International Tables for Crystallography, Vol. A: Space Group Symmetry [6 ed.] 9780470974230

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INTERNATIONAL TABLES FOR CRYSTALLOGRAPHY

Volume A SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY

Edited by MOIS I. AROYO Sixth Edition

Published for

THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF C RYSTALLOG RAPHY by

2016

Contributing authors H.

Arnold: Institut fu¨r Kristallographie, RheinischWestfa¨lische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany. [1.2, 1.5]

M. I. Aroyo: Departamento de Fı´sica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad del Paı´s Vasco (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain. [1.2, 1.4, 1.5, 2.1, 3.2] E. F. Bertaut†: Laboratoire de Cristallographie, CNRS, Grenoble, France. [1.5] H. Burzlaff: Universita¨t Erlangen–Nu¨rnberg, Robert-KochStrasse 4a, D-91080 Uttenreuth, Germany. [3.1, 3.3] G. Chapuis: E´cole Polytechnique Fe´de´rale de Lausanne, BSP/ Cubotron, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. [1.4, 1.5] W. Fischer: Institut fu¨r Mineralogie, Petrologie und Kristallographie, Philipps-Universita¨t, D-35032 Marburg, Germany. [3.4, 3.5] H. D. Flack: Chimie mine´rale, analytique et applique´e, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. [1.6, 2.1] A. M. Glazer: Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom. [1.4] H. Grimmer: Research with Neutrons and Muons, Paul Scherrer Institut, WHGA/342, Villigen PSI, CH-5232, Switzerland. [3.1] B. Gruber†: Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Malostranske´ na´m. 25, CZ-11800 Prague 1, Czech Republic. [3.1] Th. Hahn†: Institut fu¨r Kristallographie, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany. [2.1, 3.2] H. Klapper: Institut fu¨r Kristallographie, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany. [3.2] E. Koch: Institut fu¨r Mineralogie, Petrologie und Kristallographie, Philipps-Universita¨t, D-35032 Marburg, Germany. [3.4, 3.5]

† Deceased.

P. Konstantinov: Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, 72 Tzarigradsko Chaussee, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria. [2.1] V. Kopsky´†: Bajkalska 1170/28, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic. [1.7] D. B. Litvin: Department of Physics, The Eberly College of Science, Penn State – Berks Campus, The Pennsylvania State University, PO Box 7009, Reading, PA 19610-6009, USA. [1.7, 3.6] A. Looijenga-Vos: Laboratorium voor Chemische Fysica, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands. [2.1] Ulrich Mu¨ller: Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universita¨t, D-35032 Marburg, Germany. [1.7, 3.2, 3.5] K. Momma: National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan. [2.1] U. Shmueli: School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. [1.6] B. Souvignier: Radboud University Nijmegen, Faculty of Science, Mathematics and Computing Science, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Postbus 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands. [1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5] J. C. H. Spence: Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Rural Rd, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. [1.6] P. M. de Wolff†: Laboratorium voor Technische Natuurkunde, Technische Hogeschool, Delft, The Netherlands. [3.1] H. Wondratschek†: Laboratorium fu¨r Applikationen der Synchrotronstrahlung (LAS), Universita¨t Karlsruhe, Germany. [1.2, 1.4, 1.5, 1.7] H. Zimmermann: Institut fu¨r Angewandte Physik, Lehrstuhl fu¨r Kristallographie und Strukturphysik, Universita¨t Erlangen– Nu¨rnberg, Bismarckstrasse 10, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany. [3.1, 3.3]

Contents PAGE

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xv

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xvii

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xx

PART 1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

1

1.1. A general introduction to groups (B. Souvignier) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

2

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2

Foreword to the sixth edition (C. P. Brock) Preface (M. I. Aroyo)

Symbols for crystallographic items used in this volume

1.1.1. Introduction

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1.1.5. Normal subgroups, factor groups

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1.1.6. Homomorphisms, isomorphisms

1.1.2. Basic properties of groups 1.1.3. Subgroups 1.1.4. Cosets

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1.1.7. Group actions .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.2. Crystallographic symmetry (H. Wondratschek and M. I. Aroyo, with Tables 1.2.2.1 and 1.2.2.2 by H. Arnold) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.2.2.1. Matrix–column presentation of isometries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.2.2.2. Combination of mappings and inverse mappings .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.2.2.3. Matrix–column pairs and (3 + 1)  (3 + 1) matrices .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.2.2.4. The geometric meaning of (W, w)

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1.3. A general introduction to space groups (B. Souvignier) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.3.2. Lattices .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.1.8. Conjugation, normalizers

1.2.1. Crystallographic symmetry operations

1.2.2. Matrix description of symmetry operations

1.2.2.5. Determination of matrix–column pairs of symmetry operations 1.2.3. Symmetry elements

1.3.1. Introduction

1.3.2.1. Basic properties of lattices

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1.3.2.3. Unit cells .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.3.2.4. Primitive and centred lattices .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.3.3.1. Point groups of space groups .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.3.3.2. Coset decomposition with respect to the translation subgroup .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.3.2.2. Metric properties

1.3.2.5. Reciprocal lattice

1.3.3. The structure of space groups

1.3.3.3. Symmorphic and non-symmorphic space groups 1.3.4. Classification of space groups 1.3.4.1. Space-group types

1.3.4.2. Geometric crystal classes

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1.4. Space groups and their descriptions (B. Souvignier, H. Wondratschek, M. I. Aroyo, G. Chapuis and A. M. Glazer) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.3.4.3. Bravais types of lattices and Bravais classes 1.3.4.4. Other classifications of space groups

1.4.1. Symbols of space groups (H. Wondratschek) 1.4.1.1. Introduction

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CONTENTS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.4.1.3. Schoenflies symbols .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.4.1.4. Hermann–Mauguin symbols of the space groups .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.4.1.5. Hermann–Mauguin symbols of the plane groups .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.4.2. Descriptions of space-group symmetry operations (M. I. Aroyo, G. Chapuis, B. Souvignier and A. M. Glazer) .. .. .. ..

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1.4.3.1. Selected order for non-translational generators

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1.4.4. General and special Wyckoff positions (B. Souvignier)

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1.4.4.1. Crystallographic orbits .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.4.4.3. Wyckoff sets .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.4.4.4. Eigensymmetry groups and non-characteristic orbits .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

66

1.4.1.2. Space-group numbers

1.4.1.6. Sequence of space-group types

1.4.2.1. Symbols for symmetry operations

1.4.2.2. Seitz symbols of symmetry operations

1.4.2.3. Symmetry operations and the general position

1.4.2.4. Additional symmetry operations and symmetry elements 1.4.2.5. Space-group diagrams

1.4.3. Generation of space groups (H. Wondratschek)

1.4.4.2. Wyckoff positions

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1.4.5. Sections and projections of space groups (B. Souvignier) 1.4.5.1. Introduction 1.4.5.2. Sections 1.4.5.3. Projections

1.5. Transformations of coordinate systems (H. Wondratschek, M. I. Aroyo, B. Souvignier and G. Chapuis)

75

1.5.1. Origin shift and change of the basis (H. Wondratschek and M. I. Aroyo, with Table 1.5.1.1 and Figs. 1.5.1.2 and 1.5.1.5–1.5.1.10 by H. Arnold) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.5.1.2. Change of the basis .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.5.1.1. Origin shift

1.5.1.3. General change of coordinate system

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1.5.2.1. Covariant and contravariant quantities .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.5.2.4. Augmented-matrix formalism .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.5.2. Transformations of crystallographic quantities under coordinate transformations (H. Wondratschek and M. I. Aroyo) 1.5.2.2. Metric tensors of direct and reciprocal lattices

1.5.2.3. Transformation of matrix–column pairs of symmetry operations 1.5.2.5. Example: paraelectric-to-ferroelectric phase transition of GeTe

1.5.3. Transformations between different space-group descriptions (G. Chapuis, H. Wondratschek and M. I. Aroyo) .. .. .. ..

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1.5.3.2. Examples .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.5.4. Synoptic tables of plane and space groups (B. Souvignier, G. Chapuis and H. Wondratschek, with Tables 1.5.4.1–1.5.4.4 by E. F. Bertaut) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.5.4.2. Synoptic table of the plane groups

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1.5.4.3. Synoptic table of the space groups

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1.6. Methods of space-group determination (U. Shmueli, H. D. Flack and J. C. H. Spence) .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.6.2.4. Restrictions on space groups .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

111

1.5.3.1. Space groups with more than one description in this volume

1.5.4.1. Additional symmetry operations and symmetry elements

1.6.1. Overview

1.6.2. Symmetry determination from single-crystal studies (U. Shmueli and H. D. Flack) 1.6.2.1. Symmetry information from the diffraction pattern 1.6.2.2. Structure-factor statistics and crystal symmetry 1.6.2.3. Symmetry information from the structure solution

viii

CONTENTS 1.6.2.5. Pitfalls in space-group determination

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1.6.4. Tables of reflection conditions and possible space groups (H. D. Flack and U. Shmueli) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.6.5.1. Applications of resonant scattering to symmetry determination

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1.6.5.2. Space-group determination in macromolecular crystallography

1.6.3. Theoretical background of reflection conditions (U. Shmueli) 1.6.4.1. Introduction

1.6.4.2. Examples of the use of the tables

1.6.5. Specialized methods of space-group determination (H. D. Flack)

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1.6.5.3. Space-group determination from powder diffraction .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.7. Topics on space groups treated in Volumes A1 and E of International Tables for Crystallography (H. Wondratschek, U. Mu¨ller, D. B. Litvin and V. Kopsky´) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.7.1.1. Translationengleiche (or t-) subgroups of space groups .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.6.6. Space groups for nanocrystals by electron microscopy (J. C. H. Spence)

1.7.1. Subgroups and supergroups of space groups (H. Wondratschek) 1.7.1.2. Klassengleiche (or k-) subgroups of space groups

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1.7.1.3. Isomorphic subgroups of space groups .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.7.1.4. Supergroups

1.7.2. Relations between Wyckoff positions for group–subgroup-related space groups (U. Mu¨ller) 1.7.2.1. Symmetry relations between crystal structures

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1.7.2.3. Phase transitions

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1.7.2.4. Domain structures

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2.1. Guide to the use of the space-group tables (Th. Hahn, A. Looijenga-Vos, M. I. Aroyo, H. D. Flack, K. Momma and P. Konstantinov) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

142

2.1.1. Conventional descriptions of plane and space groups (Th. Hahn and A. Looijenga-Vos) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

142

2.1.1.1. Classification of space groups .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

142

2.1.1.2. Conventional coordinate systems and cells .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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2.1.3. Contents and arrangement of the tables (Th. Hahn and A. Looijenga-Vos) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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1.7.2.2. Substitution derivatives

1.7.2.5. Presentation of the relations between the Wyckoff positions among group–subgroup-related space groups 1.7.3. Relationships between space groups and subperiodic groups (D. B. Litvin and V. Kopsky´) 1.7.3.1. Layer symmetries in three-dimensional crystal structures 1.7.3.2. The symmetry of domain walls

PART 2. THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES

2.1.2. Symbols of symmetry elements (Th. Hahn and M. I. Aroyo) 2.1.3.1. General layout

2.1.3.2. Space groups with more than one description .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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2.1.3.3. Headline

2.1.3.4. International (Hermann–Mauguin) symbols for plane groups and space groups 2.1.3.5. Patterson symmetry (H. D. Flack)

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2.1.3.7. Origin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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2.1.3.8. Asymmetric unit .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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2.1.3.6. Space-group diagrams

2.1.3.9. Symmetry operations

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2.1.3.11. Positions .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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2.1.3.13. Reflection conditions .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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2.1.3.10. Generators

2.1.3.12. Oriented site-symmetry symbols 2.1.3.14. Symmetry of special projections

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CONTENTS 2.1.3.15. Monoclinic space groups .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

169

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2.1.4. Computer production of the space-group tables (P. Konstantinov and K. Momma) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

172

2.2. The 17 plane groups (two-dimensional space groups) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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2.3. The 230 space groups

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PART 3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

697

3.1. Crystal lattices (H. Burzlaff, H. Grimmer, B. Gruber, P. M. de Wolff and H. Zimmermann)

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698

2.1.3.16. Crystallographic groups in one dimension

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698

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698

3.1.1.3. Topological properties of lattices .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

698

3.1.1. Bases and lattices (H. Burzlaff and H. Zimmermann) 3.1.1.1. Description and transformation of bases 3.1.1.2. Lattices

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

698

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

699

3.1.2. Bravais types of lattices and other classifications (H. Burzlaff and H. Zimmermann) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

700

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

700

3.1.2.2. Description of Bravais types of lattices .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

700

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

701

3.1.2.4. Example of Delaunay reduction and standardization of the basis .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

707

3.1.1.4. Special bases for lattices 3.1.1.5. Remarks

3.1.2.1. Classifications

3.1.2.3. Delaunay reduction and standardization

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

709

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

709

3.1.3.2. Definition .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

709

3.1.3.3. Main conditions .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

709

3.1.3.4. Special conditions

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

710

3.1.3.5. Lattice characters

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

712

3.1.3.6. Applications .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

713

3.1.4. Further properties of lattices (B. Gruber and H. Grimmer) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

714

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

714

3.1.4.2. Topological characterization of lattice characters .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

714

3.1.4.3. A finer division of lattices .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

715

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

715

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

717

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

718

3.2. Point groups and crystal classes (Th. Hahn, H. Klapper, U. Mu¨ller and M. I. Aroyo) .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

720

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

720

3.1.3. Reduced bases (P. M. de Wolff) 3.1.3.1. Introduction

3.1.4.1. Further kinds of reduced cells

3.1.4.4. Conventional cells

3.1.4.5. Conventional characters 3.1.4.6. Sublattices

3.2.1. Crystallographic and noncrystallographic point groups (Th. Hahn and H. Klapper)

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

720

3.2.1.2. Crystallographic point groups .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

721

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

731

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

731

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

737

3.2.2.1. General restrictions on physical properties imposed by symmetry .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

737

3.2.2.2. Morphology

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

739

3.2.2.3. Etch figures

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

740

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

740

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

741

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

741

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

742

3.2.4. Molecular symmetry (U. Mu¨ller) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

772

3.2.1.1. Introduction and definitions

3.2.1.3. Subgroups and supergroups of the crystallographic point groups 3.2.1.4. Noncrystallographic point groups

3.2.2. Point-group symmetry and physical properties of crystals (H. Klapper and Th. Hahn)

3.2.2.4. Optical properties

3.2.2.5. Pyroelectricity and ferroelectricity 3.2.2.6. Piezoelectricity

3.2.3. Tables of the crystallographic point-group types (H. Klapper, Th. Hahn and M. I. Aroyo)

x

CONTENTS 3.2.4.1. Introduction

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

772

3.2.4.2. Definitions

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

772

3.2.4.3. Tables of the point groups .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

773

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

774

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

775

3.2.4.4. Polymeric molecules

3.2.4.5. Enantiomorphism and chirality

3.3. Space-group symbols and their use (H. Burzlaff and H. Zimmermann)

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

777

3.3.1. Point-group symbols .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

777

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

777

3.3.1.2. Schoenflies symbols .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

777

3.3.1.3. Shubnikov symbols .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

777

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

777

3.3.2. Space-group symbols .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

779

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

779

3.3.2.2. Schoenflies symbols .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

779

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

779

3.3.2.4. Shubnikov symbols .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

779

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

780

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

780

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

780

3.3.1.1. Introduction

3.3.1.4. Hermann–Mauguin symbols

3.3.2.1. Introduction

3.3.2.3. The role of translation parts in the Shubnikov and Hermann–Mauguin symbols 3.3.2.5. International short symbols

3.3.3. Properties of the international symbols

3.3.3.1. Derivation of the space group from the short symbol

3.3.3.2. Derivation of the full symbol from the short symbol .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

781

3.3.3.3. Non-symbolized symmetry elements .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

781

3.3.3.4. Standardization rules for short symbols .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

782

3.3.3.5. Systematic absences .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

789

3.3.3.6. Generalized symmetry .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

790

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

790

3.4. Lattice complexes (W. Fischer and E. Koch) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

792

3.4.1. The concept of lattice complexes and limiting complexes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

792

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

792

3.4.1.2. Crystallographic orbits, Wyckoff positions, Wyckoff sets and types of Wyckoff set .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

792

3.3.4. Changes introduced in space-group symbols since 1935

3.4.1.1. Introduction

3.4.1.3. Point configurations and lattice complexes, reference symbols .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

793

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

794

3.4.1.5. Additional properties of lattice complexes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

795

.. .. .. .. .. ..

796

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

796

3.4.2.2. Comparison of the concepts of lattice complexes and orbit types .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

796

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

798

3.4.3.1. Descriptive symbols .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

798

3.4.3.2. Assignment of Wyckoff positions to Wyckoff sets and to lattice complexes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

800

3.4.4. Applications of the lattice-complex concept .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

800

3.4.1.4. Limiting complexes and comprehensive complexes

3.4.2. The concept of characteristic and non-characteristic orbits, comparison with the lattice-complex concept 3.4.2.1. Definitions

3.4.3. Descriptive lattice-complex symbols and the assignment of Wyckoff positions to lattice complexes

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

800

3.4.4.2. Relations between crystal structures .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

823

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

823

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

823

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

824

3.4.4.1. Geometrical properties of point configurations 3.4.4.3. Reflection conditions 3.4.4.4. Phase transitions

3.4.4.5. Incorrect space-group assignment

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

824

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

824

3.5. Normalizers of space groups and their use in crystallography (E. Koch, W. Fischer and U. Mu¨ller) .. ..

826

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

826

3.4.4.6. Application of descriptive lattice-complex symbols 3.4.4.7. Weissenberg complexes

3.5.1. Introduction and definitions (E. Koch, W. Fischer and U. Mu¨ller)

xi

CONTENTS 3.5.1.1. Introduction

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

826

3.5.1.2. Definitions

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

826

.. .. .. .. ..

827

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

827

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

830

3.5.3. Examples of the use of normalizers (E. Koch and W. Fischer) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

838

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

838

3.5.2. Euclidean and affine normalizers of plane groups and space groups (E. Koch, W. Fischer and U. Mu¨ller) 3.5.2.1. Euclidean normalizers of plane groups and space groups 3.5.2.2. Affine normalizers of plane groups and space groups

3.5.3.1. Introduction

3.5.3.2. Equivalent point configurations, equivalent Wyckoff positions and equivalent descriptions of crystal structures .. ..

838

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

849

3.5.3.4. Euclidean- and affine-equivalent sub- and supergroups .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

849

3.5.3.5. Reduction of the parameter regions to be considered for geometrical studies of point configurations .. .. .. .. ..

850

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

851

3.6. Magnetic subperiodic groups and magnetic space groups (D. B. Litvin) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

852

3.5.3.3. Equivalent lists of structure factors

3.5.4. Normalizers of point groups (E. Koch and W. Fischer)

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

852

3.6.2. Survey of magnetic subperiodic groups and magnetic space groups .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

852

3.6.2.1. Reduced magnetic superfamilies of magnetic groups .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

852

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

853

3.6.3. Tables of properties of magnetic groups .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

857

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

857

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

857

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

859

3.6.3.4. Origin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

861

3.6.3.5. Asymmetric unit .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

861

3.6.3.6. Symmetry operations

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

861

3.6.3.7. Abbreviated headline

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

862

3.6.3.8. Generators selected .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

862

3.6.3.9. General and special positions with spins (magnetic moments) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

862

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

862

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

863

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

863

Author index

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

867

Subject index

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

869

3.6.1. Introduction

3.6.2.2. Survey of magnetic point groups, magnetic subperiodic groups and magnetic space groups

3.6.3.1. Lattice diagram 3.6.3.2. Heading

3.6.3.3. Diagrams of symmetry elements and of the general positions

3.6.3.10. Symmetry of special projections

3.6.4. Comparison of OG and BNS magnetic group type symbols 3.6.5. Maximal subgroups of index  4

xii

Foreword to the Sixth Edition Carolyn Pratt Brock

Standardizing the space-group tables has been a priority for crystallographers since at least 1929. The 1935 publication of the first set of such tables predated the founding of the International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) by 12 years. That book was one of the two volumes of Internationale Tabellen zur Bestimmung von Kristallstrukturen (or International Tables for the Determination of Crystal Structures). It established conventions so fundamental to the field that it is hard to imagine the confusion they prevented. Major revisions of the space-group tables were published by the IUCr in 1952 (International Tables for X-ray Crystallography Volume I: Symmetry Groups) and 1983 (International Tables for Crystallography Volume A: Space-Group Symmetry). The considerably revised fifth edition of Volume A was made available online in 2006 at http://it.iucr.org/ along with the other seven volumes of the series as International Tables Online, which features many links within and between the electronic versions of the volumes. In 2011 the online series was complemented by the addition of the Symmetry Database, which provides more extensive symmetry information than do the volumes themselves. Over the decades the information about space-group symmetry has been expanded so greatly that no single volume can contain it all. Some information about group–subgroup relationships was present in the 1935 volume but was left out of the 1952 edition. That information, augmented by some group–supergroup relationships, reappeared in the 1983 book. A full treatment of the subject was published in 2004 as the new Volume A1: Symmetry Relations Between Space Groups. The ability to follow electronic links back and forth between the online versions of Volumes A and A1 makes their combination very powerful. In 2002 the new Volume E, Subperiodic Groups, was published. It contains the tables for the space groups of twodimensional patterns that are periodic in only one dimension (the frieze groups) and three-dimensional patterns that are periodic in only one dimension (the rod groups) or two dimensions (the layer groups). The distinction between the 80 layer groups and the 17 plane groups is important. The latter had been included since 1952 along with the 230 space groups because the plane groups are so useful for teaching; they do not, however, allow for layer thickness. Layer groups may have more symmetry elements than are allowed for a plane group, i.e. inversion centers, a mirror plane within the layer, and 2 and 21 axes within the layer. The new Volume C: Mathematical, Physical and Chemical Tables appeared in 1992 as a successor to Volume II of Internationale Tabellen zur Bestimmung von Kristallstrukturen, which had grown to Volumes II–IV of the series International Tables for X-ray Crystallography; Volume C includes a section on the

symmetry descriptions of commensurately and incommensurately modulated structures. Since then, that field has grown so much that the material is currently being expanded and relocated to the next edition of Volume B, Reciprocal Space. Symmetry descriptions of magnetic structures are still under development. The number of magnetic groups is so large that any volume of International Tables listing them will have to be electronic only. In 2014, as an interim step, the IUCr published an e-book by D. B. Litvin (Magnetic Group Tables) that is available for downloading from the IUCr website at http://www.iucr.org/ publ/978-0-9553602-2-0. Because Volume A is usually the first volume of International Tables encountered by non-experts, an important aim of this edition has been to make its contents more accessible. The text sections have been completely reorganized and new introductory chapters have been written by authors experienced in teaching crystallography at all levels. Many explanatory examples have been added, and the terms and symbols used have been made consistent throughout. Diagrams for the cubic space groups have been redrawn so that they are easier to comprehend and axis labels have been added for the orthorhombic groups. Introductions to the topics covered in Volumes A1 and E, as well as to magnetic symmetry, have been added. Volume A continues to evolve; this new edition, the sixth, is a major revision intended to meet the needs of scientists in the Electronic Age: users of the online version will also have access to the Symmetry Database, which is under continuous development and contains far more data than can be presented in print. The database can be used to calculate, among other things, the symmetry operations and Wyckoff positions for nonstandard settings in order to facilitate the tracking of symmetry relationships through a series of phase transitions or chemical substitutions. We are all greatly indebted to Mois Aroyo, the Editor of this edition, for having had the vision for this revision of Volume A and for then having seen the project through. Getting experts to write for a wide group of readers and to agree on consistent terminology required erudition, tact and patience, all of which Mois has displayed in abundance. Those who have been involved with this sixth edition are also indebted to all the crystallographers who contributed to previous editions. Two of the longtime architects of Volumes A and A1, Theo Hahn and Hans Wondratschek, recently passed on, but not before making very significant contributions towards the preparation of this new edition. It is an honor to acknowledge their many contributions. Carolyn Pratt Brock Editor-in-Chief, International Tables for Crystallography

xv

Preface Mois I. Aroyo

Chapter 1.4 (Souvignier, Wondratschek, Aroyo, Chapuis and Glazer) handles various crystallographic terms used for the presentation of the symmetry data in the space-group tables. It starts with a detailed introduction to Hermann–Mauguin symbols for space, plane and crystallographic point groups, and to their Schoenflies symbols. A description is given of the symbols used for symmetry operations, and of their listings in the generalposition and in the symmetry-operations blocks of the spacegroup tables. The Seitz notation for symmetry operations adopted by the Commission on Crystallographic Nomenclature as the standard convention for Seitz symbolism of the International Union of Crystallography [Glazer et al. (2014). Acta Cryst. A70, 300–302] is described and the Seitz symbols for the planeand space-group symmetry operations are tabulated. The socalled additional symmetry operations of space groups resulting from the combination of the generating symmetry operations with lattice translations are introduced and illustrated. The classification of points in direct space into general and special Wyckoff positions, and the study of their site-symmetry groups and Wyckoff multiplicities are presented in detail. The final sections of the chapter offer a helpful introduction to twodimensional sections and projections of space groups and their symmetry properties. Chapter 1.5 (Wondratschek, Aroyo, Souvignier and Chapuis) introduces the mathematical tools necessary for performing coordinate transformations. The transformations of crystallographic data (point coordinates, space-group symmetry operations, metric tensors of direct and reciprocal space, indices of reflection conditions etc.) under a change of origin or a change of the basis are discussed and demonstrated by examples. More than 40 different types of coordinate-system transformations representing the most frequently encountered cases are listed and illustrated. Finally, synoptic tables of the space and plane groups show a large selection of alternative settings and their Hermann–Mauguin symbols covering most practical cases. It is worth pointing out that, in contrast to ITA 5, the extended Hermann–Mauguin symbols shown in the synoptic tables follow their original definition according to which the characters of the symbols indicate symmetry operations, and not symmetry elements. Chapter 1.6 (Shmueli, Flack and Spence) offers a detailed presentation of methods of determining the symmetry of singledomain crystals from diffraction data, followed by a brief discussion of intensity statistics and their application to real intensity data from a P1 crystal structure. The theoretical background for the derivation of the possible general reflections is introduced along with a brief discussion of special reflection conditions. An extensive tabulation of general reflection conditions and possible space groups is presented. The chapter concludes with a description and illustration of symmetry determination based on electron-diffraction methods, principally using convergent-beam electron diffraction. Chapter 1.7 (Wondratschek, Mu¨ller, Litvin and Kopsky´) gives a short outline of the content of International Tables for Crystallography Volume A1, which is devoted to symmetry relations

Like its predecessors, this new sixth edition of International Tables for Crystallography, Volume A (referred to as ITA 6) treats the symmetries of two- and three-dimensional space groups and point groups in direct space. It is the reference work for crystal symmetry and provides standard symmetry data which are indispensable for any crystallographic or structural study. The text and data in ITA 6 fall into three main parts: Part 1 serves as a didactic introduction to space-group symmetry; Part 2 contains the authoritative tabulations of plane and space groups, and a guide to the tabulated data; and Part 3 features articles on more specialized, advanced topics. Apart from new topics and developments, this sixth edition includes important modifications of the contents and of the arrangement of the text and the tabulated material of the previous (fifth) edition (ITA 5). The most salient feature of this edition is the introductory material in Part 1, which offers a homogeneous text of educational and teaching nature explaining the different kinds of symmetry information found in the tables. Although the first part is designed to provide a didactic introduction to symmetry in crystallography, suitable for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students and for researchers from other fields, it is not meant to serve as an elementary textbook: readers are expected to have a basic understanding of the subject. The following aspects of symmetry theory are dealt with in Part 1: Chapter 1.1 (Souvignier) offers a general introduction to group theory, which provides the mathematical background for considering symmetry properties. Starting from basic principles, those properties of groups are discussed that are of particular interest in crystallography. Essential topics like group–subgroup relationships, homomorphism and isomorphism, group actions and Wyckoff positions, conjugacy and equivalence relations or group normalizers are treated in detail and illustrated by crystallographic examples. Chapter 1.2 (Wondratschek and Aroyo) deals with the types of crystallographic symmetry operations and the application of the matrix formalism in their description. The procedure for the geometric interpretation of a matrix–column pair of a symmetry operation is thoroughly explained and demonstrated by several instructive examples. The last section of the chapter provides a detailed discussion of the key concepts of a symmetry element and its constituents, a geometric element and an element set. Chapter 1.3 (Souvignier) presents an introduction to the structure and classification of crystallographic space groups. Fundamental concepts related to translation lattices, such as the metric tensor, the unit cell and the distinction into primitive and centred lattices are rigorously defined. The action of point groups on translation lattices and the interplay between point groups and lattices is discussed in detail and, in particular, the distinction between symmorphic and non-symmorphic groups is explained. The final part of this chapter deals with various classification schemes of crystallographic space groups, including the classification into space-group types, geometric crystal classes and Bravais types of lattices.

xvii

PREFACE (iv) Modifications to the tabulated data and diagrams of the seven trigonal space groups of the rhombohedral lattice system (the so-called rhombohedral space groups) include: (a) changes in the sequence of coordinate triplets of some special Wyckoff positions of five rhombohedral groups [namely R3 (148): Wyckoff positions 3d and 3e; R32 (155): 3d  (166): 3d, 3e and 6h; R3c  (167): and 3e; R3m (160): 3b; R3m 6d] in the rhombohedral-axes settings in order to achieve correspondence between the sequences of coordinate triplets of the rhombohedral and hexagonal descriptions; (b) labelling of the basis vectors (cell edges) of the primitive rhombohedral cell in the general-position diagrams of the rhombohedral-axes setting descriptions of all rhombohedral space groups.

between space groups, and also of the content of International Tables for Crystallography Volume E, in which two- and threedimensional subperiodic groups are treated. The chapter starts with a brief introduction to the different kinds of maximal subgroups and minimal supergroups of space groups. The relations between the Wyckoff positions for group–subgrouprelated space groups and their crystallographic applications are discussed. Illustrative examples of the application of the relationship between a crystal space group and the subperiodic-group symmetry of planes that transect the crystal in the determination of the layer-group symmetry of such planes and of domain walls are also given. The essential data in Volume A are the diagrams and tables of the 17 types of plane groups and of the 230 types of space groups shown in Chapters 2.2 and 2.3 of Part 2. For each group type the following symmetry data are presented: a headline block with the relevant group symbols; diagrams of the symmetry elements and of the general positions; specifications of the origin and of the asymmetric unit; symmetry operations; generators; general and special Wyckoff positions with multiplicities, site symmetries, coordinate triplets and reflection conditions; and symmetries of special projections (for the space-group types). Compared to the tabulated symmetry data in ITA 5, two important differences are to be noted: (i) The subgroups and supergroups of the space groups were listed as part of the space-group tables in the first to fifth editions of Volume A (from 1983 to 2005), but the listing was incomplete and lacked additional information on any basis transformations and origin shifts that may be involved. A complete listing of all maximal subgroups and minimal supergroups of all plane and space groups is now given in Volume A1 of International Tables for Crystallography, and to avoid repetition of the data tabulated there, the maximalsubgroup and minimal-supergroup data are omitted from the plane-group and space-group tables of ITA 6. (ii) To improve the visualization and to aid interpretation of the complicated general-position diagrams of the cubic space groups, the stereodiagrams that were used for them in the previous editions of Volume A have been replaced by orthogonal-projection diagrams of the type given in Internationale Tabellen zur Bestimmung von Kristallstrukturen (1935). In the new diagrams the points of the general position are shown as vertices of transparent polyhedra whose origins are chosen at special points of highest site symmetry. To provide a clearer three-dimensional style overview of the arrangements of the polyhedra, additional general-position diagrams in perspective projection are shown for each of the  crystal class, and are included in ten space groups of the m3m a new four-page arrangement of the data for each of these space groups. The general-position diagrams of the cubic groups in both orthogonal and perspective projections were generated using the program VESTA [Momma & Izumi (2011). J. Appl. Cryst. 44, 1272–1276]. There are further modifications of the symmetry data in the space-group tables, some of which deserve special mention: (iii) To simplify the use of the symmetry-element diagrams for the three different projections of the orthorhombic space groups, the corresponding origins and basis vectors are explicitly labelled, as in the tables of the monoclinic space groups.

The diagrams and tables of the plane and space groups in Part 2 are preceded by a guide to their use, which includes lists of the symbols and terms used in them. In general, this guide (Chapter 2.1) follows the presentation of the material in ITA 5 but with several important exceptions related to the modifications of the content and the rearrangement of the material as discussed above. The improvements include new sections on: (i) symmetry elements (Hahn and Aroyo), explaining the important modifications of the tables of symbols of symmetry elements; (ii) Patterson symmetry (Flack), with tables of Patterson symmetries and symmetries of Patterson functions for all space and plane groups; and (iii) the general-position diagrams of the cubic groups (Momma and Aroyo). An extended section on the computer preparation of ITA 6 (Konstantinov and Momma) discusses the specific features of the computer programs and layout macros applied in the preparation of the set of diagrams and tables for this new edition. Advanced and more specialized topics on space-group symmetry are treated in Part 3 of the volume. Most of the articles are substantially revised, upgraded and extended with respect to the versions in ITA 5. The major changes can be briefly described as follows: In Chapter 3.1 on crystal lattices and their properties, the discussion of the Delaunay reduction procedure and the resulting classification of lattices into 24 Delaunay sorts (‘Symmetrische Sorten’) by Burzlaff and Zimmermann is supplemented by illustrative examples and a new table of data. Gruber and Grimmer broaden the description of conventional cells, showing that the conditions characterizing the conventional cells of the 14 Bravais types of lattices are only necessary and to make them sufficient they have to be extended to a more comprehensive system. Chapter 3.2 on point groups and crystal classes (Hahn, Klapper, Mu¨ller and Aroyo) is substantially revised and new material has been added. The new developments include: (i) graphical presentations of the 47 face and point forms; (ii) enhancement of the tabulated Wyckoff-position data of the 10 two-dimensional and the 32 three-dimensional crystallographic point groups by the inclusion of explicit listings of the coordinate triplets of symmetry-equivalent points, and (iii) a new section on molecular symmetry (Mu¨ller), which treats noncrystallographic symmetries, the symmetry of polymeric molecules, and symmetry aspects of chiral molecules and crystal structures. The revised text of Chapter 3.4 (Fischer and Koch) on lattice complexes is complemented by a thorough discussion of the concepts of orbit types, characteristic and non-characteristic orbits, and their comparison with the concepts of lattice complexes and limiting complexes.

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PREFACE Chapter 3.5 (Koch, Fischer and Mu¨ller) introduces and fully tabulates for the first time the chirality-preserving Euclidean normalizers of plane and space groups. Illustrative examples demonstrate the importance of the chirality-preserving Euclidean normalizers in the treatment of chiral crystal structures. The new Chapter 3.6 (Litvin) on magnetic groups addresses the revival of interest in magnetic symmetry. The magnetic groups considered are the magnetic point groups, the two- and three-dimensional magnetic subperiodic groups, i.e. the magnetic frieze, rod and layer groups, and the one-, two- and threedimensional magnetic space groups. After an introduction to magnetic symmetry groups, the existing nomenclatures for magnetic space groups are discussed and compared. The structure, symbols and properties of the magnetic groups and their maximal subgroups as listed in the electronic book by Litvin [Magnetic Group Tables (2014). IUCr: Chester. http://www.iucr. org/publ/978-0-9553602-2-0] are presented and illustrated.

Nijmegen), H. Flack (University of Geneva), M. Nespolo (Universite´ de Lorraine, Nancy), U. Shmueli (Tel Aviv University), Th. Hahn, M. Glazer (Oxford University), U. Mu¨ller (Phillipps-Universita¨t, Marburg), D. Schwarzenbach (E´cole Polytechnique Fe´de´rale, Lausanne), C. Lecomte (Universite´ de Lorraine, Nancy) and many others. I gratefully acknowledge their constructive comments, helpful recommendations and improvements, and I apologize if not all their specific proposals have been included in this edition. I am particularly grateful to my colleagues and friends J. M. Perez-Mato, G. Madariaga and F. J. Zun˜iga (Universidad del Paı´s Vasco, Bilbao) for their constant support and understanding during the work on ITA 6, and for motivating discussions on the content and presentation of the crystallographic data. It is also my great pleasure to thank the useful comments and assistance provided by our PhD students and post-doctoral researchers, especially E. Kroumova, C. Capillas, D. Orobengoa, G. de la Flor and E. S. Tasci. My particular thanks are due to C. P. Brock (University of Kentucky, Lexington), and P. R. Strickland and N. J. Ashcroft (IUCr Editorial Office, Chester) for their sage advice and encouragement, especially during the difficult moments of the work on the volume. I am deeply indebted to Nicola Ashcroft for the careful and dedicated technical editing of this volume, for her patient and careful checking and tireless proofreading, and for the invaluable suggestions for improvements of the manuscript. Nicola’s support and cooperation were essential for the successful completion of this project. Financial support by different institutions permitted the production of this volume and, in particular, my acknowledgements are due to the International Union of Crystallography, Universidad del Paı´s Vasco (UPV/EHU), the Government of the Basque Country, the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and FEDER funds.

Work on this sixth edition extended over the last eight years and many people have contributed to the successful completion of this complicated project. My acknowledgements should start with H. Wondratschek (Universita¨t, Karlsruhe) and Th. Hahn (RWTH, Aachen), to whose memory this volume is dedicated. Their constant interest, support and sometimes hard but always constructive criticism were decisive during the preparation of this volume. It is my great pleasure to thank all the authors of ITA 6 who have contributed new material or have updated and substantially revised articles from the previous edition. Also, I should like to express my gratitude to B. Gruber and V. Kopsky´ for their important contributions to ITA 6; unfortunately, and to my deep regret, they both passed away in 2016. My sincere thanks go to P. Konstantinov (INRNE, Sofia) and K. Momma (National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba) for their hard work and the effort they invested in the computer production of the plane- and space-group tables of the volume. This sixth edition is a result of numerous discussions (some of them difficult and controversial, but always stimulating and fruitful) with different people: H. Wondratschek, B. Souvignier (Radboud University,

Mois I. Aroyo Editor, International Tables for Crystallography Volume A

xix

Symbols for crystallographic items used in this volume M. I. Aroyo

Directions and planes [uvw] indices of a lattice direction (zone axis) huvwi indices of a set of all symmetry-equivalent lattice directions (hkl) indices of a crystal face, or of a single net plane (Miller indices) (hkil) indices of a crystal face, or of a single net plane, for the hexagonal axes a1, a2, a3, c (Bravais– Miller indices) {hkl} indices of a set of all symmetry-equivalent crystal faces (‘crystal form’), or net planes {hkil} indices of a set of all symmetry-equivalent crystal faces (‘crystal form’), or net planes, for the hexagonal axes a1, a2, a3, c hkl indices of the Bragg reflection (Laue indices) from the set of parallel equidistant net planes (hkl) dhkl interplanar distance, or spacing, of neighbouring net planes (hkl)

Direct space: points and vectors En n-dimensional Euclidean point space Vn n-dimensional vector space R, Q, Z the field of real numbers, the field of rational numbers, the ring of integers L lattice in V3 L line in E3 a, b, c; or ai basis vectors of the lattice 9 a, b, c; lengths of basis vectors, > > = or |a|, |b|, |c| lengths of cell edges lattice , , ; or j interaxial angles ffðb; cÞ, > parameters > ; ffðc; aÞ, ffða; bÞ G, gik fundamental matrix (metric tensor) and its coefficients V cell volume X, Y, Z, P points r, d, x, v, u vectors, position vectors r, |r| norm, length of a vector x = xa + yb + zc vector with coefficients x, y, z x, y, z; or xi point coordinates expressed in units of a, b, c; coefficients of a vector 0 1 0 1 x x1 column of point coordinates or x ¼ @ y A  @ x2 A vector coefficients x3 z t translation vector t1, t2, t3; or ti coefficients of translation vector t 0 1 t1 column of coefficients of translation t ¼ @ t2 A vector t t3 O origin o zero vector (all coefficients zero) o (3  1) column of zero coefficients a0 , b0, c0 ; or a0i new basis vectors after a transformation of the coordinate system (basis transformation) r0 ; or x0 ; x0 , y0 , z0 ; vector and point coordinates after a or x0i transformation of the coordinate system (basis transformation) 0 01 x column of coordinates after a x0 ¼ @ y0 A transformation of the coordinate z0 system (basis transformation) X~ x~ ; y~ ; z~ ; or x~ i 0 1 x~ x~ ¼ @ y~ A z~ x, or r

Reciprocal space L* a*, b*, c*; or ai a*, b*, c*; or |a*|, |b*|, |c*|  ;  ;   ; or j r*, or h r*, or |r*| h, k, l; or hi h = (h, k, l) V* G*, gik

Functions ðxyzÞ PðuvwÞ

image of a point X after the action of a symmetry operation coordinates of an image point X~

FðhklÞ, or F column of coordinates of an image point X~

jFðhklÞj, or jFj ðhklÞ, or 

(3 + 1)  1 ‘augmented’ columns of point coordinates or vector coefficients

xx

reciprocal lattice basis vectors of the reciprocal lattice lengths of basis vectors of the reciprocal lattice interaxial angles ffðb ; c Þ, ffðc ; a Þ, ffða ; b Þ of the reciprocal lattice vector in reciprocal space, or vector of reciprocal lattice length of a vector in reciprocal space coefficients of a reciprocal-lattice vector (1  3) row of coefficients of a reciprocallattice vector cell volume of the reciprocal lattice fundamental matrix (metric tensor) of the reciprocal lattice and its coefficients

electron density at the point x, y, z Patterson function for a vector with coefficients u, v, w structure factor (of the unit cell) corresponding to the Bragg reflection hkl modulus of the structure factor FðhklÞ phase angle of the structure factor FðhklÞ

SYMBOLS FOR CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC ITEMS USED IN THIS VOLUME Groups G H; U I

Mappings, symmetry operations and their matrix–column presentation A, B, W (3  3) matrices describing the linear part of a mapping Aik, Wik matrix coefficients I (3  3) unit matrix AT matrix A transposed det(A), tr(A) determinant of matrix A, trace of matrix A 0 1 w1 (3  1) column of coefficients wi describing w ¼ @ w2 A the translation part of a mapping w3 intrinsic translation part of a symmetry wg operation wl location translation part of a symmetry operation A; I ; W mappings, symmetry operations t translation symmetry operation (W, w) matrix–column pair of a symmetry operation given by a (3  3) matrix W and a (3  1) column w (I, t) matrix–column pair of a translation (I, o) matrix–column pair of the identity (P, p) transformation of the coordinate system, described by a (3  3) matrix P and a (3  1) column p (Q, q) inverse transformation of (P, p): (Q, q) = (P, p)1 W symmetry operation W , described by a (3 + 1)  (3 + 1) ‘augmented’ matrix P transformation of the coordinate system, described by a (3 + 1)  (3 + 1) ‘augmented’ matrix Q inverse transformation of P: Q = P1 fRjvg Seitz symbol of a symmetry operation

group, space group subgroups trivial group, consisting of the unit element e only P; S; F ; D; R groups jGj order of the group G i, or [i] index of a subgroup in a group T , or TG group of all translations of a space group, or of the space group G P, or PG point group of a space group, or of the space group G M Hermann’s group A group of all affine mappings (affine group) E group of all isometries (motions) (Euclidean group) Eþ group of chirality-preserving isometries ’, kerð’Þ homomorphic mapping (homomorphism), kernel of homomorphism ’ G=H factor group or quotient group of G by H NG ðHÞ normalizer of H in G NE ðGÞ, or NE þ ðGÞ Euclidean or chirality-preserving Euclidean normalizer of the space group G NA ðGÞ affine normalizer of G Gð!Þ orbit of ! under the group G SG ð!Þ, SH ð!Þ stabilizer of ! in the group G, or H O ¼ GðXÞ orbit of point X under the group G S X ¼ SG ðXÞ site-symmetry group of point X E eigensymmetry group of an orbit O a; b ; g ; h; m; t group elements e unit element of a group t element of the translation group T

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International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Chapter 1.1, pp. 2–11.

1.1. A general introduction to groups B. Souvignier In this chapter we give a general introduction to group theory, which provides the mathematical background for considering symmetry properties. Starting from basic principles, we discuss those properties of groups that are of particular interest in crystallography. To readers interested in a more elaborate treatment of the theoretical background, the standard textbooks by Armstrong (2010), Hill (1999) or Sternberg (2008) are recommended; an account from the perspective of crystallography can also be found in Mu¨ller (2013).

In most cases, the composition of group elements is regarded as a product and is written as g  h or even gh instead of g
h. An exception is groups where the composition is addition, e.g. a group of translations. In such a case, the composition a
b is more conveniently written as a þ b. Examples (i) The group consisting only of the identity element e (with e
e ¼ e ) is called the trivial group. (ii) The group 3m of all symmetries of an equilateral triangle is a group with the composition of symmetry operations as binary operation. The group contains six elements, namely three reflections, two rotations and the identity element. It is schematically displayed in Fig. 1.1.2.2. (iii) The set Z of all integers forms a group with addition as operation. The identity element is 0, the inverse element for a 2 Z is a. (iv) The set of complex numbers with absolute value 1 forms a circle in the complex plane, the unit circle S1 . The unit circle can be described by S1 ¼ fexpð2
i tÞ j 0  t < 1g and forms a group with (complex) multiplication as operation. (v) The set of all real n  n matrices with determinant 6¼ 0 is a group with matrix multiplication as operation. This group is called the general linear group and denoted by GLn ðRÞ.

1.1.1. Introduction Crystal structures may be investigated and classified according to their symmetry properties. But in a strict sense, crystal structures in nature are never perfectly symmetric, due to impurities, structural imperfections and especially their finite extent. Therefore, symmetry considerations deal with idealized crystal structures that are free from impurities and structural imperfections and that extend infinitely in all directions. In the mathematical model of such an idealized crystal structure, the atoms are replaced by points in a three-dimensional point space and this model will be called a crystal pattern. A symmetry operation of a crystal pattern is a transformation of three-dimensional space that preserves distances and angles and that leaves the crystal pattern as a whole unchanged. The symmetry of a crystal pattern is then understood as the collection of all symmetry operations of the pattern. The following simple statements about the symmetry operations of a crystal pattern are almost self-evident: (a) If two symmetry operations are applied successively, the crystal pattern is still invariant, thus the combination of the two operations (called their composition) is again a symmetry operation. (b) Every symmetry operation can be reversed by simply moving every point back to its original position. These observations (together with the fact that leaving all points in their position is also a symmetry operation) show that the symmetry operations of a crystal pattern form an algebraic structure called a group.

If a group G contains finitely many elements, it is called a finite group and the number of its elements is called the order of the group, denoted by jGj. A group with infinitely many elements is called an infinite group. For a group element g , its order is the smallest integer n > 0 such that g n ¼ e is the identity element. If there is no such integer, then g is said to be of infinite order. The group operation is not required to be commutative, i.e. in general one will have gh 6¼ hg. However, a group G in which gh ¼ hg for all g ; h is said to be a commutative or abelian group. The inverse of the product gh of two group elements is the product of the inverses of the two elements in reversed order, i.e. ðghÞ1 ¼ h1 g 1 . A particularly simple type of groups is cyclic groups in which all elements are powers of a single element g . A finite cyclic group Cn of order n can be written as Cn ¼ fg ; g 2 ; . . . ; g n1 ; g n ¼ eg. For example, the rotations that are symmetry operations of an equilateral triangle constitute a cyclic group of order 3. The group Z of integers (with addition as operation) is an example of an infinite cyclic group in which negative powers also have to be considered, i.e. where G ¼ f. . . ; g 2 ; g 1 ; e ¼ g 0 ; g 1 ; g 2 ; . . .g. Groups of small order may be displayed by their multiplication table, which is a square table with rows and columns indexed by the group elements and where the intersection of the row labelled by g and of the column labelled by h is the product gh. It follows immediately from the invertibility of the group elements that each row and column of the multiplication table contains every group element precisely once.

1.1.2. Basic properties of groups Although groups occur in innumerable contexts, their basic properties are very simple and are captured by the following definition. Definition. Let G be a set of elements on which a binary operation is defined which assigns to each pair ðg ; hÞ of elements the composition g
h 2 G. Then G, together with the binary operation
, is called a group if the following hold: (i) the binary operation is associative, i.e. ðg
hÞ
k ¼ g
ðh
k Þ; (ii) there exists a unit element or identity element e 2 G such that g
e ¼ g and e
g ¼ g for all g 2 G; (iii) every g 2 G has an inverse element, denoted by g 1, for which g
g 1 ¼ g 1
g ¼ e. Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

2

1.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO GROUPS

Figure 1.1.2.1 Figure 1.1.2.2

Symmetry group 2mm of a rectangle.

Symmetry group 3m of an equilateral triangle.

Examples (i) A cyclic group of order 3 consists of the elements fg ; g 2 ; g 3 ¼ eg. Its multiplication table is e g g2

e

g

g2

e g g2

g g2 e

g2 e g

(iv) The symmetry group 4mm of the square consists of the cyclic group generated by the fourfold rotation 4+ containing the elements 1, 4+, 2, 4 and the reflections m10, m01, m11, m11
with mirror lines along the coordinate axes and the diagonals of the square (see Fig. 1.1.2.3; the small black square in the centre represents the fourfold rotation point). The multiplication table of the group 4mm is 1

(ii) The symmetry group 2mm of a rectangle (with unequal sides) consists of a twofold rotation 2, two reflections m10 ; m01 with mirror lines along the coordinate axes and the identity element 1 (see Fig. 1.1.2.1; the small black lenticular symbol in the centre represents the twofold rotation point). Note that in this and all subsequent examples of crystallographic point groups we will use the Seitz symbols (cf. Section 1.4.2.2) for the symmetry operations and the Hermann–Mauguin symbols (cf. Section 1.4.1) for the point groups. The multiplication table of the group 2mm is 1 2 m10 m01

1

2

m10

m01

1 2 m10 m01

2 1 m01 m10

m10 m01 1 2

m01 m10 2 1

1 2 4+ 4 m10 m01 m11 m11


1 3+ 3 m10 m01 m11

1 3+ 3 m10 m01 m11

3+ +

3 3 1 m01 m11 m10

3

m10

m01

m11

3 1 3+ m11 m10 m01

m10 m11 m01 1 3 3+

m01 m10 m11 3+ 1 3

m11 m01 m10 3 3+ 1

2 1 4 4+ m01 m10 m11
m11

4+ +

4 4 2 1 m11
m11 m10 m01

4

m10

m01

m11

m11


4 4+ 1 2 m11 m11
m01 m10

m10 m01 m11 m11
1 2 4+ 4

m01 m10 m11
m11 2 1 4 4+

m11 m11
m01 m10 4 4+ 1 2

m11
m11 m10 m01 4+ 4 2 1

This group is not abelian, because for example 4þ  m10 ¼ m11 , but m10  4þ ¼ m11
. The groups that are considered in crystallography do not consist of abstract elements but of symmetry operations with a geometric meaning. In the figures illustrating the groups and also in the symbols used for the group elements, this geometric nature is taken into account. For example, the fourfold rotation 4+ in the group 4mm is represented by the small black square placed at the rotation point and the reflection m10 by the line fixed by the reflection. To each crystallographic symmetry operation a geometric element is assigned which characterizes the type of the

The symmetry of the multiplication table (with respect to the main diagonal) shows that this is an abelian group. (iii) The symmetry group 3m of an equilateral triangle consists (apart from the identity element 1) of the threefold rotations 3+ and 3 and the reflections m10, m01, m11 with mirror lines through a corner of the triangle and the centre of the opposite side (see Fig. 1.1.2.2; the small black triangle in the centre represents the threefold rotation point). The multiplication table of the group 3m is 1

1 2 4+ 4 m10 m01 m11 m11


2

The fact that 3þ  m10 ¼ m11 , but m10  3þ ¼ m01 shows that this group is not abelian. It is actually the smallest group (in terms of order) that is not abelian.

Figure 1.1.2.3 Symmetry group 4mm of the square.

3

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY symmetry operation. The precise definition of the geometric elements for the different types of operations is given in Section 1.2.3. For a rotation in three-dimensional space the geometric element is the line along the rotation axis and for a reflection it is the plane fixed by the reflection. Different symmetry operations may share the same geometric element, but these operations are then closely related, such as rotations around the same line. One therefore introduces the notion of a symmetry element, which is a geometric element together with its associated symmetry operations. In the figures for the crystallographic groups, the symbols like the little black square or the lines actually represent these symmetry elements (and not just a symmetry operation or a geometric element). It is clear that for larger groups the multiplication table becomes unwieldy to set up and use. Fortunately, for many purposes a full list of all products in the group is actually not required. A very economic alternative of describing a group is to give only a small subset of the group elements from which all other elements can be obtained by forming products.

subset of the original symmetry group which is itself a group. This gives rise to the concept of a subgroup. Definition. A subset H  G is called a subgroup of G if its elements form a group by themselves. This is denoted by H  G. If H is a subgroup of G, then G is called a supergroup of H. In order to be a subgroup, H is required to contain the identity element e of G, to contain inverse elements and to be closed with respect to composition of elements. Thus, technically, every group is a subgroup of itself. The subgroups of G that are not equal to G are called proper subgroups of G. A proper subgroup H of G is called a maximal subgroup if it is not a proper subgroup of any proper subgroup H0 of G. It is often convenient to specify a subgroup H of G by a set fh 1 ; . . . ; hs g of generators. This is denoted by H ¼ hh1 ; . . . ; hs i. The order of H is not a priori obvious from the set of generators. For example, in the symmetry group 4mm of the square the pairs fm10 ; m01 g and fm11 ; m11
g both generate subgroups of order 4, whereas the pair fm10 ; m11 g generates the full group of order 8. The subgroups of a group can be visualized in a subgroup diagram. In such a diagram the subgroups are arranged with subgroups of higher order above subgroups of lower order. Two subgroups are connected by a line if one is a maximal subgroup of the other. By following downward paths in this diagram, all group–subgroup relations in a group can be derived. Additional information is provided by connecting subgroups of the same order by a horizontal line if they are conjugate (see Section 1.1.7).

Definition. A subset X  G is called a set of generators for G if every element of G can be obtained as a finite product of elements from X or their inverses. If X is a set of generators for G, one writes G ¼ hX i. A group which has a finite generating set is said to be finitely generated. Examples (i) Every finite group is finitely generated, since X is allowed to consist of all group elements. (ii) A cyclic group is generated by a single element. In particular, the infinite cyclic group ðZ; þÞ is generated by X ¼ f1g, but also by X ¼ f1g. (iii) The symmetry group 4mm of the square is generated by a fourfold rotation and any of the reflections, e.g. by f4þ ; m10 g, but also by two reflections with reflection lines which are not perpendicular, e.g. by fm10 ; m11 g.
of the cube consists of 48 (iv) The full symmetry group m3m elements. It can be generated by a fourfold rotation 4þ 100 around the a axis, a threefold rotation 3þ 111 around a space
It is also possible to generate diagonal and the inversion 1. the group by only two elements, e.g. by the fourfold rotation 4þ 100 and a reflection m110 in a plane with normal vector along one of the face diagonals of the cube. (v) The additive group ðQ; þÞ of the rational numbers is not finitely generated, because finite sums of finitely many generators a1 =b1 ; a2 =b2 ; . . . ; an =bn have denominators dividing b1  b2  . . .  bn and thus 1=ð1 þ b1  b2  . . .  bn Þ is not a finite sum of these generators.

Examples (i) The set feg consisting only of the identity element of G is a subgroup, called the trivial subgroup of G. (ii) For the group Z of the integers, all subgroups are cyclic and generated by some integer n, i.e. they are of the form nZ :¼ fna j a 2 Zg for an integer n. Such a subgroup is maximal if n is a prime number. (iii) For every element g of a group G, the powers of g form a subgroup of G which is a cyclic group. (iv) In GLn ðRÞ the matrices of determinant 1 form a subgroup, since the determinant of the matrix product A  B is equal to the product of the determinants of A and B. (v) In the symmetry group 3m of an equilateral triangle the rotations form a subgroup of order 3 (see Fig. 1.1.3.1). (vi) The symmetry group 2mm of a rectangle has three subgroups of order 2, generated by the reflection m10, the twofold rotation 2 and the reflection m01, respectively (see Fig. 1.1.3.2).

Although one usually chooses generating sets with as few elements as possible, it is sometimes convenient to actually include some redundancy. For example, it may be useful to generate the symmetry group 4mm of the square by f2; m10 ; m11 g. The element 2 is redundant, since 2 ¼ ðm10 m11 Þ2, but this generating set explicitly shows the different types of elements of order 2 in the group.

1.1.3. Subgroups The group of symmetry operations of a crystal pattern may alter if the crystal undergoes a phase transition. Often, some symmetries are preserved, while others are lost, i.e. symmetry breaking takes place. The symmetry operations that are preserved form a

Figure 1.1.3.1 Subgroup diagram for the symmetry group 3m of an equilateral triangle.

4

1.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO GROUPS two cosets, one has g 00 H ¼ g H and g 00 H ¼ g 0 H. This implies that two cosets are either disjoint (i.e. contain no common element) or they are equal. These two remarks have an important consequence: since an element g 2 G is contained in the coset g H, the cosets of H partition the elements of G into sets of the same cardinality as H (which is of the order of H in the case where this is finite). Definition. If the number of different cosets of a subgroup H  G is finite, this number is called the index of H in G, denoted by ½i or ½G : H. Otherwise, H is said to have infinite index in G.

Figure 1.1.3.2 Subgroup diagram for the symmetry group 2mm of a rectangle.

In the case of a finite group, the partitioning of the elements of G into the cosets of H shows that both the order of H and the index of H in G divide the order of G. This is summarized in the following famous result. Lagrange’s theorem For a finite group G and a subgroup H of G one has jGj ¼ jHj  ½G : H; i.e. the order of a subgroup multiplied by its index gives the order of the full group. For example, a group of order n cannot have a proper subgroup of order larger than n=2. Whether or not two cosets of a subgroup H are equal depends on whether the quotient of their representatives is contained in H: for left cosets one has g H ¼ g 0 H if and only if g 1 g 0 2 H and for right cosets Hg ¼ Hg 0 if and only if g 0 g 1 2 H.

Figure 1.1.3.3 Subgroup diagram for the symmetry group 4mm of the square.

(vii) In the symmetry group 4mm of the square, the reflections m10 and m01 together with their product 2 and the identity element 1 form a subgroup of order 4. This subgroup can be recognized in the subgroup diagram of 4mm as the subdiagram of the subgroups of h2; m10 i in the left part of Fig. 1.1.3.3 which coincides with the subgroup diagram of 2mm in Fig. 1.1.3.2. A different subgroup of order 4 is formed by the other pair of perpendicular reflections m11, m11
together with 2 and 1 and a third subgroup of order 4 is the cyclic subgroup h4þ i generated by the fourfold rotation (see Fig. 1.1.3.3).

Definition. If H is a subgroup of G and g 1 ; g 2 ; g 3 ; . . . 2 G are such that g i H 6¼ g j H for i 6¼ j, and every g 2 G is contained in some left coset g i H, then g 1 ; g 2 ; g 3 ; . . . is called a system of left coset representatives of G relative to H. It is customary to choose g 1 ¼ e so that the coset g 1 H ¼ e H ¼ H is the subgroup H itself. The decomposition G ¼ H [ g2 H [ g3 H . . . is called the coset decomposition of G into left cosets relative to H. Analogously, g 1 0 ; g 2 0 ; g 3 0 ; . . . 2 G is called a system of right coset representatives if Hg i 0 6¼ Hg j 0 for i 6¼ j and every g 2 G is contained in some right coset Hg i . Again, one usually chooses g 1 0 ¼ e and the decomposition

1.1.4. Cosets A subgroup allows us to partition a group into disjoint subsets of the same size, called cosets.

G ¼ H [ Hg 2 0 [ Hg 3 0 . . .

Definition. Let H ¼ fh 1 ; h2 ; h 3 ; . . .g be a subgroup of G. Then for g 2 G the set

is called the coset decomposition of G into right cosets relative to H.

g H :¼ fgh 1 ; gh 2 ; gh 3 ; . . .g ¼ fgh j h 2 Hg

To obtain the coset decomposition one starts by choosing H as the first coset (with representative e). Next, an element g 2 2 G with g 2 62 H is selected as representative for the second coset g 2 H. For the third coset, an element g 3 2 G with g 3 62 H and g 3 62 g 2 H is required. If at a certain stage the cosets H; g 2 H; . . . ; g m H have been defined but do not yet exhaust G, an element g mþ1 not contained in the union H [ g 2 H [ . . . [ g m H is chosen as representative for the next coset.

is called the left coset of H with representative g . Analogously, the right coset with representative g is defined as Hg :¼ fh1 g ; h 2 g ; h3 g ; . . .g ¼ fhg j h 2 Hg: The coset eH ¼ H ¼ He is called the trivial coset of H. Remarks (i) Since two elements gh and gh0 in the same coset g H can only be the same if h ¼ h0, the elements of g H are in one-to-one correspondence with the elements of H. In particular, for a finite subgroup H the number of elements in each coset of H equals the order jHj of the subgroup H. (ii) Every element contained in g H may serve as representative for this coset, i.e. g 0 H ¼ g H for every g 0 2 g H. In particular, if an element g 00 is contained in the intersection g H \ g 0 H of

Examples (i) Let G ¼ 3m be the symmetry group of an equilateral triangle and H ¼ h3þ i its subgroup containing the rotations. Then for every reflection m 2 G the elements e ; m form a system of coset representatives of G relative to H and the coset decomposition is G ¼ f1; 3þ ; 3 g [ fm10 ; m01 ; m11 g.

5

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY (ii) For any integer n, the set nZ :¼ fna j a 2 Zg of multiples of n forms an infinite subgroup of index n in Z. A system of coset representatives of Z relative to nZ is formed by the numbers 0; 1; 2; . . . ; n  1. The coset with representative 0 is f. . . ; n; 0; n; 2n; . . .g, the coset with representative 1 is f. . . ; n þ 1; 1; n þ 1; 2n þ 1; . . .g and an integer a belongs to the coset with representative k if and only if a gives remainder k upon division by n.

(iv) In order to check whether a subgroup H of G is a normal subgroup it is sufficient to check whether ghg 1 2 H for generators g of G and generators h of H. This is due to the 1 fact that on the one hand ðg 1 g 2 Þ h ðg 1 g 2 Þ1 ¼ g 1 ðg 2 hg 1 2 Þg 1 1 1 1 and on the other hand g ðh1 h 2 Þg ¼ ðgh1 g Þðgh2 g Þ. Examples (i) In the symmetry group 3m of an equilateral triangle, the subgroup generated by the threefold rotation 3+ is a normal subgroup because it is of index 2 in 3m. The subgroups of order 2 generated by the reflections m10, m01 and m11 are not normal because 3þ  m10  3 ¼ m01 62 hm10 i, 3þ  m01  3 ¼ m11 62 hm01 i and 3þ  m11  3 = m10 62 hm11 i. (ii) In the symmetry group 4mm of the square, the subgroups h2; m10 i, h4þ i, and h2; m11 i are normal subgroups because they are subgroups of index 2. The subgroups of order 2 generated by the reflections m10, m01, m11 and m11
are not normal because 4þ  m10  4 ¼ m01 62 hm10 i, 4þ  m01  4 ¼ m10 62 hm01 i, 4þ  m11  4 = m11
62 hm11 i and 4þ  m11
 4 = m11 62 hm11
i. The subgroup of order 2 generated by the twofold rotation 2 is normal because 4þ  2  4 ¼ 2 and m10  2  m1 10 ¼ 2.

