Introduction to Medieval Literature Chiefly in England: A Reading List and Bibliography 9780231884655

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I N T R O D U C T I O N TO MEDIEVAL LITERATURE CHIEFLY IN ENGLAND A Reading List and Bibliography SECOND EDITION

ROGER SHERMAN LOOMIS

New York: Morningside Heights

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS

COPYRIGHT, 1 9 Ì 9 ,

1948

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS, N I T

YORK

First Edition 1939 Second Edition 1948 First printing 1948 Second printing 1949

Published in Great Britain, Canada, and India by Geoffrey Cumberlege, Oxford University Press, London, Toronto, and Bombay

M A N U F A C T U R E D I N T H E U N I T E D STATES O F AMERICA

PREFACE with the accompanying bibliography, is designed to meet the needs of undergraduate or graduate students who wish to become acquainted at first hand with the literature of England between the years 600 and 1500 and with the literature of France, which after 1066 set the patterns which English writers tended to follow. Chaucer's works are omitted from the reading list, since they are often dealt with in a separate course and many bibliographical guides are available. But a brief list of the most important editions of the poet and of selected commentaries will be found on page 28. THIS READING LIST,

The readings are arranged in a roughly chronological order, following the sequence of the lectures. Any other order seems to leave many students, even after they have memorized columns of dates, without any sense of development or of the significance of periods. At the same time it should be understood that the century divisions should not be interpreted too strictly. Not all chansons de geste and Goliardie songs were chanted in the twelfth century; though both these types are listed under that heading, they existed before 1101 and after 1200. The twelfth century should be remembered, however, as the period of florescence for French epics of Charlemagne and his peers and for Latin lyrics of wine and love. Likewise, though ballads are assigned to the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries, no one should think that ballad-makers were mute between 1300 and 1400. The fact is that there were ballads of Robin Hood in the fourteenth century, but, like a vast deal of medieval composition, either they were not committed to writing at all or the early manuscripts have perished. 3

Under each topic in this reading list there are three numbered divisions. The first indicates a minimum of essential reading, most of it from translations of texts or from the originals. It cannot be emphasized too strongly that literature is to be read, not merely read about. The next section, numbered 2, consists of works which a student who finds the subject interesting or who is specializing in the Middle Ages would find it profitable to consult. The section numbered 3 lists standard original texts and such scholarly treatments of the subject as the advanced student would turn to for further guidance. Following the reading list is a classified group of bibliographies and works of reference in the various fields of medieval history, culture, literature, and language.

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R E A D I N G LIST THE READINGS under each topic are grouped in three classes: 1, 2, and 3. Class 1 includes the essential minimum; 2, optional reading for the interested student; 3, standard reference works and texts for advanced students engaged in research. Books (not periodicals) listed in the first two classes may be found in the Carpenter Library. Citations merely by author's name refer to books listed alphabetically below. Adams, J. Q., ed., Chief Pre-Shakespearean Dramas ( 1924). Baugh, A. C , Literary History of England ( 1 9 4 8 ) . Benham, A. R., English Literature from Widsith to the Death of Chaucer ( 1 9 1 6 ) . Bennett, H. S., Chaucer and the Fifteenth Century ( 1 9 4 7 ) . Chambers, E.K., English Literature at the Close of the Middle Ages ( 1 9 4 5 ) . Cited as Ε. K. Chambers, English Literature. Cook, A. S., ed., Literary Middle English Reader ( 1 9 1 5 ) . French, W . H., and C. B. Hale, Middle English Metrical Romances ( 1 9 3 0 ) . Gordon, R. K., Anglo-Saxon Poetry (Everyman Library). Hodgkin, R. H., History of the Anglo-Saxons ( 1 9 3 5 ) . Holmes, U. T., History of Old French Literature to 1300 (1937). Kennedy, C. W . , Earliest English Poetry ( 1 9 4 3 ) . Lewis, C. S., Allegory of Love ( 1936). Loomis, R. S., and H. W . Wells, Representative Medieval and Tudor Plays ( 1 9 4 2 ) . Loomis, R. S., and R. Willard, Medieval English Verse and Prose in Modernized Versions ( 1 9 4 8 ) . MacCulloch, J. Α., Medieval Faith and Fable ( 1 9 3 2 ) . Mâle, E., Religious Art in France, 13th Century, trans. D. Nussey ( 1 9 1 3 ) . 5

Neilson, W. Α., and Κ. G. T.Webster, The Chief British Poets of the 14th and 15th Centuries (1916). Oakden, J. P., Alliterative Poetry in Middle English, a Survey of the Traditions (1935). Owst, G. R., Literature and Pulpit in Medieval England (1933). Schlauch, M., Medieval Narrative (1928). Shackford, M. H., Legends and Satires (1913). Spaeth, J. D., Old English Poetry (1921). Taylor, H. O., Medieval Mind. Weston, J. L., Chief Middle English Poets (1914). Wilson, R. M., Early Middle English Literature (1937). THE ANGLO-SAXON

PERIOD

I. The Germanic Peoples. "Widsith" and "Deor." 1. Benham, 1-3, 7-19- Kennedy, 3-7, 18-35. Gordon, 75-80. 2. W. W. Lawrence, Beowulf and Epic Tradition (1928), ch. 2. Baugh, 45-49, 53-55. 3. F. B. Gummere, Founders of England (1930). R. W. Chambers, Widsith (1912). W. H. French, "Widsith and the Scop," PMLA, LX (1945), 623-30. Texts: Exeter Book, ed. G. P. Krapp, E. V. Κ. Dobbie (1936), 149-53, 178f.; Widsith, ed. K. Malone (1936) ; Deor, ed. Malone (1933).

II. "Beowulf," "Waldere," and "The Fight at Finn's Borough." 1. Kennedy, 35-45, 53-91. Beowulf, trans. C. W. Kennedy (1940), 3-101. Gordon, 71-74. 2. Lawrence, Beowulf and Epic Tradition, ch. 3-8. Hodgkin, I, ch. 7. 3. Texts: Beowulf and the Fight at Finnsburg, ed. F. Klaeber, ed. 3 (1936); Waldere, ed. F. Norman (1933) ; Anglo-Saxon Minor Poems, ed. E. V. Κ. Dobbie (1942), 3-6.

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III. The Anglo-Saxon Charms, Elegies, and Riddles. 1. Kennedy, 7-11, 101-26, 131-46. Gordon, 81-101, 3292. Old English Elegies, trans. C. W. Kennedy (1936). 3. Texts: Exeter Book, ed. Krapp, Dobbie; F. Grendon, Anglo-Saxon Charms (1930).

