James Turrell: The Art of Light and Space [Reprint 2020 ed.] 9780520331457

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THE ART OF LIGHT AND SPACE

CRAIG ADCOCK

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. PRESS

Berkeley

Los Angeles

Oxford

Frontispiece: James Turrell flying his Helio Courier airplane above the bowl of Roden Crater, 1982. Photo: Michael Yost, Courtesy Skystone Foundation.

University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press Oxford, England Copyright © 1990 by The Regents of the University of California Printed in the United States of America 1 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Adcock, Craig E. James Turrell : the art of light and space / Craig Adcock. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-520-06728-2 (alk. paper) 1. Turrell, James—Criticism and interpretation. 2. Earthworks (Art) I. Title. N6537.T78A84

709'.2—dc2o

1990

90-32696

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences— Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984 ©

To R- W.

CONTENTS

Illustrations

ix

Acknowledgments Introduction

xvii

xix

1

T H E F O R M A T I O N OF L I G H T A N D S P A C E

2

T H E C R I T I C A L C O N T E X T OF L I G H T A N D S P A C E A R T

3

A R T AND TECHNOLOGY

4

L I G H T A N D S P A C E AT THE M E N D O T A H O T E L

5

6I

T H E INTERFACE BETWEEN INTERIOR A N D EXTERIOR LIGHT

114

6

T H E RODEN CRATER PROJECT

7

T H E A R T OF PERCEPTION

Notes

229

Selected B i b l i o g r a p h y Index

267

253

I

208

154

85

ILLUSTRATIONS

C O L O R PLATES i . James Turrell, Afrum-Proto, 1 9 6 6 . Quartz-halogen projection, as installed at the Whitney Museum of American Art, N e w York, 1980. Collection Edward and Melinda Wortz, Pasadena, California. Photo: John Cliett. 2.. James Turrell, Raemar, 1968. Fluorescent light, as installed at the Whitney Museum of American Art, N e w York, 1980. Collection of the artist. Photo: John Cliett. 3. James Turrell, Wedgework III, 1969. Fluorescent light, as installed at the Whitney Museum of American Art, N e w York, 1980. Collection of the artist. Photo: John Cliett. 4. James Turrell, Lunette, 1 9 7 4 . Interior fluorescent light and open sky. Collection Dr. Giuseppe Panza di Biumo, Varese, Italy. Photo: Giorgio Colombo. 5. James Turrell, Lunette, 1 9 7 4 . Interior fluorescent light and open sky. Collection Dr. Giuseppe Panza di Biumo, Varese, Italy. Photo: Giorgio Colombo. 6. James Turrell, Meeting, 1980—1986. Interior tungsten light and open sky. Collection P.S. 1 , Long Island City, N e w York. Photo: John Cliett. 7. James Turrell, Meeting, 1980—1986. Interior tungsten light and open sky. Collection P.S. 1 , Long Island City, N e w York. Photos: John Cliett. 8. James Turrell, City of Arbirit, 1976. Filtered ambient sunlight, as installed at the Whitney Museum of American Art, N e w York, 1980. Collection of the artist. Photo: John Cliett. 9. James Turrell, Laar, 1976. Ambient tungsten light, as installed at the Whitney Museum of American Art, N e w York, 1980. Collection, The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, California. Photo: John Cliett.

10. James Turrell, Iltar, 1976. Ambient tungsten light, as installed at the Libby Building by the Center on Contemporary Art, Seattle, Washington, 198Z. Collection Dr. Giuseppe Panza di Biumo. Photo: M a r k Sullo. 1 1 . James Turrell, Amba, 1 9 8 2 . Fluorescent and ultraviolet light, as installed at the Libby Building by the Center on Contemporary Art, Seattle, Washington. Collection of the artist. Photo: M a r k Sullo. 12. James Turrell, Danae, 1 9 8 3 . Tungsten and ultraviolet light. Permanent installation at the Mattress Factory, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Collection Barbara Luderowski. Photo: M a r c Luttrell, courtesy Mattress Factory. 1 3 . James Turrell, Arcus, 1989. Tungsten, ultraviolet, and daylight mix, as installed at the Florida State University Fine Arts Gallery. Collection of the artist. Photo: Bill Langford. 14. James Turrell, Hover, 1 9 8 3 . Fluorescent light and natural light mix, as installed at the Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris. Collection of the artist. Photo: Nance Calderwood. 1 5 . James Turrell, Orca (left) and Kono (right), 1984. Argon light and helium light respectively, as installed at the Capp Street Project, San Francisco, California. Collection of the artist. Photo: M . Lee Fatherree. 16. James Turrell and Dana Reitz, Severe Clear, 1 9 8 5 . Ambient tungsten and fluorescent light. Stage installation at the Radcliffe Dance Studio, Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Photo: James Turrell. 1 7 . James Turrell, Blue Walk (Night), 1 9 8 3 . Fluorescent light and natural light mix. Installation at the Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris. Collection of the artist. Photo: Nance Calderwood. 18. James Turrell, Red Around (Night), 1 9 8 3 . Fluorescent light and natural light mix. Installation at the Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris. Collection of the artist. Photo: Nance Calderwood.

ILLUSTRATIONS

1 9 . James Turrell, Wolf, 1984. Installation at the Capp Street Project, San Francisco, California. Photo: M. Lee Fatherree. 20. Aerial view of Roden Crater, 1980. Photo: James Turrell, Dick Wiser. 2 1 . Aerial view of Roden Crater, 1 9 8 1 . Photo: James Turrell, Dick Wiser. 22. Roden Crater from the Cinder Hills Overlook, Sunset Crater National Monument, 1985. Photo: Craig Adcock. 23. View of Roden Crater from the southwest, 1986. Photo: Dick Wiser. 24. View of Roden Crater from the northwest, 1988. Photo: Craig Adcock. 25. Sunrise from the position of the east space, esplanade level, Roden Crater, 1986. Photo: Craig Adcock. 26. Twilight arch (nightrise) from the position of the east space, esplanade level, Roden Crater, 1986. Photo: Craig Adcock. 27. Sunset from the position of the west space, esplanade level, Roden Crater, 1986. Photo: Craig Adcock. 28. Lenticular clouds from the position of the south space, esplanade level, Roden Crater, 1987. Photo: Craig Adcock. 29. View of Painted Desert from the rim of Roden Crater, 1984. Photo: Craig Adcock. 30. View of craters to the south from the rim of Roden Crater, 1984. Photo: Craig Adcock. 3 1 . View of cuestas running along the northern edge of the Little Colorado River Valley from therimof Roden Crater, 1984. Photo: Craig Adcock. 32. View of the San Francisco Peaks from the rim of Roden Crater, 1988. Photo: Craig Adcock.