1.1.5. Normal subgroups, factor groups In general, the left and right cosets of a subgroup H differ, for example in the symmetry group 3m of an equilateral triangle the left coset decomposition with respect to the subgroup H ¼ f1; m10 g is f1; m10 g [ 3þ f1; m10 g [ 3 f1; m10 g ¼f1; m10 g [ f3þ ; m11 g [ f3 ; m01 g; whereas the right coset decomposition is f1; m10 g [ f1; m10 g3þ [ f1; m10 g3

For a subgroup H of G and an element g 2 G, the conjugates

¼f1; m10 g [ f3þ ; m01 g [ f3 ; m11 g:

ghg 1 form a subgroup

For particular subgroups, however, it turns out that the left and right cosets coincide, i.e. one has g H ¼ Hg for all g 2 G. This means that for every h 2 H and every g 2 G the element gh is of the form gh ¼ h0 g for some h 0 2 H and thus ghg 1 ¼ h0 2 H. The element h0 ¼ ghg 1 is called the conjugate of h by g . Note that in the definition of the conjugate element there is a choice whether the inverse element g 1 is placed to the left or right of h. Depending on the applications that are envisaged and on the preferences of the author, both versions ghg 1 and g 1 hg are found in the literature, but in the context of crystallographic groups it is more convenient to have the inverse g 1 to the right of h. An important aspect of conjugate elements is that they share many properties, such as the order or the type of symmetry operation. As a consequence, conjugate symmetry operations have the same type of geometric elements. For example, if h is a threefold rotation in three-dimensional space, its geometric element is the line along the rotation axis. The geometric element of a conjugate element ghg 1 is then also a line fixed by a threefold rotation, but in general this line has a different direction.

H0 ¼ g Hg 1 ¼ fghg 1 j h 2 Hg because gh 1 g 1  gh2 g 1 ¼ gh1 h2 g 1. This subgroup is called the conjugate subgroup of H by g. As already noted, conjugation does not alter the type of symmetry operations and their geometric elements, but it is possible that the orientations of the geometric elements are changed. Using the concept of conjugate subgroups, a normal subgroup is a subgroup H that coincides with all its conjugate subgroups g Hg 1 . This means that the set of geometric elements of a normal subgroup is not changed by conjugation; the single geometric elements may, however, be permuted by the conjugating element. In the example of the symmetry group 4mm discussed above, the normal subgroup h2; m10 i contains the reflections m10 and m01 with the lines along the coordinate axes as geometric elements. These two lines are interchanged by the fourfold rotation 4+, corresponding to the fact that conjugation by 4+ interchanges m10 and m01. The concept of conjugation will be discussed in more detail in Section 1.1.8. One of the main motivations for studying normal subgroups is that they allow us to define a group operation on the cosets of H in G. The products of any element in the coset g H with any element in the coset g 0 H lie in a single coset, namely in the coset gg 0 H. Thus we can define the product of the two cosets g H and g 0 H as the coset with representative gg 0.

Definition. A subgroup H of G is called a normal subgroup if ghg 1 2 H for all g 2 G and all h 2 H. This is denoted by H / G.

For a normal subgroup H, the left and right cosets of G with respect to H coincide.

Definition. The set G=H :¼ fg H j g 2 Gg together with the binary operation

Remarks (i) The full group G and the trivial subgroup fe g are always normal subgroups of G. These are often called the trivial normal subgroups of G. (ii) In abelian groups, every subgroup is a normal subgroup, because gh ¼ hg implies ghg 1 ¼ h 2 H. (iii) A subgroup H of index 2 in G is always a normal subgroup, since the coset decomposition relative to H consists of only two cosets and for any element g 62 H the left and right cosets g H and Hg both consist precisely of those elements of G that are not contained in H. Therefore, g H ¼ Hg for g 62 H and for h 2 H clearly h H ¼ H ¼ Hh holds.

g H
g 0 H :¼ gg 0 H

forms a group, called the factor group or quotient group of G by H. The identity element of the factor group G=H is the coset H and the inverse element of g H is the coset g 1 H. A familiar example of a factor group is provided by the times on a clock. If it is 8 o’clock (in the morning) now, then we say that in nine hours it will be 5 o’clock (in the afternoon). We regard times as elements of the factor group Z=12Z in which

6

1.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO GROUPS 2: the cosets relative to H are f1; 2g, f4þ ; 4 g, fm10 ; m01 g, fm11 ; m11
g, and these cosets collect together the elements of 4mm that have the same effect on the lines of the eightfold star. For example, both 4+ and 4 interchange both the two dotted and the two dashed lines, m10 and m01 both interchange the two dashed lines but fix the two dotted lines and m11 and m11
both interchange the two dotted lines but fix the two dashed lines. Owing to the fact that H is a normal subgroup, the product of elements from two cosets always lies in the same coset, independent of which elements are chosen from the two cosets. For example, the product of an element from the coset f4þ ; 4 g with an element of the coset fm10 ; m01 g always gives an element of the coset fm11 ; m11
g. Working out the products for all pairs of cosets, one obtains the following multiplication table for the factor group G=H:

Figure 1.1.5.1 Symmetry group of an eightfold star.

ð8 þ 12ZÞ þ ð9 þ 12ZÞ = 17 þ 12Z = 5 þ 12Z. In the factor group Z=12Z, the clock is imagined as a circle of circumference 12 around which the line of integers is wrapped so that integers with a difference of 12 are located at the same position on the circle. The clock example is a special case of factor groups of the integers. We have already seen that the set nZ ¼ fna j a 2 Zg of multiples of a natural number n forms a subgroup of index n in Z. This is a normal subgroup, since Z is an abelian group. The factor group Z=nZ represents the addition of integers modulo n.

f1; 2g f4þ ; 4 g fm10 ; m01 g fm11 ; m11
g

H m10 H

m10 H

H m10 H

m10 H H

f4þ ; 4 g

fm10 ; m01 g

fm11 ; m11
g

f1; 2g f4þ ; 4 g fm10 ; m01 g fm11 ; m11
g

f4þ ; 4 g f1; 2g fm11 ; m11
g fm10 ; m01 g

fm10 ; m01 g fm11 ; m11
g f1; 2g f4þ ; 4 g

fm11 ; m11
g fm10 ; m01 g f4þ ; 4 g f1; 2g

(iii) If one takes cosets with respect to a subgroup that is not normal, the products of elements from two cosets do not lie in a single coset. As we have seen, the left cosets of the group 3m of an equilateral triangle with respect to the non-normal subgroup H ¼ f1; m10 g are f1; m10 g, f3þ ; m11 g and f3 ; m01 g. Taking products from elements of the first and second coset, we get 1  3þ ¼ 3þ and 1  m11 ¼ m11 , which are both in the second coset, but m10  3þ ¼ m01 and m10  m11 ¼ 3 , which are both in the third coset.

Examples (i) If we take G to be the symmetry group 4mm of the square and choose as normal subgroup the subgroup H ¼ h4þ i generated by the fourfold rotation, we obtain a factor group G=H with two elements, namely the cosets H ¼ f1; 2; 4þ ; 4 g and m10 H ¼ fm10 ; m01 ; m11 ; m11
g. The trivial coset H is the identity element in the factor group G=H and contains the rotations in 4mm. The other element m10 H in the factor group G=H consists of the reflections in 4mm. In this example, the separation of the rotations and reflections in 4mm into the two cosets H and m10 H makes it easy to see that the product of two cosets is independent of the chosen representative of the coset: the product of two rotations is again a rotation, hence H  H ¼ H, the product of a rotation and a reflection is a reflection, hence H  m10 H ¼ m10 H  H ¼ m10 H, and finally the product of two reflections is a rotation, hence m10 H  m10 H ¼ H. The multiplication table of the factor group is thus H

f1; 2g

1.1.6. Homomorphisms, isomorphisms In order to relate two groups, mappings between the groups that are compatible with the group operations are very useful. Recall that a mapping ’ from a set A to a set B associates to each a 2 A an element b 2 B, denoted by ’ðaÞ and called the image of a (under ’). Definition. For two groups G and H, a mapping ’ from G to H is called a group homomorphism or homomorphism for short, if it is compatible with the group operations in G and H, i.e. if ’ðgg 0 Þ ¼ ’ðg Þ’ðg 0 Þ for all g ; g 0 in G: The compatibility with the group operation is captured in the phrase The image of the product is equal to the product of the images. Fig. 1.1.6.1 gives a schematic description of the definition of a homomorphism. For ’ to be a homomorphism, the two curved arrows are required to give the same result, i.e. first multiplying two elements in G and then mapping the product to H must be the same as first mapping the elements to H and then multiplying them. It follows from the definition of a homomorphism that the identity element of G must be mapped to the identity element of H and that the inverse g 1 of an element g 2 G must be mapped to the inverse of the image of g, i.e. that ’ðg 1 Þ ¼ ’ðg Þ1 . In general, however, other elements than the identity element may also be mapped to the identity element of H.

(ii) The symmetry group of a square is the same as the symmetry group of an eightfold star, as shown in Fig. 1.1.5.1. If we regard the star as being built from four lines (two dotted and two dashed), then the twofold rotation does not move any of the lines, it only interchanges the points within each line (symmetric with respect to the centre). Regarding the lines as sets of points, the twofold rotation thus does not change anything. The effects of the different symmetry operations on the lines of the eightfold star are then precisely given by the factor group G=H, where G is the symmetry group 4mm of the square and H is the normal subgroup generated by the twofold rotation

7

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY

Figure 1.1.6.2 Figure 1.1.6.1

Cyclic group of order 6 embedded in the group of the unit circle.

Schematic description of a homomorphism.

injective and surjective. An isomorphism is thus a one-to-one mapping between the elements of G and H which is also a homomorphism. Groups G and H between which an isomorphism exist are called isomorphic groups, this is denoted by G ffi H.

Definition. Let ’ be a group homomorphism from G to H. (i) The set fg 2 G j ’ðg Þ ¼ e g of elements mapped to the identity element of H is called the kernel of ’, denoted by ker ’. (ii) The set ’ðGÞ :¼ f’ðg Þ j g 2 Gg is called the image of G under ’.

Isomorphic groups may differ in the way they are realized, but they coincide in their structure. In essence, one can regard isomorphic groups as the same group with different names or labels for the group elements. For example, isomorphic groups have the same multiplication table if the elements are relabelled according to the isomorphism identifying the elements of the first group with those of the second. If one wants to stress that a certain property of a group G will be the same for all groups which are isomorphic to G, one speaks of G as an abstract group.

In the case where only the identity element of G lies in the kernel of ’, one can conclude that ’ðg Þ ¼ ’ðg 0 Þ implies g ¼ g 0 and ’ is called an injective homomorphism. In this situation no information about the group G is lost and the homomorphism ’ can be regarded as an embedding of G into H. The image ’ðGÞ of any homomorphism from G to H forms not just a subset, but a subgroup of H. It is not required that ’ðGÞ is all of H, but if this happens to be the case, ’ is called a surjective homomorphism. Examples (i) For the symmetry group 4mm of the square a homomorphism ’ to a cyclic group C2 ¼ fe; g g of two elements is given by ’ð1Þ ¼ ’ð4þ Þ ¼ ’ð2Þ ¼ ’ð4 Þ ¼ e and ’ðm10 Þ ¼ ’ðm01 Þ ¼ ’ðm11 Þ ¼ ’ðm11
Þ ¼ g , i.e. by mapping the rotations in 4mm to the identity element of C2 and the reflections to the non-trivial element. Since every element of C2 is the image of some element of 4mm, ’ is a surjective homomorphism, but it is not injective because the kernel consists of all rotations in 4mm and not only of the identity element. (ii) The cyclic group Cn ¼ fe; g ; g 2 ; . . . ; g n1 g of order n is mapped into the (multiplicative) group S1 of the unit circle in the complex plane by mapping g k to expð2
ik=nÞ. As displayed in Fig. 1.1.6.2, the image of Cn under this homomorphism are points on the unit circle which form the corners of a regular n-gon. This is an injective homomorphism because the smallest k > 0 with expð2
ik=nÞ ¼ 1 is k ¼ n and g n ¼ e in Cn , thus by this homomorphism Cn can be regarded as a subgroup of S1. It is clear that ’ cannot be surjective, because S1 is an infinite group and the image ’ðCn Þ consists of only finitely many elements. (iii) For the additive group ðZ; þÞ of integers and a cyclic group Cn ¼ fe; g ; g 2 ; . . . ; g n1 g, for every integer q a homomorphism ’ is defined by mapping 1 2 Z to g q, which gives ’ðaÞ ¼ g qa for a 2 Z. This is never an injective homomorphism, because nZ ¼ fna j a 2 Zg is contained in the kernel of ’. Whether or not ’ is surjective depends on whether g q is a generator of Cn. This is the case if and only if n and q have no non-trivial common divisors.

Examples (i) The symmetry group 3m of an equilateral triangle is isomorphic to the group S3 of all permutations of f1; 2; 3g. This can be seen as follows: labelling the corners of the triangle by 1; 2; 3, each element of 3m gives rise to a permutation of the labels and mapping an element to the corresponding permutation is a homomorphism. The only element fixing all three corners of the triangle is the identity element of 3m, thus the homomorphism is injective. On the other hand, the groups 3m and S3 both have 6 elements, hence the homomorphism is also surjective, and thus it is an isomorphism. (ii) For the symmetry group G ¼ 4mm of the square and its normal subgroup H generated by the fourfold rotation, the factor group G=H is isomorphic to a cyclic group C2 ¼ fe; g g of order 2. The trivial coset (containing the rotations in 4mm) corresponds to the identity element e, the other coset (containing the reflections) corresponds to g. (iii) The real numbers R form a group with addition as operation and the positive real numbers R>0 ¼ fx 2 R j x > 0g form a group with multiplication as operation. The exponential mapping x 7 ! expðxÞ is a homomorphism from ðR; þÞ to ðR>0 ; Þ because expðx þ yÞ = expðxÞ  expðyÞ. It is an injective homomorphisms because expðxÞ ¼ 1 only for x ¼ 0 [which is the identity element in ðR; þÞ] and it is a surjective homomorphism because for any y > 0 there is an x 2 R with expðxÞ ¼ y, namely x ¼ logðyÞ. The exponential mapping therefore provides an isomorphism from ðR; þÞ to ðR>0 ; Þ.

Definition. A homomorphism ’ from G to H is called an isomorphism if ker ’ ¼ feg and ’ðGÞ ¼ H, i.e. if ’ is both

The kernel of a homomorphism ’ is always a normal subgroup, since for h 2 ker ’ and g 2 G one has ’ðghg 1 Þ ¼ ’ðg Þ’ðhÞ’ðg 1 Þ ¼ ’ðg Þ’ðg 1 Þ ¼ e . The information about the

8

1.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO GROUPS elements in the kernel of ’ is lost after applying ’, because they are all mapped to the identity element of H. More precisely, if N ¼ ker ’, then all elements from the coset g N are mapped to the same element ’ðg Þ in H, since for n 2 N one has ’ðgnÞ ¼ ’ðg Þ’ðnÞ ¼ ’ðg Þ. Conversely, if elements are mapped to the same element, they have to lie in the same coset, since ’ðg Þ ¼ ’ðg 0 Þ implies ’ðg 1 g 0 Þ ¼ e, thus g 1 g 0 2 N and thus g 1 g 0 N ¼ N , i.e. g N ¼ g 0 N . The cosets of N therefore partition the elements of G according to their images under ’. This observation is summarized in the following result, which is one of the most powerful theorems in group theory.

(i) If g is a reflection, then the points fixed by g form a twodimensional plane. (ii) If g is a twofold rotation, then the fixed points of g form a one-dimensional line. (iii) If g is an inversion, then only a single point is fixed by g. Often, two objects ! and !0 are regarded as equivalent if there is a group element moving ! to !0. This notion of equivalence is in fact an equivalence relation in the strict mathematical sense: (a) it is reflexive, i.e. ! is equivalent to itself: this is easily seen since eð!Þ ¼ !; (b) it is symmetric, i.e. if ! is equivalent to !0, then !0 is also equivalent to !: this holds since g ð!Þ ¼ !0 implies g 1 ð!0 Þ = !; (c) it is transitive, i.e. if ! is equivalent to !0 and !0 is equivalent to !00, then ! is equivalent to !00 : this is true because g ð!Þ ¼ !0 and g 0 ð!0 Þ ¼ !00 implies g 0 g ð!Þ ¼ !00. Via this equivalence relation, the action of G partitions the objects in  into equivalence classes, where the equivalence class of an object ! 2  consists of all objects which are equivalent to !.

Homomorphism theorem Let ’ be a homomorphism from G to H with kernel ker ’ ¼ N / G. Then the factor group G=N is isomorphic to the image ’ðGÞ via the isomorphism g N 7 ! ’ðg Þ. Examples (i) The homomorphism ’ from 4mm to C2 ¼ fe; g g sending the rotations in 4mm to e 2 C2 and the reflections to g 2 C2 has the group N ¼ h4i of rotations in 4mm as its kernel. The factor group 4mm=N has the cosets N = f1; 4þ ; 2; 4 g and m10 N ¼ fm10 ; m01 ; m11 ; m11
g as its elements and the homomorphism theorem confirms that mapping N to e 2 C 2 and m10 N to g 2 C2 is an isomorphism from 4mm=N to C2. (ii) The homomorphism ’ from the additive group ðZ; þÞ of integers to the cyclic group Cn ¼ hg i mapping k to g k has N ¼ nZ ¼ fna j a 2 Zg as its kernel. Since ’ is a surjective homomorphism, the homomorphism theorem states that the factor group Z=nZ is isomorphic to the cyclic group Cn. The operation in the factor group Z=nZ is ‘addition modulo n’.

Definition. Two objects !; !0 2  lie in the same orbit under G if there exists g 2 G such that !0 ¼ g ð!Þ. The set Gð!Þ :¼ fg ð!Þ j g 2 Gg of all objects in the orbit of ! is called the orbit of ! under G. The set SG ð!Þ :¼ fg 2 G j g ð!Þ ¼ !g of group elements that do not move the object ! is a subgroup of G called the stabilizer of ! in G. If the orbit of a group action is finite, the length of the orbit is equal to the index of the stabilizer and thus in particular a divisor of the group order (in the case of a finite group). Actually, the objects in an orbit are in a very explicit one-to-one correspondence with the cosets relative to the stabilizer, as is summarized in the orbit–stabilizer theorem.

1.1.7. Group actions

Orbit–stabilizer theorem For a group G acting on a set  let ! be an object in  and let SG ð!Þ be the stabilizer of ! in G. (i) If g 1 SG ð!Þ [ g 2 SG ð!Þ [ . . . [ g m SG ð!Þ is the coset decomposition of G relative to SG ð!Þ, then the coset g i SG ð!Þ consists of precisely those elements of G that move ! to g i ð!Þ. As a consequence, the full orbit of ! is already obtained by applying only the coset representatives to !, i.e. Gð!Þ ¼ fg 1 ð!Þ; g 2 ð!Þ; . . . ; g m ð!Þg and the number of cosets equals the length of the orbit. (ii) For objects in the same orbit under G, the stabilizers are conjugate subgroups of G (cf. Section 1.1.5). If !0 ¼ g ð!Þ, then SG ð!0 Þ ¼ g SG ð!Þg 1 , i.e. the stabilizer of !0 is obtained by conjugating the stabilizer of ! by the element g moving ! to !0.

The concept of a group is the essence of an abstraction process which distils the common features of various examples of groups. On the other hand, although abstract groups are important and interesting objects in their own right, they are particularly useful because the group elements act on something, i.e. they can be applied to certain objects. For example, symmetry groups act on the points in space, but they also act on lines or planes. Groups of permutations act on the symbols themselves, but also on ordered and unordered pairs. Groups of matrices act on the vectors of a vector space, but also on the subspaces. All these different actions can be described in a uniform manner and common concepts can be developed. Definition. A group action of a group G on a set  ¼ f! j ! 2 g assigns to each pair ðg ; !Þ an object !0 ¼ g ð!Þ of  such that the following hold: (i) applying two group elements g and g 0 consecutively has the same effect as applying the product g 0 g , i.e. g 0 ðg ð!ÞÞ ¼ ðg 0 g Þð!Þ (note that since the group elements act from the left on the objects in , the elements in a product of two (or more) group elements are applied right-to-left); (ii) applying the identity element e of G has no effect on !, i.e. e ð!Þ ¼ ! for all ! in . One says that the object ! is moved to g ð!Þ by g.

Example The symmetry group G ¼ 4mm of the square acts on the corners of a square as displayed in Fig. 1.1.7.1. All four points lie in a single orbit under G and the stabilizer of the point 1 is H ¼ hm11
i, i.e. a subgroup of index 4, as required by the orbit– stabilizer theorem. The stabilizers of the other points are conjugate to H: The stabilizer of corner 3 equals H and the stabilizer of both the corners 2 and 4 is hm11 i, which is conjugate to H by the fourfold rotation 4+ which moves corner 1 to corner 2.

Example The abstract group C2 ¼ fe; g g occurs as symmetry group in three-dimensional space with three different actions of g :

An n-dimensional space group G acts on the points of the n-dimensional space Rn. The stabilizer of a point P 2 Rn is called

9

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY A group G acts on its elements via g ðhÞ :¼ ghg 1 , i.e. by conjugation. Note that the inverse element g 1 is required on the right-hand side of h in order to fulfil the rule g ðg 0 ðhÞÞ ¼ ðgg 0 ÞðhÞ for a group action. The orbits for this action are called the conjugacy classes of elements of G or simply conjugacy classes of G; the conjugacy class of an element h consists of all its conjugates ghg 1 with g running over all elements of G. Elements in one conjugacy class have e.g. the same order, and in the case of groups of symmetry operations they also share geometric properties such as being a reflection, rotation or rotoinversion. In particular, conjugate elements have the same type of geometric element. The connection between conjugate symmetry operations and their geometric elements is even more explicit by the orbit– stabilizer theorem: If h and h0 are conjugate by g, i.e. h0 ¼ ghg 1 , then g maps the geometric element of h to the geometric element of h0.

Figure 1.1.7.1 Stabilizers in the symmetry group 4mm of the square.

the site-symmetry group of P (in G). These site-symmetry groups play a crucial role in the classification of positions in crystal structures. If the site-symmetry group of a point P consists only of the identity element of G, P is called a point in general position, points with non-trivial site-symmetry groups are called points in special position. According to the orbit–stabilizer theorem, points that are in the same orbit under the space group and which are thus symmetry equivalent have site-symmetry groups that are conjugate subgroups of G. This gives rise to the concept of Wyckoff positions: points with site-symmetry groups that are conjugate subgroups of G belong to the same Wyckoff position. As a consequence, points in the same orbit under G certainly belong to the same Wyckoff position, but points may have the same sitesymmetry group without being symmetry equivalent. The Wyckoff position of a point P consists of the union of the orbits of all points Q that have the same site-symmetry group as P. For a detailed discussion of the crucial notion of Wyckoff positions we refer to Section 1.4.4.

Example The rotation group of a cube contains six fourfold rotations and if the cube is in standard orientation with the origin in its þ þ centre, the fourfold rotations 4þ 100, 4010 and 4001 and their inverses have the lines along the coordinate axes 80 1 9 80 1 9 80 1 9 < x = < 0 = = < 0 @ 0 A j x 2 R ; @ y A j y 2 R and @ 0 A j z 2 R : ; : ; : ; 0 0 z as their geometric elements, respectively. The twofold rotation 2110 around the line 80 1 9 < x = @xA j x 2 R : ; 0 maps the a axis to the b axis and vice versa, therefore the symmetry operation 2110 conjugates 4þ 100 to a fourfold rotation with the line along the b axis as geometric element. Since the positive part of the a axis is mapped to the positive part of the b axis and conjugation also preserves the handedness of a þ rotation, 4þ 100 is conjugated to 4010 and not to the inverse  element 4010 . The line along the c axis is fixed by 2110, but its orientation is reversed, i.e. the positive and negative parts of the c axis are interchanged. Therefore, 4þ 001 is conjugated to its inverse 4 by 2 . 110 001

Example In the symmetry group 4mm of the square the points x; 0 lying on the geometric element of m01 (i.e. the reflection line) are clearly stabilized by m01. The origin 0; 0 has the full group 4mm as its site-symmetry group, for all other points x; 0 with x 6¼ 0 the site-symmetry group is the group hm01 i generated by the reflection m01 . The orbit of a point P ¼ x; 0 with x 6¼ 0 is the four points x; 0; 0; x; x; 0; 0; x, where both x; 0 and x; 0 have sitesymmetry group hm01 i and 0; x and 0; x have the conjugate site-symmetry group hm10 i. This means that the Wyckoff position of e.g. the point P ¼ 12 ; 0 consists of the set of all points x; 0 and 0; x with arbitrary x 6¼ 0, i.e. of the union of the geometric elements of m01 and m10 with the exception of their intersection 0; 0. A complete description of the distribution of points among the Wyckoff positions of the group 4mm is given in Table 3.2.3.1.

For the conjugation action, the stabilizer of an element h is called the centralizer CG ðhÞ of h in G, consisting of all elements in G that commute with h, i.e. CG ðhÞ ¼ fg 2 G j gh ¼ hg g. Elements that form a conjugacy class on their own commute with all elements of G and thus have the full group as their centralizer. The collection of all these elements forms a normal subgroup of G which is called the centre of G. A group G acts on its subgroups via g ðHÞ :¼ g Hg 1 = fghg 1 j h 2 Hg, i.e. by conjugating all elements of the subgroup. The orbits are called conjugacy classes of subgroups of G. Considering the conjugation action of G on its subgroups is often convenient, because conjugate subgroups are in particular isomorphic: an isomorphism from H to g Hg 1 is provided by the mapping h 7 ! ghg 1 . The stabilizer of a subgroup H of G under this conjugation action is called the normalizer NG ðHÞ of H in G. The normalizer of a subgroup H of G is the largest subgroup N of G such that H is a normal subgroup of N . In particular, a subgroup is a normal subgroup of G if and only if its normalizer is the full group G.

1.1.8. Conjugation, normalizers In this section we focus on two group actions which are of particular importance for describing intrinsic properties of a group, namely the conjugation of group elements and the conjugation of subgroups. These actions were mentioned earlier in Section 1.1.5 when we introduced normal subgroups.

10

1.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO GROUPS The number of conjugate subgroups of H in G is equal to the index of NG ðHÞ in G. According to the orbit–stabilizer theorem, the different conjugate subgroups of H are obtained by conjugating H with coset representatives for the cosets of G relative to NG ðHÞ.

the conjugacy classes of subgroups. Furthermore, conjugation with elements from the normalizer of a group H permutes the geometric elements of the symmetry operations of H. The role of the normalizer may in this situation be expressed by the phrase The normalizer describes the symmetry of the symmetries.

Examples (i) In an abelian group G, every element is only conjugate with itself, since ghg 1 ¼ h for all g ; h in G. Therefore each conjugacy class consists of just a single element. Also, every subgroup H of an abelian group G is a normal subgroup, thus its normalizer NG ðHÞ is G itself and H is only conjugate to itself. (ii) The conjugacy classes of the symmetry group 3m of an equilateral triangle are f1g, fm10 ; m01 ; m11 g and f3þ ; 3 g. The centralizer of m10 is just the group hm10 i generated by m10, i.e. 1 and m10 are the only elements of 3m commuting with m10. Analogously, one sees that the centralizer CG ðhÞ ¼ hhi for each element h in 3m, except for h ¼ 1. The subgroups hm10 i, hm01 i and hm11 i are conjugate subgroups (with conjugating elements 3+ and 3 ). These subgroups coincide with their normalizers, since they have index 3 in the full group. (iii) The conjugacy classes of the symmetry group 4mm of a square are f1g, f2g, fm10 ; m01 g, fm11 ; m11
g and f4þ ; 4 g. Since 2 forms a conjugacy class on its own, this is an element in the centre of 4mm and its centralizer is the full group. The centralizer of m10 is hm10 ; m01 i, which is also the centralizer of m01 (note that m10 and m01 are reflections with normal vectors perpendicular to each other, and thus commute). Analogously, hm11 ; m11
i is the centralizer of both m11 and m11
. Finally, 4+ only commutes with the rotations in 4mm, therefore its centralizer is h4þ i. The five subgroups of order 2 in 4mm fall into three conjugacy classes, namely the normal subgroup h2i and the two pairs fhm10 i; hm01 ig and fhm11 i; hm11
ig. The normalizer of both hm10 i and hm01 i is h2; m10 i and the normalizer of both hm11 i and hm11
i is h2; m11 i.

Thus, the normalizer reflects an intrinsic ambiguity between different but equivalent descriptions of an object by its symmetries. Example The subgroup H ¼ h2; m10 i is a normal subgroup of the symmetry group G ¼ 4mm of the square, and thus G is the normalizer of H in G. As can be seen in the diagram in Fig. 1.1.7.1, the fourfold rotation 4+ maps the geometric element of the reflection m10 to the geometric element of m01 and vice versa, and fixes the geometric element of the rotation 4+. Consequently, conjugation by 4+ fixes H as a set, but interchanges the reflections m10 and m01. These two reflections are geometrically indistinguishable, since their geometric elements are both lines through the centres of opposite edges of the square. Analogously, 4+ interchanges the geometric elements of the reflections m11 and m11
of the subgroup H0 ¼ h2; m11 i. These are the two reflection lines through opposite corners of the square. In contrast to that, G does not contain an element mapping the geometric element of m10 to that of m11. Note that an eightfold rotation would be such an element, but this is, however, not a symmetry of the square. The reflections m10 and m11 are thus geometrically different symmetry operations of the square.

References Armstrong, M. A. (2010). Groups and Symmetry. New York: Springer. Hill, V. E. (1999). Groups and Characters. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/ CRC. Mu¨ller, U. (2013). Symmetry Relationships between Crystal Structures. Oxford: IUCr/Oxford University Press. Sternberg, S. (2008). Group Theory and Physics. Cambridge University Press.

In the context of crystallographic groups, conjugate subgroups are not only isomorphic, but have the same types of geometric elements, possibly with different directions. In many situations it is therefore sufficient to restrict attention to representatives of

11

references

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Chapter 1.2, pp. 12–21.

1.2. Crystallographic symmetry H. Wondratschek and M. I. Aroyo

original point P: P~ ¼ P. The set of all fixed points of an isometry may be the whole space, a plane in the space, a straight line, a point, or the set may be empty (no fixed point). Crystallographic symmetry operations are also characterized by their order: a symmetry operation W is of order k if its application k times results in the identity mapping, i.e Wk ¼ I, where I is the identity operation, and k > 0 is the smallest number for which this equation is fulfilled.

1.2.1. Crystallographic symmetry operations Geometric mappings have the property that for each point P of the space, and thus of the object, there is a uniquely determined ~ the image point. If also for each image point P~ there is a point P, uniquely determined preimage or original point P, then the mapping is called reversible. Non-reversible mappings are called projections, cf. Section 1.4.5. A mapping is called a motion, a rigid motion or an isometry if it leaves all distances invariant (and thus all angles, as well as the size and shape of an object). In this volume the term ‘isometry’ is used.

There are eight different types of isometries that may be crystallographic symmetry operations: (1) The identity operation I maps each point of the space onto itself, i.e. the set of fixed points is the whole space. It is the only operation whose order is 1. The identity operation is a symmetry operation of the first kind. It is a symmetry operation of any object and although trivial, it is indispensable for the group properties of the set of symmetry operations of the object (cf. Section 1.1.2). (2) A translation t is characterized by its translation vector t. Under translation every point of space is shifted by t, hence a translation has no fixed point. A translation is a symmetry operation of infinite order as there is no number k 6¼ 0 such that t k ¼ I with translation vector o. It preserves the handedness of any chiral object. (3) A rotation is an isometry which leaves one line fixed pointwise. This line is called the rotation axis. The degree of rotation about this axis is described by its rotation angle
. Because of the periodicity of crystals, the rotation angles of crystallographic rotations are restricted to
¼ k
2=N, where N = 2, 3, 4 or 6 and k is an integer which is relative prime to N. A rotation of rotation angle
¼ k
2=N is of order N and is called an N-fold rotation. A rotation preserves the handedness of any chiral object. The rotations are also characterized by their sense of rotation. The adopted convention for positive (negative) sense of rotation follows the mathematical convention for positive (negative) sense of rotation: the sense of rotation is positive (negative) if the rotation is counter-clockwise (clockwise) when viewed down the rotation axis. (4) A screw rotation is a rotation coupled with a translation parallel to the rotation axis. The rotation axis is called the screw axis. The translation vector is called the screw vector or the intrinsic translation component wg (of the screw rotation), cf. Section 1.2.2.4. A screw rotation has no fixed points because of its translation component. However, the screw axis is invariant pointwise under the so-called reduced symmetry operation of the screw rotation: it is the rotation obtained from the screw rotation by removing its intrinsic translation component. The screw rotation is a proper symmetry operation. If
¼ 2=N is the smallest rotation angle of a screw rotation, then the screw rotation is called N-fold. Owing to its translation component, the order of any screw rotation is infinite. Let u be the shortest lattice vector in the direction of the screw axis, and nu=N, with n 6¼ 0 and integer, be the screw

Isometries are a special kind of affine mappings. In an affine mapping, parallel lines are mapped onto parallel lines; lengths and angles may be distorted but distances along the same line are preserved. A mapping is called a symmetry operation of an object if (i) it is an isometry, and (ii) it maps the object onto itself. Instead of ‘maps the object onto itself’ one frequently says ‘leaves the object invariant (as a whole)’. Real crystals are finite objects in physical space, which because of the presence of impurities and structural imperfections such as disorder, dislocations etc. are not perfectly symmetric. In order to describe their symmetry properties, real crystals are modelled as blocks of ideal, infinitely extended periodic structures, known as ideal crystals or (ideal) crystal structures. Crystal patterns are models of crystal structures in point space. In other words, while the crystal structure is an infinite periodic spatial arrangement of the atoms (ions, molecules) of which the real crystal is composed, the crystal pattern is the related model of the ideal crystal (crystal structure) consisting of a strictly three-dimensional periodic set of points in point space. If the growth of the ideal crystal is undisturbed, then it forms an ideal macroscopic crystal and displays its ideal shape with planar faces. Both the symmetry operations of an ideal crystal and of a crystal pattern are called crystallographic symmetry operations. The symmetry operations of the ideal macroscopic crystal form the finite point group of the crystal, those of the crystal pattern form the (infinite) space group of the crystal pattern. Because of its periodicity, a crystal pattern always has translations among its symmetry operations. The symmetry operations are divided into two main kinds depending whether they preserve or not the so-called handedness or chirality of chiral objects. Isometries of the first kind or proper isometries are those that preserve the handedness of chiral objects: e.g. if a right (left) glove is mapped by one of these isometries, then the image is also a right (left) glove of equal size and shape. Isometries that change the handedness, i.e. the image of a right glove is a left one, of a left glove is a right one, are called isometries of the second kind or improper isometries. Improper isometries cannot be performed in space physically but can nevertheless be observed as symmetries of objects. The notion of fixed points is essential for the characterization of symmetry operations. A point P is a fixed point of a mapping if it is mapped onto itself, i.e. the image point P~ is the same as the Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

12

1.2. CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC SYMMETRY

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

vector of the screw rotation by the angle
. After N screw rotations with rotation angle
¼ 2=N the crystal pattern has its original orientation but is shifted parallel to the screw axis by the lattice vector nu. An N-fold rotoinversion N is an N-fold rotation coupled with an inversion through a point on the rotation axis. This point is called the centre of the rotoinversion. For N 6¼ 2 it is the only fixed point. The axis of the rotation is invariant as a whole under the rotoinversion and is called its rotoinversion axis. The restrictions on the angles
of the rotational parts are the same as for rotations. The order of an N-fold rotoinversion is N for even N and 2N for odd N. A rotoinversion changes the handedness by its inversion component: it maps any righthand glove onto a left-hand one and vice versa. Special rotoinversions are those for N ¼ 1 and N ¼ 2 which are dealt with separately. The rotoinversions N can be described equally as rotoreflections SN. The N-fold rotation is now coupled with a reflection through a plane which is perpendicular to the rotation axis and cuts the axis in its centre. The following 1
equivalences hold: 1
¼ S2 , 2
¼ m ¼ S1 , 3
¼ S1 6 , 4 ¼ S4 and
6 ¼ S1 3 . In this volume the description by rotoinversions is chosen. The inversion can be considered as a onefold rotoinversion
N ¼ 1) or equally as a twofold rotoreflection S2 . The fixed (1; point is called the inversion centre. The inversion is a symmetry operation of the second kind, its order is 2. A twofold rotoinversion (N ¼ 2) is equivalent to a reflection or a reflection through a plane and is simultaneously a onefold rotoreflection (2
¼ m ¼ S1 ). It is an isometry which leaves the plane perpendicular to the twofold rotoinversion axis fixed pointwise. This plane is called the reflection plane or mirror plane; it intersects the rotation axis in its centre. Its orientation is described by the direction of its normal vector, i.e. of the rotation axis. (Note that in the space-group tables of Part 2 the reflection planes are specified by their locations, and not by their normal vectors, cf. Section 1.4.2.1.) The order of a reflection is 2. As for any rotoinversion, the reflection changes the handedness of a chiral object. A glide reflection is a reflection through a plane coupled with a translation parallel to this plane. The translation vector is called the glide vector (or the intrinsic translation component wg of the glide reflection, cf. Section 1.2.2.4). A glide reflection changes the handedness and has no fixed point. The set of fixed points of the related reduced symmetry operation (i.e. the reflection that is obtained by removing the glide component from the glide reflection) is called the glide plane. The glide vector of a glide reflection is 1/2 of a lattice vector t (including centring translations of centred-cell lattice descriptions, cf. Table 2.1.1.2). Whereas twice the application of a reflection restores the original position of the crystal pattern, applying a glide reflection twice results in a translation of the crystal pattern with the translation vector t ¼ 2wg . The order of any glide reflection is infinite.

an origin O. Referred to this coordinate system each point P can be described by three coordinates x; y; z (or x1 ; x2 ; x3 ). A mapping can be regarded as an instruction for how to calculate e from the coordinates the coordinates x~ ; y~ ; z~ of the image point X x; y; z of the original point X. e The instruction for the calculation of the coordinates of X from the coordinates of X is simple for an affine mapping and thus for an isometry. The equations are x~ ¼ W11 x þ W12 y þ W13 z þ w1 y~ ¼ W21 x þ W22 y þ W23 z þ w2

where the coefficients Wik and wj are constant. These equations can be written using the matrix formalism: 0 1 0 10 1 0 1 x~ W11 W12 W13 x w1 @ y~ A ¼ @ W21 W22 W23 A@ y A þ @ w2 A: ð1:2:2:2Þ z~ W31 W32 W33 w3 z This matrix equation is usually abbreviated by x~ ¼ W x þ w;

ð1:2:2:3Þ

where 0 1 0 1 0 1 x~ x w1 B C B C B C x~ ¼ @ y~ A; x ¼ @ y A; w ¼ @ w2 A and 0

z~

W11 B W ¼ @ W21 W31

z W12

W13

1

W22

C W23 A:

W32

W33

w3

The matrix W is called the linear part or matrix part and the column w is the translation part or column part of the mapping. The rotation parts W referring to conventional coordinate systems of all space-group symmetry operations are listed in Tables 1.2.2.1 and 1.2.2.2 as matrices for point-group symmetry operations. Very often, equation (1.2.2.3) is written in the form x~ ¼ ðW ; wÞx or x~ ¼ fW j wg x:

ð1:2:2:4Þ

The symbols ðW ; wÞ and fW j wg which describe the mapping referred to the chosen coordinate system are called the matrix– column pair and can be considered as Seitz symbols (Seitz, 1935) (cf. Section 1.4.2.2 for an introduction to and listings of Seitz symbols of crystallographic symmetry operations). 1.2.2.1.1. Shorthand notation of matrix–column pairs In crystallography in general, and in this volume in particular, an efficient procedure is used to condense the description of symmetry operations by matrix–column pairs considerably. The so-called shorthand notation of the matrix–column pair (W, w) consists of a coordinate triplet W11 x þ W12 y þ W13 z þ w1 , W21 x þ W22 y þ W23 z þ w2 , W31 x þ W32 y þ W33 z þ w3 . All coefficients ‘+1’ and the terms with coefficients 0 are omitted, while coefficients ‘1’ are replaced by ‘’ and are frequently written on top of the variable: x instead of x etc. The following examples illustrate the assignments of the coordinate triplets to the matrix–column pairs.

1.2.2. Matrix description of symmetry operations1 1.2.2.1. Matrix–column presentation of isometries In order to describe mappings analytically one introduces a coordinate system fO; a; b; cg, consisting of three linearly independent (i.e. not coplanar) basis vectors a; b; c (or a1 ; a2 ; a3 ) and 1

ð1:2:2:1Þ

z~ ¼ W31 x þ W32 y þ W33 z þ w3 ;

Examples (1) The coordinate triplet of y þ 1=2; x þ 1=2; z þ 1=4 stands for the symmetry operation with the rotation part

With Tables 1.2.2.1 and 1.2.2.2 by H. Arnold.

13

x; y; z

z; x; y

y; z; x

x; x; x

½111 x; x; x

1

3þ

3

14

z
; x
; y


y
; z
; x


x; x; x

½111 x; x; x

3
þ

3


½111

x
; y
; z


1
0; 0; 0

½111

Transformed coordinates x~ ; y~ ; z~

Symbol of symmetry operation and orientation of geometric element

1
@0 00 0 @ 1
00 0 @0 1


0

0 1
0 0 0 1
1
0 0

1 0 0A 1
1 1
0A 01 0 1
A 0

Matrix W 0 1 1 0 0 @0 1 0A 00 0 11 0 0 1 @1 0 0A 00 1 01 0 1 0 @0 0 1A 1 0 0 z
; x
; y

y
; z; x


y; x; z


y
; x
; z


y
; x; z

y; x
; z

x; y; z


z; x; y


y; z
; x

y
; x
; z

y; x; z

y; x
; z


y
; x; z


½001 3þ x; x
; x

½11
1 3 x; x
; x

½11
1 x; x; 0 ½110 x; x
; 0

½001 4 0; 0; z

½001 3
þ x; x
; x

½11
1 3
 x; x
; x

½11
1 x; x
; z ½110 x; x; z

2
½110 4þ 0; 0; z

½001 x; y; 0

2

m

m
½110 4
þ 0; 0; z ½001 4
 0; 0; z ½001

x
; y
; z

0; 0; z

2

m

Transformed coordinates x~ ; y~ ; z~

Symbol of symmetry operation and orientation of geometric element Matrix W 0 1 1
0 0 @ 0 1
0 A 00 0 11 0 0 1
@ 1
0 0 A 00 1 01 0 1
0 @0 0 1A
01 0 01 0 1 0 @1 0 0A
00 0 11 0 1
0 @ 1
0 0 A
00 0 11 0 1
0 @1 0 0A 00 0 11 0 1 0 @ 1
0 0 A 00 0 11 1 0 0 @0 1 0A
00 0 11 0 0 1 @1 0 0A
00 1 01 0 1 0 @ 0 0 1
A 01 0 01 0 1
0 @ 1
0 0 A 00 0 11 0 1 0 @1 0 0A 00 0 11 0 1 0 @ 1
0 0 A
00 0 11
0 1 0 @1 0 0A 0 0 1
½010

½010 4
 0; y; 0

z; y
; x


z
; y
; x

z; y; x

½101 m x; y; x
½101 4
þ 0; y; 0

z
; y; x


y; z; x


z
; x; y

x; y
; z

z
; y; x


1
½11 m x
; y; x


1
½11 3
 x
; x; x


½010 3
þ x
; x; x


½010 m x; 0; z

½010 4 0; y; 0

z; y; x



½101 4þ 0; y; 0

z; y
; x

z
; y
; x



1
½11 x; 0; x ½101 x
; 0; x

2

2

y
; z
; x

z; x
; y


½010 3þ x
; x; x

1
½11 3 x
; x; x


x
; y; z


Transformed coordinates x~ ; y~ ; z~

0; y; 0

2

Symbol of symmetry operation and orientation of geometric element Matrix W 0 1 1
0 0 @0 1 0A
00 0 11 0 0 1 @ 1
0 0 A
00 1 01 0 1
0 @ 0 0 1
A 01 0 01 0 0 1 @ 0 1
0 A 01 0 01 0 0 1
@ 0 1
0 A
01 0 01 0 0 1 @0 1 0A
01 0 01 0 0 1
@0 1 0A 01 0 01 1 0 0 @ 0 1
0 A 00 0 11 0 0 1
@1 0 0A 00 1 01 0 1 0 @0 0 1A
01 0 01 0 0 1
@0 1 0A
01 0 01 0 0 1 @0 1 0A 01 0 01 0 0 1
@ 0 1
0 A 01 0 01 0 0 1 @ 0 1
0 A 1
0 0 x; 0; 0

x; z; y

½011 x; y; y

½100

½100 4
 x; 0; 0

x
; z
; y

x
; z; y


x; z
; y


y
; z; x

z; x
; y

x
; y; z

x; z; y



½1
11 x; y; y



½011 4
þ x; 0; 0

m

m


½1
11 3
 x
; x
; x

½100 3
þ x
; x
; x

½100 m 0; y; z

½100 4 x; 0; 0

x; z
; y


½011 4þ x; 0; 0

x
; z; y

x
; z
; y



½1
11 0; y; y

y; z
; x


z
; x; y


x; y
; z


Transformed coordinates x~ ; y~ ; z~

½011 0; y; y
2

2


½1
11 3 x
; x
; x

½100 3þ x
; x
; x

2

Symbol of symmetry operation and orientation of geometric element

Matrix W 0 1 1 0 0 @ 0 1
0 A
00 0 11 0 0 1
@1 0 0A
00 1 01 0 1 0 @ 0 0 1
A
01 0 01 1
0 0 @0 0 1A 00 1 01 1
0 0 @ 0 0 1
A
00 1 01 1 0 0 @ 0 0 1
A 00 1 01 1 0 0 @0 0 1A
00 1 01 1
0 0 @0 1 0A 00 0 11 0 0 1 @ 1
0 0 A 00 1 01 0 1
0 @0 0 1A 01 0 01 1 0 0 @ 0 0 1
A
00 1 01 1 0 0 @0 0 1A 00 1 01 1
0 0 @0 0 1A
00 1 01 1
0 0 @ 0 0 1
A 0 1 0

Matrices for point-group symmetry operations and orientation of corresponding geometric elements, referred to a cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, triclinic or rhombohedral coordinate system

Table 1.2.2.1

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY

1.2. CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC SYMMETRY Table 1.2.2.2 Matrices for point-group symmetry operations and orientation of corresponding geometric elements, referred to a hexagonal coordinate system Symbol of symmetry operation and orientation of geometric element 1

Transformed coordinates x~ ; y~ ; z~ x; y; z

2

0; 0; z

x
; y
; z

2

½001 x; x; 0

y; x; z


2

½110 x; x
; 0

y
; x
; z


1



½110 0; 0; 0

x
; y
; z


m

x; y; 0

x; y; z


m

½001 x; x
; z

y
; x
; z

m

½110 x; x; z

y; x; z


½110

Matrix W 0 1 1 0 0 @0 1 0A 00 0 11 1
0 0 @ 0 1
0 A 00 0 11 0 1 0 @1 0 0A
00 0 11 0 1
0 @ 1
0 0 A
00 0 11 1
0 0 @ 0 1
0 A
00 0 11 1 0 0 @0 1 0A
00 0 11
0 1 0 @ 1
0 0 A 00 0 11 0 1 0 @1 0 0A 0 0 1

Symbol of symmetry operation and orientation of geometric element þ

Transformed coordinates x~ ; y~ ; z~

0; 0; z

y
; x  y; z

½001 6þ 0; 0; z

x  y; x; z

2

½001 x; 0; 0

x  y; y
; z


2

½100 x; 2x; 0

y  x; y; z


3

½120 3
þ 0; 0; z

y; y  x; z


½001 6
þ 0; 0; z

y  x; x
; z


m

½001 x; 2x; z

y  x; y; z

m

½100 x; 0; z

x  y; y
; z

½120

0

1 1 0 0 0A 0 1 0 1 1=2 and the translation part w ¼ @ 1=2 A. The assignment of 1=4 the coordinate triplet to the matrix–column pair becomes obvious if one applies the equations (1.2.2.2) for the specific case of (W, w): 0 10 1 0 1 0 1 0 x 1=2 x~ ¼ ðW ; wÞx ¼ @ 1
0 0 A@ y A þ @ 1=2 A 0 0 1 z 1=4

Symbol of symmetry operation and orientation of geometric element

Matrix W 0 1 0 1
0 @ 1 1
0 A 00 0 11 1 1
0 @1 0 0A 00 0 11 1 1
0 @ 0 1
0 A
00 0 11 1
1 0 @0 1 0A
00 0 11 0 1 0 @ 1
1 0 A
00 0 11 1
1 0 @ 1
0 0 A
00 0 11
1 1 0 @0 1 0A 00 0 11 1 1
0 @ 0 1
0 A 0 0 1



Transformed coordinates x~ ; y~ ; z~

0; 0; z

y  x; x
; z

½001 6 0; 0; z

y; y  x; z

2

½001 0; y; 0

x
; y  x; z


2

½010 2x; x; 0

x; x  y; z


3

½210 3
 0; 0; z

x  y; x; z


½001 6
 0; 0; z

y
; x  y; z


m

½001 2x; x; z

x; x  y; z

m

½010 0; y; z

x
; y  x; z

½210

Matrix W 0 1 1
1 0 @ 1
0 0 A 00 0 11 0 1 0 @ 1
1 0 A 00 0 11 1
0 0 @ 1
1 0 A
00 0 11 1 0 0 @ 1 1
0 A
00 0 11 1 1
0 @1 0 0A
00 0 11 0 1
0 @ 1 1
0 A
00 0 11 1 0 0 @ 1 1
0 A 00 0 11 1
0 0 @ 1
1 0 A 0 0 1

1.2.2.2. Combination of mappings and inverse mappings

0 W ¼ @ 1
0

The combination of two symmetry operations ðW 1 ; w1 Þ and ðW 2 ; w2 Þ is again a symmetry operation. The linear and translation part of the combined symmetry operation is derived from the rotation and translation parts of ðW 1 ; w1 Þ and ðW 2 ; w2 Þ in a straightforward way: Applying first the symmetry operation ðW 1 ; w1 Þ, on the one hand, x~ ¼ W 1 x þ w1 ; x~~ ¼ W 2 x~ þ w2 ¼ W 2 ðW 1 x þ w1 Þ þ w2 ¼ W 2 W 1 x þ W 2 w1 þ w2 : ð1:2:2:5Þ On the other hand

would be

x~~ ¼ ðW 2 ; w2 Þ~x ¼ ðW 2 ; w2 ÞðW 1 ; w1 Þx:

x~ ¼ 0x þ 1y þ 0z þ 1=2; y~ ¼ 1x þ 0y þ 0z þ 1=2; z~ ¼ 0x þ 0y þ 1z þ 1=4:

ð1:2:2:6Þ

By comparing equations (1.2.2.5) and (1.2.2.6) one obtains

This symmetry operation is found under space group P43 21 2, No. 96 in the space-group tables of Chapter 2.3. It is the entry (4) of the first block (the so-called General position block) starting with 8 b 1 under the heading Positions. (2) The matrix–column pair 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 ðW ; wÞ ¼ ð@ 0 1 0 A; @ 0 AÞ 1=2 0 0 1


ðW 2 ; w2 ÞðW 1 ; w1 Þ ¼ ðW 2 W 1 ; W 2 w1 þ w2 Þ:

ð1:2:2:7Þ

The formula for the inverse of an affine mapping follows from the equations x~ ¼ ðW ; wÞx ¼ W x þ w, i.e. x ¼ W 1 x~  W 1 w, which compared with x ¼ ðW ; wÞ1 x~ gives ðW ; wÞ1 ¼ ðW 1 ; W 1 wÞ:

ð1:2:2:8Þ

Because of the inconvenience of these relations, especially for the column parts of the isometries, it is often preferable to use socalled augmented matrices, by which one can describe the combination of affine mappings and the inverse mapping by equations of matrix multiplication. These matrices are introduced in the following section.

is represented in shorthand notation by the coordinate triplet x þ y; y; z þ 1=2. This is the entry (11) of the general positions of the space group P65 22, No. 179 (cf. the space-group tables of Chapter 2.3).

15

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY 1.2.2.3. Matrix–column pairs and (3 + 1)
(3 + 1) matrices

(i) The preservation of the handedness of a chiral object, i.e. the question of whether the symmetry operation is a rotation or rotoinversion, is a geometric property which is deduced from the determinant of W: detðW Þ ¼ þ1: rotation; detðW Þ ¼ 1: rotoinversion. (ii) The angle of rotation
. This does not depend on the coordinate basis. The corresponding invariant of the matrix W is the trace and it is defined by trðW Þ ¼ W11 þ W22 þ W33 . The rotation angle
of the rotation or of the rotation part of a rotoinversion can be calculated from the trace by the formula

It is natural to combine the matrix part and the column part describing an affine mapping to form a (3
4) matrix, but such matrices cannot be multiplied by the usual matrix multiplication and cannot be inverted. However, if one supplements the (3
4) matrix by a fourth row ‘0 0 0 1’, one obtains a (4
4) square matrix which can be combined with the analogous matrices of other mappings and can be inverted. These matrices are called augmented matrices, and here they are designated by open-face letters. Similarly, the columns x~ and x also have to be extended to the augmented columns x and x~ : 1 0 0 1 0 1 W11 W12 W13 w1 x x~ C B C B B C y ~ B W21 W22 W23 w2 C ByC C C x~ ¼ B ; W¼B x ¼ B C: B C C BW @zA @ z~ A @ 31 W32 W33 w3 A 1 1 0 0 0 1

trðW Þ ¼ 1 þ 2 cos
or cos
¼ ðtrðW Þ  1Þ=2: ð1:2:2:12Þ The + sign is used for rotations, the  sign for rotoinversions.
2
¼ m, The type of isometry: the types 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 or 1,
3, 4,
6
can be uniquely specified by the matrix invariants: the determinant detðW Þ and the trace tr(W ):

ð1:2:2:9Þ The horizontal and vertical lines in the augmented matrices are useful to facilitate recognition of their coefficients; they have no mathematical meaning. Equations (1.2.2.1), (1.2.2.7) and (1.2.2.8) then become x~ ¼ Wx; 1

W3 ¼ W2 W1 and ðWÞ

¼ ðW1 Þ:

detðW Þ ¼ þ1

ð1:2:2:10Þ

detðW Þ ¼ 1

tr(W)

3

2

1

0

1

3

2

1

0

1

Type Order

1 1

6 6

4 4

3 3

2 2

1
2

6
6

4
4

3
6

2
¼ m 2

ð1:2:2:11Þ (b) Rotation or rotoinversion axis: All symmetry operations
have a characteristic axis (the rotation or (except 1 and 1) rotoinversion axis). The direction u of this axis is invariant under the symmetry operation:

In the usual description by columns, the vector coefficients cannot be distinguished from the point coordinates, but in the augmented-column description the difference becomes visible. If p and q are the augmented columns of coordinates of 0 1 0 1 p1 q1 B p2 C B q2 C B C B C the points P and Q, p ¼ B p C and q ¼ B q C, then 1 0 @ 3A @ 3A q1  p1 1 1 B q2  p2 C C B v ¼ B q  p C is the augmented column v of the coefficients of 3A @ 3

Wu ¼ u or ðW  IÞu ¼ o:

ð1:2:2:13Þ

The + sign is for rotations, the  sign for rotoinversions. In the case of a k-fold rotation, the direction u can be calculated by the equation

screw or glide component, location etc., can be calculated provided the coordinate system to which (W, w) refers is known.

u ¼ YðW Þv ¼ ðW k1 þ W k2 þ . . . þ W þ IÞv; ð1:2:2:14Þ 0 1 v1 where v ¼ @ v2 A is an arbitrary direction. The direction v3 Y(W)v is invariant under the symmetry operation W as the multiplication with W just permutes the terms of Y. If the application of equation (1.2.2.14) results in u ¼ o, then the direction v is perpendicular to u and another direction v has to be selected. In the case of a rotoinversion W, the direction Y(W)v gives the direction of the rotoinversion axis. For 2
¼ m, YðW Þ ¼ W þ I. (c) Sense of rotation (for rotations or rotoinversions with k > 2): The sense of rotation is determined by the sign of the determinant of the matrix Z, given by Z = ½ujxjðdet W ÞW x, where u is the vector of equation (1.2.2.14) and x is a non-parallel vector of u, e.g. one of the basis vectors. Examples are given later.

(1) Evaluation of the matrix part W: (a) Type of operation: In general the coefficients of the matrix depend on the choice of the basis; a change of basis changes the coefficients, see Section 1.5.2. However, there are geometric quantities that are independent of the basis.

(2) Analysis of the translation column w: (a) If W is the matrix of a rotation of order k or of a reflection (k ¼ 2), then W k ¼ I, and one determines the intrinsic translation part (or screw part or glide part) of the symmetry operation, also called the intrinsic translation component of the symmetry operation, wg ¼ t=k by

0 the vector v between P and Q. The last coefficient of v is zero, because 1  1 = 0. Thus, the column of the coefficients of a vector is not augmented by ‘1’ but by ‘0’. From the equation for the transformation of the vector coefficients v~ ¼ Wv it becomes clear that when the point P is mapped onto the point P~ by x~ ¼ Wx!þ w according to equation (1.2.2.3), then the vector v ¼ PQ is ! ~ by transforming its coefficients mapped onto the vector v~ ¼ P~ Q by v~ ¼ W v. This is because the coefficients wj are multiplied by the number!‘0’ augmenting the column v ¼ ðvj Þ. Indeed, the vector v ¼ PQ is not changed when the whole space is mapped onto itself by a translation. 1.2.2.4. The geometric meaning of (W, w) Given the matrix–column pair (W, w) of a symmetry operation W, the geometric interpretation of W, i.e. the type of operation,

16

1.2. CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC SYMMETRY ðW ; wÞk ¼ ðW k ; W k1 w þ W k2 w þ . . . þ Ww þ wÞ ¼ ðI; tÞ

block of the space group given by 0 0 1 W ¼ @ 1
0 0 0

ð1:2:2:15Þ

or 1 wg ¼ t=k ¼ ðW k1 þ W k2 þ . . . þ W þ IÞw k 1 ð1:2:2:16Þ ¼ YðW Þ w: k

YðW Þ ¼ ðW 3 þ W 2 þ W þ IÞ 0 1 0 0 1
0 1
0 B C B ¼ ð@ 1 0 0 A þ @ 0 1
0 0

1 0 C 0A

0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 C B C 0 A þ @ 0 1 0 AÞ 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 C B ¼ @0 0 0A 0 0 4

ð1:2:2:17Þ

1

1 0

yields the direction u = [001] of the fourfold rotation axis. Sense of rotation: The negative sense of rotation follows from det(Z) = 1, where the matrix 0 1 0 1 0 Z ¼ ½ujxjðdet W ÞW x ¼ @ 0 0 1
A 1 0 0 0 1 1 (here, x ¼ @ 0 A is taken as a vector non-parallel to u). 0 Screw component: The intrinsic translation part (screw component) wg of the symmetry operation is calculated from

ð1:2:2:18Þ

Equation (1.2.2.18) has a unique solution for all roto
excluding 2
¼ m). There is a oneinversions (including 1, dimensional set of solutions for rotations (the rotation axis) and a two-dimensional set of solutions for reflections (the mirror plane). For translations, screw rotations and glide reflections, there are no solutions: there are no fixed points. However, a solution is found for the reduced operation, i.e. after subtraction of the intrinsic translation part, cf. equation (1.2.2.17) WxF þ wl ¼ xF :

0

0 B
þ @1

The column wl ¼ w  t=k is called the location part (or the location component of the translation part) of the symmetry operation because it determines the position of the rotation or screw–rotation axis or of the reflection or glide–reflection plane in space. (b) The set of fixed points of a symmetry operation is obtained by solving the equation WxF þ w ¼ xF :

1 0 1 1=4 0 0 A; w ¼ @ 1=4 A: 1 3=4

Type of operation: the values of det(W) = 1 and tr(W) = 1 show that the symmetry operation is a fourfold rotation. The direction of rotation axis u: The application of equation (1.2.2.14) with the matrix

The vector with the column of coefficients wg ¼ t=k is called the screw or glide vector. This vector is invariant under the symmetry operation: Wwg ¼ wg . Indeed, multiplication with W permutes only the terms on the right side of equation (1.2.2.16). Thus, the screw vector of a screw rotation is parallel to the screw axis. The glide vector of a glide reflection is left invariant for the same reason. It is parallel to the glide plane because (W + I)(I + W) = O. If t = o holds, then (W, w) describes a rotation or reflection. For t 6¼ o, (W, w) describes a screw rotation or glide reflection. One forms the so-called reduced operation by subtracting the intrinsic translation part wg ¼ t=k from (W, w): ðI; t=kÞðW ; wÞ ¼ ðW ; w  wg Þ ¼ ðW ; wl Þ:


Its matrix–column pair is Ia3d].

wg ¼ 14YðW Þw 0 0 0 B ¼ 1=4@ 0 0 0 0

0

10

1=4

1

0

0

1

CB C B C 0 A@ 1=4 A ¼ @ 0 A: 4 3=4 3=4

Location of the symmetry operation: The location of the fourfold screw rotation is given by the fixed points of the reduced symmetry operation ðW ; w  wg Þ. The set of fixed 0 1 1=4 points xF ¼ @ 0 A is obtained from the equation z 0 10 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 xF 1=4 xF B
CB C B C B C @ 1 0 0 A@ yF A þ @ 1=4 A ¼ @ yF A:

ð1:2:2:19Þ

(Note that the reduced operation of a translation is the identity, whose set of fixed points is the whole space.) The formulae of this section enable the user to find the geometric contents of any symmetry operation. In practice, the geometric meanings for all symmetry operations which are listed in the General position blocks of the space-group tables of Part 2 can be found in the corresponding Symmetry operations blocks of the space-group tables. The explanation of the symbols for the symmetry operations is found in Sections 1.4.2 and 2.1.3.9. The procedure for the geometric interpretation of the matrix– column pairs (W, w) of the symmetry operations is illustrated by
No. 230 (cf. the spacethree examples of the space group Ia3d, group tables of Chapter 2.3).

0

0

1

zF

0

zF

Following the conventions for the designation of symmetry operations adopted in this volume (cf. Section 1.4.2 and 2.1.3.9), the symbol of the symmetry operation y þ 14, x þ 14, z þ 34 is given by 4 ð0; 0; 34Þ 14 ; 0; z. (2) The symmetry operation z
þ 12 ; x þ 12 ; y with 0 1 0 1 1=2 0 0 1
W ¼ @ 1 0 0 A; w ¼ @ 1=2 A 0 0 1 0

Examples (1) Consider the symmetry operation y þ 14 ; x
þ 14 ; z þ 34 [symmetry operation (15) of the General position ð0; 0; 0Þ

17

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY which is directed along ½110. The direction of u follows from the matrix equation

corresponds to the entry No. (30) of the General position
No. 230. ð0; 0; 0Þ block of the space group Ia3d, Type of operation: the values of det(W) = 1 and tr(W) = 0 show that symmetry operation is a threefold rotoinversion. The direction of rotoinversion axis u: YðW Þ ¼ ðW 2  W þ IÞ 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 B C B

¼ ð@ 0 0 1 A þ @ 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
1 B
C ¼ @ 1 1 1
A 1 1
1

0 0 1


1 0 1 1 C B 0A þ @0

0 1

1 0 C 0 AÞ

0

0

1

0

u ¼ ðW þ IÞv 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 B C B C B ¼ ð@ 1 0 0 A þ @ 0 1 0 AÞv ¼ @ 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 1 v1 where v ¼ @ v2 A is arbitrary. v3

1 1

1 0 C 0 Av;

0

0

1 1=4 Glide component: The glide component wg ¼ @ 1=4 A, determined from the equation 1=4 wg ¼ 12 ðW þ IÞw 1 0 0 1 0 1
0 C B 1 B
¼ 2 ð@ 1 0 0 A þ @ 0 0 0 0 1

0 1 0
1
from v ¼ @ 1 A. yields the direction u ¼ ½11 0 Sense of rotation: The positive sense of rotation follows from the positive sign of the determinant of the matrix Z, det(Z) = 1, where the matrix

10

3=4

0

1

0

0

1 0

CB C 0 AÞ@ 1=4 A; 1 1=4

indicates that the symmetry operation is a d-glide reflection. As expected, the translation vector 0 1 1=2 t ¼ 2wg ¼ @ 1=2 A 1=2

0

1 1
0 1 Z ¼ ½ujxjðdet W ÞW x ¼ @ 1 0 0 A 1
1 0 0 1 0 (here, x ¼ @ 0 A is taken as a vector non-parallel to u). 1

corresponds to a centring translation. Location of the symmetry operation: The location of the d-glide plane follows from the set of fixed points ðxF ; yF ; zF Þ of the reduced symmetry operation 0 1 0 1 3=4  1=4 0 1
0 B C B C ðW ; w  wg Þ ¼ ð@ 1
0 0 A; @ 1=4  ð1=4Þ AÞ :

Location of the symmetry operation: The solution xF ¼ 0, yF ¼ 1=2; zF ¼ 1=2 of the fixed-point equation of the rotoinversion 1 0 1 0 10 1 0 1=2 xF xF 0 0 1
@ 1 0 0 A@ yF A þ @ 1=2 A ¼ @ yF A 0 zF zF 0 1 0

0

0 B
@1 0

gives the coordinates of the inversion centre on the rotoinversion axis. An obvious description of a line along
1
and passing through the point the direction u ¼ ½11 ð0; 1=2; 1=2Þ is given by the parametric expression u
; u þ 1=2; u
þ 1=2. The choice of the free parameter u ¼ x þ 1=2 results in the description x
 1=2; x þ 1; x
of the rotoinversion axis found in the Symmetry operation ð0; 0; 0Þ block. The convention adopted in this volume to have zero constant at the z coordinate of the description of the 3
axis determines the specific choice of the free parameter. The geometric characteristics of the symmetry operation z
þ 12 ; x þ 12 ; y are reflected in its symbol 3
þ x
 1=2; x þ 1; x
; 0; 12 ; 12. (3) The matrix–column pair (W, w) of the symmetry operation (37) y
þ 3=4; x
þ 1=4; z þ 1=4 of the General position
is given by ð1=2; 1=2; 1=2Þ block of the space group Ia3d 0 1 0 1 3=4 0 1
0 W ¼ @ 1
0 0 A; w ¼ @ 1=4 A: 1=4 0 0 1

1
0 0

1=4  1=4 0 0 1 10 1 0 1 0 1 xF 1=2 xF 0 CB C B C B C 0 A@ yF A þ @ 1=2 A ¼ @ yF A: 1

zF

0

zF

Thus, the set of fixed points (the d-glide plane) can be described as x þ 1=2; x
; z. The symbol d ð1=4; 1=4; 1=4Þ x þ 1=2; x
; z of the symmetry operation ð37Þ y
þ 3=4; x
þ 1=4; z þ 1=4, found in the Symmetry operations ð1=2; 1=2; 1=2Þ block of the space
in Chapter 2.3, comprises the essential group table of Ia3d geometric characteristics of the symmetry operation, i.e. its type, glide component and location. It is worth repeating that according to the conventions adopted in the space-group tables of Part 2, the mirror planes are specified by their sets of fixed points and not by the normals to the planes (cf. Section 1.4.2 for more details).

