Japanese pronouncing dictionary : from transliteration to phonotonetics 9783862888924, 3862888924

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Japanese Pronouncing Dictionary From Transliteration to Phonotonetics 7 0. Foreword 11 1. Japanese vowels 11 13

Vowel devoicing International Japanese vowels

17 2. Japanese consonants 17 20 22 23 24 25

Nasals Stops “ stopstrictives, or ‘a‡ricates' Constrictives, or ‘fricatives' Approximants ‘Trills' Loanwords

27 3. Prosodies 28 31 35

Japanese accent -dàri≥˚ -tèmo >-dèmo≥˚ -tè-wa >-dè-wa≥˚ -tè-yo >-dè-yo≥˚ -tsùtsÎ (1 conj. – accent on second last mora of verb, with ê -sae˚ -tari >-dari≥˚ -temo >-demo≥˚ -te-wa >-de-wa≥˚ -te-yo >-de-yo≥˚ -tsutsÎ): òkÏ-sae˚ hÏkìi-sae 2e) -sàe˚ -tàri >-dàri≥˚ -tèmo >-dèmo≥˚ -tè-wa >-dè-wa≥˚ -tè-yo >-dè-yo≥˚ -tsùtsÎ (irreg. verbs -suru˚ -zuru˚ -su˚ -ji – accent on first mora of verb, with ê -sae˚ -tari >-dari≥˚ -temo >-demo≥˚ -te-wa >-de-wa≥˚ -te-yo >-de-yo≥˚ -tsutsÎ): rò˙ji-sae 3a) -ni˚ -sàe˚ -tsùtsÎ˚ -wa >with negative -shinai≥ (regular verbs, no change, with accent on initial mora of verb, andê -sae˚ -tsutsÎ): mì-ni˚ yòmi-ni 3b) -ni˚ -sàe˚ -tsùtsÎ˚ -wa >with negative -shinai≥ (irregular verbs, non change with accent on initial mora of verb, andê -sae˚ -tsutsÎ): kì-ni 3c) -ni˚ -sàe˚ -tsùtsÎ˚ -wa >with negative -shinai≥ (5 conj. – no change with accent on second last mora of verb, andê -sae˚ -tsutsÎ): oyòäi-ni˚ yorokòbi-ni 3d) -ni˚ -sàe˚ -tsùtsÎ˚ -wa >with negative -shinai≥ (1 conj. – accent on second last mora of verb, with ê -sae˚ -tsutsÎ): òki-wa˚ hÏkìi-wa 3e) -ni˚ -sàe˚ -tsùtsÎ˚ -wa >with negative -shinai≥ (irreg. verbs -suru˚ -zuru˚ -su˚ -ji – accent on first mora of verb, with ê -sae˚ -tsutsÎ): rò˙ji-ni 4) -nàäara˚ -tsùtsÎ (accent on first mora of particles): oyoäi-nàäara˚ ro˙ji-nàäara 5) -na (accent on particle): yomi-nà, oyoäi-nà˚ ro˙ji-nà˘ Verbs in the infinitive with auxiliaries 4.1.5. Sample: naku˚ yòmu˚ oyòäu, with auxiliaries 1a) -soo (da)˚ -yòo (da) (accentless verbs, accent on first mora of auxiliary, with ê -sòo): naku-yòo (da) 1b) -soo (da)˚ -yòo (da) (accented verbs, no accent change): yòmu-yoo (da)˚ oyòäu-yoo 2a) -mìtai (accentless verbs, accent on first mora of auxiliary): naku-mìtai 2b) -mìtai (accented verbs, no accent change, and ê -mitai): yòmu-mitai˚ oyòäu-mitai 3a) -daròo˚ -deshòo˚ -rashìi (accentless verbs, accent on second last mora of auxiliary): naku-daròo 3b) -daròo˚ -deshòo˚ -rashìi (accented verbs, no change, but ê -daroo˚ -deshoo˚ -rashii): yòmu-daroo˚ oyòäu-daroo 4a-b) -mài (either accentless or accented verbs, accent on second last mora of auxiliary): naku-mài˚ yomu-mài˚ oyoäu-mài˘

