece of a specific part in opposition to other parties, and attempt to injure its opponents. The most blatant example of this situation is the animosity between El Liberal and El Paradiso in Jerusalem, the former representing those opposed to the Valero family and the latter representing those who supported it.

Community

Settlements

Abroad

At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, there was a significant amount of migration by Turkish Jews overseas. These emigrants published journals in their new areas of settlement, and these journals, both in language and content, were addressed mainly to their own community and to a lesser extent, also to the Jews who still remained in Turkey. Three major centres of emigration settlement were established at different periods: Egypt, Rhodes and the United States of America. The British conquest of Egypt had created favourable conditions for economic activity, at the same time that the oppressive rule of Abdul Hamid II was contributing to the mass emigration of Turkish Jews to this area. Here, the emigrants published a number of journals in Ladino, but these gradually disappeared or were turned into Arabic journals. The conquest of Rhodes by the Italians created a similar situation, and hundreds of Jewish families from Turkey joined the local Jewish community in Rhodes. Among these was Hizkia Franco, editor of the former El Komersyal who published a journal in Rhodes for several years. In the United States of America, La Ermandad Sefaradit and La America appeared for many years, and these journals constitute a documentary history on everything related to the emigration and acculturation of the Turkish Jews in the United States.

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The situation was quite different for those journals in Ladino which were published in Paris or Vienna during the 19th century. These journals did not appear as a result of settlement by Turkish Jews who had emigrated, but were published specifically for circulation among the Jews of Turkey. The reason for their publication abroad was because of difficulties in obtaining a publishing license in Turkey itself. In Palestine, the Old Yishuv can be considered as a separate entity. Among the Sephardim of Palestine who maintained close contact with Turkish Jewry, several journals made their appearance but did not last for long. Some of them became Hebrew journals, using the language which was common to the Jewish population as a whole. In the State of Israel, various journals were published in Ladino or Turkish by the immigrants from Turkey and the Balkan countries. For the first generation of immigrants, all the journals that appeared were in Ladino. La Luz which appeared in Tel Aviv was merely transposed from its original home in Istanbul by its owners who had immigrated to Israel. The immigrants of the 60's and 70's issued journals in the Turkish language.

Language Jewish journals appearing in Turkey were mostly published in Ladino in Rashi script until 1930, and later in Latin letters. Gradually they began to be published in the Turkish language. It is unfortunate that journals which continued to use Ladino did not display a good command of the language. They were not sufficiently aware of its unique identity as a separate language, but treated it as a form of broken Spanish and tried to modify it to conform modern Spanish. By doing so they caused serious injury to a linguistic heritage which had given testimony to the social and cultural history of a people. The linguistic "corrections" made in pronunciation, vocabulary and syntax resulted in the worst specimens of the Ladino language. The only exceptions to this were the earlier journals which appeared before such comparisons were made with Spanish, as well as some of the later journals which had managed to overcome that sense of inferiority based on ignorance and misunderstanding of linguistic processes. The attempted Castilianization of Ladino did not succeed. The people refused to forsake their native tongue, and their authentic spoken language remained unaltered. Those journals which had over-exaggerated their degree of Castilianization were left without readers at all.

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French, which represented progress, was the language of many intellectuals who saw it as a substitute for Ladino. Many attempts were made at bringing out a journal in French, but these either failed or remained very marginal in public interest. The most outstanding example of such a journal is Le Nouvelliste

published by Yakov Algranti, which appeared for two years in

French and then changed to Ladino language. Hebrew, as a religious as well as a national language, had always been used in the journals of Turkish Jews. Of course, there rarely was a journal that was published entirely in Hebrew, but journals in Ladino nearly always had articles or reports given in Hebrew as well. These were mainly concerned with religious interpretation and with Hebrew poetry. Ladino poetry published in the journals was generally mediocre and shallow. In contrast, there were many literary gems among the thousands of Hebrew poems written in traditional modes which appeared in these journals. As opposed to the situation in Turkey proper, Ladino was replaced by Hebrew in Palestine: the Havatselet

in Ladino disappeared while Havatselet in Hebrew

continued to appear for years. Paradiso continued in Hebrew as Pardes and the correspondents of El Liberal later contributed to Doar Hayom. ("Today's Post") Two periods can be noted in the use of the Turkish language: the Ottoman period and the period of the Republic. In Ottoman times the dominant language used by the Jews of Turkey was Ladino. Intellectuals who tried to spread the knowledge of the Turkish language brought out journals such as El Ustad in Turkish with Hebrew letters, or added a page in Turkish to a journal in Ladino such as El

Meserret.

During the period of the Republic, the spoken language of the Jews gradually became Turkish. This was reflected in the journals which used both Turkish and Ladino, and gradually mostly Turkish. The journal §alom

currently appearing in Istanbul, is almost entirely in

Turkish. It is a fact of historic irony that the last generation of immigrants from Turkey to Israel were mainly Turkophones, and that most of their journals which appeared in Israel were in Turkish (e.g. Sesimiz, Dostluk). This after centuries of living in Turkey as Ladino speakers !

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CENSORSHIP One of the most important aspects of Jewish journalism in Turkey is that most of the time the journals were subjected to censorship, whether external or self-imposed. The thirty-two years of Abdul Hamid II's reign were characterized by an extremely paranoiac censorship. For a short while after the revolution by the Young Turks there was freedom of the press, but this was immediately followed by a period of crises and war during which such freedom was denied altogether. For a brief time after the Allied occupation of Turkey, from 1919 to 1922, there was freedom of the press. The period of the Republic, however, can be described as one of radical nationalism. In addition to external censorship, Jewish journalism censored itself and tried not to touch upon sensitive issues. Later, the period of multi-party politics brought freedom of the press, but mass emigration to Israel and the reduction in the number of readers brought about an obvious decline in Jewish journalistic activity. For this reason, Jewish journalism in Turkey can be considered as trustworthy sources of information only for brief periods. Even important internal events in the community were not always reflected in the pages of the journals. In certain matters one must read between the lines and not accept what is written at its face value.

Outstanding Journals Among the many journals that appeared, each possessing its own particular value and importance, there are a few which deserve special mention. The first two journals which are i mportant for being pioneers are La Buena Esperansa and Sha'arey Mizrah both published in Izmir. Of the former we have no issue extant, but the fifteen issues of the latter can all be classified as historical documents. Yosef Da'at of Rabbi Abraham Danon, published in Edirne, is a historical journal which contains extensive material on the history of Turkish Jewry and its culture. El Soytari of Alexandre Bengiyat published in Izmir is a treasure of the Ladino language. El Komersyal, also published in izmir, is specially noted for its high intellectual level, and El Tyempo published in Constantinople is an important journal because of its widespread influence among Turkish Jewry for several decades. El Jurnal Israelii published in Constantinople is the first successful journal which maintained its existence for a period of seventy years under the direction of three generations of the Gabbay family. Shabat marks the beginning of the final period in Turkish Jewish journalism. After decades of journalistic quiescence this journal courageously fought for the welfare of the public.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY A. Jewish journals

in

Turkey

list) In Ottoman Turkish: El Ûstad - Izmir In Turkish: Sava§ - Istanbul ¡§ik - Istanbul El Messeret - Izmir §alom - Istanbul Haftanin Sesi - Istanbul In French: Les Annales - Izmir Le Journal d'Orient - Istanbul La Gazette - Istanbul lstanboul - Istanbul Beyoglou - Istanbul Le Nouvelliste - izmir L'Étoile du Levant - Istanbul Ha me nora - Istanbul In Judeo-Spanish (Ladino): La Buena Esperansa - Izmir El Avenir - Salonica Or Yeuda - Istanbul Or Israel - Istanbul El Enstruktor - Istanbul La Epoca - Salonica El Amigo del Puevlo - Belgrade El Amigo de la Famiya - Istanbul La America - New York Aksyon - Salonica Bayram - Izmir La La La La La La

Vara - Cairo Boz de Oriente - Istanbul Boz de izmir - Izmir Boz de la Verdad - Edirne Boz de Tùrkiye - Istanbul Boz del Puevlo - Izmir

referred

to in this article

(partial

26

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BIBLIOGRAPHY A. Jewish journals

in

Turkey

list) In Ottoman Turkish: El Ûstad - izmir In Turkish: Sava$ - Istanbul I§ik - Istanbul El Messeret - Izmir §alom - Istanbul Hajtanin Sesi - Istanbul In French: Les Annales - Izmir Le Journal d'Orient - Istanbul La Gazette - Istanbul lstanboul - Istanbul Beyoglou - Istanbul Le Nouvelliste - Izmir L'Étoile du Levant - Istanbul Ha me nora - Istanbul In Judeo-Spanish (Ladino): La Buena Esperansa - Izmir El Avenir - Salonica Or Yeuda - Istanbul Or Israel - Istanbul El Enstruktor - Istanbul La Epoca - Salonica El Amigo del Puevlo - Belgrade El Amigo de la Famiya - Istanbul La America - New York Aksyon - Salonica Bayram - Izmir La La La La La La

Vara - Cairo Boz de Oriente - Istanbul Boz de Izmir - izmir Boz de la Verdad - Edirne Boz de Turkiye - Istanbul Boz del Puevlo - izmir

referred

to in this article

(partial

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27

Buletin - Rhodes El Burlon - Istanbul La Verdad - Izmir La Verdad - Tel Aviv El Progreso Israelit - Paris El Jugeton - Istanbul El Chuflete - Istanbul Jurnal Israelit - Istanbul El Dragoman - Vienna Havatselet - Jerusalem El Tyempo - Istanbul El Telegrafo- Istanbul La Tyenda de Yakov - Istanbul El Progreso- Edirne La Luz de Turkiye - Istanbul El Liberal - Jerusalem El Mazalozo - izmir El Manadero - Istanbul El Mundo - izmir Selanik - Salonica El Soytari - Izmir El Paradiso - Jerusalem El Progreso - Istanbul El Komersyal - izmir El Koreo de Viyana - Vienna §abat - Istanbul §alom - Istanbul Sha'arey Mizrah - izmir Atikva - Istanbul La Vera Luz - Istanbul Sahife el Amel - Salonica a four-language journal (Ottoman Turkish, Judeo-Spanish, Greek, Bulgarian) B. Studies. Moshe D. Gaon, Ha-ltonut be-Ladino [in Hebrew]. Tel Aviv 1965. Abraham Galante, La Presse judéo-espagnole mondiale. S.A de Papeterie et d'Imprimerie (Fratelli Haim) Istanbul, 1935. S. Almaliah, "Ha-Sifrut veha-Itonut be Hispanyolit" [in Hebrew], Ha-Shiloah, XXVI, pp. 7-73, 252-260. Nesim Benbanaste, Örneklerle Türk Musevi Basimnin Tarihçesi [in Turkish]. Sümbül Basimevi Istanbul, 1988. Avner Levy, "Ezra Benvenisti " [in Hebrew]. Pe'amim (1984) 3-20. - , "La Vara" [in Hebrew], Pe'amim (1988), 51-64. - , "Ha-ltonut ha-Yeudit be-Izmir" [in Hebrew], Pe'amim (1982), 87-105. —, "Aleksandro Ben Giyat" [in Hebrew]. Moreshet Yeudey Sefarad veha-Mizrah. Jerusalem, 1982. pp. 205-213.

SYNOPTIC LIST OF OTTOMAN-TURKISH-JEWISH AND OTHER SEPHARDIC JOURNALS Gad Nassi

31 ALEXANDRIA LA VIDA DJUDIA Bolletino de la "Asosiasion de los Orientales"

LA VARA Ladino, Rashi Script 1905-1908, Twice per month Abraham Galante Djudios

Published by The Association of Oriental Jews

LA TRIBUNA 1906, Twice per week Isaac Sessana

1928

EL KORREO DJUDIYO 1931 -1932

AMSTERDAM

LA LUZ Ladino, Rashi Script 1907 Moise BenGhiat

ISRAEL French, Hebrew, Arabic 1920-1939

LA GAZETA DE AMSTERDAM Spanish 1674-1699 David De Castro Tartas

BELGRADE EL AMIGO DEL PUEVLO Jnrnal por Novedades Israelitas, Literara i Sinsiya Ladino, Rashi Script 1888-1890, Monthly Samuel B. Eliya, Yaacov Alcalay

HAMEVASER HAIVRI Ladino and French 1924

CAIRO EL MISRAYIM Ladino and Arabic, Rashi Script 1904-1905, Weekly Isaac Carmona EL KLAVO Humoristic Supplement of EL MISRAYIM

L'AUROREW French 1922-1939 Lucien Sciuto

LA VERDAD Rashi Script 1924-1927 Maurice Papushado

CURAÇAO SHEMAH ISRAEL Felleto Dedicado a los Intereses del Culto Hebreo Spanish, Hebrew Script 1864-1865

EDIRNE YOSEF DA'AT EL PROGRESO Ktav Et Ivri ve Sefaradi le Toldot Israel Ladino and Hebrew, Rashi Script 1888-1890, Twice per month Abraham Danon

32 CARMI*2) Ladino and Hebrew, Rashi Script 1881-1882, Monthly Baruch Mitrani

G A D NAS SI DJERÌDEÌ-LÌSANW Turkish and Ladino, Rashi Script 1899 Abraham Leon Ibrahim Nom (Avram Naon), Salamon Moussatchi

LA BOZ DE LA VERDAD Ladino and Hebrew 1911-1922, Twice per month Joseph Barlshak

L'ECHO D'ANDRINOPLE LA BOZ DE EDIRNE Ladino and French, Latin Script 1921-1922 (?), Weekly Nessim Behar

MILLI GAZETE Turkish 1928 Yako Levy

ÌTTÌHAD Turkish and French 1908-1909 Nessim Masliyah, Nesim Russo, Sami Hochberg

MYR'AT*5) 1911, Fornightly Ibrahim Nom (Avram Naon), Isaac Ferrera

DJERÌDEÌ-FELSEFE 1912 Bechor Israel

GIBRALTAR CRONICA ISRAELITA HAMAZKIR 1843 Judah Sarfaty

ISTANBUL SHARKiYE^ Turkish, Hebrew Script 1867

ÌKTÌSADÌYAT MEDJMUASI 1914-1918 Munis Tekinalp (Moise Cohen)

TÙRKÌYE TÌCARET GAZETESÌ Turkish and French 1919-1923, Daily M. Revah

a.) ZAMAN Turkish, Rashi Script 1876 Nessim Niego

GAZETA OR ISRAEL or LA LUZ DE ISRAEL 1853 Leon deHaim Castro

SYNOPTIC

LIST

EL MANADERO La Fuente del Sensya para el Puevlo

OF

JOURNALS

33

EL PROGRESO 1871, Twice per month Bechor M. Molcho

Published by the British Mission 1855-1858, Monthly Moise Pesah 1885-1889

EL SOL R e v i s t a S i y e n t i f i k a i Literarya 1878-1880, Twice per month David Fresco, Marco Mayorcas

Isaac Carmona

JURNAL ISRAELIT EL ISRAELITA 1860-1871, Weekly, later three times per week Yehezkel Gabay, Isaac Gabay DJOHA I DHOHAYIKO (huraoristic supplement) EL NASYONAL 1871-1875 Marco Mayorcas, Moiz Dalmedico, David Fresco EL TELEGRAF, later EL TELEGRAFO 1872-1931, Twice per week Marco Mayorcas, David Fresco, Moise Daledico, Isaac Gabay LA EDISYON DE JUEVES DEL TELEGRAFO Isaac Gabay Thursday supplement, sold separately

SAFAT HAEMET or EL LUZERO 1867- (?) Moise Elie

EL TYEMPO P e r y o d i k o Israelita Politiko, Literaryo, Komersyal i Finansyero 1871-1930, Twice and three times per week Isaac H. Carmona, Mercado Fresco, J. Shaki, Samy Alcabes, Moise DalMedico, David Fresco

EL RADYO DE LUZ Semanal Ilustrado, Siyentifiko, Literaryo Revista S i y e n t i f i k a i L i t e r a r y a 1885, Weekly Victor Levy

EL AMIGO DE LA FAMIYA, Revista Peryodika Ilustrada 1881-1886, Weekly Moiz Dalmedico, David Fresco

EL ENSTRUKTOR Revista S i y e n t i f i k a 1888-1889, Weekly David Fresco

i

Literarya

LA PATRIYA Jurnal Israelita 1898-1930, Three times per week Victor Levy, David Elnekaveh

LA BOZ 1908-1910 Victor Levy

EL BURLON Gazeta Literarya i Umoristiko 1908-1912, Weekly Shmuel H. Mitrani, Nessim Behar

EL DJUDYO< 6 ) Mixed with Hebrew 1909-1930, Weekly David Elnekaveh Published after 1922 in Sofia and Varna

34

GAD

NAS S I

EL DJUGETON Jurnal Humoristiko 1909-1931, Weekly Eliya R. Carmona

LA GAZETTE* 9 ) 1924-1926, Daily Albert Gattenio, Reshit Saffet Atabinen, G. Primi

EL RELAMPAGO Gazeta Djudia Politika Literaria Umoristika 1909-1910, Twice per week Eliya Cohén

LA NATION* 1 0 ) 1919-1922, Weekly Jak Lorya

Libérala

EL TCHUFLETE Semanal Umoristiko 1909, Weekly Leon Aroete

EL GRASYOZO 1910, Weekly Victor Levy

ELKORREO Gazeta Djudia Independente, Politika, Literaria 1911-1912, Three times per ueek Victor Levy

b.)

French

HAMENORA Published by the Bnei Brith's Lodge 1922-1938, Monthly, later Each three months David Marcus

c.) Ladino andlor Turkish, French, Roman Script HUKUKi BILGiLER MECMUASI Turkish and French 1929-1942 Gad Franco

YENÍ FÍKÍR 1941-1942, Every two months Yakim Behar

HÜR ADAM 1930 Nessim Masliyah

L'AURORE(7) 1908-1922, Twice per week, later weekly Lucien Sciuto

LA BOZ DE ORIENTE Journal Politique et Littéraire

LE COURRIER D'ORIENT* 8 ' 1908-1909, Daily Djelal Nuri

Roman and Rashi Script 1931, Twice per week 1934-1939, Monthly Isaac Algazi, Moiz Dalmedico, Leon Israel, Albert Cohen, David Fresco

LE JEUNE T U R C W 1909-1910, 1911-1914, Daily Djelal Nuri, Sami Hochberg, Ahmed Agayeff, Zeev Jabotinsky

LE JOURNAL D'ORIENT* 9 ) 1918-1924, 1926-1971, Daily Albert Karasu

LA PAJINA DEL OSPITAL Supplement of LA BOZ DE ORIENTE 1932

SYNOPTIC

LIST

OF

JOURNALS

LA TYENDA DE YAACOV Gazeta Djudia Liberal Literaria 1931-1933, Weekly Victor Levy

TÜRKÍYE NÍN SESi 1949-1950, Weekly Sami Kohen

LA BOZ DE TÜRKÍYE Revista Politika, Siyentifika, literarya 1939-1949 Albert Cohen

LA VARA Siyasi Içtimai Gazete 1950, Weekly Mo§c Benbasat, Izak Yae§

LA PRESSE 1946 Marcel Shalom

§ABAT Haftalik Siyasi Gazete 1947-1950, Weekly Mo§e Benbasat, Izak Yae§

ATIKVA Haftalik Siyasi Gazete 1947-1948, Weekly Yaakov Kiymaz, Isidore Levy, Sabetay Leon

OR YEUDA 1948, Weekly Izak Yae§, Menahem Madem OR ISRAEL 1949 Izak Yae§, Menahem Madem

L'ÉTOILE DU LEVANT 1948-1958, Weekly Avram Benaroya

MUM*11) Published by Jewish High School Graduates 1948/1965 (?), Rifat Giiller, Robert Sezer, Daniel Yahya

35

LA LUZ 1950-1953 Ilyazer Menda, Robert Bali, Moçe L. Belman, Isaac Misistrano

LA TROMPETA 1951 Rafael Alkaher

LA BOZ 1952-1953 Mo§e L. Belman

LA VERA LUZ Jurnal Semanal Independente 1953-1972, Weekly Ilyazer Menda

LA LUZ DE TURKIYA Hebdomadaryo Politiko Independente 1953-1956, Weekly Robert Bali

EL TIEMPO 1957-1959, Weekly Moçe L. Belman, Isaac Cohen

ARKADA§LIK YURDU BRO§URU Turkish and French Published by Arkadajhk Yurdu Organization 1964-1966 Sami Aji

36

GAD

Ñ A S SI LA ESPERANSA (in the beginning) LA BUENA ESPERANSA (one year later) 1871-1912, Weekly 1914 (1917 ?), Weekly Aharon de Yosef Hazan

SALI SAYFASI Turkish 1993-1996

HAFTANIN SESÍ 1957, Weekly Robert Sezer

BEKLENEN ÍLGÍ 1977-1978, Twice per month Selim Hube§

LA VERDAD Revista Siyentifika i Literarya 1884, Twice per month Alexandre (Bechor) BenGhiat, David BenEzra, Raphael Cori

d.)

EL PROGRESO 1890, Weekly Yaacov Abulafia, Shlomo Eskenazi

Hebrew

HAMEVASER 1909-1911 Aaron Hermoni

e.) Russian

and

EL KOMERSYAL Jurnal Semanal 1906-1909, Weekly Hezkiya Franco, Gad Franco French

LE PIDE 1924, Weekly A. Gurland, J. Neumann

LA BOZ DEL PUEVLO 1908-1919, Twice per week, later weekly Joseph Romano, Isaac Cohen Aryeh, Yaacov Abulafia

IZMIR a.)

Ladino,

EL PREGONERO 1908(9)-1918, Weekly Rabeno Curiel, Isaac Cohen Arieh,

Rashi

Script

LA BUENA ESPERANSA 1842-1846, Weekly Raphael Uziel

SHA'AREY MIZRAH (in the beginnings) PUERTA DEL ORIENTE (later) J u m a l de Notisyas, Komertcho i Avizos Diversas 1846-1847, Twice per month Raphael Uziel Pincherli

BAYRAM Jurnal Politiko, Literaryo i Umoristiko Judeo Espanyol 1909-1911, Twice per month YomTov (Bayram) Abuhav

EL MAZALOZO or, EL KISMET POETA Jurnal de Todos i para Todos Jurnal Siyentifiko i Literario Aparesyando kada Viernes Humoristic supplement in verse of EL MESERRET 1909-1910, Twice per week, later weekly Alexandre BenGhiat

SYNOPTIC

LIST

EL SORSILYO 1910

EL SOYTARI Jurnal para Riir i Burlar 1909-1913 Humoristic supplement of EL MESERRET Alexandre BenGhiat, Mozes BenGiat

OF

JOURNALS

EL GUIYON LE TRAIT D'UNION Revista Mensual, Organo de la Asosyasyon délos Viejos Elevos déla Alians Israelit Universal Published by Alliance graduates 1910-1913, Monthly

d.) Ladino LA BOZ DE ÍZMÍR Jurnal Politiko i Literario 1912-1922, Weekly Bechor Hana, Eliyau B. Luria, Yaacov BenSinyor

SHALOM 1919-1922, Daily Joseph Romano, Elia B. Albagly, Yaacov DeCuriel

and

Turkish

EL MESERRET 1897-1922, Weekly, later daily Mehmet Hulusi, Alexandre BenGhiat

e.) EL LAVORADOR Revista Siyentifika i Literarya 1914, Weekly Elia L. Bechor, Moiz Habib

37

French

LES ANNALES 1914, Weekly Grade! la BenGiat

f.)

Hebrew

HAVERENU 1921-1922, Weekly David Gaon

EL MUNDO 1923-1924, Weekly Ephraim Suhami JERUSALEM a.) b.)

Turkish,

Rashi

Hebrew

Script DIVREY HAYAMIM LE ISRAEZ 1854 Yehosaf Shwarz

ÜSTAD 1888-1890 Moise Fresco

c.) Ladino

(PALESTINE)(12>

and

French

EL NUVELISTA LE NOUVELISTE 1890-1922, Till five times per week, Weekly Yaacov Algrante, Hezkiyah Franco, Gad Franco

MINCHA HADASHA 1856, Yearly Albert Cohen

TORATH TZION 1862, Monthly Arye Leib Horowitz, Yoel Moshe Salomon

38

GAD

NAS S I

HALEBANON 1863-1864, Monthly Yechiel Brill, Michal HaCohen, Yoel Moshe Baharam Salomon

SEFER AMUD HAYIRA VEAMUD HATORA 1879-1886, Monthly Akiva Yosef Schlezinger

HAVATZELETH< 1 3 ) 1863-1864, Monthly Israel Beck, Yossef Rivlin

HATZVI 1884, Weekly Mordechay Edelman

1870-1872, Twice per Month Ladino Ezra Benvenishti

1885-1910, Weekly Eliezer Ben-Yehuda

1872-1911, Weekly Israel Beck, Michal HaCohen Israel D. Frumkin, Eliezer Ben-Yehuda 1877 Yiddish Israel D. Frumkin HAMEASEF Supplement of HAVATZELETH 1896- (?), Weekly Ben-Tzion Avraham Koenka Menachem ShemTov HaCohen, Mordechay Israel, Yitzhak Ashkcnazi HAARIEL 1874-1877, Monthly Michal HaCohen, Avraham Zussmann

YEHUDAH VEYERUSHALAYIM 1877-1878, Twice per month Yoel Moshe Baharam Salomon Issrael D. Frumkin

HAR TZION 1877-1878, Twice per month David Yelin

HATZVI Satirical supplement 1909 Itamar Ben-Yehuda HAMAR-GAMAL Satirical supplement 1909 Itamar Ben-Yehuda HAMEASEF Supplement of HATZVI (?)-1910, Monthly Published later independently tiil 1915 Ben-Tzion Avraham Koenka, Menachem ShemTov HaCohen, Mordechay Israel, Yitzhak Ashkenazi

MEVASERET TZION 1884, Monthly Eiezer Ben-Yehuda

HAMISDARONA 1886-1889, Monthly Haim Hirshenzahen

ARZEY HALEBANON

1886 (?)