BLACK AND W H I T E ILLUSTRATIONS 1 . Mendota Hotel, Ocean Park, California, interior studio space, c. 1970—1972. Photo: James Turrell. page 9 2. James Turrell, Afrum-Proto, 1966. Quartz-halogen projection, as installed at the Mendota Hotel studio, Ocean Park, California, 1968. Collection Edward and Melinda Wortz, Pasadena, California. Photo: James Turrell. page 9 3. James Turrell, Afrum (Drawing), 1967. Graphite on paper, 1 7 " x iy/R F*JT

¿/Ayr - Wf

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Virilio, Paul. Bunker Archéologie. Paris: Centre Georges Pompidou, Centre de Création Industrielle, 1975. Virsu, G. "Contrast and Confluxion as Components in Geometric Illusions." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 19 (1967): 1 9 8 - 1 0 7 . Vitz, Paul C. "Preference for Different Amounts of Visual Complexity." Behavioral Science 2 (1966): 105 — 114. Vitz, Paul C., and T. C. Todd. "A Coded Element Model of the Perceptual Processing of Sequential Stimuli." Psychological Review 76 (1969): 433—449. . "A Model of the Perception of Simple Geometric Figures." Psychological Review 78 (1971): 207-2.28. Wagstaff, Samuel, Jr. "Talking with Tony Smith." Artforum 5 (December 1966): 14—19. Reprinted in Minimal Art: A Critical Anthology, ed. Gregory Battcock, pp. 381 — 386. New York: Dutton, 1968. Walls, Gordon Lynn. The Vertebrate Eye and Its Adaptive Radiation. Bloomfield Hills, Mich.: Cranbrook Institute of Science, 1942. Wechsler, Judith, ed. On Aesthetics in Science. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1978Weisang, Myriam. "Unnatural Acts." High Performance 10, no. 4 (1987): 4 0 - 4 2 . Weschler, Lawrence. Seeing is Forgetting the Name of the Thing One Sees: A Life of Contemporary Artist Robert Irwin. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 1982. de Wilde, Edy. Jim Turrell, exhibition catalogue. Amsterdam: Stedelijk Museum, 1976. Williams, Howel, and Alexander R. McBirney. Volcanology. San Francisco: Freeman, Cooper and Co., 1979. Williamson, Ray A. Living the Sky: The Cosmos of the American Indian. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1984. Williamson, Ray A., Howard J. Fisher, and Abigail F. Williamson, "The Astronomical Record in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico." In Archaeoastronomy in PreColumbian America, ed. Anthony F. Aveni, pp. 33 — 43. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1975. Williamson, Ray A., Howard J. Fisher, and Donnel O'Flynn. "Anasazi Solar Observatories." In Native American Astronomy, ed. Anthony F. Aveni, pp. 203 — 2 1 7 . Austin: University of Texas Press, 1977Williamson, Samuel J., and Herman Z. Cummins. Light and Color in Nature and Art. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1983. Wilson, William. "Two California Artists Are Busy Exploring Inner Space." The Los Angeles Times, 1 1 May 1969, Section D, p. 2.

266

. "A Legendary Light and Space Man." The Los Angeles Times, 24 November 1985, Calendar Section, pp. 88—89. Wolfe, Edward W. "The Volcanic Landscape of the San Francisco Volcanic Field." In Landscapes of Arizona: The Geological Story, ed. Terah L. Smiley, J. Dale Nations, Troy L. Pewe, and John P. Schäfer, pp. 1 1 1 — 136. Lanhan, Md.: University Press of America, 1984. Wolff, Theodore F. "Turrell's Astonishing Art: Illusions Made Solely of Light." Christian Science Monitor, 12 November 1980, p. 23. . "Introduction." In Occluded Front, James Turrell, exhibition catalogue, ed. Julia Brown, pp. 9 - 1 0 . Los Angeles: Museum of Contemporary Art and The Lapis Press, 1985. Wollheim, Richard. "Minimal Art," Arts Magazine 39 (January 1965): 26—32. Reprinted in Minimal Art: A Critical Anthology, ed. Gregory Battcock, pp. 387— 399. New York: Dutton, 1968. Wood, C. A. "Morphometric Evolution of Cinder Cones." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 7 (1980): 387—413. . "Morphometric Analysis of Cinder Cone Degradation." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 8 (1980): 1 3 7 - 1 6 0 . Woodward, David, ed. Art and Cartography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Essays by Svetlana Alpers, Samuel Y. Edgerton, Jr., Ulla Ehrensvärd, Jürgen Schulz, James A. Welu, and David Woodward. Woodward, P. M. Probability and Information Theory, with Applications to Radar, 2d ed. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1964. Wortz, Melinda. "Introduction." In James Turrell: Light and Space, exhibition catalogue, by Barbara Haskell, pp. 7—13. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1980. . "In Consideration." In Larry Bell: New Work, exhibition catalogue, pp. 7—26. Yonkers, N.Y.: The Hudson River Museum, 1980. Young, Joseph E. [Review of Doug Wheeler Exhibition at the Flow Ace Gallery, Los Angeles]. Art International 14 (March 1970): 8 4 - 8 5 . Zanforlin, M. "Some Observations of Gregory's Illusions." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 19 (1967): 1 9 3 ~ I 9 7 Zeilik, Michael. "The Sunwatchers of Chaco Canyon." Griffith Observer 47 (June 1983): 2—12. Zimmer, William. "Now You See It, Now You . . ." Art News 80 (February 1981): 225. Zook, Alma. "Moving the Earth, Shaping the Sky." Pomona Today (Pomona College, Claremont, Calif.), Winter 1985, pp. 34—38.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX

