IP-коммуникации в NGN

Citation preview

Ы .

.

. .

-

__________________________________________________________________________________________

. .

, . .

«IP-

, . .

NGN»

200900 –

2006 1

621.391.18:658.512.22

2007/2008

«IP-

NGN» ,

2009 –

: . .

, . .

, . .

,

,

.323, IP-

:

.248

SIP,

,

NGN.

. . .,

. .

. . .,

. .

26

2006 .

№ 11.

2

1. 1.1. 1.2.

...................................................................................................................................5 IP..................................................................................................8 IP.......................................................................8 IP....................................................................12

1.2.1. 1.2.2. Э 1.2.3. 1.2.4. 1.2.5.

IP........................................................................................................ 12 .................................................................................................................................... 15 IP.............................................................. 15 , ITU- ................................................................................ 18 , ETSI.................................................................................. 19

1.3. RTP .............................................................................................................19 2. H.323...............................................................................................................................21 2.1. .323 .............................................................................................21 2.1.1. 2.1.2. 2.1.3. 2.1.4. 2.1.5.

2.2. 2.2.1. 2.2.2. 2.2.3.

2.3. 2.4. 3. 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. Э 3.4. 3.5. 3.6. 3.7. 4. 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.3.1. 4.3.2.

4.4. 4.4.1. 4.4.2. 4.4.3. 4.4.4. 4.4.5.

4.5. 4.6. 4.7. 5. 5.1. 5.1.1. 5.1.2.

5.2. 5.2.1. 5.2.2.

5.3. 5.3.1.

.323

.323............................................................................................................... 22 .323 ..................................................................................................................... 24 ...................................................................................................................... 24 ...................................................................... 26 ............................................................................................ 27

H.323 ........................................................................................................27 RAS ................................................................................................................. 27 .225.0 ............................................................................................. 34 H.245 ............................................................................................ 35

c

.......................................................................................39 .................................................................................................40 IPSIP ......................................42 ..............................................................42 ....................................................................................................................43 SIP......................................................................................................44 SIP ............................................................................................................46 ...........................................................................51 .......................................................................................53 .................................................................................................54 ................................................................................56 ......................................................................56 MGCP .........................................................................................................57 MEGACO/H.248 .....................................58 (Terminations)............................................................................................... 58 (Context)........................................................................................................... 60

H.248/MEGACO...................................................................60 .................................................................................................................... 61 ........................................................................................................................... 62 ....................................................................................................................... 63 ....................................................................................................................... 63 (Packages) ........................................................................................................... 64

..............................................64 .......................................................................................68 ................................................................................................68 ................................................................................................69 I ...........................................................69 ............................................................................................ 69 .................................................................................. 73

............................73 ................................................................................................ 73 .................................................................................. 76

.............................77 ................................................................................................ 77

3

5.3.2.

5.4. 5.4.1. 5.4.2.

5.5. 5.5.1. 5.5.2.

.................................................................................. 78

Linux...................................................................78 ................................................................................................ 78 .................................................................................. 81

...........................................................81 ................................................................................................ 81 .................................................................................. 86

.................................................................................................................87

4

IP,

Voice over IP (VoIP)

IP-

,

, IP. -

IP-

, .

IP:

(1980 - 1995),

(1995 - 1999), ,

. . 1983 К

IP,

. VocalTec,

1995 (DSP),

,

,

.

,

VocalTec

PC – PC. ,

.

1996

16-

(ITU-T) H.323, (QoS). Э

«

-

»

IP.

И

, IP-

IP-

IP,

,

, , , . IPH.323.

, , ,

MGC (Media Gateway Controller)

Softswitch, 5

, MG (Media Gateway).

,

1998

MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol), 16 ITU-T

IETF

,

2000

H.248

MEGACO.

SIP, . ,

,

RTP. ,

IP-

. .

, ,

.

, .

IP-

, . 1996

-

CompTek IP-

,

VocalTec,

VocalTec .

,

.

,

IP-

?

,

IP-

. -

.

IP-

« VocalTec,

».

IP. «

»

RGC.

«

»

, RGC . 1997 ,

,

IP-

.

.

, . 6

, IP-

.

VocalTec,

,

IP,

,

, IP-

.

Internet. . :

. IP-

, , ,

, IP-

. .

1(

30

),

,

. ,

1998 .

. 27

1998 .

( )

Э)

(

I -

.

-

–

,

(

41

). -

.1

1999 . IP-

«

». ,

,

IP-

,

,

. 2000

.

IP-

2001 .,

-Э –

-IP.

IP-

-IP .

,

2001/2002 .

,

.

. .

-

. 7

1.

IP1.1.

IP,

IP*«

-

*«

-

*«

:

»; »;

-

». «

-

»

, IP-

. IP-

«

-

»

. 1.1. ( 64

),

8000

/ , 8

/

,

ISDN). Э

/c (

4, 8

10

.

IP IP-

IP-

,

.,

,

,

(

)

(

,

,

,

)

IP,

. 1.1.

IP-

.

«

« IP-

.

-

–

»

»

(

,

)

,

(

)

,

IP, ,

,

,

IP8

. Э «

IP

-

» ,

, WebI -

.

, IP-

, .164,

IP-

. Microsoft Net Meeting,

Microsoft. «

–

»

,

,

. 1.1

,

IP. , IP-

,

3G. «

»

«

»–

, , ISDN

:

GSM. «

-

»

-

, .

WWW

-

,

,

. Э

,

, . IP-

•

(

IP-

:

)

(

,

), IP-

,

;

•

IPE.164

IP«

. –

»

IP(

. 1.2). IP-

, . 9

IPH.323

В

ц IP-

ф

/ISDN

. 1.2.

IP«

–

»

(GW)

IP IP-

. «

–

IP(

» ,

. 1.3).

IPH.323

ф В

. 1.3.

/ISDN

ц

ф

IP«

–

» . 2.3

IP-

«

-

».

-

,

, IP-

.

,

(

,

),

(PIN) 10

,

-

, .

, .

, ,

, (

,

,

,

. .)

.