IV. Bede. 1. Ecclesiastical History (Everyman Lib.), introd.; Bk. I, preface, ch. 1-16, 22-26; Bk. II, ch. 1-3, 9-14; Bk. Ill, ch. 1-6, 9-13, 19, 25; Bk. IV, ch. 23, 24; Bk. V, ch. 12, 15-18, 23, 24. 2. Hodgkin, I, 245-355. 3. Bede, His Life, Times, and Writings, ed. A. H. Thompson (1935). Text and commentary: Bedae opera histórica, ed. C. Plummer (1896).

V. Gaedmon and His School. 1. Gordon, 105-46. Kennedy, 158-97. 2. The Caedmon Poems, trans. C. W. Kennedy (1916). 3. Texts: Junius Manuscript, ed. G. P. Krapp (1931).

VI. Cynewulf and His School. 1. Spaeth, 95-117, 119-40, 231-34, 239-45. Baugh, 70-80. 2. Poems of Cynewulf, trans. C. W. Kennedy (1910). 3. K. Sisam, "The Poetry of Cynewulf," Proceedings of the British Academy, XVIII (1932), 303-31. Texts: Vercelli Book, ed. G. P. Krapp (1932) ; Exeter Book, ed. Krapp, Dobbie; Dream of the Rood, ed. Β. Dickins, A. S. C.Ross (1934).

VII. Alfred. 1. A. S. Cook, C. B. Tinker, Select Translations from Old English Prose (1908), 68-71, 87-146. 7

2. Hodgkin, II, 608-31, 670-87. Baugh, 96-993. A. Bowker, Alfred the Great (1899). C. Plummer, Life and Times of Alfred the Great (1902). Assers Life of King Alfred, trans. A. S. Cook (1906).

VIII. "Judith," "Brunanburh," and "Maldon." 1. Gordon, 352-58. Spaeth, 162-74, 262-65. 2. Kennedy, 282-89, 332-51. 3. Texts and commentary: Judith, ed. A. S. Cook (1904) ; Battle of Brunanburh, ed. A. Campbell (1938); The Battle of Maldon, ed. E. V. Gordon (1937).

IX. Aelfric. The Anglo-Saxon Annals. 1. Baugh, 99-103. Benham, 25-34, 95-102, 132-39. AngloSaxon Chronicle (Everyman Lib.), 25-26, 50-55, 90112, 130-34. 2. R. W. Chambers, On the Continuity of English Prose (1932), lxi-lxiv. Cook, Tinker, Select Translations from Old English Prose (1908), 149-218. 3.C. L. White, JEiíúc (1898). M. Dubois, yElfric, sermonnaire, docteur, grammairien (1942). Joseph A. Robinson, Times of St. Dunstan (1923). Text of Annals: Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel, ed. C. Plummer (1892-99) ; Parker Chronicle, ed. A. H. Smith (1935).

X. The Norman Conquest. 1. Benham, 140-57. R. W. Chambers, On the Continuity of English Prose, lxiv-lxxviii. C. H. Haskins. Normans in European History (1915), 26-35, 48-58, 66-83. THE TWELFTH CENTURY

XI. The Heroic Epic of France; "La Chanson de Roland." 1. The Song of Roland, trans. Merriam Sherwood (1938). 8

2. W. W. Lawrence, Medieval Story, ed. 2 (1926), ch. 3. Holmes, 66-76. J. Bédier in G. Hanotaux, Histoire de la nation française, XII (1921), 177-236. 3. R. Fawtier, La Chanson de Roland, étude historique (1933). J. Bédier, Les Légendes épiques, ed. 3 (192629). Text: La Chanson de Roland, ed. Bédier (1922).

XII. The Comic Epic of France. 1. Schlauch, 75-101. Le Charroi de Nîmes, trans. H. J. Godin (1936). 2. Holmes, 78-81, 101-6. 3. L. H. Loomis, T. P. Cross, "Some Observations on the Pèlerinage Charlemagne," Mod. Phil., XXV (192728), 331-54. Bédier, Les Légendes épiques, ed. 3 (192629), I, 100-47, 364-94; IV, 121-56. Texts: Karls des Grossen Reise nach Jerusalem, ed. E. Koschwitz, ed. 5 (1923) ; Le Charroi de Nîmes, ed. J. L. Perrier (1930).

XIII. The Historie Arthur. 1. E. K. Chambers, Arthur of Britain (1927), 1-7, 12-19. Hodgkin, I, 118-25. 3. Κ. Jackson, "Once Again Arthur's Battles," Mod. Phil., XLIII, (1945-46), 44-57. Text and commentary: Nennius et l'Historia Brittonum, ed. F. Lot (1934).

XIV. Geoffrey of Monmouth. 1. Geoffrey of Monmouth, History of the Kings of Britain, trans. S. Evans (Everyman Lib.), Bk. I, ch. 1; Bk. VI, ch. 15-19; Bk. VIII, ch. 18-20; Bk. IX, Χ, XI, ch. 1, 2; Bk. XII, ch. 20. Ε. Κ. Chambers, Arthur of Britain, 20-25, 44-52. 2. Geoffrey of Monmouth, op. cit., Bk. I, II, ch. 1-15. G. Gordon, "The Trojans in Britain," Essays and Studies by Members of the English Association, IX (1924), 9-30.

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3. R. H. Fletcher, Arthurian Material in the Chronicles (1906), 49-115. E. Farai, La Légende arthurienne, première partie (1929), II. R. S. Loomis, "Arthurian Legend before 1139," Romanic Review, XXXII (1941), 3-38. J. E. Lloyd, "Geoffrey of Monmouth," English Historical Review, LVI (1942), 460-68. Text: G. of M., Historia Regum Britanniae, ed. A. Griscom (1929).

XV. Wace and Layamon. 1. Arthurian Chronicles (Everyman Lib.), vii-xiv, 53-73, 108-14. Loomis, Willard, 3-31, 548. Benham, 493-502. 2. R. H. Fletcher, Arthurian Material in the Chronicles, 125-66. French, Hale, 459-82. 3. H. C. Wyld, "Layamon as an English Poet," Review of English Studies, VI (1930), 1-30. J. S. P. Tatlock, "Layamon's Poetic Style," in Manly Anniversary Studies (1923), 3-11. F. L. Gillespy, "Layamon's Brut," Univ. of California Publications in Modern Philology, III (1916), 361-510. Texts: Wace, Brut, ed. I. Arnold (1938-40) ; Layamon, Brut, ed. F. Madden (1847).