1.2.2.5. Determination of matrix–column pairs of symmetry operations The specification of the symmetry operations by their types, screw or glide components and locations is sufficient to determine the corresponding matrix–column pairs (W, w). The general e of some points X under idea is to determine the image points X the symmetry operation by applying geometrical considerations. The 12 unknown coefficients of (W, w) (nine coefficients Wik and three coefficients wj ) can then be calculated as solutions of 12 inhomogeneous linear equations obtained from the system of

Type of operation: The values of the determinant det(W) = 1 and the trace tr(W) = +1 indicate that the symmetry operation is a reflection. Normal u of the reflection plane: The orientation of the reflection plane in space is determined by its normal u,

18

1.2. CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC SYMMETRY equations (1.2.2.1) written for four pairs (point ! image point), provided the points X are linearly independent. In fact, because of the special form of the matrix–column pairs, in many cases it is possible to reduce and simplify considerably the calculations necessary for the determination of (W, w): the determination of the image points of the origin O and of the three ‘coordinate points’ A ð1; 0; 0Þ, B ð0; 1; 0Þ and C ð0; 0; 1Þ under the symmetry operation is sufficient for the determination of its matrix–column pair. e with coordinates o~ be the image of the (1) The origin: Let O origin O with coordinates o, i.e. x ¼ y ¼ z ¼ 0. Examination of the equations (1.2.2.1) shows that o~ = w, i.e. the column w can be determined separately from the coefficients of the matrix W. (2) The coordinate points: We consider the point A. Inserting x ¼ 1, y ¼ z ¼ 0 in equations (1.2.2.1) one obtains x~ i ¼ Wi1 þ wi or Wi1 ¼ x~ i  wi , i ¼ 1; 2; 3. The first column of W is separated from the others, and for the solution only the known coefficients wi have to be subtracted from the coor~ of A. Analogously one dinates x~ i of the image point A calculates the coefficients Wi2 from the image of point B (0, 1, 0) and Wi3 from the image of point C (0, 0, 1).

referring to conventional coordinate systems are known and listed in Tables 1.2.2.1 and 1.2.2.2. In this way, given the symbol of the symmetry operation and using the tabulated data, one can write down directly the corresponding rotation part W. The translation part w of the symmetry operation has two components: w ¼ wg þ wl . The intrinsic translation part (or screw or glide component) is given explicitly in the symmetry operation symbol. The location part wl of w is derived from the equations 0 1 0 1 0 1 xF xF xF ðW ; wl Þ@ yF A ¼ @ yF A; i:e: wl ¼ ðI  W Þ@ yF A: ð1:2:2:20Þ zF zF zF Here, ðxF ; yF ; zF Þ are the coordinates of an arbitrary fixed point of the symmetry operation. Example Consider the symbol 3 ð1=3; 1=3; 1=3Þ x
þ 1=3; x
þ 1=6; x of the symmetry operation No. (11) of the Symmetry opera
(230). The corretions ð0; 0; 0Þ block of the space group Ia3d sponding rotational part W is read directly from Table 1.2.2.1: 0 1 0 1 0 W ¼ @ 0 0 1
A: 1
0 0

Example What is the pair (W, w) for a glide reflection with the plane through the origin, the normal of the glide plane parallel to c, 0 1 1=2 and with the glide vector wg ¼ @ 1=2 A? 0

The location part wl is determined by the matrix equations 1 0 1 0 10 1 0 1=3 1=6 1 0 0 0 1 0 wl ¼ ð@ 0 1 0 A  @ 0 0 1
AÞ@ 1=6 A ¼ @ 1=6 A 1=3 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 [cf. Equation (1.2.2.20)]. The point with coordinates xF ¼ 1=3, yF ¼ 1=6, zF ¼ 0 is on the screw axis of 3 x
þ 1=3; x
þ 1=6; x, i.e. one of the fixed points of the reduced symmetry operation ðW ; wl Þ. The translation part w of the matrix–column pair of the symmetry operation is given by 0 1 0 1 0 1 1=6 1=3 1=2 w ¼ wl þ wg ¼ @ 1=6 A þ @ 1=3 A ¼ @ 1=2 A: 1=3 1=3 0

(a) Image of the origin O: The origin is left invariant by the reflection part of the mapping; it is shifted by the glide part ~ Therefore, to 1/2, 1/2, 0 which are the coordinates of O. 0 1 1=2 w ¼ @ 1=2 A. 0 (b) Images of the coordinate points. Neither of the points A and B are affected by the reflection part, but A is then shifted to 3/2, 1/2, 0 and B to 1/2, 3/2, 0. This results in the equations 3=2 ¼ W11 þ 1=2, 1=2 ¼ W21 þ 1=2, 0 ¼ W31 þ 0 for A and 1=2 ¼ W12 þ 1=2, 3=2 ¼ W22 þ 1=2, 0 ¼ W32 þ 0 for B. One obtains W11 ¼ 1, W21 ¼ W31 ¼ W12 ¼ 0, W22 ¼ 1 and W32 ¼ 0. Point C: 0, 0, 1 is reflected to 0; 0; 1 and then shifted to 1=2; 1=2; 1. This means 1=2 ¼ W13 þ 1=2, 1=2 ¼ W23 þ 1=2, 1 = W33 þ 0 or W13 ¼ W23 ¼ 0, W33 ¼ 1. (c) The matrix–column pair is thus 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1=2 W ¼ @ 0 1 0 A and w ¼ @ 1=2 A; 0 0 1
0

The coordinate triplet y þ 1=2; z
þ 1=2; x
, corresponding to the derived matrix–column pair 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1=2 ðW ; wÞ ¼ ð@ 0 0 1
A; @ 1=2 AÞ; 1
0 0 0 coincides exactly with the coordinate triplet listed under No. (11) in the ð0; 0; 0Þ block of the General positions of the space
group Ia3d.

1.2.3. Symmetry elements In the 1970s, when the International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) planned a new series of International Tables for Crystallography to replace the series International Tables for X-ray Crystallography (1952), there was some confusion about the use of the term symmetry element. Crystallographers and mineralogists had used this term for rotation and rotoinversion axes and reflection planes, in particular for the description of the morphology of crystals, for a long time, although there had been no strict definition of ‘symmetry element’. With the impact of mathematical group theory in crystallography the term element was introduced with another meaning, in which an element is a member of a set, in particular as a group element of a group.

which can be represented by the coordinate triplet x þ 1=2; y þ 1=2; z
[cf. Section 1.2.2.1.1 for the shorthand notation of (W, w)]. The problem of the determination of (W, w) discussed above is simplified if it is reduced to the special case of the derivation of matrix–column pairs of space-group symmetry operations (General position block) from their symbols (Symmetry operations block) found in the space-group tables of Part 2 of this volume. The main simplification comes from the fact that for all symmetry operations of space groups, the rotation parts W

19

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 1.2.3.1 Symmetry elements in point and space groups Name of symmetry element

Geometric element

Defining operation (d.o.)

Operations in element set

Mirror plane Glide plane

Plane p Plane p

D.o. and its coplanar equivalents† D.o. and its coplanar equivalents†

Rotation axis

Line l

Reflection through p Glide reflection through p; 2v (not v) a latticetranslation vector Rotation around l, angle 2/N, N = 2, 3, 4 or 6

Screw axis

Line l

Rotoinversion axis

Line l and point P on l

Centre

Point P

Screw rotation around l, angle 2/N, u = j/N times shortest lattice translation along l, right-hand screw, N = 2, 3, 4 or 6, j = 1, . . . , (N  1) Rotoinversion: rotation around l, angle 2/N, followed by inversion through P, N = 3, 4 or 6 Inversion through P

1st . . . (N  1)th powers of d.o. and their coaxial equivalents‡ 1st . . . (N  1)th powers of d.o. and their coaxial equivalents‡ D.o. and its inverse D.o. only

† That is, all glide reflections through the same reflection plane, with glide vectors v differing from that of the d.o. (taken to be zero for reflections) by a lattice-translation vector. The glide planes a, b, c, n, d and e are distinguished (cf. Table 2.1.2.1). ‡ That is, all rotations and screw rotations around the same axis l, with the same angle and sense of rotation and the same screw vector u (zero for rotation) up to a lattice-translation vector.

(4) The combination of the geometric element and its element set is indicated by the name symmetry element. The names of the symmetry elements (first column of Table 1.2.3.1) are combinations of the name of the defining operation attached to the name of the corresponding geometric element. Names of symmetry elements are mirror plane, glide plane, rotation axis, screw axis, rotoinversion axis and centre.2 This allows such statements as this point lies on a rotation axis or these operations belong to a glide plane.

In crystallography these group elements, however, were the symmetry operations of the symmetry groups, not the crystallographic symmetry elements. Therefore, the IUCr Commission on Crystallographic Nomenclature appointed an Ad-hoc Committee on the Nomenclature of Symmetry with P. M. de Wolff as Chairman to propose definitions for terms of crystallographic symmetry and for several classifications of crystallographic space groups and point groups. In the reports of the Ad-hoc Committee, de Wolff et al. (1989) and (1992) with Addenda, Flack et al. (2000), the results were published. To define the term symmetry element for any symmetry operation was more complicated than had been envisaged previously, in particular for unusual screw and glide components. According to the proposals of the Committee the following procedure has been adopted (cf. also Table 1.2.3.1): (1) No symmetry element is defined for the identity and the (lattice) translations. (2) For any symmetry operation of point groups and space
the
4
and 6, groups with the exception of the rotoinversions 3, geometric element is defined as the set of fixed points (the second column of Table 1.2.3.1) of the reduced operation, cf. equation (1.2.2.17). For reflections and glide reflections this is a plane; for rotations and screw rotations it is a line, for the
4
and 6
the inversion it is a point. For the rotoinversions 3, geometric element is a line with a point (the inversion centre) on this line. (3) The element set (cf. the last column of Table 1.2.3.1) is defined as a set of operations that share the same geometric element. The element set can consist of symmetry operations of the same type (such as the powers of a rotation) or of different types, e.g. by a reflection and a glide reflection through the same plane. The defining operation (d.o.) may be any symmetry operation from the element set that suffices to identify the symmetry element. In most cases, the ‘simplest’ symmetry operation from the element set is chosen as the d.o. (cf. the third column of Table 1.2.3.1). For reflections and glide reflections the element set includes the defining operation and all glide reflections through the same reflection plane but with glide vectors differing by a lattice-translation vector, i.e. the so-called coplanar equivalents. For rotations and screw rotations of angle 2/k the element set is the defining operation, its 1st . . . (k  1)th powers and all rotations and screw rotations with screw vectors differing from that of the defining operation by a lattice-translation vector, known as coaxial equivalents. For a rotoinversion the element set includes the defining operation and its inverse.

Examples (1) Glide and mirror planes. The element set of a glide plane with a glide vector v consists of infinitely many different glide reflections with glide vectors that are obtained from v by adding any lattice-translation vector parallel to the glide plane, including centring translations of centred cells. (a) It is important to note that if among the infinitely many glide reflections of the element set of the same plane there exists one operation with zero glide vector, then this operation is taken as the defining operation (d.o). Consider, for example, the symmetry operation x þ 1=2, y þ 1=2, z þ 1=2 of Cmcm (63) [General position ð1=2; 1=2; 0Þ block]. This is an n-glide reflection through the plane x; y; 1=4. However, the corresponding symmetry element is a mirror plane, as among the glide reflections of the element set of the plane x; y; 1=4 one finds the reflection x; y; z þ 1=2 [symmetry operation (6) of the General position ð0; 0; 0Þ block]. (b) The symmetry operation x þ 5=2; y  7=2; z þ 3 is a glide reflection. Its geometric element is the plane x; y; 3=2. Its symmetry element is a glide plane in space group Pmmn (59) because there is no lattice translation by which the glide vector can be changed to o. If, however, the same mapping is a symmetry operation of space group Cmmm (65), then its symmetry element is a reflection plane because the glide vector with components 5=2; 7=2; 0 can be cancelled through a translation ð2 þ 12Þa þ ð4 þ 12Þb, which is a lattice translation in a C lattice. Evidently, the correct specification of the symmetry element is possible only with respect to a specific translation lattice. 2

The proposal to introduce the symbols for the symmetry elements Em, Eg, En, Enj , En and E1 was not taken up in practice. The printed and graphical symbols of symmetry elements used throughout the space-group tables of Part 2 are introduced in Section 2.1.2 and listed in Tables 2.1.2.1 to 2.1.2.7.

20

1.2. CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC SYMMETRY (b) The symmetry operation 4  x, 2  y, z þ 5=2 is a screw rotation of space group P2221 (17). Its geometric element is the line 2; 1; z and its symmetry element is a screw axis. (c) The determination of the complete element set of a geometric element is important for the correct designation of the corresponding symmetry element. For example, the symmetry element of a twofold screw rotation with an axis through the origin is a twofold screw axis in the space group P2221 but a fourfold screw axis in P41 (76).

(c) Similarly, in Cmme (67) with an a-glide reflection x þ 1=2; y; z, the b-glide reflection x; y þ 1=2; z also occurs. The geometric element is the plane x; y; 0 and the symmetry element is an e-glide plane. In fact, all vectors ðu þ 12Þa þ vb þ 12 kða þ bÞ, u; v; k integers, are glide vectors of glide reflections through the (001) plane of a space group with a C-centred lattice. Among them one finds a glide reflection b with a glide vector 12 b related to 12 a by the centring translation; an a-glide reflection and a b-glide reflection share the same plane as a geometric element. Their symmetry element is thus an e-glide plane. (d) In general, the e-glide planes are symmetry elements characterized by the existence of two glide reflections through the same plane with perpendicular glide vectors and with the additional requirement that at least one glide vector is along a crystal axis (de Wolff et al., 1992). The e-glide designation of glide planes occurs only when a centred cell represents the choice of basis (cf. Table 2.1.2.2). The ‘double’ e-glide planes are indicated by special graphical symbols on the symmetry-element diagrams of the space groups (cf. Tables 2.1.2.3 and 2.1.2.4). For example, consider the space group I4cm (108). The symmetry operations ð8Þ y; x; z þ 1=2 [General position (0, 0, 0) block] and ð8Þ y þ 1=2; x þ 1=2; z [General position (1/2, 1/2, 1/2) block] are glide reflections through the same x; x; z plane, and their glide vectors 12 c and 12 ða þ bÞ are related by the centring ð1=2; 1=2; 1=2Þ translation. The corresponding symmetry element is an e-glide plane and it is easily recognized on the symmetry-element diagram of I4cm shown in Chapter 2.3.

(3) Special case. In point groups 6=m, 6=mmm and space groups P6=m (175), P6=mmm (191) and P6=mcc (192) the geometric elements of the defining operations 6 and 3 are the same. To make the element sets unique, the geometric elements should not be given just by a line and a point on it, but should be labelled by these operations. Then the element sets and thus the symmetry element are unique (Flack et al., 2000).

References Flack, H. D., Wondratschek, H., Hahn, Th. & Abrahams, S. C. (2000). Symmetry elements in space groups and point groups. Addenda to two IUCr Reports on the Nomenclature of Symmetry. Acta Cryst. A56, 96– 98. International Tables for X-ray Crystallography (1952). Vol. I, edited by N. F. M. Henry & K. Lonsdale. Birmingham: Kynoch Press. Seitz, F. (1935). A matrix-algebraic development of crystallographic groups. III. Z. Kristallogr. 71, 336–366. Wolff, P. M. de, Billiet, Y., Donnay, J. D. H., Fischer, W., Galiulin, R. B., Glazer, A. M., Senechal, M., Shoemaker, D. P., Wondratschek, H., Hahn, Th., Wilson, A. J. C. & Abrahams, S. C. (1989). Definition of symmetry elements in space groups and point groups. Report of the International Union of Crystallography Ad-Hoc Committee on the Nomenclature of Symmetry. Acta Cryst. A45, 494–499. Wolff, P. M. de, Billiet, Y., Donnay, J. D. H., Fischer, W., Galiulin, R. B., Glazer, A. M., Hahn, Th., Senechal, M., Shoemaker, D. P., Wondratschek, H., Wilson, A. J. C. & Abrahams, S. C. (1992). Symbols for symmetry elements and symmetry operations. Final Report of the International Union of Crystallography Ad-Hoc Committee on the Nomenclature of Symmetry. Acta Cryst. A48, 727–732.

(2) Screw and rotation axes. The element set of a screw axis is formed by a screw rotation of angle 2=N with a screw vector u, its (N  1) powers and all its co-axial equivalents, i.e. screw rotations around the same axis, with the same angle and sense of rotation, with screw vectors obtained by adding a lattice-translation vector parallel to u. (a) Twofold screw axis k ½001 in a primitive cell: the element set is formed by all twofold screw rotations around the same axis with screw vectors of the type ðu þ 12Þc, i.e. screw components as 12 c,  12 c, 32 c etc.

21

references

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Chapter 1.3, pp. 22–41.

1.3. A general introduction to space groups B. Souvignier 1.3.1. Introduction

implies that the pattern is invariant under a translation by mv for every integer m. Furthermore, if a crystal pattern is invariant under translations by v and w, it is also invariant by the composition of these two translations, which is the translation by v þ w. This shows that the set of vectors by which the translations in a space group move the crystal pattern is closed under taking integral linear combinations. This property is formalized by the mathematical concept of a lattice and the translation subgroups of space groups are best understood by studying their corresponding lattices. These lattices capture the periodic nature of the underlying crystal patterns and reflect their geometric properties.

We recall from Chapter 1.2 that an isometry is a mapping of the point space En which preserves distances and angles. From the mathematical viewpoint, En is an affine space in which two points differ by a unique vector in the underlying vector space Vn . The crucial difference between these two types of spaces is that in an affine space no point is distinguished, whereas in a vector space the zero vector plays a special role, namely as the identity element for the addition of vectors. After choosing an origin O, the points of the affine space En are in one-to-one correspondence with the vectors of Vn by identifying a point P with the
! difference vector OP . A crystallographic space-group operation is an isometry that maps a crystal pattern onto itself. Since isometries are invertible and the composition of two isometries leaves a crystal pattern invariant as a whole if the two single isometries do so, the spacegroup operations form a group G, called a crystallographic space group. As a mapping of points in an affine space, a space-group operation is an affine mapping and is thus composed of a linear mapping of the underlying vector space and a translation. Once a coordinate system has been chosen, space-group operations are conveniently represented as matrix–column pairs ðW ; wÞ, where W is the linear part and w the translation part and a point with coordinates x is mapped to W x þ w (cf. Section 1.2.2). A translation is a matrix–column pair of the form ðI; wÞ, where I is the unit matrix and all translations taken together form the translation subgroup T of G. The translation subgroup is an infinite group that forms an abelian normal subgroup of G. The factor group G=T is a finite group that can be identified with the group of linear parts of G via the mapping ðW ; wÞ 7 ! W, which simply forgets about the translation part. The group P ¼ fW j ðW ; wÞ 2 Gg of linear parts occurring in G is called the point group P of G. The representation of space-group operations as matrix– column pairs is clearly adapted to the fact that space groups can be built from these two parts, the translation subgroup and the point group. This viewpoint will be discussed in detail in Section 1.3.3. It allows one to treat space groups in many aspects analogously to finite groups, although, due to the infinite translation subgroup, they are of course infinite groups.

1.3.2.1. Basic properties of lattices The two-dimensional vector space V2 is the space of columns   x with two real components x; y 2 R and the threey 0 1 x dimensional vector space V3 is the space of columns @ y A with z three real components x; y; z 2 R. Analogously, 0 the n-dimen1 v1 B C sional vector space Vn is the space of columns v ¼ @ ... A with n real components. v n

For the sake of clarity we will restrict our discussions to threedimensional (and occasionally two-dimensional) space. The generalization to n-dimensional space is straightforward and only requires dealing with columns of n instead of three components and with bases consisting of n instead of three basis vectors. Definition For vectors a; b; c forming a basis of the three-dimensional vector space V3, the set L :¼ fla þ mb þ nc j l; m; n 2 Zg of all integral linear combinations of a; b; c is called a lattice in V3 and the vectors a; b; c are called a lattice basis of L. It is inherent in the definition of a crystal pattern that the translation vectors of the translations leaving the pattern invariant are closed under taking integral linear combinations. Since the crystal pattern is assumed to be discrete, it follows that all translation vectors can be written as integral linear combinations of a finite generating set. The fundamental theorem on finitely generated abelian groups (see e.g. Chapter 21 in Armstrong, 1997) asserts that in this situation a set of three translation vectors a; b; c can be found such that all translation vectors are integral linear combinations of these three vectors. This shows that the translation vectors of a crystal pattern form a lattice with lattice basis a; b; c in the sense of the definition above. By definition, a lattice is determined by a lattice basis. Note, however, that every two- or three-dimensional lattice has infinitely many bases.

1.3.2. Lattices A crystal pattern is defined to be periodic in three linearly independent directions, which means that it is invariant under translations in three linearly independent directions. This periodicity implies that the crystal pattern extends infinitely in all directions. Since the atoms of a crystal form a discrete pattern in which two different points have a certain minimal distance, the translations that fix the crystal pattern as a whole cannot have arbitrarily small lengths. If v is a vector such that the crystal pattern is invariant under a translation by v, the periodicity Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

22

1.3. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO SPACE GROUPS Summarizing, the different lattice bases of a lattice L are obtained by transforming a single lattice basis a; b; c with integral transformation matrices P such that det P ¼ 1.

1.3.2.2. Metric properties

Figure 1.3.2.1

In the three-dimensional vector space V3, the norm or length of 0 1 vx a vector v ¼ @ vy A is (due to Pythagoras’ theorem) given by vz qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi jvj ¼ v2x þ v2y þ v2z :

Conventional basis a; b and a non-conventional basis a0 ; b0 for the square lattice.

From this, the scalar product 0

1 0 1 wx vx @ A @ v v  w ¼ vx wx þ vy wy þ vz wz for v ¼ ; w ¼ wy A y vz wz

Example The square lattice L¼Z ¼ 2



m n



 j m; n 2 Z

is derived, which allows one to express angles by

in V has the vectors 2

  1 a¼ ; 0

cos ffðv; wÞ ¼

  0 b¼ 1

The definition of a norm function for the vectors turns V3 into a Euclidean space. A lattice L that is contained in V3 inherits the metric properties of this space. But for the lattice, these properties are most conveniently expressed with respect to a lattice basis. It is customary to choose basis vectors a, b, c which define a right-handed coordinate system, i.e. such that the matrix with columns a, b, c has a positive determinant.

as its standard lattice basis. But     1
2 a0 ¼ ; b0 ¼
2 3 is also a lattice basis of L: on the one hand a0 and b0 are integral linear combinations of a; b and are thus contained in L. On the other hand      
3 4 1
3a0
2b0 ¼ þ ¼ ¼a 6
6 0

Definition For a lattice L  V3 with lattice basis a; b; c the metric tensor of L is the 3  3 matrix 0 1 aa ab ac G ¼ @ b  a b  b b  c A: ca cb cc

and 0

0


2a
b ¼




2 4



 þ

2
3



vw : jvj jwj

  0 ¼ b; ¼ 1

If A is the 3  3 matrix with the vectors a; b; c as its columns, then the metric tensor is obtained as the matrix product G ¼ AT  A. It follows immediately that the metric tensor is a symmetric matrix, i.e. GT ¼ G.

hence a and b are also integral linear combinations of a0 ; b0 and thus the two bases a; b and a0 ; b0 both span the same lattice (see Fig. 1.3.2.1). The example indicates how the different lattice bases of a lattice L can be described. Recall that for a vector v = xa þ yb þ zc the coefficients x; y; z are called the coordinates and 0 1 x the vector @ y A is called the coordinate column of v with respect z to the basis a; b; c. The coordinate columns of the vectors in L with respect to a lattice basis are therefore simply columns with three integral components. In particular, if we take a second lattice basis a0 ; b0 ; c0 of L, then the coordinate columns of a0, b0 , c0 with respect to the first basis are columns of integers and thus the basis transformation P such that ða0 ; b0 ; c0 Þ ¼ ða; b; cÞP is an integral 3  3 matrix. But if we interchange the roles of the two bases, they are related by the inverse transformation P
1 , i.e. ða; b; cÞ ¼ ða0 ; b0 ; c0 ÞP
1 , and the argument given above asserts that P
1 is also an integral matrix. Now, on the one hand det P and det P
1 are both integers (being determinants of integral matrices), on the other hand det P
1 ¼ 1= det P. This is only possible if det P ¼ 1.

Example Let 0 1 1 a ¼ @ 1 A; 1

0 1 1 b ¼ @ 1 A; 0

0

1 1 c ¼ @
1 A 0

be the basis of a lattice L. Then the metric tensor of L (with respect to the given basis) is 0 1 3 2 0 G ¼ @ 2 2 0 A: 0 0 2

With the help of the metric tensor the scalar products of arbitrary vectors, given as linear combinations of the lattice basis, can be computed from their coordinate columns as follows: If v ¼ x1 a þ y1 b þ z1 c and w ¼ x2 a þ y2 b þ z2 c, then

23

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY 0 1 x2 v  w ¼ ðx1 y1 z1 Þ  G  @ y2 A: z2 From this it follows how the metric tensor transforms under a basis transformation P. If ða0 ; b0 ; c0 Þ ¼ ða; b; cÞP, then the metric tensor G0 of L with respect to the new basis a0 ; b0 ; c0 is given by G0 ¼ P T  G  P: An alternative way to specify the geometry of a lattice in V3 is using the cell parameters, which are the lengths of the lattice basis vectors and the angles between them. Definition For a lattice L in V3 with lattice basis a; b; c the cell parameters (also called lattice parameters, lattice constants or metric parameters) are given by the lengths pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a ¼ jaj ¼ a  a; b ¼ jbj ¼ b  b; c ¼ jcj ¼ c  c of the basis vectors and by the interaxial angles
¼ ffðb; cÞ;

 ¼ ffðc; aÞ;

 ¼ ffða; bÞ:

Figure 1.3.2.2 Voronoı¨ domains and primitive unit cells for a rectangular lattice (a) and an oblique lattice (b).

Owing to the relation v  w ¼ jvj jwj cos ffðv; wÞ for the scalar product of two vectors, one can immediately write down the metric tensor in terms of the cell parameters: 0 1 ab cos  ac cos  a2 G ¼ @ ab cos  b2 bc cos
A: ac cos  bc cos
c2

the next section. If a unit cell in the even more general sense of a cell whose translates cover the whole space without overlap (thus including e.g. Voronoı¨ domains) is meant, this should be indicated by the context. The construction of the Voronoı¨ domain is independent of the basis of L, as the Voronoı¨ domain is bounded by planes bisecting the line segment between the origin and a lattice point and perpendicular to this segment. In two-dimensional space, the Voronoı¨ domain is simply bounded by lines, in three-dimensional space it is bounded by planes and more generally it is bounded by (n
1)-dimensional hyperplanes in n-dimensional space. The boundaries of the Voronoı¨ domain and its translates overlap, thus in order to get a proper fundamental domain, part of the boundary has to be excluded from the Voronoı¨ domain. The volume V of the unit cell can be expressed both via the metric tensor and via the cell parameters. One has

1.3.2.3. Unit cells A lattice L can be used to subdivide V3 into cells of finite volume which all have the same shape. The idea is to define a suitable subset C of V3 such that the translates of C by the vectors in L cover V3 without overlapping. Such a subset C is called a unit cell of L, or, in the more mathematically inclined literature, a fundamental domain of V3 with respect to L. Two standard constructions for such unit cells are the primitive unit cell and the Voronoı¨ domain (which is also known by many other names).

V 2 ¼ det G ¼ a2 b2 c2 ð1
cos2

cos2 
cos2  þ 2 cos
cos  cos Þ

Definition Let L be a lattice in V3 with lattice basis a; b; c. (i) The set C :¼ fxa þ yb þ zc j 0  x; y; z < 1g is called the primitive unit cell of L with respect to the basis a; b; c. The primitive unit cell is the parallelepiped spanned by the vectors of the given basis. (ii) The set C :¼ fw 2 V3 j jwj  jw
vj for all v 2 Lg is called the Voronoı¨ domain or Dirichlet domain or Wigner– Seitz cell or Wirkungsbereich or first Brillouin zone (for the case of reciprocal lattices in dual space, see Section 1.3.2.5) of L (around the origin). The Voronoı¨ domain consists of those points of V3 that are closer to the origin than to any other lattice point of L. See Fig. 1.3.2.2 for examples of these two types of unit cells in two-dimensional space.

and thus pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi V ¼ abc 1
cos2

cos2 
cos2  þ 2 cos
cos  cos  : Although the cell parameters depend on the chosen lattice basis, the volume of the unit cell is not affected by a transition to a different lattice basis a0 ; b0 ; c0. As remarked in Section 1.3.2.1, two lattice bases are related by an integral basis transformation P of determinant 1 and therefore det G0 ¼ detðP T  G  PÞ ¼ det G, i.e. the determinant of the metric tensor is the same for all lattice bases. Assuming that the vectors a; b; c form a right-handed system, the volume can also be obtained via V ¼ a  ðb  cÞ ¼ b  ðc  aÞ ¼ c  ða  bÞ:

It should be noted that the attribute ‘primitive’ for a unit cell is often omitted. The term ‘unit cell’ then either denotes a primitive unit cell in the sense of the definition above or a slight generalization of this, namely a cell spanned by vectors a, b, c which are not necessarily a lattice basis. This will be discussed in detail in

1.3.2.4. Primitive and centred lattices The definition of a lattice as given in Section 1.3.2.1 states that a lattice consists precisely of the integral linear combinations of the vectors in a lattice basis. However, in crystallographic

24

1.3. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO SPACE GROUPS

Figure 1.3.2.4 Primitive cell (dashed line) and centred cell (solid lines) for the centred rectangular lattice.

Figure 1.3.2.3 Primitive rectangular lattice (only the filled nodes) and centred rectangular lattice (filled and open nodes).

b0 ¼
12 a þ 12 b is a primitive basis for L, but it is more convenient to regard L as a centred lattice with respect to the basis a; b with centring vector v ¼ 12 a þ 12 b. The filled nodes then show the sublattice LP of L, the open nodes are the translate v þ LP and L is the union LP [ ðv þ LP Þ.

applications it has turned out to be convenient to work with bases that have particularly nice metric properties. For example, many calculations are simplified if the basis vectors are perpendicular to each other, i.e. if the metric tensor has all non-diagonal entries equal to zero. Moreover, it is preferable that the basis vectors reflect the symmetry properties of the lattice. By a case-by-case analysis of the different types of lattices a set of rules for convenient bases has been identified and bases conforming with these rules are called conventional bases. The conventional bases are chosen such that in all cases the integral linear combinations of the basis vectors are lattice vectors, but it is admitted that not all lattice vectors are obtained as integral linear combinations. To emphasize that a basis has the property that the vectors of a lattice are precisely the integral linear combinations of the basis vectors, such a basis is called a primitive basis for this lattice. If the conventional basis of a lattice is not a primitive basis for this lattice, the price to be paid for the transition to the conventional basis is that in addition to the integral linear combinations of the basis vectors one requires one or more centring vectors in order to obtain all lattice vectors. These centring vectors have non-integral (but rational) coordinates with respect to the conventional basis. The name centring vectors reflects the fact that the additional vectors are usually the centres of the unit cell or of faces of the unit cell spanned by the conventional basis.

Recalling that a lattice is in particular a group (with addition of vectors as operation), the sublattice LP spanned by the basis of a centred lattice is a subgroup of the centred lattice L. Together with the zero vector v0 ¼ 0, the centring vectors form a set v0 ; v1 ; . . . ; vs of coset representatives of L relative to LP and the index [i] of LP in L is s + 1. In particular, the sum of two centring vectors is, up to a vector in LP , again a centring vector, i.e. for centring vectors vi, vj there is a unique centring vector vk (possibly 0) such that vi þ vj ¼ vk þ w for a vector w 2 LP . The concepts of primitive and centred lattices suggest corresponding notions of primitive and centred unit cells. If a; b; c is a primitive basis for the lattice L, then the parallelepiped spanned by a; b; c is called a primitive unit cell (or primitive cell); if a; b; c spans a proper sublattice LP of index [i] in L, then the parallelepiped spanned by a; b; c is called a centred unit cell (or centred cell). Since translating a centred cell by translations from the sublattice LP covers the full space, the centred cell contains one representative from each coset of the centred lattice L relative to LP . This means that the centred cell contains [i] lattice vectors of the centred lattice and due to this a centred cell is also called a multiple cell. As a consequence, the volume of the centred cell is [i] times as large as that of a primitive cell for L. For a conventional basis a; b; c of the lattice L, the parallelepiped spanned by a; b; c is called a conventional unit cell (or conventional cell) of L. Depending on whether the conventional basis is a primitive basis or not, i.e. whether the lattice is primitive or centred, the conventional cell is a primitive or a centred cell.

Definition Let a; b; c be linearly independent vectors in V3 . (i) A lattice L is called a primitive lattice with respect to a basis a; b; c if L consists precisely of all integral linear combinations of a; b; c, i.e. if L = LP = fla þ mb þ nc j l; m; n 2 Zg. (ii) A lattice L is called a centred lattice with respect to a basis a; b; c if the integral linear combinations LP = fla þ mb þ nc j l; m; n 2 Zg form a proper sublattice of L such that L is the union of LP with the translates of LP by centring vectors v1 ; . . . ; vs, i.e. L ¼ LP [ ðv1 þ LP Þ [ . . . [ ðvs þ LP Þ. Typically, the basis a; b; c is a conventional basis and in this case one often briefly says that a lattice L is a primitive lattice or a centred lattice without explicitly mentioning the conventional basis.

Remark: It is important to note that the cell parameters given in the description of a crystallographic structure almost always refer to a conventional cell. When in the crystallographic literature the term ‘unit cell’ is used without further attributes, in most cases a conventional unit cell (as specified by the cell parameters) is meant, which is a primitive or centred (multiple) cell depending on whether the lattice is primitive or centred. Example (continued) In the example of a centred rectangular lattice, the conventional basis a; b spans the centred unit cell indicated by solid lines in Fig. 1.3.2.4, whereas the primitive basis a0 ¼ 12 a þ 12 b, b0 ¼
12 a þ 12 b spans the primitive unit cell indicated by dashed lines. One observes that the centred cell contains two lattice vectors, o and a0 , whereas the primitive cell only contains the zero vector o (note that due to the condition 0  x; y < 1 for the points in the unit cell the other vertices

Example A rectangular lattice has as conventional basis a vector a of minimal length and a vector b of minimal length amongst the vectors perpendicular to a. The resulting primitive lattice LP is indicated by the filled nodes in Fig. 1.3.2.3. Now consider the lattice L having both the filled and the open nodes in Fig. 1.3.2.3 as its lattice nodes. One sees that a0 ¼ 12 a þ 12 b,

25

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY 0

0

a ; b ; b of the cell are excluded). The volume of the centred cell is clearly twice as large as that of the primitive cell.

that they enclose an angle of metric tensor has the form 0 a2
a2 B 2 B B a2 2 @
a 2 0 0

Figures displaying the different primitive and centred unit cells as well as tables describing the metric properties of the different primitive and centred lattices are given in Section 3.1.2. Examples (i) The conventional basis for a primitive cubic lattice (cP) is a basis a; b; c of vectors of equal length which are pairwise perpendicular, i.e. with jaj ¼ jbj ¼ jcj and a  b ¼ b  c ¼ c  a ¼ 0. As the name indicates, this basis is a primitive basis. (ii) A body-centred cubic lattice (cI) has as its conventional basis the conventional basis a; b; c of a primitive cubic lattice, but the lattice also contains the centring vector v ¼ 12 a þ 12 b þ 12 c which points to the centre of the conventional cell. If we denote the primitive cubic lattice by LP , then the body-centred cubic lattice LI is the union of LP and the translate v þ LP ¼ fv þ w j w 2 LP g. Since LP is a sublattice of index 2 in LI , the ratio of the volumes of the centred and the primitive cell of the body-centred cubic lattice is 2. A possible primitive basis for LI is a0 ¼ a, b0 ¼ b, c0 ¼ 12 ða þ b þ cÞ. With respect to this basis, the metric tensor of LI is 0 1 1 0 12 a2  @ 0 1 12 A 1 2

1 2

120 . The corresponding

0

1

C C C: 0A c2

(v) In the unit cell of the primitive hexagonal lattice LP, a point with coordinates 23 ; 13 ; z is mapped to the points
13 ; 13 ; z and
13 ;
23 ; z under the threefold rotation around the c axis. Both of these points are translates of 2 1 3 ; 3 ; z by lattice vectors of LP. This means that a centring vector of the form 23 a þ 13 b þ zc will result in a lattice which is invariant under the threefold rotation. Choosing v1 ¼ 13 ð2a þ b þ cÞ as centring vector, the lattice generated by LP and v1 contains LP as a sublattice of index 3 with coset representatives 0, v1 and 2v1 ¼ 13 ð4a þ 2b þ 2cÞ. The coset representative 2v1 is commonly replaced by v2 ¼ 13 ða þ 2b þ 2cÞ and the centred lattice LR with centring vectors v1 and v2 so obtained is called the rhombohedrally centred lattice (hR). The ratio of the volumes of the centred and the primitive cell of the rhombohedrally centred lattice is 3. For this lattice, the primitive basis of LR consisting of three shortest non-coplanar vectors which are permuted by the threefold rotation is also regarded as a conventional basis. With respect to the above lattice basis of the primitive hexagonal lattice, this basis can be chosen as a0 ¼ 13 ð2a þ b þ cÞ, b0 ¼ 13 ð
a þ b þ cÞ, c0 ¼ 13 ð
a
2b þ cÞ. The metric tensor with respect to this basis is 1 0 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 a a þ c
þ c
þ c 3a C B 2 2 C 1 B 3 C B 3 2  B
a þ c2 3a2 þ c2
a2 þ c2 C: C 9 B 2 2 A @ 3 3 2 2 2 2
a þc
a þc 3a2 þ c2 2 2

3 4

(where a ¼ a  a). However, it is more common to use a primitive basis with vectors of the same length and equal interaxial angles. Such a basis is a00 ¼ 12 ð
a þ b þ cÞ, b00 ¼ 12 ða
b þ cÞ, c00 ¼ 12 ða þ b
cÞ (cf. Fig. 1.5.1.3), and with respect to this basis the metric tensor of LI is 0 1 3
1
1 a2 @ 
1 3
1 A: 4
1
1 3

Details about the transformations between hexagonal and rhombohedral lattices are given in Section 1.5.3.1 and Table 1.5.1.1 (see also Fig. 1.5.1.6).

(iii) The conventional basis for a face-centred cubic lattice (cF) is again the conventional basis a; b; c of a primitive cubic lattice, but the lattice also contains the three centring vectors v1 ¼ 12 b þ 12 c, v2 ¼ 12 a þ 12 c, v3 ¼ 12 a þ 12 b which point to the centres of faces of the conventional cell. The face-centred cubic lattice LF is the union of the primitive cubic lattice LP with its translates vi þ LP by the three centring vectors. The ratio of the volumes of the centred and the primitive cell of the face-centred cubic lattice is 4. In this case, the centring vectors actually form a primitive basis of LF . With respect to the basis a0 ¼ 12 ðb þ cÞ, b0 ¼ 12 ða þ cÞ, c0 ¼ 12 ða þ bÞ (cf. Fig. 1.5.1.4) the metric tensor of LF is 0 1 2 1 1 2 a @  1 2 1 A: 4 1 1 2

Remark: In three-dimensional space V3, the conventional bases have been chosen in such a way that any isometry of a centred lattice maps the sublattice generated by the conventional basis to itself. This means that the matrices of the isometries of the lattice are not only integral with respect to a primitive basis, but also when written with respect to the conventional basis. The advantage of the conventional basis is that the matrices are much simpler. In dimensions n 4, such a choice of a conventional basis is in general no longer possible. For example, one will certainly regard the standard orthonormal basis 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 B0C B0C B1C B0C C B C B C B C a¼B @0A b ¼ @0A c ¼ @1A d ¼ @0A 1 0 0 0

(iv) In the conventional basis of a primitive hexagonal lattice, the basis vector c is chosen as a shortest vector along a sixfold axis. The vectors a and b then are shortest vectors along twofold axes in a plane perpendicular to c and such

of the four-dimensional hypercubic lattice as a conventional basis. The body-centred lattice with centring vector 12 ða þ b þ c þ dÞ is invariant under all the isometries of the hypercubic lattice, but

26

1.3. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO SPACE GROUPS the body-centred lattice itself allows isometries that do not leave the hypercubic lattice invariant. Thus, not all isometries of the body-centred lattice are integral with respect to the conventional basis of the hypercubic lattice.

This example illustrates that a lattice and its reciprocal lattice need not have the same type. The reciprocal lattice of a bodycentred cubic lattice is a face-centred cubic lattice and vice versa. However, the conventional bases are chosen such that for a primitive lattice with a conventional basis as lattice basis, the reciprocal lattice is a primitive lattice of the same type. Therefore the reciprocal lattice of a centred lattice is always a centred lattice for the same type of primitive lattice. The reciprocal basis can be read off the inverse matrix of the metric tensor G: We denote by P the matrix containing the coordinate columns of a ; b ; c with respect to the basis a; b; c, so that a ¼ P 11 a þ P 21 b þ P 31 c etc. Recalling that scalar products can be computed by multiplying the metric tensor G from the left and right with coordinate columns with respect to the basis a; b; c, the conditions 0 1 a  a a  b a  c

@ b  a b  b b  c A ¼ I 3 c  a c  b c  c

1.3.2.5. Reciprocal lattice For crystallographic applications, a lattice L related to L is of utmost importance. If the atoms are placed at the nodes of a lattice L, then the diffraction pattern will have sharp Bragg peaks at the nodes of the reciprocal lattice L . More generally, if the crystal pattern is invariant under translations from L, then the locations of the Bragg peaks in the diffraction pattern will be invariant under translations from L . Definition Let L  V3 be a lattice with lattice basis a; b; c. Then the reciprocal basis a ; b ; c is defined by the properties a  a ¼ b  b ¼ c  c ¼ 1

defining the reciprocal basis result in the matrix equation I 3  G  P ¼ I 3 , since the coordinate columns of the basis a; b; c with respect to itself are the rows of the identity matrix I 3 , and P was just defined to contain the coordinate columns of a ; b ; c . But G  P ¼ I 3 means that P ¼ G
1 and thus the coordinate columns of a ; b ; c with respect to the basis a; b; c are precisely the columns of the inverse matrix G
1 of the metric tensor G. From P ¼ G
1 one also derives that the metric tensor G of the reciprocal basis is

and b  a ¼ c  a ¼ c  b ¼ a  b ¼ a  c ¼ b  c ¼ 0; which can conveniently 0 a  a a  b

@ b  a b  b

c  a c  b

be written as the matrix equation 1 0 1 1 0 0 a  c

b  c A ¼ @ 0 1 0 A ¼ I 3 : 0 0 1 c  c

This means that a is perpendicular to the plane spanned by b and c and its projection to the line along a has length 1=jaj. Analogous properties hold for b and c . The reciprocal lattice L of L is defined to be the lattice with lattice basis a ; b ; c .

G ¼ P T  G  P ¼ G
1  G  G
1 ¼ G
1 : This means that the metric tensors of a basis and its reciprocal basis are inverse matrices of each other. As a further consequence, the volume V of the unit cell spanned by the reciprocal basis is V ¼ V
1, i.e. the inverse of the volume of the unit cell spanned by a; b; c. Of course, the reciprocal basis can also be computed from the vectors ai directly. If B and B are the matrices containing as ith column the vectors ai and a i , respectively, then the relation defining the reciprocal basis reads as BT  B ¼ I 3, i.e. B ¼ ðB
1 ÞT . Thus, the reciprocal basis vector a i is the ith column of the transposed matrix of B
1 and thus the ith row of the inverse of the matrix B containing the ai as columns. The relations between the parameters of the unit cell spanned by the reciprocal basis vectors and those of the unit cell spanned by the original basis can either be obtained from the vector product expressions for a , b , c or by explicitly inverting the metric tensor G (e.g. using Cramer’s rule). The latter approach would also be applicable in n-dimensional space. Either way, one finds

In three-dimensional space V , the reciprocal basis can be determined via the vector product. Assuming that a; b; c form a right-handed system that spans a unit cell of volume V, the relation a  ðb  cÞ ¼ V and the defining conditions a  a ¼ 1, b  a ¼ c  a ¼ 0 imply that a ¼ V1 ðb  cÞ. Analogously, one has b ¼ V1 ðc  aÞ and c ¼ V1 ða  bÞ. The reciprocal lattice can also be defined independently of a lattice basis by stating that the vectors of the reciprocal lattice have integral scalar products with all vectors of the lattice: 3

L ¼ fw 2 V3 j v  w 2 Z for all v 2 Lg: Owing to the symmetry v  w ¼ w  v of the scalar product, the roles of the basis and its reciprocal basis can be interchanged. This means that ðL Þ ¼ L, i.e. taking the reciprocal lattice ðL Þ

of the reciprocal lattice L results in the original lattice L again. Remark: In parts of the literature, especially in physics, the reciprocal lattice is defined slightly differently. The condition there is that ai  a j ¼ 2 if i ¼ j and 0 otherwise and thus the reciprocal lattice is scaled by the factor 2 as compared to the above definition. By this variation the exponential function expð
2i v  wÞ is changed to expð
i v  wÞ, which simplifies the formulas for the Fourier transform.

bc sin
ca sin  ab sin  ; b ¼ ; c ¼ ; V V V V cos  cos 
cos
sin
¼ ; cos
¼ ; abc sin  sin  sin  sin  V cos  cos

cos  sin  ¼ ; cos  ¼ ; abc sin  sin
sin  sin
V cos
cos 
cos  sin  ¼ ; cos  ¼ : abc sin
sin  sin
sin  a ¼

Example Let a; b; c be the lattice basis of a primitive cubic lattice. Then the body-centred cubic lattice LI with centring vector 1 2 ða þ b þ cÞ is the reciprocal lattice of the rescaled facecentred cubic lattice 2LF , i.e. the lattice spanned by 2a; 2b; 2c and the centring vectors b þ c, a þ c, a þ b.

27

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Examples (i) The lattice L spanned by the vectors 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 a ¼ @ 1 A; b ¼ @ 1 A; c ¼ @
1 A 0 0 1

showing that the reciprocal lattice of a body-centred cubic lattice is a face-centred cubic lattice.

1.3.3. The structure of space groups

has metric tensor 0

3 G ¼ @2 0

1.3.3.1. Point groups of space groups

1 0 0 A: 2

2 2 0

The inverse of the metric tensor is 0 2
2 1 G ¼ G
1 ¼ @
2 3 2 0 0

The multiplication rule for symmetry operations ðW 2 ; w2 ÞðW 1 ; w1 Þ ¼ ðW 2 W 1 ; W 2 w1 þ w2 Þ shows that the mapping
: ðW ; wÞ 7 ! W which assigns a spacegroup operation to its linear part is actually a group homomorphism, because the first component of the combined operation is simply the product of the linear parts of the two operations. As a consequence, the linear parts of a space group form a group themselves, which is called the point group of G. The kernel of the homomorphism
consists precisely of the translations ðI; tÞ 2 T , and since kernels of homomorphisms are always normal subgroups (cf. Section 1.1.6), the translation subgroup T forms a normal subgroup of G. According to the homomorphism theorem (see Section 1.1.6), the point group is isomorphic to the factor group G=T .

1

0 0 A: 1

Interpreting the columns of G
1 as coordinate vectors with respect to the original basis, one concludes that the reciprocal basis is given by a ¼ a
b;

b ¼ 12 ð
2a þ 3bÞ;

c ¼ 12 c:

Inserting the columns for a, b, c, one obtains 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 a ¼ @ 0 A; b ¼ @ 1 A; c ¼ @
1 A: 2 2 1
2 0

Definition The point group P of a space group G is the group of linear parts of operations occurring in G. It is isomorphic to the factor group G=T of G by the translation subgroup T . When G is considered with respect to a coordinate system, the operations of P are simply 3  3 matrices.

For the direct computation, the matrix B with the basis vectors a; b; c as columns is 0 1 1 1 1 B ¼ @ 1 1
1 A 1 0 0

The point group plays an important role in the analysis of the macroscopic properties of crystals: it describes the symmetry of the set of face normals and can thus be directly observed. It is usually obtained from the diffraction record of the crystal, where adding the information about the translation subgroup explains the sharpness of the Bragg peaks in the diffraction pattern. Although we have already deduced that the translation subgroup T of a space group G forms a normal subgroup in G because it is the kernel of the homomorphism mapping each operation to its linear part, it is worth investigating this fact by an explicit computation. Let t ¼ ðI; tÞ be a translation in T and W ¼ ðW ; wÞ an arbitrary operation in G, then one has

and has as its inverse the matrix 0 1 0 0 2 1 B
1 ¼ @ 1 1
2 A: 2 1
1 0 The rows of this matrix are indeed the vectors a , b , c as computed above. (ii) The body-centred cubic lattice L has the vectors 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1@ 1 1 1 A; b ¼ @
1 A; c ¼ @ 1 A a¼ 2 2 2 1 1
1

W tW
1 ¼ ðW ; wÞðI; tÞðW
1 ;
W
1 wÞ

¼ ðW ; W t þ wÞðW
1 ;
W
1 wÞ ¼ ðI;
w þ W t þ wÞ ¼ ðI; W tÞ;

as primitive basis. The matrix 0


1 1 B¼ @ 1 2 1

with the basis vectors a; b; c as the matrix 0 0 1 B
1 ¼ @ 1 0 1 1

which is again a translation in G, namely by W t. This little computation shows an important property of the translation subgroup with respect to the point group, namely that every vector from the translation lattice is mapped again to a lattice vector by each operation of the point group of G.

1 1 1 A
1

1
1 1

columns has as its inverse

Proposition. Let G be a space group with point group P and translation subgroup T and let L ¼ ft j ðI; tÞ 2 T g be the lattice of translations in T . Then P acts on the lattice L, i.e. for every W 2 P and t 2 L one has W t 2 L.

1 1 1 A: 0

A point group that acts on a lattice is a subgroup of the full group of symmetries of the lattice, obtained as the group of orthogonal mappings that map the lattice to itself. With respect to a primitive basis, the group of symmetries of a lattice consists of all integral basis transformations that fix the metric tensor of the lattice.


1

The rows of B are the vectors 0 1 0 1 0 1 a ¼ @ 1 A; b ¼ @ 0 A; 1 1

0 1 1 c ¼ @ 1 A; 0

28

1.3. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO SPACE GROUPS Definition Let L be a three-dimensional lattice with metric tensor G with respect to a primitive basis a; b; c. (i) An automorphism of L is an isometry mapping L to itself. Written with respect to the basis a; b; c, an automorphism of L is an integral basis transformation fixing the metric tensor of L, i.e. it is an integral matrix W 2 GL3 ðZÞ with W T  G  W ¼ G. (ii) The group

Table 1.3.3.1 Automorphism groups of two-dimensional primitive lattices Bravais group

Lattice



Square

Since the isometries in the Bravais group of a lattice preserve distances, the possible images of the vectors in a basis are vectors of the same lengths as the basis vectors. But due to its discreteness, a lattice contains only finitely many lattice vectors up to a given length. This means that a lattice automorphism can only permute the finitely many vectors up to the maximum length of a basis vector. Thus, there can only be finitely many automorphisms of a lattice. This argument proves the following important fact:

Hexagonal

2





g11

g12 g22

2: x ; y

g11

0 g22



2mm

2: x ; y m10: x ; y

g11

0 g11



4mm

4+: y ; x m10: x ; y

g11

6mm

6+: x
y; x m21: x ; x þ y


12 g11 g11



Thus the possible orders in dimension 3 are the same as in dimension 2. A much stronger result was obtained by H. Minkowski (1887). He gave an explicit bound for the maximal power pm of a prime p which can divide the order of an n-dimensional finite integral matrix group. In dimension 2 this theorem implies that the orders of the point groups divide 24 and in dimension 3 the orders of the point groups divide 48. The Bravais groups 4mm (of order 8) and 6mm (of order 12) of the square and hexagonal lattices in  (of order 48) of the dimension 2 and the Bravais group m3m cubic lattice in dimension 3 show that Minkowski’s result is the best possible in these dimensions.

Theorem. The Bravais group of a lattice is finite. As a consequence, point groups of space groups are finite groups. As subgroups of the Bravais group of a lattice, point groups can be realized as integral matrix groups when written with respect to a primitive basis. For a centred lattice, it is possible that the Bravais group of a lattice contains non-integral matrices, because the centring vector is a column with non-integral entries. However, in dimensions two and three the conventional bases are chosen such that the Bravais groups of all lattices are integral when written with respect to a conventional basis. Information on the Bravais groups of the primitive lattices in two- and three-dimensional space is displayed in Tables 1.3.3.1 and 1.3.3.2. The columns of the tables contain the names of the lattices, the metric tensor with respect to the conventional basis (with only the upper half given, the lower half following by the symmetry of the metric tensor), the Hermann–Mauguin symbol for the type of the Bravais group and generators of the Bravais group (given in the shorthand notation introduced in Section 1.2.2.1 and the corresponding Seitz symbols discussed in Section 1.4.2.2). The finiteness and integrality of the point groups has important consequences. For example, it implies the crystallographic restriction that rotations in space groups of two- and threedimensional space can only have orders 1, 2, 3, 4 or 6. On the one hand, an integral matrix clearly has an integral trace.1 But a matrix W with the property that W k ¼ I can be diagonalized over the complex numbers and the diagonal entries have to be kth roots of unity, i.e. powers of k ¼ expð2i=kÞ. Since diagonalization does not change the trace, the sum of these kth roots of unity still has to be an integer and in particular these roots of unity have to occur in complex conjugate pairs. In dimension 2 this means that the two diagonal entries are complex conjugate and the only possible ways to obtain an integral trace are 1 þ 1
1 ¼ 2, 2 þ 2
1 ¼
2, 3 þ 3
1 ¼
1, 4 þ 4
1 ¼ 0 and 6 þ 6
1 ¼ 1. In dimension 3 the third diagonal entry does not have a complex conjugate partner, and therefore has to be 1. 1



Rectangular

of all automorphisms of L is called the automorphism group or Bravais group of L. Note that AutðLÞ acts on the coordinate columns of L, which are simply columns with integral coordinates.

Generators



Metric tensor

Oblique

B :¼ AutðLÞ ¼ fW 2 GL3 ðZÞ j W T  G  W ¼ Gg

Hermann– Mauguin symbol

1.3.3.2. Coset decomposition with respect to the translation subgroup The translation subgroup T of a space group G can be used to distribute the operations of G into different classes by grouping together all operations that differ only by a translation. This results in the decomposition of G into cosets with respect to T (see Section 1.1.4 for details of cosets). Definition Let G be a space group with translation subgroup T . (i) The right coset T W of an operation W 2 G with respect to T is the set ftW j t 2 T g. Analogously, the set W T ¼ fW t j t 2 T g is called the left coset of W with respect to T . (ii) A set fW 1 ; . . . ; W m g of operations in G is called a system of coset representatives relative to T if every operation W in G is contained in exactly one coset T W i . (iii) Writing G as the disjoint union G ¼ T W1 [ . . . [ T Wm is called the coset decomposition of G relative to T . If the translation subgroup T is a subgroup of index [i] in G, a set of coset representatives for G relative to T consists of [i] operations W 1 ; W 2 ; . . . ; W ½i , where W 1 is assumed to be the identity element e of G. The cosets of G relative to T can be imagined as columns of an infinite array with [i] columns, labelled by the coset representatives, as displayed in Table 1.3.3.3.

The trace of a matrix is the sum of its diagonal entries.

29

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 1.3.3.2 Automorphism groups of three-dimensional primitive lattices Bravais group

Lattice Triclinic

Monoclinic

Orthorhombic

Tetragonal

Hexagonal

Rhombohedral

Cubic

Metric tensor 0 1 g11 g12 g13 @ g22 g23 A g33 0 1 g11 0 g13 @ g22 0 A g33 0 1 0 g11 0 @ g22 0 A g33 0 1 g11 0 0 @ g11 0 A g33 0 1 g11
12 g11 0 @ 0 A g11 g33 0 1 g11 g12 g12 @ g11 g12 A g11 0 1 0 g11 0 @ g11 0 A g11

Right-coset decomposition of G relative to T W1 ¼ e

W2

W3

...

W ½i

t1 t2 t3 t4

t 1W 2 t 2W 2 t 3W 2 t 4W 2

t1W 3 t2W 3 t3W 3 t4W 3

... ... ... ...

t 1 W ½i t 2 W ½i t 3 W ½i t 4 W ½i

.. .

.. .

1

2/m

2010 : x ; y; z m010 : x; y ; z

mmm

m100 : x ; y; z m010 : x; y ; z m001 : x; y; z

4/mmm

4001 : y ; x; z m001 : x; y; z m100 : x ; y; z

6/mmm

6001 : x
y; x; z m001 : x; y; z m100 : x þ y; y; z

 3m

3 111 : z ; x ; y m110  : y; x; z

 m3m

m001 : x; y; z 3 111 : z ; x ; y m110 : y ; x ; z

Proposition Let W ¼ ðW ; wÞ and W 0 ¼ ðW 0 ; w0 Þ be two operations of a space group G with translation subgroup T . (1) If W 6¼ W 0, then the cosets T W and T W 0 are disjoint, i.e. their intersection is empty. (2) If W ¼ W 0, then the cosets T W and T W 0 are equal, because W W 0
1 has linear part I and is thus an operation contained in T .

.. .

Remark: We can assume some enumeration t 1 ; t 2 ; t 3 ; . . . of the operations in T because the translation vectors form a lattice. For example, with respect to a primitive basis, the coordinate vectors 0 1 l of the translations in G are simply columns @ m A with integral n components l; m; n. A straightforward enumeration of these columns would start with 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 B C B C B C B C B C BC B C @ 0 A; @ 0 A; @ 1 A; @ 0 A; @ 0 A; @ 1 A; @ 0 A; 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 B C B C B C @ 1 A; @ 0 A; @ 1 A . . . 0

Generators  x ; y ; z 1:

of the cosets as columns of an infinite array, as in the example above.

Table 1.3.3.3

.. .

Hermann– Mauguin symbol 1

The one-to-one correspondence between the point-group operations and the cosets relative to T explicitly displays the isomorphism between the point group P of G and the factor group G=T . This correspondence is also exploited in the listing of the general-position coordinates. What is given there are the coordinate triplets for coset representatives of G relative to T , which correspond to the first row of the array in Table 1.3.3.3. As just explained, the other operations in G can be obtained from these coset representatives by adding a lattice translation to the translational part. Furthermore, the correspondence between the point group and the coset decomposition relative to T makes it easy to find a system of coset representatives fW 1 ; . . . ; W m g of G relative to T . What is required is that the linear parts of the W i are precisely the operations in the point group of G. If W 1 ; . . . ; W m are the different operations in the point group P of G, then a system of coset representatives is obtained by choosing for every linear part W i a translation part wi such that W i ¼ ðW i ; wi Þ is an operation in G. It is customary to choose the translation parts wi of the coset representatives such that their coordinates lie between 0 and 1,

1

Writing out the matrix–column pairs, the coset T ðW ; wÞ consists of the operations of the form ðI; tÞðW ; wÞ ¼ ðW ; w þ tÞ with t running over the lattice translations of T . This means that the operations of a coset with respect to the translation subgroup all have the same linear part, which is also evident from a listing

30

1.3. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO SPACE GROUPS Once translation parts w are found that fulfil all these restrictions, one finally has to check whether the space group obtained this way is (by accident) symmorphic, but written with respect to an inappropriate origin. A change of origin by p is realized by conjugating the matrix–column pair ðW ; wÞ by the translation ðI;
pÞ (cf. Section 1.5.1 on transformations of the coordinate system) which gives

excluding 1. In particular, if the translation part of a coset representative is a lattice vector, it is usually chosen as the zero vector o. Note that due to the fact that T is a normal subgroup of G, a system of coset representatives for the right cosets is at the same time a system of coset representatives for the left cosets. 1.3.3.3. Symmorphic and non-symmorphic space groups

ðI;
pÞðW ; wÞðI; pÞ ¼ ðW ; W p þ w
pÞ ¼ ðW ; w þ ðW
IÞpÞ:

If a coset with respect to the translation subgroup contains an operation of the form ðW ; wÞ with w a vector in the translation lattice, it is clear that the same coset also contains the operation ðW ; oÞ with trivial translation part. On the other hand, if a coset does not contain an operation of the form ðW ; oÞ, this may be caused by an inappropriate choice of origin. For example, the operation ð
I; ð1=2; 1=2; 1=2ÞÞ is turned into the inversion ð
I; ð0; 0; 0ÞÞ by moving the origin to 1=4; 1=4; 1=4 (cf. Section 1.5.1.1 for a detailed treatment of origin-shift transformations). Depending on the actual space group G, it may or may not be possible to choose the origin such that every coset with respect to T contains an operation of the form ðW ; oÞ.

Thus, the space group just constructed is symmorphic if there is a vector p such that ðW
IÞp þ w 2 L for each of the coset representatives ðW ; wÞ. The above considerations also show how every space group can be assigned to a symmorphic space group in a canonical way, namely by setting the translation parts of coset representatives with respect to T to o. This has the effect that screw rotations are turned into rotations and glide reflections into reflections. The Hermann–Mauguin symbol (see Section 1.4.1 for a detailed discussion of Hermann–Mauguin symbols) of the symmorphic space group to which an arbitrary space group is assigned is simply obtained by replacing any screw rotation symbol Nm by the corresponding rotation symbol N and every glide reflection symbol a, b, c, d, e, n by the symbol m for a reflection. A space group is found to be symmorphic if no such replacement is required, i.e. if the Hermann–Mauguin symbol only contains the  3,  4,  6 for rotoinversions and symbols 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 for rotations, 1, m for reflections.