Note: Italie page numbers refer to illustrations. Aadoe, z 4 0 n . 1 1 . See also Inside Out Abduction, 2 4 m . 2 4 Accommodation, 1 5 , 143 — 144, 175 Aero, 28 Acton, 145 Aerial photography, xix, 4; Roden Crater Project drawings and, 189 Affordances, 222 Afrum, 8, 10; exhibition at Stedelijk Museum and, 1 3 ; Ondoe and, 19; perspective and, 15 ; projected in sunlight at Mendota Hotel, 99; Raethro and, 28 ; xenon light source and, 8 Afrum-Proto: collectors Tom and Melinda Terbell and, 7; development of, at U.C. Irvine, 6; projected at Mendota Hotel, 8, 9; projected at Whitney Museum of American Art, 42, pi. 1; quartz-halogen light source and, 8; Tony Smith's Die and, 4 1 - 4 4 , 42. 1 1 7 Aircraft: equipment, xix, xxiii; as instrument of flight, 189—196; restoration of, 3, 53. See also Helio Courier Alexander, Peter, 50, 5 1 , 52 Alien Exam, 140—142, 1 4 2 Alpha conditioning, 68, 72—74, 83 Alta (Projection Piece), 28 Alta (Veil), 2 3 8 ^ 2 9 Amba (Projection Piece), 23, 25 Amba (Space-Division Piece), 1 4 7 , 150, pi. 1 1 ; Roden Crater spaces and, 1 7 5 Ambiguous figures. See Perceptual illusions Andrews, Richard, xxiv, 146, 1 5 1 , 2 1 1 Anechoic chambers: combined with Ganzfelds for Art 8c Technology program, 6 1 - 7 7 passim, 7 1 ; difficulty of exhibiting in museum setting, 74; individual responses to, 84; Lockheed Aircraft Corporation and, 62; meditation and, 6 7 - 7 4 passim; Mendota Hotel and, 85; Mendota Stoppages

and, 97; perceiving yourself perceiving and, 2 2 5 - 2 2 6 ; Robert Morris and, 1 1 2 ; sensory deprivation and, 65-71 Antin, David, 7 2 - 7 3 Apollo Program, 64 Archaeoastronomy, 158 Architecture: neutrality of, at Roden Crater, 1 7 5 , 180, 1 9 6 - 1 9 7 ; neutrality of, in Turrell's work, 44—45, 81 Arcus, 150, pi. 1 3 Arcus to Anvil, 2 4 2 ^ 3 9 Arela, 2 4 2 ^ 3 5 Argus, 232n_54 Arkar's Visit, 109 Arnheim, Rudolf, 2 1 0 Arno, 145 Art and science: relationships between, xix—xx, 75, 77—84, 1 1 3 , 225 — 227 Art and technology: relationships between, 77—84 Art & Technology Program, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 61—77, 65, 70, 7 1 , 73; Alien Exam and, 1 4 1 — 1 4 2 ; Dark Pieces and, 1 1 1 ; E.A.T. and, 78; Mendota Hotel and, 85; Mendota Stoppages and, 97; perceptual knowledge and, 2 2 5 - 2 2 7 ; "two cultures" and, 7 7 - 8 4 Artar, 23, 26, 98 Artforum, 5, 6 Artificial Crater Space drawings, 126— 1 3 0 , 1 2 7 , 129, 130, 163 Art world, Turrell's dealings with, 6—7, 85-87 Ashby, 19, 2 0 Asher, Michael, 54 Askar, 238n.30 Astronomy, 3. See also Archaeoastronomy Atlan, 242 n.3 6 Atlantic Charge, 24 2 n. 3 6 "Attensity," 222 Auping, Michael, 197—199 Aurora Borealis, 6, 204, 206

Autobodys (Happening by Claes Oldenburg), 4 Automobiles: restoration of, 3, 53. See also Hot-rod aesthetic Avaar, 145 Averted vision, 109 Aviation. See Flying

Badlands, 204, 207 Baker, Elizabeth, 200 Baker, Kenneth, 8 1 , 107, 226 Batten, 2 4 1 ^ 2 8 Bell, Graham, 4 Bell, Larry: California Minimalism and, 49—52; Light and Space movement and, 54, 234n.57; Minimalism and, 38, 39; Pace Gallery and, 8 7 - 8 8 , 237nn.7—8 Bengston, Billy Al, 50 Beuys, Joseph, 28 Binocular disparity (stereopsis), 1 4 , 1 5 ; evolution of visual system and, 218-219 Black Bottom Crater, 207, pi. 32 Black Falls, Little Colorado River, 176 Blake, William, 69 Bleibtreau, Hermann, 1 5 3 Blood Lust, 242^36 Blue Blood, 124, i z j , 1 3 4 , 2 4 0 ^ 7 Blue Sky, 134, 1 3 5 Blue Walk, 1 5 2 - 1 5 3 , pi. 1 7 Boats, Turrell's building of, 3, 53 Boccioni, Umberto, 23 8 n. 1 5 Body of Air, 240 n.6 Boettger, Suzaan, 2x6 Bonn, West Germany. See Rolandseck, West Germany Borobudur, Java, 1 6 1 , 1 6 2 Bottlerack (readymade by Marcel Duchamp), 40 Boullée Boola, 140, 1 4 1 Brahe, Tycho, 183

INDEX

267

Bullet Head, 14111.24 Bunker architecture, 162 Burnham, Jack, 81

Cage, John, 4, 38, 81 California Minimalism, 4 8 - 5 3 , 2 3 4 ^ 4 6 Camera obscura: at the Mendota Hotel, 98; at Roden Crater, 163 Canby, Henry, 2 1 1 Canyon de Chelly, Arizona, 206 Capp Street Project, San Francisco, 150, 2 1 6 Cam, 28 Castelli, Leo, 8 7 - 8 8 , 147 Casteneda, Carlos, 2 1 6 Catso, 8, 10, 14, 19, 28 Celestial vaulting, 180—182; central crater space and, 183; E. H.Gombrich and, 223 — 224; Marcel Minnaert and, 1 8 1 ; moon illusion and, 2 4 7 ^ 4 7 ; night sky and, 2 0 1 ; preconditioning and, 206; search for Roden Crater and, 154; snow and, 202 Central America, 196 Chambers, Robert (Arizona rancher), 155-156 Chambers, Robert (astronomer), 3 Childs, Lucinda, 81 Christiansen, Don, 61—62 Churches: designed for Count Giuseppe Panza di Biumo, 130—132, 1 3 1 ; designed for Greek Islands of Santorini and Hydra, 240 n. 13 Cinder Hills Overlook, Sunset Crater National Monument, 159, pi. 22 City of Arhirit, 137—140, 139, 143, pi. 8; Roden Crater spaces and, 163, 205 — 206 Cloud of Dust, i r o Clouds, 159, 1 7 1 —172, 207 Colton, Harold S., 156, 1 5 7 Compton, Michael, 7 Concave earth illusion, 154, 1 8 1 — 182 Constable, John, 4 Constancies (perceptual psychology), 1 5 , 4 1 , 44; color constancy, 106; shape constancy, 2 1 7 Constructivism, 220 Convergence, 1 5 , 143 — 144 Cope, Maurice, 4 Coplans, John: on California Minimalism, 49; on Dan Flavin, 79; early work of Turrell and, 5, 6; on importance of Quakerism for Turrell, 2 1 1 ; on Light and Space art, 54; Michael Fried and, 46; on perceptual psychology and Turrell, 60 Cornsweet, Tom, 107—108 Corridor Meridian Piece, 128, izy, 1 3 2 Cross-Corner Projections. See Projection Pieces Cubism, 220 Cumo, 145