. (

. 2.2)

. Э IP«

-

«

-

»

», . «

-

»

IP-

,

. «

-

IP-

»

.

IP,

,

. . 1.4, «

(

-

»

IPIP-

IP-

, ISDN, GSM),

.

. ,

(PIN)

(Calling Line

Identification),

. .

. , . 11

IP-

ф

ф

/ISDN

/ISDN

. 1.4.

IP«

-

»

,

IP-

. 1.2.

IP-

, (

IP-

,

) ,

Э

.

, ,

IP-

1.2.1.

.

IPIP-

,

,

,

,

.

,

, .

, .

-

,

.

,

,

,

, .

, . ,

,

, ,

, . .

. 12

IP-

(

),

, Windows

-

,

Linux.

,

, .Э

, , ,

,

.

,

, .

,

IP(VxWorks, pSOS, QNX Neutrino

. .)

, ,

. -

(

,

20

.

),

, .Э

. 1.5. ,

. .

. Э

,

(

,

,

).

,

. ,

RTP.

,

«

».

13

ISP

И

ф

Ш

A

ф

Ш

B

C

t

A

B

D1

C

D2 = D1

t

D3 = D2

. 1.5.

«

(

»

,

)

–

. . .

/

, .

,

, .

, ,

. Э . ,

, .

,

,

, 20

, UDP – 8

,

, RTP – 12

RTP/UDP/IP-

(

IP –

),

, . , ,

,

«

, » .

14

ITU-T

G.114

.

, 150

.

IP60-70

90

.

,

IP-

, . 1.2.2. Э , .

,

,

.

, (

–

).

Э ,

IP-

. ,

:

.

Э

70-

.

, , . .

,

,

Э

.

–

, . Э IP-

.

1.2.3.

IP, .

, .

IP

,

, .

И , ,

1.2 – 64

/ .

, .

. MOS (Mean Opinion Score), 15

.

–

,

,

. . :

o 4-5 –

;

ISDN,

. o 3.5-4 –

(toll quality); ADPCM

, 32

/ . .

toll quality. o 3-3.5 –

,

-

,

,

. o 2.5-3 –

,

. (

,

). (toll quality) 5

/ . (VAD, CNG, DTX) ,

.

,

,

35

,

,

, . 50%, (

) –

. . , :

,

, , , . (Voice Activity Detector – VAD) ,

.

VAD

,

16

; VAD

. VAD

,

,

. ,

, .

VAD , . Э

,

,

. (Discontinuous Transmission – DTX) ,

VAD

. , (

),

,

, . (Comfort Noise Generator – CNG)

.

, ,

. «

.

», . .

(

,

. .),

,

-

,

,

,

. CNG

. ,

,

-

,

.

(G.723.1 Annex A, G.729 Annex B)

,

.

Ч

. IP-

.

,

,

. ,

(

), .

17

, . 1.2.4. К

,

ITU-

G.711 G.711 – « ITU-T ,

»

1965

.

MOS

,

VoIP

G.711.

G.723.1 G.723.1

ITU-T

1995

G.723.1

IP: 6.4

24 20

4.2.

, -

К

,

)

5.3

.

IMTC

.

/ (

189

/ (

158

,

,

).

. . MOS

3.7

6.4

/

3.9

5.3

/ .

G.723.1 . К

G.726 G.726

24

16

40, 32,

/ ,

MOS

4.3 (32

/ ),

(toll quality). IP-

, . К

G.728 G.728 MOS,

G.726

16

/ .

( ) . К

G.729 G.729

Frame

Relay.

10

/ .

8 5

. : 18



G.729



ITU-T

1996 G.729A

G.729

ITU-T

VAD, CNG

1995

DTX.

, . 1.2.5.

,

ETSI ETSI (GSM). GSM Full Rate,

GSM 06.10,

1987 . ( 20

MOS

3.7

).

,

13

/c.

. Э IP-

,

, –

, ,

. GSM Half Rate, ,

GSM Enhanced Full Rate,

1995

1994

.

, .

IP-

, 1.3.

,

. RTP IPRTP (Real-Time Protocol), IPRTP

.

UDP, IP (

.1.6). 32

/

RTP

/

UDP IP Ethernet

. 1.6.

RTP/UDP/IP

19

(

)

RTP

,

. 1.7.

IP

IP

16 V

P

X

CC

M

RTP

RTP

UDP

32 №

PT

0 = 64 / 3 = 13 / 14 = MPEG 32 = MPEG1

GSM

SSRC CSRC

. 1.7. RTP

, , V)

( 2).

VoIP ,

12

.

RTPRTP (

, RTP. :

P,

, -

(

, Х,

),

,

.

, . CSRC-

,

RTP-

, . . ,

. ,

,

,

. .

(7

, (Application Data),

,

), – . ..

8-

,

,

. (SequenceNumber),

(Time Stamp) SSRC, .

,

,

, (

,

. .),

. , SSRC-

, RTP-

. ,

. 20

RTPCSRC-

15 .

,

RTP (Real-Time Transport Control Protocol), RTP.

RTCP , UDP-, RTPQoS (Quality of , QoS, , ).

,

Service). RTCP(

,

,

)

32-

( –

.

, (

)

, ,

. ,

.

, RTP-

).

(

,

Э ,

,

. RTCP-

, .

– ,

RTCP-

,

.

2.

H.323 2.1.

.323 IP-

H.323

(ITU-T).

.323

,

. ITU-T

,

.

,

H.323, ISDN,

.

,

IPITU- Q.931

ISDN. H.323 , 21

, . Э

IP(

,

), IP

(

. 2.1).

.323

.323 IP-

Ш

Ш

.323 /ISDN

V.70

/ISDN

.324

ISDN

.320

. 2.1.

.323 :

,

,

. ,

,

.323

. IP-

,

.

.323 .

2.1.1.

.323 H.323

–

IP-

,

( .323

,

. 2.2). ,

,

( H.323

, NetMeeting).

, 22

, H.323

H.323, .

H.261, H.263

G.711, G.722, G.723, G.728, G.729 (T.120) H.225.0

H.245

H.225.0

RAS

. 2.2.