XVI. "The Mabinogion." 1. The Mabinogion, ed. A. Nutt, 101-63. Columbia Univ. Course in Literature, IV (1928), 65-70, 243-48. 2. E. K. Chambers, Arthur of Britain, 60-80. Mabinogion, ed. Nutt, 167-244. 3. W.J. Gruffydd, "The Mabinogion," Transactions of the Honorable Society of Cymmrodorion, 1912-13, 14-80. T. Gwynn Jones, "Some Arthurian Material in Keltic," Aberystwyth Studies, VIII (1926), 37-94. Les Mabinogion, trans. J. Loth, ed. 2 (1913).

XVII. The Tristram Legend. 1. Thomas of Britain, Romance of Tristram and Ysolt, trans. R. S. Loomis, ed. 2 (1931), introd., 1-290. 10

2. Schlauch, 131-67. Gottfried von Strassburg, Story of Tristan and Iseult (1910), trans. Jessie L. Weston. 3. G. Schoepperle, Tristan and Isolt (1913). J. van Dam, "Tristanprobleme," Neophilologus, XV (1929-30), 1834,88-105, 183-201. Texts: Thomas, Tristan, ed. Bédier (1902-5); Béroul, Tristran, ed. A. Ewert (1939); Gottfried von Strassburg, Tristan und Isold, ed. F. Ranke (1930).

XVIII. The Troubadours and Courtly Love. 1. Β. Smythe, Trobador Poets (1911), introd., 1-7, 11-21, 25-44, 57-70, 89-94. Andreas Capellanus, The Art of Courtly Love, trans. J. J. Parry (1941), 3-21, 105-7, 173-86. 2. C. Dawson, Mediaeval Religion (1934), 123-54. A. Kelly, "Eleanor of Aquitaine and Her Courts of Love," Speculum, XII (1937) , 3-19. Lewis, 1-23, 32-43. 3. A. Jeanroy, La Poésie lyrique des troubadours ( 1934). Texts: Andreas Capellanus, De Amore, ed. E. Trojel (1892); ed. A. Pagès (1929).

XIX. Chrétien de Troyes. 1. Chrétien de Troyes, Arthurian Romances, trans. Comfort (Everyman Lib.), vii-xv, 180-208, 270-359. 2. Holmes, 164-76. Chrétien, trans. Comfort, 1-179. Lewis, 23-32. 3. R. S. Loomis, Arthurian Tradition and Chrétien de Troyes (1949). T. P. Cross, W . A. Nitze, Lancelot and Guenevere (1930).

X X . The Grail Legend. 1. Holmes, 285-90. W . W . Newell, King Arthur and the Table Round (1897), II, 1-97. Taylor, ch. 25. 2. R. S. Loomis, "Irish Origin of the Grail Legend, "Speculum, VIII (1933), 415-31. Holmes, 292-97. Wolfram von Eschenbach, Parzival, trans. M. F. Richey (1935), 11

1-15, 28-90, 127-49, 168-76. J. L. Weston, Gawain at the Grail Castle (1903). Schlauch, 177-95. 3. J. D. Bruce, Evolution of Arthurian Romance (1923), I, 219-362. H. Newstead, Bran the Blessed in Arthurian Romance (1939). R. S. Loomis, Arthurian Tradition and Chrétien de Troyes (1949), ch. 67-69. L. A. Fisher, The Mystic Vision in the Grail Legend (1917), 9-84. Texts: Chrétien de Troyes, Li Contes del Graal, ed. A. Hilka (1932); Wolfram von Eschenbach, Parzival, ed. E. Martin (1900-1903) ; Robert de Boron, Roman de l'Estoire dou Graal, ed. W . A. Nitze (1927).

XXI. The Breton Lais. 1. Holmes, 186-92. French Mediaeval Romances, trans. E. Mason (Everyman Lib.), 1-23. J. L. Weston, Four Lais of Marie de France (1900), 31-51, 83-94. I. Butler, Tales from the Old French (1910), 93-107. 2. E. Rickert, Marie de France: Seven of Her Lais (1901). 3. T. P. Cross, "Celtic Elements in the Lays of Lanval and Graelent," Mod. Phil., XII (1915), 585-644; "Celtic Origin of the Lay of Yonec," Revue celtique, XXXI (1910), 413-71. W . H. Schofield, "The Lay of Guingamor," Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature, V (1896), 221-43. A. H. Krappe, "Celtic Provenance of the Lay of Tydorel," Modern Language Review, XXIV (1929), 200-204. Texts: Marie de France, Lais, ed. Κ. Warnke, ed. 3 (1925) ; Désiré, Graelent, and Melion, ed. Ε. M. Grimes (1928).

XXII. The Troy Legend. 1. Schlauch, 245-79. R. K. Gordon, Story of Troilus (1934), introd., 3-22. 2. Holmes, 137-40. French, Hale, 809-19. 3. Text: Benoît de Ste.-Maure, Roman de Troie, ed. L. Constans (1904-12). 12

XXIII. The Alexander Legend. 1. Schlauch, 283-331. 2. Holmes, 141-44. French, Hale, 789-805. 3. P. Meyer, Alexandre le Grand dans la littérature française du moyen âge (1886). Texts: The Medieval French Roman d'Alexandre, ed. E. C. Armstrong and others (1937) ; Gests of King Alexander of Macedon, ed. F. P. Magoun (1929).

X X I V . The Medieval Church and Monasticism in England. 1. S. Baldwin, The Organization of Medieval Christianity (1929). Benham, 262-87. 2. Thomas Carlyle, Past and Present, Bk. II. G.G.Coulton, Medieval Panorama (1938), ch. 10-17, 22, 23. 3. M. Deanesly, History of the Medieval Church (1928). W. R. W. Stephens, The English Church, 1066-1272 (1901). F. H. Crossley, The English Abbey, Its Life and Work in the Middle Ages (1935). D. Knowles, The Monastic Order in England (1940).

X X V . The Early Drama. 1. Loomis, Wells, 1-10, 31-47. Adams, 15-20, 32-40. 2. C. M. Gayley, Plays of Our Forefathers (1907), 1-69. Holmes, 50-58. 3. E. K. Chambers, Mediaeval Stage (1903). K. Young, Drama of the Mediaeval Church (1933). W. Creizenach, Geschichte des neueren Dramas, ed. 3 (1920), I.

X X V I . Church Hymns. 1. F. A. Wright, T. A. Sinclair, History of Later Latin Literature (1931), 296-301, 308-10, 312-14, 316-18. H. Waddell, Medieval Latin Lyrics (1929), 162-65. M. Britt, Hymns of the Breviary and Missal (1922), 109, 132-33, 214-15, 351-54. 13

2. F. Brittain, The Medieval and Romance Lyric to A. D. 1300 (1937), 8-20. 3. F. J. E. Raby, History of Christian Latin Poetry (1927), 288-452. M. Manitius, Geschichte der lateinischen Literatur des Mittelalters, III (1931), 780-82, 984-86, 1002-8.