268

INDEX

Danae, 148 — 150, pi. 1 2 ; Roden Crater spaces and, 175 Dark adaptation, 92, 95, 1 0 6 — h i ; at Roden Crater, 1 8 4 - 1 8 5 Dark Pieces, 1 0 6 - h i ; Roden Crater spaces and, 1 7 5 , 185 Davis, Douglas, 85 — 87 Decker, 16, 17, 19 Deep Sky prints, 1 6 1 — 162, 166, 167, 172, i S o , 187 DeLap, Tony, 5, 36, 37, 4 8 - 4 9 , 52 Delhi, India, 1 7 3 De Maria, Walter, 200 Demetrion, James, 4 Denis, Saint, 2 1 0 Depth perception. See Binocular disparity De Stijl, 220 Dia Art Foundation, 1 5 3 , 1 5 5 , 156 Die (sculpture by Tony Smith), 4 1 - 4 4 , 43, 2.17 Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite, 2 1 0 Domaine Clos Pegase winery competition, 1 3 2 - 1 3 3 , 133 Doty, Robert, 78 Dowling, Jay, 71 Draco (constellation), 163 Duchamp, Marcel, 4, 38, 40, 76, 1 1 2 , 224 Dupuy, Jean, 81

Earthworks, xxi, 197—201 Eastern philosophy, 83, 212—213 E.A.T. (Experiments in Art and Technology), 78, 81 Ecliptic, 183 — 185 Ecological life zones, 159, 2 4 4 ^ 1 9 Ecological optics. See Gibson, James J. Edinburgh, Scotland, 1 2 6 - 1 2 8 Egyptian architecture, 1 1 2 , 196 Eindringlichkeit (insistence), 144 Electromagnetic spectrum, 1 1 2 , 176 £mru, 238n.30 Enzu, 16, 18, 19 Evolution of visual system, 218—221 Expectancy, 68, 69 Expo 70, Osaka, Japan, 6 1 , 83, 2 1 2 2 1 3 , 235n.2, 236n.43

Fargo, 23, 24 "Fetish finish." See California Minimalism Feynman, Richard, 62, 64—65 "Film" (self-luminous) color, 144 Fire Eater, 133 — 134 Fire Inside, 1 3 3 , 1 3 4 ; Roden Crater spaces and, 169 First Light, 145 Flame Pieces, 5—6, 63, 226 Flat Spin, 247n-53 Flat World, 134, 1 3 5 Flavin, Dan, 40, 78 — 81, 23 7 n.68 Flying, 1 — 3, 16; aerial photography and, 1 8 9 - 1 9 6 ; finding Roden Crater and, 1 5 4 - 1 5 5; imagery of Roden Crater

and, 154—156, 160, 172, 189—196; off-airport landings, x x - x x i v ; soaring, 2, 1 7 1 —172 4/Human Sacrifice, 247 n. 5 3 4/Human Sacrifice Crater, 247 n. 5 3 Francis, Sam, 3, 88 Fried, Michael, 4 5 - 4 8 , 55; "Art and Objecthood," 46—47 Friedrich, Heiner, 153 Futurism, 23 8 n. 15

Gablik, Suzi, 2 1 5 - 2 1 6 Ganzfelds (total visual fields): Art & Technology program and, 65—77 passim; jo; Ganzfeld Pieces, 134—143, 139, 141, 142, pi. 8; individual responses to, 84; Light and Space movement and, 24on.i8; Mendota Hotel and, 97; 1 3 7 , 1 3 8 ; perceiving yourself perceiving and, 225 — 226; perception of space and, 2 1 8 - 2 2 2 ; sky and, 1 3 7 , 220; Skyspaces and, 130—132, 1 3 7 ; Space-Division Pieces and, 143 —151 Gard, 28 Gardens: at Mendota Hotel, 83; Roden Crater Project and, 200—201 Garrett Aerospace Corporation, 64, 69, 1 3 7 , 219, 226 Geology, 3; Roden Crater and, 156—159 Geometric abstraction. See Modernism Geometric illusions. See Perceptual illusions Gestalt psychology, 1 5 , 4 1 - 4 5 , 1 1 5 , 2 1 9 - 2 2 0 , 222 Gibson, James J., xxiv, 14, 2 1 7 - 2 1 8 ; affordances and, 222; E. H. Gombrich and, 223 — 225; ecological optics and, 219—222 Glimcher, Arnold, 87, 237ml.7—8 Glories, 63; at Roden Crater, 203 Goblet and faces illusion, 2 1 7 - 2 1 8 Gombrich, E. H., 223 — 224 Gothic architecture, 2 1 0 — 2 1 1 ; Roden Crater and, 196 Grand Canyon, 1 6 1 Grand Falls, 176 — 178, 1 7 7 , 205 G.R.A.V. (Groupe de Recherche d'Art Visuel), 79 Graves, Michael, 1 3 2 Gray, David, 5, 48 Greenberg, Clement, 46 Green Flash, 203 — 204, 206, 2 4 9 ^ 8 5 Gregory, R. L., 14—15 Griffith Observatory, Los Angeles, 173 Grippi, Salvatore, 4 Grootest, Tymen von, 1 5 3 Gruppo N, 79 Gruppo T, 79 Guggenheim Fellowship, xx, 154