4. Lexical combinations

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Accentless verbs with auxiliaries 4.1.6. Sample: nakÎ˚ kiru˚ suru, with auxiliaries 1a) -nài˚ -reru˚ -rareru˚ -saseru˚ -sèru˚ -soo (da)˚ -ta >-da≥˚ -tài (accentless phrase, with ê -nai˚ -seru˚ -tai): naka-seru˚ kÏsa-seru˚ saseru 1b) -mài˚ -màsÎ˚ -0˚ -yòo (accent on second last mora of phrase, with ê Z-o): nako-mài˚ kiyo-mài˚ shiyo-mài÷ nakò-o˚ kiyò-o˚ shiyò-o˘ Accented verbs with auxiliaries 4.1.7. Sample: kùru˚ okìru˚ oyòäu˚ ro˙jìru˚ yòmu˚ with auxiliaries 1a) -mài˚ -màsÎ˚ -0˚ -reru˚ -rareru˚ -saseru˚ -sèru˚ -soo (da)˚ -tài˚ -yòo (accent on second last mora of phrase, with ê -rèru˚ -rarèru˚ -sasèru˚ -sòo˚ and Z-o): yoma-sèru˚ kosa-sèru˚ oyoäa-seru˚ okÏsa-sèru˚ ro˙ji-sasèru÷ kurù-o 1b) -nài (accent on mora preceding -nài˚ with ê -nai): yomà-nai˚ kò-nai˚ oyoäà-nai˚ okì-nai˚ ro˙jì-nai 1c) -ta >-da≥ (irregular accent on phrase): yò˙-da˚ kÏ-tà or kì-ta˚ oyòi-da˚ hÏkìi-ta (infinitive hÏkiìru], rò˙ji-ta˘ Adjectives with particles 4.1.8. Sample: akai˚ tsumetai˚ kanashii˚ yòi (ìi)˚ shiròi˚ oshìi˚ mijikài˚ ureshìi Plain (\ uninflected) forms of adjectives with 1) -na˚ -to˚ -yo (no change at all): akai-to˚ tsumetai-to˚ kanashii-to˚ yòi-to˚ ìi-to˚ oshìi-to˚ mijikài-to˚ ureshìi-to÷ akai-na÷ akai-yo 2) -hodo˚ -mono-no (no change in adjectives): akai-hodo˚ tsumetai-hodo˚ kanashii-hodo˚ yòi-hodo [ìi-hodo]˚ shiròi-hodo˚ oshìi-hodo˚ mijikài-hodo˚ ureshìi-hodo÷ akai-hodo÷ akai-mono-no÷ yòi-hodo˚ yòi-mono-no 3) -nè˚ -ze˚ -zo (accent on particles in accentless adjectives, but no change in accented adjectives): akai-nè˚ tsumetai-nè˚ kanashii-nè÷ but: yòi-ne [ìi-ne]˚ shiròi-ne˚ oshìi-ne˚ mijikài-ne˚ ureshìi-ne 4) -màde˚ -nàa˚ -nèe˚ -nòni˚ -sàe˚ -tòka˚ -tòte˚ -tòmo˚ -yòri˚ -yuè (accent on first mora of particles in accentless adjectives; but particles become accentless after accented adjectives, as normal): akai-màde˚ tsumetai-màde˚ kanashii-màde˚ but: yòi-made [ìi-made]˚ shiròi-made˚ oshìi-made˚ mijikài-made˚ ureshìi-made÷ notice: akai-yùe˚ tsumetai-yùe˚ kanashii-yùe÷ but: yòi-yue [ìi-yue]˚ shiròi-yue˚ oshìi-yue˚ mijikài-yue˚ ureshìi-yue 5) -äa˚ -ha˚ -ka˚ -mo˚ -no˚ -o˚ -sa˚ -shi˚ -ya˚ -ze˚ -zo (accent on second last mora in accentless adjectives, becoming like accented adjectives with no change): akài-äa˚ tsumetài-äa˚ kanashìi-äa˚ and: yòi-äa [ìi-äa]˚ shiròi-äa˚ oshìi-äa˚ mijikài-äa˚ ureshìi-äa 6) -dàno˚ -kai˚ -ka-na˚ -ka-ne˚ -karà˚ -kàshira˚ -kèredo˚ -nàdo˚ -nàri˚ -nòde˚ -nòni˚ -tòka˚ -tòmo˚ -tòte˚ -yàra˚ -yòri (accent on second last mora in accentless adjectives, becoming like accented adjectives with no change, while particles become accentless): akài-dano˚