.323

, . : H.225, Э

.245

RAS.

, ,

,

,

. , ,

. . .120.

H.225.0

,

,

, IP,

.

, ,

,

.

.245,

.225.0 (Q.931) TCP ,

RAS,

UDP. 23

, . , (

), IP

,

, .

,

(

),

IP

,

.

,

.

,

2.1.2.

. .323 IP. (

) ,

,

. .

,

,

IP-

,

,

RTP/UDP/IP,

.

,

, .323.

, ,

DSS1

2

OKC7

.323.

–

IPIP,

.

,

,

. ,

,

.245, .

,

,

.323

.323,

IP-

,

. 2.1.3. IPITU H.323. (

. 1.4).

–

, .323 IP24

,

,

,

.

H.323 .

1 2 4

3 5

Ш

. 2.3.

.323 ,

•

, alias-

(

,

: ,

.) IP (IP-

•

TCP); IP-

RAS (

•

ARQ/ACF/ARJ);

,

•

; , ;

. ,

. .

. IP-

.

,

,

, 25

, E.164,

IP-

.

2.1.4. IP.

,

.323

(

–

.1.4).

, «

-

»

(MCU),

, . –

, «

-

»,

(

)

,

. –

, . .

. –

,

–

.

A D

B

E

F C

Ц

. 2.4.

;

.323

,

,

IP

(IP multicasting). ,

, ,

«

-

»,

. MCU –

(Multipoint controller, MC). 26

, MCU (Multipoint processor, MP). 2.1.5.

.323 H.323 ,

IP,

2-

. .

H.323

H.323

:

,

IP-

,

. 4

5 ,

,

4

,

H.323

, 2.2.

.

H.323 .323

: – RAS (Registration, Admission and Status), – H.225

.245,

– -

Q.931,

TCP/IP, UDP, RTP

RTCP,

.2.5.

TCP H.225

H.245,

RAS

UDP, RTP/RTCP.

UDP

.225 .245 RAS

(Q.931)

RTCP

TCP

RTP

UDP IP

. 2.5. 2.2.1.

H.323

RAS

ITU-T

.225.0 .323 –

(

,

, 27

. Э

)

RAS

(Registration, Admission and Status).

, RAS,

•

:

;

•

;

•

;

•

;

•

;

•

;

•

, . ,

H.323.

RAS,

H.225.0 (Q.931) .245.

: .245

H.225.0,

RAS .

,

. RAS

UDP. О , , .

,

,

.

,

,

. . –

. ,

,

,

.

, 1719 (2-

UDP )

1718 (1-

).

28

Gatekeeper Request (GRQ) IP-

(multicasting),

224.0.1.41 (Gatekeeper UDP Discovery Multicast Address)

UDP

1718 (Gatekeeper UDP Discovery Port). , GRQ,

,

rasAddress

Gatekeeper Confirmation (GCF) RAS (

. 2.6). ,

Gatekeeper Reject (GRJ).

GRQ GCF/GRJ

. 2.6.

GRQ

, ,

.

5

GRQ, . , . . , .

я

я , ,

, (

:

. .

. 2.7).

alias-

. Registration Request (RRQ)

, ,

. UDP

and Status Port).

,

1719 (Gatekeeper UDP Registration Registration

29

Confirmation (RCF)

Registration Reject (RRJ).

, .

RRQ

)

RCF or RRJ

)

URQ RCF/RRJ

URQ

)

UCF

. 2.7.

alias-

RRQ,

RCF.

,

RRQ

timeToLive .

RCF .

timeToLive,

, ,

RRQ

keepAlive. .

30

. ,

. ,

Unregister Request (URQ); Unregister Confirmation (UCF). alias-

. ,

URQ

Unregister

Reject (URJ). , Unregister Request (URQ), Unregister Confirmation (UCF).

,

, . Д

я , ,

, Setup,

Admissions Request (ARQ) (

.3.8),

. .

ARQ

,

ARQ,

,

.

alias,

alias-

,

,

/

ARQ

. ARQ

(

RTP/UDP/IP

).

ARQ ACF/ARJ

. 2.8. 31

,

Admissions Confirm (ACF),

. 2.8.

,

, , ,

,

. ACF Setup, .225.0. Setup .

,

Admissions Reject (ARJ). О

я

я (

RAS)

,

alias-

Location Request (LRQ).

,

, . Э

Location Confirmation (LCF),

(

.2.9).

LRQ LCF/LRJ

. 2.9.

,

RAS

LRQ,

Location Reject (LRJ), .

,

,

LRQ

Gatekeeper′s Discovery Multicast,

. ,

,

,

, .

,

, . 32

О

щ

я

я

я

. (

.2.10).

IRQ IRR

. 2.10.

(

)

Information Request (IRQ). IRQ 10

,

.

IRQ, Information Request Response (IRR).

О

я (

. 2.11).

Disengage Request (DRQ), Disengage Confirm (DCF).

DRQ DCF

. 2.11.

, ,

. .

DRQ.

DRQ,

, ,

DCF. ,

DRQ

. 33

2.2.2.

.225.0 H.323

ITU-

.225.0. Э Q.931. Setup .Э

TCP

1720

.

Call Proceeding

,

,

.

Alerting , . Connect ,

.

Connect

H.245. Release Complete .Э ,

. Q.932 Facility ITU-T H.450. .

TCP. ,

,

.225.0

, .

(Call Signalling Transport Address)

RAS

.

ARQ

alias-

. (Gatekeeper Routed Call Signalling), . (Direct Endpoint Call Signalling), . ,

, .

.225

, . 34

. ,

, .

. .

ISDN,

. ARQ

ACF

RAS

Setup

.

Setup

Call Proceeding,

,

,

,

,

. Alerting,

,

.

, Connect

H.245

, , H.245

,

.

,

,

,

H.245

Call Proceeding

Alerting.

2.2.3.

H.245 ITU-T H.245

, :

•

(Master/slave determination);

•

(Capability Exchange);

• • • •

(Open/Close Logical Channel Signalling); (Open/Close Bidirectional Logical Channel Signalling); , (Round Trip Delay Determination); (Mode Request); 35

•

, (Maintenance Loop Signalling).