Hallwedge, 100, ioz Hapgood, Fred, 198

Happenings, 4, 8r, 89 Harrison, Newton, 81 Heavy Water, 1 4 6 n . 4 1 Heizer, Michael: Double Negative, 88, 197—zoo

Judson Theater, New York, 81 Juke, 16, 1 8 , 19, 28 Jupiter, 162, 163

Helio Courier airplane, xxi, 154, i s landing at Roden Crater, 156 Heliostat, 98—99, 99 Hochberg, Julian, 44 Hodgetts, Craig, 1 3 2 - 1 3 3 Holt-Hansen, Kristian, 71 Homogeneous visual fields. See Ganzfelds Hopi Buttes volcanic field, Arizona, 207 Hopi Mesas, 204 Hopps, Walter, 5 Hot-rod aesthetic, 3, 50, 5 2 - 5 3 House of Wax, 2 4 m . 2 8 Hover, 150, 2420.39, pi. 14 Hubble, Edwin, 224, 251 n.54

Kant, Immanuel, 224 Kauffman, Craig, 50, 51 Kawai, Choyoshi, 83 Kitaj, R. B., 6 1 , 82 Kivas, 1 2 4 ; Roden Crater spaces and, 1 7 1 Klein, Yves, 6, 54 Klüver, Billy, 78 Koans: visual, 227—228 Koffka, Kurt, 2 1 9 - 2 2 0 , 222 Kono, 1 5 0 - 1 5 1 , pi. 1 5 Kozloff, Max, 8 3 - 8 4 Krebs, Rockne, 81 Krupp, E. C., 1 5 8 , 1 7 3 Kubrick, Stanley, 7 6 - 7 7 Kung, 34 Kuroda, Tatsuaki, 83

IBM Corporation, 61—62 Iconic imagery: Dan Flavin and, 79—81; John McCracken and, 16; Turrell and, 16, 19 Idioretinal light, 72, 95—97, 107—108, i n , 220 Illusion, in Turrell's work, 12—13 Illusions. See Perceptual illusions lltar, 1 4 3 , 144, 145, 146, pi. 10 Inappropriate constancy scaling. See Constancies Information in light, 3—4, 1 4 , 44, 56, 1 1 3 , 140, 224; James J. Gibson and, 14, 219—22.0; Roden Crater and, 189 Inside Out, 1 2 5 , 126, 2 4 0 n . 1 1 Invariances. See Constancies Irwin, Robert: Art 8c Technology Program and, 6 1 - 7 7 passim; California Minimalism and, 5 0 - 5 2 ; hot-rod aesthetic and, 5 2 - 5 3 ; Light and Space movement and, 5 3 - 5 6 , 57; MacArthur Foundation Fellowship and, xxiii; Pace Gallery and, 87; Pasadena Art Museum and, 64; relationships between art and science (technology) and, 82—84 passim; Stedelijk Museum and, 142—143

Jadito, 23, 26, 109 Jadito's Night, 1 0 9 - i n , 2390.38 Jaipur, India, 1 7 3 Japan, 1 , 83, 212—214; Japanese gardening in relation to Roden Crater, 200—201 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 64 Jida, 145 Joecar, 23, 26, 98, 100 Johns, Jasper, 87 Jones, Howard, 79 Jones-Jones, 19, 22 Judd, Donald: California Minimalism and, 51 — 52; Minimalism and, 36—48, 2 3 3 0 . 2 4 ; on Dan Flavin, 79; "Specific Objects," 40

Laar, 1 4 3 , 1 4 5 , pl. 9 "L.A. Look." See California Minimalism Landsman, Stanley, 79 Lawsuit involving City of Arhirit, 140 Leider, Philip, 55, 78—79 Lenticular clouds, 1 7 1 —172, pi. 28 Levy, Leah, 1 5 3 , 2 1 1 —212 Lichtenstein, Roy, 81 Light: evolution and, 218—222; nature of, 1 1 3 ; symbolism of, 209—211; tactile quality of, in Turrell's work, 1 - 2 ; threshold perception of, 1 0 6 — h i ; as Turrell's material, 5—6, 35, 50—51, 60, 1 1 4 , 208—209. $ e e a ' 5 ° Information in light Light and Space movement, 53—60, 81 Light chaos. See Idioretinal light Lightning, 207; ball lightning, 63 Light/Water, 246^42 Little Colorado River, Arizona, 159, 176—178, 207, pis. 2 1 , 22, 29, 3 1 . See also Grand Falls Livingston, Jane, 61 — 64, T2-, 84 Lockheed Aircraft, 6 1 - 6 2 , 82 Lodi, 100 Lowell, Percival, 225 Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, Arizona, 225 Lowry, Bates, 4 Lunette, 1 1 7 — 1 1 8 , 118, pis. 4, 5 Lyra (constellation), 163

MacArthur Foundation Fellowship, xxiii McClain, Malcolm, 4 McClanahan, Preston, 79 McCracken, John: California Minimalism and, 4 8 - 5 0 ; Minimalism and, 36, 37; 233 n.40; as Turrell's teacher at U.C. Irvine, 5; 2 0 0 1 : A Space Odyssey and, 76; work of in comparison to Turrell's Projection Pieces, 16, 50