XXVII. University Origins. English Scholars. 1. Coulton, Medieval Panorama, 393-412. Schofield, English Literature from the Norman Conquest to Chaucer, 39-42, 46-64. Benham, 382-89, 559-792. C. H . Haskins, Rise of the Universities (1923), 79-126. R. S. Rait, Life in the Medieval Universities (1912). 3. H . Rashdall, Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, ed. F. M. Powicke, Α. Β. Emden (1936). C. H . Haskins, "Henry II as a Patron of Literature," Essays in Mediaeval History Presented to T. P. Tout (1925), 71-77.

XXVIII. Goliardie Verse. 1. MacCulloch, 265-86. H . Waddell, Medieval Latin Lyrics (1929), 264-67. J. A. Symonds, Wine, Women, and Song (1903), 50-80, 165-89. 2. H . Waddell, Wandering Scholars (1932), 147-221. 3. F. J. E. Raby, History of Secular Latin Poetry of the Middle Ages (1934), II, 171-341. M. Manitius, Geschichte der lateinischen Literatur, III (1931), 966-83. O. Dobiache-Rojdestvensky, Les Poésies des goliards (1931).

X X I X . Early English Verse. 1. G. G. Coulton, Social Life in Britain (1918), 415-20. Schofield, English Literature, 436 f. Loomis, Willard, 35-46. Baugh, 152-57. Weston, 289-94. 2. Cook, 321-34, 435-55. 3. J. W . Rankin, "The Hymns of St. Godric," ΡML A, X X X V I I I (1923), 699-711. I. P. McKeehan, "The First Biography of an English Poet," Univ. of Colorado Studies, Ser. Β 1 (1941), 223-31. J. Β. Trend, "First 14

English Songs," Music and Letters, IX (1928), 111-28. F. Tupper, "Date and Historical Background of The Owl and the Nightingale," PMLA, XLIX (1934), 40627. B. J. Whiting, The Origin of the Proverbs (1931). Texts: The Owl and the Nightingale, ed. J. W. H. Atkins (1922); The Proverbs of Alfred, ed. H. P. South (1931). THE THIRTEENTH

CENTURY

X X X . "Ancrene Riwle." 1. Baugh, 127-34. Loomis, Willard, 47-60. 2. The Nun's Rule, trans. J. Morton (1926). R. W. Chambers, On the Continuity of English Prose (1932), xcvi-xcix. 3. Text: The Ancren Riwle, ed. Morton (1853).

X X X I . Visions. 1. Loomis, Willard, 32-34, 82-90. Shackford, 33-49, 163 f. Baugh, 162-64. 2. MacCulloch, 183-200. 3. A. B. van Os, Religious Visions (1932). T. Silverstein, Visio Sancti Pauli (1935). G. P. Krapp, Legend of St. Patrick's Purgatory (1900). Text of "Debate of the Body and the Soul": O. F. Emerson, Middle English Reader (1915), 47-64.

X X X I I . Saints' Lives. "The Golden Legend." 1. Mâle, 267-91. Wilson, 182-86. Weston, 37-41, 57-72. Loomis, Willard, 478-99. 2. MacCulloch, 120-36. Jacobus de Voragine, Golden Legend, trans. G. Ryan, H. Ripperger (1941). 3. G. H. Gerould, Saints' Legends (1916).

XXXIII. The Friars. 1. Benham, 289-97. Wilson, 41-46. Taylor, I, ch. 19. 2. Little Flowers of St. Francis, trans. T. W. Arnold 15

(1900). H. W . C. Davis, Mediaeval England (1924), 38-88, 402-5. Owst, 149-88. 3. G. G. Coulton, Five Centuries of Religion, II ( 1927), 124-94. H. G. Pfander, Popular Sermons of the Medieval Friar in England (1937).

X X X I V . Miracles of the Virgin. 1. Henry Adams,Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres (1933), ch. 13. Aucassin and Nicolete, trans. E. Mason (Everyman Lib.), 53-66, 133-43, 195-97. Mâle, 258-66. 2. MacCulloch, 102-19. Gautier de Coincy, Miracles of Our Lady, trans. A. Kemp Welch (1911). Johannes Herolt, Miracles of the Blessed Virgin Mary, trans. C. C. S. Bland (1928). 3. Coulton, Five Centuries of Religion, I (1923), 138-73, 501-13.

X X X V . Early English Lyrics. 1. Loomis, Willard, 63-69. Wilson, 250-68. Cook, 406. 2. Baugh, 208-21. E. K. Chambers, F. Sidgwick, Early English Lyrics (1907). 3. R. H. Robbins, "Authors of the Middle English Lyrics," ]oum. of Engl, and Germ. Phil., XXXIX (1940), 230-8. G. Reese, Music in the Middle Ages (1940), 242-44, 387-97. Texts: Carleton Brown, English Lyrics of the XIII Century (1932).

XXXVI. Ballad Origins and the Earliest Ballad. 1. G. H. Gerould, Ballad of Tradition (1932), 188-94, 207-32. Cook, 470. 2. A. H. Tolman, "The Group Authorship of Ballads," PMLA, XLII (1927), 428-32. P. Baum, "English Ballad of Judas Iscariot," PMLA, XXXI (1916), 181-89. 3. W . J. Entwistle, European Balladry (1939). E. K. Chambers, English Literature at the Close of the Middle Ages (1945), 137-84. L. C. Wimberley, Folklore in 16

the English and Scottish Ballads (1928). Texts: F. J. Child, English and Scottish Popular Ballads (1882-98).

X X X V I I . Early English Romances. 1. Baugh, 175-80. Weston, 93-109, 123-32. Loomis, Willard, 76-81. 2. Wilson, 213-30. French, Hale, 25-176, 823-55. 3. L. A. Hibbard, Medieval Romance in England (1924), 83-94, 103-114, 147-55, 184-94. W. H. French, Essays on King Horn (1940). Texts: King Horn, Floriz and Blancheflur, ed. G. H. McKnight (1901); Havelok, ed. W. W. Skeat, rev. Κ. Sisam (1915); Richard Löwenherz, ed. Κ. Brunner (1913).