( )

.245. (

,

) .

,

,

, ,

,

. .245

TCP

, .245

. .245

,

,

: .

-

, -

.

-

,

,

.

,

-

,

,

.

О

щ

я ,

,

, , .

(

. 3.12),

masterSlaveDetermination ,

terminalType , [0…(224-1)]. terminalType,

statusDeterminationNumber – , –

statusDeterminationNumber.

36

1

2

MSD

MSD

MSDAck (

MSDAck

)

(

)

. 2.12.

masterSlaveDetermination ,

masterSlaveDeterminationAck, ,

–

.

.323 ,

.

О

я

я

H.323,

,

,

.Э

,

.

, .

, (

.2.13). 1

2

MSD

MSD

MSDAck (

MSDAck

)

(

)

. 2.13.

TerminalCapabilitySet, , ,

. .

,

.

37

TerminalCapabilitySet

capabilityTable –

,

/

. alternativeCapabilitySet. (

)

,

.

,

simultaneousCapabilities.

(capabilityDescriptor),

(capabilityDescriptorNumber). ,

,

. TerminalCapabilitySet

,

,

,

. , TerminalCapabilitySet, TerminalCapabilitySetAck. , TerminalCapabilitySetReject.

,

TerminalCapabilitySet, ,

,

TerminalCapabilitySetRelease.

О ,

,

H.323

, .

.245 :

(uni-directional), . . ,

(bi-directional),

– .

Uni-directional Logical Signalling (

. 2.14).

38

1

2 OpenLogicalChannel OpenLogicalChannelAck

. 2.14.

openLogicalChannel ,

,

. ,

, , Uni-directional Logical Signalling. , ,

directional

Logical

, .

Bi-

Signalling,

Uni-directional

Logical

openLogicalChannel

Signalling openLogicalChannelAck.

– openLogicalChannelConfirm, – ,

openLogicalChannelAck (

. 2.15). 1

2 OpenLogicalChannel

OpenLogicalChannelAck OpenLogicalChannelConfirm

. 2.15.

CloseLogicalChannel,

, ,

, ,

. endSessionCommand. , 2.3.

H.245.

c 39

2.3.1.

?

2.3.2.

IP-

2.3.3.

?

?

2.3.4.

H.323

?

2.3.5.

RAS?

2.3.6.

ARQ

RAS?

2.3.7.

ARJ

2.3.8.

RAS?

.225?

2.3.10.

H.225 Setup?

2.3.11.

H.225 Alerting

?

2.3.12.

H.245?

2.3.13. H.245? 2.3.14.

H.245 TerminalCapabilitySet?

2.4. №1 .323,

:

1 2 3

,

,

,

. №2 IPRAS. 1)

–

2)

–

3)

–

40

№3 .225.0. 1) 2)

№4 IP.245.

41

3.

IP-

SIP

3.1. SIP, MMUSIC (Multiparty Multimedia Session Control)

IETF (Internet Engineering

Task Force),

RFC 2543 –

Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) ,

:

, .

SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)

,

:

, . . . ,

.

, ,

.

– REGISTER – . ,

, .

,

SIP,

.

. И

И

,

SIP

IETF. ,

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). .

SIP

.323. SIP

– DSS1

7.

SIP . .25, Frame Relay, AAL5, IPX

.

SIP

. IP

UDP. 42

, UDP, ,

.

SIP

. 5.1

TCP/IP. IP

:

,

,

,

. , (

),

.

, ,

SIP . – SDP (Session Description Protocol).

, SDP

SIP

.

( SIP) TCP

UDP

IPv 4

IPv 6

PPP, AAL5 ATM, Ethernet, V.34.

. 3.1.

SIP

TCP/IP

IETF RTP,

SIP .

3.2. - ,

. URL (

SIP URL).

SIP

SIP

–

.

, . : «

», «№

@

», «

@

», «

@IP-

». .

,

@

.

–

, alias-

;

, 43

IP-

, IP-

DNS. ,

, . –

.

, . SIP

’sip:’,

(

,

SIP-

,

, ‘mailto’).

SIP-

( ,

. .).

, .

'

'

', '

'

',

. SIP-

.

URL

,

,

Web-

: sip: [email protected] sip: user1@ 195.201.37.104 sip: [email protected] 3.3. Э

SIP-

SIP

: (User Agent

SIP client) –

(User Agent Client – UAC)

(User Agent Server

– UAS),

.

UAC

, . .

.

SIPUAS

, . .

. ,

.

: -

-

(proxy server)

,

, UAS.

,

–

-

, ,

‘

'

‘

’.

UAC. (stateful)

UAC, -

:

(stateless). , 44

.Э

. ,

. .

. ,

.

,

, , .

-

,

.

,

-

,

«

»

,

.

,

,

,

. (redirect server) , .

. Contact

SIP.

, . ,

-

. (location server). Э

SIP-

SIP

–

,

, . RFC 2543, ,

2167)

: LDAP (RFC 1777), rwnois (RFC

. ,

'

.

,

SIP

,

, .

, ,

'

. SIP-

REGISTER. (

SIP. 3.2),

,

.

45

-

SIP

SIP

SIP

SIP

SIP

. 3.2. 3.4.

SIP-

SIP . «

-

»

,

,

.

,

, ,

, .Э

, SIP-

.

,

. SIP (

),

, RFC 2279.

SIP (

. 3.3)

.

46

. 3.3.

SIP

SIP,

. ,

.

, ,

,

. , .,

,

,

,

.

.

( . .

), ,

. SIP

ACK, INVITE ,

.

OPTIONS

,

SDP.

,

BYE

REGISTER

.

:

, .

, . Э

, ,

,

,

,

. .

,

. ,

–

.

: ‰

(

); 47

‰

(

‘Content’ ,

‰

);

(

‰

);

(

). , ,

(:)

,

, : .

Call-ID – ;

(call reference)

,

.

,

DSS-1.

-

@:

[email protected] To

;

–

SIP-

,

'tag'

,

SIP URL. ,

,

,

:

the director tag=12345. ;

From –

.