Definition Let G be a space group with translation subgroup T . If it is possible to choose the coordinate system such that every coset of G with respect to T contains an operation ðW ; oÞ with trivial translation part, G is called a symmorphic space group, otherwise G is called a non-symmorphic space group. One sees that the operations with trivial translation part form a subgroup of G which is isomorphic to a subgroup of the point group P. This subgroup is the group of operations in G that fix the origin and is called the site-symmetry group of the origin (sitesymmetry groups are discussed in detail in Section 1.4.4). It is the distinctive property of symmorphic space groups that they contain a subgroup which is isomorphic to the full point group. This may in fact be seen as an alternative definition for symmorphic space groups.

Example The space groups with Hermann-Mauguin symbols P4mm, P4bm, P42cm, P42nm, P4cc, P4nc, P42mc, P42bc are all assigned to the symmorphic space group with Hermann– Mauguin symbol P4mm.

Proposition. A space group G with point group P is symmorphic if and only if it contains a subgroup isomorphic to P. For a nonsymmorphic space group G, every finite subgroup of G is isomorphic to a proper subgroup of the point group.

In this section we will consider various ways in which space groups may be grouped together. For the space groups themselves, the natural notion of equivalence is the classification into space-group types, but the point groups and lattices from which the space groups are built also have their own classification schemes into geometric crystal classes and Bravais types of lattices, respectively. Some other types of classifications are relevant for certain applications, and these will also be considered. The hierarchy of the different classification levels and the numbers of classes on the different levels in dimension 3 are displayed in Fig. 1.3.4.1.

1.3.4. Classification of space groups

Note that every finite subgroup of a space group is a subgroup of the site-symmetry group for some point, because finite groups cannot contain translations. Therefore, a symmorphic space group is characterized by the fact that it contains a site-symmetry group isomorphic to its point group, whereas in non-symmorphic space groups all site-symmetry groups have orders strictly smaller than the order of the point group. Symmorphic space groups can easily be constructed by choosing a lattice L and a point group P which acts on L. Then G ¼ fðW ; wÞ j W 2 P; w 2 Lg is a space group in which the coset representatives can be chosen as ðW ; oÞ. Non-symmorphic space groups can also be constructed from a lattice L and a point group P. What is required is a system of coset representatives with respect to T and these are obtained by choosing for each operation W 2 P a translation part w. Owing to the translations, it is sufficient to consider vectors w with components between 0 and 1. However, the translation parts cannot be chosen arbitrarily, because for a point-group operation of order k, the operation ðW ; wÞk has to be a translation ðI; tÞ with t 2 L. Working this out, this imposes the restriction that

1.3.4.1. Space-group types The main motivation behind studying space groups is that they allow the classification of crystal structures according to their symmetry properties. Since many properties of a structure can be derived from its group of symmetries alone, this allows the investigation of the properties of many structures simultaneously. On the other hand, even for the same crystal structure the corresponding space group may look different, depending on the chosen coordinate system (see Chapter 1.5 for a detailed discussion of transformations to different coordinate systems). Because it is natural to regard two realizations of a group of symmetry operations with respect to two different coordinate systems as equivalent, the following notion of equivalence between space groups is natural.

ðW k
1 þ . . . þ W þ IÞw 2 L:

31

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY (ii) The elements carbon, silicon and germanium all crystallize in the diamond structure, which has a face-centred cubic unit cell with two atoms shifted by 1/4 along the space diagonal of the conventional cubic cell. The space group is  (227), but the cell parameters in all cases of type Fd3m ˚ for carbon, aSi = 5.4310 A ˚ for silicon differ: aC = 3.5668 A ˚ and aGe = 5.6579 A for germanium (measured at 298 K). In order to scale the conventional cell of carbon to that of silicon, the coordinate system has to be transformed by the diagonal matrix 0 1 1:523 0 0 aSi =aC  I 3 @ 0 1:523 0 A: 0 0 1:523

By a famous theorem of Bieberbach (see Bieberbach, 1911, 1912), affine equivalence of space groups actually coincides with the notion of abstract group isomorphism as discussed in Section 1.1.6.

Figure 1.3.4.1 Classification levels for three-dimensional space groups.

Definition Two space groups G and G0 are called affinely equivalent if G0 can be obtained from G by a change of the coordinate system. In terms of matrix–column pairs this means that there must exist a matrix–column pair ðP; pÞ such that

Bieberbach theorem Two space groups in n-dimensional space are isomorphic if and only if they are conjugate by an affine mapping. This theorem is by no means obvious. Recall that for point groups the situation is very different, since for example the abstract cyclic group of order 2 is realized in the point groups of  generated by a twofold space groups of type P2, Pm and P1, rotation, reflection and inversion, respectively, which are clearly not equivalent in any geometric sense. The driving force behind the Bieberbach theorem is the special structure of space groups having an infinite normal translation subgroup on which the point group acts. In crystallography, a notion of equivalence slightly stronger than affine equivalence is usually used. Since crystals occur in physical space and physical space can only be transformed by orientation-preserving mappings, space groups are only regarded as equivalent if they are conjugate by an orientation-preserving coordinate transformation, i.e. by an affine mapping that has a linear part with positive determinant.

G0 ¼ fðP; pÞ
1 ðW ; wÞðP; pÞ j ðW ; wÞ 2 Gg: The collection of space groups that are affinely equivalent with G forms the affine type of G. In dimension 2 there are 17 affine types of plane groups and in dimension 3 there are 219 affine space-group types. Note that in order to avoid misunderstandings we refrain from calling the space-group types affine classes, since the term classes is usually associated with geometric crystal classes (see below). Grouping together space groups according to their spacegroup type serves different purposes. On the one hand, it is sometimes convenient to consider the same crystal structure and thus also its space group with respect to different coordinate systems, e.g. when the origin can be chosen in different natural ways or when a phase transition to a higher- or lower-symmetry phase with a different conventional cell is described. On the other hand, different crystal structures may give rise to the same space group once suitable coordinate systems have been chosen for both. We illustrate both of these perspectives by an example.

Definition Two space groups G and G0 are said to belong to the same space-group type if G0 can be obtained from G by an orientation-preserving coordinate transformation, i.e. by conjugation with a matrix–column pair ðP; pÞ with det P > 0. In order to distinguish the space-group types explicitly from the affine space-group types (corresponding to the isomorphism classes), they are often called crystallographic space-group types.

Examples (i) The space group G of type Pban (50) has a subgroup H of index 2 for which the coset representatives relative to the translation subgroup are the identity e: x; y; z, the twofold rotation g :
x; y;
z, the n glide h: x þ 12 ; y þ 12 ;
z and the b glide k :
x þ 12 ; y þ 12 ; z. This subgroup is of type Pb2n, which is a non-conventional setting for Pnc2 (30). In the conventional setting, the coset representatives of Pnc2 are given by g 0 :
x;
y; z, h0 :
x; y þ 12 ; z þ 12 and k 0 : x;
y þ 12 ; z þ 12, i.e. with the z axis as rotation axis for the twofold rotation. The subgroup H can be transformed to its conventional setting by the basis transformation ða0 ; b0 ; c0 Þ ¼ ðc; a; bÞ. Depending on whether the perspective of the full group G or the subgroup H is more important for a crystal structure, the groups G and H will be considered either with respect to the basis a; b; c (conventional for G) or to the basis a0 ; b0 ; c0 (conventional for H).

The (crystallographic) space-group type collects together the infinitely many space groups that are obtained by expressing a single space group with respect to all possible right-handed coordinate systems for the point space. Example We consider the space group G of type I41 (80) which is generated by the right-handed fourfold screw rotation g :
y; x þ 1=2; z þ 1=4 (located at
1=4; 1=4; z), the centring translation t : x þ 1=2; y þ 1=2; z þ 1=2 and the integral translations of a primitive tetragonal lattice. Conjugating the group G to G0 ¼ mGm
1 by the reflection m in the plane z ¼ 0 turns the right-handed screw rotation g into the left-handed screw

32

1.3. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO SPACE GROUPS If G is the group of isometries of some crystal pattern, then its enantiomorphic counterpart G0 is the group of isometries of the mirror image of this crystal pattern. The splitting of affine space-group types of three-dimensional space groups into pairs of crystallographic space-group types gives rise to the following 11 enantiomorphic pairs of space-group types: P41 =P43 (76/78), P41 22=P43 22 (91/95), P41 21 2=P43 21 2 (92/96), P31 =P32 (144/145), P31 12=P32 12 (151/ 153), P31 21=P32 21 (152/154), P61 =P65 (169/173), P62 =P64 (170/172), P61 22=P65 22 (178/179), P62 22=P64 22 (180/181), P43 32=P41 32 (212/213). These groups are easily recognized by their Hermann–Mauguin symbols, because they are the primitive groups for which the Hermann–Mauguin symbol contains one of the screw rotations 31, 32 , 41 , 43 , 61 , 62 , 64 or 65 . The groups with fourfold screw rotations and body-centred lattices do not give rise to enantiomorphic pairs, because in these groups the orientation reversal can be compensated by an origin shift, as illustrated in the example above for the group of type I41.

Figure 1.3.4.2 Space-group diagram of I41 (left) and its reflection in the plane z = 0 (right).

rotation g 0 :
y; x þ 1=2; z
1=4, and one might suspect that G0 is a space group of the same affine type but of a different crystallographic space-group type as G. However, this is not the case because conjugating G by the translation n ¼ tð0; 1=2; 0Þ conjugates g to g 00 ¼ ngn
1 :
y þ 1=2; x þ 1; z þ 1=4. One sees that g 00 is the composition of g 0 with the centring translation t and hence g 00 belongs to G0. This shows that conjugating G by either the reflection m or the translation n both result in the same group G0. This can also be concluded directly from the space-group diagrams in Fig. 1.3.4.2. Reflecting in the plane z = 0 turns the diagram on the left into the diagram on the right, but the same effect is obtained when the left diagram is shifted by 12 along either a or b. The groups G and G0 thus belong to the same crystallographic space-group type because G is transformed to G0 by a shift of the origin by 12 b, which is clearly an orientation-preserving coordinate transformation.

Example A well known example of a crystal that occurs in forms whose symmetry is described by enantiomorphic pairs of space groups is quartz. For low-temperature
-quartz there exists a left-handed and a right-handed form with space groups P31 21 (152) and P32 21 (154), respectively. The two individuals of opposite chirality occur together in the so-called Brazil twin of quartz. At higher temperatures, a phase transition leads to the higher-symmetry -quartz forms, with space groups P64 22 (181) and P62 22 (180), which still form an enantiomorphic pair.

1.3.4.2. Geometric crystal classes We recall that the point group of a space group is the group of linear parts occurring in the space group. Once a basis for the underlying vector space is chosen, such a point group is a group of 3  3 matrices. A point group is characterized by the relative positions between the rotation and rotoinversion axes and the reflection planes of the operations it contains, and in this sense a point group is independent of the chosen basis. However, a suitable choice of basis is useful to highlight the geometric properties of a point group.

Enantiomorphism The 219 affine space-group types in dimension 3 result in 230 crystallographic space-group types. Since an affine type either forms a single space-group type (in the case where the group obtained by an orientation-reversing coordinate transformation can also be obtained by an orientation-preserving transformation) or splits into two space-group types, this means that there are 11 affine space-group types such that an orientationreversing coordinate transformation cannot be compensated by an orientation-preserving transformation. Groups that differ only by their handedness are closely related to each other and share many properties. One addresses this phenomenon by the concept of enantiomorphism.

Example A point group of type 3m is generated by a threefold rotation and a reflection in a plane with normal vector perpendicular to the rotation axis. Choosing a basis a; b; c such that c is along the rotation axis, a is perpendicular to the reflection plane and b is the image of a under the threefold rotation (i.e. b lies in the plane perpendicular to the rotation axis and makes an angle of 120 with a), the matrices of the threefold rotation and the reflection with respect to this basis are

Example Let G be a space group of type P41 (76) generated by a fourfold right-handed screw rotation ð4þ 001 ; ð0; 0; 1=4ÞÞ and the translations of a primitive tetragonal lattice. Then transforming the coordinate system by a reflection in the plane z = 0 results in a space group G0 with fourfold left-handed screw rotation
1 0 þ ð4
001 ; ð0; 0; 1=4ÞÞ ¼ ð4001 ; ð0; 0;
1=4ÞÞ . The groups G and G are isomorphic because they are conjugate by an affine mapping, but G0 belongs to a different space-group type, namely P43 (78), because G does not contain a fourfold lefthanded screw rotation with translation part 14 c.

0

0 @1 0


1
1 0

0 1
1 0 0 A and @ 0 0 1

1 1 0

1 0 0 A: 1

A different useful basis is obtained by choosing a vector a0 in the reflection plane but neither along the rotation axis nor perpendicular to it and taking b0 and c0 to be the images of a0 under the threefold rotation and its square. Then the matrices of the threefold rotation and the reflection with respect to the basis a0 ; b0 ; c0 are

Definition Two space groups G and G0 are said to form an enantiomorphic pair if they are conjugate under an affine mapping, but not under an orientation-preserving affine mapping.

33

0

0 @1 0

0 0 1

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 A and @ 0 0 1 A: W ¼ @1 0 0 1 0 0 1


1
1 0

1 0 0 A; 1

whereas in the space group R3 (in the rhombohedral setting) the threefold rotation is given by the matrix 0 1 0 0 1 W 0 ¼ @ 1 0 0 A: 0 1 0

Different choices of a basis for a point group in general result in different matrix groups, and it is natural to consider two point groups as equivalent if they are transformed into each other by a basis transformation. This is entirely analogous to the situation of space groups, where space groups that only differ by the choice of coordinate system are regarded as equivalent. This notion of equivalence is applied at both the level of space groups and point groups.

These two matrices are conjugate by the basis transformation 0 1 1 0
1 1@ P¼ 0 1
1 A; 3 1 1 1

Definition Two space groups G and G0 with point groups P and P 0 , respectively, are said to belong to the same geometric crystal class if P and P 0 become the same matrix group once suitable bases for the three-dimensional space are chosen. Equivalently, G and G0 belong to the same geometric crystal class if the point group P 0 can be obtained from P by a basis transformation of the underlying vector space V3, i.e. if there is an invertible 3  3 matrix P such that

which transforms the basis of the hexagonal setting into that of the rhombohedral setting. This shows that the space groups P3 and R3 belong to the same geometric crystal class. The example is typical in the sense that different groups in the same geometric crystal class usually describe the same group of linear parts acting on different lattices, e.g. primitive and centred. Writing the action of the linear parts with respect to primitive bases of different lattices gives rise to different matrix groups.

P 0 ¼ fP
1 W P j W 2 Pg: 1.3.4.3. Bravais types of lattices and Bravais classes Also, two matrix groups P and P 0 are said to belong to the same geometric crystal class if they are conjugate by an invertible 3  3 matrix P.

In the classification of space groups into geometric crystal classes, only the point-group part is considered and the translation lattice is ignored. It is natural that the converse point of view is also adopted, where space groups are grouped together according to their translation lattices, irrespective of what the point groups are. We have already seen that a lattice can be characterized by its metric tensor, containing the scalar products of a primitive basis. If a point group P acts on a lattice L, it fixes the metric tensor G of L, i.e. W T  G  W ¼ G for all W in P and is thus a subgroup of the Bravais group AutðLÞ of L. Also, a matrix group B is called a Bravais group if it is the Bravais group AutðLÞ for some lattice L. The Bravais groups govern the classification of lattices.

Historically, the geometric crystal classes in dimension 3 were determined much earlier than the space groups. They were obtained as the symmetry groups for the set of normal vectors of crystal faces which describe the morphological symmetry of crystals. Note that for the geometric crystal classes in dimension 3 (and in all other odd dimensions) the distinction between orientationpreserving and orientation-reversing transformations is irrelevant, since any conjugation by an arbitrary transformation can already be realized by an orientation-preserving transformation. This is due to the fact that the inversion
I on the one hand commutes with every matrix W, i.e. ð
IÞW ¼ W ð
IÞ, and on the other hand detð
IÞ ¼
1. If P is orientation reversing, one has det P < 0 and then ð
IÞP ¼
P is orientation preserving because detð
PÞ ¼
det P > 0. But ð
PÞ
1 W ð
PÞ ¼ P
1 W P, hence the transformations by P and
P give the same result and one of P and
P is orientation preserving.

Definition Two lattices L and L0 belong to the same Bravais type of lattices if their Bravais groups AutðLÞ and AutðL0 Þ are the same matrix group when written with respect to suitable primitive bases of L and L0 . Note that in order to have the same Bravais group, the metric tensors of the two lattices L and L0 do not have to be the same or scalings of each other.

Remark: One often speaks of the geometric crystal classes as the types of point groups. This emphasizes the point of view in which a point group is regarded as the group of linear parts of a space group, written with respect to an arbitrary basis of Rn (not necessarily a lattice basis). It is also common to state that there are 32 point groups in three-dimensional space. This is just as imprecise as saying that there are 230 space groups, since there are in fact infinitely many point groups and space groups. What is meant when we say that two space groups have the same point group is usually that their point groups are of the same type (i.e. lie in the same geometric crystal class) and can thus be made to coincide by a suitable basis transformation.

Example The mineral rutile (TiO2) has a space group of type P42 =mnm (136) with a primitive tetragonal cell with cell parameters a = b ˚ and c = 2.959 A ˚ . The metric tensor of the translation = 4.594 A lattice L is therefore 0 1 4:5942 0 0 G¼@ 0 4:5942 0 A 0 0 2:9592 and the Bravais group of the lattice is generated by the fourfold rotation 0 1 0
1 0 @1 0 0A 0 0 1

Example In the space group P3 the threefold rotation generating the point group is given by the matrix

34

1.3. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO SPACE GROUPS 0 0 1 1 around the z axis, the reflection 0
1 0
1 0 0 0 1 B C B C W 1 ¼ @ 1 0 0 A; W 2 ¼ @ 0 1 0 A
1 0 0 @ 0 1 0A 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 B C and W 3 ¼ @ 0 1 0 A; in the plane x = 0 and the reflection 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 @0 1 0 A and these matrices also generate the Bravais group of the 0 0
1 body-centred tetragonal lattice L0, but written with respect to the primitive basis a0 ; b0 ; c0 these matrices are transformed in the plane z = 0. to The silicate mineral cristobalite also has (at low temperatures) 0 1 ˚ and c = 6.928 A ˚, a primitive tetragonal cell with a = b = 4.971 A 0 1 0 and the space-group type is P41 21 2 (92). In this case the metric B C W 01 ¼ P
1 W 1 P ¼ @ 0 1
1 A; tensor of the translation lattice L0 is
1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 4:9712 1 0 0 0 2 G ¼@ 0 0 A 4:971 B C W 02 ¼ P
1 W 2 P ¼ @ 1 0
1 A and 0 0 6:9282 1
1 0 0 1 and one checks that the Bravais group of L0 is precisely the 0
1 1 same as that of L. Therefore, the translation lattices L for rutile B C W 03 ¼ P
1 W 3 P ¼ @
1 0 1 A: and L0 for cristobalite belong to the same Bravais type of 0 0 1 lattices. That the primitive and the body-centred tetragonal lattices have different types ultimately follows from the fact that the body-centred lattice L0 does not have a primitive basis consisting of vectors a00 ; b00 ; c00 which are pairwise perpendicular and such that a00 and b00 have the same length. This would be required to have the matrices W 1, W 2 and W 3 in the Bravais group of L0.

The different Bravais types of lattices, their cell parameters and metric tensors are displayed in Tables 3.1.2.1 (dimension 2) and 3.1.2.2 (dimension 3): in dimension 2 there are 5 Bravais types and in dimension 3 there are 14 Bravais types of lattices. It is crucial for the classification of lattices via their Bravais groups that one works with primitive bases, because a primitive and a body-centred cubic lattice have the same automorphisms when written with respect to the conventional cubic basis, but are clearly different types of lattices.

As we have seen, the metric tensors of lattices belonging to the same Bravais type need not be the same, but if they are written with respect to suitable bases they are found to have the same structure, differing only in the specific values for certain free parameters.

Example The silicate mineral zircon (ZrSiO4) has a body-centred ˚ and c = tetragonal cell with cell parameters a = b = 6.607 A 0 ˚ 5.982 A. The body-centred translation lattice L is spanned by the primitive tetragonal lattice L with basis a; b; c with
¼  ¼  ¼ 90 and the centring vector v ¼ 12 ða þ b þ cÞ. A primitive basis of L0 is obtained as ða0 ; b0 ; c0 Þ ¼ ða; b; cÞP with 0 1
1 1 1 1 P ¼ @ 1
1 1 A; 2 1 1
1

Definition Let L be a lattice with metric tensor G with respect to a primitive basis and let B = AutðLÞ = fW 2 GL3 ðZÞ j W T  G  W ¼ Gg be the Bravais group of L. Then MðBÞ :¼ fG0 symmetric 3  3 matrix j W T  G0  W ¼ G0 for all W 2 Bg is called the space of metric tensors of B. The dimension of MðBÞ is called the number of free parameters of the lattice L. Analogously, for an arbitrary integral matrix group P,

i.e. a0 ¼ 12 ð
a þ b þ cÞ ¼
a þ v, b0 ¼ 12 ða
b þ cÞ ¼
b þ v, c0 ¼ 12 ða þ b
cÞ ¼
c þ v and the metric tensor G0 of L0 with respect to the primitive basis a0 ; b0 ; c0 is 0 1 6:6072 0 0 B C G0 ¼ P T @ 0 6:6072 0 AP 0

0

0

MðPÞ :¼ fG0 symmetric 3  3 matrix j W T  G0  W ¼ G0 for all W 2 Pg is called the space of metric tensors of P. If dim MðP 0 Þ = dim MðPÞ for a subgroup P 0 of P, the spaces of metric tensors are the same for both groups and one says that P 0 does not act on a more general lattice than P does.

5:9822

5:5472 B ¼ @
12:880


12:880 5:5472

1
8:946 C
8:946 A:


8:946


8:946

5:5472

It is clear that MðBÞ contains in particular the metric tensor G of the lattice L of which B is the Bravais group. Moreover, B is a subgroup of the Bravais group of every lattice with metric tensor in MðBÞ.

The Bravais group of the primitive tetragonal lattice L is generated (as in the previous example) by

35

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY dimension of the space of metric tensors of P. Viewed from a slightly different angle, a specialized metric occurs if the location of the atoms within the unit cell reduces the symmetry of the translation lattice to that of a different lattice type.

Example Let L be a lattice with metric tensor 0 1 17 0 0 @ 0 17 0 A; 0 0 42

Example A space group G of type P2/m (10) with cell parameters a = 4.4, ˚ ,
¼  ¼  ¼ 90 has a specialized metric, b = 5.5, c = 6.6 A because the point group P of type 2/m is generated by 0 1
1 0 0 W ¼@ 0 1 0 A 0 0
1

then L is a tetragonal lattice with Bravais group B of type 4/mmm generated by the fourfold rotation 0 1 0
1 0 W1 ¼ @ 1 0 0 A 0 0 1 and the reflections 0
1 0 W2 ¼ @ 0 1 0 0

1 0 0 1 0 A and W 3 ¼ @ 0 1 0

0 1 0

1 0 0 A:
1

and
I, and has 80 < g11 MðPÞ ¼ @ 0 : g13

The space of metric tensors of B is 80 9 1 0 < g11 0 = MðBÞ ¼ @ 0 g11 0 A j g11 ; g33 2 R : ; 0 0 g33

9 1 g13 = 0 A j g11 ; g22 ; g33 ; g13 2 R ; g33

as its space of metric tensors, which is of dimension 4. The lattice L with the given cell parameters, however, is orthorhombic, since the free parameter g13 is specialized to g13 ¼ 0. The automorphism group AutðLÞ is of type mmm and has a space of metric tensors of dimension 3, namely 80 9 1 0 < g11 0 = @ 0 g22 0 A j g11 ; g22 ; g33 2 R : : ; 0 0 g33

and the number of free parameters of L is 2. For every lattice L0 with metric tensor G0 in MðBÞ such that g11 6¼ g33 , one can check that the Bravais group of L0 is equal to B, hence these lattices belong to the same Bravais type of lattices as L. On the other hand, if it happens that g11 ¼ g33 in the metric tensor G0 of a lattice L0, then the Bravais group of L0  and B is a proper is the full cubic point group of type m3m 0 subgroup of the Bravais group of L . In this case the lattice L0 is of a different Bravais type to L, namely cubic. The subgroup P of B generated only by the fourfold rotation W 1 has the same space of metric tensors as B, thus this subgroup acts on the same types of lattices as B (i.e. tetragonal lattices). On the other hand, for the subgroup P 0 of B generated by the reflections W 2 and W 3 , the space of metric tensors is 9 80 1 0 < g11 0 = 0 MðP Þ ¼ @ 0 g22 0 A j g11 ; g22 ; g33 2 R : ; 0 0 g33

The higher symmetry of the translation lattice would, for example, be destroyed by an atomic configuration compatible with the lattice and represented by only two atoms in the unit cell located at 0.17, 1/2, 0.42 and 0.83, 1/2, 0.58. The two atoms are related by a twofold rotation around the b axis, which indicates the invariance of the configuration under twofold rotations with axes parallel to b, but in contrast to the lattice L, the atomic configuration is not compatible with rotations around the a or the c axes. By looking at the spaces of metric tensors, space groups can be classified according to the Bravais types of their translation lattices, without suffering from complications due to specialized metrics.

and is thus of dimension 3. This shows that the subgroup P 0 acts on more general lattices than B, namely on orthorhombic lattices.

Definition Let L be a lattice with metric tensor G and Bravais group B ¼ AutðLÞ and let MðBÞ be the space of metric tensors associated to L. Then those space groups G form the Bravais class corresponding to the Bravais type of L for which MðPÞ ¼ MðBÞ when the point group P of G is written with respect to a suitable primitive basis of the translation lattice of G. The names for the Bravais classes are the same as those for the corresponding Bravais types of lattices.

Remark: The metric tensor of a lattice basis is a positive definite2 matrix. It is clear that not all matrices in MðBÞ are positive definite [if G 2 MðBÞ is positive definite, then
G is certainly not positive definite], but the different geometries of lattices on which B acts are represented precisely by the positive definite metric tensors in MðBÞ. The space of metric tensors obtained from a lattice can be interpreted as an expression of the metric tensor with general entries, i.e. as a generic metric tensor describing the different lattices within the same Bravais type. Special choices for the entries may lead to lattices with accidental higher symmetry, which is in fact a common phenomenon in phase transitions caused by changes of temperature or pressure. One says that the translation lattice L of a space group G with point group P has a specialized metric if the dimension of the space of metric tensors of B ¼ AutðLÞ is smaller than the 2

0 g22 0

The Bravais groups of lattices provide a link between lattices and point groups, the two building blocks of space groups. However, although the Bravais group of a lattice is simply a matrix group, the fact that it is expressed with respect to a primitive basis and fixes the metric tensor of the lattice preserves the necessary information about the lattice. When the Bravais group is regarded as a point group, the information about the lattice is lost, since point groups can be written with respect to an arbitrary basis. In order to distinguish Bravais groups of lattices at the level of point groups and geometric crystal classes, the concept of a holohedry is introduced.

A symmetric matrix G is positive definite if vT  G  v > 0 for every vector v 6¼ 0.

36

1.3. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO SPACE GROUPS Definition The geometric crystal class of a point group P is called a holohedry (or lattice point group, cf. Chapters 3.1 and 3.3) if P is the Bravais group of some lattice L.

The crucial observation for characterizing this classification is that space groups that correspond to the same symmorphic space group all have translation lattices of the same Bravais type. This means that the freedom in the choice of a basis transformation of the underlying vector space is restricted, because a primitive basis has to be mapped again to a primitive basis. Assuming that the point groups are written with respect to primitive bases, this means that the basis transformation is an integral matrix with determinant 1.

Example  generated by the threefold Let P be the point group of type 3m rotoinversion 0 1 0 1 0 W 1 ¼ @
1 1 0 A 0 0
1

Definition Two space groups G and G0 with point groups P and P 0 , respectively, both written with respect to primitive bases of their translation lattices, are said to lie in the same arithmetic crystal class if P 0 can be obtained from P by an integral basis transformation of determinant 1, i.e. if there is an integral 3  3 matrix P with det P ¼ 1 such that

around the z axis and the twofold rotation 0 1 1
1 0 W 2 ¼ @ 0
1 0 A; 0 0
1 expressed with respect to the conventional basis a; b; c of a hexagonal lattice. The group P is not the Bravais group of the lattice L spanned by a; b; c because this lattice also allows a sixfold rotation around the z axis, which is not contained in P. But P also acts on the rhombohedrally centred lattice L0 with primitive basis a0 ¼ 13 ð2a þ b þ cÞ, b0 ¼ 13 ð
a þ b þ cÞ, c0 ¼ 13 ð
a
2b þ cÞ. With respect to the basis a0 ; b0 ; c0 the rotoinversion and twofold rotation are transformed to 0 1 0 1 0 0
1 0
1 0 W 01 ¼ @
1 0 0 A and W 02 ¼ @
1 0 0 A; 0
1 0 0 0
1

P 0 ¼ fP
1 W P j W 2 Pg: Also, two integral matrix groups P and P 0 are said to belong to the same arithmetic crystal class if they are conjugate by an integral 3  3 matrix P with det P ¼ 1. Example Let 0


1 B M1 ¼ @ 0 0

0

0 1

1 0 C 0 A;

0

1

0

1 B M2 ¼ @ 0

0 B and M 3 ¼ @ 1 0

and these matrices indeed generate the Bravais group of L .  is therefore a The geometric crystal class with symbol 3m holohedry. Note that in dimension 3 the above is actually the only example of a geometric crystal class in which the point groups are Bravais groups for some but not for all the lattices on which they act. In all other cases, each matrix group P corresponding to a holohedry is actually the Bravais group of the lattice spanned by the basis with respect to which P is written.

0

0 1

1

0

0 0

C 0A 1

0
1 0

1 0 C 0A 1

be reflections in the planes x = 0, y = 0 and x = y, respectively, and let P 1 ¼ hM 1 i, P 2 ¼ hM 2 i and P 3 ¼ hM 3 i be the integral matrix groups generated by these reflections. Then P 1 and P 2 belong to the same arithmetic crystal class because they are transformed into each other by the basis transformation 0 1 0 1 0 P ¼ @1 0 0A 0 0 1

1.3.4.4. Other classifications of space groups In this section we summarize a number of other classification schemes which are perhaps of slightly lower significance than those of space-group types, geometric crystal classes and Bravais types of lattices, but also play an important role for certain applications.

interchanging the x and y axes. But P 3 belongs to a different arithmetic crystal class, because M 3 is not conjugate to M 1 by an integral matrix P of determinant 1. The two groups P 1 and P 3 belong, however, to the same geometric crystal class, because M 1 and M 3 are transformed into each other by the basis transformation 01 1
12 0 2 1 P ¼ @ 12 0 A; 2 0 0 1

1.3.4.4.1. Arithmetic crystal classes We have already seen that every space group can be assigned to a symmorphic space group in a natural way by setting the translation parts of coset representatives with respect to the translation subgroup to o. The groups assigned to a symmorphic space group in this way all have the same translation lattice and the same point group but the different possibilities for the interplay between these two parts are ignored. If we want to collect together all space groups that correspond to symmorphic space groups of the same type, we arrive at the classification into arithmetic crystal classes. This can also be seen as a classification of the symmorphic space-group types. The distribution of the space groups into arithmetic classes, represented by the corresponding symmorphic space-group types, is given in Table 2.1.3.3.

which has determinant 12. This basis transformation shows that M 1 and M 3 can be interpreted as the action of the same reflection on a primitive lattice and on a C-centred lattice. As explained above, the number of arithmetic crystal classes is equal to the number of symmorphic space-group types: in dimension 2 there are 13 such classes, in dimension 3 there are 73 arithmetic crystal classes. The Hermann–Mauguin symbol of the symmorphic space-group type to which a space group G belongs is obtained from the symbol for the space-group type of G by replacing any screw-rotation axis symbol Nm by the corre-

37

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY and G0 are actions of the same group on different lattices which therefore belong to different arithmetic crystal classes.

sponding rotation axis symbol N and every glide-plane symbol a, b, c, d, e, n by the symbol m for a mirror plane. It is clear that the classification into arithmetic crystal classes refines both the classifications into geometric crystal classes and into Bravais classes, since in the first case only the point groups and in the second case only the translation lattices are taken into account, whereas for the arithmetic crystal classes the combination of point groups and translation lattices is considered. Note, however, that for the determination of the arithmetic crystal class of a space group G it is not sufficient to look only at the type of the point group and the Bravais type of the translation lattice. It is crucial to consider the action of the point group on the translation lattice.

As we have seen, the assignment of a space group to its arithmetic crystal class is equivalent to the assignment to its corresponding symmorphic space group, which in turn can be seen as an assignment to the combination of a point group and a lattice on which this point group acts. This correspondence between arithmetic crystal classes and point group/lattice combinations is reflected in the symbol for an arithmetic crystal class suggested in de Wolff et al. (1985), which is the symbol of the symmorphic space group with the letter for the lattice moved to the end, e.g. 4mmP for the arithmetic crystal class containing the symmorphic space groups of type P4mm (99) and the nonsymmorphic groups derived from this symmorphic group, i.e. the groups of space-group type P4bm, P42cm, P42nm, P4cc, P4nc, P42mc and P42bc (100–106). Recall that the members of one arithmetic crystal class are space groups with the same translation lattice and the same point group, possibly written with respect to different primitive bases. If the point group happens to be the Bravais group of the translation lattice, this is independent of the chosen primitive basis and thus being a Bravais group is clearly a property of the full arithmetic crystal class.

Example Let G and G0 be space groups of types P3m1 (156) and P31m (157), respectively. Since G and G0 are symmorphic space groups of different types, they must belong to different arithmetic classes. The point groups P and P 0 of G and G0 both belong to the same geometric crystal class with symbol 3m and the translation lattices of both space groups are primitive hexagonal lattices, and thus of the same Bravais type. It is the different action on the translation lattice which causes G and G0 to lie in different arithmetic classes: In the conventional setting, the point group P of G contains the threefold rotation 0 1 0
1 0 R ¼ @ 1
1 0 A 0 0 1 and the reflections 0 0
1 B M 1 ¼ @
1 0 0 0

0

1

0


1

C 0 A; 1 0

B M2 ¼ @ 0 0 1 1 0 0 B C and M 3 ¼ @ 1
1 0 A; 0 0 1

Definition The arithmetic crystal class of a space group G is called a Bravais arithmetic crystal class if the point group of G is the Bravais group of the translation lattice of G. The arithmetic crystal class of an integral matrix group P is a Bravais arithmetic crystal class if P is maximal among the integral matrix groups with the same space of metric tensors MðPÞ, i.e. if for any integral matrix group P 0 properly containing P as a subgroup, the space of metric tensors MðP 0 Þ is strictly smaller than that of P. This amounts to saying that P 0 must act on a lattice with specialized metric.

1

1

0

1 0

C 0A 1

Note that in the previous edition of IT A the shorter term Bravais class was used as a synonym for Bravais arithmetic crystal class. However, in this edition the term Bravais class is reserved for the classification of space-group types according to their lattices (see Section 1.3.4.3). Since the lattice types are characterized by their Bravais groups, the Bravais arithmetic crystal classes are in one-to-one correspondence with the Bravais types of lattices. The 14 Bravais arithmetic crystal classes (given by the symbol for the arithmetic class, with the number of the associated symmorphic space-group  (2), type in brackets) and the corresponding lattice types are: 1P triclinic; 2/mP (10), primitive monoclinic; 2/mC (12), centred monoclinic; mmmP (47), primitive orthorhombic; mmmC (65), single-face-centred orthorhombic; mmmF (69), all-face-centred orthorhombic; mmmI (71), body-centred orthorhombic; 4/mmmP (123), primitive tetragonal; 4/mmmI (139), body-centred tetra gonal; 3mR (166), rhombohedral; 6/mmmP (191), hexagonal;   m3mP (221), primitive cubic; m3mF (225), face-centred cubic;  and m3mI (229), body-centred cubic.

whereas the point group P 0 of G0 contains the same rotation R and the reflections 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 B C B C M 01 ¼ @ 1 0 0 A; M 02 ¼ @ 0
1 0 A 0

0

1

0


1 B and M 03 ¼ @
1 0

0 1 0

0 0 1 0 C 0 A: 1

1

Since the threefold rotation is represented by the same matrix in both groups, the lattice basis for both groups can be taken as the conventional basis a; b; c of a hexagonal lattice, with a and b of the same length and enclosing an angle of 120 and c perpendicular to the plane spanned by a and b. One now sees that in P 0 the reflection planes of M 01, M 02 and M 03 contain the vectors a þ b, a and b, respectively, whereas in P these vectors are just perpendicular to the reflection planes. In the so-called hexagonally centred lattice with primitive basis a0 ¼ 13 a þ 23 b, b0 ¼
23 a
13 b, c0 ¼ c, the vectors a0 and b0 are perpendicular to the vectors a and b. The group G0 can thus be regarded as the action of G on the hexagonally centred lattice, showing that G

Bravais flocks In the classification of space groups according to their translation lattices, the point groups play only a secondary role (as groups acting on the lattices). From the perspective of arithmetic crystal classes, this classification can now be reformulated in terms of integral matrix groups. The crucial point is that every arithmetic crystal class can be assigned to a Bravais arithmetic crystal class in a natural way: If P is a point group, there is a

38

1.3. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO SPACE GROUPS Table 1.3.4.2

Table 1.3.4.1

Crystal systems in three-dimensional space

Lattice systems in three-dimensional space Lattice system

Bravais types of lattices

Triclinic (anorthic) Monoclinic Orthorhombic Tetragonal Hexagonal Rhombohedral Cubic

aP mP, mS oP, oS, oF, oI tP, tI hP hR cP, cF, cI

Crystal system Holohedry 1 2/m mmm 4/mmm 6/mmm  3m  m3m

Triclinic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Tetragonal Hexagonal Trigonal Cubic

Point-group types  1 1, 2/m, m, 2 mmm, mm2, 222   4 4/mmm, 42m, 4mm, 422, 4/m, 4,   6 6/mmm, 62m, 6mm, 622, 6/m, 6,  3m, 32, 3,  3 3m,  43m,   23 m3m, 432, m3,

Bravais groups all belong to the holohedry with symbol  m3m. On the other hand, the hexagonal and the rhombohedral lattices belong to different lattice systems, because their Bravais groups are not even of the same order and lie in  respecdifferent holohedries (with symbols 6/mmm and 3m, tively).

unique Bravais arithmetic crystal class containing a Bravais group B of minimal order with P  B. Conversely, a Bravais group B acting on a lattice L is grouped together with its subgroups P that do not act on a more general lattice, i.e. on a lattice L0 with more free parameters than L. This observation gives rise to the concept of Bravais flocks, which is mainly applied to matrix groups.

From the definition it is obvious that lattice systems classify lattices because they consist of full Bravais types of lattices. On  the other hand, the example of the geometric crystal class 3m shows that lattice systems do not classify point groups, because depending on the chosen basis a point group in this geometric crystal class belongs to either the hexagonal or the rhombohedral lattice system. However, since the translation lattices of space groups in the same Bravais class belong to the same Bravais type of lattices, the lattice systems can also be regarded as a classification of space groups in which full Bravais classes are grouped together.

Definition Two integral matrix groups P and P 0 belong to the same Bravais flock if they are both conjugate by an integral basis transformation to subgroups of a common Bravais group, i.e. if there exists a Bravais group B and integral 3  3 matrices P and P 0 such that PW P
1 2 B for all W 2 P and P 0 W 0 P 0
1 2 B for all W 0 2 P 0 . Moreover, P, P 0 and B must all have spaces of metric tensors of the same dimension. Each Bravais flock consists of the union of the arithmetic crystal class of a Bravais group B and the arithmetic crystal classes of the subgroups of B that do not act on a more general lattice than B.

Definition Two Bravais classes belong to the same lattice system if the corresponding Bravais arithmetic crystal classes belong to the same holohedry. More precisely, two space groups G and G0 belong to the same lattice system if the point groups P and P 0 are contained in Bravais groups B and B0 , respectively, such that B and B0 belong to the same holohedry and such that P, P 0 , B and B0 all have spaces of metric tensors of the same dimension.

The classification of space groups into Bravais flocks is the same as that according to the Bravais types of lattices and as that into Bravais classes. If the point groups P and P 0 of two space groups G and G0 belong to the same Bravais flock, then the space groups are also said to belong to the same Bravais flock, but this is the case if and only if G and G0 belong to the same Bravais class. Example For the body-centred tetragonal lattice the Bravais arithmetic crystal class is the arithmetic crystal class 4/mmmI and the corresponding symmorphic space-group type is I4/mmm (139). The other arithmetic crystal classes in this Bravais flock are (with the number of the corresponding symmorphic space  (82), 4/mI (87), 422I (97), 4mmI group in brackets): 4I (79), 4I   (107), 4m2I (119) and 42mI (121).

Every lattice system contains the lattices of precisely one holohedry and a holohedry determines a unique lattice system, containing the lattices of the Bravais arithmetic crystal classes in the holohedry. Therefore, there is a one-to-one correspondence between holohedries and lattice systems. There are four lattice systems in dimension 2 and seven lattice systems in dimension 3. The lattice systems in three-dimensional space are displayed in Table 1.3.4.1. Along with the name of each lattice system, the Bravais types of lattices contained in it and the corresponding holohedry are given.

1.3.4.4.2. Lattice systems It is sometimes convenient to group together those Bravais types of lattices for which the Bravais groups belong to the same holohedry.

1.3.4.4.3. Crystal systems The point groups contained in a geometric crystal class can act on different Bravais types of lattices, which is the reason why lattice systems do not classify point groups. But the action on different types of lattices can be exploited for a classification of point groups by joining those geometric crystal classes that act on the same Bravais types of lattices. For example, the holohedry  acts on primitive, face-centred and body-centred cubic m3m lattices. The other geometric crystal classes that act on these  432 and 43m.  three types of lattices are 23, m3,

Definition Two lattices belong to the same lattice system if their Bravais groups belong to the same geometric crystal class (which is thus a holohedry). Remark: The lattice systems were called Bravais systems in earlier editions of this volume. Example The primitive cubic, face-centred cubic and body-centred cubic lattices all belong to the same lattice system, because their

39

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 1.3.4.3 Distribution of space-group types in the hexagonal crystal family Crystal system

Geometric crystal class

Lattice system Hexagonal

Rhombohedral

Hexagonal

6/mmm  62m 6mm 622 6/m 6 6  3m 3m 32 3 3

P6/mmm, P6/mcc, P63 =mcm, P63 =mmc   P62m,   P6m2, P6c2, P62c P6mm, P6cc, P63 cm, P63 mc P622, P61 22, P65 22, P62 22, P64 22, P63 22 P6/m, P63 =m P6 P6, P61 , P65 , P62 , P64 , P63   P3m1,   P31m, P31c, P3c1 P3m1, P31m, P3c1, P31c P312, P321, P31 12, P31 21, P32 12, P32 21 P3 P3, P31 , P32

 R3c  R3m, R3m, R3c R32 R3 R3

Trigonal

Definition Two space groups G and G0 with point groups P and P 0 , respectively, belong to the same crystal system if the sets of Bravais types of lattices on which P and P 0 act coincide. Since point groups in the same geometric crystal class act on the same types of lattices, crystal systems consist of full geometric crystal classes and the point groups P and P 0 are also said to belong to the same crystal system.

Example A point group containing a threefold rotation but no sixfold rotation or rotoinversion acts both on a hexagonal lattice and on a rhombohedral lattice. On the other hand, point groups containing a sixfold rotation only act on a hexagonal but not on a rhombohedral lattice. The geometric crystal classes of point groups containing a threefold rotation or rotoinversion but not a sixfold rotation or rotoinversion form a crystal system which is called the trigonal crystal system. The geometric crystal classes of point groups containing a sixfold rotation or rotoinversion form a different crystal system, which is called the hexagonal crystal system.

The classification of the point-group types into crystal systems is summarized in Table 1.3.4.2. Remark: Crystal systems can contain at most one holohedry and in dimensions 2 and 3 it is true that every crystal system does contain a holohedry. However, this is not true in higher dimensions. The smallest counter-examples exist in dimension 5, where two (out of 59) crystal systems do not contain any holohedry.

Remark: In the literature there are many different notions of crystal systems. In International Tables, only the one defined above is used.

1.3.4.4.4. Crystal families The classification into crystal systems has many important applications, but it has the disadvantage that it is not compatible with the classification into lattice systems. Space groups that belong to the hexagonal lattice system are distributed over the trigonal and the hexagonal crystal system. Conversely, space groups in the trigonal crystal system belong to either the rhombohedral or the hexagonal lattice system. It is therefore desirable to define a further classification level in which the classes consist of full crystal systems and of full lattice systems, or, equivalently, of full geometric crystal classes and full Bravais classes. Since crystal systems already contain only geometric crystal classes with spaces of metric tensors of the same dimension, this can be achieved by the following definition.

In many cases, crystal systems collect together geometric crystal classes for point groups that are in a group–subgroup relation and act on lattices with the same number of free parameters. However, this condition is not sufficient. If a point group P is a subgroup of another point group P 0, it is clear that P acts on each lattice on which P 0 acts. But P may in addition act on different types of lattices on which P 0 does not act. Note that it is sufficient to consider the action on lattices with the maximal number of free parameters, since the action on these lattices implies the action on lattices with a smaller number of free parameters (corresponding to metric specializations).

Definition For a space group G with point group P the crystal family of G is the union of all geometric crystal classes that contain a space group G0 that has the same Bravais type of lattices as G. The crystal family of G thus consists of those geometric crystal classes that contain a point group P 0 such that P and P 0 are contained in a common supergroup B (which is a Bravais group) and such that P, P 0 and B all act on lattices with the same number of free parameters.

Example The holohedry of type 4/mmm acts on tetragonal and bodycentred tetragonal lattices. The crystal system containing this holohedry thus consists of all the geometric crystal classes in which the point groups act on tetragonal and body-centred tetragonal lattices, but not on lattices with more than two free parameters. This is the case for all geometric crystal classes with point groups containing a fourfold rotation or rotoinversion and that are subgroups of a point group of type 4/mmm. This means that the crystal system containing the holohedry 4/mmm consists of the geometric classes of types 4,  4/m, 422, 4mm, 42m  4, and 4/mmm.

In two-dimensional space, the crystal families coincide with the crystal systems and in three-dimensional space only the trigonal and hexagonal crystal system are merged into a single crystal family, whereas all other crystal systems again form a crystal family on their own.

This example is typical for the situation in three-dimensional space, since in three-dimensional space usually all the arithmetic crystal classes contained in a holohedry are Bravais arithmetic crystal classes. In this case, the geometric crystal classes in the crystal system of the holohedry are simply the classes of those subgroups of a point group in the holohedry that do not act on lattices with a larger number of free parameters. The only exceptions from this situation are the Bravais arithmetic crystal classes for the hexagonal and rhombohedral lattices.

Example The trigonal and hexagonal crystal systems belong to a single crystal family, called the hexagonal crystal family, because for both crystal systems the number of free parameters of the  in the corresponding lattices is 2 and a point group of type 3m trigonal crystal system is a subgroup of a point group of type 6/mmm in the hexagonal crystal system.

40

1.3. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO SPACE GROUPS A space group in the hexagonal crystal family belongs to either the trigonal or the hexagonal crystal system and to either the rhombohedral or the hexagonal lattice system. A group in the hexagonal crystal system cannot belong to the rhombohedral lattice system, but all other combinations of crystal system and lattice system are possible. The distribution of the space groups in the hexagonal crystal family over these different combinations is displayed in Table 1.3.4.3.

different coordinate system. To avoid confusion, it is recommended to state explicitly when a coordinate system differing from the conventional coordinate system is used.

References Armstrong, M. A. (1997). Groups and Symmetry. New York: Springer. ¨ ber die Bewegungsgruppen der Euklidischen Bieberbach, L. (1911). U Ra¨ume. (Erste Abhandlung). Math. Ann. 70, 297–336. ¨ ber die Bewegungsgruppen der Euklidischen Bieberbach, L. (1912). U Ra¨ume. (Zweite Abhandlung). Die Gruppen mit einem endlichen Fundamentalbereich. Math. Ann. 72, 400–412. Minkowski, H. (1887). Zur Theorie der positiven quadratischen Formen. J. Reine Angew. Math. 101, 196–202. Wolff, P. M. de, Belov, N. V., Bertaut, E. F., Buerger, M. J., Donnay, J. D. H., Fischer, W., Hahn, Th., Koptsik, V. A., Mackay, A. L., Wondratschek, H., Wilson, A. J. C. & Abrahams, S. C. (1985). Nomenclature for crystal families, Bravais-lattice types and arithmetic classes. Report of the International Union of Crystallography Ad-Hoc Committee on the Nomenclature of Symmetry. Acta Cryst. A41, 278– 280.

Remark: Up to dimension 3 it seems exceptional that a crystal family contains more than one crystal system, since the only instance of this phenomenon is the hexagonal crystal family consisting of the trigonal and the hexagonal crystal systems. However, in higher dimensions it actually becomes rare that a crystal family consists only of a single crystal system. For the space groups within one crystal family the same coordinate system is usually used, which is called the conventional coordinate system (for this crystal family). However, depending on the application it may be useful to work with a

41

references

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Chapter 1.4, pp. 42–74.

1.4. Space groups and their descriptions B. Souvignier, H. Wondratschek, M. I. Aroyo, G. Chapuis and A. M. Glazer 1.4.1.3. Schoenflies symbols

1.4.1. Symbols of space groups By H. Wondratschek

The Schoenflies symbols were introduced by Schoenflies (1891, 1923). They describe the point-group type, also known as the geometric crystal class or (for short) crystal class (cf. Section 1.3.4.2), of the space group geometrically. The different spacegroup types within the same crystal class are denoted by a superscript index appended to the point-group symbol.

1.4.1.1. Introduction Space groups describe the symmetries of crystal patterns; the point group of the space group is the symmetry of the macroscopic crystal. Both kinds of symmetry are characterized by symbols of which there are different kinds. In this section the space-group numbers as well as the Schoenflies symbols and the Hermann–Mauguin symbols of the space groups and point groups will be dealt with and compared, because these are used throughout this volume. They are rather different in their aims. For the Fedorov symbols, mainly used in Russian crystallographic literature, cf. Chapter 3.3. In that chapter the Hermann–Mauguin symbols and their use are also discussed in detail. For computeradapted symbols of space groups implemented in crystallographic software, such as Hall symbols (Hall, 1981a,b) or explicit symbols (Shmueli, 1984), the reader is referred to Chapter 1.4 of International Tables for Crystallography, Volume B (2008). For the definition of space groups and plane groups, cf. Chapter 1.3. The plane groups characterize the symmetries of two-dimensional periodic arrangements, realized in sections and projections of crystal structures or by periodic wallpapers or tilings of planes. They are described individually and in detail in Chapter 2.2. Groups of one- and two-dimensional periodic arrangements embedded in two-dimensional and threedimensional space are called subperiodic groups. They are listed in Vol. E of International Tables for Crystallography (2010) (referred to as IT E) with symbols similar to the Hermann– Mauguin symbols of plane groups and space groups, and are related to these groups as their subgroups. The space groups sensu stricto are the symmetries of periodic arrangements in three-dimensional space, e.g. of normal crystals, see also Chapter 1.3. They are described individually and in detail in the spacegroup tables of Chapter 2.3. In the following, if not specified separately, both space groups and plane groups are covered by the term space group. The description of each space group in the tables of Chapter 2.3 starts with two headlines in which the different symbols of the space group are listed. All these names are explained in this section with the exception of the data for Patterson symmetry (cf. Chapter 1.6 and Section 2.1.3.5 for explanations of Patterson symmetry).

1.4.1.3.1. Schoenflies symbols of the crystal classes Schoenflies derived the point groups as groups of crystallographic symmetry operations, but described these crystallographic point groups geometrically by their representation through axes of rotation or rotoreflection and reflection planes (also called mirror planes), i.e. by geometric elements; for geometric elements of symmetry elements, cf. Section 1.2.3, de Wolff et al. (1989, 1992) and Flack et al. (2000). Rotation axes dominate the description and planes of reflection are added when necessary. Rotoreflection axes are also indicated when necessary. The orientation of a reflection plane, whether horizontal, vertical or diagonal, refers to the plane itself, not to its normal. A coordinate basis may be chosen by the user: the basis vectors start at the origin which is placed in front of the user. The basis vector c points vertically upwards, the basis vectors a and b lie

1.4.1.2. Space-group numbers The space-group numbers were introduced in International Tables for X-ray Crystallography (1952) [referred to as IT (1952)] for plane groups (Nos. 1–17) and space groups (Nos. 1–230). They provide a short way of specifying the type of a space group uniquely, albeit without reference to its symmetries. They are particularly convenient for use with computers and have been in use since their introduction. There are no numbers for the point groups. Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Figure 1.4.1.1 Symmetry-element diagrams of some point groups [adapted from Vainshtein (1994)]. The point groups are specified by their Schoenflies
(c) D3 = 32, and Hermann–Mauguin symbols. (a) C2 = 2, (b) S4 ¼ 4, (d) C4h = 4/m, (e) D6h = 6/m 2/m 2/m, ( f ) C3v = 3m, (g) D3d ¼ 3
2=m, (h) T = 23. [The cubic frame in part (h) has no crystallographic meaning: it has been included to aid visualization of the orientation of the symmetry elements.]

42

1.4. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR DESCRIPTIONS S3
6. The point groups D4d and D6d are not crystallographic as they contain noncrystallographic eightfold or 12-fold rotoreflections S8 or S12 . (6) In all these groups the directions of the vectors c are not equivalent to any other directions. There are, however, also cubic point groups and thus cubic space groups in which the basis vector c is symmetry-equivalent to both basis vectors a and b. T, Th and Td can be derived from the rotation group T of the tetrahedron, see Fig. 1.4.1.1(h). O and Oh can be derived from the rotation group O of the octahedron. The indices h and d have the same meaning as before. (7) Some of these symbols are no longer used but are replaced by more visual ones. S1 describes a reflection through a horizontal plane, it is replaced now by C1h or by Cs ; S2 describes an inversion in a centre, it is replaced by Ci . The symbol S3 describes the same arrangement as C3h and is thus not used. S6 contains an inversion centre combined with a threefold rotation axis and is replaced by C3i . The description of crystal classes using Schoenflies symbols is intuitive and much more graphic than that by Hermann– Mauguin symbols. It is useful for morphological studies investigating the symmetry of the ideal shape of crystals. Schoenflies symbols of crystal classes are also still used traditionally by physicists and chemists, in particular in spectroscopy and quantum chemistry.

more or less horizontal; the basis vector a pointing at the user, b pointing to the user’s right-hand side, i.e. the basis vectors a, b and c form a right-handed set. Such a basis will be called a conventional crystallographic basis in this chapter. (In the usual basis of mathematics and physics the basis vector a points to the right-hand side and b points away from the user.) The lengths of the basis vectors, the inclination of the ab plane relative to the c axis and the angles between the basis vectors are determined by the symmetry of the point group and the specific values of the lattice parameters of the crystal structure. The letter C is used for cyclic groups of rotations around a rotation axis which is conventionally c. The order n of the rotation is appended as a subscript index: Cn ; Fig. 1.4.1.1(a) represents C2. The values of n that are possible in the rotation symmetry of a crystal are 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 (cf. Section 1.3.3.1 for a discussion of this basic result). The axis of an n-fold rotoreflection, i.e. an n-fold rotation followed or preceded by a reflection through a plane perpendicular to the rotation axis (such that neither the rotation nor the reflection is in general a symmetry operation) is designated by Sn, see Fig. 1.4.1.1(b) for S4 . The following types of point groups exist: (1) cyclic groups (a) of rotations (C): C1 ; C2 ; C3 ; C4 ; C6 ; (b) of rotoreflections (S, for the names in parentheses see later):

1.4.1.3.2. Schoenflies symbols of the space groups Different space groups of the same crystal class are distinguished by their superscript index, for example C11 ; D12h ; D22h ; 1 10 . . . ; D28 2h or Oh ; . . . ; Oh . Schoenflies symbols display the space-group symmetry only partly. Therefore, they are nowadays rarely used for the description of the symmetry of crystal structures. In comparison with the Schoenflies symbols, the Hermann–Mauguin symbols are more indicative of the space-group symmetry and that of the crystal structures.

S1 ð¼ C1h ¼ Cs Þ; S2 ð¼ Ci Þ; S3 ð¼ C3h Þ; S4 ; S6 ð¼ C3i Þ: (2) In dihedral groups Dn an n-fold (vertical) rotation axis is accompanied by n symmetry-equivalent horizontal twofold rotation axes. The symbols are D2 [in older literature, as in IT (1952), one also finds V instead of D2, taken from the Vierergruppe of Klein (1884)], D3 ; D4 ; D6 ; D3 is visualized in Fig. 1.4.1.1(c). (3) Other crystallographic point groups can be constructed by a Cn rotation axis or a Dn combination of rotation axes with a horizontal symmetry plane, leading to symbols Cnh or Dnh : C2h ; C3h ; C4h ; C6h ; D2h ; D3h ; D4h ; D6h :

1.4.1.4. Hermann–Mauguin symbols of the space groups 1.4.1.4.1. Introduction The Hermann–Mauguin symbols, abbreviated as HM symbols in the following sections, were proposed by Hermann (1928, 1931) and Mauguin (1931), and introduced to the Internationale Tabellen zur Bestimmung von Kristallstrukturen (1935) according to the decision of the corresponding Programme Committee (Ewald, 1930). There are different kinds of HM symbols of a space group. One distinguishes short HM symbols, full HM symbols and extended HM symbols. The full HM symbols will be the basis of this description. They form the most transparent kind of HM symbols and their use will minimize confusion, especially for those who are new to crystallography. As the name suggests, the short HM symbols are mostly shortened versions of the full HM symbols: some symmetry information of the full HM symbols is omitted such that these symbols are more convenient in daily use. The full HM symbol can be reconstructed from the short symbol. In the extended HM symbols the symmetry of the space group is listed in a more complete fashion (cf. Section 1.5.4). They are rarely used in crystallographic practice. In the next section general features of the HM symbols will be discussed. Thereafter, the HM symbols for each crystal system will be presented in a separate section, because the appearance of

The point groups C4h and D6h are represented by Figs. 1.4.1.1(d) and 1.4.1.1(e). (4) Vertical rotation axes Cn can be combined with a vertical reflection plane, leading to n symmetry-equivalent vertical reflection planes (denoted v) which all contain the rotation axis: C2v ; C3v ; C4v ; C6v with Fig. 1.4.1.1(f) for C3v . (5) Combinations Dn of rotation axes may be combined with vertical reflection planes which bisect the angles between the horizontal twofold axes, such that the vertical planes (designated by the index d for ‘diagonal’) alternate with the horizontal twofold axes: D2d with n ¼ 2 or D3d with n ¼ 3; see Fig. 1.4.1.1(g) for D3d . In both point groups rotoreflections S2n, i.e. S4 or S6 , occur. Note that the classification of crystal classes into crystal systems follows the order of rotoinversions N, not that of rotoreflections Sn (cf. Section 1.2.1 for the definition of rotoinversions). Therefore, D2d is tetragonal (S4
4) and D3d is trigonal because of S56 ¼ 3). Analogously, C3h and D3h are hexagonal because they contain

43

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY the HM symbols depends strongly on the crystal system to which the space group belongs.

Definition A direction is called a symmetry direction of a crystal structure if it is parallel to an axis of rotation, screw rotation or rotoinversion or if it is parallel to the normal of a reflection or glide-reflection plane. A symmetry direction is thus the direction of the geometric element of a symmetry operation when the normal of a symmetry plane is used for the description of its orientation.

1.4.1.4.2. General aspects The Hermann–Mauguin symbol for a space group consists of a sequence of letters and numbers, here called the constituents of the HM symbol. The first constituent is always a symbol for the conventional cell of the translation lattice of the space group (cf. Section 1.3.2.1 for the definition of the translation lattice); the following constituents, namely rotations, screw rotations, rotoinversions, reflections and glide reflections, are marked by conventional symbols, cf. Table 2.1.2.1.1 Together with the generating translations of the lattice, the set of these symmetry operations forms a set of generating symmetry operations of the space group. The space group can thus be generated from its HM symbol. The symmetry operations of the constituents are referred to the lattice basis that is used conventionally for the crystal system of the space group. The kind of symmetry operation can be read from its symbol; the orientation of its geometric element, cf. de Wolff et al. (1989, 1992), i.e. its invariant axis or plane normal, can be concluded from the position of the corresponding constituent in the HM symbol, as the examples in the following sections will show. The origin is not specified. It is chosen by the user, who selects it in such a way that the matrices of the symmetry operations appear in the most convenient form. This is often, but not necessarily, the conventional origin chosen in the space-group tables of this volume. The choice of a different origin may make other tasks, e.g. the derivation of the space group from its generators, particularly easy and transparent. The first constituent (the lattice symbol) characterizes the lattice of the space group referred to the conventional coordinate system. (Each lattice can be referred to a lattice basis, also called a primitive basis: the lattice vectors have only integer coefficients and the lattice is called a primitive lattice.) Lattice vectors with non-integer coefficients can occur if the lattice is referred to a non-primitive basis. In this way similarities and relations between different space-group types are emphasized. The lattice symbol of a primitive basis consists of an upper-case letter P (primitive). Lattices with conventional non-primitive bases are called centred lattices, cf. Section 1.3.2.4 and Table 2.1.1.2. For these other letters are used: if the ab plane of the unit cell is centred with a lattice vector 12ða þ bÞ, the letter is C; for ca centring [ð12ðc þ aÞ as additional centring vector] the letter is B, and A is the letter for centring the bc plane of the unit cell by 1 2ðb þ cÞ. The letter is F for centring all side faces of the cell with centring vectors 12ða þ bÞ, 12ðc þ aÞ and 12ðb þ cÞ. It is I (German: innenzentriert) for body centring by the vector 12ða þ b þ cÞ and R for the rhombohedral centring of the hexagonal cell by the vectors 13ð2a þ b þ cÞ and 13ða þ 2b þ 2cÞ. In 1985, the letter S was introduced as a setting-independent ‘centring symbol’ for monoclinic and orthorhombic Bravais lattices (cf. de Woff et al., 1985). To describe the structure of the HM symbols the introduction of the term symmetry direction is useful.

The corresponding symmetry operations [the element set of de Wolff et al. (1989 & 1992)] specify the type of the symmetry direction. The symmetry direction is always a lattice direction of the space group; the shortest lattice vector in the symmetry direction will be called q. If q represents both a rotation or screw rotation and a reflection or glide reflection, then their symbols are connected in the HM symbol by a slash ‘/’, e.g. 2/m or 41/a etc. The symmetry directions of a space group form sets of equivalent symmetry directions under the symmetry of the space group. For example, in a cubic space group the a, b and c axes are equivalent and form the set of six directions h100i: [100], ½100, [010] etc. Another set of equivalent directions is formed by the eight space diagonals h111i: [111], ½111; . . .. If there are twofold rotations around the twelve face diagonals h110i, as in the space group of the crystal structure of NaCl, h110i forms a third set of 12 symmetry directions.2 Instead of listing the symmetry operations (element set) for each symmetry direction of a set of symmetry directions, it is sufficient to choose one representative direction of the set. In the HM symbol, generators for the element set of each representative direction are listed. It can be shown that there are zero (triclinic space groups), one (monoclinic), up to two (trigonal and rhombohedral) or up to three (most other space groups) sets of symmetry directions in each space group and thus zero, one, two or three representative symmetry directions. The non-translation generators of a symmetry direction may include only one kind of symmetry operation, e.g. for twofold rotations 2 in space group P121, but they may also include several symmetry operations, e.g. 2, 21, m and a in space group C12/m1. To search for such directions it is helpful simply to look at the space-group diagrams to find out whether more than one kind of symmetry operation belongs to the generators of a symmetry direction. In general, only the simplest symbols are listed (simplest-operation rule): if we use ‘>’ to mean ‘has priority’, then pure rotations > screw rotations; pure rotations > rotoinversions; reflection m > a; b; c > n.3 The space group mentioned above is conventionally called C12/m1 and not C121 =m1 or C12/a1 or C121 =a1. The position of a plane is fixed by one parameter if its orientation is known. On the other hand, fixing an axis of known direction needs two parameters. Glide components also show two-dimensional variability, whereas there is only one parameter 2 The numbers listed are those for bipolar directions, for which direction and opposite direction are equivalent. For the corresponding polar directions in cubic space groups only the four equivalent polar directions h111i or h111i of the tetrahedron occur. 3 The ‘symmetry-element’ interpretation of the constituents of the HM symbols (cf. footnote 11) results in the following modification of the ‘simplest-operation’ rule [known as the ‘priority rule’, cf. Section 4.1.2.3 of International Tables for Crystallography, Volume A (2002) (referred to as IT A5)]: When more than one kind of symmetry element exists in a given direction, the choice of the corresponding symbols in the space-group symbol is made in order of descending priority m > e > a; b; c > n, and rotation axes before screw axes.