YERUSHALAYIM 1878-1879

Shmuel Raphaelovitz

TORATH HAOHEL 1878, Monthly M. Y. Diskin

LUACH LESHNAT TRM"Z 1887 M. Edelman

SYNOPTIC

L I S T OF

JOURNALS

TORAH MITZION 1886-1906, Quarterly Yaacov Orenshtein

LUACH ERETZ ISRAEL 1895-1915, Yearly Avraham Luntz

AHVATH TZION 1888, Quarterly

SEFER GINZEY ISRAEL 1896-1902 Shlomo Aharon Weirtheimer

KOL HATOR 1889 Aharon Levine

SEFER HAOR 1890, Monthly (?) Eliezer Ben-Yehuda HAARETZ 1891 Zeev Yabetz

HAOR 1891-1915, Weekly Eliezer Ben-Yehuda

HAMORIYA 1892, Twice per month Aharon Shlomo Blumenthal

KVUTZATH KONTRASIM 1893 (?) Yitzhak Hirschenzahen

SEFER TZROR HAMOR 1893, Monthly Shmuel Efrayim Titkin

OLAM KATAN 1893-1894, Monthly Ben-Yehuda, Yehuda Gerzovski, David Yudelevitz

EMETH MIERETZ 1894-1896 Yechiel Michal Pines

39

ASHKAFA 1897-1908, Weekly Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, David Yudelevitz, Shlomo Israel Shirizli BET HASEFER Supplement of HASHKAFA concerning Education and Schools 1908, Weekly Eliezer Ben-Yehuda HAIVRI HAKATAN Children's Supplement of HASHKAFA 1908, Weekly

HAIKAR H A Y E H U D l ( 1 4 ) 1897-1901, Weekly Yosef Niego, B. Osovsky, Haim Margalith Kloarisky, Menashe Meirovitz, Y. Bergman

TZION VEYERUSHLEM 1897 Yitzhak BarMichael Badav

KOVETZ OR TORAH 1897-1901, Monthly Avraham Aharon Zonenfeld, Avraham Yochanan Blumenfeld

HIBATH HAARETZ Published by Agudat Yeshuv Aretz Kadosh 1898

40

GAD

HADREY KEDEM Published by Bnei Brith Organisation 1898

HAYADID Published by students of Etz HaHayim Yeshiva 1906 HAOMER 1907 / 1909 Sh. Ben-Tzion, David Yelin

ESHKOLOTH 1907 A. Z. Rabinovitz

HAPOEL HATZAIR Published by Histadrut HaPoalim Halvriim BaAretz 1908-1909 / 1910-1970, Monthly Aharon Turkevitz, Zeev Smilensky, Yosef Aharonovitz

SHOSHANA 1908, Weekly

NITZOTZOTH Published by Agudat HaDor HaTzair 1909

HANIYAR Published by Hovevey HaSifrut Society 1909

LAYEHUDIM 1909-1925, Yearly K. L. Silman

ZAHAV HARETZ 1909, Monthly

NA SSI HAHERUTH 1909-1917, Twice per week, Three times per week, daily Avraham Elmalech, Haim BenAtar

HAMEDAGDEG 1910, Purim issue Avraham Elmalech

MORIAH 1910-1915, Twice, four times per week and weekly Y. Yelin

HAACHDUTH Published by Poalei Tzion Hebrew Social-Democrat Political Party 1910-1915, monthly and weekly Zeev Ashur

HAYEYNU 1911 K. L. Silman, H. BenAtar

ACHSHADERPEN 1911, Purim issue D. BenReshd

HAYABELETH 1912

ZICHRONOTH VAAD HALASHON HAIVRIT BEYERUSHALEM 1912-1928 Yosef Klauzner, Sh. Ben-Tzion, D. Yelin, A. Tzafrani

SEFER HAZIKHARON HAYERUSHALMI 1913 Nachum Dov Frayman

SYNOPTIC

LIST

MAOR DEGEL HATORAH 1913 Avraham BarYosef BenYechieh

REVIVIM 1913-1914 / 1919 Y. H. Brener

OF

JOURNALS

41

b.) Hebrew and Yiddish SHA'AREY TZION Hebrew and Yiddish 1876, Twice per month Hebrew 1877-1885, Weekly Yitzhak Gasstzinny, Haim Peres, Moshe Luntz

ALEY YOM TOV 1913 Kadish Yehuda Silman

HATZAIR 1914 Y. Y. Cohen, M. Ben-Tzvi

BEN HAMETZARIM Published by Poalei Tzion Hebrew Social-Democrat Political Party 1915 Y. Zerubabel

KOL METZION Published by Hevrath Ezrath Nidachim 1883

HASHOFAR Published by Vaad Ezrath Achim 1909 Alter Luzjinsky

HATZAIR Published by Agudath Bnei Tzion 1909

MIINYANEY DEYOMA 1915 Y. Y. Yelin

c.) Yiddish

LEFI SHAAH 1916-1917 Y. Y. Yelin, Moshe David Gross

DER HAYLIGER ANZAYGER 1887-1888, Monthly Haim Eliezer Havizdorf, Yitzhak Gusshtzinni

TRA'V 1916 Yitzhak Yaacov Yelin

DAPIM LEPIUTH VEBIKORETH DAPIM 1916 Dov Kimchy

DER ERETZ ISRAEL YUD 1890, Twice weekly and weekly Shlomo Epshtein, Shmuel Rafaelovitz

HATZVI LEBETH YAACOV 1892-1893, Twice per month Hava Hirshenzon, Haim Hirshenzon, Yitzhak Hirshenzon

42

GAD

DER KOLONIST Yiddish 1893, Twice per Year DER KOLONIST HAIKAR Yiddish and Hebrew 1894-1896, Twice per year Menashe Meirovitz, Avraham Moshe Lunz

SHULAMITH 1911, Weekly Shalom Yermiyah Catz, Haim Goldberg UNZER BRODER 1911-1912, Weekly Sh. E. Titkin

ERETZ ISRAEL BLAT 1912 Alter Luzinsky

DAS LABEN 1912-1913, Monthly Yaacov Winthrob

DAS LAND Published by Poalei Tzion Political Party 1913 Yaacov Winthrob

d.) German JERUSALEM Organ für die Freunde /.ions 1882 Michal HaCohen, Yitzhak Gushtzinni

NA S S I f.) Ladino and Hebrew, Rashi Script MISHOL HACRAMIM 1884, Weekly Baruch Mitrani

HAOSHER EL PROSPERO 1895-1897, Weekly Baruch Mitrani

EL TREZORO DE YERUSHALAYIM 1902-1903, Weekly Moshe A. Azriel

g.) Hebrew, English and German JERUSALEM 1887-1919, Yearly A. M. Luncz

h.) Ladino, Rashi Script LA GUERTA DE FLORES 1894 Yosef Meyohas

LIVRO DE PASA TYEMPO Eskojido de Jurnales i de Livros Istorikos Monthly, 1899-1900 Shlomo Israel Shirizli

KALENDARYO DE YERUSHALEM Monthly, 1901-1914 Ben-Tzion Taragan, Moshe A. Azriel

e.j German, English and French GAZETTE DE JERUSALEM JERUSALEMER ANZEIGER 1882, Weekly A. M. Luncz

EL LIBERAL Organo Nasyonal de la Palestina Twice per week 1909 Moshe A. Azriel, Hayim Ben-Atar, Avraham Elmalech

SYNOPTIC

LIST

OF

JOURNALS

YERUSHALAYIM Revista Siyentifika, Literarya i Umoristika Supplement of EL LIBERAL Four times per month Moshe A. Azriel

I.) French

EL DESKARADO Supplement of EL LIBERAL

m.) Hebrew and, Ladino, English, French, German, Yiddish

Moshe Azriel BenAtar, Abraham Elmaleh, Haim BenAtar,

i.) Hebrew and German SEFER HAYAREACH 1896 Ben Amitai (= Aharon Simcha Blumenthal)

j.) Hebrew, Ladino and Yiddish, Rashi Script

BULLETIN DE LA CHAMBRE DE COMMERCE ET D'AGRICULTURE DE PALESTINE 1909, Monthly

YEDIOTH MIERETZ ISRAEL Published by by the Zionist Administrati Hebrew 1921-1924 Hebrew and, Ladino, English, French, German, Yiddish 1924-1927

K

AVALA

HATZIONUT Organo de la "Agudat Or Tzion" 1915

Ladino issues EL PARADIZO Gazeta Politika, Literarya i Komersyala 1909, Twice per week

KYUSTF.NMÏ

Hebrew issues HAPARDESS 1906, Weekly

LA MILIZINA Jurnal Lokal 1907

Yiddish issues DER PARDESS 1909, Twice per week

LONDON

Shlomo Israel Shirizli, Alter Levin, Haim Michal Michlin

HALEBANON(15> 1886

LOS k.) Hebrew and French SEFER HAMEAMER 1905 / 1912 / 1920 Avraham Moshe Luncz

43

ANGELES

EL MESAJERO Published by Sosiedad Paz i Progreso 1934-1935 Robert Benveniste

44

GAD

MAINZ HALEBANOINK 1 5 ) Hebrew Supplement of DER ISRAEL 1870-1883

MEXICO EL SABADO SECRETO 1889 Elias Abarbanel, David Abarbanel

EL EMIGRANTE 1917, Weekly Albert J. Covo

NEW

YORK

LA AGUILA Ladino, Hebrew Characters 1910

NAS S I LA RENASENSIA Published by the Agudat Zionist Maccabee Organization 1917-1922 Simon S. Nessim, Robert Franco

EL PROGRESO (in the beginning) LA BOZ DEL PUEVLO Jurnal Semiial Djudyo, Dedikado a los Interesos de los Djudyos Sefaradim en Amerika Ladino and English 1915-1919, Weekly Maurice Nessim, Alfred Mizrahi LA EPOCA DE NEW YORK 1919-1920 Maurice Nessim, Alfred Mizrahi

EL KIRBATCH AMERICANO 1917, Weekly Albert J. Levy

EL AMIGO 1918 (?) Albert J. Covo

Moise S. Gadol 1912 Alfred Mizrachi, Behor Hana

LA AMERICA Jurnal Judeo Espanyol Organo de la Komunitad dc la Koloniya Judeo Oryantal de Amerika Ladino and English, Hebrew Characters 1910-1925, Weekly Moise S. Gadol, Moise B. Sulam, Yaacov Farhi, Asher Benveniste, Eliyahu Hanania, Joseph Abulal'ia, Abraham Cohen

LA RENASENSIA 1912

EL PROLETARIO Published by the American Socialist Party 1918

EL ERMANADO Published by the Sephardic Brotherhood of America 1920(?)-1938(?)

LA LUZ 1921-1922, Weekly Simon Nessim, Maurice Ben Rubi, Albert J. Torres

SYNOPTIC

LIST

LA VARA Jurnal Umoristiko Semanal Ladino and English, Hebrew and Latin Characters 1922-1948, Weekly Albert J. Levy, Moise B. Soulam, Maurice Garten (Gattegno), Sam Golden, Albert J. Torres, Joel Halio

EL AMIGO Published by the New York Committee for the Insane Asylum of Salonica 1923(?)-1932(?)

EL LUZERO EL LUZERO SEFARADI Revista Mensuala Ilustrada Ladino, Hebrew Characters 1926-1927, Monthly Albert J. Levy, Albert J. Torres, Moise B. Soulam

EL BOLETINO SEFARDI THE SEPHARDIC BULLETIN A Bulletin for every Sephardic Home Published by the Sephardic Jewish Community of New York Ladino and English, Hebrew and Latin Characters 1928-1930, Monthly Robert Franco, Victor Tarry

EL SOL 1930 (?)

THE SEPHARDIC BULLETIN A Communal and Zionist Organ Dedicated to Sephardic Progress in America Published by former members of the Agudat Zionist Maccabee Organization English 1937-1939, Monthly

OF

45

JOURNALS THE SEPHARDI 1940(?)/1943-1959(?) Joseph M. Papo

ERMANDAD SEFARADIT DE AMERICA Bolletin Annual Yearly, 1915-1931

PARIS EL PROGRESO ISRAELIT El Verdadero Progreso Israaelit Revista Bilinguale, Moral i Komersyal, Siyentifika i Literarya 1864 Ezra Benvenishti

HALEBANON 1865-1870 Yechiel Brill

VIDAS LARGAS Bulletin de l'Association pour le maintien et la promotion de la langue et de la culture judéoespagnoles French, Ladino 1982-1988 Henri Vidal Sephiha

pmijppopou

(pf.avnrv>

EL D I A ( 1 ( ) ) Jurnal Israelito Politiko-Literario 1897-1910 Marco Romano, Yaacov Kalev

SHOFAR 1901 Marco Romano, Yaacov Kalev

46

GAD

N A S SI

HAMISHPATHd") Published later in Sofia 1903 (?)

EL PASATYEMPO Jurnal Literaryio-Umoristiko 1910

RHODES EL BOLETIN Organo Mensual de la Komunidad Israelita Latin Characters Published by the Jewish Community of Rhodes 1935-1937, Monthly Hezkiyah Franco

RUSTCHVK EL AMIGO DEL PUEVLO Organo de Djudaizmo de Bulgaria, Serbia, Romangva Continuation of EL AMIGO 1)11, PUEVLO from Sofia 1890-1902 Published in Sofia, later in Rustchuk

SALON IC A Ladino, Rashi Script EL LUNAR 1865-1867, Monthly Yehudah Nehama

LA EPOCA Revista, Politika, Komersyala i Literarya 1875-1911, Weekly, later Twice per week Sadi HaLevi

GUERTA DE ISTORYA 1890-1894 Sh. Eliezer Bensandji

EL AVENIR Jurnal Politiko, Komersyal i Literaryo 1897-1916, Weekly Moise Aharon Mallach, David Isaac Florentin, Joseph Uziel, Shmuel Recanati EL AVENIR Revista Popular, Suplemento EL AVENIR Supplement of EL AVENIR 1897-1916 M. Malach

EL TREZORO 1893-1894

EL NUEVO AVENIR 1900-1918, Fortnightly David Isaac Florentin

MENORA 1920

LA REVISTA POPULAR Published by "Kadima Organization" 1900-1913, Monthly

NUEVA PALESTINA Organo del Direktorios del "Keren Hayesod" en Bulgaria 1922

de

EL IMPARSYAL 1909-1915, Daily Menachem Molcho, Albert Matarasso, M. Beusaudji

SYNOPTIC

LIST

OF

JOURNALS

LA NASYON Published by "Le Cercle des Intimes" 1909-1913, Weekly

LA BOZ DEL PUEVLO 1914-1924, Fortnightly Isaac D. Florentin

LA TRIBUNA LIBERA Published by "Le Nouveau Club" 1910-1914, Daily D. Matalou, O. Schiaky

LA ESPERANSA HATIKVA Ladino with Supplement in French 1915-1920

EL KIRBATCH Jurnal Semanal Endependente Umoristiko, Liberal 1910-1914, Weekly Moise Levy

LA NASYON 1910-1911

SOLIDARIDAD 1911-1915 H. Amon

OBRADERA

EL LIBERAL Epoca i Emparsyal Reunidos 1912-1920, Daily Albert Matarasso, L. Nifusi, M. BenSandji, A. Matanasso, L. Nifusi

JURNAL DEL LAVORADOR SAHIFE EL AMEL With some Turkish and Bulgarian 1909-1920, Monthly

GUERTA DE HISTORIAS 1910-1913

BIBLIOTEKA De la Famiya Djudia 1911

EL ROMBATE 1913-1918 A. Benaroya

47

EL KONGRESO DJUDIO Published by the Organizers of the Jewish Congress of Salonika (...>-1917(7)

AVANTI^16) Socialist Publication Daily 1911-1935 A. Benaroya

LA TRIBUNA LIBERA Organo del Neevo Klub 1911-1912

EL PROGRESO Published by Bnei-Brith's Lodge 1915-1920 David Matalón, David Boton

EL PUEVLO 1915-1933, Daily M. BenSandji, B. Anditti, E. Veissi

EL PUNTCHON 1911-1924, Weekly Isaac David Florentin

LA NUEVA EPOCA 1912, Daily

48

GAD

NA S S I

LOS MISTERIOS DE LA NATURA Publikasion de Siyensyas Okultas 1913

EL KONSEJERO Rikuzgo Muy Kuriozo de Proverbios Raros i Diversos 1913

EL MARTIYO Jurnal Serio-Umoristikci Semanal Weekly, 1914-1927 A. Peretz

EL ROMBATE Socialist Publication 1914

EL DJUDYO^ 1 6 ) Publikasyon Annual dela Organisyon Mizrahi de Griga Published by "Mizrachi Organisation" 1917-(1935...), Yearly

EL MUEVO KIRBATCH 1918-1923 J. CARASSO

EL BURLON 1918-1922, Weekly Baruch David Bejas

LA LIBERTAD Kotidiano de la Manina 1909-1929, Daily Elie Shemtov Arditti, E. Fransez

EL TIRO Jurnal Seryo-Umoristiko 1914-1915, Weekly A. Barzilai

LA RENESENSYA DJUDIYA< 1 6 ) Magazino de un Grupo de Jovenes Tzionistos Ladino and Greek Published by the "Zionist Federation" 1917-1937

EL KULEVRO Es el Solo Jurnal Kotidiano ke Apárese Una Zez la Semana 1918-1924, Weekly Isaac Matarasso

HATEHIYA Rekolyo Literaryo 1920

LA AKSYON TZIONISTA Jurnal Semanal Tzionista 1921, Weekly L'ACTION SIONISTE Supplement in French

EL SHAMAR l l m o r i s t i k o Semanal 1916-1920, Weekly Leon Boton

LA VERDAD Jurnal Kotidyano de la Manyana 1921-1930, Daily Isaac Shaki, Abraham Yechiel 1 evy

Djudio

EL BURLON Jurnal Seryo-Umoristiko 1920, Weekly Baruch D. Bezes

Semanal

HASHAHAR Published by "Mizrachi Organisation" 1923-1924, Monthly

LA VARA Jurnal Satiriko Semanal 1918- 1924, Weekly Isaac David Florentin 1923-1924 Shlomo L. Carasso, Albert Molcho, Napolitan, Moshe Cazes

SYNOPTIC

LIST

EL NUEVO KIRBATCH 1918-1923, Weekly Joseph Carasso

SHARLO Jurnal Umoristiko 1920-1924, Weekly Alexandra Peretz

JOURNALS

49

EL RIZON< 1 6 ) Organo Semanal de la Pariya de los Rizonim 1926-1937, Weekly Isaac Cattan

Semanal

LA TROMPETA 1920-1925, Weekly Haim Samuel Alvo, I. Cohen

LA AKSYON 1928-1935 Elie Fransez, Joseph Angel, Eliyahu Veyissi, Joseph Uziel

EL MACCABEO^ 1 6 ) Published by "Maccabi Organization" 1913-1929, Yearly

EL TCHAKETON 1920-1922

EL TELEGRAFO 1929, Daily Joseph Angel

EL TYEMPO< 1 6 ) 1924-0 935...), Weekly David Isaac Florentin

EL MUNDO 1929 (1930 ?)-1931 (1932 ?), Weekly (Monthly ?) Mentesh Alalu

16

OF

EL D R O R Í ) Publikasion Anuala Editada por la Sosieta Teodor Herzl 1928-(1935...), Yearly

ISRAEL^16) Edisvon por la Organizasion Tzeirey-Mizrahi Published by "Young Members of the Mizrachi Organization" 1927-0935...), Yearly

EL RALYO< 1 6 ) Organo de los Kekeren Siempre La Luz 1933-0935...), Weekly Judah Mordoch

MALBISHEY H A A R U M I M < 1 6 ) Published by "Malbishey HaArumim Organization" 1931-0935...)

LA P R E N S A * 1 6 ) Kotidiano de la Maniana 1934-0935...), Daily Daniel Alalu

TIKYATENU^16) Published by "Mizrachi Organisation" of Greece 1935-0935...)

LA EPOCA LITERARIA 1908

LA LIBERTAD Jurnal Sionista Liberal, Endependente, Popular 1909

50

GAD

NUEVO AVENIR Revista Popular 1909

EL PUEVLO Jurnal Nasyonal 1909-1933

NASSI d.j Ladino

Djudio

b.) French JOURNAL DE SALONIQUE 1895-1911 Saadi Halevi

LE PROGRÈS DE SALONIQUE 1909-1911 A. Matarasso, V. Salacha

? ORIENTAL^ 1 7 ) 1908-1909 David-Isaac Florentin ? REVUE OTTOMANE* 1 7 ) Menachem (Calchón 1908-1909

L'INDÉPENDANT 1909-1942 A. Matanasso, L. Nifussi, M. Bensandji

LE PROGRÈS 1917-1938 (?) D. Levy

PRO ISRAEL 1917-1925 A. Recanati

c.) Ladino, Turkish, Greek and Bulgarian SELANIK Published by Salonica's Public Administration 1869-1874, Monthly Yaacov Uziel

EL PUEVLO Jurnal Kotidiano de la Maniana 1917-1916, Daily

EL FOBURGO Organo de la Federasyon de los Foburgos Djudios 1917-1919

EL SINISTRADO DE SALONIKI Organo de Difuza de los Intereses de los Sinistradod Djudios 1918

LA VERDAD 1920-1929 I. Schiaky

BOLETINO DE LA SALONIKA Published by the "Palestinian Company Ltd" 1922

ERETZ ISRAEL Boletino del Fondo Djudio de Gresya Ladino with French 1922-1924

BEN ISRAEL Pubkished by the Zionist Organization "Bnei-Israel" 1923, Yearly

LA GATA Jurnal Serio-Satiriko Tuviendo la mas Grande Vendidad de todo los Jurnaies Spanioles 1923-1933 I. Mordoch, I. Florentin, M. Matalón

SYNOPTIC

LIST

EL TREZORO Revista Literaria 1926

EL MAYMUN Grande Jurnal Umoristiko Semanal 1927

LA NASYON O r g a n o Politiko Nasyonal Eleno-Djidio 1927

EL PROFESIONAL Organo déla Union de Bakales de Saloniko 1928

51

JOURNALS LA NASYON Revista Mensuala. Organo del Djudaismo 1932-1934, Monthly

EL PUNTCHON 1924

LA NUEVA PALESTINA Revista Editada por el Fondo Nasional i el Keren Hayesod Grega 1926

OF

Integral

EL DJUGETON-BRAGA Jurnal Serio-Umoristiko i Literario 1933-1934 de LA BOZ TZIONISTA 1934

EL RAL YO DE FUEGO 1934-1936

LA FLETCHA 1935-1936 EL MESAJERO Kotidiano déla Maniana 1936-1941, Daily

LA TRIBUNA DJUDIYA 1947

SARAJEVO AKSYON Jurnal Koditiana 1929-1940, Daily

EL DJILBIS Serio Umoristiko 1930

LA ALVORADA Peryodiko Enstruktivo-Literaryo Organo del Djudaismo de Bosna i Hersokovina 1901

SOFIA EL POPULAR Jurnal Kotidiano de la Media Dia 1930-1931, Daily

DIRITO 1932, Weekly

EL AMIGO DEL PUEVLO Organo de Djudaizmo de Bulgaria, Serbia, Romaniava Continuation of EL AMIGO DEL PUEVLO from Belgrade 1888-1902 Published in Sofia, later in Rustchuk

52

GAD

HASHALOM Hebrew and Ladino 1892 Baruch Mitrarli

LA BOZ DE ISRAEL Ladino and Bulgarian 1896 Yehoshua Kalev

EL PROGRESO 1897

LA VERDAD Jurnal Nasyonal Djudio Enteramente Endependicnte Rashi Characters 1925, Weekly Abraham Pipano, Abraham M. Tadjer

HAMISHPATH*10) Organo de la Organization Sionista de Sofia Continuation of HAMISHPA H from Philippopoli 1906 (?)-1919 Aaron Amar

LA LUZ Jurnal Semanal Endependente Weekly, 1906-1915

EL MANADERO Published by the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Jewish Community 1925 Salomon Rozanes

HATIKVA Jurnal Nasyonal Endependyente 1928-1931 Hebrew, Rashi Characters A. Assa

NASSI EL EKU DJUDAIKO 1901-1906

BOLLETINO KONFERENSIAS 1903

DE

LAS

EL SIONISTO 1904

BOLLETINO DEL ¡CONSISTORIO SENTRAL DE BULGARIA 1926-1942 Ladino and Bulgarian

RALYOS Revista Mensuala Literatura Djudia 1944

TEL AVIV. JERUSALEM

por

Central Area (Israel)

and

a.) Ladino, Latin Script EL AVENIR Published by the political MAPAI Party 1949

LA VERDAD 1949-1972, Twice per week Isaac Yaesh, Roza Yaesh,

BOLETIN DE LA CONFEDER A C I O N U N I V E R S A L D E LOS DJUDIOS SEFARADIM Published by the Executive Committee of Sephardic Jews Universal Confederation 1926-1928

SYNOPTIC

LIST

LA BOZ DE YERUSHALAYIM Semanal Endependiente Politiko i Literario Published by the Union of Youth from Turkey Weekly, 1953 Baruh Kohen LIBERTAD Official Organe of Heruth Political Party 1950 LA UNION 1954-1955, Weekly Sabetay Leon, Moshe Azar, Elie Shaul EL TIEMPO Semanal Politico i Literaryo 1950-1969, Weekly Sabetay Leon, Isaac Ben-Rubi

OF

JOURNALS

53

HABER Published by Emet Editorial Ltd. 1991-1992, Weekly Yakup Barokas

c.) Turkish, Ladino and Hebrew SESiMiZ Published by MORIT Organization 1986-1994 SIMANIM Hebrew issues or Hebrew supplements of SESlMIZ Gad Nassi, Niso P. Behar, Meir Tzarisky

d.) Hebrew LA LUZ DE ISRAEL 1972-1991, Twice per week, later weekly Roza Bueno (Yaesh), Nessim Bueno LA BOZ DE ISRAEL Buttino E n d e p e n d e n t e 1949 DERETCHO AL BUTO YASHAR LEINYAN Published by Mapay Political Party 1959-1960 FACTOS 1961

BE MA'ARACHA Hebrew Published by the Committee of Western Communities in Jerusalem 1960-1991 David Sitton

TURNU

SEVERIN

EL LUZERO DE LA PASYENSYA en escritura y lengua Espaniola para los Israelitos de rito Espaniol del Oriente 1886, Twice per month L. M. Crispin

b.) Turkish and Ladino DOSTLUK Published by the Association of Turkish Emigrants 1985-1987, Monthly Aaron Ender, Yakup Barokas, Moiz Beraze 1987-1991, Monthly Ishak Kohen

VIENNA EL DRAGOMAN 1856-(?), Weekly Shemtov Semo, Joseph Calvo

54

GAD

NASSI EL KORREO SEFARADI< 1 0 )

FOLIO DE PROZA (first two i ssues) EL KORREO DE VIYANA 1871-1878(7) , Twice per month Rashi Characters Shemtov Semo, Joseph Kalatchi, Adolpho de Tzemlintzki

Roman Script 1923-(?), Each two months David Pardo

EL TREZORO DE LA KAZA Supplement of EL KORREO DE VIYANA

VKP1N

LA POLITIC A Supplement of VIYANA

LA R E N A S E N S Y A * 1 0 ) 1909

EL

KORREO

DE

EL NASYONAL 1866 Joseph Calvo

EL DRAGOMAN LIBERAL 1866-(?) Isaac Semo

RISI BISI 1867- (?) Joseph Calvo

CARMlW Ladino and Hebrew, Rashi Characters 1869-1871, Monthly Baruch Mitrani

GUERTA DE HISTORIA ILUSTRA GUERTA DE HISTORIA 1874-(?) A. Semo

CARMI SHELI Ladino and Hebrew, Rashi Characters 1890-1891 Baruch Mitrani

EL PROGRESO 1895-1910(7) Weekly and Twice per month Rashi Characters Edouard Nifivni, Maurice Cohen

CARMI SHELI Ladino and Hebrew, Rashi Characters 1891, Monthly Baruch Mitrani

XANTI ELPROGRESO Organo de Defansa de Interesos Djudeyos de Trakia 1924-1926 Isaac DeBotton

los

LA FUERSA KOAH Organo Sionista Independiente 1922-1924

ZIMINI EL LUZERO 1905, Every two weeks Samuel. Sadi Halevi

CURRENTLY PUBLISHED ATHENS THE JEWISH MUSEUM GREECE NEWSLETTER English 1987 Nikos Stavroulakis

OF

SYNOPTIC BUENO

LIST

AIRES

OF

55

JOURNALS CFAR

SABA

Spanish LA LUZ 1930 David Elnecave, Nessim Elnecave

GELͧÍM Turkish, Ladino 1985/1997 Y'akov Barha

BRUSSELS

FAIRFIELD

LOS MUESTROS French, English and Ladino 1992, Monthly Moise Rahmani

ERENSIA SEFARDI English, some Ladino, French and Spanish 1994 Albert de Vidas

RUENOS

AIRES QQRQES

NOTI-FESELA Spanish Published by Federación Sefaradi Latinoamericana 1988 Moisés Camji, Ricardo Galante, Mario E. Cohen

LA LETTRE SÉPHARADE French and Ladino 1993 Jean Carasso

ISTANBUL BAT

YAM §ALOM

I. Y. T. BÛLTENÏ Published by the Association of Turkish Emigrants in Israel Turkish, Ladino and Hebrew 1997/2000, monthly N. Giireniç, S. Amacto D. Aneel