X X X V I I I . French Prose Romances. The Chantefable. 1. L. A. Paton, Sir Lancelot of the Lake (1929), 37-50, 66-78, 90-117, 193-215, 305-30. Aucassin and Nicolete, trans. E. F. Moyer, C. D. Eldridge (1937). 2. Holmes, 250-51, 293-96. Walter Pater, "Two Early French Stories," The Renaissance. M. Lot-Borodine, G. Schoepperle, Lancelot et Galaad ( 1926). 3. J. D. Bruce, Evolution of Arthurian Romance, I, 374457. A. Pauphilet, Etudes sur la Queste del Saint Graal (1921). J. Frappier, Etude sur la Mort le Roi Artu (1936). Texts: Vulgate Version of the Arthurian Romances, ed. H. O. Sommer (1908-13); La Queste del Saint Graal, ed. A. Pauphilet (1923) ; La Mort le Roi Artu, ed. J. Frappier (1936) ; Aucassin et Nicolete, ed. M. Roques, ed. 2 (1929).

X X X I X . "Le Roman de la Rose." 1. Holmes, 303-7. Lewis, 116-29, 140-53. The Romance of the Rose, trans. F. S. Ellis (1900), I, 1-79, 206-20; II, 24-95, 114-17, 198-223. 2. Α. Jeanroy, in G. Hanotaux, Histoire de la nation française, XII (1921), 404-18. 17

3. E. Langlois, Origines et sources du Roman de la Rose ( 1890). D. S. Fansler, Chaucer and the Roman de la Rose ( 1914). Text: Guillaume de Lorris, Jean de Meun, Roman de la Rose, ed. E. Langlois (1914-24).

XL. Fabliaux and Satires. 1. Schlauch, 431-49. Loomis, Willard, 91-92. Shackford, 131-33. Gesta Romanorum, trans. C. Swan (1905), tale 28. 2. H. S. Canby, "The English Fabliau," PMLA, XXI (1906). Wilson, 234-39. Cook, 141-58. 3. J. Bédier, Les Fabliaux, ed. 4 (1925). M. M. Wood, The Spirit of Protest in Old French Literature (1917). S. M. Tucker, Verse-Satire in England (1908). Texts: G. H. McKnight, Middle English Humorous Tales in Verse (1913), 1-24; Bonner Beiträge zur Anglistik, XIV (1904), 145-50; Α. Brandl, O. Zippel, Middle English Literature, ed. 2 (1947), 134f.

XLI. Beast Epic and Bestiary. 1. W . W . Lawrence, Medieval Story, ed. 2 (1926), ch. 6. Wilson, 187-89, 239-49. Weston, 275-79. Mâle, 31-42. Loomis, Willard, 70-75. 2. Epic of the Beast, ed. W . Rose [1924?]. Cook, 188-98. 3. G. Cronin, "The Bestiary and the Mediaeval Mind," Mod. Lang. Quarterly, II (1941), 191-98. M. Wellman, Der Physiologus (1930). Texts: G. H. McKnight, Middle English Humorous Tales in Verse (1913), 25-37; J. Hall, Selections from Early Middle English (1920), I, 176-96. THE FOURTEENTH

CENTURY

XLII. "Gesta Romanorum." Robert Manning. 1. Benham, 482-86. Loomis, Willard, 104-12, 379-88. Gesta Romanorum, trans. C. Swan (1905), tales 12, 33, 80, 102, 124, 125, 136, 146, 155, 159.

18

2. Κ. Sisam, Fourteenth Century Verse and Prose (1921), introd. Owst, 149-88. Neilson, Webster, 1-5. 3. J. A. Mosher, The Exemplum in the Early Religious and Didactic Literature of England (1911). J.-Th. Welter, L'Exemplum dans la littérature religieuse et didactique du moyen âge (1927). R. Crosby, "Robert Mannyng of Brunne: A New Biography," PMLA, LVII (1942), 15-28. D. W . Robertson, "The Cultural Tradition of Handlyng Synne," Speculum, XXII (1947), 162-85. Texts: Gesta Romanorum, ed. Oesterley (1872) ; Early English Versions of the Gesta Romanorum, ed. S. J. H. Herrtage ( 1879) ; Robert of Brunne's Handlyng Synne, ed. F. J. Furnivall (1901-3).

XLIII. The Mystics. 1. Loomis, Willard, 113-27. Baugh, 225-30. 2. Rolle, English Writings, ed. Η. E. Allen ( 1931). R. W . Chambers, On the Continuity of English Prose (1932), ci-cvi. 3. M. Noetinger, Les Mystiques anglaises (1928). Η. E. Allen, Writings Ascribed to Richard Rolle (1927). Texts: Yorkshire Writers, Richard Rolle and His Followers, ed. C. Horstman (1895); Rolle, Incendium Amoris, ed. M. Deanesly (1915) ; Julian of Norwich, Revelations of Divine Love, ed. G. Warrack (1923); The Cloud of Unknowing, ed. P. Hodgson (1944); Walter Hilton, The Scale of Perfection, ed. E. Underhill (1923).

XLIV. Wyclif and the Lollard Bible. 1. Baugh, 269-72. G. G. Coulton, Medieval Panorama (1938), 681-88. Loomis, Willard, 282-88. Cook, 398405. 2. Wyclif, Select English Writings, ed. Η. E. Winn (1929). G. P. Krapp, Rise of English Literary Prose (1915), 32-53, 220-32. 3. H. B. Workman, Life of Wyclif (1926). M. Deanesly, 19

The Lollard Bible (1920). Texts: Wyclif, English Works, ed. F. D. Matthew (1880) ; Wyclif, Select English Works, ed. T. Arnold (1869-71) ; The Holy Bible, ed. J. Forshall, F. Madden (1850).

XLV. "The Philobiblon." "Mandeville's Travels." 1. Richard de Bury, Love of Books, trans. E. C. Thomas (1903), ix-xii, 1-13, 19-33, 53-64, 98-122. Loomis, Willard, 270-81. 2. Cook, 248-61. Baugh, 267 f. 3. J. de Ghellinck, "Un Bibliophile au XlVe siècle," Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique, XVIII (1) (1922), 271-312, 482-508; XIX (1) (1923), 157-200. Ν. DenholmYoung, Collected Papers on Mediaeval Subjects ( 1946), 1-22. Texts: Philobiblon, ed. A. Nelson (1922) ; Mandeville's Travels, ed. P. Hamelius (1919-23).

XLVI. English Lais and Romances. 1. Baugh, 189-97. Loomis, Willard, 95-103, 128-55, 26669. 2. Cook, 88-107. French, Hale, 207-235, 321-80, 483527. Morte Arthur, Two Early English Romances, ed. L. A. Paton (Everyman Lib.). 3. L. A. Hibbard, Medieval Romance in England (1924). J. P. Oakden, Alliterative Poetry in Middle English, A Survey of the Traditions (1935), 24-51. D. Everett, "A Characterization of the English Medieval Romances," Essays and Studies by Members of the English Association, XV (1929), 98-121.