1 According to the recommendations of the International Union of Crystallography Ad Hoc Committee on the Nomenclature of Symmetry (de Wolff et al., 1992), the characters appearing after the lattice letter in the HM symbol of a space group should represent symmetry elements, which is reflected, for example, in the introduction of the ‘e-glide’ notation in the HM space-group symbols. To avoid misunderstandings, it is worth noting that in the following discussion of the HM symbolism, the author preferred to keep strictly to the original idea according to which the characters of the HM symbols were meant to represent (generating) symmetry operations of the space group, and not symmetry elements.

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1.4. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR DESCRIPTIONS Table 1.4.1.1 of a screw component. Therefore, reflections and The structure of the Hermann–Mauguin symbols for the space groups glide reflections can better express the geometric relations between the symmetry operations than The positions of the representative symmetry directions for the different crystal systems are given. The description of the non-translational part of the HM symbol is always preceded by the lattice can rotations and screw rotations; reflections and symbol, which in conventional settings is P, A, B, C, F, I or R. For monoclinic b setting and monoclinic glide reflections are more important for HM c setting, cf. Section 1.4.1.4.4; the primitive hexagonal lattice is called H in this table. symbols than are rotations and screw rotations. First Second Third The latter are frequently omitted to form short Crystal system position position position HM symbols from the full ones.
Triclinic (anorthic) 1 or 1 — — The second part of the full HM symbol of a Monoclinic b setting 1 b 1 space group consists of one position for each of Monoclinic c setting 1 1 c up to three representative symmetry directions. Orthorhombic a b c To each position belong the generating symmetry Tetragonal c a ab operations of their representative symmetry Trigonal H lattice c a 1 direction. The position is thus occupied either by or a rotation, screw rotation or rotoinversion and/or c 1 ab by a reflection or glide reflection. Trigonal, R lattice, hexagonal coordinates cH aH — The representative symmetry directions are or different in the different crystal systems. For Trigonal, R lattice, rhombohedral coordinates aR þ bR þ cR aR  bR — example, the directions of the basis vectors a, b Hexagonal c a ab and c are symmetry independent in orthorhombic Cubic c aþbþc ab crystals and are thus all representative, whereas a and b are symmetry equivalent and thus depenThe full HM symbols describe the symmetry of a space group dent in tetragonal crystals. All three directions are symmetry in a transparent way, but they are redundant. They can be shorequivalent in cubic crystals; they belong to the same set and are tened to the short HM symbols such that the set of generators is represented by one of the directions. Therefore, the symmetry reduced to a necessary set. Examples will be displayed for the directions and their sequence in the HM symbols depend on the different crystal systems. The conventional short HM symbols still crystal system to which the crystal and thus its space group provide a unique description and enable the generation of the belongs. space group. For the monoclinic space groups with their many Table 1.4.1.1 gives the positions of the representative latticeconventional settings they are not variable and are taken as symmetry directions in the HM symbols for the different crystal standard for their space-group types. Monoclinic short HM systems. symbols may look quite different from the full HM symbol, e.g. Examples of full HM symbols are (from triclinic to cubic) P1, Cc instead of A1n1 or I1a1 or B11n or I11b. P12/c1, A112/m, F 2/d 2/d 2/d, I41 =a, P 4=m 21 =n 2=c, P3, P3m1, The extended HM symbols display the additional symmetry P31 12, R32=c, P63 =m, P61 22 and F41 32. that is often generated by lattice centrings. The full HM symbol There are crystal systems, for example tetragonal, for which denotes only the simplest symmetry operations for each the high-symmetry space groups display symmetry in all symmetry direction, by the ‘simplest symmetry operation’ rule; symmetry directions whereas lower-symmetry space groups the other operations can be found in the extended symbols, which display symmetry in only some of them. In such cases, the are treated in detail in Section 1.5.4 and are listed in Tables 1.5.4.3 symmetry of the ‘empty’ symmetry direction is denoted by the (plane groups) and 1.5.4.4 (space groups). constituent 1 or it is simply omitted. For example, instead of three From the HM symbol of the space group, the full or short HM symmetry directions in P4mm, there is only one in I41 =a11, for symbol for a crystal class of a space group is obtained easily: one which the HM symbol is usually written I41 =a. However, in some omits the lattice symbol, cancels all screw components such that trigonal space groups the designation of a symmetry direction by only the symbol for the rotation is left and replaces any letter for ‘1’ (P31 12) is necessary to maintain the uniqueness of the HM a glide reflection by the letter m for a reflection. Examples are symbols.4 P 21 =b 21 =a 2=m ! 2=m 2=m 2=m and I41 =a11 ! 4=m. The HM symbols can not only describe the space groups in If one is not yet familiar with the HM symbols, it is recomtheir conventional settings but they can also indicate the setting mended to start with the orthorhombic space groups in Section of the space group relative to the conventional coordinate system 1.4.1.4.5. In the orthorhombic crystal system all crystal classes mentioned in Section 1.4.1.3.1. For example, the orthorhombic have the same number of symmetry directions and the HM space group P 2=m 2=n 21 =a may appear as P 2=n 2=m 21 =b or symbols are particularly transparent. Therefore, the orthoP 2=n 21 =c 2=m or P 21 =c 2=n 2=m or P 21 =b 2=m 2=n or rhombic HM symbols are explained in more detail than those of P 2=m 21 =a 2=n depending on its orientation relative to the the other crystal systems. conventional coordinate basis. On the one hand this is an The following discussion treats mainly the HM symbols of advantage, because the HM symbols include some indication of space groups in conventional settings; for non-conventional the orientation of the space group and form a more powerful tool descriptions of space groups the reader is referred to Chapter 1.5. than being just a space-group nomenclature. On the other hand, it is sometimes not easy to recognize the space-group type that is described by an unconventional HM symbol. In Section 1.4.1.4.5 1.4.1.4.3. Triclinic space groups an example is provided which deals with this problem. There is no symmetry direction in a triclinic space group. Therefore, the basis vectors of a triclinic space group can always 4 be chosen to span a primitive cell and the HM symbols are P1 In the original HM symbols the constituent ‘1’ was avoided by the use of (without inversions) and P1 (with inversions). The HM symbol different centred cells.

45

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY (screw) rotation R3 : if R3 ¼ R1 R2 ¼ 2, the axes R1 and R2 intersect, if R3 ¼ 21, they do not. For this reason, R3 is sometimes called an indicator. However, any two of the three rotations or screw rotations can be taken as the generators and the third one is then the indicator. Mathematically each element of a generating set is a generator independent of its possible redundancy. In the space groups of crystal class mm2 the two reflections or glide reflections are the generators, the twofold rotation or screw rotation is generated by composition of the (glide) reflections. The position of the rotation axis relative to the intersection line of the two planes as well as its screw component are determined uniquely by the glide components of the reflections or glide reflections. The rotation or screw rotation in the HM symbols of space groups of the crystal class mm2 could be omitted, and were omitted in older HM symbols. Nowadays they are included to make the orthorhombic HM symbols more homogeneous. Conventional symbols are, among others, Pmm2, Pmc21 , Pba2 and Pca21 . The 16 space groups with a P lattice in crystal class 2/m 2/m 2/m are similarly obtained by starting with the letter P and continuing with the point-group symbol, modified by the possible replacements 21 for 2 and a, b, c or n for m. The conventional symbols are, among others, P2/m 2/m 2/m, P 21 =m 2=m 2=a, P 2=m 2=n 21 =a, P 21 =b 21 =a 2=m or P 21 =n 21 =m 21 =a. The symbols P 2=m 2=n 21 =a and P 21 =n 21 =m 21 =a designate different space-group types, as is easily seen by looking at the screw rotations: P 2=m 2=n 21 =a has screw axes in the direction of c only, P 21 =n 21 =m 21 =a has screw axes in all three symmetry directions. If the lattice is centred, the constituents in the same symmetry direction are not unique. In this case, according to the ‘simplest symmetry operation’ rule, in general the simplest operation is chosen, cf. Section 1.5.4.

P1 is the only one which displays the inversion 1 explicitly. Sometimes non-conventional centred lattice descriptions may be used, especially when comparing crystal structures. 1.4.1.4.4. Monoclinic space groups Monoclinic space groups have exactly one symmetry direction, often called the monoclinic axis. The b axis is the symmetry direction of the (most frequently used) conventional setting, called the b-axis setting. Another conventional setting has c as its symmetry direction (c-axis setting). In earlier literature, the unique-axis c setting was called the first setting and the uniqueaxis b setting the second setting (cf. Section 2.1.3.15). In addition to the primitive lattice P there is a centred lattice which is taken as C in the b-axis setting, A in the c-axis setting. The (possible) glide reflections are c (or a). In this volume, more settings are described, cf. Sections 1.5.4 and 2.1.3.15 and the space-group tables of Chapter 2.3. The full HM symbol consists of the lattice symbol and three possible positions for the symmetry directions. The symmetry in the a direction is described first, followed by the symmetry in the b direction and last in the c direction. The two positions of the HM symbol that are not occupied by the monoclinic symmetry direction are marked by 1. The symbol is thus similar to the orthorhombic HM symbol and the monoclinic axis is clearly visible. P1m1 or P11m may designate the same space group but in different settings. Pm11 is a possible but not conventional setting. The short HM symbols of the monoclinic space groups are independent of the setting of the space group. They form the monoclinic standard symbols and are not variable: P2, P21 , C2, Pm, Pc, Cm, Cc, P2/m, P21 =m, C2/m, P2/c, P21 =c and C2/c. Altogether there are 13 monoclinic space-group types. There are several reasons for the many conventional settings. (1) As only one of the three coordinate axes is fixed by symmetry, there are two conventions related to the possible permutations of the other axes. (2) The sequence of the three coordinate axes may be chosen because of the lengths of the basis vectors, i.e. not because of symmetry. (3) If two different crystal structures have related symmetries, one being a subgroup of the other, then it is often convenient to choose a non-conventional setting for one of the structures to make their structural relations transparent. Such similarity happens in particular in substances that are related by a nondestructive phase transition. Monoclinic space groups are particularly flexible in their settings.

Examples In the HM symbol C 2=m 2=c 21 =m there are in addition 21 screw rotations in the first two symmetry directions; additional glide reflections b occur in the first, and n in the second and third symmetry directions. In I2/b 2/a 2/m, all rotations 2 are accompanied by screw rotations 21; b and a are accompanied by c and m is accompanied by n. The symmetry operations that are not listed in the full HM symbol can be derived by composition of the listed operations with a centring translation, cf. Section 1.4.2.4. There are two exceptions to the ‘simplest symmetry operation’ rule. If the I centring is added to the P space groups of the crystal class 222, one obtains two different space groups with an I lattice, each has 2 and 21 operations in each of the symmetry directions. One space group is derived by adding the I centring to the space group P222, the other is obtained by adding the I centring to a space group P21 21 21. In the first case the twofold axes intersect, in the second they do not. According to the rules both should get the HM symbol I222, but only the space group generated from P222 is named I222, whereas the space group generated from P21 21 21 is called I21 21 21 . The second exception occurs among the cubic space groups and is due to similar reasons, cf. Section 1.4.1.4.8. The short HM symbols for the space groups of the crystal classes 222 and mm2 are the same as the full HM symbols. In the short HM symbols for the space groups of the crystal class 2/m 2/m 2/m the symbols for the (screw) rotations are omitted, resulting in the short symbols Pmmm, Pmma, Pmna, Pbam, Pnma, Cmcm and Ibam for the space groups mentioned above.

1.4.1.4.5. Orthorhombic space groups To the orthorhombic crystal system belong the crystal classes 222, mm2 and 2/m 2/m 2/m with the Bravais types of lattices P, C, A, F and I. Four space groups with a P lattice belong to the crystal class 222, ten to mm2 and 16 to 2/m 2/m 2/m. Each of the basis vectors marks a symmetry direction; the lattice symbol is followed by characters representing the symmetry operations with respect to the symmetry directions along a, b and c. We start with the full HM symbols. For a space group of crystal class 222 with a P lattice the HM symbol is thus ‘PR1 R2 R3 ’, where R1 , R2 , R3 = 2 or 21 . Conventionally one chooses a setting with the symbols P222, P2221 , P21 21 2 and P21 21 21 . For the generation of the space groups of this crystal class only two non-translational generators are necessary, say R1 and R2 . However, it is not possible to indicate in the HM symbol whether the axes R1 and R2 intersect or not. This is decided by the third

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1.4. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR DESCRIPTIONS These are HM symbols of space groups in conventional settings. It is less easy to find the conventional HM symbol and the space-group type from an unconventional short HM symbol. This may be seen from the following example: Question: Given the short HM symbols Pman, Pmbn and Pmcn, what are the conventional descriptions of their spacegroup types, and are they identical or different? Answer: A glance at the HM symbols shows that the second symbol does not describe any space-group type at all. The second symmetry direction is b; the glide plane is perpendicular to it and the glide component may be 12a, 12c or 12ðc þ aÞ, but not 12b. In this case it is convenient to define the intersection of the three (glide) reflection planes as the site of the origin. Then all translation components of the generators are zero except the glide components. (1) Pman. If one names the three (glide) reflections according to the directions of their normals by m100, a010 and n001 , then a010 n001 ¼ 2100 , m100 a010 ¼ 2001 , while the composition n001 m100 results in a 21 screw rotation along [010]. Clearly, the unconventional full HM symbol is P 2=m 21 =a 2=n. The procedure for obtaining from this symbol the conventional HM symbol P 2=m 2=n 21 =a (or short symbol Pmna) with the origin at the inversion centre is described in Chapter 1.5. (2) Pmcn. Using a nomenclature similar to that of (1), one obtains 21 screw axes along [100], [010] and [001] by the compositons c010 n001, n001 m100 and m100 c010 , respectively. Thus the unconventional full HM symbol is P 21 =m 21 =c 21 =n. Again, the procedure of Chapter 1.5 results in the full HM symbol P 21 =n 21 =m 21 =a or the short symbol Pnma. The full HM symbols show that the two space-group types are different.

1.4.1.4.6.2. Tetragonal space groups with three symmetry directions There are four crystal classes with three symmetry directions each. In the corresponding space-group symbols the constituents 2, 4 and m may be replaced by 21, 4k with k = 1, 2 or 3, and a, b, c, n or d, respectively. The constituent 4 persists. Full HM symbols of space groups are, among others, P42 21 2, P42 bc, P42c and I 41 =a 2=c 2=d. The full and short HM symbols agree for the space groups that belong to the crystal classes 422, 4mm and 42m. Only for the space groups of 4/m 2/m 2/m have the short HM symbols lost their twofold rotations or screw rotations leading, e.g., to the symbol I41 =acd instead of I 41 =a 2=c 2=d. Example In P4mm, to the primary symmetry direction [001] belong the rotation 4 and its powers, to the secondary symmetry direction [100] belongs the reflection m100 . However, in the tertiary symmetry direction ½110, there occur reflections m and glide reflections g with a glide vector 12ða þ bÞ. Such glide reflections are not listed in the ‘symmetry operations’ blocks of the spacegroup tables if they are composed of a representing general position and an integer translation, as happens here (cf. Section 1.4.2.4 and Section 1.5.4 for a detailed discussion of the additional symmetry operations generated by combinations with integer translations). Glide reflections may have complicated glide vectors. If these do not fit the labels a, b, c, n or d, they are frequently called g. 1.4.1.4.7. Trigonal, hexagonal and rhombohedral space groups Hexagonal and trigonal space groups are referred to a hexagonal coordinate system P with basis vector c ? ða; bÞ. The basis vectors a and b span a hexagonal net and form an angle of 120 . The sequence of the representatives of the (up to three) symmetry directions is [001], [100] and ½110. Usually, the seven trigonal space groups of the rhombohedral lattice system (or rhombohedral space groups for short) are described either with respect to a hexagonal coordinate system (triple hexagonal cell) or to a rhombohedral coordinate system (primitive rhombohedral cell).

1.4.1.4.6. Tetragonal space groups There are seven tetragonal crystal classes. The lattice may be P or I. The space groups of the three crystal classes 4, 4 and 4/m have only one symmetry direction, [001]. The other four classes, 422, 4mm, 42m and 4/m 2/m 2/m display three symmetry directions which are listed in the sequence [001], [100] and ½110.5 1.4.1.4.6.1. Tetragonal space groups with one symmetry direction In the space groups of the crystal class 4, rotation or screw rotation axes run in direction [001]; in the space groups of crystal class 4 these are rotoinversion axes 4; and in crystal class 4/m both occur. The rotation 4 of the point group may be replaced by screw rotations 41, 42 or 43 in the space groups with a P lattice. If the lattice is I-centred, 4 and 42 or 41 and 43 occur simultaneously, together with 4 rotoinversions. In the space groups of crystal class 4/m with a P lattice, the rotations 4 can be replaced by the screw rotations 42 and the reflection m by the glide reflection n such that four space-group types with a P lattice exist: P4/m, P42 =m, P4/n and P42 =n. Two more are based on an I lattice: I4/m and I41 =a. In all these six space groups the short HM symbols and full HM symbols are the same.

1.4.1.4.7.1. Trigonal space groups Trigonal space groups are characterized by threefold rotation or screw rotation or rotoinversion axes in [001]. There may be in addition 2 and 21 axes in [100] or ½110, but only in one of these two directions. The same holds for reflections m or glide reflections c. The different possibilities are: (1) There are only threefold axes 3 or 31 or 32 or 3. The short and the full HM symbols are P3, P31 , P32 , P3. (2) There are in addition horizontal twofold axes. Their direction is either [100] or ½110. The corresponding position of the HM symbol is marked by 2, the other (empty) position is marked by 1: P321, P312, P31 21, P31 12 etc. Note: P321 and P312 denote different space-group types. (3) In addition to the threefold axes, there are reflection planes or glide planes with their representative normals in the horizontal directions [100] or ½110. The corresponding position of the HM symbol is marked by m or c, the empty position is marked by 1: P3m1 or P31m etc. (4) The main axis in [001] is 3. Because 3 contains an inversion, the second or third position in the full HM symbol is marked by 2/m or 2/c, which leads to the HM symbols P 3 2=m 1 or

5

One usually chooses ½110 as the representative direction and not the equivalent direction [110], in analogy to the cases of trigonal and hexagonal space groups where ½110 is the representative of the set of tertiary symmetry directions, while ½110 (or [110]) belongs to the set of secondary symmetry directions, cf. Table 2.1.3.1.

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1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY P 3 1 2=m etc. In the short HM symbol the ‘2/’ is not kept: P3m1 or P31m etc.

Table 1.4.1.2 The structure of the Hermann–Mauguin symbols for the plane groups The positions of the representative symmetry directions for the crystal systems are given. The lattice symbol and the maximal order of rotations around a point are followed by two positions for symmetry directions.

1.4.1.4.7.2. Hexagonal space groups Hexagonal space groups have either one or three representative symmetry directions. The space groups of crystal classes 6, 6 and 6/m have [001] as their single symmetry direction for the axis 6 or 6k for k ¼ 1; . . . ; 5 or 6, and for the plane m with its normal along [001]. The short and full HM symbols are the same. Examples are P6, P64 , P6 and P63 =m. Space groups of crystal classes 622, 6mm, 62m and 6/m 2/m 2/m have the representative symmetry directions [001], [100] and ½110. As opposed to the trigonal HM symbols, in the hexagonal HM symbols no symmetry direction is ‘empty’ and occupied by ‘1’. In space groups of the crystal classes 622, 6mm and 62m the short and full HM symbols are the same; in 6/m 2/m 2/m the short symbols are deprived of the parts ‘2/’ of the full symbols. The full HM symbol P 63 =m 2=m 2=c is shortened to the short HM symbol P63 =mmc, the full HM symbol P 63 =m 2=c 2=m is shortened to P63 =mcm. The two denote different space-group types.

Crystal system

Lattice(s)

First position

Second position

Third position

Oblique

p

1 or 2

—

—

Rectangular

p, c

1 or 2

a

b

Tetragonal

p

4

a

ab

Hexagonal

p

3

1

3

a or 1

6

a

ab

ab

In the full HM symbol the symmetry is described as usual. Examples are P21 3, F 2=d 3, P43 32, F43c, P 42 =m 3 2=n and finally No. 230, I 41 =a 3 2=d. The short HM symbols of the noncentrosymmetric space groups (those of crystal classes 23, 432 and 43m) are the same as the full HM symbols. In the short HM symbols of centrosymmetric space groups of the crystal classes 2=m 3 and 4=m 3 2=m the rotations or screw rotations are omitted with the exception of the rotations 3 and rotoinversions 3 which represent the symmetry in direction [111]. Thus, in the examples listed above, Fd3, Pm3n and Ia3d are the short HM symbols differing from the full HM symbols. As in the orthorhombic space groups I222 and I21 21 21 , there is the pair I23 and I21 3 in which the ‘simplest symmetry operation’ rule is violated. In both space groups twofold rotations and screw rotations around a, b and c occur simultaneously. In I23 the rotation axes intersect, in I21 3 they do not. The first space group can be generated by adding the I-centring to the space group P23, the second is obtained by adding the I-centring to the space group P21 3.

1.4.1.4.7.3. Rhombohedral space groups The rhombohedral lattice may be understood as an R-centred hexagonal lattice and then referred to the hexagonal basis. It has two kinds of symmetry directions, which coincide with the primary and secondary symmetry directions of the hexagonal lattice (owing to the R centrings, no symmetry operation along the tertiary symmetry direction of the hexagonal lattice is compatible with the rhombohedral lattice). On the other hand, the rhombohedral lattice may be referred to a (primitive) rhombohedral coordinate system with the lattice parameters a = b = c and
=  = . The HM symbol of a rhombohedral space group starts with R, its representative symmetry directions are ½001hex or ½111rhomb and ½100hex or ½110rhomb . In this section the rhombohedral primitive cell is used. The rotations 3 and the rotoinversions 3 are accompanied by screw rotations 31 and 32. Rotations 2 about horizontal axes always alternate with 21 screw rotations and reflections m are accompanied by different glide reflections g with unconventional glide components. The additional operations mentioned are not listed in the full HM symbols. The seven rhombohedral space groups belong to the five crystal classes 3, 3, 32, 3m and 32=m. In R3 and R3 only the first of the symmetry directions is occupied and listed in the full and short HM symbols. In the space groups of the other crystal classes the second symmetry direction ½110 is occupied by ‘2’ or ‘m’ or ‘c’ or ‘2/m’ or ‘2/c’, leading to the full HM symbols R32, R3m, R3c, R32=m and R32=c. In the short HM symbols the ‘2/’ parts of the last two symbols are skipped: R3m and R3c.

1.4.1.5. Hermann–Mauguin symbols of the plane groups The principles of the HM symbols for space groups are retained in the HM symbols for plane groups (also known as wallpaper groups). The rotation axes along c of three dimensions are replaced by rotation points in the ab plane; the possible orders of rotations are the same as in three-dimensional space: 2, 3, 4 and 6. The lattice (sometimes called net) of a plane group is spanned by the two basis vectors a and b, and is designated by a lower-case letter. The choice of a lattice basis, i.e. of a minimal cell, leads to a primitive lattice p, in addition a c-centred lattice is conventionally used. The nets are listed in Table 3.1.2.1. The reflections and glide reflections through planes of the space groups are replaced by reflections and glide reflections through lines. Glide reflections are called g independent of the direction of the glide line. The arrangement of the constituents in the HM symbol is displayed in Table 1.4.1.2. Short HM symbols are used only if there is at most one symmetry direction, e.g. p411 is replaced by p4 (no symmetry direction), p1m1 is replaced by pm (one symmetry direction) etc. There are four crystal systems of plane groups, cf. Table 3.2.3.1. The analogue of the triclinic crystal system is called oblique, the analogues of the monoclinic and orthorhombic crystal systems are rectangular. Both have rotations of order 2 at most. The presence of reflection or glide reflection lines in the rectangular crystal system allows one to choose a rectangular basis with one basis vector perpendicular to a symmetry line and one basis

1.4.1.4.8. Cubic space groups There are five cubic crystal classes combined with the three types of lattices P, F and I in which the cubic space groups are classified. The two symmetry directions [100] and [111] are the representative directions in the space groups of the crystal classes 23 and 2=m 3. A third representative symmetry direction, ½110, is added for space groups of the crystal classes 432, 43m and 4=m 3 2=m.6 6

Note: ‘3’ or ‘3’ directly after the lattice symbol denotes a trigonal or rhombohedral space group; ‘3’ or ‘3’ in the third position (second position after the lattice symbol) is characteristic for cubic space groups.

48

1.4. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR DESCRIPTIONS vector parallel to it. The square crystal system is analogous to the tetragonal crystal system for space groups by the occurrence of fourfold rotation points and a square net. Plane groups with threefold and sixfold rotation points are united in the hexagonal crystal system with a hexagonal net. Plane groups occur as sections and projections of the space groups, cf. Section 1.4.5. In order to maintain the relations to the space groups, the symmetry directions of the symmetry lines are determined by their normals, not by the directions of the lines themselves. This is important because the normal of the line, not the direction of the line itself, determines the position in the HM symbol. (1) In oblique plane groups there is no symmetry direction: HM symbols are p1 or p2. (2) Rectangular plane groups may have no rotations and then only one symmetry direction: p1m1 = pm, p1g1 = pg and c1m1 = cm. If there are twofold rotations, the HM symbol starts with p2 or c2, followed by the symmetry m or g first perpendicular to a and then perpendicular to b. The conventional HM symbol p2mg describes a plane group with a reflection line running perpendicular to a (parallel to b) and a glide-reflection line running from the back to the front (perpendicular to b and thus parallel to a). There are four plane-group types: p2mm, p2mg, p2gg and c2mm. The constituent ‘2’ was sometimes omitted in older HM symbols. (3) There is one square plane group with only rotations and no symmetry directions, the net is a square net: p411 = p4. The generating symmetry of symmetry directions perpendicular to a and a  b are listed in the second and third positions: p4mm with reflection lines perpendicular to a and b and p4gm with glide lines in the same directions. Reflection lines and glide lines perpendicular to a  b (and a + b) alternate. (4) Five plane groups belong to the hexagonal crystal system. The trigonal and hexagonal plane groups p311 = p3 and p611 = p6 contain only rotations. In the other trigonal plane groups there is exactly one set of symmetry directions; its representative direction is either perpendicular to a (p3m1) or perpendicular to a  b (p31m). The HM symbols p3m1 and p31m may be easily confused, although they are different. Apart from the different orientations of their symmetry directions, in a plane group of type p3m1, all rotation points lie on reflection lines, but in p31m not all of them do. The hexagonal plane group p6mm displays representative directions of mirror lines perpendicular to a and perpendicular to a  b.

Table 1.4.1.3 List of geometric crystal classes in which the Schoenflies sequence separates space groups belonging to the same arithmetic crystal class Space-group type Geometric crystal class 2/m

32

3m

23

m3


432


43m

1.4.1.6. Sequence of space-group types The sequence of space-group entries in the space-group tables follows that introduced by Schoenflies (1891) and is thus established historically. Within each geometric crystal class, Schoenflies numbered the space-group types in an obscure way. As early as 1919, Niggli (1919) considered this Schoenflies sequence to be unsatisfactory and suggested that another sequence might be more appropriate. Fedorov (1891) used a different sequence in order to distinguish between symmorphic, hemisymmorphic and asymmorphic space groups (cf. Section 1.3.3.3 for a detailed discussion of symmorphic space groups). The basis of the Schoenflies symbols and thus of the Schoenflies listing is the geometric crystal class. For the present spacegroup tables, a sequence might have been preferred in which, in addition, space-group types belonging to the same arithmetic

No.

Hermann– Mauguin symbol

Schoenflies symbol

10 11 13 14

P2/m P21 =m P2/c P21 =c

1 C2h 2 C2h 4 C2h 5 C2h

12 15

C2/m C2/c

3 C2h 6 C2h

149 151 153

P312 P31 12 P32 12

D13 D33 D53

150 152 154

P321 P31 21 P32 21

D23 D43 D63

155

R32

D73

156 158

P3m1 P3c1

1 C3v 3 C3v

157 159

P31m P31c

2 C3v 4 C3v

160 161

R3m R3c

5 C3v 6 C3v

195 198

P23 P21 3

T1 T4

196

F23

T2

197 199

T3 T5

200 201 205

I23 I21 3 Pm3
Pn3
Pa3


202 203

Fm3
Fd3


Th3 Th4

204 206

Im3
Ia3


Th5 Th7

207 208 213 212

P432 P42 32 P41 32 P43 32

O1 O2 O7 O6

209 210

F432 F41 32

O3 O4

211 214

I432 I41 32
P43m
P43n

O5 O8


F 43m
F 43c
I 43m
I 43d

Td2 Td5

215 218 216 219 217 220

Th1 Th2 Th6

Td1 Td4

Td3 Td6

crystal class were grouped together. It was decided, however, that the long-established sequence in the earlier editions of International Tables should not be changed. In Table 1.4.1.3, those geometric crystal classes are listed in which the Schoenflies sequence separates space groups belonging to the same arithmetic crystal class (cf. Section 1.3.4.4 for the definition and discussion of arithmetic crystal classes). The space

49

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY groups are rearranged in such a way that space groups of the same arithmetic crystal class are grouped together. The arithmetic crystal classes are separated by rules spanning the last three columns of the table and the geometric crystal classes are separated by rules spanning the full width of the table. In all cases not listed in Table 1.4.1.3, the Schoenflies sequence, as used in the space-group tables, does not break up arithmetic crystal classes. Nevertheless, some rearrangement would be desirable in other arithmetic crystal classes too. For example, the symmorphic space group should always be the first entry of each arithmetic crystal class.

A screw rotation is symbolized in the same way as a pure rotation, but with the screw part added between parentheses. Example: 3 ð0; 0; 13Þ 23 ; 13; z indicates a clockwise rotation of 120 around the line 23 ; 13; z (or rotation in the mathematically negative sense) if viewed from the point 23 ; 13; 1 towards 23 ; 13; 0, combined with a translation of 13c. A reflection is symbolized by the letter m, followed by the location of the mirror plane. A glide reflection in general is symbolized by the letter g, with the glide part given between parentheses, followed by the location of the glide plane. These specifications characterize every glide reflection uniquely. Exceptions are the traditional symbols a, b, c, n and d that are used instead of g. In the case of a glide plane a, b or c, the explicit statement of the glide vector is omitted if it is 12a, 12b or 12c, respectively. Examples: a x; y; 14 means a glide reflection with glide vector 12a and through a plane x; y; 14; dð14; 14; 34Þ x; x  14; z denotes a glide reflection with glide part ð14; 14; 34Þ and the glide plane d at x; x  14; z.

1.4.2. Descriptions of space-group symmetry operations By M. I. Aroyo, G. Chapuis, B. Souvignier and A. M. Glazer

One of the aims of the space-group tables of Chapter 2.3 is to represent the symmetry operations of each of the 17 plane groups and 230 space groups. The following sections offer a short description of the symbols of the symmetry operations, their listings and their graphical representations as found in the spacegroup tables of Chapter 2.3. For a detailed discussion of crystallographic symmetry operations and their matrix–column presentation ðW ; wÞ the reader is referred to Chapter 1.2.

An inversion is symbolized by 1
followed by the location of the inversion centre.
A rotoinversion is symbolized, in analogy with a rotation, by 3,
4 or 6
and the superscript + or , again followed by the location of the (rotoinversion) axis. Note that angle and sense of rotation refer to the pure rotation and not to the combination of rotation and inversion. In addition, the location of the inversion point is given by the appropriate coordinate triplet after a semicolon. Example: 4
þ 0; 12; z; 0; 12; 14 means a 90 rotoinversion with axis at 0; 12; z and inversion point at 0; 12; 14. The rotation is performed in the mathematically positive sense when viewed from 0; 12; 1 towards 0; 12; 0. Therefore, the rotoinversion maps point 0; 0; 0 onto point 12; 12; 12.

1.4.2.1. Symbols for symmetry operations Given the analytical description of the symmetry operations by matrix–column pairs ðW ; wÞ, their geometric meaning can be determined following the procedure discussed in Section 1.2.2. The notation scheme of the symmetry operations applied in the space-group tables was designed by W. Fischer and E. Koch, and the following description of the symbols partly reproduces the explanations by the authors given in Section 11.1.2 of IT A5. Further explanations of the symbolism and examples are presented in Section 2.1.3.9. The symbol of a symmetry operation indicates the type of the operation, its screw or glide component (if relevant) and the location of the corresponding geometric element (cf. Section 1.2.3 and Table 1.2.3.1 for a discussion of geometric elements). The symbols of the symmetry operations explained below are based on the Hermann–Mauguin symbols (cf. Section 1.4.1.4), modified and supplemented where necessary.

The notation scheme is extensively applied in the symmetryoperations blocks of the space-group descriptions in the tables of Chapter 2.3. The numbering of the entries of the symmetry-operations block corresponds to that of the coordinate triplets of the general position, and in space groups with primitive cells the two lists contain the same number of entries. As an example consider the symmetry-operations block of the space group P21 =c shown in Fig. 1.4.2.1. The four entries correspond to the four coordinate triplets of the general-position block of the group and provide the geometric description of the symmetry operations chosen as

The symbol for the identity mapping is 1. A translation is symbolized by the letter t followed by the components of the translation vector between parentheses. Example: tð12; 12; 0Þ represents a translation by a vector 12a þ 12b, i.e. a C centring. A rotation is symbolized by a number n = 2, 3, 4 or 6 (according to the rotation angle 360 /n) and a superscript + or , which specifies the sense of rotation (n > 2). The symbol of rotation is followed by the location of the rotation axis. Example: 4þ 0; y; 0 indicates a rotation of 90 about the line 0, y, 0 that brings point 0; 0; 1 onto point 1; 0; 0, i.e. a counter-clockwise rotation (or rotation in the mathematically positive sense) if viewed from point 0; 1; 0 to point 0; 0; 0.

Figure 1.4.2.1 General-position and symmetry-operations blocks for the space group P21 =c, No. 14 (unique axis b, cell choice 1). The coordinate triplets of the general position, numbered from (1) to (4), correspond to the four coset representatives of the decomposition of P21 =c with respect to its translation subgroup, cf. Table 1.4.2.6. The entries of the symmetryoperations block numbered from (1) to (4) describe geometrically the symmetry operations represented by the four coordinate triplets of the general-position block.

50

1.4. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR DESCRIPTIONS orientation is denoted by the direction of the axis for rotations or rotoinversions, or the direction of the normal to reflection planes. (Note that in the latter case this is different from the way the orientation of reflection planes is given in the symmetry-operations block.) The linear parts of Seitz symbols are denoted in many different ways in the literature (Litvin & Kopsky, 2011). According to the conventions approved by the Commission of Crystallographic Nomenclature of the International Union of Crystallography (Glazer et al., 2014) the symbol R is 1 and 1
for the identity and the inversion, m for reflections, the symbols 2, 3, 4 and 6 are
4
and 6
for used for rotations and 3, rotoinversions. For rotations and Figure 1.4.2.2 General-position and symmetry-operations blocks as given in the space-group tables for space group rotoinversions of order higher than 2, a Fmm2 (42). The numbering scheme of the entries in the different symmetry-operations blocks follows superscript + or  is used to indicate that of the general position. the sense of the rotation. Subscripts of the symbols R denote the characteristic coset representatives of P21 =c with respect to its translation direction of the operation: for example, the subscripts 100, 010
refer to the directions [100], [010] and ½110,
respectively. subgroup. and 110 For space groups with conventional centred cells, there are Examples several (2, 3 or 4) blocks of symmetry operations: one block for (a) Consider the coordinate triplets of the general positions of each of the translations listed below the subheading ‘CoordiP21 21 2 (18): nates’. Consider, for example, the four symmetry-operations ð1Þ x; y; z ð2Þ x
; y
; z ð3Þ x þ 12; y þ 12; z
ð4Þ x þ 12; y
þ 12; z
blocks of the space group Fmm2 (42) reproduced in Fig. 1.4.2.2. They correspond to the four sets of coordinate triplets of the The corresponding geometric interpretations of the general position obtained by the translations tð0; 0; 0Þ, tð0; 12; 12Þ, symmetry operations are given by tð12; 0; 12Þ and tð12; 12; 0Þ, cf. Fig. 1.4.2.2. The numbering scheme of the ð1Þ 1 ð2Þ 2 0; 0; z ð3Þ 2ð0; 12; 0Þ 14; y; 0 ð4Þ 2ð12; 0; 0Þ x; 14; 0 entries in the different symmetry-operations blocks follows that of the general position. For example, the geometric description of In Seitz notation the symmetry operations are denoted by entry (4) in the symmetry-operations block under the heading ð1Þ f1j0g ð2Þ f2001 j0g ð3Þ f2010 j12; 12; 0g ð4Þ f2100 j12; 12; 0g ‘For ð12; 12; 0Þþ set’ of Fmm2 corresponds to the coordinate triplet 1 1 1 1 x þ 2; y þ 2; z, which is obtained by adding tð2; 2; 0Þ to the trans(b) Similarly, the symmetry operations corresponding to the lation part of the printed coordinate triplet ð4Þ x; y; z (cf. Fig. general-position coordinate triplets of P21 =c (14), cf. Fig. 1.4.2.2). 1.4.2.1, in Seitz notation are given as ð1Þ f1j0g 1.4.2.2. Seitz symbols of symmetry operations Apart from the notation for the geometric interpretation of the matrix–column representation of symmetry operations ðW ; wÞ discussed in detail in the previous section, there is another notation which has been adopted and is widely used by solid-state physicists and chemists. This is the so-called Seitz notation fRjvg introduced by Seitz in a series of papers on the matrix-algebraic development of crystallographic groups (Seitz, 1935). Seitz symbols fRjvg reflect the fact that space-group operations are affine mappings and are essentially shorthand descriptions of the matrix–column representations of the symmetry operations of the space groups. They consist of two parts: a rotation (or linear) part R and a translation part v. The Seitz symbol is specified between braces and the rotational and the translational parts are separated by a vertical line. The translation parts v correspond exactly to the columns w of the coordinate triplets of the general-position blocks of the space-group tables. The rotation parts R consist of symbols that specify (i) the type and the order of the symmetry operation, and (ii) the orientation of the corresponding symmetry element with respect to the basis. The

ð2Þ f2010 j0; 12; 12g


ð3Þ f1j0g ð4Þ fm010 j0; 12; 12g

The linear parts R of the Seitz symbols of the space-group symmetry operations are shown in Tables 1.4.2.1–1.4.2.3. Each symbol R is specified by the shorthand notation of its (3  3) matrix representation (also known as the Jones’ faithful representation symbol, cf. Bradley & Cracknell, 1972), the type of symmetry operation and its orientation as described in the corresponding symmetry-operations block of the space-group tables of this volume. The sequence of R symbols in Table 1.4.2.1 corresponds to the numbering scheme of the general-position coordinate triplets of the space groups of the m3m crystal class, while those of Table 1.4.2.2 and Table 1.4.2.3 correspond to the general-position sequences of the space groups of 6/mmm and 3m (rhombohedral axes) crystal classes, respectively. The same symbols R can be used for the construction of Seitz symbols for the symmetry operations of subperiodic layer and rod groups (Litvin & Kopsky, 2014), and magnetic groups, or for the designation of the symmetry operations of the point groups of space groups. [One should note that the Seitz symbols applied in

51

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 1.4.2.1

Table 1.4.2.2

Linear parts R of the Seitz symbols fRjvg for space-group symmetry operations of cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic and triclinic crystal systems

Linear parts R of the Seitz symbols fRjvg for space-group symmetry operations of hexagonal and trigonal crystal systems Each symmetry operation is specified by the shorthand description of the rotation part of its matrix–column presentation, the type of symmetry operation and its characteristic direction.

Each symmetry operation is specified by the shorthand description of the rotation part of its matrix–column presentation, the type of symmetry operation and its characteristic direction.

IT A description

IT A description No.

Coordinate triplet

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

x; y; z x
; y
; z x
; y; z
x; y
; z
z; x; y z; x
; y
z
; x
; y z
; x; y
y; z; x y
; z; x
y; z
; x
y
; z
; x y; x; z
y
; x
; z
y; x
; z y
; x; z x; z; y
x
; z; y x
; z
; y
x; z
; y z; y; x
z; y
; x z
; y; x z
; y
; x
x
; y
; z
x; y; z
x; y
; z x
; y; z z
; x
; y
z
; x; y z; x; y
z; x
; y y
; z
; x
y; z
; x y
; z; x y; z; x
y
; x
; z y; x; z y
; x; z
y; x
; z
x
; z
; y x; z
; y
x; z; y x
; z; y
z
; y
; x z
; y; x
z; y
; x
z; y; x

Type 1 2 2 2 3þ 3þ 3þ 3þ 3 3 3 3 2 2 4 4þ 4 2 2 4þ 4þ 2 4 2 1
m m m 3
þ 3
þ 3
þ 3
þ 3
 3
 3
 3
 m m 4
 4
þ 4
 m m 4
þ 4
þ m 4
 m

Orientation 0; 0; z 0; y; 0 x; 0; 0 x; x; x x
; x; x
x; x
; x
x
; x
; x x; x; x x; x
; x
x
; x
; x x
; x; x
x; x; 0 x; x
; 0 0; 0; z 0; 0; z x; 0; 0 0; y; y 0; y; y
x; 0; 0 0; y; 0 x; 0; x 0; y; 0 x
; 0; x x; y; 0 x; 0; z 0; y; z x; x; x x
; x; x
x; x
; x
x
; x
; x x; x; x x; x
; x
x
; x
; x x
; x; x
x; x
; z x; x; z 0; 0; z 0; 0; z x; 0; 0 x; y; y
x; y; y x; 0; 0 0; y; 0 x
; y; x 0; y; 0 x; y; x

Seitz symbol 1 2001 2010 2100 3þ 111 3þ
1
11 3þ 11
1
3þ
1
11 3 111 3 11
1
3
1
11 3
111
2110 2110
4 001 4þ 001 4 100 2011 2011
4þ 100 4þ 010 2101 4 010 2101
1
m001 m010 m100 3
þ 111 3
þ
1
11 3
þ



No.

Coordinate triplet

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

x; y; z y
; x  y; z x
þ y; x
; z x
; y
; z y; x
þ y; z x  y; x; z y; x; z
x  y; y
; z
x
; x
þ y; z
y
; x
; z
x
þ y; y; z
x; x  y; z
x
; y
; z
y; x
þ y; z
x  y; x; z
x; y; z
y
; x  y; z
x
þ y; x
; z
y
; x
; z x
þ y; y; z x; x  y; z y; x; z x  y; y
; z x
; x
þ y; z

Type 1 3þ 3 2 6 6þ 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
3
þ 3
 m 6
 6
þ m m m m m m

Orientation 0; 0; z 0; 0; z 0; 0; z 0; 0; z 0; 0; z x; x; 0 x; 0; 0 0; y; 0 x; x
; 0 x; 2x; 0 2x; x; 0 0; 0; z 0; 0; z x; y; 0 0; 0; z 0; 0; z x; x
; z x; 2x; z 2x; x; z x; x; z x; 0; z 0; y; z

Seitz symbol 1 3þ 001 3 001 2001 6 001 6þ 001 2110 2100 2010 2110
2120 2210 1
3
þ 001 3
 001 m001 6
 001 6
þ 001 m110 m100 m010 m110
m120 m210

Table 1.4.2.3 Linear parts R of the Seitz symbols fRjvg for symmetry operations of rhombohedral space groups (rhombohedral-axes setting) Each symmetry operation is specified by the shorthand description of the rotation part of its matrix–column presentation, the type of symmetry operation and its characteristic direction.

111 3þ
1
11 3
 111 3
 11
1
3

1
11 3

1
11

IT A description

m110 m110
4
 001 4
þ 001 4
 100 m011 m011
4
þ 100 4
þ 010 m101 4
 010 m101


52

No.

Coordinate triplet

Type

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

x; y; z z; x; y y; z; x z
; y
; x
y
; x
; z
x
; z
; y
x
; y
; z
z
; x
; y
y
; z
; x
z; y; x y; x; z x; z; y

1 3þ 3 2 2 2 1
3
þ 3
 m m m

Orientation x; x; x x; x; x x
; 0; x x; x
; 0 0; y; y
x; x; x x; x; x x; y; x x; x; z x; y; y

Seitz symbol 1 3þ 111 3 111 2101
2110
2011
1
3
þ 111 3
 111 m101
m110
m011


1.4. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR DESCRIPTIONS Seitz symbols for the symmetry operations of subperiodic frieze groups (Litvin & Kopsky, 2014). As illustrated in the examples above, zero translations are normally specified by a single zero in the Seitz symbols, but in cases where it is unclear whether the symbol refers to a space- or a plane-group symmetry operation, an explicit indication of the components of the translation vector is recommended. From the description given above, it is clear that Seitz symbols can be considered as shorthand modifications of the matrix– column presentation ðW ; wÞ of symmetry operations discussed in detail in Chapter 1.2: the translation parts of fRjvg and ðW ; wÞ coincide, while the different (3  3) matrices W are represented by the symbols R shown in Tables 1.4.2.1–1.4.2.3. As a result, the expressions for the product and the inverse of symmetry operations in Seitz notation are rather similar to those of the matrix– column pairs ðW ; wÞ discussed in detail in Chapter 1.2: (a) product of symmetry operations:

Table 1.4.2.4 Linear parts R of the Seitz symbols fRjvg for plane-group symmetry operations of oblique, rectangular and square crystal systems Each symmetry operation is specified by the shorthand description of the rotation part of its matrix–column presentation, the type of symmetry operation and its characteristic direction (if applicable).

IT A description No.

Coordinate doublet

Type

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

x; y x
; y
y
; x y; x
x
; y x; y
y; x y
; x


1 2 4þ 4 m m m m

Orientation

Seitz symbol

0; y x; 0 x; x x; x


1 2 4þ 4 m10 m01 m11
m11

fR1 jv1 gfR2 jv2 g ¼ fR1 R2 jR1 v2 þ v1 g; (b) inverse of a symmetry operation:

Table 1.4.2.5 Linear parts R of the Seitz symbols fRjvg for plane-group symmetry operations of the hexagonal crystal system

fRjvg1 ¼ fR1 j  R1 vg: Similarly, the action of a symmetry operation fRjvg on the column of point coordinates x is given by fRjvgx ¼ Rx þ v [cf. Chapter 1.2, equation (1.2.2.4)]. The rotation parts of the Seitz symbols partly resemble the geometric-description symbols of symmetry operations described in Section 1.4.2.1 and listed in the symmetry-operation blocks of the space-group tables of this volume: R contains the information on the type and order of the symmetry operation, and its characteristic direction. The Seitz symbols do not directly indicate the location of the symmetry operation, nor its glide or screw component, if any.

Each symmetry operation is specified by the shorthand description of the rotation part of its matrix–column presentation, the type of symmetry operation and its characteristic direction (if applicable).

IT A description No.

Coordinate doublet

Type

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

x; y y
; x  y x
þ y; x
x
; y
y; x
þ y x  y; x y
; x
x
þ y; y x; x  y y; x x  y; y
x
; x
þ y

1 3þ 3 2 6 6þ m m m m m m

Orientation

Seitz symbol

x; x
x; 2x 2x; x x; x x; 0 0; y

1 3þ 3 2 6 6þ m11 m10 m01 m11
m12 m21

1.4.2.3. Symmetry operations and the general position The classifications of space groups introduced in Chapter 1.3 allow one to reduce the practically unlimited number of possible space groups to a finite number of space-group types. However, each individual space-group type still consists of an infinite number of symmetry operations generated by the set of all translations of the space group. A practical way to represent the symmetry operations of space groups is based on the coset decomposition of a space group with respect to its translation subgroup, which was introduced and discussed in Section 1.3.3.2. For our further considerations, it is important to note that the listings of the general position in the space-group tables can be interpreted in two ways: (i) Each of the numbered entries lists the coordinate triplets of an image point of a starting point with coordinates x, y, z under a symmetry operation of the space group. This feature of the general position will be discussed in detail in Section 1.4.4. (ii) Each of the numbered entries of the general position lists a symmetry operation of the space group by the shorthand notation of its matrix–column pair ðW ; wÞ (cf. Section 1.2.2.1). This fact is not as obvious as the more ‘crystallographic’ aspect described under (i), but its importance becomes evident from the following discussion, where it is shown how to extract the full analytical symmetry information of space groups from the general-position data in the space-group tables of Chapter 2.3. With reference to a conventional coordinate system, the set of symmetry operations fW g of a space group G is described by the

the first and second editions of IT E and in the IUCr e-book on magnetic groups (Litvin, 2012) differ from the standard symbols adopted by the Commission of Crystallographic Nomenclature.] The Seitz symbols for plane groups are constructed following similar rules to those for space groups. The rotation part R is 1 for the identity, m for reflections, and 2, 3, 4 and 6 are used for rotations. The orientation of a reflection line is specified by a subscript indicating the direction of its ‘normal’. Obviously, the direction indicators are of no relevance for the rotation points. The linear parts R of the Seitz symbols of the plane-group symmetry operations are shown in Tables 1.4.2.4 and 1.4.2.5. Each symbol R is specified by the shorthand notation of its (2  2) matrix representation, the type of symmetry operation and, if applicable, its orientation as described in the corresponding symmetry-operations block of the plane-group tables of this volume. The sequence of R symbols in Table 1.4.2.4 corresponds to the numbering scheme of the general-position coordinate doublets of the plane group p4mm, while those of Table 1.4.2.5 correspond to the general-position sequence of the plane group p6mm. The same symbols R can be used for the construction of

53

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 1.4.2.6 Right coset decomposition of space group P21 =c, No. 14 (unique axis b, cell choice 1) with respect to the normal subgroup of translations T The numbers u1, u2 and u3 are positive or negative integers.

x x+1 x+2

y y y .. .

z z z

x
x
þ 1 x
þ 2

y þ 12 y þ 12 y þ 12 .. .

z
þ 12 z
þ 12 z
þ 12

x
x
þ 1 x
þ 2

y
y
y
.. .

z
z
z


x x+1 x+2

y
þ 12 y
þ 12 y
þ 12 .. .

z þ 12 z þ 12 z þ 12

x x+1 x+2

y+1 y+1 y+1 .. .

z z z

x
x
þ 1 x
þ 2

y þ 32 y þ 32 y þ 32 .. .

z
þ 12 z
þ 12 z
þ 12

x
x
þ 1 x
þ 2

y
þ 1 y
þ 1 y
þ 1 .. .

z
z
z


x x+1 x+2

y
þ 32 y
þ 32 y
þ 32 .. .

z þ 12 z þ 12 z þ 12

x x+1 x+2

y+2 y+2 y+2 .. .

z z z

x
x
þ 1 x
þ 2

y þ 52 y þ 52 y þ 52 .. .

z
þ 12 z
þ 12 z
þ 12

x
x
þ 1 x
þ 2

y
þ 2 y
þ 2 y
þ 2 .. .

z
z
z


x x+1 x+2

y
þ 52 y
þ 52 y
þ 52 .. .

z þ 12 z þ 12 z þ 12

x x+1 x+2

y y y .. .

z+1 z+1 z+1

x
x
þ 1 x
þ 2

y þ 12 y þ 12 yþ1 .. 2 .

z
þ 32 z
þ 32 z
þ 32

x
x
þ 1 x
þ 2

y
y
y
.. .

z
þ 1 z
þ 1 z
þ 1

x x+1 x+2

y
þ 12 y
þ 12 y
þ 1 .. 2 .

z þ 32 z þ 32 z þ 32

x x+1 x+2

y+1 y+1 y+1 .. .

z+1 z+1 z+1

x
x
þ 1 x
þ 2

y þ 32 y þ 32 y þ 32 .. .

z
þ 32 z
þ 32 z
þ 32

x
x
þ 1 x
þ 2

y
þ 1 y
þ 1 y
þ 1 .. .

z
þ 1 z
þ 1 z
þ 1

x x+1 x+2

y
þ 32 y
þ 32 y
þ 3 .. 2 .

z þ 32 z þ 32 z þ 32

x þ u1

y þ u2 .. .

z þ u3

x
þ u1

y þ u2 þ 12 .. .

z
þ u3 þ 12

x
þ u1

y
þ u2 .. .

z
þ u3

x þ u1

y
þ u2 þ 12 .. .

z þ u3 þ 12

set of matrix–column pairs fðW ; wÞg. The set TG ¼ fðI; tÞg of all translations forms the translation subgroup TG / G, which is a normal subgroup of G of finite index [i]. If ðW ; wÞ is a fixed symmetry operation, then all the products TG ðW ; wÞ = fðI; tÞðW ; wÞg = fðW ; w þ tÞg of translations with ðW ; wÞ have the same rotation part W. Conversely, every symmetry operation W of G with the same matrix part W is represented in the set TG ðW ; wÞ. The infinite set of symmetry operations TG ðW ; wÞ is called a coset of the right coset decomposition of G with respect to TG, and ðW ; wÞ its coset representative. In this way, the symmetry operations of G can be distributed into a finite set of infinite cosets, the elements of which are obtained by the combination of a coset representative ðW j ; wj Þ and the infinite set TG ¼ fðI; tÞg of translations (cf. Section 1.3.3.2):

subtracting integers). To save space, each matrix–column pair ðW j ; wj Þ is represented by the corresponding coordinate triplet (cf. Section 1.2.2.3 for the shorthand notation of matrix–column pairs). Example The right coset decomposition of P21 =c, No. 14 (unique axis b, cell choice 1) with respect to its translation subgroup is shown in Table 1.4.2.6. All possible symmetry operations of P21 =c are distributed into four cosets: The first column represents the infinitely many translations t = ðI; tÞ = x þ u1 ; y þ u2 ; z þ u3 = f1ju1 ; u2 ; u3 g of the translation subgroup T of P21 =c. The numbers u1, u2 and u3 are positive or negative integers. The identity operation ðI; oÞ is usually chosen as a coset representative. The third coset of the decomposition ðG : TG Þ represents the infinite set of inversions ðI; tÞ = x
þ u1 ; y
þ u2 ; z
þ u3 =
1 ; u2 ; u3 g of the space group P21 =c with inversion centres f1ju located at u1 =2; u2 =2; u3 =2 (cf. Section 1.2.2.4 for the determination of the location of the inversion centres). The inver
sion in the origin, i.e. x
; y
; z
¼ f1j0g, is taken as a coset representative. The coset representative of the second coset is the twofold screw rotation f2010 j0; 12; 12g around the line 0; y; 14, followed by its infinite combinations with all lattice translations: x
þ u1 ; y þ 12 þ u2 ; z
þ 12 þ u3 ¼ f2010 ju1 ; 12 þ u2 ; 12 þ u3 g. These are twofold screw rotations around the lines u1 =2; y; u3 =2 þ 14 with 0 1 0 screw components @ 12 þ u2 A. 0 The symmetry operations of the fourth column represented by x þ u1, y
þ 12 þ u2 , z þ 12 þ u3 ¼ fm010 ju1 ; 12 þ u2 ; 12 þ u3 g correspond to glide reflections with glide components 0 1 u1 @ 0 A through the (infinite) set of glide planes at x; 1; z; 4 1 2 þ u3

G ¼ TG [ TG ðW 2 ; w2 Þ [    [ TG ðW m ; wm Þ [    [ TG ðW i ; wi Þ; ð1:4:2:1Þ where ðW 1 ; w1 Þ ¼ ðI; oÞ is omitted. Obviously, the coset representatives ðW j ; wj Þ of the decomposition ðG : TG Þ represent in a clear and compact way the infinite number of symmetry operations of the space group G. Each coset in the decomposition ðG : TG Þ is characterized by its linear part W j and its entries differ only by lattice translations. The translations ðI; tÞ 2 TG form the first coset with the identity ðI; oÞ as a coset representative. The symmetry operations with rotation part W 2 form the second coset etc. The number of cosets equals the number of different matrices W j of the symmetry operations of the space group. This number [i] is always finite and is equal to the order of the point group PG of the space group (cf. Section 1.3.3.2). For each space group, a set of coset representatives fðW j ; wj Þ; 1  j  ½ig of the decomposition ðG : TG Þ is listed under the general-position block of the space-group tables. In general, any element of a coset may be chosen as a coset representative. For convenience, the representatives listed in the space-group tables are always chosen such that the components wj;k ; k ¼ 1; 2; 3, of the translation parts wj fulfil 0  wj;k < 1 (by

54

1.4. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR DESCRIPTIONS x; 34 ; z;

x; 54 ; z;

. . . ; x; ð2u2 þ 1Þ=4; z. As usual, the symmetry operation with u1 ¼ u2 ¼ u3 ¼ 0, i.e. x, y
þ 12, z þ 12 = fm010 j0; 12; 12g, is taken as a coset representative of the coset of glide reflections.

inversion through the point 1=2; 1=2; 0 and thus of the same
through the origin. type as the inversion f1j0g (2) The screw or glide part might not be reduced to a vector within the unit cell. For example, the symmetry operation x
; y
; z þ 1, which is a twofold screw rotation 2 ð0; 0; 1Þ 0; 0; z along the c axis, is the composition of the twofold rotation x
; y
; z with the lattice translation tð0; 0; 1Þ along the screw axis. Although the two operations x
; y
; z and x
; y
; z þ 1 are of different types, they are coaxial equivalents and belong to the element set of the same symmetry element (cf. Section 1.2.3). These issues can be overcome by decomposing the translation part w of a symmetry operation W ¼ ðW ; wÞ into an intrinsic translation part wg which is fixed by the linear part W of W and thus parallel to the geometric element of W , and a location part wl , which is perpendicular to the intrinsic translation part. Note that the subspace of vectors fixed by W and the subspace perpendicular to this space of fixed vectors are complementary subspaces, i.e. their dimensions add up to 3, therefore this decomposition is always possible. The procedure for determining the intrinsic translation part of a symmetry operation is described in Section 1.2.2.4, and is based on the fact that the kth power of a symmetry operation W ¼ ðW ; wÞ with linear part W of order k must be a pure translation, i.e. W k ¼ ðI; tÞ for some lattice translation t. The intrinsic translation part of W is then defined as wg ¼ k1 t. The difference wl ¼ w  wg is perpendicular to wg and it is called the location part of w. This terminology is justified by the fact that the location part can be reduced to o by an origin shift, i.e. the location part indicates whether the origin of the chosen coordinate system lies on the geometric element of W . The transformation of point coordinates and matrix–column pairs under an origin shift is explained in detail in Sections 1.5.1.3 and 1.5.2.3, and the complete procedure for determining the additional symmetry operations will be discussed in the context of the synoptic tables in Section 1.5.4. In this section we will restrict ourselves to a detailed discussion of two examples which illustrate typical phenomena.

The coordinate triplets of the general-position block of P21 =c (unique axis b, cell choice 1) (cf. Fig. 1.4.2.1) correspond to the coset representatives of the decomposition of the group listed in the first line of Table 1.4.2.6. When the space group is referred to a primitive basis (which is always done for ‘P’ space groups), each coordinate triplet of the general-position block corresponds to one coset of ðG : TG Þ, i.e. the multiplicity of the general position and the number of cosets is the same. If, however, the space group is referred to a centred cell, then the complete set of general-position coordinate triplets is obtained by the combinations of the listed coordinate triplets with the centring translations. In this way, the total number of coordinate triplets per conventional unit cell, i.e. the multiplicity of the general position, is given by the product ½i  ½p, where [i] is the index of TG in G and [p] is the index of the group of integer translations in the group TG of all (integer and centring) translations. Example The listing of the general position for the space–group type Fmm2 (42) of the space-group tables is reproduced in Fig. 1.4.2.2. The four entries, numbered (1) to (4), are to be taken as they are printed [indicated by (0, 0, 0)+]. The additional 12 more entries are obtained by adding the centring translations ð0; 12; 12Þ; ð12; 0; 12Þ; ð12; 12; 0Þ to the translation parts of the printed entries [indicated by ð0; 12; 12Þþ, ð12; 0; 12Þþ and ð12; 12; 0Þþ, respectively]. Altogether there are 16 entries, which is announced by the multiplicity of the general position, i.e. by the first number in the row. (The additional information specified on the left of the general-position block, namely the Wyckoff letter and the site symmetry, will be dealt with in Section 1.4.4.)

Example 1 Consider a space group of type Fmm2 (42). The information on the general position and on the symmetry operations given in the space-group tables are reproduced in Fig. 1.4.2.2. From this information one deduces that coset representatives with respect to the translation subgroup are the identity element W 1 ¼ x; y; z, a rotation W 2 ¼ x
; y
; z with the c axis as geometric element, a reflection W 3 ¼ x; y
; z with the plane x; 0; z as geometric element and a reflection W 4 ¼ x
; y; z with the plane 0; y; z as geometric element (with the indices following the numbering in the table). Composing these coset representatives with the centring translations tð0; 12; 12Þ, tð12; 0; 12Þ and tð12; 12; 0Þ gives rise to elements in the same cosets, but with different types of symmetry operations and symmetry elements in several cases. (i) ð0; 12; 12Þ: The composition of the rotation W 2 with tð0; 12; 12Þ results in the symmetry operation x
; y
þ 12; z þ 12, which is a twofold screw rotation with screw axis 0; 14; z. This means that both the type of the symmetry operation and the location of the geometric element are changed. Composing the reflection W 3 with tð0; 12; 12Þ gives the symmetry operation x; y
þ 12; z þ 12, which is a c glide with the plane x; 14; z as geometric element, i.e. shifted by 14 along the b axis relative to the geometric element of W 3. In the composition of W 4 with tð0; 12; 12Þ, the translation lies

1.4.2.4. Additional symmetry operations and symmetry elements The symmetry operations of a space group are conveniently partitioned into the cosets with respect to the translation subgroup. All operations which belong to the same coset have the same linear part and, if a single operation from a coset is given, all other operations in this coset are obtained by composition with a translation. However, not all symmetry operations in a coset with respect to the translation subgroup are operations of the same type and, furthermore, they may belong to element sets of different symmetry elements. In general, one can distinguish the following cases: (i) The composition W 0 ¼ tW of a symmetry operation W with a translation t is an operation of the same type as W , with the same or a different type of symmetry element. (ii) The composition W 0 ¼ tW is an operation of a different type to W with the same or a different type of symmetry element. In order to distinguish the different cases, a closer analysis of the type of a symmetry operation and its symmetry element is required. These types, however, might be obscured by two obstacles: (1) The origin in the chosen coordinate system might not lie on the geometric element of the symmetry operation. For example, the symmetry operation represented by the coordinate triplet x
þ 1; y
þ 1; z
(cf. Section 1.4.2.3) is in fact an

55

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY

Figure 1.4.2.3 Symmetry-element diagram for space group Fmm2 (42) (orthogonal projection along [001]).