CSeq –

Call-ID,

,

,

, ;

1

:

2^32

. -

Via –

,

,

UAS.

;

,

,

Via

. Э

, . . ,

,

, (

,

firewall). – sip.telecom.com,

niits.ru,

: Via: SIP/2.0/UDP sip.telecom.com:5060 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP niits.ru:5060 .

Content-Type – ,

:

SDP

, . 48

.

Content-Length – З SIP

. ,

SIP,

, ,

. ,

,

,

. .

,

.

SIP-

Request-URI

.

. INVITE –

. ,

(

),

,

, .

INVITE

,

, ,

(

. 3.4).

INVITE sip: [email protected] SIP/2.0 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP kton.bell-tel.com From: A. Bell To: T. Watson Call-ID: [email protected] Cseq: 1 INVITE Content-Type: application/sdp Content-Length: ... v=0 o=bell 53655765 2353687637 IN IP4 128.3.4.5 SIP=IN IP4 kton.bell-tel.com m=audio 3456 RTP/AVP 0 3 4 5

. 3.4 Э

SIP-

[email protected]

[email protected].

, 3456

(G.723)

,

5 (DV14).

From

0 (PCMU), 3 (GSM), 4 -

(< >)

boston.bell-tel.com. ,

49

. ACK –

INVITE .

OPTIONS – . . BYE – .

, ,

.

CANCEL – , 2

( . .

,3 ,4 ,5 ,6 )

.

REGISTER – SIP.

О ,

(

.

-

)

:

,

,

. .

SIP

.

,

.

3-

.

,

,

. ,

,

. :

.

,

.

3-

,

2, 3, 4, 5

6:

, .

1

–(

2

–(

3

–(

:

)– )–

,

, ,

; ;

)– ;

4

–(

)–

;

5

–(

)–

;

6

–(

)–

. 50

. 3.5. SIP/2.0 200 OK Via: SIP/2.0/UDP kton.bell-tel.com From: A. Bell To: ; Call-ID: [email protected] Cseq: 1 INVITE Content-Type: application/sdp Content-Length: ... v=0 o=watson 4858949 4858949 IN IP4 192.1.2.3 t=3149329600 0 SIP=IN IP4 boston.bell-tel.com m=audio 5004 RTP/AVP 0 3 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 a=rtpmap:3 GSM/8000 . 3.5.

SIP-

Watson

Bell

5004, .

Call-ID

, PCMU, GSM.

,

Cseq

–

From, To, Via, INVITE Cseq: 1.

3.5. SIP

(

UAS),

-

. ,

SIP-

'user@domain',

. IP-

DNS.

. , , .

,

,

,

-

.

,

.

я

я .

INVITE (1) 5060,

(

. 3.6). .

2, 3. temporarily

302 Moved

4, 51

, . 302

ACK 5. .

INVITE 6.

INVITE SDP. INVITE

,

100 Trying 7 . , 180 Ringing 8. 200

9,

SDP.

10.

, . BYE 11, 200

1. INVITE

12.

2. 3.

4. 302 Moved Temporarily 5. ACK 6. INVITE 7. 100 Trying 8. 180 Ringing 9. 200 OK 10. ACK

11. BYE 12. 200 OK

. 3.6.

я

я

52

,

1,2,3 .

(

)

-

INVITE 4 (

.4.7). ,

5;

,

200

-

-

6.

7, ,

8,

9.

, ,

200

.

BYE 10,

11. -

1. INVITE

2. 3.

4. INVITE 5. 180 Ringing

5. 180 Ringing

6. 200 OK 6. 200 OK 7. ACK 7. ACK

8. BYE

8. BYE 9. 200 OK

9. 200 OK

. 3.7.

-

3.6. 1.

SIP?

2.

,

SIP,

? 3.

SIP

TCP/IP.

4. ? 5. 6.

SIPЭ

SIP-

.

.

. 53

7. 8.

. -

.

.

-

9.

,

.

.

10.

.

11.

SIP-

.

.

12.

SIP.

13.

SIP-

14.

«

, -

15.

? ».

SIP.

?

16.

?

17.

SIP.

18.

SIP.

19.

.

20.

21.

-

22.

?

23. ? ? 24. ? 25.

(

.8.2), ?

3.7. №1 SIP-

.

№2 I : Director SIP: [email protected] : engineer SIP: [email protected]

II : Andrew SIP: [email protected] m : Sasha SIP: [email protected]

III : Bill Gaits SIP: [email protected]

3.1 IV : User A SIP: [email protected]

: V. Ivanov SIP: [email protected]

: User B SIP: [email protected]

54

niits.ru sip.niits.ru

c

Sipserver.com central.com bell.org BYE, 302 Moved Temporarily

INVITE, 200 OK

microsoft.com interconnect.com telecom.ru OPTION 404 Not Found

(

. 3.1).

. 3.1, . 3.6

,

bonch.edu centralserver.ru REGISTER 200 OK

, ,

3.7.

№3 . 3.2. 3.2 I . → PS→ RS → PS → . : . ( )–

II

. → RS → PS → RS → . ( ), PS –

III

. → PS→ PS →RS → . -

IV

. → RS → PS → PS → .

, RS –

55

4. 4.1. IP.

H.323, SIP,

. –

,

IP-

.

, ,

–

Media

Gateway Control

Protocol

IETF.

(MGCP), SGCP –

Simple Gateway Control Protocol (

) –

Telcordia (

Bellcore).

Level 3

, IP, – IDCP (IP Device Control Protocol). MGCP.

IETF,

ITU-T (

16)

H.248/MEGACO, MGCP. IETF MEGACO

ITU- T SG 16

SGCP

IPDC

MGCP

MDCP

MEGACO

H.GCP H.248

. 4.1.

:

•

– Media Gateway, , ,

,

IP: RTP/UDP/IP,

; 56

•

– Media Gateway Controller, ; MGC

•

MGCP Softswitch;

– Signaling Gateway, ,

, . Media Gateway Controller

Signaling Gateway

SS7

Analog Line

Media Gateway

MGCP/H.248/MEGACO

TDM Media Gateway

Media Gateway

RTP

PBX

. 4.2.