Mace, William, 222 Mclntyre, Michael, 222 Malevich, 1 3 2 Mangurian, Robert, 1 3 2 , 187, 189 Mapmaking, 4, 189 Mapping Spaces prints, 1 6 1 — 162, 164, 165, 170, IJ4, 179, 187 Mars, 1 6 3 , 225 Mason, John, 4 Massada, 178 Mathematics, xx, 3, 82 Mayan architecture, 196 Meditation: Art & Technology program and, 6 7 - 7 4 passim, 83; light symbolism and, 212—214; Mendota Stoppages and, 97 Meeting, 1 2 0 - 1 2 5 , 121, 24on.6, pis. 6, 7; Roden Crater spaces and, 168, 169, 205 Mefford, Boyd, 81 Megalithic monuments, 158 Mendota Hotel: eviction of Turrell from, 1 5 2 - 1 5 3 , 1 5 4 , 196; exhibition of Projection Pieces at, 8, 9, 16, 20, 22, 24, 30, 62, 8 5 - 8 7 ; exterior of, 85, 86, 9 1 ; exterior environment and, 1 1 4 - 1 1 7 ; Ganzfelds and, 1 3 7 , 138, 2 1 9 ; garden with Choyoshi Kawai at, 83; importance of, for Turrell's conceptual development, 1 1 3 ; importance of, for Turrell's work, 16, 85; interior of, 7 - 9 , 9, 85, 90, 93, 101, 138, 2 3 7 n . i ; Mendota Stoppages at, 88—99; Shallow-Space Constructions and, 29; Skyspaces and, 1 1 5 — 1 1 7 ; Structural Cuts and, 1 1 5 ; WallBuilding Pieces and, 106; Wedgeworks and, 99—100 Mendota Stoppages, 87, 88—99, 9°> 94> 96, l o é , 1 1 1 - 1 1 5 , 1 5 4 , 1 6 1 - 1 6 2 , 2 3 8 n . i 7 ; astronomical alignment of, 1 1 2 ; Dark Pieces and, 220; Mapping Spaces prints and, 1 5 4 ; Roden Crater Project and, 1 5 4 , 185 Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 34—35, 45, 77, 8 1 , 214—215 Merriam Crater, 176, 200, 207, 246n.43, pi. 30 Meso, no Meso-American architecture, 124, 1 3 4 Metzger, Wolfgang, 219—220 Mexico, 196 Michelson, Annette, 76—77 Mikvah, 100, 104 Milky Way Galaxy, 202, 2 2 4 - 2 2 5 Minimalism, 3 5 - 5 3 , 79, 220. See also California Minimalism Minnaert, Marcel, 1 8 1 , 225 Missed Approach, 2 4 m . 2 4 Modernism (Modern Art): Light and Space art and, 78; Minimalism and, 40, 45—46, 55; Turrell's light images and, 1 1 3 , 208—209, 127—128 Moenkopi Plateau, 204 Monet, Claude, 4 Moon: 18.61-year cycle of, 1 7 1 — 1 8 7 passim; lunar alignments at Roden

INDEX

269

Moon (continued) Crater, 162—187 passim; lunar eclipses at Roden Crater, 1 7 3 ; rocks from, 2 1 2 — 2 1 3 , 2 1 3 Morris, Robert: on California Minimalism, 5 1 — 5 1 ; on "extra-visual" art, 1 1 1 — 1 1 3 , 2 3 9 ^ 4 3 ; Minimalism and, 36—48 passim, 233 n.24; on "scientistic" art, 78—79 Miiller-Lyer illusion, 14—15 Munson, 8, 1 1 , 14 Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff, 153, i 5 6 Music for the Mendota: Mendota Stoppages, 8 9 - 9 0 , 90, 95, 97

Nada, 145 Naked-eye observatories, 1 5 8 , 1 7 3 , 182— 183 Nan Mun, 34 NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), 64, 76 National Endowment for the Arts "Art in Public Places" grant, 1 5 5 Nauman, Bruce, 54 Navaho Indian Reservation, 207 Necker Cube, 1 2 Neo-Dada, 81 Newgrange, Ireland, 158 Night-Blooming Cereus, 206 Night Light, 239^39 Night Passage, 24.2n.36 "Nightrise." See Twilight arch Noland, Kenneth, 48 Nordman, Maria, 54, 23 8 n.26 Northern Lights, 6, 204, 206 North Star, 162, 163 Nouvelle Tendance, 79

Oldenburg, Claes, 4, 40, 81 Olitski, Jules, 48 Ondoe, 19, 20, 28, 98, 1 1 5 Optics, 63. See also Ecological optics Orca (Projection Piece), 23 Orca (Space-Division Piece), 1 5 0 — 1 5 1 , pi. 1 5 Orr, Eric, 54 Out of Corners drawings, 23, 27 Outer space, 62—64, 7^—77 Outside In, 1 3 4 , 1 3 6

Pace Gallery, 87, 88 Padilla Mesa, 204 Painted Desert, Arizona, 158—159, 201, 204—205, 207, pis. 2 1 , 22, 26, 29 Panofsky, Erwin, 2 1 0 Panza di Biumo, Count Giuseppe, 100, 1 1 7 , 125 — 1 3 2 Pasadena Art Museum, 5, 6, 85 Penetration of vision, 145 — 146; celestial vaulting and, 1 8 1 ; transparency of sky and, 201—202

Perception: limits of, 107—108, u r ; malleability of, 1 3 ; perceptual anomalies in flying, 1 7 2 ; as Turrell's medium, 3 4 - 3 6 , 38, 60, 84, 1 9 6 197, 208—209, 227—228 Perceptual illusions, 1 2 , 14, 217—218, 226; James J. Gibson and, 217—218; Maurice Merleau-Ponty and, 34—35, 2 1 4 — 2 1 5 ; R. L. Gregory and, 14—15 Perceptual psychology, Turrell's background in, 4, 60 Perceptual set, 68, 69, 72, 84, 1 3 2 ; at Roden Crater, 206 Peripheral vision, 145 Persepolis, 1 6 1 , 1 6 2 Perspective, 8, 1 2 , 1 4 , 19, 29, 223 Phaedo, 147, 149 Phaedo Series (Space-Division Pieces), 147-151 Phantom, 19, 21, 23, 145 Phosphenes, 108 Photogrammetry.See Aerial photography Photopic (day) vision, 106 Pincus, Leonard, 8 Plagens, Peter, 38, 50, 52 Plastic. See California Minimalism Plate tectonics, 1 5 7 , 244 n.13 Pleiades, 1 0 7 — 1 1 r, 108 Podium effect. See Penetration of vision Poggio a Caiano, Italy, 126 Point sources. See Xenon light sources Polaris. See North Star Polyak, Stephen, 218 Pomona College, 3—4 Pop Art, 38, 8 t Porter-Powell, 19, 22 Prado, 19, 21, 23, 145 Prado Series (Space-Division Pieces), 144-147 Prana, 23 8 n.29 Preadaptation. See Preconditioning Precession of the equinoxes, 163 Pre-Columbian architecture, 196 Preconditioning, 68, 72; at Roden Center, 206 Pregnance, 1 1 5 . See also Gestalt psychology Preloading. See Precconditioning Primary Structures: See Minimalism Projection Pieces: ambiguous perception of, 223, 227; California Minimalism and, 50—52; Cross-Corner Projections, 7—15; early development of, 5—6; exhibition history of, 2 3 1 n.54; Leo Castelli Gallery and, 87—88; Light and Space movement and, 5 3 60; Mendota Hotel and, 87, 1 1 3 ; Mendota Stoppages and, 97—99; Minimalism and, 36, 41—44; Pace Gallery and, 87—88; Prado Series and, 1 4 5 ; Shallow-Space Constructions and, 29; Single-Wall Projections, 1 5 — 28; sun-powered projections at Mendota Hotel, 98—99; sun-powered projections at Roden Crater, 165 — 168 Psychological set. See Perceptual set