CARACAS MAGEN-ESCUDO Spanish Published by Associacion Israelita de Venezuela 1973 Moises Garzon Serfaty

Haftalik, Gazete

Sijasi

ve

Kiiltnrel

1947-1983, Weekly Ladino and Turkish Izak Yae§ (1947-48) Avram Leyon (1948-1983) From 1983, Published by Gozlem A. §. Turkish and Ladino 1983-1998, Weekly Silvyo Ovadya 1998, Weekly Yakup Barokas §ALOM YA§AM Entertainment Supplement 1984-1986, Monthly

56

GAD

NASSI

SALOM ÇOCUK Children's Supplement 1986-1990, Monthly

1993-1999, Twice per year 1999, quarterly Published by SEFARAD Organization Moshe Shaul

GÖZTEPE KÜLTÜR DERGÏSÏ Turkish Published by Göztepe Cultural Association 1989 Mordehay Kumrulukush

EL PREGONERO Supplement of AKI YER USHALAYIM 1997

TÌRYAKÌ Turkish and Ladino Ayhk Gazete/Dergi 1994, Monthly Moshe Grosman KÌSBA POST Published by The Grand Rabbinate Kisba Gemiluth Hassadim 1996 i.Y.D. BÜLTENi Published by the Help Organisation for the Aged 1998, Monthly Asian Yahni, Ziya Tarablus, Janet Mayer, Marsel Muaraf U-MAIL Published by Ulus Ozel Musevi Lisesi Private Ulus Jewish Primary and High School Ulus 1996 CEMAAT MEKTUBU Holy Days Bulletin of the Ashkenazi Jewish Synagogue Foundation of Yiiksekkaldirim Turkish, 1999

IERIISALEM AKI YERUSHALAYIM Ladino 1979-1993, Twice per year Published by the Israel Broadcasting Authority' Ladino Department and SEFARAD Organization Moshe Shaul

KOL HAKEHILA The Newsletter of the Greek Monuments English 1998 Elias V. Messinas

Jewish

LONDON SEPHARDI BULLETIN English Published by Spanish & Portuguese Jews' Congregation of London 1947 Richard Barnett, Vivian Pereira Mendoza, Miriam Rodrigues-Pereira, Lyn (Bekhor) Julius

LOS

ANGELES

EL SHOFAR English, some Ladino Published by the Sephardic Temple Tiferei Israel 1980 Bob Hattem, Jack Israel, LASHON English, some Ladino Published by Los Angeles Sephardic Home for the Aged. 1984 Pearl Roseman HAMERKAZ English Published by the Sephardic Educational Center 1985. Neil Sheff

SYNOPTIC

LIST

IVRI NASAWI English Published by the National Association of Sephardi/Mizrahi Artists and Writers, Inc. 1997 Jordan Elgrably

MONTEVIDEO

Uruguay

SHAHAR - NUEVO AMANECER Spanish with Ladino Published by Comunidad Israelita Sefaradi del Uruguay 1988 Salvador Junio

NEW

YORK

SHEARITH ISRAEL BULLETIN Published by Shearith Israel, the Spanish-Portuguese Congregation of New York 1912

OF

JOURNALS

ASF UPDATE English Published by the American Sephardi Federation 1995 Jayne Rosengarten, Carla Salomon Schein

I.A.J.E. NEWSLETTER English Published by the International Association of Jews of Egypt 1999

PALM

BEACH

KE HABER? English and Ladino Published by the Sephardi Federation of Palm Beach County 1993 Rose Pappo Allen and David Siman

SANTIAGO SEPHARDIC HOME NEWS English, some Ladino Published by the Sephardic Home for the Aged 1950 Albert A. Arditti, Murray Tarragano

SEPHARDIC HOUSE NEWSLETTER English, some Ladino Published by Sephardic House 1979 Janice Ovadiah A.A.J.F.T. English, some Ladino Published by the American Association of Jewish Friends of Turkey 1989 Rachel A.Bortnick, Bob Hattem, Zachary Levy

57

Chile

EL VOCERO Spanish and Ladino Published by La Comunidad Israelita Sefaradi para La Colectividad de Chile. 1978 Hernán Rodriguez Fisse

SEATTLE LA BOZ English, some Ladino Published by the Sephardic Bikur Holim Congregation 1972 David Azose

58

G AD

NA S S I

C&urore

SANE DES INTERÌTS DES IUir^ Dt L'EMPIRE OTTOMAN •tea»! Kì>.*i;a»jM!» pósisscì la'Vanì-sii e', le Kirf,

^ ti

,.„„„

SYNOPTIC (1) (2)

(3) (4) (5) (6)

(7) (8)

(9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17)

LIST

OF

JOURNALS

59

Continuation of L'Aurore from Istanbul. Galante, II, 97. A confusion exists concerning the location of Mitrani's periodicals. Referring to the series of articles by Gaon in HaOlam, we indicated them in accordance with the cities where he lived at the time of their publication and not with the cities where they were printed. Mentioned first by Franco, 278. Mentioned first by Galante, II, 93 and IX, 216, this publication aimed to promote the knowledge of Turkish language among the Jewish community. Duman, 264 and Galante, II, 96-7. According to Galante, IX, 217 and to Viener, 287, El Djudyo supported the Zionist Movement. In 1922, Elnecave moved to Varna, where he continued to publish it for a certain period. Afterwards he founded La Luz in Buenos Aires. Continued to be published in Cairo. Galante, II, 97. Groc and Caglar, 87, 119. According to Viener, 286-7, Le Courrier d'Orient was financed by a special fund with the intention of promoting Zionism. Later, the name changed to Le Jeune Turc. Groc and Caglar, 120. Galante, II, 97-8. Zionist publication. Galante, IX, 217, 222, 224. Personal communication. Daniel Yahya. The section includes publications which appeared during Ottoman rule in Palestine, including Yedioth MiEretz Israel, published later. Between 1870-1872, it was published in Ladino. Galante, IX, 223. This was probably the continuation of Der Kolonist. Continuation of Halebanon, from Jerusalem. Fux, 192. It was still published in. 1935. Galante IX, 219-20. Groc and Caglar, 145 , 165.

Bibliographical

List

Benbanaste, Nesim - Örneklerle Türk Musevi Basininm Tarihgesi (Turkish), "The History of Turkish-Jewish Press with Exemples", Sümbiil Basimevi, Istanbul, 1988, p. 57-65. Ben-Ur, Aviva - "The Ladino (Judeo-Spanish) Press in the United States, 19101948". In Multilingual America, edited by Werner Sollors, New York University Press, New York and London, 1998, p. 76-7. Cohen, Hayyim J. and Yehuda, Zvi - Asian and African Jews in the Middle East, 1860-1971, Annoted Bibliography, Division for the Study of Asian and African Jewry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ben-Zvi Institute of Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi and The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 376, Jerusalem, 1976. Cumhuriyet Döneminde Türk Yahudi Basini ve Türk Yahudilerinin Yaymlari, Gözlem, Gazetecilik Basin ve Yayin A.§., Istanbul, 1998 (Author not mentioned) Duman, Hasan, introduced by ¡hsanoglu, Ekmeleddin - Istanbul Kütüphaneleri Arap Harfli Süreli Yayinlar Toplu Katalogu, 1828-1928 (Turkish), "Union Catalogue of the Periodicals in Arabic Script in the Libraries of Istanbul", Published by the Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture Organization of the Islamic Conference, Istanbul, 1406/1986.

60

GAD

NAS S I

Franco, M. - Essai sur l'Histoire des Israélites de l'Empire Ottoman, depuis les Origines jusqu'à nos Jours. Reedited by U.I.S.F., Paris, 1980, 278-82. Fux, Gidon - Itonim veKitvei-Et Yehudiim beYerushalayim, 1854-1923 (Hebrew) (Jewish Journals and Periodicals in Jerusalem, 1853-1923), Bibliography Series, Edited by Yitzhak Ben-Zvi Memorial, Jerusalem, Teveth, 1978. Galante, Avram - "Presse" and "La Presse Judéo-Espagnole Mondiale", in Histoire des Juifs de Turquie, II, 92-100 and IX, 207-226, Isis, Istanbul (Year not mentioned). Gaon, D. - "Ish Aya BaAretz Turkia" (Hebrew), (It Was Someone in Turkey's Land), HaOlam, 36-39, London, September, 15, 22, 29, October, 6, 1931. Gaon, Moshe David - Haltonuth beLadino (Hebrew), (The Journalism in Ladino), Bibliographia Series, M. Cattane Press, Jerusalem, 1965. Groc, G. and Çaglar, Y. - La Presse Française de Turquie de 1795 à nos Jours, Histoire et Catalogue. Editions Isis, Istanbul, 1985. Kayserling, Meyer - Biblioteca Espanola-Portugueza-Judaica and other Studies in Ibero-Jewish bibliography by the author, and by J. S. da Silva Rosa; with a bibliography of Kayserling's publications by M. Weisz, Selected with a Prolegomenon by Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, Ktav Publishing House, Inc., New York, 1971. Papo, Joseph M. - Sephardim in Twentieth Century of America, In Search of Unity. Pelé Yoetz Books, San Jose, California. Judah L. Magnes Museum, Berkeley, California, 1987. Viener, Hannah - "Haltonut HaTzionit BeTurkia VeBaayoteyah. Hamediniyuth HaTzionit BeTurkia Ad 1914" (in Hebrew), (The Zionist Press in Turkey and its Problems, The Zionist Policy in Turkey till 1914) in Toldoth HaYeshuv HaYehudi BeEretz-lsrael MiAz HaAliyah HaRishonah, HaTkufah Helek Rishon (in Hebrew), (The History of the Jewish HaOtomanith, Community in Eretz-Israel since 1882, The Ottoman Period, Part One), Editors-in-Chief, Moshe Lissak, Gavriel Cohen; Editor, Israel Kolatt, The Israel Academy for Sciences and Humanities, The Bialik Institute, Jerusalem, 1989. 286-90. Many articles published in different periodicals such as Aki Yerushalayim, Apirion, Haltomu Shelanu, Peamim and Yad LeKoreh have also been helpful in determining some parameters of the publications.

SYNOPTIC

LIST

OF

JOURNALS

61

GLOSSARY OF PUBLICATION TITLES Abbreviations: Fr.=French, Heb.=Hebrew, r«r.=Turkish, Yid.-Yiddish.

Lad.=Ladino,

Sp.=Spanish,

A A.A.J.F.T. American Association of Jewish Friends of Turkey ACHSHADERPEN. Heb. Persian Governor. Satrap. AHVATH TZION. Heb. Love of Zion. AKI YERUSH AL A YIM. Lad. This is Jerusalem. AKSYON. Lad. Action ALEY YOM TOV. Heb. Pages of Feast. ARKADAÇLIK YURDU BRO§URÙ. Tur. Bulletin of the Friendship Center. ASF UPDATE. Bulletin of the American Sephardi Federation. ARZEY HALEBANON. Heb. Cedars of Lebanon. ASHKAFA. Heb. View. Conception. ATIKVA. Heb. The Hope. National anthem of Israel. B BAYRAM. Tur. Festival. BE MA'ARACHA. Heb. Into the Battle. BEKLENEN ÌLGÌ. Tur. Awaited Interest. BEN HAMETZARIM. Heb. Between Boundaries. BEN ISRAEL, Heb. Son of Israel. BETH HASEFER. Heb. The School. BIBLIOTEKA, Lad. Library BOLETIN DE LA CONFEDARACION UNIVERSAL DE LOS DJUDIOS SEFARADIM. Lad. Bulletin of the Sefardic Jews Universal Confederation. BOLLETINO DEL KONSISTORIO SENTRAL DE BULGARIA. Lad. Bulletin of the Bularia's Central Consistory. BOLLETINO DE LAS KONFERENSIAS UNIVERSAL DE LOS DJUDIOS SEFARADIM. Lad. Bulletin of Lectures of Universal Conferences of Sephardi Jews. BOLETINO DE LA SALONIKA. Lad. Bulletin of Salonika. BULLETIN DE LA CHAMBRE DE COMMERCE ET D'AGRICULTURE DE PALESTINE. Fr. Bulletin of the Trade and Agriculture Chamber of Palestine.

62

G A D NA S S I

C CARMI. Heb. My Vineyard. CARMI SHELI. Heb. My Own Vineyard. CEMAAT MEKTUBU. Tur. Community Letter. CHRONICA ISRAELITA. Lad. The Israelite Chronicle. D DAS LAND. Yid. This Land (of Israel). DAS LAUBEN. Yid. The Belief. DAPIM. Heb. Pages. DAPIM LEPIYUTH VEBIKORETH. Heb. Pages of Religious Poetry and Criticism. DER ERETZ ISRAEL YUD. Yid. The Jewish Land of Israel. DER HAYLIGER ANZEIGER. Yid. The Religious Informer. DER KOLONIST. Yid. The Colonist. DER PARDESS. Yid. The Orchard. DERETCHO AL BUTO. Lad. Forthright. DIRITO. Lad. Right. DIVREY HAYAMIM LEISRAEL. Heb. Chronicles of Israel. DJERiDEI FELSEFE. Tur. Philosophy Journal. DJERiDEY LiSAN. Tur. Language Journal. DJERiDEI TERDJEME. ^ . T r a n s l a t i o n Journal DJOHA I DJOHAYIKO. Djoha, name in Ladino for a folkloric character known for his naivete and quick wit. In general, he is considered the equivalent of the character called Nasrettin Hodja in Turkish folklore. Djohaiko, diminutive and affectionate appellation of Djoha. DOSTLUK. Tur. Friendship. E EL EL EL EL EL EL EL EL EL EL EL EL EL EL

AMIGO. Lad. The Friend. AMIGO DE LA FAMIYA. Lad. Friend of the Family. AMIGO DEL PUEVLO. Lad. Friend of the People. AVENIR. Lad. The Future. BOLETIN. Lad. The Bulletin. BOLETIN SEFARDI. Lad. The Sephardic Bulletin. BURLON. Lad. The Joker. DESKARADO. Lad. The Impudent. DIA. Lad. The Day. DJILVES. Lad. Possibly the adoption to Ladino of the Turkish word "Cilve", meaning grace, coquettish airs. DJUDYO. Lad. The Jew. DJUGETON. Lad. The Jester. DJUGETON-VERGA. Lad. The Jester-Stick. DRAGOMAN. Lad. The Interpreter.

SYNOPTIC

LIST

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EL DROR. Lad. The Sparrow. EL EKO DJUDAIKO, Lad. The Jewish Echo. EL EMIGRANTE. Lad. The Emigrant. EL ENSTRUKTOR. Lad. The Instructor. EL ERMANADO. Lad. The Brotherhood. EL FOBURGO. Lad. The Suburb. EL GUIYON. Lad. The Hyphen. The Link. EL GRASYOZO. Lad. The Charmer. EL IMPARSYAL. Lad. The Impartial. EL ISRAELITA. Lad. The Israelite. EL KIRBATCH AMERIKANO. Lad. The American Whip. EL KIRBATCH. Lad. The Whip. EL KISMET POETA. Lad. The Destiny Poetizes. EL KLAVO. Lad. The Nail. EL KOMBATE. Lad. The Fight. EL KOMERSYAL. Lad. The Commercial. EL KONGRESO DJUDIO. Lad. The Jewish Congress. EL KONSEJERO. Lad. The Adviser. EL KORREO. Lad. The Herald. EL KORREO SEFARDI. Lad. The Sephardic Herald. EL KOREO DE VIYANA. Lad. The Herald of Vienna. EL KORREO DJUDIYO, Lad. Jewishm Messenger. EL KULEVRO. Lad. The Viper. EL LAVORADOR. Lad. The Laborer EL LIBERAL. Lad. The Liberal. EL LUNAR. Lad. The Moonbeam. EL LUZERO. Lad. The Lantern. EL LUZERO DE LA PASENSYA. Lad. The Lantern of the Patience. EL LUZERO SEFARDI. Lad. The Sephardic Lantern. EL MACCABEO. Lad. The Maccabean. EL MANADERO. Lad. The Source. EL MARTIYO. Lad. The Hammer. EL MAYMUN. Lad. The Monkey. EL MAZALOZO. Lad. The Fortunate. EL MESAJERO. Lad. The Messenger. EL MESERRET. Tur. & Lad. The Joy. EL MISRAYIM. Lad. Egypt. EL MUEVO KIRBATCH. Lad. The New Whip. EL MUNDO. Lad. The World. EL NASYONAL. Lad. The National. EL NUYELISTA. Lad. The Harbinger. EL NUEVO AVENIR. Lad. The New Future. EL NUEVO KIRBATCH. Lad. The New Whip. EL PARADIZO. Lad. The Paradise. EL PASATYEMPO, Lad. The Palestime.

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EL POPULAR. Lad. The Popular. EL PREGONERO. Lad. The Town Crier. EL PROFESIONAL. Lad. The Professional. EL PROGRESO. Lad. The Progress. EL PROGRESO ISRAELIT. Lad. The Israelite Progress. EL PROLETARIO. Lad. The Proletariat. EL PROSPERO. Lad. The Prosperous. EL PUEVLO. Lad. The People. EL PUNTCHON. Lad. The Pinch. EL RADYO DE LUZ. Lad. The Light Beam. EL RALYO. Lad. The Ray. EL RALYO DE FUEGO, Lad. The Rays of Fire. EL RELAMPAGO. Lad. The Lightning. EL RIZON. Lad. The Laugher. EL SABADO SECRETO. Lad. The Secret Saturday. EL SHAMAR. Lad. The Slap. EL SHOFAR. Heb. & Lad. The Ram's Horn (sounded in synagogue) EL SINISTRADO DE SALONIKI. Lad. The Disaster Victim of Salonika. EL SIONISTO. Lad. The Zionist. EL SOL. Lad. The Sun. EL SORSILYO. Lad..The Sorcerer. EL SOYTARI. Lad. The Buffoon. EL TCHAKETON. Lad. The Slap. EL TCHUFLETE. Lad. The Whistle. EL TELEGRAF. Lad. The Telegraph. EL TELEGRAFO. Lad. The Telegraph. EL TIEMPO. Lad. Time. EL TIRO. Lad. The Rifle. EL TREZORO. Lad. The Treasure. EL TREZORO DE LA KAZA. Lad. The Treasure of the House. EL TREZORO DE Y E R U S H A L A Y I M . Lad. The Treasure of Jerusalem. EL TYEMPO. Lad. Time. EL VOCERO. Lad. The Spokesman. EMETH MIERETZ. Heb. The Truth from the Land (of Israel). ERENSIA SEFARDI. Lad. Sephardic Heritage. ERETZ ISRAEL. Heb. U n d of Israel. ERETZ ISRAEL BLAT. Yid. The Real Land of Israel ERMANDAD SEFARADIT DE A M E R I C A . Lad. Sefardic Brotherhood of America. ESHKOLOTH. Heb. Clusters.

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F FACTOS. Lad. Facts. FOLYO DE PROZA. Lad. Leaf of Prose. G GAZETA OR ISRAEL. Lad. and Heb. Light of Israel Gazette GAZETTE DE JERUSALEM. Fr. Gazette of Jerusalem. GELi§iM. Tur. Evolution. GÖZTEPE KÜLTÜR DERGiSI. Tur. Göztepe (suburb of Istanbul) Magazine of Culture. GUERTA DE HISTORIA. Lad. Story Garden GUERTA DE HISTORIAS. Lad. Stories Garden. GUERTA DE YERUSHALAYIM. Lad. Garden of Jerusalem. H HAACHDUTH. Heb. The Union. HAARETZ. Heb. The Land (of Israel). HAARIEL. Heb. Jerusalem. Ariel is one of the names of Jerusalem. HADREY KEDEM. Heb. The East Rooms. HABER. Tur. News. HAFTANIN SESi. Tur. Voice of the Week. HAHERUTH. Heb.The Liberty HAIKAR. Heb. The Farmer. HAIKAR HAYEHUDI. Heb. The Jewish Farmer. HAIVRI HAKATAN. Heb. The Little Hebrew. HALEBANON. Heb. The Lebanon. HAMAR-GAMAL. Heb. The Waver. HAMAZKIR. Heb. The Secretary. HAMEASEF. Heb. The Anthology. HAMEDAGDEG. Heb. The Tickler. HAMENORA. Heb. The Menorah (seven-branched candelabra symbolizing Judaism.) HAMERKAZ. Heb. The Center. HAMEVASER. Heb. The Herald. HAMEVASER HAIVRI. Heb. The Hebrew Messenger. HAMISDARONA. Heb. The Corridor. HAMISHPAT. Heb. The Trial. HAMORIYA. Heb. The (Mount of) Moriah. HANIYAR. Heb. The Paper. HAOMER. Heb. The Sheaf. HAOSHER. Heb. The Felicity. HAOR. Heb. The Light. HAPARDESS. Heb. The Orchard. HAPOEL HATZAIR. Heb. The Young Worker.

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HAR TZION. Heb. Mount Zion. HASHAHAR. Heb. The Dawn. HASHALOM. Heb. The Peace. HASHOFAR. Heb. The Ram's Horn (sounded in synagogue rituals). HASHOFAR. Heb. The Ram's Horn (sounded in synagogue). HATEHIYA. Heb. The Revival. HATIKVA. Heb. The Hope. National anthem of Israel. HATYKVA. Heb. The Hope. National anthem of Israel. HÄTZ AIR. Heb. The Young. HATZIONUT. Heb. Zionism. HATZVI. Heb. The Deer. HATZVI LEBETH YAACOV. Heb. The Deer of Jacob's House. HAVATZELETH. Heb. Wild Lily. HAVERENU. Heb. Our Friend. HAYABELETH. Heb. The Callus. HAYADID. Heb. The Comrade. HAYEYNU. Heb. Our Life. HIBATH HAARETZ. Heb. The Fondness of the Land (of Israel). HUKUKI BILGiLER MECMUASI. Tur. Juridical Information Review. HÜR ADAM. Tur. Free Man. I I.A.J.E. International Association of Jews of Egypt. I.Y.D. BÜLTENi Itahdut Yotsey Turkiya Bülteni. Heb. and Turkish Bultenin of Jewish Emigrants from Turkey in Israel iKTISADiYAT MEDJMUASI. Tur. Economics Review. ILUSTRA GUERTA DE HISTORIA. Lad. Illustraded Garden of History. iTTiHAD. Tur. Union. IVRI NASAWI. New Association of Sephardic/Mizrahi Artists and Writers International, IVRI being the root word for Hebrews. I.Y.D. BÜLTENi. Tur. Bulletin of the "Ihtiyarlara Yardim Dernegi" (Help Association for the Aged). J JERUSALEMER ANZEIGER. Yid. The Informer of Jerusalem. JURNAL DEL LAVORADOR. Lad. Worker's Journal. JURNAL ISRAELIT. Lad. Israelite Newspaper. JOURNAL DE SALONIQUE. Fr. Newspaper of Salonica K KALENDARYO DE YERUSHALEM. Lad. Calendar of Jerusalem. KE HABER? Lad. What's New? KiSBA Heb. Ration.

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KOAH. Heb. Power. KOL HADROR. Heb. The Voice of the Turtledove. KOL METZION. Heb. & Yid. Voice of Zion. KOL HAKEHILA. Heb. Voice of the Community. KONSIENSYA. Lad. Conscience. KOVETZ OR TORAH. Heb. The Light of Torah Anthology. KVUTZATH KONTRESIM. Heb. Group of Literary Sections. L L'ACTION SIONISTE. Fr. Zionist Action. L'AURORE, Fr. Dawn. LA AGUILA. Lad. The Eagle. LA AKSYON. Lad. The Action. LA AKSYON TZIONISTA. Lad. The Zionist Action. LA ALYORADA. Lad. The Dawn. LA AMERICA. Lad. America. LA BOZ. Lad. The Voice. LA BOZ DEL PUEVLO. Lad. The Voice of the People. LA BOZ DE EDIRNE. Lad. The Voice of Edirne (Adrianopolis). LA BOZ DE ISRAEL. Lad. The Voice of Israel. LA BOZ DE IZMiR. Lad. The Voice of Izmir. LA BOZ DE LA VERDAD. Lad. The Voice of Truth LA BOZ DE ORIENTE. Lad. The Voice of the Orient. LA BOZ DEL PUEVLO. Lad. The Voice of the People. LA BOZ DE TURKiYE. Lad. & Tur. The Voice of Turkey. LA BOZ DE YERUSHALAYIM. Lad. The Voice of Jerusalem. LA BOZ TZIONISTA. Lad. The Zionist Voice. LA BUENA ESPERANSA. Lad. The Good Hope. LA EDISYON DE JUEVES DEL TELEGRAFO. Lad. T h u r s d a y ' s Supplement of EL TELEGRAFO. LA ESPERANSA. Lad. The Hope LA EPOCA. Lad. The Epoch. LA EPOCA DE NEW YORK. Lad. The Epoch of New York. LA EPOCA LITERARIA. Lad. The Literary Epoch. LA FLETCHA. Lad. The Arrow. LA FUERSA, Lad. The Power. LA GAZETTE. Fr. The Gazette. LA GAZETA DE AMSTERDAM. Sp. The Gazette of Amsterdam. LA GATA. Lad. The Cat. LA GUERTA DE FLORES. Lad. The Flower Garden. LA LETTRE SEPHARADE. Fr. The Sephardic Letter. LA LIBERTAD. Lad. The liberty. LA LUZ. Lad. The Light. LA LUZ DE ISRAEL. Lad. The Light of Israel. LA LUZ DE TURKIYA. Lad. The Light of Turkey.

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LA LUZ DEL MISRAYIM. Lad. The Light of Egypt. LA MILIZINA. Lad. The Remedy. LA NASYON. Lad. The Nation. LA NATION. Fr. The Nation. LA NUEVA EPOCA. Lad. The New Epoch. LA NUEVA PALESTINA. Lad. The New Palestine LA PAJINA DEL OSPITAL. Lad. The Hospital Page. LA PATRIYA. Lad. The Motherland. LA POLITICA. Lad. The Policy. LA PRENSA. Lad. The Press LA PRESSE. Fr. The Press. LA RENASENSIA. Lad. The Rebirth. LA REVISTA POPULAR. Lad. The Popular Review. LA SEMANA, Lad. The Week. LASHON. Heb. Tongue, or Language. Used in Ladino to mean "chat." LA TRIBUNA DJUDIYA, Lad. The Jewishm Tribune. LA TRIBUNA LIBERA. Lad. The Free Tribune. LA TRIBUNA. Lad. The Tribune. LA TROMPETA. Lad. The Trumpet. LA TYENDA DE YAAKOV. Lad. Jacob's Tent. LA VARA. Lad. The Rod. LA VERA LUZ. Lad. The True Light. LA VERDAD. Lad. The Truth LA VIDA DJUDIA. Lad. The Jewish Life. LAYEHUDIM. Heb. To the Jews. L'ÉCHO D'ANDRINOPLE. Fr. Echo of Adrianapolis (Edirne). LE COURRIER D'ORIENT. Fr. The Herald of the Orient. LE JEUNE TURC. Fr. The Young Turk. LE JOURNAL D'ORIENT. Fr. Daily of the Orient. LE PROGRÈS DE SALONIQUE. En The Arogress of Salonica. LE NOUVELLISTE. Fr. The Harbinger. LE PIDE. Though the name appears to be French, it is reported as the title of the publication of Jews from Russia, meaning "The Voice". LE TRAIT D'UNION. Fr. Hyphen. LEFI SHAAH. Heb. At Present. LES ANNALES. Fr. 1'he Annals. L'ÉTOILE DU LEVANT. Fr. Star of the Levant. L'INDÉPENDANT. Fr. The Independent. LIBERT AD. Lad. Liberty LIBRO DE PASATYEMPO. Lad. Pastime Book. LOS MISTERIOS DE LA NATURA. Lad. The Mysteries of Nature. LOS MUESTROS. Lad. Our People. LUACH ERETZ ISRAEL. Heb. Calendar of the Land of Israel. LUACH LESHNAT TRM'Z. Heb. Calendar for the Hebrew Year 5647, corresponding to 1887. LUZERO DE LA PASYENSYA. Lad. Lantern of Patience. LUZ DE ISRAEL. Lad. Light of Israel.