, , .

STP – – ,

7

CAS-

.

(CAS), , .

. .

. , ,

.

MEGACO ,

,

MGCP, H.323, SIP

4.2.

ISUP/IP.

MGCP MGCP . IP

.

,

IETF, 57

. ,

,

,

.

. – MEGACO/H.248. 4.3.

MEGACO/H.248

MEGACO

IETF

,

MGCP.

MEGACO :

(context),

(termination) .

. 4.3. Media Gateway

Context

Termination SCN Bearer Channel

Termination

Termination SCN Bearer Channel

RTP Stream

Null Context

Context Termination

Termination SCN Bearer Channel

RTP Stream

Context Termination

Termination SCN Bearer Channel

RTP Stream

. 4.3. 4.3.1.

(Terminations) (

)

-

.

. 58

,

. ,

, , ,

.

,

, IP

(

, RTP-

),

.

Add

Subtract, Add

Subtract,

, . (TerminationID),

. MG,

,

E1

. ,

(TerminationID) –

«Root».

wildcard: ALL

CHOOSE. ,

. (properties), (propertyID).

, ,

,

DTMF. . MEGACO

.

, . , .

.

,

,

«

»

. ,

,

,

,

. ,

MG . 59

. 4.3.2.

(Context)

К

–

, (

)

/

. ,

. –

,

.

,

,

.

(

,

) . Add.

,

, ,

. Subtract. Move. ,

,

.

-

,

. :

•

– ContextID.

•

( ). , . .

,

-

,

•

,

, . 16

•

,

15- . «

» . ,

. .

4.4.

H.248/MEGACO 60

4.4.1. ,

,

.

H.248

,

.

. .

, .

: = {

=

,

…}. , . 4.1. 4.1

Modem Mux

, , H.221, H.223, H.225.0

, Media TerminationState

. .

ServiceStates

( – out of service, - in

- test, , BufferedEventProcessingMode

service). ,

: Stream

. . (Remote, Local, LocalControl, Signals,

Events), Local

,

, .

, .

.

, .

, Remote

,

,

, LocalControl

Mode – Mode inactive, loop-back

Events

. send-only, receive-only, send/receive,

delete. . ,

.

, NotifyAction

:

), Accumulate ( AccumulateByDigitMap ( ), KeepActive ( ).

( ),

,

Signals

, .

Audit

(

), .

AuditValue

AuditCapabilities.

61

Packages DigitMap

,

ServiceChange

AuditValue

,

,

,

.

ObservedEvents

. Notify

AuditValue.

Statistics

, .

Extension

,

, , ( . .

). ,

–

«

,

»,

,

. 4.4.2. –

. .

,

Notify

ServiceChange.

. 4.2 K Add (

MGC → MG

)

Modify ( ) Subtract ( ) Move ( ) AuditValue (

MGC → MG

MGC → MG

MGC → MG )

MGC → MG

K . K . K

.

K . K

, , ,

, AuditCapabilities ( )

Notify ( ) ServiceChange ( )

MGC → MG

. K ,

, ,

MG → MGG

, ,

.

MGC → MG, MG → MGG

. , . K .

62

4.4.3. ,

MGC

MG

,

TransactionID, .

. ,

(

)

, .

,

. TRANSACTIONx CTXTID1

CTXTID2

CTXTID3

COMMAND1

COMMAND2

COMMAND3

COMMAND4

COMMAND1

COMMAND1

COMMAND2

COMMAND3

. 4.4. 4.4.4. . ,

.

(Message Identifier – MID) (

/

/

)

. H.248 –

,

, .

,

, ,

. 4.5.

63

Megaco/H.248 message

Transaction . . . Reg or Reply

Transaction Reg or Reply

Header

Trans Hdr

Ctx Hdr Command

Action . . .

Ctx Properties

Cmd Hdr

Transaction Reg or Reply

Action

Command . . .

Descriptor . . .

Command

Descriptor

. 4.5. 4.4.5.

H.248/MEGACO

(Packages) , . ,

,

, MG

«

»

«

.

MGC,

Packages,

».

,

,

. –

,

,

,

.

,

,

, ,

,

. ,

,

, MG ,

,

. .

4.5. MEGACO/H.248, , .

.

–

, 64

1-2

, . . IP-

1-2

. .

– IP, . .

,

,

. IP,

. Ш MG1

Ш MG2

MGC

Service Change Modify

Service Change Modify

"

"

Notify Modify

Notify Add, Add "

"

Add, Add

Modify

Modify

"

"

Notify Modify, Modify

Modify

AuditValue Requested Info

Subtract Subtract

Notify Subtract Subtract

4.6. MEGACO 1)

MG1

MGC

ServiceChange. 2)

, ServiceChange.

3)

,

,

, 65

«

».

Modify (

),

,

.

–

(SendReceive). 4)

MG1

Modify.

5)

(

6)

1 – 4)

MG1

MG2.

,

A

,

Media Gateway Controller

Notify.

7)

Notify.

8)

MGC,

Modify .

, «

9)

».

Modify.

10)

MG1, Notify.

11)

.

12)

MGC

,

MG1,

,

MG2,

. MG1

Add

(

)–

(RTP-

,

). ,

MG2 (

IP-

, RTP-

MG1 ,

MGC

),

MGC

(

ReceiveOnly).

Add .

13)

MG1

(RTP.

)

,

,

, .

14)

MGC

Add

MG2 (

SendReceive)

.

66

15)

, UDP/RTP

MG2

.

,

RTP-

Megaco/H.248, 16)

,

.

Modify

MG1 «

17)

(

)».

MG1 .

18)

MGC

MG2 .

19)

MG2

«

»

. 20)

, ,

,

MG2

,

, . 21)

MG2

,

,

MGC

Notify.

22)

Notify.

23)

MGC

Modify

MG2

. 24) 25)

MG2

.

,

Modify

MG1

(

SendReceive), «

26)

,

MG1

».

.

27)

, . RTP-

28)

MG2,

MG2

MGC AuditValue.