270

INDEX

Psychology. See Perceptual psychology Ptah, 23 8 n.30 Pullen, 16, 1 7 , 19 Puritanism, 2 1 1 Purkinje shift, 106, 108

Quadratura, 2 1 5 Quakerism (Society of Friends), 2, 2 1 1 ; Quaker meeting halls and Skyspaces, 2 1 1 —212; relevance for Turrell's art, 211 — 212 Quartz-halogen light sources, 8, 97—99 Quasars, r76 Qumran, 178

Radio galaxies, 176—178 Raemar (Projection Piece), 23 Raemar (Shallow-Space Construction), 29, 34, pi. 2 Raethro, 28 Rainer, Yvonne, 81 Rauschenberg, Robert, 38, 81 "Rayette," 2 3 2 ^ 5 5 Rayna (Space-Division Piece), 145 Rayna (Veil), 2 3 8 ^ 2 9 Rayzor, 29, 3 1 , 32, 33 Readymades, 38, 40 Red Around, 1 5 2 — 1 5 3 , pi. 18 Reinhardt, Ad, 38, 209, zzz Reitz, Dana, 1 5 1 Remote sensing. See Aerial photography Retina, 106— 108 Retinal color field. See Idioretinal light Rivoli, Italy, 1 2 5 Rodan (artificial crater space drawing), 128 Roden Crater (Roden Crater Project), 2, 4, 128, 1 5 2 — 1 5 3 , 155, IJ6, 160, 182, 208, 2 1 5 — 2 1 6 , 220, pis. 20—32; ancient ruins and, 1 6 1 — 162, 196; architectural spaces, Ganzfeld light qualities of, 1 5 8 , 1 6 2 - 1 8 7 passim, 204—207; architectural spaces, locations of, 1 5 7 , 160, 162—187; architectural spaces, Structural Cut and Skyspace, organization of, 162—179 passim, 201 — 203, 205 — 206; astronomical alignments of, 162—187 passim; drawings of, 189, 1 9 1 , 192, 1 9 3 , 194; models of, 187—189, 188, 194; natural environment and, 160— 1 6 1 , 169, 1 7 1 , 2 0 0 - 2 0 1 ; plant life and, 204—205; Projection Pieces (sun-generated) at, 165—168, 1 7 1 , 185 — 186; purchase of, 1 5 5 — 1 5 6 ; search for, xx—xxi, 154—155; shape of, 178, 1 8 1 , 186; sky and, 1 5 4 , 178; sky color and, 2 0 1 , 2 4 8 ^ 7 8 ; stereo photographs of, 189, 194, 1 9 5 ; volcanic history of, 156—159, 243 n.9; weather phenomena and, 201 — 207 passim. See also Celestial vaulting; Concave-earth illusion; Moon; Sun Roden, William D., 242n.2

Roh, 23811.30 Rolandseck, West Germany, 126—130 Rondo, 29, 3 1 , 34 Roniti, 29, 30, 34, So, 100, 103 Root-Bernstein, Robert, 82 Rosenzweig, Phyllis, 2 1 5 Rothko, Mark, 4, 6, 2 3 0 ^ 2 6 Royce, 23, 24 Ruben, Richards, 4 Ruscha, Ed, 50 Russell, John, 197

San Francisco Peaks, Arizona, 156 — 1 5 7 , 163, 1 7 1 , 207, pis. 27, 32 San Francisco volcanic field, Arizona, 2, 1 5 4 . 1 5 6 - 1 5 7 , 159. Saros, 1 7 2 - 1 7 3 Schmidt, Edward, 1 3 2 Scotopic (night) vision, 106 Scott, Gail, 72 Second Meeting, 120—125, 122, 123, 1 3 3 , 140, 24on.6; Roden Crater spaces and, 168, 169, 205 Sedona, Arizona, 156 Selene, 1 0 9 — 1 1 0 , 2 1 6 Sensing spaces: Ganzfeld Pieces and, 1 3 7 ; Mendota Stoppages and, 88; Roden Crater Project and, 162—163, 176, 183 — 184; Space-Division Pieces and, 143 — 1 5 1 , 226 Sensory deprivation, 62—76 passim, 97, 220, 235n.27 Seurat, Georges, 4 Severe Clear, 1 5 1 , 1 5 2 , pi. 16 Seyfert galaxies, 176 Shallow-Space Constructions, 28—35, 58, 87, 99—100, 1 1 3 Sbanta, 8, 11, 1 3 , 14 Shapley, Harlow, 224, 2 5 1 n.53 Shapley, Robert, 225 Sharp, Willoughby, 53, 88 Shaw, Robert, 222 Sheba Craters (North and South), 207, pi. 30 Simultaneous contrast, 1 1 8 - 1 2 4 , 1 3 2 ; at Roden Crater, 168 — 169 Singh, Maharajah Jai, 1 7 3 , 183 Single-Wall Projections. See Projection Pieces "Site Specificity," 88, 146, 1 5 1 —153 Skaggs, Sarah, 1 5 1 Sky space, Mendota Hotel, 1 1 5 , 116 Skyspace I, 1 1 7 - 1 1 8 , 1 1 9 Skyspace 11, 1 1 8 - 1 2 0 , 1 2 0 , 2 3 9 ^ 3 Skyspaces, 1 1 5 - 1 3 4 , 2 3 9 ^ 3 ; Ganzfelds and, 1 3 7 , 2 1 9 ; Roden Crater Project and, 162—179 passim, 201—203, 205 — 206; Space-Division Pieces and, I43-M5 Sky Walls, 1 2 6 - 1 2 8 , 1 3 2 ; Roden Crater Project and, 168 Sky/Water, 246^42 Sky Window, Mendota Hotel, 97—98, 115, 117