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Japanese Pronouncing Dictionary

tsumetài-dano˚ kanashìi-dano˚ and: yòi-dano [ìi-dano]˚ shiròi-dano˚ oshìi-dano˚ mijikài-dano˚ ureshìi-dano 7) -dakè (no accent, with ê -dake): akai-dake˚ tsumetai-dake˚ kanashii-dake˚ yoi-dake [ii-dake]˚ shiroi-dake˚ oshii-dake˚ mijikai-dake˚ ureshii-dake˘ Inflected forms of adjectives like akai˚ tsumetai˚ kanashii˚ yòi (ìi)˚ shiròi˚ oshìi˚ mijikài˚ ureshìi with 1) -mo˚ -te˚ -tèmo˚ -wa\ akai ê akàku-mo˚ tsumetai ê tsumetàku-mo˚ kanashii ê kanàshÏku-mo˚ yòi ê yòku-mo˚ shiròi ê shìroku-mo˚ oshìi ê òshÏku-mo˚ mijikài ê mijìkaku-mo (also mijikàku-mo)˚ ureshìi ê urèshÏku-mo… 2) -ba˚ -do˚ -mo\ akai ê akàkere-ba˚ tsumetai ê tsumetàkere-ba˚ kanashii ê kanàshÏkere-ba˚ yòi ê yòkere-ba˚ shiròi ê shìrokere-ba˚ oshìi ê òshÏkere-ba˚ mijikài ê mijìkere-ba (also mijikàkere-ba)˚ ureshìi ê urèshÏkere-ba… Adjectives with auxiliaries 4.1.9. Sample: akai˚ tsumetai˚ kanashii˚ yòi (ìi)˚ shiròi˚ oshìi˚ mijikài˚ ureshìi with 1a-b) -o (either accentless or accented adjectives, accent on second last mora of phrase, \ just before -o): aka-karò-o˚ tsumeta-karò-o˚ kanashÏ-karò-o÷ yo-karò-o˚ shiro-karò-o˚ oshÏ-karò-o˚ mijika-karò-o˚ ureshÏ-karò-o 2a) -mìtai, -soo (da)˚ -yòo (da) (accentless adjectives, accent on second last mora of auxiliary, with ê -mitài˚ -sòo]\ akai-mitài˚ tsumetai-mitài˚ kanashii-mitài 2b) -mìtai, -soo (da)˚ -yòo (da) (accented adjectives, no change, with ê -mitai, -yoo): yòi-mitai˚ ìi-mitai˚ shiròi-mitai˚ oshìi-mitai˚ mijikài-mitai˚ ureshìi-mitai 3a) -daròo˚ -deshòo˚ -rashìi (accentless adjectives, accent on second last mora of auxiliary): akai-daròo˚ tsumetai-daròo˚ kanashii-daròo 3b) -daròo˚ -deshòo˚ -rashìi (accented adjectives, no change, with ê -daroo˚ -deshoo˚ -rashii): yòi-daroo˚ ìi-daroo˚ shiròi-daroo˚ oshìi-daroo˚ mijikài-daroo˚ ureshìi-daroo 4a-b) -dèsÎ˚ -deshòo˚ -daròo (accentless adjectives, accent on second last mora of adjective): akài-desÎ˚ tsumetài-desÎ˚ kanashìi-desÎ÷ yòi-desÎ˚ ìi-desÎ˚ shiròi-desÎ˚ oshìi-desÎ˚ mijikài-desÎ˚ ureshìi-desÎ 5a-b) -rashìi (either accentless or accented adjectives, accent on second last mora of auxiliary): akai-rashìi˚ tsumetai-rashìi˚ kanashii-rashìi˚ yoi-rashìi˚ ii-rashìi˚ shiroi-rashìi˚ oshii-rashìi˚ mijikai-rashìi˚ ureshii-rashìi˘ Nouns with particles 4.1.10. Sample (accentless nouns): hi˚ ushi˚ sakura˚ tomodachÏ˚ with 1) -de, -äa, -he, -ka, -mo, -ni, -o, -sa, -to, -wa, -ya, -yo [no accent]\ hi-de˚ ushi-de˚ sakura-de˚ tomodachi-de 2) -hodo, -karà, -kirì, -shÏka [no accent, with ê -kara, -kiri]\ hÏ-hodo˚ ushi-hodo˚ sakura-hodo˚ tomodachÏ-hodo 3) -no (colloquial -˙]\ hi-no˚ ushi-no˚ sakura-no˚ tomodachi-no