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M M A G E N - E S C U D O . Heb. & Sp. Shield. MALBISHEY HAARUMIM. The name of a charity organization. Heb. Those who Clothe the Naked. MAOR DEGEL HATORAH. Heb. Light of Torah's Flag. MENORA. Lad. Menorah (seven-branched candelabra symbolizing Judaism.) MEVASERET TZION. Heb. The Herald of Zion. MIINYANEY DEYOMA Heb. About Daily (current) Matters. MÍLLÍ GAZETE. Tur. National Gazette. MINCHA HADASHA. Heb. New Offering. MYR'AT. Tur. Mirror. MISHOL HACRAMIM. Heb. The Road to the Vineyards. MORIAH. Heb. Moriah (Mountain). MUM. Tur. Candle. N NITZOTZOTH. Heb. Sparks. NOTI-FESELA. Notes from FESELA (Federación Sefardí LatinoAmericana). NUEVA PALESTINA. Lad. New Palestine. NUEVO AVENIR. Lad. New Future. O OLAM KATAN. Heb. Small World. OR ISRAEL. Heb. Light of Israel. OR YEUDA. Heb. Light of Judah. P PUERTA DEL ORIENTE. Lad. Gate of the East. R RALYOS. Lad. Rays. RENESENSYA DJUDIYA. Lad. Jewish Rennaissance. REVISTA POPULAR. Lad. Poular Revue. REVIVIM. Heb. Rain. Droplets. RISI BISI. Lad. Expression meaning Laugh and Enjoy Yourself. S SAFAT HAEMET. Heb. Language of Truth. SAHIFE EL AMEL. Tur. Worker's Page. SAHIFE EL AMEL. Tur. Worker's Page. SALI SAYFASI. Tur. Page of Thursday. SEFER A M U D H A Y I R A V E A M U D HATORA. Heb. Book of Awe Column and Torah Column. S E F E R G I N Z E Y I S R A E L . Heb. The Book of Jerusalem Hidden Treasures. SEFER HAMEAMER. Heb. The Harvester's Book.

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SEFER HAOR. Heb. Book of the Light. SEFER HAYAREACH. Heb. Moon's Book. SEFER HAZIKHARON HAYERUSHALMI. Heb The Jerusalemite Diary. SEFER TZROR HAMOR. Heb. The Book of Myrrh Bunch. SELANiK. Tur. Salonica. SESIMiZ. Tur. Our Voice. SHA'AREY MIZRAH. Heb. Gates of the East. SHA'AREY TZION. Heb. Gates of Zion. SHABAT. Heb. Sabbath. SHAHAR - NUEVO AMANECER. Heb. & Sp. New Dawn. SHALOM. Heb. Peace. SHARKYYE. Tur. The Orient. SHARLO. Lad. Pet name of Charles. SHEMAH ISRAEL. Heb. Listen Israel. SHOSHANA. Heb. Lilly. SHULAMITH. Heb. First Name, Shulamith. SIMANIM. Heb. The Signs. SOLIDARIDAD OVRERA. Lad. The Worker's Solidarity. § §ALOM. Heb. Peace. §ALOM C O C U K . T u r §alom Child. T TIKVATENU. Heb. Our Hope. TiRYAKi. Tur. The Amateur. TORAH MITZION. Heb. Torah from Zion. TORATH HAOHEL. Heb. The Torah of the Tent. TORATH TZION. Heb. Torah of Zion. TÜRKIYE TICARET GAZETESI. Tur. The Turkey Commerce Gazette. TÜRKIYE'NiN SESI. Tur. Voice of Turkey. TZION VEYERUSHLEM. Heb. Zion and Jerusalem. U UNZER BRODER. Yid. Our Brother.

Ü

ÜSTAD. Tur. Maestro. V VIDAS LARGAS. Lad. Long life. Y YASHAR LEINYAN. Heb. Forthright. YA§AM. Tur. Life. YEDIOTH MIERETZ ISRAEL. Heb. News from the Land of Israel. YEHUDAH VEYERUSHALAYIM. Heb. Judah and Jerusalem.

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YENi FiKIR. Tur. New Idea. Y E R U S H A L A Y I M . Heb. Jerusalem. YOSEF DA'AT. Heb. Augment Wisdom. (Yosef, Hebrew equivalent of Joseph, is also a word meaning "one who augments, or increases.) Z ZAHAV HARETZ. Heb. Gold of the Land (of Israel). Z A M A N . Tur. Time. ZICHRONOTH VAAD HALASHON HAIVRIT BEYERUSHALEM. Heb. Registers of the Hebrew Language Committee in Jerusalem.

HEBREW PRINTING HOUSES IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE Yaron Ben Na'eh

Yaron Ben-Naeh: born in Jerusalem 1965. Researcher in the Ben-Zvi Institute for the Study of the Jewish Communities in the East (Jerusalem), and Lecturer in the Department of the History of the Jewish People, The Hebrew

University,

Jerusalem. Published a few articles about Ottoman Jewry. His PhD is titled "The Jewish Society in the Urban Centers of the Ottoman Empire in the 17th Century (Istanbul, Salonica & Izmir)".

Title page of Me'am Loez. Istanbul, 1748. | From the Morit Collection] [For other illustrations see supra, pp. supra, pp. 141-167].

INTRODUCTION

Printing began in Europe with Johann Gutenberg around 1445; the first printed Hebrew books appeared in Italy in the 1470's and immediately afterwards in Spain and Portugal as well. When the Jews were exiled from Spain in 1492 and later from Portugal, they arrived by the thousands in those areas which were then under Ottoman rule or soon to be conquered by Turks. Among the émigrés from the Iberian Peninsula there were experts in the art of printing; and upon settling in Constantinople they established the first Hebrew printing house there. Jews were thus the first to enter the printing trade in the whole Empire; they were followed later by other minorities such as the Armenians ( 1567) and the Greeks (1627). The Turks themselves refrained from engaging in this type of work, since the printing press was viewed by Islamic leaders as the invention of heathens, and the printing of the Holy Scriptures and the Koran was considered a profanation of the sacred. Additionally, there was the adamant opposition to printing by the scribes guilds in the capital. Only in 1727, as a result of t h e f a t w a of the Sheikh al-Islam which permitted the printing of books on secular subjects, was an imperial firman issued allowing for the establishment of a Turkish printing house in Istanbul. The printing presses and type moulds were purchased from the Jews and Christians, and some of their expert craftsmen were employed. This printing house was closed after fifteen years and reopened only in 1784, under Abdiil-Hamit I. The two most important centers for Jewish printing in the Ottoman Empire during the past five centuries were Istanbul and Salonica. In the 16th century printing houses operated elsewhere for very short periods, having been established by printers from Salonica or Istanbul: in Adrianople (1553-5), in Safed (1577-87), in Cairo (1557), in Damascus (1603), and later in Egypt (1740) and in Tunis (1768). Another important printing center existed in Izmir from the mid-17th century. Until the 19th century two kinds of printing type were used. The first was the traditional square Hebrew script used for printing sacred texts such as the Bible, the Mishnah, the Talmud and prayer books. The second was the semicursive Sephardi type known as Rashi script. Until the 20th century, this script was the one most commonly used for the printing of Hebrew and Ladino works. The use of Latin letters or Arabic script was relatively rare until the late 19th century.

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During the 16th century , only twenty works were printed in Ladino, known as "La'az Sefaradi", mainly for the benefit of the Marranos returning to Judaism in the Ottoman Empire, especially in Istanbul and Salonica. These include Chovot Halevavot Hanhagath ha-Hayyim, Shulchan Lechem ha-Panim, and Bible translations. Until the 18th century, however, the dominant language for published works was Hebrew, although only religious scholars and sages were fluent in that language. The publication of the famous work Me'am Loez in 1730 marks the beginning of a new era characterised by the increasing dominance of Ladino works intended for the general public. Among these publications were Otioth de Rabi Akiva (1729), Koplas de Yosef(ll32), Sheveth Musar (1766) and a new translation of the Bible (1739). Me'am Loez was a moral and exegetical commentary on the Torah written in Ladino which utilised all the traditional Jewish sources of rabbinical litterature. It was written in clear, easily comprehensible language and enjoyed widespread popularity. Its author, Rabbi Ya'akov Chuli, managed to complete the commentary on Genesis (1730) and part of Exodus (1733), and his work was continued by other scholars. The first edition of one thousand copies was an immediate success, and from that time onward many more editions were printed proving that Chul i had justifiable reasons for writing this work. In his introduction, "Chuli deplores the sorry state of Jewish learning. Knowledge of the Bible, the most precious heritage of the Jewish people, was decreasing, and Jews were neglecting its study in favour of other pursuits, or reading foreign literature. Being unfamiliar with Jewish sources, they could not even understand the sermons preached on the Sabbath. The works which had been printed in Ladino translation in the 16th century were already outdated and by now almost incomprehensible. The 19th century opens a new chapter in the history of printing within this period of the Ottoman empire's decline. Many printing houses were established in the provinces — in the Balkans, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and North Africa, as well as on the islands in the eastern Mediterranean. In contrast with the previous periods during which Jewish refugees from Europe (mainly Italy and Poland) had dominated the printing trade, it was the local Jewish population that now ran the printing business. More significant was the change in the character of the works printed. Until this period, printing had been confined mainly to religious literature, with a very small percentage of historical, grammatical or linguistic works, and poetic or rhetorical compositions. But from the first half of the century on, there was a increasing number of publications of a secular nature, all in Ladino, including translations from world literature, poetry, fiction, periodicals, pamphlets, dictionaries, manuals, official reports and forms used for private and commercial purposes.

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Thus, a wide variety of printed material was produced. Religious publications, while including basic Jewish sources, consisted mainly of translations into Ladino of popular halachic compendiums as well as poems, songs, prayer books and other similar works. Alongside these, there was an increasing production of literary works in the original language and in translation, as well as a variety of journalistic publications. It is interesting to note that towards the end of the 19th century printing houses were subject to strict censorship that in general characterized the Hamidian period, and a significant number of them operated without official licence and at great personal risk for the printers. This was the reason for the fact that in many cases the places of publication bore ficticious names. An additional point of interest is that in Izmir and Salonica printers continued to publish religious works in significant quantities until the late 19th century, while in Istanbul, which was the greatest center of Ottoman Jewry and the seat of the Chief Rabbinate, only a few halachic works were printed from the 1860's onward. There is evidence of thousands of items (books, pamphlets, journals, placards, notices, bills, letters of accredition, etc.) which were produced by the printing presses in the Ottoman Empire from the end of the 15th century onward. All traces of many printed items (sometimes even uncompleted publications) have disappeared over the years, mainly due to natural disasters which occurred from time to time. Our knowledge of some other items is fragmentary and incomplete. In this study, we shall attempt to give an overview of the work done by the important printing establishments based on preliminary research done by Ya'ari, Emmanuel and others. T h e period divisions below follow those of Abraham Ya'ari.

Just a few remarks before we begin: Unlike our own times, the price of books in the 15th and 16th centuries was very high and only a few people could afford to acquire and maintain complete libraries. The printers' desire to enable the public to own the basic Jewish texts and the financial difficulties of the printing trade (the average edition of a book was one hundred and fifty to three hundred copies) led to the development of a special system of sales. In Istanbul and Salonica a considerable number of books were printed in pamphlet-segments which were distributed in the synagogues on the Sabbath in exchange for a promise of payment. Since such buyers did not always keep up their payments for all the sections of a book, or could not afford to bind them together properly, it is obvious such books could not have easily survived.

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For example, in the introduction to the Talmud Constantinople edition of 1583, it is said : Every Sabbath we shall publish sections from the Talmud and distribute them among those who wish to buy them. They will receive these booklets each Sabbath and pay their price so that with God's help the Talmud will be in the hands of everyone in a short while and can be paid for gradually in a manner that will make the burden of payment easier to bear. The Talmud will then be wholly his own by payment which will amount to about twenty-five florins. Therefore, now anyone who wishes can come and get booklet after booklet and pay for them... This method of publication, introduced at the beginning of the 16th century, continued to be used until the 19th century. At the same time, there were people who could afford to buy not only entire books but even unique and expensive editions printed on vellum (parchment). Extant today are certain books printed on vellum in Istanbul and Salonica during the first half of the 16th century. The output of the printing houses in the Ottoman Empire until the 19 t h century reflects to a great extent the creative range and scope of interest shown by the intellectual elite of Ottoman Jewry. Detailed research on the printed books and their prefaces will probably reveal much about the spiritual and creative aspects of their lives, about the interconnections between the authors and their patrons and readers, and about the status of Torah study and Torah students within the Jewish society. Since the 19 th century, the works printed have provided a faithful mirror of the literary tendencies and tastes of the general public. Until the 19 th century only a few Jewish printing houses existed within the boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, and these were to be found in the main cities such as Istanbul, Salonica and Izmir. Writers who wished to publish their books were forced to come to the printing centres in the Empire or outside it (mainly in Italy), and in this way strengthened the spiritual bonds among the different communities in the Empire, as well as the connections and cultural transmissions between these communities and other Sephardi communities in central and western Europe.

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HEBREW PRINTING HOUSES IN CONSTANTINOPLE a. The First Period: 1493-1530 The first Hebrew printing house in Constantinople was founded in 1493 (some date this ten years later) by David Ibn Nahmias who obtained his expertise in the Iberian Peninsula, The first undertaking was the printing of the Arba'a Turim. After an unexplained interruption of ten years, printing was resumed in 1505 by the Ibn Nahmias brothers who were managers of the printing house until 1511. Among the important works they published were the Torah, Haftaroth and Five Megilloth (1506), Rambam's Mishneh Torah (1509) and Midrash Raba (1512). [See illus. no. 1 p. 141], In the following years the printing house was run by Samuel ben David Nahmias and Astruc ben Ya'akov de Toulon of Provence who had been one of the workers and later became an independent printer in Salonica from 1520 onward. Others such as Shmuel Rikomin, Yehuda ben Yosef Sasson, Yosef ben 'Ayad Kabzi, Moshe ben Shmuel Fisilino and Rabbi Shlomo ben Mazal Tov, leased the premises and kept the press going for short periods of time [See illus. no. 2 p. 141], In those days, rich Jews who invested their funds and capital were the only ones who "supported the efforts of the workmen", though sometime the workers themselves supplied financial assistance. During this early period more than one hundred books were published. The printers recognized the enormous importance of their enterprise against the background of the trauma of expulsion and the fury of persecution. Therefore they included among these books many of the basic texts of Judaism, some of which appeared for the first time in print: midrashim and various halachic compendiums including works by the Geonim and medieval sages such as Maimonides (the Rambam), Alfasi (the Rif) and Asher ben Yehiel (the Rosh). We can gain some idea of the spirit of those days and of the sentiments and intentions of the printers from the following words in the Introduction to the Torah, Haftaroth and Five Megilloth with Rashi's Commentary, Constantinople, 5265 (1506): Since that day when God confused the languages of the earth by the sudden and bitter expulsion from Spain ... books were also abandoned in the trauma of destruction and the confusion of sudden change, for the constant afflictions have left us as an empty shell ... and because of troubles of the times and the lack of books, people have neglected the education of their children. So that even if they have the Chumash (Pentateuch) they lack the Targum and if they find that, then they lack the commentaries. May their hearts inspire them to spread the knowledge of the Torah in Israel ... and to replace some of the numerous works which were destroyed ...

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b. The Second Period: 1530-1553 The first half of this period is marked by the activities of the Soncino family headed by Gershom Soncino, the famous Italian printer who arrived in Constantinople after a short stay in Salonica. Besides sacred and religious writings, they also printed general works, including scientific literature and other secular works. Among these were: Mahbarot Emanuel by Imanuel Ha-Romi; Sefer Hashorashim by David Kimhi (Radak) and Amades de Gaula. Altogether about forty books were printed until 1547. [See illus. no. 3 p. 1421. Over the next few years small printing houses were active in the city, but they did not survive for long. Among the well-known printers were Moshe ben El'azar of the Parnas Harofe family who took over the printing equipment of the Soncino family in 1548 and continued printing until 1553. [See illus. no. 4 p. 142], During those same years Shmuel Helitz had settled in Constantinople. One of the founders of the printing press in Crakow, he had converted to Christianity, but returned to the Jewish faith in Constantinople in 1550 or thereabouts. He printed three books between 1551 and 1553: the Pentateuch, a commentary on Ruth, and the Book of Judith. Research indicates that fourteen books were published in the city during this period. (According to Hacker, only ten books were printed from 1548-1560). A noteworthy event was the printing of two books in Cairo in 1557 by Gershom ben El'azar Soncino: Refuoth Hatalmud and Pitron Chalomoth which were preserved and later discovered in the Cairo Geniza.

c. The Third Period: 1560 1598 This was the most productive period for the printers of Constantinople, and we know today of about one hundred and twenty books which were published during these years. This fertility is no doubt connected to the economic and political conditions prevailing at the time. The period opens with the activities of three printers: Rabbi Yosef Hekim printed three books in 1560 and his son Yitzhak succeeded him in his work; Avraham ben Shmuel Hacohen of Sanguinny who brought out two books in 1560-1561; and the Ya'abetz brothers.

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Most of this period is noted for the intensive activities of the Ya'abetz brothers. Shlomo and Yosef Ya'abetz printed in Salónica and in Andrianople for a short while (see below) and then their ways parted. Shlomo went to Istanbul and his brother remained in Salónica. Among the first works printed by Shlomo Ya'abetz were the Responsa of Rabbi Eliya Mizrahi and that of the Rabbi Yosef Ibn Lev. In 1572 Yosef also arrived in Constantinople, and it was from then onward that their printing house in Constantinople became most productive. The Ya'abetz brothers printed about seventy books. Their most important enterprise was the printing of the Talmud, which was never completed, in the years 1583-1593. [See illus. no. 5 p. 143]. After the burning of the Talmud in Italy, the Ya'abetz brothers saw its printing as a prime necessity. In the 1570's another printer was active in Constantinople: Eliezer ben Yitzhak, who had already been employed in such work in Prague, Lublin, and Kansky-Voli (Poland). He brought with him his letter blocks and decorative printing molds and in 1575 began printing in partnership with David ben Eliahu Kashti. Among the works he printed was the prayer book for the Days of Awe (Yamim Noraiim) according to the Romaniot custom. By 1576 he was printing independently and a year later he went to Safed where he did printing for two years. He then returned to Constantinople and published, in partnership with Kashti, one additional book in 1586. He later returned to printing work in Safed. With the closing down of the Ya'abetz brothers printing house, Dona Reyna, the widow of Don Yosef Nasi, Duke of Naxos, founded a Hebrew printing house in the Belvedere Palace on the outskirts of Constantinople, in the area called Ortakoy. The printer in charge was Yosef ben Yitzhak Ashkeloni, and he began printing in 1593. Letters were fashioned into new forms for this purpose. Over a period of four years seven books were printed there. [See illus. no. 6 p. 143], Dona Reyna is mentioned on the title-pages of the books as "... the illustrious lady ... widow of the Duke, Minister and great leader in Israel, Don Yosef Nasi, of blessed memory ..." For unknown reasons, the printing house was moved to Kuru£e§me, a near suburb, where eight books were printed within a two-year period. Upon her death the activity of the printing house came to an end. Foremost among the fifteen works brought out by this printing house were books of commentary. An attempt was made to print an edition of the Talmud, (extant today is only the Ketuboth tractate with its commentaries), and a book in Ladino — Libro intitulado yihus hatzadikim, probably for the use of those intending to go on pilgrimage (ziyara).

82 d. The Fourth Period:

YARON

BEN

NA'EH

¡639-1695

During the first half of the 17 th century the Jewish community was in a state of crisis, and this had a direct influence upon cultural activities including book printing. Various attempts to renew the printing of Jewish books, even involving European intellectuals, were unsuccessful. After a period of forty years in which printing activity ceased, Shlomo ben David Franko, a former forced convert (Marrano) founded a new printing house in the city in 1639. Shlomo was, as his son has testified, "a great artist" and "an expert engraver, a craftsman skilled to perfection in this work" who had acquired his skills in Spain. He managed to print no more than one book before his death. His son and son-in-law continued his work from 1641 onwards. [See illus. no 1 p. 144]. Many of the workers in the industry were Jews who had fled from Poland after the massacres of 1648-49. Printed records of the events in 1665-66, the year of the Sabbatean Movement, are preserved in only two books of Tikkunim by Nathan of Gaza which were printed at that time. Many documents and printed works having to do with the messianic movement of Sabbetai Sevi were later destroyed in an attempt to eradicate all traces of this traumatic episode. From 1660 onwards, for a period of three decades, printing work was done with occasional interruptions by Avraham ben Yedidia Gabbay, formerly one of the foremost printers in izmir, sometimes in partnership with Franco. Abraham Gabbay, a scholar who arrived from Livorno, was known to have been in contact with Europeans who came to the Levant. His appointment as the translator of the Genoese Ambassador was apparently the reason for the cessation of his printing activity. He published commentaries, responsa, and sermons including the Midrash Raba, books of the Mishnah, the kabbalistic work Hod Malkhut by Abraham Hayachini, and two books of Tikkunim by Nathan of Gaza. Altogether twenty-eight books were printed in this period.

e. The Fifth Period:

1710-1808

Yonah ben Ya'akov of Zalazitz, a Jewish refugee from Poland, was the person who re-initiated printing activity in the capital of the Ottoman Empire which became, in Ya'ari's words, "the metropolitan centre of Hebrew printing in the entire Middle East." His printing house produced most of the books printed in this period: 188 out of 210. [See illus. no. 8a, 8b p. 145].

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Among the works printed here were important halachic compendiums, and works of scholarship : Knesseth ha-Gedolah, Shearei Knesseth ha-Gedolah, Bnei Hayyai, Tikkunei Zohar, Sifrei Kavvanoth, Seder Mishmarah. Additionally, there were a significant number of responsa including Bnei Moshe, Eduth Biyehosef, Ginath Vradim, Bnei Ya'akov, Mate Yosef, and many others. A fire which broke out in Istanbul in 1712 forced him to move his printing press temporarily to the Ortakoy suburb, where seven years later he was to return and establish his enterprise. During this period the Turks founded the first Ottoman printing house with the assistance of Jews such as the abovementioned Yonah ben Yaakov, also known as Yonah ha-Ashkenazi. In 1728 Ashkenazi founded a printing house in Izmir as a branch of the one in Constantinople. He was active in Izmir for eleven years, printing more than thirty books. During the same period he printed sixty books in Constantinople. Another fire which broke out in 1740 caused him to interrupt operations temporarily. He resumed printing two years later in partnership with his sons who continued to do so for more than thirty years after his death in 1745. His printing house published some of the most important books that were written in that period, among them Knesset Hagedolah and Chemdat Yamim. He was instrumental in the revival of Ladino literature — the printing of the Bible with Ladino translation, part of the book Me'am Loez, the Siddur (prayer book) and translations of other books, among which were those of a secular nature such as Yosifon Ben Gurion. He also published works written by Jews in Constantinople and also books written by scholars of Palestine, which were transferred by emissaries to Palestine. During this period other smaller Hebrew printing houses operated in Constantinople with a relatively low output. Among these were the printing house of Avraham Franco which was activated with interruptions by his sonin-law Avraham Rozanes in the years 1711, 1719-1720; that of Avraham ben Moshe Yatom, who made a few printing attempts in the 1730s and 1740s and that of Binyamin ben Moshe Rossi of Venice who printed nine books in the years 1742-1751. The period closes, after an interruption of twenty years, with the activities of Raphael Hayyim Pardo who was a bookseller and printer's agent. During the years 1799-1808 he published six books, including the Books of the Zohar which was printed and sold in installments to subscribers. These used the old type molds and printing decorations of Jonah ha-Ashkenazi of Zalazitz.

84

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Mention should be made of the numerous single sheets printed during the 18th century, among which were the collection of Letters against Hayyoun and the correspondence between Rabbi Shimshon Wertheim and Yosef, the Sultan's physician. During this century many emissary letters were printed by order of the Eretz Israel officials in the city. In various collections are preserved some lettres calendars of that period, [see ill. no. 8c. p. 146, 8d. p. 146],

/ . The Sixth Period:

1808-1863

A new printing house was founded in the city by Yitzhak ben Avraham Castro in 1808. After printing Tikkunei Zohar, work was stopped and resumed only in 1823. From then onwards the books were apparently prepared for publication in Castro's home and brought for printing to El Saray del Inglez which belonged to the Anglican missionaries. These books were mainly Ladino translations from Hebrew, a few rabbinical treatises, and two polemical works against Christianity and the English missionaries. Until his death in 1848, Castro printed more than ten books. [See illus. no. 9 p. 148]. After his death, his sons continued operating the printing house. The Nissim de Castro press printed three books during the years 1849-1850, and the Moshe de Castro press printed only two books until 1862. [See illus. no. 10 p. 149] A printing press was founded in Ortakoy by the Armenian printer Arapoglu Bogos and Sons. From 1822 to 1833 Jews commissioned this press to print more than eighteen books. [See illus. no. 11 p. 150]. Two other printing houses were in operation during this same period: The printing house of Ya'akov Halevi and Yosef Anavi printed two books in the years 1824-1827. Aharon Fermon and Co. printed one book in 1824. Nissim Hayyim Piferno was a typesetter, and five of his books including the Libriko de Moda'a, Marpeh le-Nefesh, and Makor Hayyim (Pt. 3) were printed in different printing houses in the city (belonging to Jews, Greeks and Armenians) during the years 1857-1863.

g. The Seventh Period:

1865-1940

This period is characterized by the proliferation of printing houses throughout the Ottoman Empire, including in Istanbul itself. According to Ya'ari, more than two hundred and twenty books were printed, mostly in Ladino, in the fields of journalism, literature (original and translated), fiction, poetry, grammar, linguistics, er.c.

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PRINTING

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85

Various Jewish printing houses were active during this period, including the Avraham Shalto press, 1880-1881. During the first quarter of the 20th century a number of printing houses were founded, among which were: -

The The The The The

Arditi press founded in 1899 and active until 1921 Babuch press, 1910-1928 Nissim Aboab and Albert Cohen press, 1910-1921 Salomon Alkachir press, 1922-1940 Nationala Judia press, 1922-1924

P u b l i s h e r s such as B i n y a m i n R a p h a e l ben Y o s e f , a b o o k s e l l e r in Constantinople, and other publishers at the end of the 19th century printed scores of books in Ladino. M o r e than forty books were also printed in serialized form on the pages of Jewish journals such as Tyempo (1873-1897); ElNationale (1875-1880); El Telegrafo (1881-1913); ElJudio (1910-1924); El Jugeton (1921-1926 p.). A considerable number of these books were printed by Armenian Christian presses — such as B o y a j i a n , M e n a s i a n , Philipidis & Biberian and by the Greeks — Byzantes de Policrites, El Nomismatides, Thomayides and Aristobolos.* Books were also printed in the Alfred Churchill press [see ill. no. 12a p. 151] From the 1920s onward, printing activity in Istanbul decreased considerably, yet it c o n t i n u e s till the present d a y , generally in the f o r m of o f f s e t lithography. Naturally what was printed were mostly religious texts and language study manuals. An example of such a printing house which has been functioning for decades is the Giiler press which printed m a n y books by Nissim Behar, the eminent educator. [See illus. no. 12b p. 152],

Bibliographical

Sources

A. M. Haberman, Ha-Sefer ha-Ivri be-Hitpathuto. Jerusalem, 1958. see pp. 101, 124-126. Y. Hacker, "Defusey Kushta be-Me'ah ha-Shesh Esrey" in Areshet 5 (1972), pp. 457-493. Y. Hacker, "Shlicho shel Luis ha-Arba'a Eser be-Levant ve Tarbutam shel Yehudey ha'Imperia ha'Ot'manit be-Divuah mi-Shnat 1675" in 'Lion, 52, 1987, pp. 25-44. Y. Vinograd, Otzar ha-Sefer ha-Ivri II, Jerusalem 1994, pp. 602-620. Abraham Ya'ari, Ha-Defus ha-Ivri be-Kushta. Magnes Press, Jerusalem, 1957. Salomon A. Rozanes, Divrey Yemey Israel be-Togarma, Dvir, Tel Aviv, 1930. Salomon A. Rozanes, Korot ha-Yehudim be-Turkiya ve Artzot ha-Kedem. Sofia, 1937-1938. See Pt. II, pp. 233-234, 236-238; Pt. Ill, pp. 332-333, 335-337; Pt. 4, pp. 355-358. Avram Galante, Histoire des Juifs de Turquie, V. II, Isis, Istanbul, 1985. I have in my possession a matchmaker's contract by the Bursa community dated in the 1920's which indicates that it was printed by "Imp. de Avila, Khalil Khan, Istanbul" This printer was not documented by Ya'ari. Other leaflets carry the name of Imp. Fratelli Haim and Imp. Izak Gabbay, Galata.