Figure 1.4.2.5 Symmetry-element diagram for space group P4mm (99) (orthogonal projection along [001]).

in the plane forming the geometric element of W 4. The geometric element of the resulting symmetry operation x
; y þ 12; z þ 12 is still the plane 0; y; z, but the symmetry operation is now an n glide, i.e. a glide reflection with diagonal glide vector. (ii) ð12; 0; 12Þ: Analogous to the first centring translation, the composition of W 2 with tð12; 0; 12Þ results in a twofold screw rotation with screw axis 14; 0; z as geometric element. The roles of the reflections W 3 and W 4 are interchanged, because the translation vector now lies in the plane forming the geometric element of W 3. Therefore, the composition of W 3 with tð12; 0; 12Þ is an n glide with the plane x; 0; z as geometric element, whereas the composition of W 4 with tð12; 0; 12Þ is a c glide with the plane 14; y; z as geometric element. (iii) ð12; 12; 0Þ: Because this translation vector lies in the plane perpendicular to the rotation axis of W 2, the composition of W 2 with tð12; 12; 0Þ is still a twofold rotation, i.e. a symmetry operation of the same type, but the rotation axis is shifted by 14; 14; 0 in the xy plane to become the axis 14; 14; z. The composition of W 3 with tð12; 12; 0Þ results in the symmetry operation x þ 12; y
þ 12; z, which is an a glide with the plane x; 14; z as geometric element, i.e. shifted by 14 along the b axis relative to the geometric element of W 3. Similarly, the composition of W 4 with tð12; 12; 0Þ is a b glide with the plane 14; y; z as geometric element. In this example, all additional symmetry operations are listed in the symmetry-operations block of the space-group tables of Fmm2 because they are due to compositions of the coset representatives with centring translations. The additional symmetry operations can easily be recognized in the symmetry-element diagrams (cf. Section 1.4.2.5). Fig. 1.4.2.3 shows the symmetry-element diagram of Fmm2 for the

projection along the c axis. One sees that twofold rotation axes alternate with twofold screw axes and that mirror planes alternate with ‘double’ or e-glide planes, i.e. glide planes with two glide vectors. For example, the dot–dashed lines at x ¼ 14 and x ¼ 34 in Fig. 1.4.2.3 represent the b and c glides with normal vector along the a axis [for a discussion of e-glide notation, see Sections 1.2.3 and 2.1.2, and de Wolff et al., 1992]. Example 2 In a space group of type P4mm (99), representatives of the space group with respect to the translation subgroup are the powers of a fourfold rotation and reflections with normal vectors along the a and the b axis and along the diagonals [110]
(cf. Fig. 1.4.2.4). and ½110 In this case, additional symmetry operations occur although there are no centring translations. Consider for example the reflection W 8 with the plane x; x; z as geometric element. Composing this reflection with the translation tð1; 0; 0Þ gives rise to the symmetry operation represented by y þ 1; x; z. This operation maps a point with coordinates x þ 12; x; z to x þ 1; x þ 12; z and is thus a glide reflection with the plane x þ 12; x; z as geometric element and ð12; 12; 0Þ as glide vector. In a similar way, composing the other diagonal reflection with translations yields further glide reflections. These glide reflections are symmetry operations which are not listed in the symmetry-operations block, although they are clearly of a different type to the operations given there. However, in the symmetry-element diagram as shown in Fig. 1.4.2.5, the corresponding symmetry elements are displayed as diagonal dashed lines which alternate with the solid diagonal lines representing the diagonal reflections.

1.4.2.5. Space-group diagrams

Figure 1.4.2.4 General-position and symmetry-operations blocks as given in the spacegroup tables for space group P4mm (99).

56

In the space-group tables of Chapter 2.3, for each space group there are at least two diagrams displaying the symmetry (there are more diagrams for space groups of low symmetry). The symmetry-element diagram displays the location and orientation of the symmetry elements of the space group. The general-position diagrams show the arrangement of a set of symmetry-equivalent points of the general position. Because of the periodicity of the arrangements, the presentation of the contents of one unit cell is sufficient. Both types of diagrams are orthogonal projections of the space-group unit cell onto the plane of projection along a basis vector of the conventional crystallographic coordinate system. The symmetry elements of triclinic, monoclinic and orthorhombic groups are shown in three different projections along the basis vectors.

1.4. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR DESCRIPTIONS

Figure 1.4.2.6 Symmetry-element diagram (left) and general-position diagram (right) for the space group P21 =c, No. 14 (unique axis b, cell choice 1).

The thin lines outlining the projection are the traces of the side planes of the unit cell. Detailed explanations of the diagrams of space groups are found in Section 2.1.3.6. In this section, after a very brief introduction to the diagrams, we will focus mainly on certain important but very often overlooked features of the diagrams.

elements (i.e. of the twofold screw axes) located in the unit cell at 0; y; 14; 0; y; 34; 12; y; 14; 12; y; 34 (and the translationally equivalent 1; y; 14 and 1; y; 34) are shown in the symmetry-element diagram (Fig. 1.4.2.6); i.e. x
; y þ 12 þ u2 ; z
þ 12 = (ii) u1 ¼ u3 ¼ 0, 1 1 f2010 j0; 2 þ u2 ; 2g; these symmetry operations correspond to screw rotations around the line 0; y; 14 with screw components 12; 32 ; 52 ; . . . ; 12;  32 ;  52 ; . . ., i.e. with a screw component 12 to which all lattice translations parallel to the screw axis are added. These operations, infinite in number, share the same geometric element, i.e. they form the element set of the same symmetry element, and geometrically they are represented just by one graphical symbol on the symmetry-element diagrams located exactly at 0; y; 14. (iii) The rest of the symmetry operations in the coset, i.e. 0 1 u1 those with the translation parts @ 12 þ u2 A, are 1 2 þ u3 combinations of the two special cases above.

Symmetry-element diagram The graphical symbols of the symmetry elements used in the diagrams are explained in Section 2.1.2. The heights along the projection direction above the plane of the diagram are indicated for rotation or screw axes and mirror or glide planes parallel to the projection plane, for rotoinversion axes and inversion centres. The heights (if different from zero) are given as fractions of the shortest translation vector along the projection direction. In Fig. 1.4.2.6 (left) the symmetry elements of P21 =c (unique axis b, cell choice 1) are represented graphically in a projection of the unit cell along the monoclinic axis b. The directions of the basis vectors c and a can be read directly from the figure. The origin (upper left corner of the unit cell) lies on a centre of inversion indicated by a small open circle. The black lenticular symbols with tails represent the twofold screw axes parallel to b. The c-glide plane at height 14 along b is shown as a bent arrow with the arrowhead pointing along c. The crystallographic symmetry operations are visualized geometrically by the related symmetry elements. Whereas the symmetry element of a symmetry operation is uniquely defined, more than one symmetry operation may belong to the same symmetry element (cf. Section 1.2.3). The following examples illustrate some important features of the diagrams related to the fact that the symmetry-element symbols that are displayed visualize all symmetry operations that belong to the element sets of the symmetry elements.

(2) Inversion centres of P21 =c (Fig. 1.4.2.6). The element set of an inversion centre consists of only one symmetry operation, viz. the inversion through the point located at the centre. In other words, to each inversion centre displayed on a symmetry-element diagram there corresponds one symmetry operation of inversion. The infinitely many inversions ðI; tÞ = x
þ u1 ; y
þ u2 ; z
þ u3 = f1ju1 ; u2 ; u3 g of P21 =c are located at points u1 =2; u2 =2; u3 =2. Apart from translational equivalence, there are eight centres located in the unit cell: four at y = 0, namely at 0, 0, 0; 12; 0; 0; 0; 0; 12; 12; 0; 12 and four at height 12 of b. It is important to note that only inversion centres at y = 0 are indicated on the diagram. A similar rule is applied to all pairs of symmetry elements of the same type (such as e.g. twofold rotation axes, planes etc.) whose heights differ by 12 of the shortest lattice direction along the projection direction. For example, the c-glide plane symbol in Fig. 1.4.2.6 with the fraction 14 next to it represents not only the c-glide plane located at height 1 3 4 but also the one at height 4.

Examples (1) Visualization of the twofold screw rotations of P21 =c (Fig. 1.4.2.6). The second coset of the decomposition of P21 =c with respect to its translation subgroup shown in Table 1.4.2.6 is formed by the infinite set of twofold screw rotations represented by the coordinate triplets x
þ u1, y þ 12 þ u2 ; z
þ 12 þ u3 (where u1 ; u2 ; u3 are integers). To analyse how these symmetry operations are visualized, it is convenient to consider two special cases: (i) u2 ¼ 0, i.e. x
þ u1 ; y þ 12; z
þ 12 þ u3 = f2010 ju1 ; 12; 12 þ u3 g; these operations correspond to twofold screw rotations around the infinitely many screw axes parallel to the line 0; y; 14, i.e. around the lines u1 =2; y; u3 =2 þ 14. The symbols of the symmetry

(3) Glide reflections visualized by mirror planes. As discussed in Section 1.2.3, the element set of a mirror or glide plane consists of a defining operation and all its coplanar equivalents (cf. Table 1.2.3.1). The corresponding symmetry element is a mirror plane if among the infinite set of the coplanar glide reflections there is one with zero glide vector. Thus, the symmetry element is a mirror plane and

57

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY tions, the number of general-position points in the unit cell (excluding the points that are equivalent by integer translations) equals the multiplicity of the general position. The coordinates of the points in the projection plane can be read directly from the diagram. For all systems except cubic, only one parameter is necessary to describe the height along the projection direction. For example, if the height of the starting point above the projection plane is indicated by a ‘+’ sign, then signs ‘+’, ‘’ or their combinations with fractions (e.g. 12þ, 12 etc.) are used to specify the heights of the image points. A Figure 1.4.2.7 Symmetry-element diagram (left) and general-position diagram (right) for the space circle divided by a vertical line represents two points group P2, No. 3 (unique axis b, cell choice 1). with different coordinates along the projection direction but identical coordinates in the projection plane. A comma ‘,’ in the circle indicates an image point obtained by a symmetry operation W ¼ ðW ; wÞ of the the graphical symbol for a mirror plane is used for its representation on the symmetry-element diagrams of the second kind [i.e. with detðW Þ ¼ 1, cf. Section 1.2.2]. space groups. For example, the mirror plane 0; y; z shown Example on the symmetry-element diagram of Fmm2 (42), cf. Fig. The general-position diagram of P21 =c (unique axis b, cell 1.4.2.3, represents all glide reflections of the element set of choice 1) is shown in Fig. 1.4.2.6 (right). The open circles the defining operation 0; y; z [symmetry operation (4) indicate the location of the four symmetry-equivalent points of of the general-position ð0; 0; 0Þþ set, cf. Fig. 1.4.2.2], 1 1 the space group within the unit cell along with additional eight including the n-glide reflection x
; y þ 2; z þ 2 [entry (4) of 1 1 translation-equivalent points to complete the presentation. the general-position ð0; 2; 2Þþ set]. In a similar way, the The circles with a comma inside indicate the image points graphical symbols of the mirror planes x; 0; z also repre1 1 generated by operations of the second kind – inversions and sent the n-glide reflections x þ 2; y
; z þ 2 [entry (3) of the 1 1 glide planes in the present case. The fractions and signs close to general-position ð2; 0; 2Þþ set] of Fmm2. the circles indicate their heights in units of b of the symmetryequivalent points along the monoclinic axis. For example, 12 is General-position diagram a shorthand notation for 12  y. The graphical presentations of the space-group symmetries provided by the general-position diagrams consist of a set of Notes: general-position points which are symmetry equivalent under the (1) The close relation between the symmetry-element and the symmetry operations of the space group. Starting with a point in the upper left corner of the unit cell, indicated by an open circle general-position diagrams is obvious. For example, the points with a sign ‘+’, all the displayed points inside and near the unit shown on the general-position diagram are images of a cell are images of the starting point under some symmetry general-position point under the action of the space-group operation of the space group. Because of the one-to-one corresymmetry operations displayed by the corresponding spondence between the image points and the symmetry operasymmetry elements on the symmetry-element diagram. With

Figure 1.4.2.8 General-position diagrams for the space group I41 32 (214). Left: polyhedra (twisted trigonal antiprisms) with centres at 18 ; 18 ; 18 and its equivalent points (site-symmetry group .32). Right: polyhedra (sphenoids) attached to 0; 0; 0 and its equivalent points (site-symmetry group .3.).

58

1.4. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR DESCRIPTIONS some practice each of the diagrams can be generated from the other. In a number of texts, the two diagrams are considered as completely equivalent descriptions of the same space group. This statement is true for most of the space groups. However, there are a number of space groups for which the point configuration displayed on the general-position diagram has higher symmetry than the generating space group (Suescun & Nespolo, 2012; Mu¨ller, 2012). For example, consider the diagrams of the space group P2, No. 3 (unique axis b, cell choice 1) shown in Fig. 1.4.2.7. It is easy to recognise that, apart from the twofold rotations, the point configuration shown in the general-position diagram is symmetric with respect to a reflection through a plane containing the general-position points, and as a result the space group of the general-position configuration is of P2/m type, and not of P2. There are a number of space groups for which the general-position diagram displays higher spacegroup symmetry, for example: P1, P21 , P4mm, P6 etc. The analysis of the eigensymmetry groups of the general-position orbits results in a systematic procedure for the determination of such space groups: the general-position diagrams do not reflect the space-group symmetry correctly if the generalposition orbits are non-characteristic, i.e. their eigensymmetry groups are supergroups of the space groups. (An introduction to terms like eigensymmetry groups, characteristic and noncharacteristic orbits, and further discussion of space groups with non-characteristic general-position orbits are given in Section 1.4.4.4.) (2) The graphical presentation of the general-position points of cubic groups is more difficult: three different parameters are required to specify the height of the points along the projection direction. To make the presentation clearer, the general-position points are grouped around points of higher site symmetry and represented in the form of polyhedra. For most of the space groups the initial general point is taken as 0.048, 0.12, 0.089, and the polyhedra are centred at 0, 0, 0 (and its equivalent points). Additional general-position diagrams are shown for space groups with special sites different from 0; 0; 0 that have site-symmetry groups of equal or higher order. Consider, for example, the two general-position diagrams of the space group I41 32 (214) shown in Fig. 1.4.2.8. The polyhedra of the left-hand diagram are centred at special points of highest site-symmetry, namely, at 18 ; 18 ; 18 and its equivalent points in the unit cell. The site-symmetry groups are of the type 32 leading to polyhedra in the form of twisted trigonal antiprisms (cf. Table 3.2.3.2). The polyhedra (sphenoids) of the right-hand diagram are attached to the origin 0; 0; 0 and its equivalent points in the unit cell, site-symmetry group of the type 3. The fractions attached to the polyhedra indicate the heights of the high-symmetry points along the projection direction (cf. Section 2.1.3.6 for further explanations of the diagrams).

Table 1.4.3.1 Sequence of generators for the crystal classes The space-group generators differ from those listed here by their glide or screw components. The generator 1 is omitted, except for crystal class 1. The generators are represented by the corresponding Seitz symbols (cf. Tables 1.4.2.1–1.4.2.3). Following the conventions, the subscript of a symbol denotes the characteristic direction of that operation, where necessary. For example, the subscripts 001, 010, 110 etc. refer to the directions [001], [010], [110] etc. For mirror reflections m, the ‘direction of m’ refers to the normal of the mirror plane.

Hermann–Mauguin symbol of crystal class

Generators g i (sequence left to right)

1 1


1 1


2 m 2=m

2 m 2; 1


222 mm2 mmm

2001 ; 2010 2001 ; m010 2001 ; 2010 ; 1


4 4
4=m 422 4mm
42m
4m2

2001 ; 4þ 001 2001 ; 4
þ 001
2001 ; 4þ 001 ; 1 þ 2001 ; 4001 ; 2010 2001 ; 4þ 001 ; m010 2001 ; 4
þ 001 ; 2010 2001 ; 4
þ 001 ; m010
2001 ; 4þ 001 ; 2010 ; 1

4=mmm 3 (rhombohedral coordinates 3
(rhombohedral coordinates 321 (rhombohedral coordinates 312 3m1 (rhombohedral coordinates 31m
3m1 (rhombohedral coordinates
31m

3þ 001 3þ 111 )
3þ 001 ; 1
3þ 111 ; 1 þ 3001 ; 2110 3þ
) 111 ; 2101 3þ
001 ; 2110 3þ 001 ; m110 3þ
) 111 ; m101 3þ ; m
110 001 3þ ; 2 ; 1
110 001
3þ
; 1) 111 ; 2101 þ
3001 ; 2110
;1

6=mmm

3þ 001 ; 2001 3þ 001 ; m001
3þ 001 ; 2001 ; 1 þ 3001 ; 2001 ; 2110 3þ 001 ; 2001 ; m110 3þ 001 ; m001 ; m110 3þ 001 ; m001 ; 2110
3þ 001 ; 2001 ; 2110 ; 1

23 m3
432
43m
m3m

2001 ; 2010 ; 3þ 111
2001 ; 2010 ; 3þ 111 ; 1 ; 2 2001 ; 2010 ; 3þ 110 111 2001 ; 2010 ; 3þ
111 ; m110
2001 ; 2010 ; 3þ ; 2 110 ; 1 111

6 6
6=m 622 6mm
6m2
62m

ordered in such a way that each symmetry operation W can be written as the product of powers of h generators g j ( j = 1; 2; . . . ; h). Thus,

1.4.3. Generation of space groups By H. Wondratschek

k

k

kp

k

k

h1 W ¼ g hh  g h1  . . .  g p  . . .  g 33  g 22  g 1 ;

where the powers kj are positive or negative integers (including zero). The description of a group by means of generators has the advantage of compactness. For instance, the 48 symmetry
operations in point group m3m can be described by two

In group theory, a set of generators of a group is a set of group elements such that each group element may be obtained as a finite ordered product of the generators. For space groups of one, two and three dimensions, generators may always be chosen and

59

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 1.4.3.2 Generation of the space group P61 22 D26 (178) The entries in the second column designated by the numbers (1)–(12) correspond to the coordinate triplets of the general position of P61 22.

g1 g2 g3 g4

g5 g 25 g 35 ¼ tð001Þ: g6 g6  g5 g 6  g 25 g 26 ¼ tð001Þ: g7 g7  g5 g 7  g 25 g7  g6 g7  g6  g5 g 7  g 6  g 25 g 27 ¼ I

Coordinate triplets

Symmetry operations

(1) x; y; z; 9 tð100Þ = tð010Þ ; tð001Þ The group G4 T of all translations of P6122 has been generated ð2Þ y
; x  y; z þ 13 ; ð3Þ x
þ y; x
; z þ 23 ; Now the space group G5 P31 has been generated ð4Þ x
; y
; z þ 12 ; ð5Þ y; x
þ y; z þ 56 ; x  y; x; z þ 76
ð6Þ x  y; x; z þ 16 ; Now the space group G6 P61 has been generated ð7Þ y; x; z
þ 13 ; ð8Þ x  y; y
; z
; x
; x
þ y; z
 13
ð9Þ x
; x
þ y; z
þ 23 ; y
; x
; z
 16
ð10Þ y
; x
; z
þ 56 ; x
þ y; y; z
 12
ð11Þ x
þ y; y; z
þ 12 ; x; x  y; z
 56
ð12Þ x; x  y; z
þ 16 ; G7
P61 22

Identity I 8 < Generating translations :

generators. Different choices of generators are possible. For the space-group tables, generators and generating procedures have been chosen such as to make the entries in the blocks ‘General position’ (cf. Section 2.1.3.11) and ‘Symmetry operations’ (cf. Section 2.1.3.9) as transparent as possible. Space groups of the same crystal class are generated in the same way (see Table 1.4.3.1 for the sequences that have been chosen), and the aim has been to accentuate important subgroups of space groups as much as possible. Accordingly, a process of generation in the form of a composition series has been adopted, see Ledermann (1976). The generator g 1 is defined as the identity operation, represented by (1) x; y; z. The generators g 2, g 3 , and g 4 are the translations with translation vectors a, b and c, respectively. Thus, the coefficients k2 , k3 and k4 may have any integral value. If centring translations exist, they are generated by translations g 5 (and g 6 in the case of an F lattice) with translation vectors d (and e). For a C lattice, for example, d is given by d ¼ 12ða þ bÞ. The exponents k5 (and k6 ) are restricted to the following values: Lattice letter A, B, C, I: k5 ¼ 0 or 1. Lattice letter R (hexagonal axes): k5 ¼ 0, 1 or 2. Lattice letter F: k5 ¼ 0 or 1; k6 ¼ 0 or 1. As a consequence, any translation t of G with translation vector

k

k

Twofold Twofold Twofold Twofold Twofold Twofold

rotation, rotation, rotation, rotation, rotation, rotation,

direction of axis [110] axis [100] axis [010]
axis ½110 axis [120] axis [210]

in this case no new symmetry operation would be generated by kj

G7 P61 22 (178). 1.4.3.1. Selected order for non-translational generators For the non-translational generators, the following sequence has been adopted: (a) In all centrosymmetric space groups, an inversion (if possible at the origin O) has been selected as the last generator. (b) Rotations precede symmetry operations of the second kind.



In crystal classes 42m and 4m2 and 62m and 6m2, as an

exception, 4 and 6 are generated first in order to take into account the conventional choice of origin in the fixed points
of 4
and 6. (c) The non-translational generators of space groups with C, A, B, F, I or R symbols are those of the corresponding space group with a P symbol, if possible. For instance, the generators of I21 21 21 (24) are those of P21 21 21 (19) and the generators of Ibca (73) are those of Pbca (61), apart from the centring translations. Exceptions: I4cm (108) and I4/mcm (140) are generated via P4cc (103) and P4/mcc (124), because P4cm and P4/mcm do
not exist. In space groups with d glides (except I 42d, No. 122) and also in I41 =a (88), the corresponding rotation subgroup has been generated first. The generators of this subgroup are the same as those of the corresponding space group with a lattice symbol P.

can be obtained as a product k

Twofold screw rotation Sixfold screw rotation Sixfold screw rotation

g j . The generating process is terminated when there is no further generator. In the present example, g 7 completes the generation:

t ¼ k2 a þ k3 b þ k4 c ðþ k5 d þ k6 eÞ

k

Threefold screw rotation Threefold screw rotation

k

t ¼ ðg 6 Þ 6 :ðg 5 Þ 5 :g 4 4 :g 3 3 :g 2 2 :g 1 ;

where k2 ; . . . ; k6 are integers determined by t. The generators g 6 and g 5 are enclosed between parentheses because they are effective only in centred lattices. The remaining generators generate those symmetry operations that are not translations. They are chosen in such a way that only terms g j or g 2j occur. For further specific rules, see below. The process of generating the entries of the space-group tables may be demonstrated by the example in Table 1.4.3.2, where Gj denotes the group generated by g 1 ; g 2 ; . . . ; g j . For j 5, k the next generator g jþ1 is introduced when g j j 2 Gj1 , because

Example
F41 =d32=m (227):
P41 32 ð213Þ ! F41 32 ð210Þ ! F41 =d32=m. (d) In some cases, rule (c) could not be followed without breaking rule (a), e.g. in Cmme (67). In such cases, the generators are chosen to correspond to the Hermann– Mauguin symbol as far as possible. For instance, the generators (apart from centring) of Cmme and Imma (74) are

60

1.4. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR DESCRIPTIONS those of Pmmb, which is a non-standard setting of Pmma (51). (A combination of the generators of Pmma with the Cor I-centring translation results in non-standard settings of Cmme and Imma.) For the space groups with lattice symbol P, the generation procedure has given the same triplets (except for their sequence) as in IT (1952). In non-P space groups, the triplets listed sometimes differ from those of IT (1952) by a centring translation.

Since translations, glide reflections and screw rotations fix no point in E3 , a site-symmetry group S X never contains operations of these types and thus consists only of reflections, rotations, inversions and rotoinversions. Because of the absence of translations, S X contains at most one operation from a coset T g relative to the translation subgroup T of G, since otherwise the quotient of two such operations tg and t 0 g would be the nontrivial translation tgg 1 t 01 ¼ tt 01 (see Chapter 1.3 for a discussion of coset decompositions). In particular, the operations in S X all have different linear parts and because these linear parts form a subgroup of the point group P of G, the order of the sitesymmetry group S X is a divisor of the order of the point group of G. The site-symmetry group of a point X is thus a finite subgroup of the space group G, a subgroup which is isomorphic to a subgroup of the point group P of G.

1.4.4. General and special Wyckoff positions By B. Souvignier

One of the first tasks in the analysis of crystal patterns is to determine the actual positions of the atoms. Since the full crystal pattern can be reconstructed from a single unit cell or even an asymmetric unit, it is clearly sufficient to focus on the atoms inside such a restricted volume. What one observes is that the atoms typically do not occupy arbitrary positions in the unit cell, but that they often lie on geometric elements, e.g. reflection planes or lines along rotation axes. It is therefore very useful to analyse the symmetry properties of the points in a unit cell in order to predict likely positions of atoms. We note that in this chapter all statements and definitions refer to the usual three-dimensional space E3, but also can be formulated, mutatis mutandis, for plane groups acting on E2 and for higher-dimensional groups acting on n-dimensional space En.

Example
the site-symmetry group of the For a space group G of type P1, 0 1 0 origin X ¼ @ 0 A is clearly generated by the inversion in the 011 0 2 origin: f1j0gðXÞ ¼ X. On the other hand, the point Y ¼ @ 0 A 1 2

is fixed by the inversion in Y, i.e. 0

1
f1j1; 0; 1gðYÞ ¼ @ 0 0

1.4.4.1. Crystallographic orbits

10 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 1
0 A@ 0 A þ @ 0 A ¼ @ 0 A ¼ Y: 1 1 1 0 1
2 2

The symmetry operation f1j1; 0; 1g also belongs to G and generates the site-symmetry group of Y. The site-symmetry groups S X ¼ ff1j0g; f1j0gg of X and S Y ¼ ff1j0g; f1j1; 0; 1gg of Y are thus different subgroups of order 2 of G which are isomorphic to the point group of G (which is generated by 1).

Since the operations of a space group provide symmetries of a crystal pattern, two points X and Y that are mapped onto each other by a space-group operation are regarded as being geometrically equivalent. Starting from a point X 2 E3 , infinitely many points Y equivalent to X are obtained by applying all space-group operations g ¼ ðW ; wÞ to X: Y ¼ g ðXÞ ¼ ðW ; wÞX = ðW X þ wÞ.

The order jS X j of the site-symmetry group S X is closely related to the number of points in the orbit of X that lie in the unit cell. An application of the orbit–stabilizer theorem (see Section 1.1.7) yields the crucial observation that each point Y ¼ g ðXÞ in the orbit of X under G is obtained precisely jS X j times as an orbit point: for each h 2 S X one has ghðXÞ = g ðXÞ ¼ Y and conversely g 0 ðXÞ ¼ g ðXÞ implies that g 1 g 0 ¼ h 2 S X and thus g 0 ¼ gh for an operation h in S X . Assuming first that we are dealing with a space group G described by a primitive lattice, each coset of G relative to the translation subgroup T contains precisely one operation g such that g ðXÞ lies in the primitive unit cell. Since the number of cosets equals the order jPj of the point group P of G and since each orbit point is obtained jS X j times, it follows that the number of orbit points in the unit cell is jPj=jS X j. If we deal with a space group with a centred unit cell, the above result has to be modified slightly. If there are k  1 centring vectors, the lattice spanned by the conventional basis is a sublattice of index k in the full translation lattice. The conventional cell therefore is built up from k primitive unit cells (spanned by a primitive lattice basis) and thus in particular contains k times as many points as the primitive cell (see Chapter 1.3 for a detailed discussion of conventional and primitive bases and cells).

Definition For a space group G acting on the three-dimensional space E3, the (infinite) set O ¼ GðXÞ :¼ fg ðXÞjg 2 Gg is called the orbit of X under G. The orbit of X is the smallest subset of E3 that contains X and is closed under the action of G. It is also called a crystallographic orbit. Every point in direct space E3 belongs to precisely one orbit under G and thus the orbits of G partition the direct space into disjoint subsets. It is clear that an orbit is completely determined by its points in the unit cell, since translating the unit cell by the translation subgroup T of G entirely covers E3. It may happen that two different symmetry operations g and h in G map X to the same point. Since g ðXÞ ¼ h ðXÞ implies that h 1 g ðXÞ ¼ X, the point X is fixed by the nontrivial operation h 1 g in G. Definition The subgroup S X ¼ S G ðXÞ :¼ fg 2 Gjg ðXÞ ¼ Xg of symmetry operations from G that fix X is called the site-symmetry group of X in G.

61

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Proposition Let G be a space group with point group P and let S X be the site-symmetry group of a point X in E3 . Then the number of orbit points of the orbit of X which lie in a conventional cell for G is equal to the product k  jPj=jS X j, where k is the volume of the conventional cell divided by the volume of a primitive unit cell.

Lemma Let X and Y be points in the same orbit of a space group G and let g 2 G such that g ðXÞ ¼ Y. Then the site-symmetry groups of X and Y are conjugate by the operation mapping X to Y, i.e. one has S Y ¼ g  S X  g 1. The classification motivated by the conjugacy relation between the site-symmetry groups of points in the same orbit is the classification into Wyckoff positions. Definition Two points X and Y in E3 belong to the same Wyckoff position with respect to G if their site-symmetry groups S X and S Y are conjugate subgroups of G. In particular, the Wyckoff position containing a point X also contains the full orbit GðXÞ of X under G.

1.4.4.2. Wyckoff positions As already mentioned, one of the first issues in the analysis of crystal structures is the determination of the actual atom positions. Energetically favourable configurations in inorganic compounds are often achieved when the atoms occupy positions that have a nontrivial site-symmetry group. This suggests that one should classify the points in E3 into equivalence classes according to their site-symmetry groups.

Remark: It is built into the definition of Wyckoff positions that points that are related by a symmetry operation of G belong to the same Wyckoff position. However, a single site-symmetry group may have more than one fixed point, e.g. points on the same rotation axis or in the same reflection plane. These points are in general not symmetry related but, having identical sitesymmetry groups, clearly belong to the same Wyckoff position. This situation can be analyzed more explicitly: Let S X be the site-symmetry group of the point X and assume that Y is another point with the same site-symmetry group S Y ¼ S X . Choosing a coordinate system with origin X, the operations in S X all have translational part equal to zero and are thus matrix–column pairs of the form ðW ; oÞ. In particular, these operations are linear operations, and since both points X and Y are fixed by all operations in S X , the vector v ¼ Y  X is also fixed by the linear operations ðW ; oÞ in S X . But with the vector v each scaling c  v of v is fixed as well, and therefore all the points on the line through X and Y are fixed by the operations in S X . This shows that the Wyckoff position of X is a union of infinitely many orbits if S X has more than one fixed point.

Definition A point X 2 E3 is called a point in a general position for the space group G if its site-symmetry group contains only the identity element of G. Otherwise, X is called a point in a special position. The distinctive feature of a point in a general position is that the points in its orbit are in one-to-one correspondence with the symmetry operations of the group G by associating the orbit point g ðXÞ with the group operation g . For different group elements g and g 0 , the orbit points g ðXÞ and g 0 ðXÞ must be different, since otherwise g 1 g 0 would be a non-trivial operation in the sitesymmetry group of X. Therefore, the entries listed in the spacegroup tables for the general positions can not only be interpreted as a shorthand notation for the symmetry operations in G (as seen in Section 1.4.2.3), but also as coordinates of the points in the orbit of a point X in a general position with coordinates x, y, z (up to translations). Whereas points in general positions exist for every space group, not every space group has points in a special position. Such groups are called fixed-point-free space groups or Bieberbach groups and are precisely those groups that may contain glide reflections or screw rotations, but no proper reflections, rotations, inversions and rotoinversions.

Lemma Let S X be the site-symmetry group of X in G: (i) The points belonging to the same Wyckoff position as X are precisely the points in the orbit of X under G if and only if X is the only point fixed by all operations in S X . In this case the coordinates of a point belonging to this Wyckoff position have fixed values not depending on a parameter. (ii) If Y is a further point fixed by all operations in S X but there is no fixed point of S X outside the line through X and Y, then all the points on the line through X and Y are fixed by S X. The Wyckoff position of X is then the union of the orbits of points on this line (with the exception of a possibly empty discrete subset of points which have a larger site-symmetry group). In this case the coordinates of a point belonging to this Wyckoff position have values depending on a single variable parameter. (iii) If Y and Z are points fixed by all operations in S X such that X, Y, Z do not lie on a line, then all the points on the plane through X, Y and Z are fixed by S X. The Wyckoff position of X is then the union of the orbits of points in this plane with the exception of a (possibly empty) discrete subset of lines or points which have a larger sitesymmetry group. In this case the coordinates of a point belonging to this Wyckoff position have values depending on two variable parameters.

Example The group G of type Pna21 (33) has a point group of order 4 and representatives for the non-trivial cosets relative to the translation subgroup are the twofold screw rotation x
; y
; z þ 12, the a glide x þ 12; y
þ 12; z and the n glide x
þ 12; y þ 12; z þ 12. No operation in the coset of the twofold screw rotation can have a fixed point, since such an operation maps the z component to z þ 12 þ tz for an integer tz , and this is never equal to z. The same argument applies to the x component of the a glide and to the y component of the n glide, hence this group contains no operation with a fixed point (apart from the identity element) and is thus a fixed-point-free space group. The distinction into general and special positions is of course very coarse. In a finer classification, it is certainly desirable that two points in the same orbit under the space group belong to the same class, since they are symmetry equivalent. Such points have conjugate site-symmetry groups (cf. the orbit–stabilizer theorem in Section 1.1.7).

62

1.4. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR DESCRIPTIONS

Figure 1.4.4.1 General-position block as given in the space-group tables for space group P4bm (100).

Examples (1) Let G be the space group of type Pbca (61) generated by the twofold screw rotations f2001 j12; 0; 12g: x
þ 12; y
; z þ 12 and
x
; y
; z
and f2010 j0; 12; 12g: x
; y þ 12; z
þ 12, the inversion f1j0g: the translations tð1; 0; 0Þ, tð0; 1; 0Þ, tð0; 0; 1Þ. Applying the eight coset representatives of G with respect to the translation subgroup, the points in the orbit of the 0 1 0 origin X1 ¼ @ 0 A that lie in the unit cell are found to be 0 011 0 1 011 0 2 2 X1 , X2 ¼ @ 0 A, X3 ¼ @ 12 A and X4 ¼ @ 12 A, and the 1 1 0 2 2 Wyckoff position to which X1 belongs has multiplicity 4 and is labelled 4a. Since the point group P of G has order 8, the site-symmetry group S X1 has order 8/4 = 2. The inversion in the origin X1 obviously fixes X1, hence S X1 ¼ ff1j0g; f1j0gg. The oriented symbol for the site symmetry is 1, indicating that the sitesymmetry group is generated by an inversion. The points X2, X3 and X4 belong to the same Wyckoff position as X1, since they lie in the orbit of X1 and thus have conjugate site-symmetry groups. 0 1 0 The point Y1 ¼ @ 0 A also has an orbit with 4 points in 011 0 1 1 0 2 2 @ A @ the unit cell, namely Y1, Y2 ¼ 0 , Y3 ¼ 12 A and 011 0 0 2 Y4 ¼ @ 12 A. These points therefore belong to a common

(iv) Only the points belonging to the general position depend on three variable parameters. The space-group tables of Chapter 2.3 contain the following information about the Wyckoff positions of a space group G: Multiplicity: The Wyckoff multiplicity is the number of points in an orbit for this Wyckoff position which lie in the conventional cell. For a group with a primitive unit cell, the multiplicity for the general position equals the order of the point group of G, while for a centred cell this is multiplied by the quotient of the volumes of the conventional cell and a primitive unit cell. The quotient of the multiplicity for the general position by that of a special position gives the order of the site-symmetry group of the special position. Wyckoff letter: Each Wyckoff position is labelled by a letter in alphabetical order, starting with ‘a’ for a position with sitesymmetry group of maximal order and ending with the highest letter (corresponding to the number of different Wyckoff positions) for the general position. It is common to specify a Wyckoff position by its multiplicity and Wyckoff letter, e.g. by 4a for a position with multiplicity 4 and letter a. Site symmetry: The point group isomorphic to the sitesymmetry group is indicated by an oriented symbol, which is a variation of the Hermann–Mauguin point-group symbol that provides information about the orientation of the symmetry elements. The constituents of the oriented symbol are ordered according to the symmetry directions of the corresponding crystal lattice (primary, secondary and tertiary). A symmetry operation in the site-symmetry group gives rise to a symbol in the position corresponding to the direction of its geometric element. Directions for which no symmetry operation contributes to the site-symmetry group are represented by a dot in the oriented symbol. Coordinates: Under this heading, the coordinates of the points in an orbit belonging to the Wyckoff position are given, possibly depending on one or two variable parameters (three for the general position). The points given represent the orbit up to translations from the full translational subgroup. For a space group with a centred lattice, centring vectors which are coset representatives for the translation lattice relative to the lattice spanned by the conventional basis are given at the top of the table. To obtain representatives of the orbit up to translations from the lattice spanned by the conventional basis, these centring vectors have to be added to each of the given points. As already mentioned, the coordinates given for the general position can also be interpreted as a compact notation for the symmetry operations, specified up to translations. The entries in the last column, the reflection conditions, are discussed in detail in Chapter 1.6. This column lists the conditions for the reflection indices hkl for which the corresponding structure factor is not systematically zero.

1 2

Wyckoff position, namely position 4b. Moreover, the sitesymmetry group of Y1 is also generated by an inversion,
0; 1g: x
; y
; z
þ 1 located at Y1 namely the inversion f1j0; and is thus denoted by the oriented symbol 1. The points X1 and Y1 do not belong to the same Wyckoff position, because an operation ðW ; wÞ in G conjugates the inversion f1j0; 0; 0g in the origin to an inversion in w. Since the translational parts of the operations in G are (up to integers) (0, 0, 0), ð12; 12; 0Þ, ð12; 0; 12Þ and ð0; 12; 12Þ, an inversion 0 1 0 in Y1 ¼ @ 0 A can not be obtained by conjugation with 1 2

operations from G. (2) Let G be the space group of type P4bm (100) generated by the fourfold rotation f4þ j0g: y
; x; z, the glide reflection (of b type) fm100 j12; 12; 0g: x
þ 12; y þ 12; z and the translations tð1; 0; 0Þ, tð0; 1; 0Þ, tð0; 0; 1Þ. The general-position coordinate triplets are shown in Fig. 1.4.4.1 From this information, the coordinates for the orbit of a specific point X in a special position can be derived by simply inserting the coordinates of X into the general-

63

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY position coordinates, normalizing to values between 0 and 1 (by adding 1 if required) and0eliminating duplicates. 1 1 2

For example, for the point X ¼ @ 0 A in Wyckoff position 0 1 1 0 4 @ 2b one obtains X and Y ¼ 12 A as the points in the orbit 1 4

of X that lie in the unit cell. Since the point group P of G has order 8, the site-symmetry group S X is a group of order 8/2 = 4. Its four operations are Coordinate triplet x; y; z x
þ 1; y
; z y
þ 12; x
þ 12; z y þ 12; x  12; z

Figure 1.4.4.2 Symmetry-element diagram for the space group P4bm (100) for the orthogonal projection along [001].

Description Identity operation Twofold rotation with axis 12; 0; z Reflection with plane x þ 12; x; z Reflection with plane x þ 12; x; z

Since a point in a special position has to lie on the geometric element of a reflection, rotation or inversion, the special positions can in principle be read off from the space-group diagrams. In the present example, we have dealt with the positions fixed by twofold or fourfold rotations, and from the diagram in Fig. 1.4.4.2 one sees that the only remaining case is that of points on reflection planes, indicated by the solid lines. A point on such a reflection 0 1 x plane is X ¼ @ x þ 12 A and by inserting these coordinates z into the general-position coordinates one obtains the points x
; x
þ 12; z, x
þ 12; x; z and x þ 12; x
; z as the other points in the orbit of X (up to translations). Here, the site-symmetry group S X is of order 2, it is generated 1 1 1 1 by the reflection fm110
j  2; 2; 0g: y  2; x þ 2; z having the plane x; x þ 12; z as geometric element. The oriented symbol of S X is ..m, since the reflection is along a tertiary direction.

The corresponding oriented symbol for the site-symmetry is 2.mm, indicating that the site-symmetry group contains a twofold rotation along a primary lattice direction, no symmetry operations along the secondary directions and two reflections along tertiary directions. Since X and Y lie in the same orbit, they clearly belong to 011 2

the same Wyckoff position. But every point X 0 ¼ @ 0 A z with 0  z < 1 has the same site-symmetry group as X and therefore also belongs to the same Wyckoff position as X. Inserting the coordinates of X0 in the general-position 0 1 0 coordinates, one obtains Y 0 ¼ @ 12 A as the only other z 0 point in the orbit of X that lies in the unit cell. Clearly, Y0 has the same site-symmetry group as Y. The Wyckoff position 2b to which X belongs therefore consists of the 011

1.4.4.3. Wyckoff sets

2

Points belonging to the same Wyckoff position have conjugate site-symmetry groups and thus in particular all those points are collected together that lie in one orbit under the space group G. However, in addition, points that are not symmetry-related by a symmetry operation in G may still play geometrically equivalent roles, e.g. as intersections of rotation axes with certain reflection planes.

union of the orbits of the points X 0 ¼ @ 0 A with 0  z < 1. z In the space-group diagram in Fig. 1.4.4.2, the points belonging to Wyckoff position 2b can be identified as the points on the intersection of a twofold rotation axis directed along [001] and two reflection planes normal to the square diagonals and crossing the centres of the sides bordering the unit cell. It is clear that for every value of z, the four intersection points in the unit cell lie in one orbit under the fourfold rotation located in the centre 0 of1the displayed cell. 0 Applying the same procedure to a point X ¼ @ 0 A in z Wyckoff position 2a, the points in the orbit that lie in the 011

Example In the conventional setting, the fourfold axes of a space group G of type P4 (75) intersect the ab plane in the points u1 ; u2 ; 0 and u1 þ 12; u2 þ 12; 0 for integers u1 ; u2, as can be seen from the space-group diagram in Fig. 1.4.4.3. The points u1 ; u2 ; 0 lie in one orbit under the translation subgroup of G, and thus belong to the same Wyckoff position, labelled 1a. For the same reason, the points u1 þ 12; u2 þ 12; 0 belong to a single Wyckoff position, namely to position 1b. The 0 1 011 0 2 points X ¼ @ 0 A and Y ¼ @ 12 A do not belong to the same 0 0 Wyckoff position, because the site-symmetry group S X is generated by the fourfold rotation 4001 and conjugating this by an operation ðW ; wÞ 2 G results in a fourfold rotation with axis parallel to the c axis and running through w. But since the translation parts of all operations in G are integral, such an axis

2

unit cell are seen to be X and Y ¼ @ 12 A. The sitez symmetry group S X is again of order 4 and since the fourfold rotation f4þ j0g fixes X, S X is the cyclic group of order 4 generated by this fourfold rotation. The oriented symbol for this site-symmetry group is 4.. and the corresponding points can easily be identified in the space-group diagram in Fig. 1.4.4.2 by the symbol for a fourfold rotation.

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1.4. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR DESCRIPTIONS A more thorough description of the affine normalizers of space groups is given in Chapter 3.5, where tables with the affine normalizers are also provided. Since the affine normalizer of a space group G is in general a group containing G as a proper subgroup, it is possible that subgroups of G that are not conjugate by any operation of G may be conjugate by an operation in the affine normalizer. As a consequence, the site-symmetry groups S X and S Y of two points X and Y belonging to different Wyckoff positions of G may be conjugate under the affine normalizer of G. This reveals that the points X and Y are in fact geometrically equivalent, since they fall into the same orbit under the affine normalizer of G. Joining the equivalence classes of these points into a single class results in a coarser classification with larger classes, which are called Wyckoff sets.

Figure 1.4.4.3 Symmetry-element diagram for the space group P4 (75) for the orthogonal projection along [001].

011 2

can not contain Y ¼ @ 12 A and thus S X and S Y are not conjugate in G. 0 However, the translation by ð12; 12; 0Þ conjugates S X to S Y , while fixing the group G as a whole. This shows that there is an ambiguity in choosing the origin either at 0; 0; 0 or 12; 12; 0, since these points are geometrically indistinguishable (both being intersections of a fourfold axis with the ab plane).

Definition Two points X and Y belong to the same Wyckoff set if their site-symmetry groups S X and S Y are conjugate subgroups of the affine normalizer NA ðGÞ of G. In particular, the Wyckoff set containing a point X also contains the full orbit of X under the affine normalizer of G. Example Let G be the space group of type P2221 (17) generated by the translations of an orthorhombic lattice, the twofold rotation f2100 j0g: x; y
; z
and the twofold screw rotation f2001 j0; 0; 12g: x
; y
; z þ 12. Note that the composition of these two elements is the twofold rotation with the line 0; y; 14 as its geometric element. The group G has four different Wyckoff positions with a site-symmetry group generated by a twofold rotation; representatives of these Wyckoff positions are the 0 1 x points X1 ¼ @ 0 A (Wyckoff position 2a, site-symmetry 0 1 0 1 0 x 0 symbol 2..), X2 ¼ @ 12 A (position 2b, symbol 2..), Y1 ¼ @ y A 011 1 0 4 2 (position 2c, symbol .2.) and Y2 ¼ @ y A (position 2d, symbol 1 .2.). 4 From the tables of affine normalizers in Chapter 3.5, but also by a careful analysis of the space-group diagrams in Fig. 1.4.4.4, one deduces that the affine normalizer of G contains the additional translations tð12; 0; 0Þ, tð0; 12; 0Þ and tð0; 0; 12Þ, since all the diagrams are invariant by a shift of 12 along any of the coordinate axes. Moreover, the symmetry operation 1 1 fm110
j0; 0; 4g: y; x; z þ 4 which interchanges the a and b axes and shifts the origin by 14 along the c axis belongs to the affine

The ambiguity in the origin choice in the above example can be explained by the affine normalizer of the space group G (see Section 1.1.8 for a general introduction to normalizers). The full group A of affine mappings acts via conjugation on the set of space groups and the space groups of the same affine type are obtained as the orbit of a single group of that type under A. Definition The group N of affine mappings n 2 A that fix a space group G under conjugation is called the affine normalizer of G, i.e. N ¼ NA ðGÞ ¼ fn 2 AjnGn1 ¼ Gg: The affine normalizer is the largest subgroup of A such that G is a normal subgroup of N . Conjugation by operations of the affine normalizer results in a permutation of the operations of G, i.e. in a relabelling without changing their geometric properties. The additional translations contained in the affine normalizer can in fact be derived from the space-group diagrams, because shifting the origin by such a translation results in precisely the same diagram. More generally, an element of the affine normalizer can be interpreted as a change of the coordinate system that does not alter the spacegroup diagrams.

Figure 1.4.4.4 Symmetry-element diagrams for the space group P2221 (17) for orthogonal projections along [001], [010], [100] (left to right).

65

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY normalizer, because it precisely interchanges the twofold rotations around axes parallel to the a and to the b axes. The translation tð0; 12; 0Þ maps X1 to X2, and hence X1 and X2 have site-symmetry groups which are conjugate under the affine normalizer of G and thus belong to the same Wyckoff set. Analogously, Y1 and Y2 belong to the same Wyckoff set, because tð12; 0; 0Þ maps Y1 to Y2. Finally, the operation 1 fm110
j0; 0; 4g found in the affine normalizer maps X1 to Y1. This shows that the points of all four Wyckoff positions actually belong to the same Wyckoff set. Geometrically, the positions in this Wyckoff set can be described as those points that lie on a twofold rotation axis. The assignments of Wyckoff positions of plane and space groups to Wyckoff sets are discussed and tabulated in Chapter 3.4.

Since the orbit is a discrete set, the eigensymmetry group has to be a space group itself. One distinguishes the following cases: (i) The eigensymmetry group E equals the group G by which the orbit was generated. In this case the orbit is called a characteristic orbit of G. (ii) The eigensymmetry group E contains G as a proper subgroup. Then the orbit is called a non-characteristic orbit. (iii) If the eigensymmetry group E contains translations that are not contained in G, i.e. if TG is a proper subgroup of TE , the orbit is called an extraordinary orbit. Of course, extraordinary orbits are a special kind of non-characteristic orbits. Non-characteristic orbits are closely related to the concept of lattice complexes, which are discussed in Chapter 3.4. An extensive listing of non-characteristic orbits of space groups can be found in Engel et al. (1984). The fact that an orbit of a space group has a larger eigensymmetry group is an important example of a pair of groups that are in a group–subgroup relation. Knowledge of subgroups and supergroups of a given space group play a crucial role in the analysis of phase transitions, for example, and are discussed in detail in Chapter 1.7. The occurrence of non-characteristic orbits does not require the point X to be chosen at a special position. Even the general position of a space group G may give rise to a non-characteristic orbit. Moreover, special values of the coordinates of the general position may give rise to additional eigensymmetries without the position becoming a special position. Conversely, the orbit of a point at a special position need not be non-characteristic.

Remark: The previous example deserves some further discussion. The group G of type P2221 belongs to the orthorhombic crystal family, and the conventional unit cell is spanned by three basis vectors a, b, c with lengths a, b, c and right angles between each pair of basis vectors. Unless the parameters a and b are equal because of some metric specialization, the operation 1 fm110
j0; 0; 4g of the affine normalizer is not an isometry but changes lengths. If it is desired that the metric properties are preserved, the full affine normalizer cannot be taken into account, but only the subgroup that consists of isometries. This subgroup is called the Euclidean normalizer of G. (A detailed discussion of Euclidean normalizers of space groups and their tabulation are given in Chapter 3.5.) Taking conjugacy of the site-symmetry groups under the Euclidean normalizer as a condition results in a notion of equivalence which lies between that of Wyckoff positions and Wyckoff sets. In the above example, the four Wyckoff positions would be merged into two classes represented by X1 and Y1 , but X1 and Y1 would not be regarded as equivalent, since they are not related by an operation of the Euclidean normalizer. It turns out, however, that in many cases this intermediate classification coincides with the Wyckoff sets, because points belonging to different Wyckoff positions are often related to each other by a translation contained in the affine normalizer. Since translations are always isometries, the translations contained in the affine normalizer always belong to the Euclidean normalizer as well.

Example We compare space groups of types P41 (76) and P42 (77). For a space group of type P41, the general position with generic coordinates x; y; z gives rise to a characteristic orbit, whereas the general-position orbit for a space group of type 0 1 0 1 x x P42 consists of the points X1 ¼ @ y A, X2 ¼ @ y A, 0 1 0 1 z z y y X3 ¼ @ x A and X4 ¼ @ x A. An inversion f1j0; 0; 2zg z þ 12 z þ 12 in 0, 0, z interchanges X1 and X2 , and maps X3 to y; x; z  12, which is clearly equivalent to X4 under a translation. This shows that the general-position orbit for a space group of type P42 is a non-characteristic orbit, and the eigensymmetry group of this orbit is of type P42 =m (84), where the origin has to be shifted to the inversion point 0, 0, z to obtain the conventional setting. Since the unit cell and the orbit are unchanged, but the point group of P42 is a subgroup of index 2 in the point group of P42 =m, the orbit points must belong to a special position for P42 =m, namely the position labelled 4j. In the conventional setting of P42 =m, a point belonging to this Wyckoff position is given by x, y, 0 and one finds that the orbit of this point in special position is characteristic, i.e. its eigensymmetry group is just P42 =m.

1.4.4.4. Eigensymmetry groups and non-characteristic orbits A crystallographic orbit O has been defined as the set of points g ðXÞ obtained by applying all operations of some space group G

to a point X 2 E3 . From that it is clear that the set O is invariant as a whole under the action of operations in G, since for some point Y ¼ g ðXÞ in the orbit and h 2 G one has hðYÞ ¼ ðhg ÞðXÞ, which is again contained in O because hg belongs to G. However, it is possible that the orbit O is also invariant under some isometries of E3 that are not contained in G. Since the composition of two such isometries still keeps the orbit invariant, the set of all isometries leaving O invariant forms a group which contains G as a subgroup.

If we assume that the metric of the space group is not special, the eigensymmetry group is restricted to the same crystal family (for the definition of ‘specialized’ metrics, cf. Section 1.3.4.3 and Chapter 3.5). Therefore, a space group G for which the point group is a holohedry can only have non-characteristic orbits by additional translations, i.e. extraordinary orbits. However, if we allow specialized metrics, the eigensymmetry group may belong to a higher crystal family. For example, if a space group belongs to the orthorhombic family, but the unit cell has equal parameters

Definition Let O ¼ fg ðXÞjg 2 Gg be the orbit of a point X 2 E3 under a space group G. Then the group E of isometries of E3 which leave O invariant as a whole is called the eigensymmetry group of O.

66

1.4. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR DESCRIPTIONS a = b, then the eigensymmetry group of an orbit can belong to the tetragonal family. Note: A space group G is equal to the intersection of the eigensymmetry groups of the orbits of all its positions. If none of the positions of a space group G gives rise to a characteristic orbit, this means that each single orbit under G does not have G as its symmetry group, but a larger group that contains G as a proper subgroup. It may thus be necessary to have the union of at least two orbits under G to obtain a structure that has precisely G as its group of symmetry operations.

which maps x; x; z to the orbit point x
; x
; z
þ 12 (general position point No. 8). This orbit thus is non-characteristic, but it is not extraordinary, since no additional translation is introduced. The eigensymmetry group obtained is P42 =mcm (132). On the other hand, if the general position is chosen with y = 0, no additional inversion is obtained, but the translation by 12c maps x; 0; z to x; 0; z þ 12 (general-position point No. 5). The position x; 0; z therefore gives rise to an extra
ordinary orbit with eigensymmetry group P4m2 (115).

Examples (1) For the group G of type Pmmm (47) all Wyckoff positions with no further special values of the coordinates give rise to characteristic orbits, because the point group of G is a holohedry and the general coordinates allow no further translations. However, there are various ‘specializations’ of the positions that give rise to extraordinary orbits. For example, setting x to the special value 14 for the general position introduces the additional translation tð12; 0; 0Þ. In fact, for all positions in which the first coordinate has no specified value (positions 2i–2l, 4w–4z, 8
), setting x ¼ 14 introduces the translation tð12; 0; 0Þ and thus gives rise to an extraordinary orbit. In all these cases, the resulting eigensymmetry group is of type Pmmm with primitive lattice basis 12a; b; c. (2) For the group G of type Pmm2 (25) no Wyckoff position gives rise to a characteristic orbit, because this is a polar group (with respect to the c axis). Any orbit of a point with third coordinate z allows an additional mirror plane normal to the c axis and located at 0, 0, z. For example, the general position gives rise to a non-characteristic orbit with eigensymmetry group Pmmm (47). Since the general coordinates allow no additional translation, this is not an extraordinary orbit. However, setting x ¼ 14 for the general position introduces the translation tð12; 0; 0Þ (as in the above example) and thus gives rise to an extraordinary orbit. The eigensymmetry group is Pmmm with primitive lattice basis 1 2a; b; c. On the other hand, the special positions x, 0, z (Wyckoff position 2e) and x; 12; z (Wyckoff position 2f ) both have the same eigensymmetry group as the general position and setting x ¼ 14 for each, giving 14; 0; z and 14; 12; z, results in these positions having the same eigensymmetry group as the 14; y; z case of the general position.
(116) the general-position (3) For a group G of type P4c2 coordinates are

Knowledge of the eigensymmetry groups of the different positions for a group is of utmost importance for the analysis of diffraction patterns. Atoms in positions that give rise to noncharacteristic orbits, in particular extraordinary orbits, may cause systematic absences that are not explained by the space-group operations. These absences are specified as special reflection conditions in the space-group tables of this volume, but only as long as no specialization of the coordinates is involved. For the latter case, the possible existence of systematic absences has to be deduced from the tables of noncharacteristic orbits. Reflection conditions are discussed in detail in Chapter 1.6.

ð1Þ x; y; z ð2Þ x; y; z ð5Þ x; y; z þ 12 ð6Þ x; y; z þ 12

Example For the group G of type Pccm (49) the special position 12; 0; z (Wyckoff position 4p) gives rise to an extraordinary orbit, since it allows the additional translation 12c. The special reflection condition corresponding to this additional translation is the integral reflection condition hkl: l = 2n. However, if the z coordinate in position 4p is set to z ¼ 18, the eigensymmetry group also contains the translation 14c. In this case, the special reflection condition becomes hkl: l = 4n.

1.4.5. Sections and projections of space groups By B. Souvignier

In crystallography, two-dimensional sections and projections of crystal structures play an important role, e.g. in structure determination by Fourier and Patterson methods or in the treatment of twin boundaries and domain walls. Planar sections of threedimensional scattering density functions are used for finding approximate locations of atoms in a crystal structure. They are indispensable for the location of Patterson peaks corresponding to vectors between equivalent atoms in different asymmetric units (the Harker vectors).

ð3Þ y; x; z ð4Þ y; x; z ð7Þ y; x; z þ 12 ð8Þ y; x; z þ 12

1.4.5.1. Introduction

A point x, y, z in a general position does not give rise to an extraordinary orbit because, owing to the general coordinates, there can not be any additional translation.
Furthermore, the point group 4m2 of G has index 2 in the holohedry 4/mmm. Thus, in order to have a noncharacteristic orbit one would require an inversion in some point as an additional operation. But an inversion in p1 ; p2 ; p3 would map x; y; z to x
þ 2p1 ; y
þ 2p2 ; z
þ 2p3 and no such point is contained in the orbit for generic x; y; z. The point x; y; z therefore gives rise to a characteristic orbit. However, if the point in a general position is chosen with x = y, one indeed obtains an additional inversion at 0; 0; 14

A two-dimensional section of a crystal pattern takes out a slice of a crystal pattern. In the mathematical idealization, this slice is regarded as a two-dimensional plane, allowing one, however, to distinguish its upper and lower side. Depending on how the slice is oriented with respect to the crystal lattice, the slice will be invariant by translations of the crystal pattern along zero, one or two linearly independent directions. A section resulting in a slice with two-dimensional translational symmetry is called a rational section and is by far the most important case for crystallography. Because the slice is regarded as a two-sided plane, the symmetries of the full crystal pattern that leave the slice invariant fall into two types:

67

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY corresponds to a projection in direct space and vice versa. The projection direction in the one space is normal to the slice in the other space. This correspondence is illustrated schematically in Fig. 1.4.5.1. The top part shows a rectangular lattice with b/a = 2 and a slice along the line defined by 2x + y = 0. Normalizing a = 1, thepdistance between two neighbouring lattice points in the slice ffiffiffi is 5. If the pattern is restricted to this slice, the points of the corresponding pffiffiffi diffraction pattern in reciprocal space must have distance 1= 5 and this is precisely obtained by projecting the lattice points of the reciprocal lattice onto the slice. The different, but related, viewpoints of sections and projections can be stated in a simple way as follows: For a section perpendicular to the c axis, only those points of a crystal pattern are considered which have z coordinate equal to a fixed value z0 or in a small interval around z0 . For a projection along the c axis, all points of the crystal pattern are considered, but their z coordinate is simply ignored. This means that all points of the crystal pattern that differ only by their z coordinate are regarded as the same point.

Figure 1.4.5.1 Duality between section and projection.

1.4.5.2. Sections

(i) If a symmetry operation of the slice maps its upper side to the upper side, a vector normal to the slice is fixed. (ii) If a symmetry operation of the slice maps the upper side to the lower side, a vector normal to the slice is mapped to its opposite and the slice is turned upside down. Therefore, the symmetries of two-dimensional rational sections are described by layer groups, i.e. subgroups of space groups with a two-dimensional translation lattice. Layer groups are subperiodic groups and for their elaborate discussion we refer to Chapter 1.7 and IT E (2010). Analogous to two-dimensional sections of a crystal pattern, one can also consider the penetration of crystal patterns by a straight line, which is the idealization of a one-dimensional section taking out a rod of the crystal pattern. If the penetration line is along the direction of a translational symmetry of the crystal pattern, the rod has one-dimensional translational symmetry and its group of symmetries is a rod group, i.e. a subgroup of a space group with a one-dimensional translation lattice. Rod groups are also subperiodic groups, cf. IT E for their detailed treatment and listing. A projection along a direction d into a plane maps a point of a crystal pattern to the intersection of the plane with the line along d through the point. If the projection direction is not along a rational lattice direction, the projection of the crystal pattern will contain points with arbitrarily small distances and additional restrictions are required to obtain a discrete pattern (e.g. the cutand-project method used in the context of quasicrystals). We avoid any such complication by assuming that d is along a rational lattice direction. Furthermore, one is usually only interested in orthogonal projections in which the projection direction is perpendicular to the projection plane. This has the effect that spheres in three-dimensional space are mapped to circles in the projection plane. Although it is also possible to regard the projection plane as a two-sided plane by taking into account from which side of the plane a point is projected into it, this is usually not done. Therefore, the symmetries of projections are described by ordinary plane groups. Sections and projections are related by the projection–slice theorem (Bracewell, 2003) of Fourier theory: A section in reciprocal space containing the origin (the so-called zero layer)

For a space group G and a point X in the three-dimensional point space E3, the site-symmetry group of X is the subgroup of operations of G that fix X. Analogously, one can also look at the subgroup of operations fixing a one-dimensional line or a twodimensional plane. If the line is along a rational direction, it will be fixed at least by the translations of G along that direction. However, it may also be fixed by a symmetry operation that reverses the direction of the line. The resulting subgroup of G that fixes the line is a rod group. Similarly, a plane having a normal vector along a rational direction is fixed by translations of G corresponding to a twodimensional lattice. Again, the plane may also be fixed by additional symmetry operations, e.g. by a twofold rotation around an axis lying in the plane, by a rotation around an axis normal to the plane or by a reflection in the plane. Definition A rational planar section of a crystal pattern is the intersection of the crystal pattern with a plane containing two linearly independent translation vectors of the crystal pattern. The intersecting plane is called the section plane. A rational linear section of a crystal pattern is the intersection of the crystal pattern with a line containing a translation vector of the crystal pattern. The intersecting line is called the penetration line. A planar section is determined by a vector d which is perpendicular to the section plane and a continuous parameter s, called the height, which gives the position of the plane on the line along d. A linear section is specified by a vector d parallel to the penetration line and a point in a plane perpendicular to d giving the intersection of the line with that plane. Definition (i) The symmetry group of a planar section of a crystal pattern is the subgroup of the space group G of the crystal pattern that leaves the section plane invariant as a whole. If the section is a rational section, this symmetry group is a layer group, i.e. a subgroup of a space group which contains translations only in a two-dimensional plane.

68

1.4. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR DESCRIPTIONS (ii) The symmetry group of a linear section of a crystal pattern is the subgroup of the space group G of the crystal pattern that leaves the penetration line invariant as a whole. If the section is a rational section, this symmetry group is a rod group, i.e. a subgroup of a space group which contains translations only along a onedimensional line.

Table 1.4.5.1 Coset representatives of Pmn21 (31) relative to its translation subgroup Seitz symbol

Coordinate triplet

Description

f1j0g f2001 j12; 0; 12g fm010 j12; 0; 12g fm100 j0g

x; y; z x
þ 12; y
; z þ 12 x þ 12; y
; z þ 12 x
; y; z

Identity Twofold screw rotation with axis along [001] n-glide reflection with normal vector along [010] Reflection with normal vector along [100]

From now on we will only consider rational sections and omit this attribute. Moreover, we will concentrate on the case of planar sections, since this is by far the most relevant case for crystallographic applications. The treatment of one-dimensional sections is analogous, but in general much easier. Let d be a vector perpendicular to the section plane. In most cases, d is chosen as the shortest lattice vector perpendicular to the section plane. However, in the triclinic and monoclinic crystal family this may not be possible, since the translations of the crystal pattern may not contain a vector perpendicular to the section plane. In that case, we assume that d captures the periodicity of the crystal pattern perpendicular to the section plane. This is achieved by choosing d as the shortest non-zero projection of a lattice vector to the line through the origin which is perpendicular to the section plane. Because of the periodicity of the crystal pattern along d, it is enough to consider heights s with 0  s < 1, since for an integer m the sectional layer groups at heights s and s + m are conjugate subgroups of G. This is a consequence of the orbit–stabilizer theorem in Section 1.1.7, applied to the group G acting on the planes in E3 . The layer at height s is mapped to the layer at height s + m by the translation through md. Thus, the two layers lie in the same orbit under G. According to the orbit–stabilizer theorem, the corresponding stabilizers, being just the layer groups at heights s and s + m, are then conjugate by the translation through md. Since we assume a rational section, the sectional layer group will always contain translations along two independent directions a0 , b0 which, we assume, form a crystallographic basis for the lattice of translations fixing the section plane. The points in the section plane at height s are then given by xa0 þ yb0 þ sd. In order to determine whether the sectional layer group contains additional symmetry operations which are not translations, the following simple remark is crucial: Let g be an operation of a sectional layer group. Then the rotational part of g maps d either to +d or to d. In the former case, g is side-preserving, in the latter case it is side-reversing. Moreover, since the section plane remains fixed under g , the vectors a0 and b0 are mapped to linear combinations of a0 and b0 by the rotational part of g. Therefore, with respect to the (usually non-conventional) basis a0, b0 , d of three-dimensional space and some choice of origin, the operation g has an augmented matrix of the form

r11 B r21 B B 0 @

r12 r22 0

0 0 r33

1 t1 t2 C C : t3 C A

0

0

0

1

0

From these considerations it is straightforward to determine the conditions under which a space-group operation belongs to a certain sectional layer group (excluding translations): The side-preserving operations will belong to the sectional layer groups for all planes perpendicular to d, independent of the height s: (i) rotations with axis parallel to d; (ii) reflections with normal vector perpendicular to d; (iii) glide reflections with normal vector and glide vector perpendicular to d. Side-reversing operations will only occur in the sectional layer groups for planes at special heights along d: (i) inversion with inversion point in the section plane; (ii) twofold rotations or twofold screw rotations with rotation axis in the section plane; (iii) reflections or glide reflections through the section plane with glide vector perpendicular to d; (iv) rotoinversions with axis parallel to d and inversion point in the section plane. Note that, because of the periodicity along d, a side-reversing operation that occurs at height s gives rise to a side-reversing operation of the same type occurring at height s þ 12: if g is a sidereversing symmetry operation fixing a layer at height s, then g maps a point in the layer at height s þ 12 with coordinates x; y; s þ 12 (with respect to the layer-adapted basis a0 ; b0 ; d) to a point with coordinates x0 ; y0 ; s  12 and hence the composition t d g of g with the translation by d maps x; y; s þ 12 to x0 ; y0 ; s þ 12, i.e. it fixes the layer at height s þ 12. This shows that the composition with the translation by d provides a one-to-one correspondence between the side-reversing symmetry operations in the layer group at height s with those at height s þ 12. If a section allows any side-reversing symmetry at all, then the side-preserving symmetries of the section form a subgroup of index 2 in the sectional layer group. Since the side-preserving symmetries exist independently of the height parameter s, the full sectional layer group is always generated by the sidepreserving subgroup and either none or a single side-reversing symmetry. Summarizing, one can conclude that for a given space group the interesting sections are those for which the perpendicular vector d is parallel or perpendicular to a symmetry direction of the group, e.g. an axis of a rotation or rotoinversion or the normal vector of a reflection or glide reflection. Example Consider the space group G of type Pmn21 (31). In its standard setting, the cosets of G relative to the translation subgroup are represented by the operations given in Table 1.4.5.1. Since this is an orthorhombic group, it is natural to consider sections along the coordinate axes. The space-group diagrams displayed in Fig. 1.4.5.2, which show the orthogonal projections of the symmetry elements along these directions, are very helpful.