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4) -ne [with ê -nè]\ hi-nè˚ ushi-nè˚ sakura-nè˚ tomodachi-nè 5) -ka-na [interrogative]˚ -ka-ne˚ -yuè [with ê -ka-nà˚ -ka-nè]\ hÏ-ka-nà˚ ushÏ-ka-nà˚ sakura-ka-nà˚ tomodachÏ-ka-nà 6) -dàno, -dàtte, -dèmo, -dèwa, -kai, -ka-na [sensation], -kàshÏra, -kòso, -màde, -nàdo, -nàri, -nèe, -nòni, -sàe, -shimo, -sùra, -tòmo, -yàra, -yòri, -yuè [accent on second last mora of particles, with ê -kài, -kà-na, -shìmo]\ hi-dàno˚ ushi-dàno˚ sakura-dàno˚ tomodachi-dàno 7) -dakè [no accent, with ê -dake]\ hi-dake˚ ushi-dake˚ sakura-dake˚ tomodachi-dake˘ 4.1.11. Sample (nouns accented on final mora): yamà˚ otokò˚ otootò˚ with 1) -de, -äa, -he, -ka, -mo, -ni, -o, -sa, -to, -wa, -ya, -yo [no change]\ yamà-de˚ otokò-de˚ otootò-de 2) -hodo, -karà, -kirì, -shÏka [no change, but ê -kara, -kiri]\ yamà-hodo˚ otokò-hodo˚ otootò-hodo 3) -no (colloquial -˙˚ no accent]\ yama-no˚ otoko-no˚ otooto-no 4) -ne [no change]\ yamà-ne˚ otokò-ne˚ otootò-ne 5) -ka-na [interrogative]˚ -ka-ne˚ -yuè [no change, but ê -yue]\ yamà-ka-na˚ otokò-ka-na˚ otootò-ka-na 6) -dàno, -dàtte, -dèmo, -dèwa, -kai, -ka-na [sensation], -kàshira, -kòso, -màde, -nàdo, -nàri, -nèe, -nòni, -sàe, -shimo, -sùra, -tòmo, -yàra, -yòri, -yuè [no change, but ê -dano, -datte, -demo, -dewa, -kashira, -koso, -made, -nado, -nari, -nee, -noni, -sae, -sura, -tomo, -yara, -yori, -yue]\ yamà-dano˚ otokò-dano˚ otootò-dano 7) -dakè [no accent, with ê -dake]\ yama-dake˚ otoko-dake˚ otooto-dake˘ 4.1.12. Sample (accented nouns on initial mora): kì˚ sòra˚ ìnochÏ˚ kòomori˚ with: 1) -de, -äa, -he, -ka, -mo, -ni, -o, -sa, -to, -wa, -ya, -yo [no change]\ kì-de˚ sòra-de˚ ìnochi-de˚ kòomori-de 2) -hodo, -karà, -kirì, -shÏka [no change, but ê -kara, -kiri]\ kì-hodo˚ sòra-hodo˚ ìnochÏ-hodo˚ kòomori-hodo 3) -no (colloquial -˙˚ no change]\ kì-no˚ sòra-no˚ ìnochi-no˚ kòomori-no 4) -ne [no change]\ kì-ne˚ sòra-ne˚ ìnochi-ne˚ kòomori-ne 5) -ka-na [interrogative]˚ -ka-ne˚ -yuè [no change, but ê -yue]\ kì-ka-na˚ sòra-ka-na˚ ìnochÏ-ka-na˚ kòomori-ka-na 6) -dàno, -dàtte, -dèmo, -dèwa, -kai, -ka-na [sensation], -kàshira, -kòso, -màde, -nàdo, -nàri, -nèe, -nò-ni, -sàe, -shimo, -sùra, -tòmo, -yàra, -yòri, -yuè [no change, but ê -dano, -datte, -demo, -dewa, -kashira, -koso, -made, -nado, -nari, -nee, -noni, -sae, -sura, -tomo, -yara, -yori, -yue]\ kì-dano˚ sòra-dano˚ ìnochi-dano˚ kòomori-dano 7) -dakè [no accent, with ê -dake]\ ki-dake˚ sora-dake˚ inochi-dake˚ koomori-dake˘ 4.1.13. Sample (nouns accented neither on initial nor final mora): kokòro˚ mizuùmi˚ asàäao˚ with