X LVII. Patriotic Verse: Minot and Barbour. 1. Benham, 175-84. Cook, 237-47, 421-25. Loomis, Willard, 258-65. 2. Neilson, Webster, 332-39. 3. F. Brie, Die nationale Literatur Schottlands von den 20

Anfängen bis zur Renaissance (1937), 33-122. Texts: Laurence Minot, Poems, ed. J. Hall, ed. 3 (1914); J. Barbour, Bruce, ed. W. M. Mackenzie (1909).

X L V I I I . Froissart. Gower. Glanvowe. 1. Benham, 247-54, 330-50, 598-604. Loomis, Willard, 324-43. Neilson, Webster, 83-94. 2. John Froissart, Chronicles of England, France and Spain (abridged, Everyman Lib.). Shackford, 24-30, 162f. Lewis, 198-222. Gower, Selections from the Confessio Amantis, ed. G. C. Macaulay ( 1903). W. P. Ker, Essays on Medieval Literature (1905), 101-238. 3. F. S. Shears, Froissart, Chronicler and Poet (1930). G. G. Coulton, The Chronicler of European Chivalry (1930). G. R. Coffman, "John Gower in His Most Significant Role," Univ. of Colorado Studies, Ser. Β 2 (1945), 52-61. Texts: Froissart, Chroniques, ed. S. Luce and others (1896-1931); Œuvres de Froissart, poésies, ed. A. Scheler (1870-72); Gower, Complete Works, ed. G. C. Macaulay (1899-1902) ; Chaucerian and Other Pieces, ed. W. W. Skeat (1897), 347-58.

X L I X . "Gawain and the Green Knight." 1. Loomis, Willard, 156-219. Baugh, 236-38. 2. A. Buchanan, "The Irish Framework of Gawain and the Green Knight," PMLA, XLVII (1932), 315-38. R. S. Loomis, "More Celtic Elements in Gawain and the Green Knight," Journ. of Eng. and Germ. Phil., XLII (1943), 149-84. 3. G. L. Kittredge, Study of Gawain and the Green Knight (1916). Text: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, ed. J. R. R. Tolkien, E. V. Gordon (1925).

L. "The Pearl." "Saint Erkenwald." 1. Loomis, Willard, 220-49. Baugh, 232-38. 2. Oakden, 67-78. 21

3. R. Wellek, "The Pearl," Studies in English, IV, Charles University, Prague (1933), 1-33. R. W . Chambers, "Long Will, Dante, and the Righteous Heathen," Essays and Studies of the English Association, IX (1923), 5069. Texts: The Pearl, ed. C. G. Osgood (1906); Patience, ed. H. Bateson, ed. 2 (1918) ; Purity, ed. R. J. Menner (1920); St. Erkenwald, ed. H. L. Savage (1926).

LI. William Langland. 1. R. W . Chambers, Man's Unconquerable Mind (1939), 97-169. Loomis, Willard, 294-313. 2. Coulton, Medieval Panorama (1938), 534-54. Langland, Piers Plowman, trans. H. W . Wells (1935). 3. M. W . Bloomfield, "Present State of Piers Plowman Studies," Speculum, XIV (1939), 215-32. G. Hort, Piers Plowman and Contemporary Religious Thought (1937). H. W . Wells, "The Construction of Piers Plowman, PMLA, XLIV (1929), 123-40. Text: Vision of William concerning Piers the Plowman, ed. W . W . Skeat (1896).

LII. Langland's Successors. 1. Oakden, 58-62. Loomis, Willard, 314-23. Benham, 185200.

2. Cook, 352-60. 3. Texts: Pierce the Ploughman's Crede, ed. W . W . Skeat ( 1906). Mum and the Sothsegger, ed. M. Day, R. Steele (1936). THE FIFTEENTH

CENTURY

LIII. English Chaucerians. 1. Bennett, 96-104. Baugh, 291-98. Loomis, Willard, 34756, 373-78. 2. Bennett, 107-14, 124-50. Neilson, Webster, 199-222. 22

3. E. P. Hammond, English Verse from Chaucer to Surrey (1927), 53-187. Schick's introd. to Lydgate, Temple of Glass (1891). For texts see Bennett, 285 f., 289-92.

LIV. James I of Scotland and Henryson. 1. Bennett, 170-76. Loomis, Willard, 357-72, 461-77. 2. Neilson, Webster, 347-84. J. J. Jusserand, Romance of a King's Life (1896). 3. E. M. W . Balfour-Melville, James I, King of Scots (1936). M. W . Stearns, Robert Henryson (1948). Texts: The Kingis Quair, ed. W . M. Mackenzie ( 1939) ; Henryson, Works, ed. G. Gregory Smith (1906-14); Testament of Cressid, ed. Β. Dickins (1925).

LV. Popular Lyric and Narrative Verse. 1. Bennett, 160-65. Loomis, Willard, 389-404, 521-31. Neilson, Webster, 303-14. 2. F. B. Gummere, The Popular Ballad (1907), 243-85. E. K. Chambers, English Literature, 82-104, 129-37. 3. R. L. Greene, Early English Carols (1935). G. Reese, Music in the Middle Ages (1940), 410-24. W . H. Clawson, The Gest of Robin Hood (1909). Texts in Greene, op. cit., Carleton Brown, Religious Lyrics of the Fifteenth Century (1939), and F. J. Child, English and Scottish Popular Ballads.

LVI. Mystery Plays. 1. Baugh, 276-83. Loomis, Willard, 250-57, 289-93, 43960.

2. Loomis, Wells, 15-24, 95-206. English Miracle Plays, Moralities, and Interludes, ed. A. W . Pollard, ed. 8 (1927), xxv-xli, 1-48. 3. E. K. Chambers, Mediaeval Stage (1903), II, 85-148. For texts of mysteries cf. Ε. Κ. Chambers, English Literature, 213-17. 23

LVII. Morality Plays. 1. English Miracle Plays, ed. Pollard, xli-lvi, 64-76. Loomis, Willard, 532-46. 2. Ε. Κ. Chambers, English Literature, 49-65. Adams, 264303. 3. E. N. S. Thompson, "The English Moral Plays," Transactions of Connecticut Acad·., XIV (1910), 291-414. W. R. Mackenzie, The English Moralities from the Point of View of Allegory ( 1914). Owst, 526-47. Texts: A. Brandl, Quellen des weltlichen Dramas in England vor Shakespeare ( 1898) ; Macro Plays, ed. Furnivall and Pollard (1904).