86

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HEBREW PRINTING HOUSES IN SALONICA

a. The First Period: 1512 1530 Don Yehuda Gedaliah, also known as Ibn Gedalya, who had managed the printing house of Eliezer Toledano (Alantasi) in Lisbon, arrived in Salonica as did many other émigrés, and founded a printing house in 1512. As well as Rabbi Ya'akov Ibn Habib testifies in his introduction to Ein Ya'akov (1517) — a collection of legends from the Babylonian Talmud with commentaries by early sages — the printing work of Ibn Bedalya was of a highly important and valuable quality. "A worthy and reputable artist, elderly, of a kindly disposition and trustworthy, is this eminent and wise man, the honorable Rabbi Yehuda Gedaliah, may the Lord protect him and give him long life. I knew him in earlier days in Lisbon at the home of the eminent and humble sage ... the honourable Rabbi Eliezer Toledano, of blessed memory, who was like a son and brother to him and took charge of the holy work which was done at his home. And after reaching this city he expended much money to accomplish this work to perfection with great effort, and his sons and the members of his household devoted themselves wholeheartedly to this work..." Hymns of praise and high-down rhetoric in acclamation of Ibn Gedaliah's important work can be found in other sources. Like the printers of Constantinople, Ibn Gedaliah's family also printed important sources texts: Pentateuchs and other parts of the Bible with various commentaries, midrashim and halachic studies. The most important was the printing of the Babylonian Talmud with Rashi's commentary, which was never completed. [See ill us. no. 13 p. 152], About thirty books were printed by this press until the 1530s (according to Haberman until 1529, but Emmanuel claims that the printing house existed until 1535/38). These include Yalkuth Shim'oni, Akedath Yitzhak, Tur Orach Hayyim, Tur Yoreh De'ah, and some Talmud tractates with Rashi's commentary. There was considerable printing activity in Salonica during the 1520s. Besides the Ibn Gedaliah family there were other printers whose output was far smaller. Aside from various anonymous printers, we know of Yosef ben Avraham Elnekave (1521 ), Astruc ben Ya'akov de Toulon (1521) and Yosef ben Yitzhak Sid (1529) who had previously worked in Gedaliah's printing house.

HEBREW

PRINTING

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87

During this period the Italian printer Gershom Soncino, his son Eliezer and his nephew Moshe were residents of the city. They printed a few books in the years 1527-1529, and then moved on to Constantinople. Noteworthy among these were Sefer ha-Shorashim and many prayer books including some according to the Catalonian and Aragonese custom. From then onward there was a period of obscurity during which only a few odd books were printed. Many were completely lost in the great fire of 1545. It seems that the general public made wide use of printing facilities, not always in accordance with the better judgement of the sages and leaders of the community. In 1529, the city elders laid down a general ruling which in effect imposed censorship on published works: "As the rabbis of the Salonican communities noticed that unsuitable things have been printed, they have been agreed that no Jewish person will be allowed to print any text, without the permission of six of the city rabbis, and the one who transgresses will be under ban... we hereby decree that a ban will be imposed on any Jew who purchases them. In case of printing has begun, it will not be allowed to be completed without the permission of abovementionned six Torah scholars. The permission will be granted by consensus in a specific place, signed and sealed. Any transgressor will be under ban. This day in Sunday, the 10th of Elul, 1529.1 am your servant, Eliezer ha-Shimoni, A v r a h a m Hazan, Shmuel A l b u k h e r known as Halatz, Yosef son of our eminent rabbi Shlomo Taitazak, Shlomo Cavaliere, Yaakov Tzarfati."*

b. The Second Period:

1559-1628

In the mid-1540s the Y a ' a b e t z brothers, Shlomo and Yosef, founded a new printing house in the city. The great fire that occurred in 1545 apparently did not cause disruption in their operation, and they continued printing without interruption until 1554. In that year a terrible plague broke out, and the brothers moved to Adrianople where they established a printing house. Five years later they re-established their operation in Salonica. In 1560 Shlomo left his brother and moved to Constantinople. T h e 1560s were a flourishing period for the city with the mass influx of former Marranos from the Iberian peninsula. Not surprisingly, this period was one in which printing activity reached its height with more than one hundred and twenty books published, among which were a few Ladino works.

*A. Danon, "La communauté juive de Salonique au XVIe siècle", RE/XLI (1900), p. 264.

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In the printing house of Yosef Ya'abetz many books were printed f o r the purpose of Torah study and religious instruction. A m o n g these were the books by Rabbi Moshe A l m o s n i n o , as well as the Pentateuch and halachic compendiums translated into Ladino. Besides religious works, Ya'abetz also printed various kinds of secular literature. Although his m o s t important achievement was the printing of the Talmud, this undertaking was never completed. [See illus. no. 14 p. 153] In 1572 he left Salonica and joined his brother who had been printing since the mid-1550 s in Constantinople. T o replace this loss, David A v r a h a m Azoviv began to m a k e use of the typographical equipment of the Ya'abetz brothers. During the years 1578-1588 he printed over fourteen books including rabbinical responsa by contemporary sages, ethical works, and commentaries on the prayers. We know that he tried to bring out a new edition of the Nevi'im (Prophets) and the Ketuvim (Hagiographa) with a Ladino translation and continued the project of Talmud printing which Ya'abetz had begun. [See illus. no. 15 p. 153] A few years later, in 1592, the printing family of Matitya Bat-Sheva arrived in Salonica f r o m Italy. They had been persuaded to come by Rabbi Moshe de Medina, as he relates in the introduction to the collection of his father's responsa: "In an attempt to persuade them, I provided them with much gold so that they would bring their tools and all their possessions to this city... I have expended a great deal of my wealth to import paper, printing press and workers from Venice . ." Within a few years their printing house produced more than thirty books of various kinds. [See illus. no. 16 p. 154] They printed responsa, halachic works, stories and secular works such as Mazaloth Shel Adam, Refuath Geviyah, Minhat Yehuda Soneh ha-Nashim, etc. Special mention should be made of the anti-Christian polemical work Fuente Klara which also seems to have been printed by this press. Avraham Bat-Sheva was the first to print in Damascus, where he published Kesef Nivhar in 1603, but there was no one to continue his activities in this city. Later, the Bat-Sheva brothers left Salonica in 1605. Five years later the S h i m o n brothers, S h l o m o and M o s h e , m a d e use of the t y p o g r a p h i c a l equipment left by their predecessors, and renewed printing activity. They, too, relied on the support of Rabbi Moshe de Medina and his son Judah. [See illus. no. 17 p. 154] Their printing house functioned until 1628 and produced more than fourteen books — halachic works, prayer books, and a f e w Talmudic tractates. Another printer of Italian origin who was active in Salonica during this period was David ben Aharon Matza who had printed in Mantua and in other places. Today we know of only o n e book which was produced by his printing house in 1614: Ya'arim Moshe by Rabbi Moshe Hacohen, a collection of songs f o r Perashat Zachor. Other books were also printed in Salonica during these years without mentioning the printer's n a m e . T h e s e include the Responsa Bnei Sehmuel, Ein Yisrael, Sefer ha-Terumoth, Tsa'akat Sdom, and others.

HEBREW

PRINTING

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89

In fact, with the exception of a short period, Salonica did not have any wellestablished printing house until the end of the 17th century. From 1650-1655 Abraham Hager printed at least nine books including a few Talmudic tractates. [See illus. no. 18 the Proselyte, p. 155] but the quality of the printing was extremely poor. A few other works were printed during the 1690's without any indication of the printer's name. Among these were Machzor Katalan (1694) and Machzor Aragon 1699).

c. The Third Period:

1705-1840

Towards the end of his life Avraham ben Yedidia Gabbay, the printer in Constantinople and Izmir, established a new printing house in Salonica where a number of Talmudic tractates were published during the first decade of the 18th century. [See illus. no. 19 p. 156J. According to Rozanes, the printing house was already established in 1694/5 by the Talmud Torah Society at the initiative of contemporary philanthropists. After Gabbay's death the printing equipment was transferred in accordance with his will to the Talmud Torah Society in Salonica, which henceforth also dealt with book printing, mainly for its own needs. They printed Talmud tractates and various responsa by the sages of Salonica, and printing activity continued there without interruption until 1818. Avraham ben David Nahman and Yom Tov Canfelias, who had been nominated as its directors, leased the press and operated it independently [See illus. no. 20 p. 157]. When Nahman died, his place was taken by Samuel Falcon. In 1740, Bezalel Halevi Ashkenazi who had arrived from Amsterdam leased the printing house from the Talmud Torah Society and renovated it. Until his death in 1756, he produced more than thirty five books which are noted for their high printing quality [See illus. no. 21 p. 158], His sons continued to maintain the printing house until 1763. Rabbi Judah Kal'ai and Mordechai Nahman founded a new printing house in 1753. During their thirty years of activity they printed fifty books, including a number of Talmud tractates. In their own words, these were printed: ... for the needs of the scholars in the Talmud Torah, may God protect them, because the Gemarot which had once been available in the Talmud Torah have now entirely disappeared...

90

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Among the books this partnership printed were the responsa Magen Giborim, Shulhan Gavohah, and a book of sermons called Yekarah de Shachvei. After Kal'ai's death, his son Hayyim Leon inherited his share of the business and in the five years that followed, printed a number of works. His share was then bought by David Israelije, who maintained the partnership until 1804. For the following two years Nahman managed the printing house by himself. It should be noted that he published new editions of certain parts of Me'am Loez. Among other works he printed were the responsa Mayirn Sha'al, Mishpath Tzedek (Pts. 2 and 3), and a second edition of the responsa of Rabbi Samuel de Medina (Maharashdam). In 1792 a new printing house was founded in the city by the Nehama brothers in partnership with Sa'adi Halevi Ashkenazi who brought in his grandfather's type molds. Rabbi Yosef Molcho joined the partnership, in 1800, which lasted for a period of three years. A year later he began printing independently with new type molds imported from Istanbul and his printing activity continued until 1829. He brought out mainly responsa and sermons: Beer Mayim Chayyim, Yadav Shel Moshe, Chesed Avraham, Darkhei ha-Yam, etc. The other partner, Sa'adi Halevi Ashkenazi, engaged in private printing until 1815. His brother, Bezalel, continued his work until 1826, and after his death his widow took over the management of the printing house with the assistance of her sons. Printing activity continued there until the end of 1839, producing works which consisted mainly of halachic compendiums. Yitzhak Jahon, who had been a worker in the printing house of Bezalel Halevi Ashkenazi, engaged in independent printing activity from 1828-1855. [See ill us. no. 22 p. 159], During this period many books were printed in Salónica, sometimes without indication of date or printer, and until today we have no knowledge as to the names of their printers.

d. The Fourth Period: 1840-1941 During this period a few printing houses were active for short periods of time in the city. These were privately owned presses by individuals working side by side with those established by various societies and associations of the Jewish community.

HEBREW

PRINTING

HOUSES

91

The most important printer in this period was Sa'adi Halevi Ashkenazi (the Second), a descendant of the veteran printing family, who continued working from 1840 to 1902. We know that he travelled to Vienna to buy new equipment for his printing press, and his longstanding occupation in the printing trade earned him the nickname "Ha[ch]am Sa'adi el de la Estampa". (Hacham Saadi, the printer). Within a period of sixty years he printed over two hundred items, including that of the print house, most of the works of Rabbi Hayyim Palachi of Izmir, rabbinical responsa written in the Ottoman Empire and books in Ladino. [See illus. no. 23, p. 159] His printing house brought out the first Jewish journal in the city, El Lunar and this was followed by his own journal, La Epoka. His printing house was named after him in 1875. Smaller printing houses were active for brief periods only, and generally printed Torah related works. Among these we can list Hayyim Ze'ev Ashkenazi (1842); Rabbi Eliahu Faraji (1842-1843); Daniel Faraji (18421850); Rabbi Yitzhak Bechor Amaraji (1845-1847); and Moshe Ya'akov Ayash (1857-1858). [See illus. no. 24 p. 160], Among those societies which engaged in printing there was the Etz Chayyim Society which founded a new printing house in 1875 in competition with that of Sa'adi Halevi. Until the great fire of 1917, more than one hundred and fifty books were printed there in addition to booklets, leaflets and posters. The Gemiluth Hassadim Society also founded a printing house which printed various works from in the late 1860's. In the 20th century we find new printing houses which handled all types of printing work. According to Emmanuel, these include Estamparía Poliglota, Estamparía Progre, Tipografía Abraham Berudo, Tipografía David Estromsa, etc. As in Istanbul, the printing presses of Ladino journals occasionally brought out books, booklets, posters, pamphlets, calendars and invitations in Ladino. Among the names listed by Emmanuel we find: Equaroni & Bechar; Tipografi Eclaire; Imprimeria Equaroni; Estamparía Union; Estamparía la Libertad; etc. Sometimes Hebrew books were published by non-Jewish printing presses. Among these were Tipografía Moratore and the printing houses of Tintshof, Jordan Jartzif, and others. The Nazi conquest brought a disastrous end to the large and flourishing community of Salónica. Printing activity ceased there altogether after having lasted for more than four hundred years. Although certain Hebrew calendars and Haggadot of Pesah were printed in the 1950's this was too transient an episode to record. According to Ya'ari, more than three thousand and five hundred titles had appeared in print in Salónica, a fact which justifies Salonika's image as "Jerusalem of the Balkans".

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Bibliographical

BEN

NA'EH

Sources

A. Elmaleh, Le-Toldot ha-Yehudim

be-Salonik.

Jerusalem, 1924.

B. Ben-Ya'kov, "Batey ha-Defus be-Saloniki" in Saloniki:

Ir va-Em be

Yisrael. Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, 1967. See pp. 52-53. A.M. Haberman, Ha-Defus ha-Ivri be-Hitpathuto.

Jerusalem, 1968. See pp.

123-124. I. Mehlman, "Perakim be-Toldot ha-Defus be-Saloniki" in Sefunot,

13

(Sefer Yavan 3). Jerusalem: Ben Zvi Institute, 1971-1978. See pp. 217-272. Y. Nehama, "Saloniki Ir Hotza'a la-Or" in Zichron

Saloniki,

Vol. II (ed.

D.A. Recanati). Tel Aviv: Committee for the Publication of the Salonica Community Book, 1986. See pp. 250-260. I.S. Emmanuel, "Batey Defus u-Madpisim" in Zichron Saloniki, Vol. II (ed. D.A. Recanati). Tel Aviv: Committee for the Publication of the Salonica Community Book, 1986. See pp. 230-249. Salaman A. Rozanes, Divrey Yemey Yisrael be-Togarma.

Tel Aviv, 1930.

Pt. I: pp. 319 321, 326. Salaman A. Rozanes, Korot ha-Yehudim

be-Turkiya

ve-Artsot

ha-Kedem

Sofia, 1934-1038. Pt. II: pp. 234-235, 238-239; Pt. Ill: pp. 333-335, 337-338; Pt

IV: pp. 392-393, 395-396; Pt.V: pp. 350-354, 358-

363. I. Rivkind, "Sifrev Saloniko" in Kiryat Sefer, V. I (1925) pp. 294-30; Vol. Ill (1927), pp. 171-173; Vol. VI (1929) pp. 383-385. V. Vinograd, Otsar Hasefer Ha-lvri, II, Jerusalem, 1994, pp. 666-686.

HEBREW PRINTING HOUSES IN ANDRIANOPLE Hebrew printing which cristed in Andrianople during the 16th century for a very short while should be viewed mainly as an extension of Hebrew printing activity in Salonica. The printing house in the city was founded by the printer brothers Shlomo and Yosef Ya'abetz w h o had fled from Salonica in 1554 because of the plague. With the printing tools they had brought with them from Salonica they printed three and began work on a fourth book which remained uncompleted. The completed books were: Sheveth Masechet

Yehuda by Ibn Virga, She'erith

Yosef

md

Avoth by Rabbi Yosef Ya'abetz. Apparently only a f e w booklets of

the Responsa

of Rabbi Eliya Mizrahi

were printed [See illus. no. 25a p. 160],

In 1556 the brothers returned to Salonica and printing activity in Adrianople ceased until the 19th century.

HEBREW

PRINTING

HOUSES

93

The second period in the history of Jewish printing in Adrianople begins at the end of the 19th century. Avraham Danon, the f a m o u s scholar and researcher, revived printing activity in the city in 1887 with the publication of the weekly scholarly review YosefDa'ath in Hebrew, Ladino and Turkish for the period of o n e year (1888) [See illus. no. 2 5 b p. 161 J. In this same y e a r Danon published his Maskil Leeytan, a collection of poems in Hebrew. Books and periodicals continued to be printed in Andrianople until the 1930's.

Bibliographical

Sources

S. Assaf, M Benayahu, "Andrinople" in Ha-Encyclopedia ha-Ivrit, Vol. I. pp. 564-568. I. Mehlman, "Beit ha-Defus ha-Ivri be-Andrinople be-Me'ah ha-Shesh Esreh" in A ley Sefer, 6/7 (1979), pp. 102-106. Salomon A. Rozanes, Korot ha-Yehudim be-Turkiya ve-Artsot Sofia, 1934-1938. Pt. II: p. 235.

ha-Kedem,

HEBREW PRINTING HOUSES IN IZMR a. The First Period:

1657-1675

The first printing house to be founded in Izmir was that of A v r a h a m ben Yedidia Gabbay in 1657, Avraham was a descendant of a f a m o u s printing family of Venice and Livorno f r o m where he had brought the typographical equipment and skilled workmen. G a b b a y used the same type molds and decorations his father had once used. T h e s e had been acquired f r o m the Bragadine Press in Venice [See illus. no. 26 p. 162], A noteworthy event which took place in 1659 was the printing of two books in Spanish with Latin lettering (a second edition of two books by Menashe ben Yisrael). This is the first known instance of publishing Latin characters in Western Asia [See illus. no. 27 p. 163], T h e s e two are probably just remnants of a more intensive publishing activity in Latin characters printed for the benefit of the Portuguese Jews and European merchants residing in the city. In 1660 and 1662 Gabbay printed in Constantinople and then ceased further printing until 1670. By 1675 he had printed another sixteen books. He left Izmir on the occasion of his a p p o i n t m e n t as dragoman to the Genoese representative. Gabbay returned to Constantinople and then moved to Salonica in 1683. After he left Izmir, all printing activity ceased for the next fifty years.

94 b. The Second Period:

YARON

BEN

NA'EH

1728-1767

Yonah ben Ya'akov of Zalazitz who had been printing in Istanbul since 1710, established a new printing house in Izmir in 1728 in partnership with a local resident, Rabbi David Hazan. This was actually a branch of the famous printing house in Constantinople, using the same letter blocks, and specializing in the publication of treatises by the learned sages of the city. Their joint enterprise lasted until 1739, ending when Hazan emigrated to Palestine, but within these brief years they managed to bring out more than thirty books [See illus. no. 28 p. 164). Fifteen years later, in 1'754, a new printing house was established by Yehuda Hazan, son of the noted Rabbi David Hazan, and Ya'akov Valensi. This was a kind of partnership in which both used the same workmen and equipment, but worked separately, each one imprinting his name on his own books. Twelve books were printed by Yehuda Hazan during the years 1754-1767, and ten books by Valensi by 1766 |See illus. no. 29 p. 1651. It is interesting to note that the same typographical equipment was later transferred to Tunis and used to print one single book, Zer' Yitzhak, in 1768. The printing house of Osta Maragos, the Greek printer, was also active during this period and five books were printed there between 1755-1758: four compendiums of halacha, derash and Kabbala, and also Meoraoth Olam (1756) which was a collection of historical and narrative material. Printing activity then ceased in izmir for a period of nearly sixty years for reasons unknown.

c. The Third Period: 1838 -1920 From the fourth decade of the 19th century on several printing houses were in operation in izmir. Printing work, which had begun again after a long period of inactivity, would now continue without further interruptions. In 1838, the English printing house of Griffith was established mainly to serve the Anglican Mission. Among the publications printed by Griffith were two Ladino journals which appeared in Izmir, and which were the first to appear in the East at all — La Buena Esperansa in 1842 and Sha'arey Mizrah four years later. Ya'ari himself notes that many of the books brought out by the Mission were never recorded. The publication by the same printer of the Christian Bible raised a great deal of controversy.

HEBREW

PRINTING

HOUSES

95

During the years 1841-1844, the printing house of Shmuel Hekim published four books. The two business partners, Yitzhak ben Siman Tov Hekim (who had worked in printing layout for Shmuel Hekim) and Hayyim Yitzhak Shaul, brought out seven books in the years 1850-1857 [See illus. no. 30 p. 166]. In the 1850's another printing house was in operation, that of the two brothers, the sons of Yehuda Shmuel Ashkenazi, who had been engaged in printing work in Livorno during the 1840's. They produced six books during the years 1852-1855, mainly halachic compendiums. One book, Likutei Haamarim, deait with disputations with Christians and Christianity. After an interval of six years they printed five more books in partnership with Rabbi Nissim Hayyim Moda'i over a three year period, 1861-1863, all of them halachic and midrashic works. When Avraham Ashkenazi, the younger brother, went to work for the Ottolenghi Press in Alexandria, the printing house closed. Benzion Binyamin, the son of Rabbi Yehoshu'a Moses Roditi, began printing in 1857, using the equipment of Ya'akov Ashkenazi after the latter had ceased his printing activities. Of this year, we have a book printed by Rabbi Raphael Haim Pontrimoli. In 1862 with the assistance of the Chevra Kadishah (burial society) in Izmir, Roditi was given the use of a new printing house and worked in partnership with others from the 1870s onward. By 1884 he had published no less than seventy one books, among them many important religious works. One of his first publications was a new edition of Me'am Loez• He also brought forth many halachic compendiums. Another printing house which began operating in the 1860s was that of the De Segura brothers. It was founded in 1862 and continued to exist until 1906. More than one hundred and six books and other publications were produced there. [See illus. no. 31 p. 167) These include many of the works by Rabbi Hayyim Palachi, as well as a new edition of the Tohar. Avraham Pontrimoli, a member of a learned family in izmir, together with Yaakov Poli, founded a new printing house in 1876. Their partnership broke up eight years later, and Avraham Pontrimoli continued to print until 1889. During his thirteen years of printing activity, he published thirty five books mainly religious works [See illus. no. 32 p. 167). He also printed a few of Palachi's works as well as of other Izmir sages. In the last quarter of the 19th century, the Armenian printer, Tatikian, also printed a few Hebrew books [See illus. no. 33 p.]. Other, smaller printing houses were those of the Shevet Ahim press, which lasted for one year only (1876), that of Mordechai ben Yitzhak Barki (1896-1897), and of Ben Senior (1921-1922) as well as the commercial printing house of the Franko press (1904-1922).

96

YARON

BEN

N A ' EH

During the 20th century, the most prominent printer was Ephraim Melamed, whose printing house operated continuously from 1901 until 1924. According to Ya'ari, the place of publication for some of his books was falsified, and appeared as having been published in Vienna. Melamed specialised in Ladino textbooks and fictional works among which were many historical novels. These include: Buketo de Istorias (1904), Libro de Pasatiempo i Instruksyon (1913), Una Vengansa Salvaje (1913), Libro de Instruksion Religiosa (1916, 1924). In Izmir, as in the other two large centers of printing which we have mentioned above, books in Ladino were occasionally published by journal printers. Among these were the printing presses of El Novelista (1889-1922), El Messeret (1897-1924), La Esperansa (1871-1910), La Boz del Pueblo, El Progresso and others. Naturally, these were secular works such as novels and other literary works composed in the Ladino language, some of them even in l^atin characters. Hebrew printing in Izmir continued till the 1950's.

Bibliographical

Sources

Abraham Ya'ari, "Ha-Defus ha-Ivri be-Izmir" in Areshet,

1 (1959), pp. 222-

297. Salomon A. Rozanes, Korot

ha-Yehudim

be-Turkiya

ve Artsot

ha-Kedem,

Sofia, 1934-1938. Pt. IV: pp. 393, 396-397; Pt. V: pp. 354-355, 363-364. Cecil Roth, "Ha-Defus ha-Ivri be-Izmir" in Kiryat

Sefer, 28 (1953), pp.

390-393. D. Hacohen, "Ha-Defus Ha-Ivri be-Izmir" in Kiryat Sefer, 64, 1992-1993, pp.

1403-1923.

Y. Vinograd, Otzar Ha-Sefer Ha Ivri, II, Jerusalem, 1994, pp. 15-19. * Author's notice: The article was written in 1990. On the occasion of its publication the author updated the bibliography.

AMPLIFIED GLOSSARY OF BOOK PRINTING Gad Nassi

Abbreviations: Heb.=Hebrew, Lad.=Ladino.

A ABRAHAM HAYACHINI, or Abraham Yachini. (1617-1682). A kabbalist w h o was born and lived in Constantinople. His work titled H O D MALKHUT saw its first printing in Constantinople in 1655. From that year on, he was one of the staunchest supporters within the Ottoman Empire of the SABBATEAN movement. AKEDATH YITZHAK. From the Heb. word akedah, m e a n i n g " b i n d i n g " , especially r e f e r r i n g to the b i n d i n g or tying of a ritual sacrifice. AKEDATH YITZHAK refers to A b r a h a m ' s binding of his son Isaac (Yitzhak) as an intended sacrifice in obedience to G o d ' s c o m m a n d . Representing devotion to God, it has a special significance in Jewish philosophy and literature. AMADIS de GAULA. Spanish, meaning " A m a d i s of France". A work of the R O M A N S O type, written in Medieval times, containing tales of love, war, and heroism of Iberian noblemen. ARB A'A TURIM. Heb. meaning "four series". Written by Rabbi YAAKOV ben A S H E R , this work is composed of four sections, each called a tur (Hebrew plural is turim). It comprises the religious rulings of great French, Sephardic and Ashkenazic rabbis of the past, including those of Rabbi ASHER ben YEHIEL, the a u t h o r ' s own father. Accepted at the t i m e as the f u n d a m e n t a l b o o k of religious law by all J e w i s h communities, it was republished several times. In later years, it was to serve as the foundation for YOSEF KARO's work, the SHULCHAN ARUCH, which became the authoritative book of the HALACHAH. ASHER ben YECHIEL, or Rabbi Asher ben Ye&iel, also known as ROSH, or HAROSH (1270? - 1343?) Author of ARBA'A TURIM, father of Rabbi YAAKOV ben ASHER. B BABYLONIAN TALMUD. See TALMUD BEER MAYIM CHAYYIM. Heb. "fresh water well". There are at least f o u r books bearing this title, three of which were published in the Ottoman Empire. All comprise religious laws and prayers. The first, authored by Rabbi Hayim ben Yaakov Ovadya de Boshel, was published in Salonica in 1546. The second and third, written by Rabbi H a y i m Nesim Rafael Motziro, were published, respectively, in Constantinople, 1794, and in Salonica, 1814. BNEI HAYYAI. H e b . phrase meaning "children of my life". A liturgical work in RESPONSA form, written by H a y i m ben Men ahem Algazi, which updated the rulings in A R B A ' A TURIM. It was published in Constantinople in 1712.