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Japanese Pronouncing Dictionary

1) -de, -äa, -he, -ka, -mo, -ni, -o, -sa, -to, -wa, -ya, -yo [no change]\ kokòro-de˚ mizuùmi-de˚ asàäa-de 2) -hodo, -karà, -kirì, -shÏka [no change, but ê -kara, -kiri]\ kokòro-hodo˚ mizuùmi-hodo˚ asàäao-hodo 3) -no (colloquial -˙˚ no change]\ kokòro-no˚ mizuùmi-no˚ asàäao-no 4) -ne [no change]\ kokòro-ne˚ mizuùmi-ne˚ asàäao-ne 5) -ka-na [interrogative]˚ -ka-ne˚ -yuè [no change, but ê -yue]\ kokòro-ka-na˚ mizuùmi-ka-na˚ asàäao-ka-na 6) -dàno, -dàtte, -dèmo, -dèwa, -kai, -ka-na [sensation], -kàshira, -kòso, -màde, -nàdo, -nàri, -nèe, -nòni, -sàe, -shimo, -sùra, -tòmo, -yàra, -yòri, -yuè [no change, but ê -dano, -datte, -demo, -dewa, -kashira, -koso, -made, -nado, -nari, -nee, -noni, -sae, -sura, -tomo, -yara, -yori, -yue]\ kokòro-dano˚ mizuùmi-dano˚ asàäao-dano 7) -dakè [no accent, with ê -dake]\ kokoro-dake˚ mizuumi-dake˚ asoäao-dake˘ Nouns with auxiliaries 4.1.14. Sample (accentless nouns): hi˚ ushi˚ sakura˚ (nouns accented on final mora): yamà˚ otokò˚ (nouns accented on initial mora): kì˚ sòra˚ ìnochÏ˚ (nouns accented neither on initial nor final mora): kokòro˚ mizuùmi˚ asàäao˚ with 1) -da (no change either in accentless or accented nouns): hi-da˚ ushi-da˚ sakura-da÷ yamà-da˚ otokò-da÷ kì-da˚ sòra-da˚ ìnochi-da÷ kokòro-da˚ mizuùmi-da˚ asàäao-da 2a) -dèsÎ (no change, accent on first mora of auxiliary): hi-dèsÎ˚ ushi-dèsÎ˚ sakura-dèsÎ 2b) -dèsÎ (accented nouns, no change, with ê -desÎ): yamà-desÎ˚ otokò-desÎ÷ kì-desÎ˚ sòra-desÎ˚ ìnochÏ-desÎ÷ kokòro-desÎ˚ mizuùmi-desÎ˚ asàäao-desÎ 3a) -daròo˚ -deshòo˚ -rashìi (accentless nouns, accent on second last mora of auxiliary): hi-daròo˚ ushi-daròo˚ sakura-daròo 3b) -daròo˚ -deshòo˚ -rashìi (accented nouns, no change, but ê -daroo˚ -deshoo˚ -rashii]\ yamà-daroo˚ otokò-daroo÷ kì-daroo˚ sòra-daroo˚ ìnochi-daroo÷ kokòro-daroo˚ mizuùmi-daroo˚ asàäao-daroo 4) -da (either accentless or accented nouns, accent on second last mora of auxiliary): hi-rashìi˚ ushi-rashìi˚ sakura-rashìi÷ yama-rashìi˚ otoko-rashìi÷ ki-rashìi˚ sora-rashìi˚ inochi-rashìi÷ kokoro-rashìi˚ mizuumi-rashìi˚ asaäao-rashìi.

5. Shin-Meikai Nihongo Akusento Jiten – Appendixes 5.