LVIII. Prose. 1. Baugh, 300-304. Loomis, Willard, 405-38. 2. Bennett, 177-95, 203-17. A. W. Pollard, Fifteenth Century Prose and Verse (1903), 107-67, 203-10. The Book of Margery Kempe, ed. W. Butler-Bowdon (1936). N. S. Aurner, Caxton, Mirrour of Fifteenth Century Letters (1926), 223-96. 3. Texts: The Book of Margery Kempe, ed. S. Β. Meech, Η. E. Allen (1940); Paston Letters, ed. J. Gairdner (1904); Prologues and Epilogues of William Caxton (1928).

LIX. Malory. 1. E. K. Chambers, English Literature, 188-205. Loomis, Willard, 500-520. Malory, Bks. 7, 13, 21. 2. W. H. Schofield, Chivalry in English Literature ( 1912), 87-123. Works of Sir Thomas Malory, ed. E. Vinaver (1947), I, xiii-xxviii, 6-92, 293-363; II, 853-72; III, 1227-60. 3. L. A. Hibbard, "Malory's Book of Balin," Medieval Studies in Memory of G. Schoepperle Loomis (1927), 175-95. Text and comment: Works of Malory, ed. Vinaver. 24

AUTHORITATIVE WORKS AND OGRAPHIES DEALING WITH MIDDLE AGES

BIBLITHE

G E N E R A L B I B L I O G R A P H Y OF T H E M I D D L E AGES

L. J. Paetow, A Guide to the Study of Medieval History, ed. 2 (1931), especially Part III, "Medieval Culture." PERIODIC

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Annual bibliographies of post-classical literature, arranged by periods and accompanied by critical comments, are found in The Year's Work in English Studies and in The Year's Work in Modern Language Studies. These are usually published a few years after the date covered. The work of American scholars only in these fields is listed within a year after publication in the bibliographical supplement to PMLA. Similarly restricted to American scholars is the bulletin called Progress of Medieval and Renaissance Studies in the United States and Canada. Certain periodicals, such as Modern Language Notes, The Modern Language Review, and Speculum (exclusively medieval), make a practice of listing recent books and articles. All of these should be consulted by the student who wishes to bring his bibliography up to date. GENERAL HISTORY

Cambridge Medieval History (8 vols.). E. M. Hulme, The Middle Ages, rev. ed. (1938). G. C. Sellery, A. C. Krey, Medieval Foundations of Western Civilization (1929). L. Thorndike, History of Medieval Europe (1928). 25

P E R I O D S OF H I S T O R Y

A. Luchaire, Social France at the Time of Philip Augustus, trans. Krehbiel (1912). J. Huizinga, Waning of the Middle Ages ( 1927). GENERAL CULTURE

G. C. Crump, E. F. Jacob, The Legacy of the Middle Ages (1926). H. Pirenne, G. Cohen, H. Focillon,La Civilisation occidentale au moyen âge ( 1933). Chivalry, ed. E. Prestage (1928). INTELLECTUAL

HISTORY

Η. O. Taylor, The Mediaeval Mind, ed. 4. (1925). Ε. H. Gilson, The Spirit of Mediaeval Philosophy, trans. A. H. C. Downes (1936). M. de Wulf, History of Mediaeval Philosophy, trans. E. C. Messenger (1926). R. L. Poole, Illustrations of the History of Medieval Thought and Learning (1920). G. Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science, II (1931). M. M. Wood, The Spirit of Protest in Old French Literature (1917). M. L. W. Laistner, Thought and Letters in Western Europe (1931). ENGLISH HISTORY

R. H. Hodgkin, History of the Anglo-Saxons (1935). F. M. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, ed. 2 (1947). H. W. C. Davis, England under the Normans and Angevins, 1066-1272 (1905). Κ. H. Vickers, England in the Later Middle Ages, 1272-1485, ed. 6 (1938).

26

G. M. Trevelyan, England in the Age of Wycliffe, ed. 4 (1929). H. S. Bennett, The Pastons and Their England (1932). C. Gross, Sources and Literature of English History from the Earliest Times to about 1485, ed. 2 (1915). ENGLISH

CIVILIZATION

H. W. C. Davis, Mediaeval England (1924). G. G. Coulton, Medieval Panorama (1938). J. J. Jusserand, English Wayfaring Life in the Middle Ages. G. G. Coulton, Social Life in Britain from the Conquest to the Reformation, ed. 2 ( 1921). D. Hartley, M. M. Elliot, Life and Work of the People of England, 14th Century (1928) ; llth-13th Century (1931). Valuable illustrations. B I B L I O G R A P H I E S OF E N G L I S H

LITERATURE

Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature, ed. F. W. Bateson (1941), I, 53-314. W. L. Renwick, H. Orton, The Beginnings of English Literature to Skelton (1939). A. H. Heusinkveld, E. J. Bashe, Bibliographical Guide to Old English, "University of Iowa Studies" (1931). J. E. Wells, Manual of Writings in Middle English, 10501400 (1916). Eight supplements carry the entries up to 1941. L. L. Tucker, A. R. Benham, Bibliography of Fifteenth Century Literature, "University of Washington Publications in Language and Literature" (1928). Carleton Brown, R. H. Robbins, Index of Middle English Verse (1943). H I S T O R I E S OF E N G L I S H

LITERATURE

Cambridge History of English Literature, vols. I, II. 27

Α. Brandl, Angelsächsische Literatur (1908). E. E. Wardale, Chapters on Old English Literature (1935). C. W . Kennedy, The Earliest English Poetry (1943). R. M. Wilson, Early Middle English Literature ( 1939). H. S. Bennett, Chaucer and the Fifteenth Century (1947). E. K. Chambers, English Literature at the Close of the Middle Ages (1945). W . H. Schofield, English Literature from the Norman Conquest to Chaucer (1906). CHAUCER