100

GAD

NASSI

BNEI MOSHE. Heb. "sons of Moshe". Title of a RESPONSA work, which clarified HALAKHAH, written by Moshe ben Shilton and published by the author in Constantinople in 1713. BNEI SHEMUEL. Heb. "sons of Shemuel". Also known as RESPONSA OF BNEI SHEMUEL,. Work in the form of RESPONSA written by Shemuel Hayon; added new regulations to the SHULHAN ARUH. BNEI YA'AKOV. Heb. "sons of Jacob". Penned by Yaakov ben Israel Sassoon, it consists of questions and answers on HALAKHAH, and views and explanations of the philosophy of RAMBAM (MAIMONIDES). BUKETO DE ISTORIAS. Lad. "bouquet of stories". A book of folklore published in Constantinople in 1905. It is divided into three sections, titled respectively as "Stories of Friendship", "Geographical Notes", and "Epigrams and Reflections". C CAIRO GENIZAH. The Heb. word genizah, meaning "hiding place", is applied to a special storeroom in a synagogue for worn-out holy books and materials. The most famous genizah is that discovered in the Ezra synagogue of Cairo, Egypt, which has the largest collection of ancient Hebrew documents, including many of great historical and religious significance. CHEMDATH YAMIM. Heb. "love of life". Generally referring to the beloved Sabbath day; title of Kabbalistic work attributed to NATHAN OF GAZA, compiled and edited by Rabbi Israel ben-Rabbi Yom Tov. The four-part work, comprising mystical TIKUN1M, HANHAGOTH and prayers read on the first day of the Hebrew month (new moon) and on Sabbaths, created serious controversy and conflicts within the Jewish community. It was published in 1731-3 in izmir, in 1735-8 in Istanbul, and in 1799 in Salonica. CHESED AVRAHAM, or Brith Abraham. Heb. "goodness of Abraham," or "covenant of Abraham". Several works bearing these titles were printed in 1796 and 1803 in Salonica. They comprise D E R A S H O T H , RESPONSA, Biblical commentaries, and commentaries by RASHI and RE'EM. CHEVRA KADISHAH. Aramaic term meaning "holy society". Denotes a Jewish burial society. CHOVOTH HALEVAVOTH. Heb. "duties of the heart". An ethical work written in Arabic by Bahya Ibn Pakuda, probably in Saragosa, Spain, and translated into Hebrew in 1161 by Judah benTivon. The work, also known as Sefer Torath haLevavoth (book of laws for duties of the heart), was influenced by Arabic mystical literature. Beyond being a work of Jewish ethical rules, the work proposes that observance of religious ritual must be charged with feeling and true devotion to God. A J e w ' s first duty is to come closer to God, separating himself from evil thoughts and deeds, and purifying his soul in order to achieve unity with God. This work influenced many Jewish ethical works, which were penned in later years and centuries. It was printed in Constantinople in 1550.

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CHUMMASH. Heb. term meaning "five". Denotes the Five Books of Moses, the first f i v e books of the Hebrew Bible. Also known as the Pentateuch. D DARKHEI haYAM. Heb. "ways of the sea". To be understood from context as "to show you the way when you are lost at sea." Book of DERASHA and elegies written by Rafael Meir of Izmir, published in the second half of the eighteenth century in Salonica, and later also in Izmir. The same author also wrote a work called "Shorshei haYam", meaning "Roots of the Sea." DAVID KIMCHI (1160-1235). Also known as Rabbi David Kimhi or RADAK. Hebrew grammarian and Biblical commentator who lived in Southern France; author of the two-part SEFER MICHLOL. DAYS OF AWE. See PENITENTIL DAYS DERASH or DERASHAH. Heb. term denoting the concise commentaries on sections of the Bible applied more popularly to the discourse on a religious theme delivered by a rabbi in the synagogue, usually on Saturday. DON JOSEPH NASI (1524-1579). Former Portuguese MARRANO who, after settling in the Ottoman Empire and returning to Judaism, became a prominent statesman and influential businessman, serving as advisor to two sultans - Suleiman the Magnificent and Selim II. In 1558 he obtained the Sultan's permission to establish an independent Jewish settlement in the city of Tiberias. His efforts to bring this project to reality have earned him a mark in Jewish history. DONA REYNA NASI (1530-1599). Wife of DON JOSEPH NASI. After being widowed, she became benefactor of Jewish printing and publishing. E EDUTH BIYEHOSEF. Heb. meaning "Joseph's testimony". Of the various books bearing this title, Yosef Almosnino, Chief Rabbi of Baghdad, authored the one published in the Ottoman Empire. Written in RESPONSA style and dealing with various subjects, it offers new insights into the philosophy of the RAMBAM. The work consists of two volumes, printed in Istanbul in 1713 and 1733 respectively. EIN YISRAEL. Heb. meaning He "Eyesof Ismael". EL SARAY del INGLEZ. Lad. "the Palace of the Englishman". In great probability it denotes the building of the English embassy in Constantinople, known as THE ENGLISH PALACE. ELI YAH MIZRACHI. Rabbi ELIYAH MIZRACHI or RE'EM (1450? - 1526). Chief Rabbi of Constantinople who aided in the settlement in Ottoman lands of Jewish refugees from Spain and Portugal. Known for his RESPONSA work, in which he analyzed the commentaries of RASHI, he also authored a book on mathematics.

102

GA D NA S S I

EMANUEL haROMI (1261-1328). Italian Jewish writer, first to c o m p o s e Hebrew poetry in sonnet f o r m . Inspired by such poets as Petrarcus, Elharizi and Dante, he dealt with themes of love, joy, drink, friendship, suffering and holiness. His poems are collected in a series of 28 booklets known as MAHBAROTH EMANUEL, or MAHBAROT. ENGLISH PALACE. See EL SARAY del INGLEZ ETZ CHAYYIM, or ETZ haCHAYYIM. Heb. "tree of life", refers to the Biblical "tree of life", one of the trees growing in Paradise, alongside the "tree of knowledge and wisdom", which tempted Adam and Eve. It is the title of a book written by Angel ben Hayim, and printed in Salonica in 1772. It consists of descriptions and commentaries related totheHUMASH. E X O D U S . T h e Book of Exodus, second of the Five B o o k s of M o s e s (Pentateuch). It contains the story of the departure of the Israelites f r o m Egypt under the leadership of Moses, and their years of wandering in the Sinai Peninsula on the way to the Promised Land. During this period, Moses receives the Ten C o m m a n d m e n t s f r o m G o d . In the national consciousness of the Israelites, this experience represents freedom from slavery and the claim to a homeland. EYN YAAKOV. Heb. meaning "Jacob's eyes". A book, known also as "Eyn Beit Israel" (eyes of the house of Israel) or "Beit Israel" (house of Israel), written by Y a a k o v ben S h l o m o H a b i b ( 1 4 5 0 - 1 5 1 6 ) , an emigrant from Spain who settled in Salonica. It comprises stories f r o m the Babylonian TALMUD, and some f r o m the Jerusalem TALMUD, with the related exegeses and c o m m e n t a r i e s by RASHI. T h e work, first printed in 1515, was completed later by the author's son and became very popular, undergoing more than 100 printings, including also in its Yiddish translation. F FIVE MEGILOTH. See HAMESH MEGILOTH. F U E N T E K L A R A . Lad. "clear fountain". Written by Yonah ben Yaakov Ashkenazi, this work was first printed in Constantinople in the beginning of the 16 t h century, and later in Salonica in 1795. It comprises a r g u m e n t s concerning the Christian religion. A l t h o u g h written in Ladino, it is referred to in Hebrew texts by its Hebrew title, "Ma'yan haBahir". G GEMARA, GEMAROTH. Aramaic, gemara gemaroth.

meaning "learning", plural f o r m

Either word refers to the second part of the T A L M U D

consisting of discussions and clarifications of the MISHNAH, which is the first part and covers the whole range of Jewish ethics and religious doctrine.

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GEMILUTH HASSADIM. Heb. term meaning "charity", a basic principle of Judaism. The term is also used to refer to organizations which give interest-free loans to those in need. GENESIS. The first of the Five Books of Moses (TORAH), called in Hebrew "Bereshit" (In the beginning). The book begins with the story of Creation, and continues with the account of the lives of the Patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. GENIZAH. See CAIRO GENIZAH. GEONIM. Heb. plural form of gaon, meaning "sage; person of exceptional knowledge". Between the 6 t h and 11 th centuries, Gaon was a title held by heads of the two Babylonian academies. During this period, known as the "Era of Geonim", the Jews of Babylon constituted the most influential Jewish community in the world. Gaon also referred to a person of outstanding religious scholarship outside of Babylon. GINATH VRADIM. Heb. "rose garden". The name of a book in RESPONSA style written by Rabbi Abraham haLevi. Published in Constantinople in 1716, it was compiled in the system of ARBA'A TURIM, and includes new updated religious regulations. H HAFTAROTH. Heb. plural form of haftarah, meaning "conclusion". Applied to selection from the Prophets read in the synagogue on Sabbaths and festivals, immediately after the reading of the perasha, portion read from the Torah. HAGGADAH. See PASSOVER HAGGADAH HAGIOGRAPHA. Greek term meaning "Holy Writings". See KETUVIM. HALACHAH. Heb. term denoting "religious law". Refers to the body of Jewish law contained in the books of MISHNAH, TALMUD, MISHNEH TORAH, and SHULKHAN ARUKH. HAMESH MEGILLOTH, or FIVE MEGILLOTH. Megilla (plural form megillot) is Hebrew for "legend", or "document in a scroll". Hamesh megillot, meaning "five scrolls", refers to the five short books, each of which is read on a specific festival, which make part of the KETUVIM (Holy Writings) section of the Bible. These are: Song of Songs (read during Passover), Ruth (read on Shavuoth, feast of Weeks), Lamentations (read during Tisha beAv, day commemorating the destruction of the First and Second Holy Temples), Ecclesiastes (read during Sukkoth, festival of Tabernacles), and Esther (read during Purim, Feast of Lots.) HANHAGATH HACHAYYIM. Heb. "guide for living". Work written in LADINO, for the purpose of guiding MARRANOS returning to Judaism in the observance of religious laws. HAYIM PALATCHI, or Rabbi HAYIM PALATCHI (1788-1869). Religious sage from izmir, author of 72 books. He also directed a fund-raising campaign for the holy cities of Jerusalem, Hebron, Safed and Tiberias. A yeshiva (school for religious education) dedicated to his memory exists in the town of Bnei Brak.

104

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HAYYUN. Informer who denounced DON JOSEPH NASI to the Sultan on false charges of espionage. HEKIM YOSEF (Joseph the Physician.) See SAMSON WERTHEIMER HOD MALKHUTH. Heb. meaning "exalted kingdom". A liturgical work written by ABRAHAM haYAHINI, consisting of TORAH commentaries and prayers.

J JOSEPH CARO. See YOSEF CARO. JUDITH. See YUDITH. K KABBALAH. Heb. term meaning "reception" applied to Jewish mystical philosophy. Also known as "secret wisdom". The beginnings of Jewish mysticism are traced to the period of the Second Holy Temple. Subsequently it spread to European communities, including to southern France, and from there to Spain. Kabbalistic creativeness reached its zenith in 16 th -century Palestine, in the city of Safed. K E S E F N I V H A R . Heb. "chosen treasure". Title of work of Biblical commentaries written by Rabbi Yeshayahu Pinto, published in 1603 and 1605 in Damascus, and in 1625 in Venice. Other works bearing this title have also been published. KETUBOTH. Plural form of ketubah, Heb. term for the marriage certificate. A work of rules and regulations relating to the marriage contract, the responsibilities of each spouse, the wedding ceremony, sexual relations, rape, divorce, and widowhood. It constitutes a section of the book Seder Nashim (Heb. "rules for women"), which is one of the six volumes of the MISHNAH, KETUVIM. Heb. "writings", the last of the three main sections of the Hebrew Bible. Also referred to as HAGIOGRAPHA. KNESSET HAGEDOLAH. Heb. term meaning "Great Assembly". Name of the legislative body established by the Jews in Israel after their return from the Babylonian exile (after 538 BCE). It was charged with regulating religious laws. This is also the title of a work, compiled by Rabbi Hayim ben Israel Benvenisti, including two sections of ARBA'A TURIM, as well as commentaries, laws, questions and answers concerning the SHULHAN ARUH. Editions containing different parts of this work were printed in the 17 th and 18 th centuries in Izmir, Livorno, Constantinople and Salonica. The 1729 Istanbul edition contains updated information by Rabbi David Openheim. KOPLAS DE YOSEF. Also known as Komplas de Yosef. Koplas, Ladino term meaning "verse" in folk literature. It denotes a verse composition which may be recited as a poem or sung as a song. KOPLAS DE YOSEF, meaning "Verses of Joseph", is a lengthy work in verse written in LADiNO by Avraam de Toledo and relates the Biblical story of Joseph. The extant editions were printed in 1755 in Salonica, and in 1861 in Belgrade.

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L L A D I N O . Spanish language used by the Iberian Jews (Sefaradim) in their religious works. Since recent times, the term has also been used by many to denote the Jewish-Spanish language spoken by the Sephardim. L I B R I K O DI MODA'A. Title, made of combined Lad. (libriko, "little book") and Heb. ( m o d a ' a , "awareness") terms meaning "booklet of awareness", belonging to a religious work written in L A D I N O and published in Istanbul. L I B R O D E I N S T R U K S Y O N R E L I G I O S A . Lad. " b o o k of religions instruction." L I B R O DE P A S A T I E M P O I INSTRUKSYON. Lad. " b o o k of entertainment and instruction." L I B R O I N T I T U L A D O Y I H U S H A T Z A D I K I M . Lad. " b o o k titled Y i h u s haTsadikim". See YIHUS haTZADIKIM. L I K U T E I H A A M A R I M . Heb. "collection of duties." L O E Z SEFARADI. Heb. "foreign language in Spanish", can be understood to mean "a work written for the Sephardic Jews in a foreign language." It is applied to books published in the 16 t h century f o r the purpose of giving religious instruction to f o r m e r MARRANOS w h o returned to Judaism in the Ottoman Empire, particularly in Constantinople and Salonica. The titles of books published f o r this purpose are: HOVOTH haLEVAVOTH, HANHAGATH haCHAYYIM and SHULCHAN LECHEM haPANIM. LURIA. Y I T Z C H A K BEN S H L O M O L U R I A (1534-1572). Also known as haAri, meaning "lion" in Hebrew. Most f a m o u s of all the KABBALAH thinkers. Born to Ashkenazi parents, he was educated in Egypt and lived here until 1569 when he moved to Palestine and settled in Safed. His disciples published his teachings. See TIKKUN. M M A A L O T H SHEL ADAM. Heb. "virtues of man". MAGEN GIBORIM. Heb. "shield of heroes". Book written by Rabbi Daniel Istruza in RESPONSA style, and published in Salonica in 1754. MAHARAL. See YEHUDA LEV bar BETZALEL MAHARASHDAM. See SHMUEL de MEDINA. M A C H B A R O T H E M A N U E L or M A C H B A R O T H . Heb. terms meaning respectively, "essays of Emanuel" or "essays". A compilation of works in verses written in sonnet f o r m and a metaphorical style. Authored by EMANUEL haROMI, it was intended to entertain the readers by appealing to and challenging their imagination. T h e author's last work, inspired by Dante's Divine Comedy, is titled Inferno. M A C H Z O R . M A C H Z O R K A T A L A N . M A C H Z O R A R A G O N . Festival prayerbook, known as MACHZOR in Hebrew. MACHZOR KATALAN and MACHZOR ARAGON refer to the prayerbooks, which follow the tradition of the Jewish communities of Catalonia and Aragon regions in Spain. MAIMONIDES. See MOSHE ben MAIMON.

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HAYYUN. Informer who denounced DON JOSEPH NASI to the Sultan on false charges of espionage. HEKIM YOSEF (Joseph the Physician.) See SAMSON WERTHEIMER HOD MALKHUTH. Heb. meaning "exalted kingdom". A liturgical work written by ABRAHAM haYAHINI, consisting of TORAH commentaries and prayers.

J JOSEPH CARO. See YOSEF CARO. JUDITH. See YUDITH. K KABBALAH. Heb. term meaning "reception" applied to Jewish mystical philosophy. Also known as "secret wisdom". The beginnings of Jewish mysticism are traced to the period of the Second Holy Temple. Subsequently it spread to European communities, including to southern France, and from there to Spain. Kabbalistic creativeness reached its zenith in 16 th -century Palestine, in the city of Safed. K E S E F N I V H A R . Heb. "chosen treasure". Title of work of Biblical commentaries written by Rabbi Yeshayahu Pinto, published in 1603 and 1605 in Damascus, and in 1625 in Venice. Other works bearing this title have also been published. KETUBOTH. Plural form of ketubah, Heb. term for the marriage certificate. A work of rules and regulations relating to the marriage contract, the responsibilities of each spouse, the wedding ceremony, sexual relations, rape, divorce, and widowhood. It constitutes a section of the book Seder Nashim (Heb. "rules for women"), which is one of the six volumes of the MISHNAH. KETUVIM. Heb. "writings", the last of the three main sections of the Hebrew Bible. Also referred to as HAGIOGRAPHA. KNESSET HAGEDOLAH. Heb. term meaning "Great Assembly". Name of the legislative body established by the Jews in Israel after their return from the Babylonian exile (after 538 BCE). It was charged with regulating religious laws. This is also the title of a work, compiled by Rabbi Hayim ben Israel Benvenisti, including two sections of ARBA'A TURIM, as well as commentaries, laws, questions and answers concerning the SHULHAN ARUH. Editions containing different parts of this work were printed in the 17 th and 18 th centuries in Izmir, Livorno, Constantinople and Salonica. The 1729 Istanbul edition contains updated information by Rabbi David Openheim. K O P L A S DE YOSEF. Also known as Komplas de Yosef. Koplas, Ladino term meaning "verse" in folk literature. It denotes a verse composition which may be recited as a poem or sung as a song. KOPLAS DE YOSEF, meaning "Verses of Joseph", is a lengthy work in verse written in LADINO by Avraam de Toledo and relates the Biblical story of Joseph. The extant editions were printed in 1755 in Salonica, and in 1861 in Belgrade.

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L L A D I N O . Spanish language used by the Iberian Jews (Sefaradim) in their religious works. Since recent times, the term has also been used by many to denote the Jewish-Spanish language spoken by the Sephardim. L I B R I K O DI MODA'A. Title, made of combined Lad. (libriko, "little book") and Heb. ( m o d a ' a , "awareness") terms meaning "booklet of awareness", belonging to a religious work written in L A D I N O and published in Istanbul. L I B R O D E I N S T R U K S Y O N R E L I G I O S A . Lad. " b o o k of religions instruction." L I B R O DE P A S A T I E M P O I INSTRUKSYON. Lad. " b o o k of entertainment and instruction." L I B R O I N T I T U L A D O Y I H U S H A T Z A D I K I M . Lad. " b o o k titled Y i h u s haTsadikim". See YIHUS haTZADIKIM. L I K U T E I H A A M A R I M . Heb. "collection of duties." L O E Z SEFARADI. Heb. "foreign language in Spanish", can be understood to mean "a work written for the Sephardic Jews in a foreign language." It is applied to books published in the 16 t h century f o r the purpose of giving religious instruction to f o r m e r MARRANOS w h o returned to Judaism in the Ottoman Empire, particularly in Constantinople and Salonica. The titles of books published f o r this purpose are: HOVOTH haLEVAVOTH, HANHAGATH haCHAYYIM and SHULCHAN LECHEM haPANIM. LURIA. Y I T Z C H A K BEN S H L O M O L U R I A (1534-1572). Also known as haAri, meaning "lion" in Hebrew. Most f a m o u s of all the KABBALAH thinkers. Born to Ashkenazi parents, he was educated in Egypt and lived here until 1569 when he moved to Palestine and settled in Safed. His disciples published his teachings. See TIKKUN. M M A A L O T H SHEL ADAM. Heb. "virtues of man". MAGEN GIBORIM. Heb. "shield of heroes". Book written by Rabbi Daniel Istruza in RESPONSA style, and published in Salonica in 1754. MAHARAL. See YEHUDA LEV bar BETZALEL MAHARASHDAM. See SHMUEL de MEDINA. M A C H B A R O T H E M A N U E L or M A C H B A R O T H . Heb. terms meaning respectively, "essays of Emanuel" or "essays". A compilation of works in verses written in sonnet f o r m and a metaphorical style. Authored by EMANUEL haROMI, it was intended to entertain the readers by appealing to and challenging their imagination. T h e author's last work, inspired by Dante's Divine Comedy, is titled Inferno. M A C H Z O R . M A C H Z O R K A T A L A N . M A C H Z O R A R A G O N . Festival prayerbook, known as MACHZOR in Hebrew. MACHZOR KATALAN and MACHZOR ARAGON refer to the prayerbooks, which follow the tradition of the Jewish communities of Catalonia and Aragon regions in Spain. MAIMONIDES. See MOSHE ben MAIMON.

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MISHNAH. Heb. name for a work consisting of a collection of Biblical laws, their interpretations and applications. Originally transmitted orally for centuries, these interpretations and laws were compiled and written down in the first half of the third century. During the following three centuries, the MISHNAH was analyzed and interpreted, resulting in a second book called GEMARA, meaning "education" in Aramaic. The MISHNAH and GEMARA together constitute the TALMUD. MISHNEH TORAH. Heb. "Repetition of the Law." Written by the RAMBAM, this large work is a systematic summary of the legal formulations of the TALMUD and other rabbinical writings. MISHPATH TZEDEK. Heb. "righteous judgement." MOSHE ALMOSNINO or Rabbi MOSHE ben BARUH ALMOSNINO (15161580). Religious sage, philosopher and historian who lived in Istanbul. He is known for his book, D E R A S H O T H , a commentary on the philosophy of Aristotle and Gazali. MOSHE BEN MAIMON, or Rabbi MOSHE ben MAIMON (1135-1204), also known as RAMBAM, haRAMBAM, or MAIMONIDES. Religious thinker and physician, he was born in Cordoba, Spain and later lived in Fez and in Egypt. He is buried in Tiberias. The author of MISHNEH TORA and many other works, he represented Rationalist (Aristotelian) philosophy in Jewish thought. N NATHAN OF GAZA (16437-1680). First person to believe in and announce the messianism of Sabbbetai Sevi. He became the spokesman for, and the most influential promoter of SABBATEANISM. After Sabbetay Sevi's conversion to Islam, he continued to be the prophet and promoter of this movement, without converting to Islam himself. NEVI'IM. Heb. "prophets" (pi. form of "navi"). Heb. name for the Book of Prophets, the second section of the Bible. The Heb. word for prophet, "navi", applies to a person who is believed to be divinely inspired, able to predict future events and to warn against imminent dangers. O OTIOTH DE RABI AKIVA. The Heb. word "otioth", meaning letters, combined with LADINO, the title means "The Writings of Rabbi AKIVA". A compilation of ethical laws and commentaries based on the SHULHAN ARUKH and Rabbi AKIVA. Translated into LADINO for the purpose of serving the populace, who could not read Hebrew. It was published at least two times.

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P PENITENTIAL DAYS. Known in Hebrew as Aseret Yamei Teshuva, meaning "ten days of repentance". It is the period, which begins on Rosh Hashanah (Jewish New Year) and ends on Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement.) During this time, also known as Days of Awe, a person must repent for the sins he has committed during the year and resolve not to repeat them. Special penitential prayers known as Selihoth are said before dawn on these days. PENTATEUCH. See CHUMASH. PERASHAH. Heb. term meaning "section" or "topic" denotes each of the 54 portions of the TORAH read at weekly SABBATH services in the synagogue. The entire TORAH is thus read in annual cycles. PASSOVER HAGGADAH. The special book read at Passover, which tells the epic story of the Jewish exodus from Egypt at about 1500 BCE. PITRON CHALOMOTH. Heb. "interpretation of dreams." Attributed to Rabbi Hay Gaon, it probes into the significance of dreams in Judaism. First published in Egypt, the book was later translated into several European languages. Another work with the same title, written by Shelomo Almoli, also exists. R RABBINIC. Derived from the Heb. word "Rabbi", it denotes a person who has had special religious training. An adjective generally used in reference to the Orthodox-Jewish writings and thought. It is also used to indicate Rashi characters of script. RABBI AKIVA (50? - 135 BCE). Famous TALMUD scholar and religious martyr who inspired Bar Kokhba's revolt against the Romans. He authored many works. RADAK. See KIMHI, DAVID. RAMBAM, or haRAMBAM. See MOSHE ben MAIMON. RASHI. Abbreviated name of Rabbi Solomon Yitzhaki (1040-1105). The RASHI script, or RASHI characters, refers to a special style of Hebrew lettering which was used to print the commentaries of RASHI and others. Numerous works, especially in LADINO, were printed in this type. RE'EM. See ELIYAH MIZRACHI. REFUOTH GEVIYAH or REFUOTH haGEVIYAH. Heb. "healing the body". Book describing the procedures to be followed in preparing a dead body for burial. REFUATH HATALMUD. Heb. "healing according to TALMUD". Work describing medical procedures based on the teachings of the TALMUD. RESPONSA. Meaning "answers" in LADINO, it refers to the opinions and rulings of rabbis in response to questions posed to them. A work composed in the question-answer format.

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R I F o r haRIF. S e e YITSHAK ALFASI.

ROMANIOTH, or ROMANIOTHS. Jewish communities dating back to the Roman and Byzantine Empires, characterized to this day by their particular culture and Greek language. Also, a person who is originally from one of these communities. ROMANSA. A type of ballad or narrative poem whose theme may be a heroic adventure or a love story. Originated in France and spread to Iberia, this form was appropriated by Iberian Jews, and became part of Sephardic traditional folklore and song. ROSH, or haROSH. S e e ASHER b e n YEHIEL.