Slant Range, 1 5 0 Sloan, 28 Smith, Tony, 38—52 passim, 43, 2 1 7 Smithson, Robert: Spiral Jetty, 88, 1 9 7 200 Snow, C. P., 82 Snow, at Roden Crater, 202 Soaring, 2, 1 7 1 —172 Society of Friends. See Quakerism Sound, of Grand Falls at Roden Crater, 176-178 Sound Pieces, 63, 1 1 1 — 1 1 3 . See also hnechoic chambers Southwest American Indian architecture, 12-4, 134 Spacecraft, 61 — 62 Space-Division Pieces, 1 4 3 - 1 5 1 , 1 6 2 1 6 3 , 241 nn.28—30 Split, 28 Split (Spalato), Yugoslavia, 1 6 1 , 1 6 2 Spread, no, 111 "Sproul," San Francisco volcanic field, Arizona, 176 Stars, 2 0 1 - 2 0 2 ; colors of, 176, 202, 2 4 9 n . 8 i ; formation of, 1 7 3 ; perception of space and, 2 2 3 - 2 2 4 Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, 142— 1 4 3 . 1 5 1 - 1 5 3 , 1 5 5 . 1 6 3 , 187 Stella, Frank, 40, 48 Stereopsis. See Binocular disparity Stereoscopes, xix, 4 Stereoscopic photography: Roden Crater Project and, 189 Stereo vision. See Binocular disparity Stonehenge, 1 1 2 , 1 7 2 Straight Up, 134, 1 3 6 Strawberry Crater, 207, pi. 32 Stuck Blue, 1 4 7 , 148 Stuck Red, 1 4 7 , 1 4 8 Structural Cuts, 2, 1 1 5 - 1 1 7 , 1 2 5 - 1 2 8 ; Roden Crater and, 162—179 passim Studio. See Mendota Hotel Stuff, 28 Successive contrast, 128, 1 3 2 ; at Roden Crater, 206 Suger (Abbot of St. Denis), 2 1 0 - 2 1 1 Sun: solar alignments at Roden Crater, 162—187 passim; solar alignments in day aspect of Mendota Stoppages, 97—98; solar eclipses at Roden Crater, 1 7 3 ; solar images at Mendota Hotel, 98—99 Sunset Crater: eruption of, 1 5 6 - 1 5 7 , 159, 2 4 3 n . i o ; seen from Roden Crater, 207, pi. 32 Sunset Crater National Monument, Arizona, 1 5 4 , 159 Supernovae, 1 7 3 Surveying equipment, xix, 1 5 6 Suzuki, Daisetz Teitano, 2 1 2

"Tappan Age" (geological designation), 1 5 7 , 245 n.20 "Taste and Pitch" (experimental study by Kristian Holt-Hansen), 7 1 - 7 2

Terbell, Melinda. See Melinda Wortz "Theatricality," 46—47, 55, 76 Thought When Seen, no, in Threshold light perception, 106— 1 1 1 Thuban (star in constellation Draco), 163 Time: expression of, in Turrell's work, xix, 47—48, 55; extended temporality of Turrell's work, 1 3 7 , 146—147 Tollyn, 23, 25, 29, 30, 98 Total visual fields. See Ganzfelds Tuchman, Maurice, 6 1 , 72, 78 Turner, J. M. W., 4 Turrell, Archibald Milton (Turrell's father), 2 Turrell, Margaret Hodges (Turrell's mother), 2 Twilight arch, 1 6 8 - 1 6 9 , 1 7 0 - 1 7 1 , 1 7 5 , 204, 207, pi. 26 2001: A Space Odyssey (film directed by Stanley Kubrick), 7 6 - 7 7 , 77 Tycho, 23

University of California, Irvine, 4 - 5 University of California, Los Angeles: Art & Technology Program and, 69—71; exhibition of lunar rocks at, 212—214 U.S. Geological Survey, 1 5 5 , 1 5 6 U.S. Naval Observatory, Flagstaff, Arizona, 1 7 3

Vase and facing profiles illusion, 2 1 7 218 Valentine, DeWain, 50, 5 1 , 52 Veils, 100, 106, 1 1 3 Vega (star in constellation Lyra), 163 Vigévano, Italy, 1 2 5 Villa Medici, Poggio a Caiano, Italy, 126 Villa Panza, Varese, Italy, 1 1 7 - 1 1 8 Villa Scheibler, Milan, Italy, 126—128 Virga, 100, 10;, 1 3 0 , 147, 1 5 0 Vitz, Paul, 4

Wait, The, 2 3 9 ^ 3 9 Walker, Richard, 173 Wall-Building Pieces, 106, 1 1 3 , 143 Wallen, 1 3 2. n. 5 4 Ward Terrace, 204 Warhol, Andy, xix, 81 Weather phenomena, 1 5 1 ; at Roden Crater, 1 7 1 —172, 203 Wedgeworks, 9 9 - 1 0 0 , 106, 1 1 3 , 1 4 3 ; at Roden Center, 165 — 168 Wedgework ¡I, 100, 103 Wedgework 111, 100, pi. 3 Weightlessness, 64, 76 Weisang, Myriam, 198—200 Weschler, Lawrence, 64 Wheeler, Douglas: Light and Space movement and, 54, 5 6 - 5 8 , 59; Pasadena Art Museum and, 64; Stedelijk Museum and, 1 4 2 - 1 4 3 ; technological art and, 78—79

INDEX

271

White Blood, 140, 141 Whitman, Robert, 81 Whitman, Walt, 197 Whitney, David, 87 de Wilde, Edy, 1 4 z Wilder, Nicholas, 88 Wilfred, Thomas, 79 Wilson, Mark, 4 Wilson, William, 66, 76 Wolf, 1 5 3 , pi. 19

272

Wolfe, Edward, 1 5 7 Wolff, Theodore, 2 1 6 Wollheim, Richard, 38 "Wordless thought," xx, z, IZ5, z i z , Z27—zz8 "Word spaces," 69, yz, zz~j Wortz, Edward, xxiii, 64—78, 83 — 84, 88, Z3 4 n.57 Wortz, Melinda, 7, 5 1 , z 1 z

INDEX

Xenon light sources, 8, 63, 97—99

Yama,

Z38n.jo

Zen Buddhism, 83, z i z — Z 1 3 ; visual koan, ZZ7—zz8 Zero, 79 Zodiacal constellations, 183

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