E. P. Hammond, Chaucer, a Bibliographical Manual (1908). D. D. Griffith, A Bibliography of Chaucer, 1908-24, "University of Washington Publications" (1926). W . E. Martin, Chaucer Bibliography, 1925-33 (1935). Chaucer, Complete Works, ed. W . W . Skeat (1894). Chaucer, Complete Works, ed. F. Ν. Robinson (1933). H. S. Bennett, Chaucer and the Fifteenth Century (1947), 1-95, 270-82. R. D. French, Chaucer Handbook, ed. 2 (1947). J. L. Lowes, Geoffrey Chaucer and the Development of His Genius (1934). G. G. Coulton, Chaucer and His England, ed. 5 (1930). M. Chute, Geoffrey Chaucer of England (1946). E. Rickert, Chaucer's World, ed. C. C. Olson, M. Crow (1948). M. Bowden, The General Prologue of the Canterbury Tales (1948). J. M. Manly, E. Rickert, The Text of the Canterbury Tales (1940). Sources and Analogues of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, ed. W . F. Bryan, G. Dempster (1941). J. M. Manly, Some New Light on Chaucer ( 1926). W . C. Curry, Chaucer and the Mediaeval Sciences (1926). 28

H. Patch, On Rereading Chaucer (1939). Β. ten Brink, Language and Metre of Chaucer, trans. M. Bentinck Smith (1901). J. S. P. Tatlock, H. G. Kennedy, Concordance to the Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer (1927). H I S T O R Y OF T H E E N G L I S H

LANGUAGE

A. C. Baugh, History of the English Language (1935). R. Huchon, Histoire de la langue anglaise (1923-31). O. Jespersen, Growth and Structure of the English Language, ed. 7 (1933). Κ. Luick, Historische Grammatik der englischen Sprache (1913-29). M. S. Serjeantson, History of Foreign Words in English (1936). E. E. Wardale, Introduction to Middle English Grammar (1937). H. C. Wyld, Short History of English, ed. 3 ( 1927). FRENCH CULTURE

Medieval France, ed. A. Tilley (1922). L. Gautier, La Chevalerie (1885) ; trans. H. Frith (1891). S. Painter, French Chivalry (1940). C. V. Langlois, La Vie en France au moyen âge (1926). H I S T O R Y OF F R E N C H

LITERATURE

A Critical Bibliography of French Literature, ed. D. C. Cabeen, vol. I, ed. U. T. Holmes (1947). U. T. Holmes, History of Old French Literature to 1300 (1937). K. Voretzsch, Introduction to the Study of Old French Literature, trans. Du Mont (1931). G. Hanotaux, Histoire de la nation française, XII. Histoire des lettres des origines à Ronsard (1921). 29

G. Gröber, Geschichte der mittelfranzösischen Literatur, ed. S. Hofer, ed. 2 (1933-37). J. Bédier, P. Hazard, Histoire de la littérature française, I (1923-24). Valuable for illustrations. H I S T O R Y OF L A T I N

LITERATURE

F. J. E. Raby, History of Christian Latin Poetry from the Beginnings to the Close of the Middle Ages (1927). F. J. E. Raby, History of Secular Latin Poetry of the Middle Ages (1934). M. Manitius, Geschichte der lateinischen Literatur des Mittelalters (1911-31). Vol. III comes down to 1200. G. Gröber, Grundriss der romanische Philologie, Band 2, Abt. 1 (1902). C. H. Haskins, The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century (1933). H I S T O R Y OF G E R M A N

LITERATURE

G. Ehrismann, Geschichte der deutschen Literatur bis zum Ausgang des Mittelalters (1918-35). H I S T O R Y OF S C A N D I N A V I A N

LITERATURE

W. Craigie, Icelandic Sagas (1913). A. Olrik, Heroic Legends of Denmark, trans. L.M. Hollander (1919). H. G. Leach, Pageant of Old Scandinavia ( 1946), introd. H. G. Leach, Angevin Britain and Scandinavia (1921). M. Schlauch, Romance in Iceland ( 1934). H. Koht, Old Norse Sagas (1931). T R A N S L A T I O N S FROM MEDIEVAL

LITERATURE

C. P. Farrar, A. P. Evans, Bibliography of English Translations from Medieval Sources ( 1946). 30

CLASSICAL

SCHOLARSHIP

Η. O. Taylor, Classical Heritage of the Middle Ages (1911). J. E. Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship, ed. 3,1 (1921). R. Weiss, Humanism in England during the Fifeenth Century (1941). G. R. Stephens, Knowledge of Greek in England in the Middle Ages (1933). LITERARY THEORY A N D PRACTICE

C. S. Baldwin, Medieval Rhetoric and Poetic (1928). E. Farai, Les Arts poétiques du Xlle et du XlIIe siècle (1924). J. W . H. Atkins, English Literary Criticism: The Medieval Phase (1943). G. Saintsbury, History of English Prosody (1906-10), I. BOOKS A N D

LIBRARIES

G. H. Putnam, Books and Their Makers during the Middle Ages (1896-97). E. A. Savage, Old English Libraries (1911). L. H. Loomis, "The Auchinleck Manuscript and a Possible London Bookshop of 1330-1340," PMLA, LVII (1942). H. S. Bennett, "The Production and Dissemination of Vernacular Manuscripts in the Fifteenth Century," Library, 1947, 167-78. B. H. Streeter, The Chained Library (1935). E. G. Duff, Fifteenth Century English Books (1917). N. R. Ker, Medieval Libraries of Great Britain, A List of Surviving Books (1941). EDUCATION

A. F. Leach, Schools of Medieval England, ed. 2 (1916). H. Rashdall, Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, ed. F. M. Powicke, Α. Β. Emden (1936). 31

C. E. Mallet, History of the University of Oxford (1924-27). A. W. Parry, Education in England in the Middle Ages (1920). D. Gardiner, English Girlhood at School (1929). L. J. Paetow, The Arts Course in the Medieval Universities (1910). Lynn Thorndike, "Elementary and Secondary Education in the Middle Ages," Speculum, XV (1940), 400-408. MUSIC

G. Reese, Music in the Middle Ages ( 1940). T. Gerold, La Musique au moyen âge (1932). W . Appel, Notation of Polyphonie Music 900-1600 (1942). Oxford History of Music, ed. W . H. Hadow, ed. 2 (192934), I. C. C. Olson, "Chaucer and Music of the Fourteenth Century," Speculum, XVI (1941), 64-91. P. Dearmer, R. Vaughan Williams, M. Shaw, Oxford Book of Carols (1928). ART

Gerard B. Brown, Arts in Early England (1903-37). O. E. Saunders, History of English Art in the Middle Ages (1932). J. Harvey, Gothic England (1947). A. Gardner, Handbook of English Medieval Sculpture (1935). E. Mâle, L'Art religieux du Xlle siècle en France (1922). E. Mâle, Religious Art in France, XlIIth Century, trans. D. Nussey (1913). E. Mâle, L'Art religieux de la fin du moyen âge en France (1908). R. S. Loomis, L. H. Loomis, Arthurian Legends in Medieval Art (1938). R. van Marie, Iconographie de l'art profane (1931-32). 32