RUTH. One of King David's ancestors. RUTH was a Moabite woman who embraced Judaism. Her charming story is told in the second of the FIVE MEGILLOTH, named after her, which is read in the synagogue on the festival of Shavuoth and represents the ideals of virtue, simplicity, generosity and righteousness in Judaism. S SABBATH or SHABBATH. Saturday, the Jewish day of rest, in accordance with Biblical injunction. The Bible relates that God created the world in six days, and rested on the seventh. The Sabbath is a holy day in Judaism, representing the special bond between God and the Jewish people. SABBATEANISM. The Messianic movement led by Izmir-born Rabbi Sabbetai Sevi, in which he was the declared Messiah. The ZOHAR and KABBALAH of LURIA influenced him. This movement, which created deep and widespread upheaval in the Jewish world, ended with Shabbetai's conversion to Islam and resulted in the deep disappointment of most of his followers. Others believed his conversion to be a necessary tribulation of the messiah and followed his example, calling themselves "ma'aminim" (Hebrew for "believers"). Remnants of this community, popularly known as the Donme (Turkish for "convert" or, more literally "turncoat"), have persisted to this day, particularly in Turkey. SAMSON WERTHEIMER (1658-1724). A Viennese Jew who served as Palace Treasurer and became politically influential. His correspondence in 1712-13 with HEKIM YOSEF, a physician of the Ottoman Palace, sought ways to aid the destitute Ashkenazi community of Jerusalem. SANHEDRIN. Heb. form of the Greek "Synedrion" (assembly), applied to the highest Jewish court in Palestine during Roman and Byzantine times. On occasion, the SANHEDRIN's authority on religious rulings extended to Diaspora Jewish communities. It continued to function until the 5 th century CE. SEDER MISHMARAH. Heb. "order for God's protection". It refers to a prayer read on the eve of the new month. Also known as "TIKKUN Erev Rosh Hodesh" (Heb. "repairing the eve of the new month"). Second printing of this prayer was as a supplement to the work titled HEMDATH YAMIM

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P PENITENTIAL DAYS. Known in Hebrew as Aseret Yamei Teshuva, meaning "ten days of repentance". It is the period, which begins on Rosh Hashanah (Jewish New Year) and ends on Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement.) During this time, also known as Days of Awe, a person must repent for the sins he has committed during the year and resolve not to repeat them. Special penitential prayers known as Selihoth are said before dawn on these days. PENTATEUCH. See CHUMASH. PERASHAH. Heb. term meaning "section" or "topic" denotes each of the 54 portions of the TORAH read at weekly SABBATH services in the synagogue. The entire TORAH is thus read in annual cycles. PASSOVER HAGGADAH. The special book read at Passover, which tells the epic story of the Jewish exodus from Egypt at about 1500 BCE. PITRON CHALOMOTH. Heb. "interpretation of dreams." Attributed to Rabbi Hay Gaon, it probes into the significance of dreams in Judaism. First published in Egypt, the book was later translated into several European languages. Another work with the same title, written by Shelomo Almoli, also exists. R RABBINIC. Derived from the Heb. word "Rabbi", it denotes a person who has had special religious training. An adjective generally used in reference to the Orthodox-Jewish writings and thought. It is also used to indicate Rashi characters of script. RABBI AKIVA (50? - 135 BCE). Famous TALMUD scholar and religious martyr who inspired Bar Kokhba's revolt against the Romans. He authored many works. RADAK. See KIMHI, DAVID. RAMBAM, or haRAMBAM. See MOSHE ben MAIMON. RASHI. Abbreviated name of Rabbi Solomon Yitzhaki (1040-1105). The RASHI script, or RASHI characters, refers to a special style of Hebrew lettering which was used to print the commentaries of RASHI and others. Numerous works, especially in LADINO, were printed in this type. RE'EM. See ELIYAH MIZRACHI. REFUOTH GEVIYAH or REFUOTH haGEVIYAH. Heb. "healing the body". Book describing the procedures to be followed in preparing a dead body for burial. REFUATH HATALMUD. Heb. "healing according to TALMUD". Work describing medical procedures based on the teachings of the TALMUD. RESPONSA. Meaning "answers" in LADINO, it refers to the opinions and rulings of rabbis in response to questions posed to them. A work composed in the question-answer format.

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SHULCHAN ARUKH. Heb. "the set table". Title of the Code of Jewish Law (HALAKHAH) authored by JOSEPH CARO. Considered the most important work in its field, it was published in 1555. SHULCHAN GAVOAH. Heb. "holy table." SHULCHAN LECHEM HAPANIM. Heb. possibly is meaning "food for the soul". A work composed in LADINO, forming part of the L O E Z SEFARADI books. SIDDUR. Heb. term (meaning "order") applied to the book of daily and Sabbath prayers. SIFREIKAVVANOTH. Heb. "books of purposes". LURIA's work describing the purpose of prayer, is titled "Sefer haKavvanoth". T TALMUD. Heb. term meaning "study" applied to a book containing a compilation of commentaries, analysis and explanations of religious laws and issues. It consists of two sections: the MlSHNAH, the first code of Jewish laws after the Bible, and the GEMARA, an elaboration of the MlSHNAH dealing with almost everything concerning Jewish life. There are two separate compilations of the TALMUD, the Babylonian and the Jerusalem (or Palestinian). TALMUD TORAH SOCIETY, or, briefly, TALMUD TORAH. Literally a Hebrew term meaning "the study of the Torah", used as a designation for an elementary school providing religious and Hebrew instruction to children. T A R G U M . Heb. term meaning "translation" applied to the A r a m a i c translation of the Hebrew holy texts. Aramaic is a Semitic language spoken in Biblical times. Long after Aramaic had ceased to be a Jewish vernacular, many mystical works of KABBALAH were written in that language in order to prevent ordinary people from reading them. TIKKUN. Heb. word meaning "mending" or "restoration"; plural form is TIKKUNIM. According to the KABBALAH philosophy advanced by ISAAC LURJA, the light of divine emanation broke into pieces during cosmic creation. The duty of man in this world is to repair these broken pieces and release the holy sparks to God by observing the divine precepts, Torah study, and deep meditation. The complete restoration (TIKKUN) will hasten the advent of the Messiah and bring G o d ' s perfection to the world. The term TIKKUN is also applied to the religious doctrine introduced by NATHAN of GAZZA whereby the soul of sinners could be "repaired" by heavy and prolonged fasts and other austere measures. TIKKUNEIZOHAR. Heb. "repairs of ZOHAR", name given to the mystical literature considered to be the complement of the book of ZOHAR.

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TORAH. The Pentateuch, or five books of Moses, which comprise the first of the three major sections of the Bible. (The other two are: Nevi'im (Prophets) and Ketuvim (Writings). TUR ORACH HAYYIM. Heb. "section dealing with the order of living". One of the sections of ARBA'A TURIM. TUR YOREH D E ' A H . Heb. "section dealing with the management of thought". One of the sections of ARBA'A TURIM. TSA'AKATH SDOM. Heb. "the scream of Sodom". Published in Salonica in 1645, this work includes the Biblical story of the destruction of Sodom as well as commentaries on this event. U UNA VENGANSA SALVAJE. Lad. "a savage revenge".

Y YAAKOV BEN ASHER (1270? - 1340). Author of ARBA'A TURIM. Of Ashkenazic descent, he lived in Toledo, Spain, and was known for his Biblical commentaries. YA'ARIM M O S H E . Heb. possible meaning: "Moses shall provide the solution". YADAV SHEL MOSHE. Heb. "hands of Moses". YALKUTH SHIM'ONI. Heb. "anthology of Simon". Written in Ashkenaz (Germany) in the 12 t h century by Shimon h a D a r s h a n (the Commentator), this work is of particular interest because it includes many commentaries whose original sources have been lost. YAMIM NORAIIM. See PENITENTIAL DAYS. YEDID HAY. See MAYIM SHA'L. YEHUDAH LEV BAR BETZALEL or YEHUDA LEIB bar BETZALEL. Also known as M A H A R A L (1525? - 1609). One of the important TALMUD sages of his era, he lived in Monrovia. Though famous for his commentaries on TALMUD and MIDRASH, he is known also for his broad general knowledge, including in advanced mathematics. YEKARAH DE SHAHVEI. Heb. "respect for the dead". Book of prayers exalting the dead. YIDDISH. Language spoken by Ashkenazic Jews, based on German. YIHUS HATZADIKIM. Heb. "genealogy of the righteous". Book of ancient religious commentaries, printed in Constantinople between 1515-1520. YITSHAK ALFASI (1013-1103). Also known as "RIF" or "haRIF", acronym from the initials of his full name, Rabbi YITZHAK ben YA'AKOV ALFASI. Physician and religious sage. Born in Algeria, he lived in Morocco and died in Spain. YITSHAK BEN SHLOMO LURIA. See LURIA.

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YOSEF DA'ATH. The Heb. meaning of the name YOSEF is "augmenter." Thus, YOSEF D A ' A T means "augmenter of intellect." YOSEF CARO, or Rabbi YOSEF CARO, or Rabbi JOSEPH CARO (1488-1525). Author of the SHULHAN ARUKH, the fundamental book of HALAKHAH. He has also produced works of KABALLAH. Born in Spain, he lived in the Ottoman Empire. Y O S I F O N BEN G U R I O N , or Y O S I F O N . Also known as Ben Gurion Yosifon. A historical work by unknown author, written in southern Italy in 955. It deals with the period from 66 CE, the beginning of the Jews' Great Revolt against Rome, to the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. It carries this title because Jewish thinkers of the Middle Ages, including RASHI, mistakenly attributed this work to Josephus Flavius (Yosef ben Matatayahu), who is the author of a work on the same subject. In fact YOSIFON is based on the first Latin translation of Josephus' work, as well as on other Latin writings and the author's own extensive knowledge of TALMUD and MIDRASH. Y U D I T H , or JUDITH. Jewish heroine who, through her liaison with Holoferness, one of Nabuchadnezzar's generals, prevented the fall of Beit El to the enemy. When Holoferness invaded Palestine, Judith appeared at the camp of the general who, attracted by her charm, invited her to remain with him. One night, after Holofernes had fallen asleep, Judith cut off his head with his own sword. Left without a leader, the army fled, and the city was saved from destruction. This story is told in the Book of Judith in the Bible. Z ZERA YITZHAK. Heb. "seeds of Yitzhak". ZOHAR, or BOOK OF ZOHAR. In Heb., ZOHAR means light and splendour. Moshe de Leon, who is generally regarded as the author of the book, first revealed the BOOK OF ZOHAR, fundamental work of KABBALAH, to the Jewish world in Spain in the 13th century. T h e mystical writings in the book, however, are attributed to Shimon bar Yochai, the second-century rabbi who lived in Palestine.

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TORAH. The Pentateuch, or five books of Moses, which comprise the first of the three major sections of the Bible. (The other two are: Nevi'im (Prophets) and Ketuvim (Writings). TUR ORACH HAYYIM. Heb. "section dealing with the order of living". One of the sections of ARBA'A TURIM. TUR YOREH DE'AH. Heb. "section dealing with the management of thought". One of the sections of ARBA'A TURIM. TSA'AKATH SDOM. Heb. "the scream of Sodom". Published in Salonica in 1645, this work includes the Biblical story of the destruction of Sodom as well as commentaries on this event. U UNA VENGANSA SALVAJE. Lad. "a savage revenge".

Y YAAKOV BEN ASHER (1270? - 1340). Author of ARBA'A TURIM. Of Ashkenazic descent, he lived in Toledo, Spain, and was known for his Biblical commentaries. YA'ARIM MOSHE. Heb. possible meaning: "Moses shall provide the solution". YADAV SHEL MOSHE. Heb. "hands of Moses". YALKUTH SHIM'ONI. Heb. "anthology of Simon". Written in Ashkenaz ( G e r m a n y ) in the 12 t h century by Shimon h a D a r s h a n (the Commentator), this work is of particular interest because it includes many commentaries whose original sources have been lost. YAMIM NORAIIM. See PENITENTIAL DAYS. YEDID HAY. See MAYIM SHA'L. YEHUDAH LEV BAR BETZALEL or YEHUDA LEIB bar BETZALEL. Also known as M A H A R A L (1525? - 1609). One of the important TALMUD sages of his era, he lived in Monrovia. Though famous for his commentaries on TALMUD and MIDRASH, he is known also for his broad general knowledge, including in advanced mathematics. YEKARAH DE SHAHVEI. Heb. "respect for the dead". Book of prayers exalting the dead. YIDDISH. Language spoken by Ashkenazic Jews, based on German. YIHUS HATZADIKIM. Heb. "genealogy of the righteous". Book of ancient religious commentaries, printed in Constantinople between 1515-1520. YITSHAK ALFASI (1013-1103). Also known as "RIF" or"haRIF", acronym from the initials of his full name, Rabbi YITZHAK ben YA'AKOV ALFASI. Physician and religious sage. Born in Algeria, he lived in Morocco and died in Spain. YITSHAK BEN SHLOMO LURIA. See LURIA.

The following presents a non-exhaustive bibliography on articles, books and theses concerning printing and journalism in the Ottoman Empire and today's modern Turkey for the benefit of those interested in further study and knowledge on these fields.

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"50 yilin ardindan duygular, du§unceler", §alom, 5 November, 1997. (Article concerning the 50 th year of §alom) "La buena esperansa." Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums 6:30 (1842), pp. 438-39. "Cérémonie funèbre organisée par la loge de Smyrne en mémoire du Frère Salem Eff. Mizrahi", Hamenora, IV, 5, May 1926, pp. 160164. (Funeral of Salem Mizrahi, member of Izmir B'nai B'rith. Excerpts from eulogies on the deceased editor and writer; on his life, work and character.) "David Fresco, Cinquante cinq années du journalisme juif", Hamenora, VIII, 5, May 1930, pp. 162-164. (Summary of David Fresco's fifty-five years career as Jewish journalist and writer; newspapers he was associated with; his influence; educational, political, social conditions of Turkish Jewry he wrote about and sought to change.) "HaRav Shlomo Algazi z T \ (The late Rabbi Shlomo Algazi), Hed HaMizrach, July 7, 1950, p. 11. (The journalistic activity of Rabbi Yitzhak Shlomo Algazi, the founder of the paper La Boz de Oriente) "Halutzei Haltonuth HaYeudith BeMizrach ve BeTzfon Africa (The Pioneers of Jewish Press in East and North Africa), Mizrach VeMa'arav, IV, 1930, pp. 207-211, 286-294. (The life and activity of Luscien Sciuto, redactor of L'Aurore which was published in Istanbul and later on in Cairo in 1909). "Ishiyuto shel Albert Cohen n'e" (The personality of late Albert Cohen), Hed HaMizrach, September 1949, p. 10. (The impact of the passing of the late Albert Cohen, redactor of La Boz de Turkiye, to the fate of the Jewish press in Turkey) "Journaux Judéo-espagnols", Revue des Etudes Juives, Vol. 2, p. 323 "Moïse Dal Medico", Hamenora, XIV, 10- 12, October-December 1936, pp. 162-164, (Brief account of life of Moïse Dal Medico on occasion of his eighty-eighth birthday. His communal, political, educational and especially journalistic activities in Turkish Jewish communities and in Istanbul.) "Mo§e Benbasat'i kaybettik", Dostluk, March 1986, No. 11, p. 4. (Concerning the death of journalist Mo§e Benbasat) "Rapport sur l'organe central 'Hamenora'", Hamenora, II, 6, June 1924, pp. 169-172. (Publication of B'nai B'rith, District of the Orient (Hamenora): founding, functions, finances, need for contributions from various lodges.)

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N

BALI

"Tiirk Yahudi basin eki", §alom, 31 October 1984. (Special supplement on the Turkish jewish press) Cumhuriyet Doneminde Tiirk Yahudi Basini ve Tiirk Yahudilerinin Yayinlari, Gôzlem Gazetecilik Basin ve Yayin A.§., istanbul 1998. (A bibliography of Judeospanish publications in Turkey as well as works by Jewish authors during the Republican period) Abensur-Hazan, Laurence, "Relevé de données généalogiques dans 'La Boz del Puevlo'", Revue de Généalogie et d'Histoire Séfarades, Spring 1999, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 8-10 Aki Yerushalayim, "El §alom selebra los 50 anyos de su existensia" Aki Yerushalayim, no. 56, 1997, pp. 43-45. (The celebration of paloni s 50th year) Aki Yerushalayim, "Moshe David Gaon i su ovra en el kampo de la kultura djudeo-espanyola", Aki Yerushalayim, no. 52, 1995, p. 44-47 Alkan, Mehmet Ò., "Bilinmeyen birfelsefe dergisi: Ceride-i Felsefiye ve bir Yahudi sosyalist Bohor Israel", Tarih ve Toplum, May 1990, no. 77, p. 50-56. (A study of a Jewish socialist Bohor Israel and his periodical Ceride-i Felsefiye) Almaliah, S., "Ha-Sifrut veha-Itonut be Hispanyolit", Ha-Shiolah, XXVI, pp. 7-73, 252-260. (The Jewish literature and journalism in Judeo-spanish) Altabé, David F., "The romanso, 1900-1933. A bibliographical survey" The Sephardic Scholar, III, pp. 96-106 Altinta§, Yusuf, "50. yayin yilini geride birakan Çalom", §alom, 29 October 1997. (Article commemorating the 50th anniversary of §alom) Altinta§, Yusuf, "Yaakov Barha ve Geliçim dergisi", §alom, 15 October 1997. (Article concerning journalist Yaakov Barha and his periodical Geliçirn) Angel, Marc. D., La America The Sephardic Experience in the United States, The Jewish Publication Society of America, Philadelphia, 1982 Arbell, Mordehay, "El jurnalismo sefaradi en Viena", Aki Yerushalayim, no. 54, 1996, pp. 24-25. (Jewish press in Vienna) Ares Yanes, Berta, "La prensa en Djudeo-Espanyol i la kreation del estado de Israel", Aki Yerushalayim, no. 57, 1998, pp. 27-29. (The attitude of Jewish press when the state of Israel was established) Arias, J. "Zurnalez Judyóz de Ezmir." El Meseret 23: 43 (1919), 1820. Asayas Mary & Barokas, Yakup, "Hep ayni çizgiyi korumu§ bir gazeteci. Sami Kohen", §alom, 20 November 1996. (Interview with journalist Sami Kohen) Astrologi-Fonzi, Laura, "La stampa periodica in Judeo-espanol ad Istanbul", Annuario di Studi Ebraici, 11 (1968) p. 115-130. (JudeoSpanish press of Istanbul) Ayoun, Richard, "La prensa djudeo-espanyola en Izmir antes de 1914", Aki Yerushalayim, no. 56, 1997, pp. 40-42. (The Jewish press of Izmir prior to 1914)

A 29.

30.

31. 32.

33.

34.

35.

36. 37. 38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

119

B.(ehar) Y.(akir), "Le district d'Orient et sa revue mensuelle", Hamenora, January-February-March 1923, no. 1-2-3, p. 1-3. (B'nai B'rith lodge's periodical Hamenora) Baer, M., "Lettre de Turquie - Une belle carrière d'intellectuel", Israël, 15 January 1937, p. 3 (Life and work of Istanbul-born Moise Del Medico, who filled important positions in government and in the Jewish community, and served in a number of newspapers.) Bali, Rifat N., (trans.) "Albert E. Kalderon, Abraham Galante BioBibliyografya" Muteferrika Bahar 1995 no. 5 p. 43-58 Bali, Rifat N., "Avram Galanti'nin hayati ve eserlerinin bibliyografyasi" in Avram Galanti, Arabî Harfleri Terakkimize mâni degildir, Bedir Yayinevi, Istanbul 1996, p. 3-30 Bali, Rifat N., "Bir Yahudi yardimla§ma ve Dayani§ma kurumu: B'Nai B'rith XI Bolge Biiyiik locasi tarihçesi ve yayin organi Hamenora dergisi", Muteferrika, Bahar-Yaz 1996, nos.8-9, p. 41-60. (A study on the B'nai B'rith lodge of Istanbul and its periodical Hamenora) Bali, Rifat, "Eiiya Karmona iizerine yapilmi§ bir doktora tezi", Tiryaki, February 1995 no.7 p.16-20. (Presentation of a doctoral thesis concernai journalist Elia Carmona) Barha, Yaakov, "Gazeteci Nisim Bueno ôldii", Geli§im, no. 4, January 1997. (Article concerning the death of journalist Nisim Bueno) Barha, Yaakov, "izak Misistrano gazetecilikte 50 yil", Geli§im, no. 6, July 1997, pp. 28-30. (Activities of journalist izak Misistrano) Tiryaki, Barha, Yaakov, "Tiryaki gazetesi ve Avram Leyon", September 1995, p. 8. (Mémoires on Avram Leyon) Been, L„ "HaTurkim - Yedidei Israel" (The Turks - Friends of Israel), BeMa'arachah, 10, 3, (111), Sivan (May-June) 1970, pp. 14-15. (The image and views of Albert Karasu, the Jewish redactor of the daily Le Journal d'Orient, which appeared in French in Turkey. Including a discussion on the position of French among Jews of Turkey) Benbanaste, Nesim, "Algunos extractos de la prensa judeo-turca de Estambul", Maguen-Escudo, 74 (1990) p. 26-39. (Samples ofJudeoSpanish press of Istanbul) Benbanaste, Nesim, "Osmanh Imparatorlugu ile Cumhuriyet doneminde Tiirk Musevi basininin kronolojisi", Tiryaki, June 1998, pp. 21-23. (Chronology of Turkish Jewish journalism in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey ) Benbanaste, Nesim, Orneklerle Turk Musevi Basininin Tarihçesi, Istanbul Siimbul Basimevi, 1988. (History of Jewish journalism in Turkey) Benbassa, Esther, "Presse d'Istanbul et de Salonique au service du sionisme (1908-1914)", Revue Historique, 276 (1986), p.337-365

120 43.

44.

45.

46.

47. 48.

49.

50. 51. 52.

53. 54.

55. 56.

57.

RIFAT

N.

BALI

Bennet, Sandy, "Alexandre Benghiat and the Jewish Press", pp. 183188, The Proceedings of the Tenth British Conference on Judeo Spanish Studies, 29 June -1 July 1997, Annette Benaim (Ed.), Queen Mary and Westfield College, London, Dept. of Hispanic Studies 1999. Bennet, Sandy, "The anomalous endurance of Judeo-Spanish in the press at the turn of the century in the Ottoman Empire", Eleventh British Conference on Judeo Spanish Studies 27 - 29 June 1999, Queen Mary and Westfield College, London, Dept. of Hispanic Studies, unpublished paper. Ben-Ur, Aviva, "La prensa en ladino en Estados Unidos 1910-1948", Aki Yerushalayim, no. 60, 1999, pp.25-28. (The Jewish press of United States) Ben-Ur, Aviva, "The Ladino (Judeo-Spanish) Press in the United States, 1910-1948" in Multilingual America: Transnationalism, Ethnicity and the Languages of American Literature, (Ed. Werner Sollors), New York University Press, New York, 1998, p. 61-77 Bora, Siren, "Baslangicindan II. Me§rutiyete kadar Izmir Musevi basini", §alom, 1st May 1991. (Study on Izmir Jewish journalism) Bora, Siren, "izmir'de Yahudi basimnin olu§umu: ilk Yahudi gazetesi Üstad", Tarih ve Toplum, July 1994, no. 127, pp. 18-22. (Study on first Izmir Jewish newspaper Üstad) Bora, Siren, "Izmir'de Yahudi basimnin olu§umu: Ilk Yahudi gazetesi Istad", Tiryaki, January 1995, pp. 16-20. (Study on first Izmir Jewish newspaper Üstad) Bora, Siren, "izmir'de Yahudi basini", Geliçim March-June 2000 No. 13-14, pp. 12-14. Bunis, David M., "The earliest Judezmo newspapers: sociolinguistic reflections", Mediterranean Language Review, 6-7 (1993), pp. 7-66 Carlier, Danièle, Lexique de deux numéros du journal judéo-espagnol La Luz de Israel, Master thesis, Institut d'Etudes Hispaniques, Sorbonne University, October 1978 Cohen-Rak, Nicole, "Izmir et ses judéo-Espagnols", YOD, No. 35, 1992, pp. 63-76. (A study of îzmir newspaper La Boz del Puevlo) Da Silva Rosa, Jacob: "Additions to A. Yaari's 'Catalogue of JudeoSpanish books'", Kirjath Sepher, XIII (1), April 1936, pp. 131-137 (in Hebrew) De Kordovi, Itzhak, "Nuestra prensa... i mis memoriaz", Sesimiz, No. 2, 15 March 1986, pp. 16-17 De Kordovi, Itzhak, "Nuestra prensa... i mis memoriaz", Geli§im, no. 10, September 1998, pp. 108-109. (Mémoires on Judeo-Spanish press) Dumont, Pau!, "Un organe sioniste en Turquie La Nation (19191920)" in Tiirkiye'de Yabanci Dilde Basin-La Presse de langue étrangère en Turquie, Istanbul Üniversitesi Basin Yayin Yiiksek Okulu Yayinlan Istanbul 1985 pp. 189-225. (Study on newspaper La Nation)

A 58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65 66 67. 68 69

70,

71.

72.

73.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

121

Dumont, Paul, "Une communauté en quête d'avenir; le sionisme à Istanbul au lendemain de la première guerre mondiale d'après La Nation organe de la Fédération Sioniste d'Orient 1919-1922" in Les Juifs dans la Méditérranée Médiévale et Moderne Actes des Journées d'Etudes, Université de Nice, Nice 25 et 26 Mai 1983, 1986, p. 97124. (A study of the newspaper La Nation) Elmaleh, Abraham /translated by Nesim Benbanaste, "Tiirkiye'de Yahudi Ispanyolca basininin emektari: Eliezer Menda", IM Vera Luz, 17 December 1964-21 January 1965. (Biography of journalist Eliezer Menda) Elmaleh, Abraham, "Grandes figuras del Judaizmo sefaradi - David Elnekave", La Vera Luz, 26 March-9 April 1964. (Biography of journalist David Elnekave) Elmaleh, Abraham, "La biografia del veterano de la prensa judeoespanyola de Turkiya Eliezer Menda", La Vera Luz, 22 October-19 November 1964. (Biography of journalist Eliezer Menda) Elmaleh, Abraham, "Lucien Sciuto journaliste, écrivain et poète", La Boz de Türkiye, 1st April-15 June 1947. (Biography of Lucien Sciuto) Elmaleh, Abraham, "Prof. Abraham Galanti hayati ve eserleri", §alom, 5 August 1964 - 22 September 1965. (Biography of Abraham Galante) Elmaleh, Abraham, Les Grandes Figures du Judaisme, Le Prof. Abraham Galante Sa Vie et Ses Oeuvres, Nam Basimevi Istanbul, 1946-47. (Biography of Abraham Galante) Franco, Hizkia M., "Periodicos y periodistas de mi tiempo", La Boz de Türkiye, 1-29 October 1947. (Study on Jewish periodicals) Franco, Hizkia M. "Al deredor de nuestra zoven prensa." In his Empresyonez i refleksyones. Izmir, 1924, p. 17-21. Franco, Hizkia M. "Prenza i opinyon" In his Empresyonez i refleksyones, Izmir 1924 p. 29-30. Sephiha, Haim Vidal, "Fresco, David, 55 ans de journalisme judéoespagnol", La Terre Retrouvée, 1, 24 September 1981. Galante, Abraham, "Comment fut fondé L'Aurore", La Boz de Türkiye, 15 June 1947, pp. 247-248. (History of the newspaper L Aurore) Galante, Abraham, "Contribution à la biographie de feu Lucien Sciuto", La Boz de Türkiye, 15 October 1947, p. 92-93. (Biography of journalist Lucien Sciuto) Galante, Abraham, "La Presse Judéo-espagnole mondiale", Hamenora, July-August-September 1935, nos. 7-8-9, p. 186-199. (Worldwide Judeo-spanish press) Galante, Abraham, "Veinte y cinco anios de periodismo. La actividad jurnalistica de senior Albert Cohen", La Boz de Türkiye, 15 February 194«, p. 231. (Article on journalist Albert Cohen) Galante, Abraham, La Presse Judéo-Espagnole Mondiale, S.A. de Papeterie et d'Imprimerie Fratelli Haim, îstanbul 1935. (Study on worldwide Judeo-spanish press)

122 74.

75.

76.

77.

78. 79.

80.

81. 82.

83. 84.

85. 86. 87.

88. 89. 90.

RIFAT

N.