.

AuditValue

,

,

. 29)

, MGC

30)

MGC

MG2

Notify. Notify.

67

31)

, ,

MGC

.

Subtract. 32)

Subtract MG1

,

MG2,

,

.

, . 4.6. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

MGCP MEGACO MEGACO? . MEGACO

MGCP?

MEGACO? 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12)

?

? ? LocalControl?

Add. MEGACO » MEGACO?

«

4.7. №1 MEGACO . 4.5.

, ,

,

7?

68

5. 5.1.

I -

«

». ,

Linux,

,

.

.

5 .

«

-ITG».

. 5.1.1. -ITG (

. 5.1) -

, IP.

, ,

,

IP.

. 5.1.

-ITG

( IP-

-

) .

69

IP ITU-T H.323 v2,

:

-

RTP/UDP/IP;

-

E-DSS1

(ISUP-R –

)

-7

H.323 ITU-T H.246;

-

DTMF;

.

Web-

(Web-

).

IPIP-

. .323

(Cisco)

(Microsoft Netmeeting 3.0).

(

. 5.2)

(64

: (Celeron 500 MHz)

); -

(10

),

-

, HDLC

-

;

(

-

);

-

-

-

;

(2),

-

;

,

7 . (

.5.1)

: -

;

-

Web-

(

–

); -

,

.

5.1 70

: -

Red Hat Linux 6.2 telnet :

-

(DSS1, SS7), H.323, , 7

(

, E- DSS1)

IP1 10/ 100 BaseT

2

. 5.2.

«

-ITG»

, / IP.

: (G.711, G.723.1, G.726,

G.728, G.729),

, .

, DTMF,

. ИК

G.703

1.

,

71

(Celeron, 500 (10

),

(64

),

,

)

. , .

1

.

IP-

2 . .

IP ITU-T H.323 v2,

:

-

RTP/UDP/IP;

-

E-DSS1

№7 (ISUP-R –

)

H.323 ITU-T H.246;

-

DTMF;

.

IPIP-

. .323

(Cisco)

(Microsoft Netmeeting 3.0). . 5.2. 5.2 1

2 2

.

:

-

,

/ 120

, ,

/

,

1 , 120

(

ITU-T

G.703) 2048±0,1 HDB3 3±0,3 244±25 30x64 (PRI) Ethernet 10/100 BaseT

IP TCP/IP, RTP/RTCP, UDP H.323 v2, H.225 (RAS, Q.921), H.245; DSS1 (Q.921, Q.931); -7( ISUP-R, MTP) G.711, G.723.1, G729 : -

, ,

60 ± 6 50 ± 2,5 telnet

. 5.3. 72

5.3 Celeron, 500 MHz 10 64

, ,

-

. 5.4. 5.4

-

-30

, ,

2048 HDB3 G.703(

,

/ )

-ITG PRI (

1

ITU-T- I.431

300 011)

DSS1 ( ITU-T-

Q.921,

ETSI ETS 2

3

ITU-T-

№7 (ISUP).

Q.931)

IP

Ethernet 10/100BaseT. 5.1.2. , . .

1.

«

-ITG».

2.

,

3.

,

. IP-

? 4.

( IP-

5.

)? .

6.

.

5.2. 5.2.1. . 5.3

73

1 -ITG

1

2 -ITG

Setup Call proceeding

Setup

Setup Call proceeding Alerting

Call proceeding Alerting Alerting

Connect Connect ACK

Connect

Connect

2

TCS

TCS

Connect ACK TCSAck

TCSAck

MSD

MSD

MSDAck

MSDAck

OLC

OLC

OLCAck

OLCAck

Disconnect EndSessionCommand Release

Disconnect

EndSessionCommand

Release Complete

Release Release Complete Release Complete

H.245

. 5.3.

1

Q.931 Setup

1, .

1

Setup,

,

Called Party Number.

callroute.cfg ( IP-

.

2

IP-

permissions.cfg. ,

.

3),

, ,

,

2.

Q.931

(

(

), H.225 Setup

)

Q.931 Setup Setup

Call Proceeding. 74

, Q.931 Alerting.

2

1

2

H.225 Alerting

1.

Q.931 Alerting, (

).

2

2

Q.931 Connect.

Q.931 Connect H.225 Connect

Q.931 Connect ACK.

2

1

.245,

.

Q.931 Connect

1

1. .245,

TCP-

,

.245. H.245 . TerminalCapabilitySet, .

,

TerminalCapabilitySet

,

.

TerminalCapabilitySet

,

,

TerminalCapabilitySetAck. /

,

, , ,

, . masterSlaveDetermination. masterSlaveDetermination ,

masterSlaveDeterminationAck, ,

–

.

. –

( ) openLogicalChannel

, .

, openLogicalChannel ,

openLogicalChannelAck, RTP

,

RTCP.

75

. ,

RTP/UDP/IP,

RTP-

, RTP. RTP

RTCP

. .

,

,

, H.245 endSessionCommand, . , ,

, endSessionCommand .245 . Release Complete,

,

. ,

endSessionCommand

,

,

, ,

,

endSessionCommand. , Release Complete, .

[1, 6]. 5.2.2. . . 1. 2. 3. 4.

.323. .323. Э .323: .323:

IPIP.225.0 ( H.245 (

, ,

.323 .323 ) )

76

5.3. 5.3.1. 1 -ITG

1 Setup Call proceeding

2 -ITG

2

ARQ ACF Setup Call proceeding

ARQ ACF

Setup Call proceeding Alerting

Alerting Alerting

Connect

Connect

Connect ACK

Connect TCS

TCS Connect ACK TCSAck

TCSAck

MSD

MSD

MSDAck

MSDAck

OLC

OLC OLCAck

OLCAck

Disconnect Release

EndSessionCommand EndSessionCommand Disconnect

Release Complete Release Complete

DRQ

Release

DRQ

DCF

DCF Release Complete

H.245

. 5.4.

77

.5.3, . RAS.

Q.931 Setup

RAS (

(

1

. 6.4)

ARQ).

, ACF. .225 Setup. DRQ

,

DCF. 5.3.2. .