Here, r33 ¼ 1. Moreover, if r33 ¼ 1, i.e. g is side-preserving, then t3 is necessarily zero, since otherwise the plane is shifted along d. On the other hand, if r33 ¼ 1, i.e. g is side-reversing, then a plane situated at height s along d is only fixed if t3 ¼ 2s.

69

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY

Figure 1.4.5.2 Symmetry-element diagrams for the space group Pmn21 (31) for orthogonal projections along [100] (left), [010] (middle) and [001] (right).

d along [100]: A point x; y; z in a plane perpendicular to the coordinate axis along [100] is mapped to a point x0 ; y0 ; z0 in the same plane if x0 ¼ x, i.e. if x0  x ¼ 0. A general operation from the coset of f2001 j12; 0; 12g maps a point with coordinates x; y; z to a point with coordinates x0 ¼ x
þ 12 þ u1 ; y0 ¼ y
þ u2 ; z0 ¼ z þ 12 þ u3 for integers u1, u2 , u3 . One has x0  x ¼ 2x þ 12 þ u1 which becomes zero for x ¼ 14 (and u1 ¼ 0) and x ¼ 34 (and u1 ¼ 1), thus operations from the coset of f2001 j12; 0; 12g fix planes at heights s ¼ 14 and 34. In the left-hand diagram in Fig. 1.4.5.2, the symmetry elements to which these operations belong are indicated by the halfarrows, the label 14 indicating that they are at level x ¼ 14 and x ¼ 34. An operation from the coset of fm010 j12; 0; 12g maps x, y, z to x0 ¼ x þ 12 þ u1 ; y0 ¼ y
þ u2 ; z0 ¼ z þ 12 þ u3 and one has x0  x = 12 þ u1 . Since this is never zero, no operation from this coset fixes a plane perpendicular to [100]. Finally, an operation from the coset of fm100 j0g maps x, y, z to x0 ¼ x
þ u1 , y0 ¼ y þ u2 , z0 ¼ z þ u3 and one has x0  x = 2x þ u1 , which becomes zero for x = 0 (and u1 ¼ 0) and x ¼ 12 (and u1 ¼ 1). Thus, operations from the coset of fm100 j0g fix planes at heights s = 0 and 12. The symmetry elements of these reflections with mirror plane parallel to the projection plane are indicated by the right-angle symbol in the upper left corner of the left-hand diagram in Fig. 1.4.5.2. The sectional layer groups are thus layer groups of type pm11 (layer group No. 4 with symbol p11m in a non-standard setting) for s = 0 and s ¼ 12, of type p1121 (layer group No. 9 with symbol p21 11 in a non-standard setting) for s ¼ 14 and s ¼ 34 and of type p1 (layer group No. 1) for all other s between 0 and 1. The side-preserving operations are in all cases just the translations. It is worthwhile noting that in many cases most of the information about the sectional layer groups can be read off the

space-group diagrams. In the present example, the left-hand diagram in Fig. 1.4.5.2 displays the twofold screw rotation at height s ¼ 14 (and thus also at s ¼ 34 ) and the reflection at height s = 0 (and thus also at s ¼ 12 ). On the other hand, the n glide, indicated by the dashed-dotted lines in the diagram, does not give rise to an element of the sectional layer group, because its glide vector has a component along the [100] direction and can thus not fix any layer along this direction. d along [010]: A point x; y; z in a plane perpendicular to the coordinate axis along [010] is mapped to a point x0 ; y0 ; z0 in the same plane if y0 ¼ y, i.e. if y0  y ¼ 0. From the calculations above one sees that for operations in the coset of fm100 j0g one has y0  y ¼ u2, hence operations in this coset fix the plane for any value of s and are side-preserving operations. In the middle diagram in Fig. 1.4.5.2 the symmetry elements for these reflections are indicated by the horizontal solid lines. For the operations in the coset of f2001 j12; 0; 12g one has y0  y ¼ 2y þ u2 , and so these operations fix planes only for s = 0 and s ¼ 12. The same is true for the operations in the coset of fm010 j12; 0; 12g, because here one also has y0  y ¼ 2y þ u2. The symmetry elements to which the screw rotations belong are indicated by the half arrows in the middle diagram of Fig. 1.4.5.2, and the symmetry elements for the glide reflections are symbolized by the right angle with diagonal arrow in the upper left corner, indicating that the geometric element is a diagonal glide plane. The sectional layer groups are thus of type pmn21 (layer group No. 32 with symbol pm21 n in a non-standard setting) for s ¼ 0; 12 and of type pm11 (layer group No. 11) for all other s. The group of side-preserving operations is in all cases of type pm11. In Fig. 1.4.5.3 the diagram of the symmetry elements for the layer group pm21 n (layer group No. 32) is displayed. It coincides with the middle diagram in Fig. 1.4.5.2 (up to the placement of the symbol for the diagonal glide plane), showing that in this case the sectional layer groups can also be read off directly from the space-group diagrams. d along [001]: A point x; y; z in a plane perpendicular to the coordinate axis along [001] is mapped to a point x0 ; y0 ; z0 in the same plane if z0 ¼ z, i.e. if z0  z ¼ 0. As in the case of d along [010], operations in the coset of fm100 j0g fix such a plane for any value of s, since z0  z ¼ u3.

Figure 1.4.5.3 Symmetry-element diagram for the layer group pm21 n (32).

70

1.4. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR DESCRIPTIONS with r33 ¼ 1 (just as for planar sections). Then the action of g on the projection along d is obtained by ignoring the z coordinate, i.e. by cutting out the upper 2  2 block of the linear part and the first two components of the translation part. This gives rise to the plane-group operation 1 0 r11 r12 t1 B t2 C g 0 ¼ @ r21 r22 A:

Again, these are side-preserving operations. The symmetry elements to which these reflections belong are indicated by the horizontal solid lines in the right-hand diagram in Fig. 1.4.5.2. For the operations in the cosets of f2001 j12; 0; 12g and fm010 j12; 0; 12g one has z0  z ¼ 12 þ u3, which is never zero (for an integer u3 ), and so operations in these cosets never fix a plane perpendicular to [001]. Thus, for any value of s the sectional layer group is of type pm11 (layer group No. 11) and contains only side-preserving operations.

0

0

1

The mapping that assigns to each operation g of the scanning group its action g 0 on the projection is in fact a homomorphism from H to a plane group and the kernel K of this homomorphism are the operations of the form 0 1 1 0 0 0 B0 1 0 0C B C ; B0 0 r t3 C 33 @ A

1.4.5.3. Projections As we have seen, a section of a crystal pattern is determined by a vector d and a height s along this vector. Choosing two vectors a0 and b0 perpendicular to d, the points of the section plane at height s are precisely given by the vectors xa0 þ yb0 þ sd. In contrast to that, a projection of a crystal pattern along d is obtained by mapping an arbitrary point xa0 þ yb0 þ zd to the point xa0 þ yb0 of the plane spanned by a0 and b0 , thereby ignoring the coordinate along the d direction.

0

0

0

1

i.e. translations along d and reflections with normal vector parallel to d.

Definition In a projection of a crystal pattern along the projection direction d, a point X of the crystal pattern is mapped to the intersection of the line through X along d with a fixed plane perpendicular to d.

Definition The symmetry group of the projection along the projection direction d is the plane group of actions on the projection of those operations of G that map the line L along d to a line parallel to L. This group is isomorphic to the quotient group of the scanning group H along d by the group K of translations along d and reflections with normal vector parallel to d.

One may think of the projection plane as the plane perpendicular to d and containing the origin, but every plane perpendicular to d will give the same result. Let L be the line along d. If a symmetry operation g of a space group G maps L to a line parallel to L, then g maps every plane perpendicular to d again to a plane perpendicular to d. This means that points that are projected to a single point (i.e. points on a line parallel to L) are mapped by g to points that are again projected to a single point and thus the operation g gives rise to a symmetry of the projection of the crystal pattern. Conversely, an operation g that maps L to a line that is inclined to L does not result in a symmetry of the projection, since the points on L are projected to a single point, whereas the image points under g are projected to a line. In summary, the operations of G that map L to a line parallel to L give rise to symmetries of the projection forming a plane group, sometimes called a wallpaper group. Let H be the subgroup of G consisting of those g 2 G mapping the line L to a line parallel to L, then H is called the scanning group along d. The scanning group H can be read off a coset decomposition G ¼ g 1 T [    [ g s T relative to the translation subgroup T of G. Since translations map lines to parallel lines, one only has to check whether a coset representative g i maps L to a line parallel to L. This is precisely the case if the linear part of g i maps d to d or to d. Therefore, H is the union of those cosets g i T relative to T for which the linear part of g i maps d to d or to d. If the operations of a space group G are written as augmented matrices with respect to a (usually non-conventional) basis a0 , b0 , d such that a0 and b0 are perpendicular to d, then an operation g of the scanning group H is of the form 0 1 r11 r12 0 t1 B r21 r22 0 t2 C B C g¼B 0 0 r t3 C 33 @ A 0 0 0 1

Example We consider again the space group G of type Pmn21 (31) for which the augmented matrices of the coset representatives with respect to the translation subgroup (in the standard setting) are given by 0 1 1 0 0 0 B0 1 0 0C B C f1j0g ¼ B 0 0 1 0 C; @ A 0 0 0 1 0 f2001 j12; 0; 12g

1

B B 0 B ¼B B 0 @ 0 0

1

B B0 B fm010 j12; 0; 12g ¼ B B0 @ 0 0

1

B B 0 B fm100 j0g ¼ B B 0 @ 0

71

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

1 2

1

C 0C C C 1C 2A 1 1 2

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

C 0C C C; 1C 2A 1

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

C 0C C C: 0C A 1

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Since the linear parts of all four matrices are diagonal matrices, the scanning group for projections along the coordinate axes is always the full group G. For the projection along the direction [100], one has to cut out the lower 2  2 part of the linear parts and the second and third component of the translation part, thus choosing a0 ¼ b; b0 ¼ c as a basis for the projection plane. This gives as matrices for the projected operations 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 B C B C B 0 1 0 C; B 0 1 1 C ; 2A @ A @ 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

1

B B 0 @ 0

0

0

1

1 2

0

1

1

0

C C; A

B B0 @ 0

1

0

0

1

1

C 0C A;

0

1

in which the third and fourth operations are clearly redundant and which is thus a plane group of type p1g1 (plane group No. 4 with short symbol pg). The projection along the direction [010] gives for the basis a0 ¼ a, b0 ¼ c of the projection plane (thus picking out the first and third rows and columns) the matrices 0 1 0 1 1 0 12 1 0 0 B C B C B 0 1 0 C; B 0 1 1 C ; 2A @ A @ 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

1

B B0 @ 0

1

1 2 1 2

0

1

0

1

0

C C; A

B B 0 @ 0

1

0

0

Figure 1.4.5.4 Orthogonal projection along [001] of the symmetry-element diagram for Pmn21 (31) (top) and the diagram for plane group p2mg (7) (bottom).

be given, but also the origin for the plane group. This is done by specifying a line parallel to the projection direction which is projected to the origin of the plane group in its conventional setting. The space-group tables list the plane groups for the projections along symmetry directions of the group in the block ‘Symmetry of special projections’. It is not hard to determine the corresponding types of planegroup operations for the different types of space-group operations, as is shown by the following list of simple rules: (i) a translation becomes a translation (possibly the identity); (ii) an inversion becomes a twofold rotation; (iii) a k-fold rotation or screw rotation with axis parallel to d becomes a k-fold rotation; (iv) a three-, four- or sixfold rotoinversion with axis parallel to d becomes a six-, four- or threefold rotation, respectively; (v) a reflection or glide reflection with normal vector parallel to d becomes a translation (possibly the identity); (vi) a twofold rotation and a screw rotation with axis perpendicular to d become a reflection and glide reflection, respectively; (vii) a reflection or a glide reflection with normal vector perpendicular to d becomes a reflection or glide reflection depending on whether there is a glide component perpendicular to d or not. The relationship between the symmetry operations in threedimensional space and the corresponding symmetry operations of a projection as listed above can be seen directly in the diagrams of the corresponding groups. In Fig. 1.4.5.4, the top diagram shows the orthogonal projection of the symmetryelement diagram of Pmn21 along the [001] direction and the bottom diagram shows the diagram for the plane group p2mg, which is precisely the symmetry group of the projection of Pmn21 along [001]. Firstly, one sees immediately that in order to match the two diagrams, the origin in the projection plane has to be shifted to 14; 0 (as already noted in the example above). Secondly, keeping in mind that the projection direction d is perpendicular to the drawing plane, one sees the correspondence between the twofold screw rotations in Pmn21 with the twofold rotations in p2mg [rule (iii)], the correspondence between the

1

1

C 0C A;

0

1

where the second matrix is the product of the third and fourth. The third operation is a centring translation, the fourth a reflection, thus the resulting plane group is of type c1m1 (plane group No. 5 with short symbol cm). Finally, the projection along the direction [001] results for the basis a0 ¼ a; b0 ¼ b of the projection plane in the matrices 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 2 B C B C B 0 1 0 C; B 0 1 0 C; @ A @ A 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

1

B B0 @ 0

0 1 0

1 2

1

C 0C A; 1

0

1

B B 0 @ 0

0

0

1

1

C 0C A;

0

1

where again the second matrix is the product of two others. The third operation is a glide reflection and the fourth is a reflection, thus the corresponding plane group is of type p2mg (plane group No. 7). Note that in order to obtain the plane group p2mg in its standard setting, the origin has to be shifted to 14; 0 (with respect to the plane basis a0 ; b0 ). As for the sectional layer groups, the typical projection directions considered are symmetry directions of the space group G, i.e. directions along rotation or screw axes or normal to reflection or glide planes. In order to relate the coordinate system of the plane group to that of the space group, not only the basis vectors a0 ; b0 perpendicular to the projection direction d have to

72

1.4. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR DESCRIPTIONS reflections with normal vector perpendicular to d in Pmn21 and the reflections in p2mg [rule (vii)] and the correspondence between the diagonal glide reflections in Pmn21 (indicated by the dot-dash lines) and the glide reflections in p2mg {rule (vii); note that the diagonal glide vector has a component perpendicular to the projection direction [001]}. Example
(117), then the interesting Let G be a space group of type P4b2 projection directions (i.e. symmetry directions) are [100], [010],
[001], [110] and ½110. However, the directions [100] and [010] are symmetry-related by the fourfold rotoinversion and thus result in the same projection. The same holds for the directions
[110] and ½110. The three remaining directions are genuinely different and the projections along these directions will be

Figure 1.4.5.6 Orthogonal projection along [001] of the symmetry-element diagram for
(117) (left) and the diagram for plane group p4gm (12) (right). P4b2

Figure 1.4.5.5


(117) as given in the ‘Symmetry of special projections’ block of P4b2 space-group tables.

discussed in detail below. The corresponding information given in the space-group tables under the heading ‘Symmetry of
special projections’ is reproduced in Fig. 1.4.5.5 for P4b2. Coset representatives of G relative to its translation subgroup can be extracted from the general-positions block in the space
and are given in Table 1.4.5.2. group tables of P4b2

screw rotations (half arrows) with rotation axis perpendicular to [001] give reflections and glide reflections, respectively [rule (vi)]. Note that the two diagrams can be matched directly, because the line 0, 0, z which is projected to the origin of p4gm
runs through the origin of P4b2. d along [100]: Only the linear parts of the coset representatives g 1 , g 2 , g 5 and g 6 map [100] to [100], thus these four cosets form the scanning group H (which is of index 2 in G). The operation g 6 acts as a translation by 12b, thus a conventional basis for the translations of the projection is a0 ¼ 12b and b0 ¼ c. The operation g 2 acts as a reflection with normal vector a0 and g 5 acts as the same reflection composed with the translation a0 . The resulting plane group is thus of type p1m1 (plane group No. 3 with short symbol pm). The line which is mapped to the origin of p1m1 in its conventional setting is x, 0, 0.

d along [001]: The linear parts of all coset representatives map [001] to [001], and therefore the scanning group H is the full group G. A conventional basis for the translations of the projection is a0 ¼ a and b0 ¼ b. The operation g 3 acts as a fourfold rotation, g 5 acts as a glide reflection with normal vector b0 and g 8 as a reflection with normal vector a0 þ b0 . Thus, the resulting plane group has type p4gm (plane group No. 12). The line parallel to the projection direction [001] which is projected to the origin of p4gm in its conventional setting is the line 0, 0, z. Again, it is instructive to look at the symmetry-element diagrams for the respective space and plane groups, as displayed in Fig. 1.4.5.6. The twofold rotations and fourfold rotoinversions with axis along [001] are turned into twofold rotations and fourfold rotations, respectively [rules (iii) and (iv)]. The glide reflections with both normal vector and glide vector perpendicular to [001] (dashed lines) result in glide reflections [rule (vii)]. The twofold rotations (full arrows) and

d along [110]: Only the linear parts of the coset representatives g 1 , g 2 , g 7 and g 8 map [110] to [110], thus these four cosets

form the scanning group H (of index 2 in G). The translation by b is projected to a translation by 12ða þ bÞ, thus a conventional basis for the translations of the projection is a0 ¼ 12ða þ bÞ and b0 ¼ c. The operation g 2 acts as a reflection with normal vector a0 , g 7 acts as a twofold rotation and g 8 acts as a reflection with normal vector b0 . The resulting plane group is thus of type p2mm (plane group No. 6). The line parallel to the projection direction [110] that is mapped to the origin of p2mm (in its conventional setting) is x, x, 0.

Table 1.4.5.2


(117) relative to its translation subgroup Coset representatives of P4b2 Coordinate triplet g1:

g5:

x; y; z x
; y
; z y; x
; z
y
; x; z
x þ 12; y
þ 12; z

g6:

x
þ 12; y þ 12; z

g7:

y þ 12; x þ 12; z
y
þ 12; x
þ 12; z


g2: g3: g4:

g8:

Note that for directions different from those considered above, additional non-trivial plane groups may be obtained. For
the scanning example, for the projection direction d ¼ ½111, group consists of the cosets of g 1 and g 7 . The operation g 7 acts as a glide reflection and the resulting plane group is of type c1m1 (plane group No. 5).

Description Identity Twofold rotation with axis along [001] Fourfold rotoinversion with axis along [001] Fourfold rotoinversion with axis along [001] Glide reflection with normal vector [010] and glide component along [100] Glide reflection with normal vector [100] and glide component along [010] Twofold screw rotation with axis parallel to [110]
Twofold rotation with axis parallel to ½110

References Bracewell, R. N. (2003). Fourier Analysis and Imaging. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. Bradley, C. J. & Cracknell, A. P. (1972). The Mathematical Theory of Symmetry in Solids. Oxford University Press.

73

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Litvin, D. B. & Kopsky, V. (2014). Seitz symbols for symmetry operations of subperiodic groups. Acta Cryst. A70, 677–678. Mauguin, M. (1931). Sur le symbolisme des groupes de re´pe´tition ou de syme´trie des assemblages cristallins. Z. Kristallogr. 76, 542–558. Mu¨ller, U. (2012). Personal communication. Niggli, P. (1919). Geometrische Kristallographie des Diskontinuums. Leipzig: Borntraeger. [Reprint (1973). Wiesbaden: Sa¨ndig.] Schoenflies, A. (1891). Krystallsysteme und Krystallstruktur. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner. [Reprint (1984). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.] Schoenflies, A. (1923). Theorie der Kristallstruktur. Berlin: Gebru¨der Borntraeger. Seitz, F. (1935). A matrix-algebraic development of the crystallographic groups. III. Z. Kristallogr. 91, 336–366. Shmueli, U. (1984). Space-group algorithms. I. The space group and its symmetry elements. Acta Cryst. A40, 559–567. Suescun, L. & Nespolo, M. (2012). From patterns to space groups and the eigensymmetry of crystallographic orbits: a reinterpretation of some symmetry diagrams in IUCr Teaching Pamphlet No. 14. J. Appl. Cryst. 45, 834–837. Vainshtein, B. K. (1994). Fundamentals of Crystals. Symmetry, and Methods of Structural Crystallography. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer. Wolff, P. M. de, Belov, N. V., Bertaut, E. F., Buerger, M. J., Donnay, J. D. H., Fischer, W., Hahn, Th., Koptsik, V. A., Mackay, A. L., Wondratschek, H., Wilson, A. J. C. & Abrahams, S. C. (1985). Nomenclature for crystal families, Bravais-lattice types and arithmetic classes. Report of the International Union of Crystallography Ad-Hoc Committee on the Nomenclature of Symmetry. Acta Cryst. A41, 278– 280. Wolff, P. M. de, Billiet, Y., Donnay, J. D. H., Fischer, W., Galiulin, R. B., Glazer, A. M., Hahn, Th., Senechal, M., Shoemaker, D. P., Wondratschek, H., Wilson, A. J. C. & Abrahams, S. C. (1992). Symbols for symmetry elements and symmetry operations. Final report of the International Union of Crystallography Ad-Hoc Committee on the Nomenclature of Symmetry. Acta Cryst. A48, 727– 732. Wolff, P. M. de, Billiet, Y., Donnay, J. D. H., Fischer, W., Galiulin, R. B., Glazer, A. M., Senechal, M., Shoemaker, D. P., Wondratschek, H., Hahn, Th., Wilson, A. J. C. & Abrahams, S. C. (1989). Definition of symmetry elements in space groups and point groups. Report of the International Union of Crystallography Ad-Hoc Committee on the Nomenclature of Symmetry. Acta Cryst. A45, 494– 499.

Engel, P., Matsumoto, T., Steinmann, G. & Wondratschek, H. (1984). The Non-characteristic Orbits of the Space Groups. Z. Kristallogr. Supplement issue No. 1. Ewald, P. P. (1930). Tagung des erweiterten Tabellenkomitees in Zu¨rich, 28. - 31. Juli 1930. Z. Kristallogr. 75, 159–160. Fedorov, E. S. (1891). The symmetry of regular systems of figures. (In Russian.) [English translation by D. & K. Harker (1971). Symmetry of crystals, pp. 50–131. American Crystallographic Association, Monograph No. 7.] Flack, H. D., Wondratschek, H., Hahn, Th. & Abrahams, S. C. (2000). Symmetry elements in space groups and point groups. Addenda to two IUCr reports on the nomenclature of symmetry. Acta Cryst. A56, 96–98. Glazer, A. M., Aroyo, M. I. & Authier, A. (2014). Seitz symbols for crystallographic symmetry operations. Acta Cryst. A70, 300–302. Hall, S. R. (1981a). Space-group notation with an explicit origin. Acta Cryst. A37, 517–525. Hall, S. R. (1981b). Space-group notation with an explicit origin; erratum. Acta Cryst. A37, 921. Hermann, C. (1928). Zur systematischen Strukturtheorie. I. Eine neue Raumgruppensymbolik. Z. Kristallogr. 68, 257–287. Hermann, C. (1931). Bemerkung zu der vorstehenden Arbeit von Ch. Mauguin. Z. Kristallogr. 76, 559–561. International Tables for Crystallography (2002). Vol. A, Space-Group Symmetry. Edited by Th. Hahn, 5th ed. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. [Abbreviated as IT A5.] International Tables for Crystallography (2008). Vol. B, Reciprocal Space. Edited by U. Shmueli, 3rd ed. Heidelberg: Springer. International Tables for Crystallography (2010). Vol. E, Subperiodic Groups, edited by V. Kopsky´ & D. B. Litvin, 2nd ed. Chichester: John Wiley. [Abbreviated as IT E.] International Tables for X-ray Crystallography (1952). Vol. I, Symmetry Groups, edited by N. F. M. Henry & K. Lonsdale. Birmingham: Kynoch Press. [Abbreviated as IT (1952).] Internationale Tabellen zur Bestimmung von Kristallstrukturen (1935). Erster Band, Gruppentheoretische Tafeln, edited by C. Hermann. Berlin: Gebru¨der Borntraeger. Klein, F. (1884). Vorlesungen u¨ber das Ikosaeder. Leipzig: Teubner. Ledermann, W. (1976). Introduction to Group Theory. London: Longman. Litvin, D. B. (2012). Magnetic Group Tables. IUCr e-book. http:// www.iucr.org/publ/978-0-9553602-2-0. Litvin, D. B. & Kopsky´, V. (2011). Seitz notation for symmetry operations of space groups. Acta Cryst. A67, 415–418.

74

references

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Chapter 1.5, pp. 75–106.

1.5. Transformations of coordinate systems H. Wondratschek, M. I. Aroyo, B. Souvignier and G. Chapuis r ¼ y0
x0 ¼ y
x;

It is in general advantageous to refer crystallographic objects and their symmetries to the most appropriate coordinate system. The best coordinate system may be different for different steps of the calculations and for different objects which have to be considered simultaneously. Therefore, a change of the origin and/ or the basis are frequently necessary when treating crystallographic problems, for example in the study of phase-transition phenomena, or in the comparison of crystal structures described with respect to different coordinate systems.

i.e. the vector coefficients of r are not affected by the origin shift. Example The description of a crystal structure is closely related to its space-group symmetry: different descriptions of the underlying space group, in general, result in different descriptions of the crystal structure. This example illustrates the comparison of two structure descriptions corresponding to different origin choices of the space group. To compare the two structures it is not only necessary to apply the origin-shift transformation but also to adjust the selection of the representative atoms of the two descriptions. In the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (2012) (abbreviated as ICSD) one finds the following two descriptions of the mineral zircon ZrSiO4: (a) Wyckoff & Hendricks (1927), ICSD No. 31101, space ˚ group I41 =amd ¼ D19 4h , No. 141, cell parameters a = 6.61 A, ˚ c = 5.98 A. The coordinates of the atoms in the unit cell are (normalized so that 0  xi < 1):

1.5.1. Origin shift and change of the basis1 By H. Wondratschek and M. I. Aroyo

1.5.1.1. Origin shift Let a coordinate system be given with a basis a; b; c and an origin O. Referred to this coordinate 0 1 system, the column of x1 coordinates of a point X is x ¼ @ x2 A and the corresponding x3 vector is x ¼ x1 a þ x2 b þ x3 c. Referred to a new coordinate O0 , the system, specified by the basis a0 ; b0 ; c0 and the origin 0 01 x1 0 @ x02 A. Let column of 0coordinates of the point X is x ¼ 1 p1 x03
! 0 p ¼ OO ¼ @ p2 A be the column of coefficients for the vector p p3 from the old origin O to the new origin O0 , see Fig. 1.5.1.1. For the columns p þ x0 ¼ x holds, i.e. 0 01 0 1 0 1 0 1 x1 p1 x1
p1 x1 x0 ¼ x
p or @ x02 A ¼ @ x2 A
@ p2 A ¼ @ x2
p2 A: x03 x3 p3 x3
p3

Zr: 4a Si: 4b O: 16h

This can be written in the formalism of matrix–column pairs (cf. Section 1.2.2.3 for details of the matrix–column formalism) as or x0 ¼ ðI; pÞ
1 x;

0; 0; 0; 0; 12; 14 ½and the same with ð12; 12; 12Þþ 0; 0; 12; 0; 12; 34 ½and the same with ð12; 12; 12Þþ 0; 0:2; 0:34; 0:5; 0:3; 0:84; 0:8; 0:5; 0:59; 0:7; 0; 0:09; 0:5; 0:2; 0:41; 0; 0:3; 0:91; 0:7; 0:5; 0:16; 0:8; 0; 0:66 ½and the same with ð12; 12; 12Þþ:

The coordinates of Zr and Si atoms indicate that the spacegroup setting corresponds to the origin choice 1 descrip
tion of I41 =amd given in this volume, i.e. origin at 4m2 (cf. the space-group tables for I41 =amd in Chapter 2.3). (b) Krstanovic (1958), ICSD No. 45520, space group ˚ I41 =amd ¼ D19 4h , No. 141, cell parameters a = 6.6164 (5) A, ˚ c = 6.0150 (5) A. The coordinates of the atoms in the unit cell are (normalized so that 0  xi < 1):

ð1:5:1:1Þ

x0 ¼ ðI;
pÞ x

ð1:5:1:3Þ

ð1:5:1:2Þ

where ðI; pÞ represents the translation corresponding to the vector p of the origin shift. The vector r determined by the points X and Y (also known as a ‘distance vector’), x þ r ¼ y (cf. Fig. 1.5.1.1), and thus with coefficients 0 1 y1
x1 r ¼ y
x ¼ @ y2
x2 A; y3
x3 shows a different transformation behaviour under the origin shift. From the diagram one reads the equations p þ x0 ¼ x, x þ r ¼ y, x0 þ r ¼ y0 , and thus 1

Figure 1.5.1.1 The coordinates of the points X (or Y) with respect to the old origin O are x (y), and with respect to the new origin O0 they are x0 ðy0 Þ. From the diagram one reads p þ x0 ¼ x and p þ y0 ¼ y.

With Table 1.5.1.1 and Figs. 1.5.1.2 and 1.5.1.5–1.5.1.10 by H. Arnold.

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

75

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Zr: Si: O:

The matrix P is often referred to as the linear part of the coordinate transformation and it describes a change of direction and/ or length of the basis vectors. It is preferable to choose the matrix P in such a way that its determinant is positive: a negative determinant of P implies a change from a right-handed coordinate system to a left-handed coordinate system or vice versa. If det(P) = 0, then the new vectors a0 ; b0 ; c0 are linearly dependent, i.e. they do not form a complete set of basis vectors.
! For a point X (cf. Fig. 1.5.1.1), the vector OX ¼ x is

4a 0; 34; 18; 12; 34; 38 ½and the same with ð12; 12; 12Þþ 4b 0; 14; 38; 0; 34; 58 ½and the same with ð12; 12; 12Þþ 16h 0; 0:067; 0:198; 0:5; 0:933; 0:698; 0:183; 0:75; 0:448; 0:317; 0:25; 0:948; 0:5; 0:067; 0:302; 0; 0:933; 0:802; 0:317; 0:75; 0:052; 0:183; 0:25; 0:552 ½and the same with ð12; 12; 12Þþ:

The structure is described with respect to the origin choice 2 setting of I41 =amd specified in this volume as ‘Origin at
centre (2/m) at 0;
14; 18 from 4m2’ (cf. the space-group tables for I41 =amd in Chapter 2.3). In order to compare the different structure descriptions, the atomic coordinates of the origin choice 1 description are to be transformed to ‘Origin at centre 2/m’, i.e. origin choice 2. Origin choice 2 has coordinates 0;
14; 18 referred to origin choice 1. Therefore, 0 1 the change of coordinates consists of subtracting 0 p ¼ @
14 A from the origin choice 1 values, i.e. leave the x

x ¼ ax1 þ bx2 þ cx3 ¼ a0 x01 þ b0 x02 þ c0 x03 or 0 1 0 01 x1 x1 B C B C x ¼ ða; b; cÞ@ x2 A ¼ ða0 ; b0 ; c0 Þ@ x02 A: By inserting equation (1.5.1.4) one obtains 0 01 0 x1 P11 P12 x ¼ ða0 ; b0 ; c0 Þ@ x02 A ¼ ða; b; cÞ@ P21 P22 x03 P31 P32

1 8

coordinate unchanged, add 14 ¼ 0:25 to the y coordinate and subtract 18 ¼ 0:125 from the z coordinate [cf. equation (1.5.1.1)]. The transformed and normalized coordinates (so that 0  xi < 1) are (i) Zr: 4a 0; 14; 78; 0; 34; 18; 12; 14; 58; 12; 34; 38;

10 0 1 P13 x1 P23 A@ x02 A P33 x03

or 0

1 0 P11 x1 @ x2 A ¼ @ P21 x3 P31

(ii) Si: 4b 0; 14; 38; 0; 34; 58; 12; 14; 18; 12; 34; 78; (iii) O: 16h 0; 0:20 þ 0:25; 0:34
0:125 ¼ 0; 0:45; 0:215. This oxygen atom obviously does not correspond to the representative 0; 0:067; 0:198 given by Krstanovic (1958), but by adding the centring vector ð12; 12; 12Þ it is seen to correspond to the second position with coordinates 0:5; 0:933; 0:698. The transformed (and normalized) coordinates of the rest of the oxygen atoms in the unit cell are:

P12 P22 P32

10 0 1 x1 P13 P23 A@ x02 A; P33 x03

i.e. x ¼ Px0 or x0 ¼ P
1 x ¼ ðP; oÞ
1 x, which is often written as x0 ¼ Qx ¼ ðQ; oÞx:

ð1:5:1:5Þ

Here the inverse matrix P
1 is designated by Q, while o is the (3  1) column vector with zero coefficients. [Note that in equation (1.5.1.4) the sum is over the row (first) index of P, while in equation (1.5.1.5), the sum is over the column (second) index of Q.] A selected set of transformation matrices P and their inverses P
1 ¼ Q that are frequently used in crystallographic calculations are listed in Table 1.5.1.1 and illustrated in Figs. 1.5.1.2 to 1.5.1.10.

0:5; 0:55; 0:715; 0:8; 0:75; 0:465; 0:7; 0:25; 0:965; 0:5; 0:45; 0:285; 0; 0:55; 0:785; 0:7; 0:75; 0:035; 0:8; 0:25; 0:535;

Example Consider an F-centred cell with conventional basis aF ; bF ; cF and a corresponding primitive cell with basis aP ; bP ; cP, cf. Fig. 1.5.1.4. The transformation matrix P from the conventional basis to a primitive basis can either be deduced from Fig. 1.5.1.4 or can be read directly from Table 1.5.1.1: aP = 1 1 1 2ðbF þ cF Þ, bP ¼ 2ðaF þ cF Þ, cP ¼ 2ðaF þ bF Þ, which in matrix notation is 0 1 0 12 12 B C ðaP ; bP ; cP Þ ¼ ðaF ; bF ; cF ÞP ¼ ðaF ; bF ; cF Þ@ 12 0 12 A: 1 1 0 2 2

all also with ð12; 12; 12Þþ. The difference in the coordinates of the two descriptions could be explained by the difference in the accuracy of the two refinements.

1.5.1.2. Change of the basis A change of the basis is described 0 P11 P12 P ¼ @ P21 P22 P31 P32

x03

x3

by a (3  3) matrix: 1 P13 P23 A: P33

The inverse matrix P
1 ¼ Q is also listed in Table 1.5.1.1 or can be deduced from Fig. 1.5.1.4. It is the matrix that describes the conventional basis vectors aF ; bF ; cF by linear combinations of aP ; bP ; cP : aF =
aP þ bP þ cP , bF = aP
bP þ cP , cF = aP þ bP
cP , or 0 1
1 1 1 ðaF ; bF ; cF Þ ¼ ðaP ; bP ; cP ÞP
1 ¼ ðaP ; bP ; cP Þ@ 1
1 1 A: 1 1
1

The matrix P relates the new basis a0 ; b0 ; c0 to the old basis a; b; c according to 0 1 P11 P12 P13 B C ða0 ; b0 ; c0 Þ ¼ ða; b; cÞP ¼ ða; b; cÞ@ P21 P22 P23 A P31 P32 P33 ¼ ðaP11 þ bP21 þ cP31 ; aP12 þ bP22 þ cP32 ; aP13 þ bP23 þ cP33 Þ: ð1:5:1:4Þ

Correspondingly, the point coordinates transform as

76

1.5. TRANSFORMATIONS OF COORDINATE SYSTEMS Table 1.5.1.1 Selected 3  3 transformation matrices P and Q ¼ P
1 For inverse transformations (against the arrow) replace P by Q and vice versa.

Transformation Cell choice 1 ! cell choice 2: Cell choice 2 ! cell choice 3: Cell choice 3 ! cell choice 1:

n n n

P!P C!A P!P A!I

Unique axis b invariant

P

Q ¼ P
1

0

1 1
0 1 @0 1 0A 1
0 0

0

0

1 0 1
0 @ 1 1
0 A 0 0 1

0

0

1 1 0 0 @ 0 0 1
A 0 1 1


0

0

1 0 1 0 @0 0 1A 1 0 0

0

0

1 0 0 1 @1 0 0A 0 1 0

0

0

1 0 1 0 @0 0 1A 1 0 0

0

0

0

1 0 0 1
@0 1 0A 1 0 1


Crystal system

Monoclinic (cf. Sections 1.5.4.3 and 2.1.3.15)

P!P I!C

(Fig. 1.5.1.2a) Cell choice 1 ! cell choice 2: Cell choice 2 ! cell choice 3: Cell choice 3 ! cell choice 1:

n n n

P!P A!B P!P B!I

Unique axis c invariant

1 1
1 0 @ 1
0 0 A 0 0 1

Monoclinic (cf. Sections 1.5.4.3 and 2.1.3.15)

P!P I!A

(Fig. 1.5.1.2b) Cell choice 1 ! cell choice 2: Cell choice 2 ! cell choice 3: Cell choice 3 ! cell choice 1:

n n n

P!P B!C P!P C!I

Unique axis a invariant

1 1 0 0 @ 0 1
1 A 0 1
0

Monoclinic (cf. Sections 1.5.4.3 and 2.1.3.15)

1 0 0 1 @1 0 0A 0 1 0

Monoclinic (cf. Sections 1.5.4.3 and 2.1.3.15)

P!P I!B

(Fig. 1.5.1.2c) Unique axis b ! unique axis c n P!P Cell choice 1: C!A n P!P Cell choice 2: Cell choice invariant A!B n P!P Cell choice 3: I!I Unique axis b ! unique axis a n P!P Cell choice 1: C!B n P!P Cell choice 2: Cell choice invariant A!C n P!P Cell choice 3: I!I Unique axis c ! unique axis a n P!P Cell choice 1: A!B n P!P Cell choice invariant Cell choice 2: B!C n P!P Cell choice 3: I!I

I ! P (Fig. 1.5.1.3)

B2 B1 @2 1 2 0

F ! P (Fig. 1.5.1.4)


1

0

B1 @2 1 2

77

1

1 2
1 2 1 2

1 2 C 1C 2A
1 2

1 2

0

1 2 1 2

1 2

0

1 C A

1 0 1 0 @0 0 1A 1 0 0

1 0 0 1 @1 0 0A 0 1 0

1 0 1 1 @1 0 1A 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 @ 1 1
1 A 1 1 1


Monoclinic (cf. Sections 1.5.4.3 and 2.1.3.15)

Monoclinic (cf. Sections 1.5.4.3 and 2.1.3.15)

Orthorhombic Tetragonal Cubic

0

Orthorhombic Tetragonal Cubic

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 1.5.1.1 (continued) Transformation ðb; a; c
Þ ! ða; b; cÞ

ðc; a; bÞ ! ða; b; cÞ

ð
c; b; aÞ ! ða; b; cÞ

ðb; c; aÞ ! ða; b; cÞ

ða; c
; bÞ ! ða; b; cÞ

P ! C1 I ! F1

P ! C2 I ! F2


(Fig. 1.5.1.5), c axis invariant


(Fig. 1.5.1.5), c axis invariant

Primitive rhombohedral cell ! triple hexagonal cell R1 , obverse setting (Fig. 1.5.1.6a,c)

Primitive rhombohedral cell ! triple hexagonal cell R2 , obverse setting (Fig. 1.5.1.6c)

Primitive rhombohedral cell ! triple hexagonal cell R3 , obverse setting (Fig. 1.5.1.6c)

Primitive rhombohedral cell ! triple hexagonal cell R1 , reverse setting (Fig. 1.5.1.6d)

Primitive rhombohedral cell ! triple hexagonal cell R2 , reverse setting (Fig. 1.5.1.6b,d)

Primitive rhombohedral cell ! triple hexagonal cell R3 , reverse setting (Fig. 1.5.1.6d)

Hexagonal cell P ! orthohexagonal centred cell C1 (Fig. 1.5.1.7)

Hexagonal cell P ! orthohexagonal centred cell C2 (Fig. 1.5.1.7)

0 1 0 @1 0 0A 0 0 1


Q ¼ P
1 0 0 1 @1 0 0 0

0

1 0 0 1 @1 0 0A 0 1 0

0

0

1 0 0 1
@0 1 0A 1 0 0

0

0

1 0 1 0 @0 0 1A 1 0 0

0

0

1 1 0 0 @ 0 0 1
A 0 1 0

0

0

1 1 1 0 @ 1
1 0 A 0 0 1

0

0

1 1 1
0 @1 1 0A 0 0 1

01

0

1 1 0 1 @ 1
1 1 A 0 1
1

0

0

1 0 1
1 @1 0 1A 1
1 1

0

0

1 1
1 1 @ 0 1
1 A 1 0 1

0

0

1 1
0 1 @ 1 1
1 A 0 1 1

0

0

P 0

1

Crystal system 1

0 0A 1


Unconventional orthorhombic setting

1 0 1 0 @0 0 1A 1 0 0

Unconventional orthorhombic setting

1 0 0 1 @0 1 0A 1
0 0 1 0 0 1 @1 0 0A 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 @0 0 1A 0 1
0 1 0 C B @ 0A 0 0 1

B @

1 2 1 2

2
1 2

2 3

1 3


1

3 B
2 @3 1 3

2 1 2

1 2 1 2

0


1
1

2 3 1 3 1 3


1


2

3 B
1 @3 1 3

1 3
1 3 1 3

1 3 C 2A 3 1 3

1 0 1 1 @ 1
0 1 A 1 1
1

0


2

1 3
1 C A 3 1 3

0

1 1 1
1 @0 1 1A 1
0 1

0

0

1 1 1 0 @0 2 0A 0 0 1

0

0

01

1 1 1
0 @1 1 0A 0 0 1

78

B @

1 2 1 2

Rhombohedral space groups (cf. Section 1.5.4.3)

Rhombohedral space groups (cf. Section 1.5.4.3)

1 Rhombohedral space groups (cf. Section 1.5.4.3)

1


2

Rhombohedral space groups (cf. Section 1.5.4.3)

1

3
1 C A 3 1 3

1 1
12 0 C B @ 0 12 0 A 0 0 1 2
1 2

Rhombohedral space groups (cf. Section 1.5.4.3)

1

1 3

1 3 2 3 1 3

Tetragonal (cf. Section 1.5.4.3)

1

3 C 1A 3 1 3

1 3

3
1 3 1 3

Tetragonal (cf. Section 1.5.4.3)

1

3
2 C A 3 1 3

2 3 C 1A 3 1 3

1 3 B
1 @3 1 3

Unconventional orthorhombic setting

1

3 1 3 1 3


1
1 3 3 B 1
2 @3 3

1 3 B2 @3 1 3

Unconventional orthorhombic setting


1

C 0A 0 0 1

B1 @3

Unconventional orthorhombic setting

0

1

C 0A 0 0 1

Rhombohedral space groups (cf. Section 1.5.4.3)

Trigonal Hexagonal (cf. Section 1.5.4.3) Trigonal Hexagonal (cf. Section 1.5.4.3)

1.5. TRANSFORMATIONS OF COORDINATE SYSTEMS Table 1.5.1.1 (continued) Transformation

Hexagonal cell P ! orthohexagonal centred cell C3 (Fig. 1.5.1.7)

Hexagonal cell P ! triple hexagonal cell H1 (Fig. 1.5.1.8)

Hexagonal cell P ! triple hexagonal cell H2 (Fig. 1.5.1.8)

Hexagonal cell P ! triple hexagonal cell H3 (Fig. 1.5.1.8)

Hexagonal cell P ! triple rhombohedral cell D1

0 2
0 @ 1 1
0 A 0 0 1

Q ¼ P
1 0
1 1 2 B
1 @2 0

0

1 1 1 0 @ 1
2 0 A 0 0 1

0

0

1 2 1
0 @1 1 0A 0 0 1

01

0

1 1 2
0 @ 2 1
0 A 0 0 1

0


1

B @

3
2 3

0

0

P 0

1

1 1 0 1
@ 0 1 1
A 1 1 1 0

Hexagonal cell P ! triple rhombohedral cell D2

1 1
0 1 @ 0 1
1 A 1 1 1 02

Triple hexagonal cell R, obverse setting ! C-centred monoclinic cell, unique axis b, cell choice 1 (Fig. 1.5.1.9a)

3 B1 @3

0 1


2 0 3

0 Triple hexagonal cell R, obverse setting ! C-centred monoclinic cell, unique axis b, cell choice 2 (Fig. 1.5.1.9a)


1 1
3 B1
@3 1
2 0 3

0 Triple hexagonal cell R, obverse setting ! C-centred monoclinic cell, unique axis b, cell choice 3 (Fig. 1.5.1.9a)

Triple hexagonal cell R, obverse setting ! A-centred monoclinic cell, unique axis c, cell choice 1 (Fig. 1.5.1.9b)

1 0 0C A

1

0

0

1 0 1C A

0 B0 @ 1

2 3 1 3
2 3

C 0C A

0

Primitive rhombohedral cell ! C-centred monoclinic cell, unique axis b, cell choice 2 (Fig. 1.5.1.10a)

B @

3
1 3


1 3 1 3

1 3 2 3

0

2 3 1 3

0

1

C 0A 0 0 1 1

C 0A 0 0 1


1 2 B3 3 B
1 2 @3 3
1
1 0

1

3

3

1 3 C 1C 3A 1 3


2

1 3
2 3 1 3

1 3 C 1A 3 1 3

3 B1 @3 1 3

03 2

1

0 0

C 1 0A 1 0 1

B
1 @2 0


3

B @

2
1 2

0

3 2
1 2

0


3 2

0

Trigonal Hexagonal (cf. Section 1.5.4.3)

Rhombohedral space groups (cf. Section 1.5.4.3)

Rhombohedral space groups (cf. Section 1.5.4.3)

C 0A 0 1
1

Rhombohedral space groups (cf. Section 1.5.4.3)

1 1 0 1 B 3 0 0C @2 A
1 1 0 2

Rhombohedral space groups (cf. Section 1.5.4.3)

B @1


1 2

0

0

0

1 0 0 1 @ 1
1 1 A 1
1
1

0

0

0
1

79

Trigonal Hexagonal (cf. Section 1.5.4.3)

1

1 0
13 1 C B B 0
2 0 C A @ 3 1
23 0

1 1
1
1 @0 0 1A 1
1 1

Trigonal Hexagonal (cf. Section 1.5.4.3)

1

C 0A 1
1 1 0

Trigonal Hexagonal (cf. Section 1.5.4.3)

1

1 0
1 1 1 B
3 3 0 C A @2 2
1
1 0

0

Primitive rhombohedral cell ! C-centred monoclinic cell, unique axis b, cell choice 1 (Fig. 1.5.1.10a)

Trigonal Hexagonal (cf. Section 1.5.4.3)

2 3 1 3

1 0
13 1
B C @ 0 13 1
A 1
2 0 3

Triple hexagonal cell R, obverse setting ! A-centred monoclinic cell, unique axis c, cell choice 3 (Fig. 1.5.1.9b)

1 0 C B @ 0A 0 0 1

1

0 Triple hexagonal cell R, obverse setting ! A-centred monoclinic cell, unique axis c, cell choice 2 (Fig. 1.5.1.9b)

Trigonal Hexagonal (cf. Section 1.5.4.3)

1


1 1 B3 B
2 0 @3
2 0 3

0

C 0A 0 0 1

1 1 0 C 0A

Crystal system 1

2

Rhombohedral space groups (cf. Section 1.5.4.3)

2

1 0 1
1 B 0
3 0 C A @ 2 1
1 0

Rhombohedral space groups (cf. Section 1.5.4.3)

2

1

B @0


1


1

1

2 1 2

2
1 2

C A

Rhombohedral space groups (cf. Section 1.5.4.3)


1 1 2 C 1A 2

Rhombohedral space groups (cf. Section 1.5.4.3)

1 0 0

2

B
1 @2

1

0 0 1 0

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 1.5.1.1 (continued) Transformation Primitive rhombohedral cell ! C-centred monoclinic cell, unique axis b, cell choice 3 (Fig. 1.5.1.10a)

Primitive rhombohedral cell ! A-centred monoclinic cell, unique axis c, cell choice 1 (Fig.1.5.1.10b)

1
1 1 @ 1
1
1 A 0 0 1

Q ¼ P
1 0
1
1 1 1 2 2 @ 1
1 0 A 2 2 0 0 1

0

0

P 0

1

1 1 0 0 @ 1 1
1 A 1 1
1


2

0 Primitive rhombohedral cell ! A-centred monoclinic cell, unique axis c, cell choice 2 (Fig. 1.5.1.10b)

Primitive rhombohedral cell ! A-centred monoclinic cell, unique axis c, cell choice 3 (Fig. 1.5.1.10b)

1 1 0 0 B 1
1
1 C @ 2 2A 0 1
1

1 1 1
1
@1 0 0A 1 1
1

0

0

0

1 1 1
1 @ 1 1
1
A 1 0 0

Rhombohedral space groups (cf. Section 1.5.4.3)

Rhombohedral space groups (cf. Section 1.5.4.3)

2

1 0 1 0 B
1 1
1 C @2 2A
1 0 1 2 2 1 0 0 1 B
1
1 1 C A @2 2 1
1 0 2

Crystal system

Rhombohedral space groups (cf. Section 1.5.4.3)

Rhombohedral space groups (cf. Section 1.5.4.3)

2

Figure 1.5.1.2 Monoclinic centred lattice, projected along the unique axis. The origin for all the cells is the same. The fractions 12 indicate the height of the lattice points along the axis of projection.

(a) Unique axis b: Cell choice 1: C-centred cell a1 ; b; c1 . Cell choice 2: A-centred cell a2 ; b; c2 . Cell choice 3: I-centred cell a3 ; b; c3 .

(b) Unique axis c: Cell choice 1: A-centred cell a1 ; b1 ; c. Cell choice 2: B-centred cell a2 ; b2 ; c. Cell choice 3: I-centred cell a3 ; b3 ; c.

(c) Unique axis a: Cell choice 1: B-centred cell a; b1 ; c1 . Cell choice 2: C-centred cell a; b2 ; c2 . Cell choice 3: I-centred cell a; b3 ; c3 .

Figure 1.5.1.3

Figure 1.5.1.4

Body-centred cell I with aI, bI, cI and a corresponding primitive cell P with aP, bP, cP. The origin for both cells is O. A cubic I cell with lattice constant apc ffiffiffican be considered as a primitive rhombohedral cell with  arh ¼ ac 12 3 and
p¼ axes) or a triple hexagonal ffiffiffi 109:47 (rhombohedral pffiffiffi cell with ahex ¼ ac 2 and chex ¼ ac 12 3 (hexagonal axes).

Face-centred cell F with aF, bF, cF and a corresponding primitive cell P with aP, bP, cP. The origin for both cells is O. A cubic F cell with lattice constant apc ffiffiffican be considered as a primitive rhombohedral cell with  arh ¼ ac 12 2 and axes) or a triple hexagonal cell p
ffiffiffi ¼ 60 (rhombohedral pffiffiffi 1 with ahex ¼ ac 2 2 and chex ¼ ac 3 (hexagonal axes).

80

1.5. TRANSFORMATIONS OF COORDINATE SYSTEMS

Figure 1.5.1.5


(a) Primitive cell P with a, b, c and the CTetragonal lattices, projected along ½001. centred cells C1 with a1 ; b1 ; c and C2 with a2 ; b2 ; c. The origin for all three cells is the same. (b) Body-centred cell I with a, b, c and the F-centred cells F1 with a1 ; b1 ; c and F2 with a2 ; b2 ; c. The origin for all three cells is the same. The fractions 12 indicate the height of the lattice points along the axis of projection.

Figure 1.5.1.6 Unit cells in the rhombohedral lattice: same origin for all cells. The basis of the rhombohedral cell is labelled arh, brh, crh. Two settings of the triple hexagonal cell are possible with respect to a primitive rhombohedral cell: The obverse setting with the lattice points 0, 0, 0; 23 ; 13 ; 13; 13 ; 23 ; 23 has been used in International Tables since 1952. Its general reflection condition is
h þ k þ l ¼ 3n. The reverse setting with lattice points 0, 0, 0; 13 ; 23 ; 13; 23 ; 13 ; 23 was used in the 1935 edition. Its general reflection condition is h
k þ l ¼ 3n. The fractions indicate the height of the lattice points along the axis of projection. (a) Obverse setting of triple hexagonal cell a1 ; b1 ; c1 in relation to the primitive rhombohedral cell arh, brh, crh. (b) Reverse setting of triple hexagonal cell a2 ; b2 ; c2 in relation to the primitive rhombohedral cell arh, brh, crh. (c) Primitive rhombohedral cell (- - - lower edges), arh, brh, crh in relation to the three triple hexagonal cells in obverse setting a1 ; b1 ; c0 ; a2 ; b2 ; c0 ; a3 ; b3 ; c0 . Projection along c0 . (d) Primitive rhombohedral cell (- - - lower edges), arh, brh, crh in relation to the three triple hexagonal cells in reverse setting a1 ; b1 ; c0 ; a2 ; b2 ; c0 ; a3 ; b3 ; c0 . Projection along c0 .

81

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY

Figure 1.5.1.7

Figure 1.5.1.8


Primitive hexagonal cell P with Hexagonal lattice projected along ½001. a, b, c and the three C-centred (orthohexagonal) cells a1 ; b1 ; c; a2 ; b2 ; c; a3 ; b3 ; c. The origin for all cells is the same.


Primitive hexagonal cell P with Hexagonal lattice projected along ½001. a, b, c and the three triple hexagonal cells H with a1 ; b1 ; c; a2 ; b2 ; c; a3 ; b3 ; c. The origin for all cells is the same.

Figure 1.5.1.9 Rhombohedral lattice with a triple hexagonal unit cell a, b, c in obverse setting (i.e. unit cell a1, b1, c in Fig. 1.5.1.6c) and the three centred monoclinic cells. (a) C-centred cells C1 with a1 ; b1 ; c; C2 with a2 ; b2 ; c; and C3 with a3 ; b3 ; c. The unique monoclinic axes are b1 ; b2 and b3 , respectively. The origin for all four cells is the same. (b) A-centred cells A1 with a0 ; b1 ; c1 ; A2 with a0 ; b2 ; c2 ; and A3 with a0 ; b3 ; c3 . The unique monoclinic axes are c1, c2 and c3 , respectively. The origin for all four cells is the same. The fractions indicate the height of the lattice points along the axis of projection.

Figure 1.5.1.10 Rhombohedral lattice with primitive rhombohedral cell arh, brh, crh and the three centred monoclinic cells. (a) C-centred cells C1 with a1 ; b1 ; c0 ; C2 with a2 ; b2 ; c0 ; and C3 with a3 ; b3 ; c0 . The unique monoclinic axes are b1, b2 and b3 , respectively. The origin for all four cells is the same. (b) A-centred cells A1 with a0 ; b1 ; c1 ; A2 with a0 ; b2 ; c2 ; and A3 with a0 ; b3 ; c3 . The unique monoclinic axes are c1, c2 and c3 , respectively. The origin for all four cells is the same. The fractions indicate the height of the lattice points along the axis of projection.

82

1.5. TRANSFORMATIONS OF COORDINATE SYSTEMS 0 10 1 The concise notation of the transformation matrices is widely
1 1 1 xF xP xF B C C B CB C used in the tables of maximal subgroups of space groups in
1 B 1 A @ yF A @ yP A ¼ P @ yF A ¼ @ 1
1 International Tables for Crystallography Volume A1 (2010), 1 1
1 zP zF zF where ðP; pÞ describes the relation between the conventional 0 1
xF þ yF þ zF bases of a group and its maximal subgroups. For example, the B C expression ðP; pÞ ¼ ða
b; a þ b; 2c; 0; 0; 12Þ (cf. the table of ¼ @ xF
yF þ zF A:
maximal subgroups of P42m, No. 111, in Volume A1) stands for xF þ yF
zF 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 @ 1
1 0 A and p ¼ @ 0 A: P ¼ @ A For example, the coordinates 0 of the end point of aF with 1 0 1 0 0 2 2 0 F
1 respect to the conventional basis become @ 1 A in the Note that the matrix elements of P in equation (1.5.1.8) are read 011 1 P by columns since they act on the row matrices of basis vectors, 2 and not by rows, as in the shorthand notation of symmetry primitive basis, the centring point @ 12 A of the aF ; bF plane 0 1 operations which apply to column matrices of coordinates (cf. 0 F 0 Section 1.2.2.1). becomes the end point @ 0 A of cP etc. 1 P 0

1

0

1

1.5.2. Transformations of crystallographic quantities under coordinate transformations By H. Wondratschek and M. I. Aroyo

1.5.1.3. General change of coordinate system A general change of the coordinate system involves both an origin shift and a change of the basis. Such a transformation of the coordinate system is described by the matrix–column pair ðP; pÞ, where the (3  3) matrix P relates the new basis a0 ; b0 ; c0 to the old one a; b; c according to equation (1.5.1.4). The origin shift is described by the shift vector p ¼ p1 a þ p2 b þ p3 c. The coordinates of the new origin O0 with respect to the old0coordinate 1 p1 system a; b; c are given by the (3  1) column p ¼ @ p2 A. p3 The general coordinate transformation can be performed in two consecutive steps. Because the origin shift p refers to the old basis a; b; c, it has to be applied first (as described in Section 1.5.1.1), followed by the change of the basis (cf. Section 1.5.1.2): 0


1


1


1

1.5.2.1. Covariant and contravariant quantities If the direct or crystal basis is transformed by the transformation matrix P: ða0 ; b0 ; c0 Þ ¼ ða; b; cÞP, the corresponding basis vectors of the reciprocal (or dual) basis transform as (cf. Section 1.3.2.5) 0 0 1 0 1 0 10  1 a a Q11 Q12 Q13 a @ b0 A ¼ Q@ b A ¼ @ Q21 Q22 Q23 A@ b A; ð1:5:2:1Þ c0 c Q31 Q32 Q33 c where the notation Q ¼ P
1 is applied (cf. Section 1.5.1.2). The quantities that transform in the same way as the basis vectors a; b; c are called covariant with respect to the basis0a; b;1c a @ and contravariant with respect to the reciprocal basis b A. c Such quantities are the Miller indices (hkl) of a plane (or a set of planes) in direct space and the vector coefficients (h, k, l) of the vector0perpendicular to those planes, referred to the reciprocal 1 a basis @ b A: c


1

x ¼ ðP; oÞ ðI; pÞ x ¼ ððI; pÞðP; oÞÞ x ¼ ðP; pÞ x: ð1:5:1:6Þ Here, I is the three-dimensional unit matrix and o is the (3  1) column matrix containing only zeros as coefficients. The formulae for the change of the point coordinates from x to x0 uses ðQ; qÞ ¼ ðP; pÞ
1 ¼ ðP
1 ;
P
1 pÞ, i.e. 0 01 0 10 1 0 1 x1 Q11 Q12 Q13 x1 q1 B 0C B CB C B C @ x2 A ¼ @ Q21 Q22 Q23 A@ x2 A þ @ q2 A x03 Q31 Q32 Q33 x3 q3 with Q ¼ P
1 and q ¼
P
1 p; thus x0 ¼ P
1 x
P
1 p ¼ P
1 ðx
pÞ:

ð1:5:1:7Þ

ðh0 ; k0 ; l0 Þ ¼ ðh; k; lÞP:

The effect of a general change of the coordinate system ðP; pÞ on the coefficients of a vector r is reduced to the linear transformation described by P, as the vector coefficients are not affected by the origin shift [cf. equation (1.5.1.3)]. Hereafter, the data for the matrix–column pair 0 1 0 1 P11 P12 P13 p1 ðP; pÞ ¼ ð@ P21 P22 P23 A; @ p2 AÞ P31 P32 P33 p3

ð1:5:2:2Þ 0

1 u Quantities like the vector coefficients of any vector u ¼ @ v A in w direct space (or the indices of a direction in direct space) are 0 1 a covariant with respect to the basis vectors @ b A and contravariant with respect to a; b; c: c 0 1 0 01 u u @ v0 A ¼ Q@ v A : ð1:5:2:3Þ w w0

are often written in the following concise form: P11 a þ P21 b þ P31 c; P12 a þ P22 b þ P32 c; P13 a þ P23 b þ P33 c; p1 ; p2 ; p3 : ð1:5:1:8Þ

83

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY 1.5.2.2. Metric tensors of direct and reciprocal lattices The metric tensor of a crystal lattice with a basis a; b; c is the (3  3) matrix 0 1 aa ab ac G ¼ @ b  a b  b b  c A; ca cb cc which can formally be described as 0 1 a G ¼ ða; b; cÞT  ða; b; cÞ ¼ @ b A  ða; b; cÞ c (cf. Section 1.3.2). The transformation of the metric tensor under the coordinate transformation ðP; pÞ follows directly from its definition:

Figure 1.5.2.1 Illustration of the transformation of symmetry operations ðW; wÞ, also called a ‘mapping of mappings’.

G0 ¼ ða0 ; b0 ; c0 ÞT  ða0 ; b0 ; c0 Þ ¼ ½ða; b; cÞPT  ða; b; cÞP ¼ P T ða; b; cÞT  ða; b; cÞP ¼ P T GP;

x~ 0 ¼ ðW 0 ; w0 Þx0 ¼ W 0 x0 þ w0 :

ð1:5:2:4Þ

The relation between ðW ; wÞ and ðW 0 ; w0 Þ is derived via the transformation matrix–column pair ðP; pÞ, which specifies the change of the coordinate system. The successive application of equations (1.5.1.7), (1.5.2.9) and again (1.5.1.7) results in x~ 0 = ðP; pÞ
1 x~ = ðP; pÞ
1 ðW ; wÞx = ðP; pÞ
1 ðW ; wÞðP; pÞx0 , which compared with equation (1.5.2.10) gives

where P T is the transposed matrix of P. The transformation behaviour of G under ðP; pÞ is determined by the matrix P, i.e. G is not affected by an origin shift p. The volume V of the unit cell defined by the basis vectors a; b; c can be obtained from the determinant of the metric tensor, V 2 ¼ detðGÞ. The transformation behaviour of V under a coordinate transformation follows from the transformation behaviour of the metric tensor [note that detðPÞ ¼ detðP T Þ]: ðV 0 Þ2 = detðG0 Þ = detðP T GPÞ = detðPÞ detðP T Þ detðGÞ = detðPÞ2 V 2 , i.e. V 0 ¼ jdetðPÞjV;

ðW 0 ; w0 Þ ¼ ðP; pÞ
1 ðW ; wÞðP; pÞ:

ð1:5:2:5Þ

ð1:5:2:6Þ

W 0 ¼ P
1 W P ¼ QW P

V 0 ¼ jdetðQÞjV  or V 0 ¼ detðQÞV  ¼ ½1= detðPÞV  if detðQÞ > 0: ð1:5:2:7Þ

ð1:5:2:12Þ

and w0 ¼ P
1 W p þ P
1 w
P
1 p ¼ P
1 ðw þ W p
pÞ

Again, it is only the linear part Q ¼ P
1 that determines the transformation behaviour of G and V  under coordinate transformations.