BALI

Gaon D.[avid| - "Ish Aya BaAretz Turkia" (in Hebrew), (It was someone in Turkey's land), HaOlam, 36-39, London, September, 15, 22,29, October, 6,1931. (Concerns journalist David Elnecave) Gaon Moshe David, Haltonuth beLadino, A Bibliography of the Judeo-Spanish (ladino) Press, (in Hebrew) Publication of the Ben-Zvi Institute, The Hebrew University Bibliographical Series, Monoline Press, Tel Aviv, Israel, 1965. Gaon, M.[oshe| D.favid], "El periodismo judio en Turquía Shaare Mizrah o Puertos del Oriente El primer jurnal judio en Ladino", La Boz de Türkiye, 15 August 1943, pp. 22-23. (Article on Jewish newspaper Puertas del Oriente) Gaon, M.[oshe] D.favid], "Sha'arei HaMizrach", Hed HaMizrach, 8 June 1943, p. 7. (The newspaper Sha'arei HaMizrach, which was published in Izmir during 1845-1846) Grosman, Mo§e, "El ayer i el oy del §alom", §alom, 20 and 27 January 1993. (Concerning §alom newspaper) Grosman, Mo§e, "§alom gazetesinin ba§anli genel yayin yönetmeni, Tiryaki'nin ilk abonman bedelini ödeyen ilk okuyucusu Silvyo Ovadya", Tiryaki, December 1994, pp. 22-27. (Concerns newspaper §alom and its editor in chief Silvyo Ovadya) Grosman, Mo§e, "Türk Yahudi basim iginde Avram Leyon", Geli§im, no. 4, January 1997. (Article concerning Avram Leyon, founder of §alom newspaper) Güleryüz, Nairn, "Haftanm Sesi hakkinda", Haftanin Sesi, 30 May 1957. (Concerning Haftanin Sesi newspaper) Güleryüz, Nairn, "Osmanli imparatorlugu döneminde Türk Yahudi basini", §alom, 31 October 1984. (Jewish journalism in the Ottoman Empire) Güleryüz, Nairn, "Türk Yahudi basininin duayeni: David Fresko", §alom, 31 October 1984. (Biography of David Fresco) Güleryüz, Nairn. "Türk Yahudi basini öncülerinden Mo§e Benbassat artik yok", §alom, 30 April 1986. (Concerning the death of journalist Mo§e Benbassat) Haleva, Leon, "Avram Leyon ile §alom'un 37 yili", §alom, 31 October 1984. (Interview with §alom's owner Avram Leyon) Hassan, Iacob M., "El estudio del periodismo Sefardí Resena del estado de la cuestión", Sefarad, XXVI, 1966, p. 229-235 Huerta, Adir, "Kon la pluma i kon las palavras David Elnecave", Aki Yerushalayim, no. 43, 1991, p.41-42. (Jewish journalist David Elnecave) Huerta, Adir, "Un peridista olvidado Moise Gadol", Aki Yerushalayim, no. 44, 1991, p.21-22. (Journalist Moise Gadol) Kalderon, Albert, Abraham Galante a Biography, Sepher Hermon Press, New York, 1983 Kaneti, Selim, "Cumhuriyet döneminde ladino dilinde basin", §alom, 3Ith October 1984. (Jewish press in Judeo-Spanish in the republican period)

A 91.

92.

93.

94. 95.

96. 97.

98.

99.

100.

101.

102.

103.

104. 105.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

123

Kaneti, Selim, "La disparition du dernier quotidien de langue française à Istanbul: Le Journal d'Orient" in Presse Turque et Presse de Turquie Acte des Colloques d'Istanbul, Istanbul 1992, pp. 65-69. (Study on newspaper Le Journal d'Orient) Kaneti, Selim, "La presse en ladino sous la république turque", in Tiirkiye'de yabanci dilde basin-La presse de langue étrangère en Turquie, Istanbul Üniversitesi Basin Yayin Yüksek Okulu Yayinlari, istanbul 1985, pp. 9-27. (Jewish press in Turkey in Judeo-Spanish) Carmona, Eliya, "El Cugeton komo nasyo", §alom, 6 October 1971 4 October 1972. (Story of the establishment of newspaper E l Cugeton) Katz, Shmuel, "The Turkish chapter in Ze'ev Jabotinsky's journalistic career", Gesher, 13 (1993), p.24e-25e Kayserling, Meyer, Biblioteca Espanola-Portugeza-Judaica and other studies in Ibero-Jewish bibliography by the author, and by J. S. da Silva Rosa; with a bibliography of Kayserling's publications by M.Weisz selected with a prolegomenon by Yosef Haim Yerushalmi, KTAV Publishing House Ine, New York, 1971 reprint of the 1890 edition. Kohen , Sion H., "Avram Leyon Z'L", Aki Yerushalayim, no. 26-27, December 1985, p. 70. (Biography of Avram Leyon) Kologlu, Orhan, "Celâl Nuri'nin Jeune Turc gazetesi ve siyonist bagi", Tarih ve Toplum, December 1992, no. 108, pp. 46-48. (A study on newspaper Jeune Turc and its Zionist connection) Landau, Jacob M., "Comments on the Jewish press in Istanbul; the Hebrew weekly 'Hamevasser' (1909-1911)", Etudes Balkaniques, 26,2 (1990), p. 78-82. Landau, Jacob M., "Comments on the Jewish press in Istanbul the hebrew weekly Hamevasser (1909-1911)" in Presse Turque et Presse de Turquie Acte des Colloques d'Istanbul, Isis Yayimcilik, Istanbul 1992, pp. 43-51 Lemoine, Martine, Ange] Pulido, Les Judéo-Espagnols et la presse de son temps, Master thesis, Institut d'Etudes Hispaniques, Sorbonne University, October 1978 Leon, Sabetay, "Homenaje a los dekanos de la prensa Judia Turka Don Eliezer Menda i Don Eliya Gayus", La Vera Luz, 9 February 1967. (Articles on journalists Eliezer Menda and Eliya Gayus) Leroy, Alain, Vocabulaire de cinq numéros de La Verdad de Tel Aviv, Master thesis, Institut d'Etudes Hispaniques, Université de Paris X, Nanterre, May 1971 Levy, Avner, "Alexander Ben Guiat utrumató la'itonut vehasifrut hayaf- beladino" in Moreshet Yeudey Sefarad Veha-Mizrah The Sepharadi and Oriental Jewish Heritage, Jerusalem, 1982, pp. 205-212 (in Hebrew). (Article on journalist Alexander Ben Guiat) Levy, Avner, "El jurnalizmo judio en Izmir", Aki Yerushalayim, no. 16, January 1983, p.7-10. (Jewish journalism of Izmir) Ixvy, Avner, "Ezra Benvenisti" (in Hebrew), Pe'amim, 1984, pp. 320

124 106.

107. 108. 109.

110. 111. 112.

113.

114.

115.

116.

117. 118. 119.

120.

121.

122.

RIFAT

N.

BALI

Levy, Avner, 'Kahire'de gazetecilik yillari ve Avram Galanti", Tarih ve Toplum, September 1996, no.153, pp.13-22. (A study on Galante and his newspaper La Vara) Levy, Avner, "La Vara (1905-1908), Abraham Galanté's Journal in Egypt" (in Hebrew), Pe'amim, 34, 1988, pp. 51-68 Levy, Avner, "The ladino 'El Tiempo' of Istanbul during 1882-83", Gesher, 13 (1993), pp. 22e-24e Levy, Avner, "Türk Yahudilerinin gazeteci yazarlarindan Alexandre Benghiat", Tarih ve Toplum, May 1998, no. 173, pp. 54-61. (A study on journalist Alexandre Benghiat) Levy, Avner, "El jurnalizmo cudio en ízmir", §alom, 17 January 1990. (Jewish journalism of Izmir) Levy, Avner, "Jewish journals in Izmir" (in Hebrew), Pe'amim, XII (1982), pp. 87-104 Loewenthal, Robyn K., Elia Carmona's Autobiography: JudeoSpanish Popular Press and Novel Publishing Milieu in Constantinople, Ottoman Empire circa 1860-1932, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 1984, unpublished doctoral dissertation. López, Amelia Barquín, "Las novelas de 'El Meseret'" in Actes del Simposi Internacional Sobre Cultura Sefardita, Barcelona, (1993), p.237-252. (A study on the popular novels published in the newspaper El Meserret) López, Amelia Barquín, "Un periodico sefardi: El Meseret de Alexandr Ben-Guiat", Sefarad, year 57, Fasc.l, 1997, p. 3-31. (A study on El Meserret and its publisher Alexandr Ben-Guiat) López, Amelia Barquín, "Una cala en la narrativa moderna sefardi: notas sobre una docena de novelas de principos de siglo" in Proyección histórica de España en sus tres culturas, 1993, Vol. II, Valladolid, Junta de Castilla y Léon, pp. 261-267 López, Amelia Barquín, Edición y Estudio de Doce Novelas Aljamiadas Sefardíes di Principios del Siglo XX, Universidad del Pais Vasco servicio editorial Vitoria, 1997 doctoral disseration. (Doctoral dissertation on the works of the journalist Alexandr Bengiat) Misistrano, isak, "Ken era Sabetay Leon?", Tiryaki, November 1994, no.4, pp.29. (Study on journalist Sabetay Leon) Misistrano, ísak, "La nueva prensa judia en Istanbul", Tiryaki, September 1994, no. 2 p.10. (The new Jewish press of Istanbul) Misistrano, isak, "Sinken anyo de la muerte de Nesim Benbanaste", Geli§im, no. 6, July 1997, pp. 65-66. (Article commemorating the death of journalist Nesim Benbanaste) Misistrano, Yitshak, "Komo nasio 'Haber'", Haber, Tel Aviv, 18 October 1991. (Article concerning the establishement of the newspaper Haber in Tel Aviv) Misistrano, Yitshak, "Komo nasio el §abat honor a Yaech i Benbasat", Haber, Tel Aviv, 17 January 1992. (Article concerning the establishement of the Turkish Jewish newspaper §abat) Mizrahi, Moise, "La prensa judia de Istanbul", La Bot de Türkiye, 1 st October 1942 p. 73. (Jewish press of Istanbul)

A 123. 124.

125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130.

131.

132. 133.

134.

135.

136.

137. 138.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

125

26 September 1956. Mizrahi, Moiz, "David Fresco", §alom, (Biography of David Fresco) Mizrahi, Moiz, "David Fresko-Direktor proprietaryo del jurnal 'El Tyempo'", §alom, 26 September 1956. (Biography of journalist David Fresco) Mizrahi, Moiz, "El grito de alarme de un jurnalist judio", §alom, 3 June 1959 Mizrahi, Moiz, "El jurnalismo judio en Turkia 1860-1958", §alom, 29 October 1958. (Jewish journalism of Turkey) Mizrahi, Moiz, "Miralay Moiz Bey Dalmediko", §alom, 8 September 1954. (Biography of Moiz Dalmediko) Mizrahi, Moiz, "Periodikos i publisistas Israelitas en lengua Turka", §alom, 7 August 1957. (Jewish journalism of Turkey) Mizrahi, Moiz, "Proseso entre jurnalistos judios", §alom, 26 November 1958 Molcho, R. Yitzhak, "Yahasu HaHiyuvi shel Haltonai" David Ben Shabtai Fresco LeLashon Halvrit VeSifruta (1854-1934) (The positive attitude of the journalist David Ben Shabtai Fresco to the Hebrew Language and its literature (1854-1934), Otzar, 9, 1966, pp. 53-54. (The journalistic and scientific work of David Fresco, redactor of El Tiempo, during the second half of the 19th century) Molho, Isaac R., "Yahaso ha-hiyyuvi chel ha-ittonay David ben Chabbetai Fresco la-lachon ha-ivrit we-sifruta (1854-1934)" (The positive attitude of journalist David Fresco towards Hebrew and Hebrew literature) Tesoro IX 1966 p. 45-65. Nahon, G., "A.Yaari, Hebrew printing at Constantinople 1967", Revue des Etudes Juives, 130 (1971) p. 122-128 Nahum, Henri, "La Boz del Puevlo: Un journal judéo-espagnol à Smyrne avant la Première Guerre Mondiale", Revue de Généalogie et d'Histoire Séfarades, Spring 1999, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 6-8 Nahum, Henri, "Un journal judéo-espagnol à Smyrne avant la Première Guerre Mondiale: La Boz del Puevlo", Hommage à Hai'm Vidal Sephiha, Winfried Busse and Marie Christine Varol-Bornes (Eds) Peter Lang Berne, 1996, pp. 565-580 Nassi, Gad, "Sofi Leyon'a açik mektup", Dostluk, December 1985, No. 8, pp. 5-6. (Letter to the widow of §alom's founder Avram Leyon) Ovadya, Silvyo, "Yahudi basini", Dünden Bugiine Istanbul Ansiklopedisi, Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfi, Istanbul 1993-1994, Vol. 7, pp. 398-400. (Jewish journalism) Özdemir, Fadime, "Azinligin renkli gazeteleri", Nokta, 20-26 July 1997, no. 40, pp. 50-52. (Presentation of non-moslem press) Özel, Kâmil, Türkiye'de Gayrimüslim Azinlik Basini, Istanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsii Gazetecilik Böliimü, istanbul 1995, Unpublished master's thesis. (Thesis concerning non-muslim press in Turkey among which §alom.)

126 139

140.

141.

142. 143.

144.

145. 146. 147.

148.

149.

150.

151. 152.

RIFAT

N.

BALI

Özgentürk, Nebil, Bir Yudum insan, Çmar Yayinlan, Zafer Matbaasi, Istanbul 1995, p. 87-95 of the book concerns the non-muslim press existing in Turkey among which §alom. Poyastro, Beki & §eyla & Seter, "Gazete, gazetecilik derken...", §alom, 18 March 1987. (Interviews with some Jewish journalists concerning state of journalism in Turkey) Rak-Cohen, Nicole, La Solidaridad Ovradera (Journal Socialiste JudéoEspagnol de Salonique 1911), Paris III Sorbonne University, unpublished doctoral thesis, 1986. (The thesis is a study of the newspaper La Solidaridad Ovradera of Salónica) Rapoport, Marcel, "Literatura i periodizmo djudeo-espanyol", Aki Yerushalayim, no. 7, November 1980, p. 46-48 Reynes, Philippe, Syntaxe et lexique de deux numéros du journal judéo-espagnol La Luz de Israel, Master thesis, Institut d'Etudes Hispaniques, Sorbonne University, October 1976 Rodrigue, Aron (prepared), Guide to Ladino Materials in the Harvard College Library, Harvard University Library, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1992 Romano, Juda, "Lucien Sciuto murió", La Boz de Türkiye, 1st March 1947, p. 199. (Death of journalist Lucien Sciuto) Roth, C.(ecil), "Ha-Defus ha-Ivri be-Izmir" (Hebrew Printing in Izmir) Kiryath Sefer, 28, 1953, pp. 390-393 Schoonheere, Anita de Barrera y Vidal, "El periodico "SALOM", Ultimo representante de la prensa sefardita de Turquía: un acercamiento interdisciplinario" in: Seventh British Conference of Judeo Spanish Studi es, Glasgow, 20-22 March 1991. Article concerning the newspaper §alom Schoonheere, Anita de Barrera y Vidal, "Lengua, uso e identidad. Sobre el judeoespañol empleado en un periódico sefardita de Estambul" (Gand University (Belgium) unpublished doctoral thesis 1993). This thesis has been awarded the prize of the Catedra CarlosQuinto Foundation of the University of Gand in 1993. It concerns a study on the judeospanish used in the §alom newspaper. Schoonheere, Anita de Barrera y Vidal, "Quelques réflexions sur la presse judéo-espagnole de Turquie" in Sepharad '92 (Ed. Moise Rahmani), Brussels 1992, p. 54-64 Schoonheere, Anita de Barrera y Vidal, "Sefardismo y judeoespañol en un periódico israelita de Turquía" in: Thomas Döring I Schmidt, Bernhard (éds.) La Herencia de ¡492 - una aproximación crítica: kritische Beiträge zum Erbe von 1492 Actas de las Jornadas Hispánicas de Soest 1992. Deutscher Spanischlehrerverband, Moers, 1995, pp. 273 - 285. Article concerning the newspaper §alom Sephiha, Haim Vidal, "La presse judéo-espagnole", Revue des Etudes Juives, Vol. CXXXCVII, 1978 (3-4), p. 473-476 Sevilla-Sharon, Moshe, "El Shabat del 9 Avril 1948", Aki Yerushalayim, no. 19-20, October 1983 - January 1984 , p. 21-22. (Article concerning Istanbul newspaper §abat)

A

153.

154.

155. 156. 157.

158. 159.

160.

161.

162. 163. 164. 165.

166.

167.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

127

Sevilla-Sharon, Moshe, "Las Puertas del Oriente del 16.9.1864", Aki Yerushalayim, no.21, April 1984, p. 15-16. (Article concerning newspaper Las Puertas del Oriente) Shaul, Moshe, "El jurnal §alom de Estanbol enpesa en un muevo periodo de aktividad", Aki Yerushalayim, no. 24-25, January-Avril 1985, p.48-49 Shaul, Moshe, "El periodizmo djudeo-espanyol de Israel en el kongreso de la Fiap", Aki Yerushalayim, no. 18, July 1983, p. 15-17 Shaul, Moshe, "La prensa djudeo-espanyola en muestros dias", Aki Yerushalayim, no. 53, 1996, pp. 32-34. (Today's Judeo-spanish press) Shaul, Moshe, "Nissim Elnecave", Aki Yerushalayim, no. 32-33, January-June 1987, pp. 14-15. (Biography of journalist Nissim Elnecave) Shmuelevitz, Aryeh, "Two Hebrew weeklies in Turkey", Gesher, 13 (1993), pp. 25e-26e Shmuelewitz Aryeh, "Two Hebrew language weeklies in Turkey: an appeal to revive concept of a national culture", in Türkiye'de Yabanci Dilde Basin — La Presse de Langue Etrangère en Turquie, Istanbul Basm Yayin Yiiksek Okulu Yayinlan, Istanbul 1985, pp. 109-125 Shmuelewitz, Aryeh, "Two Hebrew language weeklies in Turkey: an appeal to revive concept of a national culture", in Ottoman History and Society; Jewish Sources, Isis Press, Istanbul, 1999, pp. 73-82 Spiere, Marie-Claire, Vocabulaire de cinq numéros de La Vera Luz d'Istanbul, Master thesis, Institut d'Etudes Hispaniques, Sorbonne, October 1972 §aul, Mo§e, "La prensa Djudeo-Espanyola en muestros dias", Tiryaki, March 1998, pp. 32-34. (Jewish journalism of today) Tarablus, Nana, "Shalom The only Jewish newspaper in Turkey today", Gesher, 13 (1993), pp.26e Sephiha, Haim Vidal, "Situation de la Presse Judéo-espagnole d'aujourd'hui en Turquie", Revue des Etudes Juives, CXLIV 1985. Viener, Hannah, "Haltonut HaTzionit BeTurkia VeBaayoteyah. Hamediniyuth HaTzionit BeTurkia Ad 1914" (in Hebrew), "The Zionist Press in Turkey and its Problems: The Zionist Policy in Turkey till 1914" in Toldoth HaYeshuv HaYehudi BeEretz-Iarael MiAz HaAliyah HaRishonah, HaTkufah HaOtomanith, Helek Rishon (in Hebrew), The History of the Jewish Community in Eretz-lsrael since 1882, The Ottoman Period, Part One, Editors-in-Chief, Moshe Lissak, Gavriel Cohen, Editor, Israel Kolatt, The Israel Academy for Sciences and Humanities, The Bialik Institute, Jerusalem, 1989, 28690. Vitali, A., "El §alom i la kultura djudeo-espanyola en Estambol", Aki Yerushalayim, no.41, 1990, p.34-35. (The §alom newspaper of Istanbul) Yuna, Çela, "Haftamn Sesi'ni Robert Sezer'den dinliyorsunuz!", §alom, 16 July 1997. (Presentation of the newspaper Haftamn Sesi and its owner Robert Sezer)

128 168. 169.

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Mizrahi, Moiz, "David Ef. Fresko Direktor proprietario del jurnal "El Tiempo"" Tiryaki May 2000 p. 42. Nassi, Gad, "La Prensa Djudeo-Espanyola en Yerushalayim 18701927" Aki Yerushalayim, XXI, 64, Septembre 2000, pp. 37-40.

Printing 1.

"Imprimerie Hébraique du Portugal transferrée en Turquie", Revue des Etudes Juives, Vol. 36, p. 121. (Jewish printing houses in Turkey) 2. "Imprimerie Juive en Turquie (XVIe siècle)", Revue des Etudes Juives, Vol. 27, p. 130. (Jewish printing houses of the 16th Century) 3. The first book printed in Constantinople An original leaf of Jacob ben Asher's 'Arba'ah Turim' Constantinople 1493, with an introduction by Alexander Marx privately printed by John Johnson at the University Press, Oxford for E.H.L. Sexton, 1946 4. Ben-Menahem, Naptali & Raphael, Yitzhak (Redacted by), SeferShana LeHeker HaSefer Halvri (The yearbook of Hebrew books), Aresheth, Mossad HaRav Kook, Jerusalem 1965 5. Ben Menahem, Naftali, "Review of Abraham Yaari, 'Ha-Defus ha-Ivri be-Kushta", ("Hebrew Printing in Constantinople"), Studies in Bibliography and Booklore, V. 10, No. 3, (Winter 1973/74), pp. 120109. (In Hebrew). 6. Besso, Henry V,, Ladino Books In the Library of Congress: A Bibliography, Hispanic Foundation Bibliographical Series, No. 7, Hispanic Foundation Reference Department Library of Congress, Washington, 1963 7. Guleryiiz, Nairn. "Tiirkiye Yahudileri tarihi: 16nci yiizyilda matbaa", §alom, 26 February 1986. (Jewish printing in the 16th century) 8. Guleryiiz, Nairn. "Tiirkiye Yahudileri tarihi: 18inci yiizyilda matbaa, edebiyat, miizik", §alom, 21 May 1986. (Jewish printing in the 18th century) 9. Guleryiiz, Nairn, "Yahudi Basimevleri", Diinden Bugune Istanbul Ansiklopedisi, Tiirkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfi, Istanbul 1994, vol.7, p. 398. (Jewish printing houses) 10. Hacker, Joseph, "Constantinople Prints in the 16th Century", Aresheth, V. 5 (1972), pp. 457-493 (In Hebrew) 11. Hacker, Joseph, "Hebrew Printing in Constantinople 1493-1530" in The Alphabet of Ben Sira. Facsimile of the Constantinople 1519 edition Valmadonna Trust Library London 1997 p. 15-37. 12. Ha-Cohen, Dov. "Ha Defus ha-Ivri bi-izmir" (Hebrew printing in Smyrna) Kiryat Hasefer 64 (4) 1992-1993 p. 1403-1423. 13. Marcus, Joseph, "Hebrew Incunables; A collection of books printed in the XV t h century in Italy, Spain, Portugal and Turkey", Journal of Jewish Bibliography, II. 1940, pp. 140-141. 14. Mehlman, Israel, "Notes and Additions to A. Yaari's Hebrew Printing at Constantinople", Kirjyath Sepher, V. 43 (1967-1968), pp. 577-581. (In Hebrew).

A

153.

154.

155. 156. 157.

158. 159.

160.

161.

162. 163. 164. 165.

166.

167.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

127

Sevilla-Sharon, Moshe, "Las Puertas del Oriente del 16.9.1864", Aki Yerushalayim, no.21, April 1984, p. 15-16. (Article concerning newspaper Las Puertas del Oriente) Shaul, Moshe, "El jurnal §alom de Estanbol enpesa en un muevo periodo de aktividad", Aki Yerushalayim, no. 24-25, January-Avril 1985, p.48-49 Shaul, Moshe, "El periodizmo djudeo-espanyol de Israel en el kongreso de la Fiap", Aki Yerushalayim, no. 18, July 1983, p. 15-17 Shaul, Moshe, "La prensa djudeo-espanyola en muestros dias", Aki Yerushalayim, no. 53, 1996, pp. 32-34. (Today's Judeo-spanish press) Shaul, Moshe, "Nissim Elnecave", Aki Yerushalayim, no. 32-33, January-June 1987, pp. 14-15. (Biography of journalist Nissim Elnecave) Shmuelevitz, Aryeh, "Two Hebrew weeklies in Turkey", Gesher, 13 (1993), pp. 25e-26e Shmuelewitz Aryeh, "Two Hebrew language weeklies in Turkey: an appeal to revive concept of a national culture", in Türkiye'de Yabanci Dilde Basin — La Presse de Langue Etrangère en Turquie, Istanbul Basm Yayin Yiiksek Okulu Yayinlan, Istanbul 1985, pp. 109-125 Shmuelewitz, Aryeh, "Two Hebrew language weeklies in Turkey: an appeal to revive concept of a national culture", in Ottoman History and Society; Jewish Sources, Isis Press, Istanbul, 1999, pp. 73-82 Spiere, Marie-Claire, Vocabulaire de cinq numéros de La Vera Luz d'Istanbul, Master thesis, Institut d'Etudes Hispaniques, Sorbonne, October 1972 §aul, Mo§e, "La prensa Djudeo-Espanyola en muestros dias", Tiryaki, March 1998, pp. 32-34. (Jewish journalism of today) Tarablus, Nana, "Shalom The only Jewish newspaper in Turkey today", Gesher, 13 (1993), pp.26e Sephiha, Haim Vidal, "Situation de la Presse Judéo-espagnole d'aujourd'hui en Turquie", Revue des Etudes Juives, CXLIV 1985. Viener, Hannah, "Haltonut HaTzionit BeTurkia VeBaayoteyah. Hamediniyuth HaTzionit BeTurkia Ad 1914" (in Hebrew), "The Zionist Press in Turkey and its Problems: The Zionist Policy in Turkey till 1914" in Toldoth HaYeshuv HaYehudi BeEretz-Iarael MiAz HaAliyah HaRishonah, HaTkufah HaOtomanith, Helek Rishon (in Hebrew), The History of the Jewish Community in Eretz-lsrael since 1882, The Ottoman Period, Part One, Editors-in-Chief, Moshe Lissak, Gavriel Cohen, Editor, Israel Kolatt, The Israel Academy for Sciences and Humanities, The Bialik Institute, Jerusalem, 1989, 28690. Vitali, A., "El §alom i la kultura djudeo-espanyola en Estambol", Aki Yerushalayim, no.41, 1990, p.34-35. (The §alom newspaper of Istanbul) Yuna, Çela, "Haftamn Sesi'ni Robert Sezer'den dinliyorsunuz!", §alom, 16 July 1997. (Presentation of the newspaper Haftamn Sesi and its owner Robert Sezer)

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8. El Manadero

Istanbul, a Christian missionary journal.

THE

JEWISH

PRESS

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(Serbia)

s k e d e r - b e g o v a ulissa N o . 2.

f i n i n .d

¡'ft irsuti-:::-? 1906

9. A Shalom,

Istanbul.

i-

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10. h r o m ¿ a Alvorada,

Belgrade.

HEBREW

PRINTING

2. M. Rosenthal, Atikim u-Nedirim,

HOUSES

141

Pt. II. Jerusalem: Reuben Maas, 1988, p. 12.

YARON

BEN

NÀEH

4. Ya'ari, p. 105.

HEBREW

PRINTING

2. M. Rosenthal, Atikim u-Nedirim,

HOUSES

141

Pt. II. Jerusalem: Reuben Maas, 1988, p. 12.

VARON

BEN

NÀEH

7. Rosenthal, p. 17.

HEBREW

PRINTING

HOUSES

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8a. Author's collection.

130 J?3#DT1DFL

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YARON

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NÀEH

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VARON

BEN

NÁEH

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HEBREW

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HOUSES

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HEBREW

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HOUSES

12a. Author's collection.

151

V A RON

BEN

NAEH

T U R K p E - ISPANYOLCA - iBRANiCE KONU§MA M O R E

KILAVUZU

D E R E H

L A N O S E I M

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HEBREW

PRINTING

HOUSES

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K T O J U

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Y ARON

BEN

NÀ E H

16. Emmanuel, p. 237.

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HEBREW

PRINTING

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at

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