.

1.

?

2.

?

3.

RAS?

4.

ARQ

5.4.

ACF, DRQ

DCF?

Linux

5.4.1. Linux –

Unix – . Э X Window System.

Linux

Internet Unix, DOS, MS Windows.

,

, .

Linux

Intel PC 386/486/Pentium/Pentium Pro.

Linux

Internet, p

p ,

,

. .

telnet. . MICROSOFT® 78

WINDOWS

,

telnet (

telnet). PuTTY (

. 5.5).

. 5.5.

PuTTY «

-ITG» (

). Stored Sessions. (

. 5.6).

Linux, .

. 5.6.

Linux,

«

-ITG». 79

.

, Linux (

. 5.7).

. 5.7. Midnight Commander, .

( Norton Commander

. 5.8).

DOS ( ,

).

⇐,⇑,⇒,⇓,PageUp, PageDown, Home, End.

,

Enter. , F4

F3, -

–

F4. .

80

. 5.8.

Midnight Commander

5.4.2. Linux. .

1.

?

2. 3. 4.

? telnet? Midnight Commander?

? ,

. 5.5. 5.5.1. , . , «

»:

common.cfg • DSS1.cfg

• physical.cfg • protei.cfg • SS7.cfg

81

, :

• gateway.cfg (

)

• callroute.cfg (

)

• permissions.cfg (

IP)

• H323.cfg (

.225

.245

-

, H323).

.

«#» ,

. –

gateway.cfg

(General) –

,

: - Name –

(

),

«alias»

H.323;

- IP-IP –

(

).

,

; - Port –

TCP,

IP-

(

1720);

- Prefixes –

, (

-

– 812),

(

–

- MaxCall –

);

,

(Audio) –

; .Э

,

,

: - SilenceSupression – «

»

.

«

»(

(0/1) –

:

– 1);

- Codecs – (g729/ g723/ g711/ gsm) – (

– g729,g711).

g729. (Gatekeeper) –

,

: - UseGatekeeper – (0/1) –

(

– 0); - AutomaticGatekeeperDiscovery – (0/1) – (

– 1). : 82

-

IP – IP-

(

-

Port – UDP

– 0.0.0.0)

,

RAS-

(

1719). –

callroute.cfg H.323 .

–

,

–

,

. , IP-

. –

(0..9).

,

–

*. IP-

–

permissions.cfg

(

) IP-

,

. - AccessRule –

IP.

GeneralRule

: GeneralRule = ALLOWED/DENIED – .

- ExceptList – . IP-

,

,

/,

, .225

, .

.245

, H323 –

H323.cfg

. H.225

:

- FastStart –

(0/1) – «

Fast Connect (

»

«

»

– 0);

- MediaWaitForConnect – »

(0/1) – «

»

«

Connect (

–

0). H.245

:

- H245Tunneling –

(0/1) – «

» H.225 (

»

«

H.245 – 1);

83

- EarlyH245 –

(0/1) – «

»

H.245

«

»

, . . Connect (

– 0). (Audio) -

-

. -

:

- AdaptiveJitter –

(0/1) – «

»

jitter-

»

«

(

– 0); - InitialJitter –

jitter-

(

– 60). -

.

G.711: - PacketizationIntrerval – (

– 30).

G.723.1: - PacketizationIntrerval – ,

30

). (

(

G.723.1 – 30

– 30); - Rate –

. 0 – 6.3

5.3

/ .(

/ , 1 –

– 0).

G.729: - PacketizationIntrerval – . (

10

(

G.729 – 10

)

– 30).

Gateway.cfg # general gateway parameters [General] Name=Niits IP=192.168.100.4 Port=1720 Prefixes=7812 MaxCalls=5 # gatekeeper parameters [Gatekeeper] UseGatekeeper=1 # Gatekeeper discovery method # 0 – manual discovery # 1 – automatic discovery 84

AutomaticGatekeeperDiscovery=0 #manually set gatekeeper address IP=192.168.100.21 Port=1719 #Audio parameters [Audio] SilenceSuppression=1 Codecs=g729,g723 Callroute.cfg [CallRouting] # prefix gateway 7095* 195.239.254.13 # Moscow /Teleross Permissions.cfg [AccessRule] GeneralRule = DENY [ExceptList] 194.85.131.3/32 # from Moscow 195.205.33.11/32 # from Arkhangelsk 195.205.35.24/32 # from Severodvinsk 192.168.100.0/24 # from our subnet H323.cfg #Protocol options [H.225] FastStart=1 MediaWaitForConnect=1 [H.245] H245Tunneling=1 EarlyH245=0 #Speech processing parameters [Audio] AdaptiveJitter=0 InitialJitter=60 #60 ms [G.711] PacketizationIntrerval=30 #30 ms [G.729] PacketizationIntrerval=30 #3 frames, 10 ms per frame [G.723.1] PacketizationIntrerval=30 #1 frame, 30 ms per frame # Speech rate: # 0 – low-rate speech (5.3 kb/s) # 1 – high-rate speech (6.3 kb/s) Rate=1

85

5.5.2. . , : 1.

IP-

2.

: 192.168.100.104

IP-

:192.168.100.104

192.168.100.22 3.

,

10

192.168.100.104,

20

21 –

4.

11,

IP-

IP-

192.168.100.22

G.711

5.

FastStart (

6.

IP-

. [1]). 192.168.100.25 .

1.

«

2.

?

3.

.

4.

?

5. 6. 7.

-ITG»?

? IP-

? ,

?

86

1.

. ., c

. .,

. . IP-

.

.:

, 2005.

2. ITU-T Recommendation H.225.0. Call signaling protocols and media stream packetization for packet-based multimedia communication systems. – Geneva, 1998. 3. ITU-T Recommendation H.245. Control protocol for multimedia communication. – Geneva, 1998. 4. ITU-T Recommendation H.323. Packet based multimedia communication systems. – Geneva, 1998. 5. RFC 2543. SIP: Session Initiation Protocol. M. Handley, March 1999. 6.

. .,

. . Softswitch.

:

, 2006.

87