¼ Qðw þ W p
pÞ ¼ Qðw þ ðW
IÞpÞ:

ð1:5:2:13Þ

The whole formalism described above can be visualized by means of an instructive diagram, Fig. 1.5.2.1, displaying the transformation of the matrix–column pairs of symmetry operations under coordinate transformations, the so-called mapping of mappings. The points X (left) and X~ (right), and the corresponding columns of coordinates x and x~ ; and x0 and x~ 0 , are referred to the old and to the new coordinate systems, respectively. The transformation matrices of each step are indicated next to the edges of the diagram, while the arrows indicate the direction, e.g. x ¼ ðP; pÞx0 but x0 ¼ ðP; pÞ
1 x. From x0 to x~ 0 it is possible to proceed in two different ways: (i) x~ 0 ¼ ðW 0 ; w0 Þx0 , (ii) x~ 0 ¼ ðP; pÞ
1 x~ ¼ ðP; pÞ
1 ðW ; wÞx ¼ ðP; pÞ
1 ðW ; wÞðP; pÞx0 . The comparison of (i) and (ii) yields equation (1.5.2.11).

1.5.2.3. Transformation of matrix–column pairs of symmetry operations The matrix–column pairs for the symmetry operations are changed by a change of the coordinate system (see Section 1.2.2 for details of the matrix description of symmetry operations). A symmetry operation W that maps a point X to an image point X~ is described in the ‘old’ (unprimed) coordinate system by the system of equations x~1 ¼ W11 x1 þ W12 x2 þ W13 x3 þ w1 x~2 ¼ W21 x1 þ W22 x2 þ W23 x3 þ w2

ð1:5:2:11Þ

The result indicates that the change of the matrix–column pairs of symmetry operations ðW ; wÞ under a coordinate transformation described by the matrix–column pair ðP; pÞ is realized by the conjugation of ðW ; wÞ by ðP; pÞ. The multiplication of the matrix–column pairs on the right-hand side of equation (1.5.2.11), namely ðP; pÞ
1 ðW ; wÞðP; pÞ = ðP
1 ;
P
1 pÞðW ; wÞðP; pÞ = ðP
1 W ;P
1 w
P
1 pÞðP;pÞ = ðP
1 W P;P
1 W p þ P
1 w
P
1 pÞ, results in the factorization of the relation (1.5.2.11) into a pair of equations for the rotation and translation parts of ðW 0 ; w0 Þ:

which is reduced to V 0 ¼ detðPÞV if detðPÞ > 0. Similarly, the metric tensor G of the reciprocal lattice and the volume V  of the unit cell defined by the basis vectors a ; b ; c transform as G0 ¼ QG QT ;

ð1:5:2:10Þ

ð1:5:2:8Þ

x~3 ¼ W31 x1 þ W32 x2 þ W33 x3 þ w3 ; i.e. by the matrix–column pair ðW ; wÞ: x~ ¼ W x þ w ¼ ðW ; wÞx:

ð1:5:2:9Þ

1.5.2.4. Augmented-matrix formalism

In the new (primed) coordinate system, the symmetry operation W is described by the pair ðW 0 ; w0 Þ:

The augmented-matrix formalism (cf. Section 1.2.2) simplifies the equations of the coordinate transformations discussed above.

84

1.5. TRANSFORMATIONS OF COORDINATE SYSTEMS The matrices P, Q may be combined with columns p, q to form (4  4) matrices: 1 0 P11 P12 P13 p1 C   B B P21 P22 P23 p2 C P p C B ¼B P¼ C; 0 1 B P31 P32 P33 p3 C A @ 0 0 0 1 0 Q11 Q12 Q13   B B Q q B Q21 Q22 Q23 Q ¼ P
1 ¼ ¼B 0 1 B Q31 Q32 Q33 @ 0 0 0

0 1 r1 B C Q q B r2 C r0 ¼ P
1 r ¼ Qr ¼ B C 0 1 @ r3 A 0 1 0 1 0 Q11 Q12 Q13 q1 C r1 B B Q21 Q22 Q23 q2 CB r2 C CB C B ¼B CB C B Q31 Q32 Q33 q3 C@ r3 A A @ 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Q11 r1 þ Q12 r2 þ Q13 r3 B Q21 r1 þ Q22 r2 þ Q23 r3 C C B ¼ B Q r þ Q r þ Q r C: @ 31 1 32 2 33 3 A

the corresponding

q1



1

C q2 C C C; q3 C A 1

ð1:5:2:14Þ

ð1:5:2:16Þ

0

where 0 is a 1  3 row with zero coefficients. As already indicated in Section 1.2.2, the horizontal and vertical lines in the augmented matrices have no mathematical meaning; they serve as guide to the eye so that the coefficients can be recognized more easily. Analogously, the (3  1) columns x and x0 are augmented to (4  1) columns by adding ‘1’ as fourth coordinate in order to enable matrix multiplication with the augmented matrices: 0 1 0 01 x1 x1 B x2 C 0 B x02 C C B C x¼B @ x3 A; x ¼ @ x03 A. Using the augmented matrices, the

The Miller indices (hkl) are coefficients of vectors in reciprocal space (plane normals). Therefore, the (1  3) rows (hkl) are augmented by 0: ðhklj0Þ. Thus, only the linear part P of the general coordinate transformation ðP; pÞ acts on the Miller indices while the origin shift has no effect, cf. equation (1.5.2.2). The augmented-matrix formulation of transformation of symmetry operations (1.5.2.11) is straightforward if the matrices W and W 0 are combined with the corresponding columns w and w0 to form (4  4) matrices: 1 0 W11 W12 W13 w1 C   B B W21 W22 W23 w2 C W w C B ¼B W¼ C; 0 1 B W31 W32 W33 w3 C A @ 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 W12 W13 w01 W11 C  0  B 0 0 0 B W21 W22 W23 w02 C w0 W C B 0 W ¼ ¼B 0 C: 0 0 0 1 B W31 W32 W33 w03 C A @ 0 0 0 1

1 1 transformation behaviour of point coordinates [cf. equation (1.5.1.7)] takes the form 0 1 x1  B C x Q q B 2C x0 ¼ P
1 x ¼ Qx ¼ B C 0 1 @ x3 A 1 1 0 Q11 Q12 Q13 q1 0 1 C x1 B B Q21 Q22 Q23 q2 CB x C CB 2 C B ¼B C B Q31 Q32 Q33 q3 C@ x3 A @ A 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 Q11 x1 þ Q12 x2 þ Q13 x3 þ q1 B Q21 x1 þ Q22 x2 þ Q23 x3 þ q2 C B C ¼ B Q x þ Q x þ Q x þ q C: ð1:5:2:15Þ @ 31 1 32 2 33 3 3A

Thus, equation (1.5.2.11) is replaced by its (4  4) analogue: W0 ¼ P
1 WP ¼ QWP

0

Q11

Q12

Q13

B B Q21 Q22 Q23 B ¼B B Q31 Q32 Q33 @ 0 0 0 0 P11 P12 P13 B B P21 P22 P23 B B B P31 P32 P33 @ 0 0 0

1 The difference in the transformation behaviour of point coordinates and vector coefficients under coordinate transformations becomes obvious if the augmented-matrix formalism is applied. The (3  1) column of coefficients of a vector between points X and Y, 0 1 y1
x1 r ¼ y
x ¼ @ y2
x2 A; y3
x3

q1

1 0

W11

C B B q2 C C B W21 CB q3 C B W31 A @ 1 0 1 p1 C p2 C C C; p3 C A 1

W12

W13

W22

W23

W32

W33

0

0

w1

1

C w2 C C C w3 C A 1

ð1:5:2:17Þ

where P and Q are defined according to equation (1.5.2.14). [Note that to avoid any confusion that might result from equation (1.5.2.17) being displayed over more than one line, the matrix multiplication is explicitly indicated by centred dots between the matrices.] In analogy to equation (1.5.2.11), the change of the augmented matrices of symmetry operations W under coordinate transformations represented by the augmented matrices P is described by the conjugation of W with P. The transformation behaviour of the vector coefficients becomes apparent if the (distance) vector v is treated as a

is augmented by adding zero as fourth coefficient: 0 1 y1
x1 B y2
x2 C C r¼y
x ¼B @ y3
x3 A; 0 and this specific form of r reflects its specific transformation properties, namely that it is unaffected by origin shifts:

85

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY translation vector and the transformation behaviour of the translation is considered. The corresponding translation is then described by ðI; vÞ, i.e. W ¼ I, w ¼ v. Equation (1.5.2.13) shows that the translation and thus the translation vector are not changed under an origin shift, (P; pÞ ¼ ðI; pÞ, because ðI; vÞ0 = ðI; vÞ holds. For the same reason, under a general coordinate transformation the origin shift has no effect on the vector coefficients, cf. equation (1.5.2.16).

R3m (160) (cf. Section 1.5.3.1) with cell parameters ahex = ˚ , chex = 10.69 (4) A ˚ . The coordinates of the atoms 4.164 (2) A in the asymmetric unit are given as Ge: 3a 0; 0; 0:2376 Te: 3a 0; 0; 0:7624 The relation between the basis ac ; bc ; cc of the F-centred cubic lattice and the basis a0c ; b0c ; c0c of the reference description can be obtained by inspection. The c0c axis of the reference hexagonal basis must be one of the cubic threefold axes, say [111]. The axes a0c and b0c must be lattice vectors of the F-centred lattice, perpendicular to the rhombohedral axis. They must have equal length, form an angle of 120 , and together with c0c define a righthanded basis. For example, the vectors a0c ¼ 12ð
ac þ bc Þ, b0c ¼ 12ð
bc þ cc Þ fulfil these conditions. The transformation matrix P between the bases ac ; bc ; cc and a0c ; b0c ; c0c can also be derived from the data listed in Table 1.5.1.1 in two steps: (i) A cubic F cell can p beffiffifficonsidered as a primitive rhombohedral cell with ap ¼ ac 12 2 and
= 60 . The relation between the two cells is described by the transformation matrix P 1 (cf. Table 1.5.1.1 and Fig. 1.5.1.4): 0 1 0 12 12 ðap ; bp ; cp Þ ¼ ðac ; bc ; cc ÞP 1 ¼ ðac ; bc ; cc Þ@ 12 0 12 A: 1 1 0 2 2

1.5.2.5. Example: paraelectric-to-ferroelectric phase transition of GeTe Coordinate transformations are essential in the study of structural relationships between crystal structures. Consider as an example two phases A (basic or parent structure) and B (derivative structure) of the same compound. Let the space group H of B be a proper subgroup of the space group G of A, H < G. The relationship between the two structures is characterized by a global distortion that, in general, can be decomposed into a homogeneous strain describing the distortion of the lattice of B relative to that of A and an atomic displacement field representing the displacements of the atoms of B from their positions in A. In order to facilitate the comparison of the two structures, first the coordinate system of structure A is transformed by an appropriate transformation ðP; pÞ to that of structure B. This new description of A will be called the reference description of structure A relative to structure B. Now, the metric tensors GA of the reference description of A and GB are of the same type and are distinguished only by the values of their parameters. The adaptation of structure A to structure B can be performed in two further steps. In the first step the parameter values of GA are adapted to those of GB by an affine transformation which determines the metric deformation (spontaneous strain) of structure B relative to structure A. The result is a hypothetical structure which still differs from structure B by atomic displacements. In the second step these displacements are balanced out by shifting the individual atoms to those of structure B. In other words, if a; b; c represents the basis of the parent phase, then its image under the transformation ða0 ; b0 ; c0 Þ = ða; b; cÞP should be similar to the basis of the derivative phase aH ; bH ; cH. The difference between a0 ; b0 ; c0 and aH ; bH ; cH determines the metric deformation (spontaneous strain) accompanying the transition between the two phases. Similarly, the differences between the images X 0 of the atomic positions X of the basic structure under the transformation ðP; pÞ and the atomic positions XH of the derivative structure give the atomic displacements that occur during the phase transition. As an example we will consider the structural phase transition of GeTe, which is of displacive type, i.e. the phase transition is accomplished through small atomic displacements. The roomtemperature ferroelectric phase belongs to the rhombohedral space group R3m (160). At about 720 K a structural phase transition takes place to a high-symmetry paraelectric cubic phase of the NaCl type. The following descriptions of the two phases of GeTe are taken from the ICSD: (a) Wiedemeier & Siemers (1989), ICSD No. 56037. The symmetry of the high-temperature phase is described by the ˚
(225) with cell parameters ac = 6.009 A space group Fm3m and atomic coordinates listed as Ge: 4a 0; 0; 0 Te: 4b 12; 12; 12 (b) Chattopadhyay et al. (1987), ICSD No. 56038. The structure is described with respect to the hexagonal-axes setting of

ð1:5:2:18Þ (ii) The transformation matrix P 2 between the rhombohedral primitive cell and the triple hexagonal cell (obverse setting) of the reference description is read from Table 1.5.1.1 (cf. Fig. 1.5.1.6): 0 1 1 0 1 ða0c ; b0c ; c0c Þ ¼ ðap ; bp ; cp ÞP 2 ¼ ðap ; bp ; cp Þ@ 1
1 1 A: 0 1
1 ð1:5:2:19Þ Combining equations (1.5.2.18) and (1.5.2.19) gives the orientational relationship between the F-centred cubic cell and the rhombohedrally centred hexagonal cell ða0c ; b0c ; c0c Þ = ðac ; bc ; cc ÞP, where 1 0 1 0 10 1
2 0 1 1 0 1 0 12 12 C B B CB C P ¼ P 1 P 2 ¼ @ 12 0 12 A@ 1
1 1 A ¼ @ 12
12 1 A: 1 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 2 2 2

ð1:5:2:20Þ Formally, the lattice parameters of the reference unit cell can be extracted from the metric tensor G0c obtained from the metric tensor Gc transformed by P, cf. equation (1.5.2.4): G0c ¼ P T Gc P 0 1 10 2 1
2 0 ac 2 ¼ @ 0
12 12 A@ 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
4 0 2 C 2B 1 1 ¼ ac @
4 0 A; 2 0

10 1
2 0 B 0 A@ 12 0 a2c

1 0 1 C
12 1 A 1 1 2 ð1:5:2:21Þ

3 pffiffiffi pffiffiffi ˚ and c0c ¼ ac 3 = 10.408 A ˚. which gives a0c ¼ ac 12 2 = 4.249 A The comparison of these values with the experimentally deter-

86

0

0 a2c 0

1.5. TRANSFORMATIONS OF COORDINATE SYSTEMS mined lattice parameters of the low-symmetry phase [ahex = ˚ , chex = 10.69 (4) A ˚ (Chattopadhyay et al., 1987)] 4.164 (2) A determines the lattice deformation accompanying the displacive phase transition, which basically consists of expanding the cubic unit cell along the [111] direction. (In fact, the elongation along [111] is accompanied by a contraction in the ab plane that leads to an overall volume reduction of about 1.3%.) Owing to the polar character of R3m, the symmetry conditions
> R3m [cf. following from the group–subgroup relation Fm3m equation (1.5.2.11)] are not sufficient to determine the origin shift of the transformation between the high- and the low-symmetry space groups. The origin shift of p ¼ ð
14;
14;
14Þ in this specific case is chosen in such a way that the relative displacements of Ge and Te are equal in size but in opposite direction along [111]. The inverse transformation matrix–column pair ðQ; qÞ = ðP; pÞ
1 ¼ ðP
1 ;
P
1 pÞ is necessary for the calculation of the atomic coordinates of the reference description Xc0 . Given the matrix P, its inverse P
1 can be calculated either directly (i.e. applying the algebraic procedure for inversion of a matrix) or
1 using the inverse matrices Q1 ¼ P
1 1 and Q2 ¼ P 2 listed in Table 1.5.1.1:
1 Q ¼ P
1 ¼ ðP 1 P 2 Þ
1 ¼ P
1 2 P1 1 0 0 10 2
43
13
13 1
1 1 3 B C B1 C 1
23 A@ 1 1
1 A ¼ @
23 ¼ @3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3

2 3
23 1 3

Figure 1.5.3.1 Three possible cell choices for the monoclinic space group P21 =c (14) with unique axis b. Note the corresponding changes in the full Hermann– Mauguin symbols. The glide vector is indicated by an arrow.

unique axis b description of monoclinic space groups, the unique symmetry direction is chosen as b; it is normal to c and a, which form the angle . However, it is often the case that this standard direction is not the most appropriate choice and that another choice would be more convenient. An example of this would be when following a phase transition from an orthorhombic parent phase to a monoclinic phase. Here, it would often be preferable to keep the same orientation of the axes even if the resulting monoclinic setting is not standard. In some of the space groups, and especially in the monoclinic ones, the space-group tables of Chapter 2.3 provide a selection of possible alternative settings. For example, in space group P21 =c, two possible orientations of the unit-cell axes are provided, namely with unique axis b and c. This is reflected in the corresponding full Hermann–Mauguin symbols by the explicit specification of the unique-axis position (dummy indices ‘1’ indicate ‘empty’ symmetry directions), and by the corresponding change in the direction of the glide plane: P121 =c1 or P1121 =a (cf. Section 1.4.1 for a detailed treatment of Hermann–Mauguin symbols of space groups). It is not just the unique monoclinic axis that can be varied: the choice of the other axes can vary as well. There are cases where the selection of the conventional setting leads to an inconvenient monoclinic angle that deviates greatly from 90 . If another cell choice minimizes the deviation from 90 , it is preferred. Fig. 1.5.3.1 illustrates three cell choices for the monoclinic axis b setting of P21 =c. In centrosymmetric space groups the origin of the unit cell is located at an inversion centre (‘origin choice 2’). If, however, another point has higher site symmetry S, a second diagram is displayed with the origin at a point with site symmetry S (‘origin choice 1’). Fig. 1.5.3.2 illustrates the space group Pban with two possible origins. The origin of the first choice is located on a point with site symmetry 222, whereas the origin for the second choice is located on an inversion centre. Among the 230 space groups, this volume lists 24 centrosymmetric space groups with an additional alternative origin. Finally, the seven rhombohedral space-group types (i.e. space groups with a rhombohedral lattice) also have alternative descriptions included in the space-group tables of this volume. The rhombohedral lattice is first presented with an R-centred

21 3 4A 3 : 1 3

ð1:5:2:22Þ (Note the change in the order of multiplication of the matrices
1 P
1 1 and P 2 in Q.) The corresponding origin shift q is given by 0 1 0 1 0 4 2 21 0
3
14 3 3 B C
1 q ¼
P p ¼
@
23
23 43 A@
14 A ¼ @ 0 A: ð1:5:2:23Þ 1 1 1 1
14 4 3 3 3 The atomic positions of the reference description become 0 01 0 4 1 0 1 2 2 10 0
3 xc xc 3 3 @ y0c A ¼ @
2
2 4 A@ yc A þ @ 0 A: 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 z0c zc 4 3 3 3 The coordinates of the representative Ge atom occupying posi
are transformed to 0; 0; 1, while those of tion 4a 0, 0, 0 in Fm3m 4
to 0; 0; 3. The Te are transformed from 4b 12; 12; 12 in Fm3m 4 comparison of these values with the experimentally determined atomic coordinates of Ge 0, 0, 0.2376 and Te 0, 0, 0.7624 reveals the corresponding atomic displacements associated with the displacive phase transition. The low-symmetry phase is a result of relative atomic displacements of the Ge and Te atoms along the polar (rhombohedral) [111] direction, giving rise to non-zero polarization along the same direction, i.e. the phase transition is a paraelectric-to-ferroelectric one.

1.5.3. Transformations between different space-group descriptions By G. Chapuis, H. Wondratschek and M. I. Aroyo

1.5.3.1. Space groups with more than one description in this volume In the description of the space-group symbols presented in Section 1.4.1, we have already seen that in the conventional,

87

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY

Figure 1.5.3.2 Two possible origin choices for the orthorhombic space group Pban (50). Origin choice 1 is on 222, whereas origin choice 2 is on 1.

hexagonal cell (jahex j ¼ jbhex j; chex ? ahex , bhex ;  = 120 ) with a volume three times larger than that of the primitive rhombohedral cell. The second presentation is given with a primitive rhombohedral cell with arh ¼ brh ¼ crh and
rh ¼ rh ¼ rh . The relation between the two types of cell is illustrated in Fig. 1.5.3.3 for the space group R3m (160). In the hexagonal cell, the coordinates of the special position with site symmetry 3m are 0, 0, z, whereas in the rhombohedral cell the same special position has coordinates x; x; x. If we refer to the transformations of the primitive rhombohedral cell cited in Table 1.5.1.1, we observe two different centrings with three possible orientations R1, R2 and R3 which are related by 120 to each other. The two kinds of centrings, called obverse and reverse, are illustrated in Fig. 1.5.1.6. A rotation of 180 around the rhombohedral axis relates the obverse and reverse descriptions of the rhombohedral lattice. The obverse triple R cells have lattice points at 0, 0, 0; 23 ; 13 ; 13; 13 ; 23 ; 23, whereas the reverse R cells have lattice points at 0, 0, 0; 13 ; 23 ; 13; 23 ; 13 ; 23. The triple hexagonal cell R1 of the obverse setting (i.e. ahex ¼ arh
brh , bhex ¼ brh
crh , chex ¼ arh þ brh þ brh Þ has been used in the description of the rhombohedral space groups in this volume (cf. Table 1.5.1.1 and Fig. 1.5.3.3). The hexagonal lattice can be referred to a centred rhombohedral cell, called the D cell (cf. Table 1.5.1.1). The centring points of this cell are 0; 0; 0, 13 ; 13 ; 13 and 2 2 2 3 ; 3 ; 3. However, the D cell is rarely used in crystallography.

mations ðP; pÞ between the different settings are completely specified by the linear part of the transformation, the 3  3 matrix P [cf. equation (1.5.1.4)], as all settings of P21 =c refer to the same origin, i.e. p ¼ o. The transformation matrices P necessary for switching between the different descriptions of P21 =c can either be read off directly or constructed from the transformation-matrix data listed in Table 1.5.1.1. (A) Transformation from P121 =c1 (unique axis b, cell choice 1) to P1121 =a (unique axis c, cell choice 1). The change of the direction of the screw axis 21 indicates that the unique direction b

1.5.3.2. Examples 1.5.3.2.1. Transformations between different settings of P21 /c In the space-group tables of this volume, the monoclinic space group P21 =c (14) is described in six different settings: for each of the ‘unique axis b’ and ‘unique axis c’ settings there are three descriptions specified by different cell choices (cf. Section 2.1.3.15). The different settings are identified by the appropriate full Hermann–Mauguin symbols. The basis transfor-

Figure 1.5.3.3 General-position diagram of the space group R3m (160) showing the relation between the hexagonal and rhombohedral axes in the obverse setting: arh = 1 1 1 3 ð2ahex þ bhex þ chex Þ, brh = 3 ð
ahex þ bhex þ chex Þ, crh = 3 ð
ahex
2bhex þ chex Þ.

88

1.5. TRANSFORMATIONS OF COORDINATE SYSTEMS P1121 =a are related to the matrices Wb of P121 =c1 by the equation Wc ¼ QWb P, where

Table 1.5.3.1 Transformation of reflection-condition data for P121/c1 to P1121/a

General conditions

Special conditions for the inversion centres

P121/c1 hb kb lb

P1121/a hc kc lc

h0l: l = 2n 0k0: k = 2n 00l: l = 2n

hk0: h = 2n 00l: l = 2n h00: h = 2n

hkl: k + l = 2n

hkl: h + l = 2n

0

B B0

P¼B B1 @

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

C 0C C 0C A 1

0 and

0

B B1

Q¼B B0 @

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

C 0C C: 0C A 1

0 0 1
0

0

0

0

0 1


1 2 1 2

1 2 1 2

1 C C C A

1

transforms to 0

0

0

1

1 2 1 2

0

10

1


0

CB B 0C CB 0 1 CB 0 0 CB 0 0 A@ 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 12 C 1
0 0 C C C; 0 1 12 C A 0 0 1

B B1 0 B B B0 1 @ 0 0 0 1
B B0 B ¼B B0 @ 0


of P1121 =a: @ 0 A and @ A transWyckoff0position 2d 01 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 1 form to @ 12 A and @ 2 A. 1 0 2 (ii) Transformation of the indices in the ‘Reflection conditions’ block. Under a coordinate transformation specified by a matrix P, the indices of the reflection conditions (Miller indices) transform according to ðh0 k0 l0 Þ ¼ ðhklÞP, cf. equation (1.5.2.2). The transformation under 0 1 0 1 0 P ¼ @0 0 1A 1 0 0

0

0

10

0

CB CB 0 CB CB CB 1 A@ 1 0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

C 0C C C 0C A 1

which corresponds to x
þ 12; y
; z þ 12. Finally, the symmetry operation ð4Þ x; y
þ 12; z þ 12 represented by the matrix 0

1 B0 B B0 @ 0

of the set of general or special reflection conditions hb kb lb for P121 =c1 should result in the set of general or special reflection conditions hc kc lc of P1121 =a: 0 1 0 1 0 ðhc kc lc Þ ¼ ðhb kb lb Þ@ 0 0 1 A ¼ ðlb hb kb Þ; 1 0 0

0 1
0 0

0 0 1 0

1

0

1 1C B0 B 2C 1 C transforms to B @0 2A 1 0 0

0 1 0 0

0 0 1
0

1 2

1

0C C 1 C; 2A 1

corresponding to the coordinate triplet x þ 12; y; z
þ 12 [the matrices of (4) and its transformed are those of (2) and its
transformed, multiplied by 1]. The coordinate triplets of the transformed symmetry operations correspond to the entries of the general-position block of P1121 =a (cf. the space-group tables of P21 =c in Chapter 2.3).

i.e. hc ¼ lb ; kc ¼ hb ; lc ¼ kb (see Table 1.5.3.1). (iii) Transformation of the matrix–column pairs ðW ; wÞ of the symmetry operations. The matrices of the representatives of the symmetry operations of P121 =c1 can be constructed from the coordinate triplets listed in the general-position block of the group: ð3Þ x
; y
; z


0

0

1
0 B0 1 B B0 0 @ 0 0

For example, the representative coordinate triplets of the special Wyckoff position 2d 1
of P121 =c1 transform exactly to the representative coordinate 0 triplets 1 of 0the1special

ð2Þ x
; y þ 12; z
þ 12

0

0

(i) Transformation of point coordinates. From x0 ¼ P
1 x, cf. equation (1.5.1.5), it follows that 0 1 0 10 1 0 1 xc 0 0 1 zb xb @ yc A ¼ @ 1 0 0 A@ yb A ¼ @ xb A: 0 1 0 zc zb yb

ð1Þ x; y; z

1

The unit matrix representing the identity operation (1) is invariant under any basis transformation, i.e. x; y; z transforms to x; y; z. Similarly, the matrix of inversion 1
(3) (the linear part of which is a multiple of the unit matrix) is also invariant under any basis transformation, i.e. x
; y
; z
transforms to x
; y
; z
. The symmetry operation (2) x
; y þ 12 ; z
þ 12, represented by the matrix

transforms to the unique direction c, while the glide vector along c transforms to a glide vector along a. These changes are reflected in the transformation matrix P between the basis ab ; bb ; cb of P121 =c1 and ac ; bc ; cc of P1121 =a, which can be read directly from Table 1.5.1.1: 0 1 0 1 0 ðac ; bc ; cc Þ ¼ ðab ; bb ; cb ÞP ¼ ðab ; bb ; cb Þ@ 0 0 1 A: 1 0 0

1 2

0

(B) Transformation from P1121 =b (unique axis c, cell choice 3) to P121 =c1 (unique axis b, cell choice 1): ðab;1 ; bb;1 ; cb;1 Þ = ðac;3 ; bc;3 ; cc;3 ÞP. A transformation matrix from P1121 =b directly to P121 =c1 is not found in Table 1.5.1.1, but it can be constructed in two steps from transformation matrices that are listed there. For example: Step 1. Unique axis c fixed: transformation from ‘cell choice 3’ to ‘cell choice 1’:

ð4Þ x; y
þ 12; z þ 12

Their transformation is more conveniently performed using the augmented-matrix formalism. According to equation (1.5.2.17), the matrices Wc of the symmetry operations of

89

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY 0 1 origin O2 with respect to O1, i.e. the corresponding transforma0 1
0 @ A
tion matrix ðac;1 ; bc;1 ; cc;1 Þ ¼ ðac;3 ; bc;3 ; cc;3 ÞP 1 ¼ ðac;3 ; bc;3 ; cc;3 Þ 1 1 0 : 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 ð1:5:3:1Þ ðP; pÞ ¼ ðI; pÞ ¼ ð@ 0 1 0 A; @
14 AÞ 1 0 0 1 8 Step 2. Cell choice 1 invariant: transformation from unique axis c to unique axis b: 0 1 0 0 1 ðab;1 ; bb;1 ; cb;1 Þ ¼ ðac;1 ; bc;1 ; cc;1 ÞP 2 ¼ ðac;1 ; bc;1 ; cc;1 Þ@ 1 0 0 A: 0 1 0

transforms the crystallographic data from the origin choice 1 setting to the origin choice 2 setting. (i) Transformation of point coordinates. In accordance with the discussion of Section 1.5.1.1 [cf. equation 0 (1.5.1.2)], 1 x1 the transformation of point coordinates x1 ¼ @ y1 A of the z1 0 1 x2 origin choice 1 setting of I41 =amd to x2 ¼ @ y2 A of the z2 origin choice 2 setting is given by 0 1 0 1 x1 x2 x2 ¼ @ y2 A ¼ ðP; pÞ
1 x1 ¼ ðI;
pÞx1 ¼ @ y1 þ 14 A: z1
18 z2

ð1:5:3:2Þ The transformation matrix P for the change from P1121 =b to P121 =c1 is obtained by starting from equation (1.5.3.2) and replacing the expression for ac;1 ; bc;1 ; cc;1 with that from equation (1.5.3.1): ðab;1 ; bb;1 ; cb;1 Þ ¼ ðac;1 ; bc;1 ; cc;1 ÞP 2 ¼ ðac;3 ; bc;3 ; cc;3 ÞP 1 P 2 1 0 10 0 0 1 0 1
0 C B CB ¼ ðac;3 ; bc;3 ; cc;3 Þ@ 1 1
0 A@ 1 0 0 A 0

0 1


B ¼ ðac;3 ; bc;3 ; cc;3 Þ@ 1
0

0

1

0 0

0 C 1 A:

1

0

1

0

1

ð1:5:3:3Þ

0 (ii) Metric tensors and the data for the reflection conditions. The metric tensors and the data for the reflection conditions are not affected by an origin shift as P ¼ I, cf. equations (1.5.2.4) and (1.5.2.2). (iii) Transformation of the matrix–column pairs ðW ; wÞ of the symmetry operations. The origin-shift transformation ðI; pÞ relates the matrix–column pairs ðW 1 ; w1 Þ of the symmetry operations of the origin choice 1 setting of I41 =amd to ðW 2 ; w2 Þ of the origin choice 2 setting [cf. equation (1.5.2.11)]:

The inverse matrix Q ¼ P
1 can be obtained either by inversion
1 or by the product of the factors Q1 ¼ P
1 1 and Q2 ¼ P 2 but in reverse order: 1 0 10 0 1 0 1
1 0 C B CB
1 Q ¼ ðP 1 P 2 Þ
1 ¼ P
1 0 1 A@ 1
0 0 A 2 P 1 ¼ Q2 Q1 ¼ @ 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
0 0 B C ¼ @ 0 0 1 A: 1
1 0

ðW 2 ; w2 Þ ¼ ðI;
pÞðW 1 ; w1 ÞðI; pÞ ¼ ðW 1 ; w1 þ ½W 1
I pÞ: ð1:5:3:4Þ The rotation part of the symmetry operation is not affected by the origin shift, but the translation part is affected, i.e. W 2 ¼ W 1 and w2 ¼ w1 þ ½W 1
I p. For example, the translation and unit element generators of I41 =amd are not changed under the origin-shift transformation, as W 1 ¼ I. The first non-translation generator given by the coordinate triplet y
; x þ 12; z þ 14 and represented by the matrix 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
0 0 1
0 4 B C @1A B C B3C ; Þ transforms to ð ð@ 1 0 0 A; 1 0 0 @ A @ 2 4 AÞ; 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 4 4

The transformation matrix P determined above and its inverse Q permit the transformation of crystallographic data for the change from P1121 =b to P121 =c1.

1.5.3.2.2. Transformation between the two origin-choice settings of I41 /amd The zircon example of Section 1.5.1.1 illustrates how the atomic coordinates change under an origin-choice transformation. Here, the case of the two origin-choice descriptions of the same space group I41/amd (141) will be used to demonstrate how the rest of the crystallographic quantities are affected by an origin shift. The two descriptions of I41/amd in the space-group tables of this volume are distinguished by the origin choices of the reference coordinate systems: the origin statement of the origin choice
1 setting indicates that its origin O1 is taken at a point of 4m2 symmetry, which is located at 0; 14;
18 with respect to the origin O2 of origin choice 2, taken at a centre (2/m). Conversely, the origin O2 is taken at a centre (2/m) at 0;
14; 18 from the origin O1 . These origin descriptions in fact specify explicitly the origin-shift vector p necessary for the transformation between the two settings. For example, the shift vector listed for origin choice 2 expresses the

which corresponds to the coordinate triplet y
þ 14; x þ 34; z þ 14. The second non-translation generator x
; y
þ 12; z
þ 14, represented by the matrix 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 1
0 0 B C @1A B C @ A

ð@ 0 1 0 A; 2 Þ transforms to ð@ 0 1 0 A; 1 Þ; 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 1
4 which under the normalization 0  wi < 1 is written as the coordinate triplet x
; y
; z
. The coordinate triplets of the transformed symmetry operations are the entries of the corresponding generators of the origin choice 2 setting of I41 =amd (cf. the space-group tables of I41 =amd in Chapter 2.3).

90

1.5. TRANSFORMATIONS OF COORDINATE SYSTEMS

1.5.4. Synoptic tables of plane and space groups2 By B. Souvignier, G. Chapuis and H. Wondratschek

additional symmetry operations and symmetry elements. The key to the procedure is the decomposition of the translation part w of a symmetry operation W ¼ ðW ; wÞ into an intrinsic translation part wg , which is fixed by the linear part W of W and thus parallel to the geometric element of W , and a location part wl , which is perpendicular to the intrinsic translation part. Note that the space fixed by W and the space perpendicular to this fixed space are complementary, i.e. their dimensions add up to 3, therefore this decomposition is always possible. As described in Section 1.2.2.4, the determination of the intrinsic translation part of a symmetry operation W ¼ ðW ; wÞ with linear part W of order k is based on the fact that the kth power of W must be a pure translation, i.e. W k ¼ ðI; tÞ for some lattice translation t . The intrinsic translation part of W is then defined as wg ¼ ð1=kÞt. The difference wl ¼ w
wg is perpendicular to wg and it is called the location part of w. This terminology is justified by the following observation: As explained in detail in Sections 1.5.1.3 and 1.5.2.3, under an origin shift by p, a column x of point coordinates is transformed to

It is already clear from Section 1.5.3.1 that the Hermann– Mauguin symbols of a space group depend on the choice of the basis vectors. The purpose of this section is to give an overview of a large selection of possible alternative settings of space groups and their Hermann–Mauguin symbols covering most practical cases. In particular, the synoptic tables include two main types of information: (i) Space-group symbols for various settings and choices of the basis. The axis transformations involve permutations of axes conserving the shape of the cell and also transformations leading to different cell shapes and multiple cells. (ii) Extended Hermann–Mauguin space-group symbols in addition to the short and full symbols. The three types of symbols, short, full and extended, provide different levels of information about the symmetry elements and the related symmetry operations of the space group (cf. Section 1.2.3 for definitions and discussion of the concepts of symmetry element, geometric element, element set and defining symmetry operation). The short and full Hermann–Mauguin symbols only display information about a chosen set of generators for a space group from which all the elements of a space group can in principle be deduced (cf. Section 1.4.1.4 for a detailed treatment of short and full Hermann–Mauguin symbols). The multiplicity of the general position in each space group gives the number of symmetry operations modulo the lattice translations. As already discussed in Section 1.4.2.4, the combinations of this representative set of symmetry operations with lattice translations give rise to additional symmetry operations and additional symmetry elements, displayed in the symmetry-element diagrams. The additional symmetry operations are also reflected in the socalled extended Hermann–Mauguin symbols, which were introduced in International Tables for X-ray Crystallography Volume I (1952). They were systematically developed and tabulated by Bertaut for the first edition of Volume A of International Tables for Crystallography (IT A), published in 1983. The background for the correct construction and interpretation of the extended Hermann–Mauguin symbols is presented in the following section.

x0 ¼ ðI;
pÞx ¼ ðI; pÞ
1 x; making in particular p the new origin, and a matrix–column pair ðW ; wÞ is transformed to ðW 0 ; w0 Þ ¼ ðI; pÞ
1 ðW ; wÞðI; pÞ: Applied to the symmetry operation ðW ; wl Þ, known as the reduced symmetry operation in which the full translation part is replaced by the location part (thereby neglecting the intrinsic translation part), an origin shift by p results in ðI; pÞ
1 ðW ; wl ÞðI; pÞ ¼ ðI;
pÞðW ; wl ÞðI; pÞ ¼ ðW ; W p
p þ wl Þ ¼ ðW ; ðW
IÞp þ wl Þ: This means that if it is possible to find an origin shift p such that ðI
W Þp ¼ wl , then with respect to the new origin the reduced symmetry operation ðW ; wl Þ is transformed to ðW ; oÞ. But since the subspace perpendicular to the fixed space of W clearly does not contain any vector fixed by W, the restriction of I
W to this subspace is an invertible linear transformation, and therefore for every location part wl there is indeed a suitable p perpendicular to the fixed space of W such that ðI
W Þp ¼ wl . The fact that an origin shift by p transforms the translation part of the reduced symmetry operation ðW ; wl Þ to o is equivalent to p being a fixed point of ðW ; wl Þ, which can also be seen directly because

1.5.4.1. Additional symmetry operations and symmetry elements In order to interpret (or even determine) the extended symbol for a space group, one has to recall that all operations that belong to the same coset with respect to the translation subgroup have the same linear part, but that not all symmetry operations within a coset are operations of the same type. Furthermore, symmetry operations in one coset can belong to element sets of different symmetry elements.

ðW ; wl Þp ¼ W p þ wl ¼ W p þ ðI
W Þp ¼ p: Note that for one fixed point p of the reduced symmetry operation ðW ; wl Þ, the full set of fixed points, as defined in Section 1.2.4, is obtained by adding p to the fixed vectors of W, because for an arbitrary fixed point pF of ðW ; wl Þ one has W pF þ wl ¼ pF and since also W p þ wl ¼ p one finds W ðpF
pÞ ¼ pF
p, i.e. the difference between two fixed points is a vector that is fixed by W. In other words, the geometric element of ðW ; wl Þ is the space fixed by W, translated such that it runs through p. Finally, in order to determine the symmetry element of the symmetry operation correctly, it may be necessary to reduce the intrinsic translation part wg by a lattice translation in the fixed space of W.

1.5.4.1.1. Determining the type of a symmetry operation In this section, a procedure for determining the types of symmetry operations and the corresponding symmetry elements is explained. It is a development of the method of geometrical interpretation discussed in Section 1.2.2.4. The procedure is based on the origin-shift transformations discussed in Sections 1.5.1 and 1.5.2, and provides an efficient way of analysing the 2

With Tables 1.5.4.1, 1.5.4.2, 1.5.4.3 and 1.5.4.4 by E. F. Bertaut.

91

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY the centring translation tð12; 12; 0Þ would simply result in the intrinsic translation part being changed by the centring translation.

Summarizing, the types of symmetry operations W ¼ ðW ; wÞ and their symmetry elements can be identified as follows: (i) Decompose the translation part w as w ¼ wg þ wl, where wg and wl are mutually perpendicular and the intrinsic translation part wg is fixed by the linear part W of W . (ii) Determine a shift of origin p such that ðI
W Þp ¼ wl , i.e. such that p is a fixed point of the reduced operation ðW ; wl Þ. (iii) For the correct determination of the defining operation of the symmetry element it may be necessary to reduce the intrinsic translation part wg by a lattice translation in the fixed space of W, thus yielding a coplanar or coaxial equivalent symmetry operation. This analysis allows one to read off the types of the symmetry operations and of the corresponding symmetry elements that occur for the coset T W of W . The following two sections provide examples illustrating that in some cases the coset does not contain symmetry operations belonging to symmetry elements of different type, while in others it does.

Example 2 As an example of a rotation, let W ¼ y
; x; z be a fourfold rotation 4þ 0; 0; z around the c axis. Composing W with the translation tðu1 ; u2 ; u3 Þ results in the symmetry operation W0 ¼0 y
þ u11 ; x þ u2 ; z þ u3 with intrinsic 0 1 translation part 0 u1 w0g ¼ @ 0 A and location part w0l ¼ @ u2 A. Since we assume a u3 0 primitive lattice, u3 is an integer, hence W 0 is a coaxial equivalent of the symmetry operation W 00 ¼ y
þ u1 ; x þ u2 ; z, which has intrinsic translation part o. To locate the geometric element of W 0, one notes that for 0 1 0 1
0 W ¼ @1 0 0A 0 0 1

1.5.4.1.2. Cosets without additional types of symmetry elements In cases where the linear part W of a symmetry operation W fixes only the origin, all elements in the coset are of the same type. This is due to the fact that the translation part w is decomposed as wg ¼ o and wl ¼ w. Since W fixes only the origin, I
W is invertible and a fixed point p of the reduced operation ðW ; wl Þ ¼ ðW ; wÞ can be found, as p ¼ ðI
W Þ
1 w. This situation occurs when W is an inversion or a three-, four- or sixfold rotoinversion. The element set of the symmetry element of an inversion consists only of this inversion; the element set of a rotoinversion consists of the rotoinversion W and its inverse W
1 (the latter belonging to a different coset). Therefore, in these cases each symmetry operation in the coset of W belongs to the element set of a different symmetry element (of the same type, namely an inversion centre or a rotoinversion axis). Note that the above argument does not apply to twofold rotoinversions, since these are in fact reflections which fix a plane perpendicular to the rotoinversion axis and not only a single point. The following two examples illustrate that translations from a primitive lattice do not give rise to symmetry elements of different type in the cases of either a reflection or glide reflection with normal vector along one of the coordinate axes, or of a rotation or screw rotation with rotation axis along one of the coordinate axes.

one has 0

1 ðu1
u2 Þ=2 ðI
W Þp ¼ w0l for p ¼ @ ðu1 þ u2 Þ=2 A: 0 The symmetry operation W 0 therefore belongs to the symmetry element of a fourfold rotation with the line ðu1
u2 Þ=2; ðu1 þ u2 Þ=2; z as geometric element. This analysis shows that all symmetry operations in the coset T W belong to the same type of symmetry element, since for each of these symmetry operations a coaxial equivalent can be found that has zero screw component.

1.5.4.1.3. Examples with additional types of symmetry elements The examples given in the previous section illustrate that in the case of a translation vector perpendicular to the symmetry axis or symmetry plane of a symmetry operation, the intrinsic translation vector remains unchanged and only the location of the geometric element is altered. In particular, composition with such a translation vector results in symmetry operations and symmetry elements of the same type. On the other hand, composition with translations parallel to the symmetry axis or symmetry plane give rise to coaxial or coplanar equivalents, which also belong to the same symmetry element. Combining these two observations shows that for integral translations, only translations along a direction inclined to the symmetry axis or symmetry plane can give rise to additional symmetry elements. For these cases, the additional symmetry operations and their locations are summarized in Table 1.5.4.1. In space groups with a centred lattice, the translation subgroup contains also translations with non-integral components, and these often give rise to symmetry operations and symmetry elements of different types in the same coset. An overview of additional symmetry operations and their locations that occur due to centring vectors is given in Table 1.5.4.2. In rhombohedral space groups all additional types of symmetry elements occur already as a result of combinations with integral lattice translations (cf. Table 1.5.4.1). For this reason, the rhombohedral centring R case is not included in Table 1.5.4.2. In Section 1.4.2.4 the occurrence of glide reflections in a space group of type P4mm (due to integral translations inclined to a

Example 1 Let W ¼ x þ 12; y þ 12; z
be an n glide with normal vector along the c axis. For the composition of W with an integral translaobtains 1 a symmetry operation W 0 with tion tðu1 ; u2 ; u3 Þ one 0 1 u1 þ 2 translation part w0 ¼ @ u2 þ 12 A. The decomposition of w0 into u3 the intrinsic translation part and the location part gives 0 1 0 1 0 u1 þ 12 w0g ¼ @ u2 þ 12 A and w0l ¼ @ 0 A. This shows that the intrinsic 0 1 u1 u3 0 translation part is only changed by the lattice vector @ u2 A 0 and hence W 0 is a coplanar equivalent of the symmetry operation W 00 ¼ x þ 12; y þ 12; z
þ u3 , which is an n glide with glide plane normal to the c axis and located at z ¼ u3 =2. One concludes that W and W 0 belong to symmetry elements of the same type. The same conclusion would in fact remain true in the case of a C-centred lattice, since the composition of W with

92

1.5. TRANSFORMATIONS OF COORDINATE SYSTEMS Table 1.5.4.1 Additional symmetry operations and their locations if the translation vector t is inclined to the symmetry axis or symmetry plane The table is restricted to integral translations and thus is valid for primitive lattices and for integral translations in centred lattices (for centring translations see Table 1.5.4.2).

Symmetry operation at the origin Symbol

Location

Additional symmetry operation Translation vector t

Symbol

Screw or glide component

Representative plane and space groups (numbers)

Location

Tetragonal, rhombohedral and cubic coordinate systems 2

x, x, 0

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0

21

1 1 2;2;0 1 1 2;2;0

x; x þ 12 ; 0

P422 (89) R32 (155) P432 (207)

m

x, x, z

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0

g

1 1 2;2;0 1 1 2;2;0

x; x þ 12 ; z

c

x, x, z

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0

n

1 1 1 2;2;2 1 1 1 2;2;2

x; x þ 12 ; z

p4mm (11) P4mm (99) R3m (160)
P43m (215)
(112) P42c

x; 12 ; 0

P321 (150) R32 (155)

x; 2x þ 12 ; 0

P312 (149) P622 (177)

R3c (161)
(218) P43n

Hexagonal coordinate system 2

x, 0, 0

1, 1, 0 0, 1, 0

21

2

x, 2x, 0

0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

21

1 2 ; 0; 0
12 ; 0; 0 1 2 ; 1; 0

m

x, 2x, z

0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

b

1 2 ; 1; 0

x; 2x þ 12 ; z

P3m1 (156) p3m1 (14) R3m (160)

c

x, 2x, z

0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

n

1 1 2 ; 1; 2

x; 2x þ 12 ; z

P3c1 (158)
(188) P6c2 R3c (161)

m

x, 0, z

1, 1, 0 0, 1, 0

a

x; 12 ; z

P31m (157) p31m (15)

c

x, 0, z

1, 1, 0 0, 1, 0

n

1 2 ; 0; 0
12 ; 0; 0 1 1 2 ; 0; 2 1
2 ; 0; 12

x; 12 ; z

P31c (159)
(190) P62c

Rhombohedral and cubic coordinate systems 3

x, x, x

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 0, 0, 1

31

1 1 1 3;3;3

x; x þ 23 ; x þ 13

3

x, x, x

2, 0, 0 0, 2, 0 0, 0, 2

32

2 2 2 3;3;3

x; x þ 13 ; x þ 23

R3 (146) P23 (195)

0 It follows that the location part is w0l ¼ 021

symmetry plane) and of type Fmm2 (due to centring translations) is discussed. We now provide some further examples illustrating the contents of Tables 1.5.4.1 and 1.5.4.2.

3 1 3

21 3 @
1A 3
13

and one finds

that ðI
W Þp ¼ w0l for p ¼ @ A. Thus, the symmetry 0 operation W 0 ¼ z þ 1; x; y is of a different type to W : it is a threefold screw rotation 3þ ð13 ; 13 ; 13Þ x þ 23 ; x þ 13 ; x with the line x þ 23 ; x þ 13 ; x as geometric element. On the other hand, for an integer u 6¼ 0, the symmetry operation W 00 ¼ z þ u; x þ u; y þ u itself is a screw rotation, but it belongs to a symmetry element of rotation type, since it is a coaxial equivalent of the threefold rotation W . The crucial difference between the symmetry operations W 0 ¼ z þ 1; x; y and W 00 ¼ z þ u; x þ u; y0þ u1 is that in the latter case the u intrinsic translation part @ u A is a lattice vector, whereas for u W 0 ¼ z þ 1; x; y it is not.

Example 3 Let W ¼ z; x; y be a threefold rotation 3þ x; x; x along the [111] direction in a cubic (or rhombohedral) space group. Then the coset T W also contains the symmetry operation W 0 ¼ z þ 1; x; y. With 0 1 0 0 1 W ¼ @1 0 0A 0 1 0 one sees that ðW 0 Þ3 ¼ tð1; 1; 1Þ and hence the intrinsic translation part is 0 1 011 1 3 B C 0 1@ A wg ¼ 3 1 ¼ @ 13 A: 1 1 3

93

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 1.5.4.2 Additional symmetry operations due to a centring vector t and their locations Additional symmetry operations

Symmetry operation at the origin

C; tð12 ; 12 ; 0Þ

Symbol

Symbol

Location

b

1 4 ; y; z

m

Location 0, y, z

A; tð0; 12 ; 12Þ Symbol n

B; tð12 ; 0; 12Þ Location 0, y, z

I; tð12 ; 12 ; 12Þ

Symbol

Location

c

1 4 ; y; z

Location

Symbol

n

1 4 ; y; z

b, n, c

d, d, d

Cmmm, Ammm, Bmmm (65) Immm (71), Fmmm (69) Cccm, Amaa, Bbmb (66), Ibca (73) Fddd (70)

x; 14 ; z

a, c, n

As above

n

b

m

b

b

m

c

n

c

dð0; 14 ; 14Þ

dð0; 34 ; 14Þ

dð0; 34 ; 34Þ

dð0; 14 ; 34Þ

x, 0, z

x; 14 ; z

a

c

x; 14 ; z

n

x, 0, z

n

a

m

n

c

c

c

n

m

a

a

dð14 ; 0; 14Þ

dð34 ; 0; 14Þ

dð14 ; 0; 34Þ

m

x, y, 0

b

n

x, y, 0

b

a

dð34 ; 0; 34Þ x; y; 14

m

a b

b

n

m

dð14 ; 14 ; 0Þ

dð34 ; 34 ; 0Þ

dð14 ; 34 ; 0Þ

dð34 ; 14 ; 0Þ

x, x, z

gð12 ; 12 ; 0Þ

gð14 ; 14 ; 12Þ

x, x, z

nð12 ; 12 ; 12Þ

c

x; x þ 14 ; z

gð14 ; 14 ; 0Þ

gð14 ; 14 ; 12Þ

x; y; 14

n

n

a m

d, d, d x; y; 14

a

Representative space groups (numbers)

Symbol

c

m

F

n, b, a

As above

d, d, d x; x
14 ; z

gð14 ; 14 ; 0Þ

nð12 ; 12 ; 12Þ

x, x, z

gð12 ; 12 ; 0Þ

dð14 ; 14 ; 14Þ

g, g, g n, g, g

dð34 ; 34 ; 34Þ

I4mm (107),
F 43m (216)
F 43c (219)
(220) I 43d

2

x, 0, 0

21

x; 14 ; 0

2

x; 14 ; 14

21

x; 0; 14

21

x; 14 ; 14

21 ; 2; 21

2

0, y, 0

21

21

0; y; 14

2

21

21 ; 21 ; 2

21

0; 14 ; z

21

1 1 4 ; y; 4 1 4 ; 0; z

C222, A222, B222 (21) I222 (23)

2; 21 ; 21

F222 (22)

2; 21 ; 21

C422 (P422) (89), I422 (97) F432 (209)

2

0, 0, z

2

1 4 ; y; 0 1 1 4;4;z

2

x; x
; 0

2

x; x
þ 12 ; 0

21 ð
14 ; 14 ; 0Þ

x; x
þ 14 ; 14

21 ð14 ;
14 ; 0Þ

x; x
þ 14 ; 14

2

1 1 4 ; y; 4 1 1 4;4;z x; x
; 14

4

0, 0, z

4

0; 12 ; z

42


14 ; 14 ; z

42

0; 12 ; z

4; 42 ; 42

41 1


43 1



14 ; 14 ; z 0; 14 ; 14

43 1


1 1 4;4;z 1 1 4;4;z 1 1 4 ; 0; 4

42

0; 12 ; z 1 1 4;4;0

43 1


0; 12 ; z

41 ; 43 ; 43
1;
1
1;

41 1


0, 0, z 0, 0, 0

21

1 1 1 4;4;4

F41 32 (210) Immm (71), Fmmm (69)

011 2

intrinsic part w0g ¼ @ 12 A and location 0 1 part 0 1translation 1
2 0 0 w0l ¼ @ 12 A. Since ðI
W Þp ¼ w0l for p ¼ @ 12 A, the 0 0 symmetry operation W 0 ¼ y; x þ 12; z
is a screw rotation 2 ð12; 12; 0Þ x; x þ 12; 0 with the line x; x þ 12; 0 as geometric element and is thus of a different type to W (cf. Table 1.5.4.1). In an I-centred lattice, the composition of W with the centring 011

This example illustrates in particular the occurrence of symmetry elements of screw or glide type even in the case of symmorphic space groups where all coset representatives W ¼ ðW ; wÞ with respect to the translation subgroup can be chosen with w ¼ o. Note that, mainly for historical reasons, the screw rotations resulting from the threefold rotation along the [111] direction are not included in the extended Hermann–Mauguin symbol of cubic space groups, cf. Table 1.5.4.4. However, these screw rotations are represented in the cubic symmetry-element diagrams by the symbols

2

translation tð12; 12; 12Þ has intrinsic translation part w0g ¼ @ 12 A 0 1 0 0 and location part w0l ¼ @ 0 A. One has ðI
W Þp ¼ w0l for 0 1 1 0 2 p ¼ @ 0 A, hence the symmetry operation W 0 ¼ y þ 12; x þ 12;

(cf. Table 2.1.2.7), as can be observed in the symmetry-element diagram for a group of type P23 (195) in Fig. 1.5.4.1.

1 4

z
þ 12 is a screw rotation 2 ð12; 12; 0Þ x; x; 14 with the line x; x; 14 as geometric element and is thus of a different type to W . On the other hand, the translation subgroup T also contains the translation tð12;
12; 12Þ. In this case, the intrinsic translation part of W 0 ¼ y þ 12; x
12; z
þ 12 is w0g ¼ o, hence W 0 is of the same 0 type 1 as W , i.e. a twofold rotation. The location part is 011 1 2 2 B C w0l ¼ @
12 A and since ðI
W Þp ¼ w0l for p ¼ @ 0 A, the

Example 4 A twofold rotation W ¼ y; x; z
with the line x; x; 0 as geometric element has linear part 0

0 W ¼ @1 0

1 0 0

1 0 0 A: 1


1 2

0

1 4

0

geometric element of W is the line x þ 12; x; 14.

The composition W of W with the translation tð0; 1; 0Þ has

94

1.5. TRANSFORMATIONS OF COORDINATE SYSTEMS a0 ¼ a
b; b0 ¼ a þ 2b with centring points at 0, 0; 23 ; 13 and 13 ; 23. The glide lines g directly listed under the mirror lines m in the extended and multiple cell symbols indicate that the two symmetry elements are parallel and alternate in the perpendicular direction.

1.5.4.3. Synoptic table of the space groups Table 1.5.4.4 gives a comprehensive listing of the possible space-group symbols for various settings and choices of the unit cell. The data are ordered according to the crystal systems. The extended Hermann–Mauguin symbols provide information on the additional symmetry operations generated by the compositions of the symmetry operations with lattice translations. An extended Hermann–Mauguin symbol is a complex multi-line symbol: (i) the first line contains those symmetry operations for which the coordinate triplets are explicitly printed under ‘Positions’ in the space-group tables in this volume; (ii) the entries of the lines below indicate the additional symmetry operations generated by the compositions of the symmetry operations of the first line with lattice translations. For example, for A-, B-, C- and I-centred space groups, the entries of the second line of the two-line extended symbol denote the symmetry operations generated by combinations with the corresponding centring translations.3 In the triclinic system the corresponding symbols do not depend on any space direction. Therefore, only the two standard symbols P1 (1) and P1
(2) are listed. One should, however, bear in mind that in some circumstances it might be more appropriate to use a centred cell for comparison purposes, e.g. following a phase transition resulting from a temperature, pressure or composition change. The monoclinic and orthorhombic systems present the largest number of alternatives owing to various settings and cell choices. In the monoclinic system, three choices of unique axis can occur, namely b, c and a. In each case, two permutations of the other axes are possible, thus yielding six possible settings given in terms of three pairs, namely abc and cba, abc and bac, abc and acb. The unique axes are underlined and the negative sign, placed over the letter, maintains the correct handedness of the reference system. The three possible cell choices indicated in Fig. 1.5.3.1 increase the number of possible symbols by a factor of three, thus yielding 18 different cases for each monoclinic space group, except for five cases, namely P2 (3), P21 (4), Pm (6), P2/m (10) and P21/m (11) with only six variants. In monoclinic P lattices, the symmetry operations along the symmetry direction are always unique. Here again, as in the plane groups, the cell centrings give rise to additional entries in the extended Hermann–Mauguin symbols. Consider, for example, the data for monoclinic P12/m1 (10), C12/m1 (12) and C12/c1 (15) in Table 1.5.4.4. For P12/m1 and its various settings there is only one line, which corresponds to the full Hermann–Mauguin symbols; these contain only rotations 2 and reflections m. The first line for C12/m1 is followed by a second line, the first entry of which is the symbol 21/a, because 21 screw rotations and a glide reflections also belong to this space group. Similarly, in C12/c1

Figure 1.5.4.1 Symmetry-element diagram for space group P23 (195).

The analysis illustrates that the combination of the twofold rotation 2 x; x; 0 with I-centring translations gives rise to symmetry elements of rotation and of screw rotation type (cf. Table 1.5.4.2). Example 5 Let W ¼ x; y; z
be a reflection m x; y; 0 with the c axis normal to the reflection plane. An F-centred lattice contains a centring translation tð12; 12; 0Þ and the composition of W with this translation is an n glide, since the intrinsic translation part of 011 2

W 0 ¼ x þ 12; y þ 12; z
is w0g ¼ @ 12 A and consequently the loca-

0 tion part is w0l ¼ o. The symmetry operation W 0 is thus an n glide with the plane x; y; 0 as geometric element. However, since the intrinsic translation part wg is a lattice vector, W and W 0 are coplanar equivalents and belong to the element set of the same symmetry element, which is a reflection plane. The composition of W ¼ x; y; z
with tð0; 12; 12Þ is a b glide, 0 1 1 because part 1 0 W 1 ¼ x; y þ 2; z
þ 2 has intrinsic 0translation 0 0 0 @ A and since w0g ¼ @ 12 A. The location 0 1part is wl ¼ 01 0 0 2 ðI
W Þp ¼ w0l for p ¼ @ 0 A, the geometric element of this 1 4

glide reflection is the plane x; y; 14. Likewise, the composition W 0 ¼ x þ 12; y; z
þ 12 of W with tð12; 0; 12Þ is an a glide with the same plane x; y; 14 as geometric element. The two symmetry operations b x; y; 14 and a x; y; 14, differing only by the lattice vector ð
12; 12; 0Þ in their translation parts, are coplanar equivalents and belong to the element set of an e-glide plane (cf. Section 1.2.3 for an introduction to e-glide notation).

1.5.4.2. Synoptic table of the plane groups The possible plane-group symbols are listed in Table 1.5.4.3. Two cases of multiple cells are included in addition to the standard cells, namely the c centring in the square system and the h centring in the hexagonal system. The c centring is defined by

3

After the introduction of the e-glide convention and the symmetry-element interpretation of the characters of the Hermann–Mauguin symbols (de Wolff et al., 1992), the tabulated data for the extended symbols were partially modified by introducing the e-glide notation in the symbols of only some of the groups [cf. Table 4.3.2.1 of the fifth edition of IT A (2002)]. In contrast to the fifth edition, in Table 1.5.4.4 extended symbols similar to those that can be found in the first four editions of IT A have been reinstated.

a0 ¼ a b; b0 ¼ a þ b with centring points at 0, 0 and 12; 12. The triple h cell is defined by

95

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 1.5.4.3 List of plane-group symbols System and lattice symbol

Point group

Oblique p

1 2

Rectangular p, c

m

2mm

Square p

Hexagonal p

4 4mm

3 3m

No. of plane group

Hermann–Mauguin symbol Short

Full

1 2 (

8 > >
> :

6 7 8 9

p2mm p2mg p2gg c2mm

(

10 11

p4 p4mm

12

p4gm

13 14

p3 p3m1

15

p31m

(

Extended

6

16

p6

6mm

17

p6mm

rotations 2 and screw rotations 21 and c and n glide reflections alternate, and thus under the full symbol C12=c1 one finds the entry 21 =n. In Table 1.5.4.4 the Hermann–Mauguin symbols of the orthorhombic space groups are listed in six different settings: the standard setting abc, and the settings bac, cab, cba, bca and acb. These six settings result from the possible permutations of the three axes. Let us compare for a few space groups the standard setting abc with the cab setting. For Pmm2 (25) the permutation yields the new setting P2mm, reflecting the fact that the twofold axes parallel to the c direction change to the a direction. The mirrors normal to a and b become normal to b and c, respectively. The case of Cmm2 (35) is slightly more complex due to the centring. As a result of the permutation the C centring becomes an A centring. The changes in the twofold axes and mirrors are similar to those of the previous example and result in the A2mm setting of Cmm2. The extended Hermann–Mauguin symbol of the centred space group Aem2 (39) reveals the nature of the e-glide plane (also called the ‘double’ glide plane): among the set of glide reflections through the same (100) plane, there exist two glide reflections with glide components 12b and 12c (for details of the e-glide notation the reader is referred to Section 1.2.3, see also de Wolff et al., 1992). In the cab setting, the A centring changes to a B centring and the double glide plane is now normal to b and the glide reflections have glide components 12a and 12c. The corresponding symbol is thus B2em. Note that in the cases of the five orthorhombic space groups whose Hermann–Mauguin symbols contain the e-glide symbol, namely Aem2 (39), Aea2 (41), Cmce (64), Cmme (67) and Ccce (68), the characters in the first lines of the extended symbols differ from the short symbols because the characters in the extended symbol represent symmetry operations, whereas those in the short and full symbol represent symmetry elements. In all these cases, the extended symbols

c1m1 g

c2mm gg p4mm g p4gm g

p11m p11g c11m p2mm p2gm p2gg c2mm c4 c4mm g c4mg g

p3m1 g p31m g

h3 h31m g h3m1 g h6

p6mm gg

h6mm gg

listed in Table 1.5.4.4 are complemented by the short symbols, given in brackets. The general discussion in Section 1.5.4.1 about the additional symmetry operations that occur as a result of combinations with lattice translations provides some rules for the construction of the extended Hermann–Mauguin symbols in the orthorhombic crystal system. In orthorhombic space groups with primitive lattices, the symmetry operations of any symmetry direction are always unique: either 2 or 21, either m or a or b or c or n. In Ccentred lattices, owing to the possible combination of the original symmetry operations with the centring translations, the axes 2 along [100] and [010] alternate with axes 21. However, parallel to c there are either 2 or 21 axes because the combination of a rotation or screw rotation with a centring translation results in another operation of the same kind. Similarly, m100 alternates with b100 , m010 with a010 , c100 with n100 etc. The m001 reflection plane is simultaneously an n001 glide plane and an a001 glide plane is simultaneously a b001 glide plane. This latter plane with its double role is the e001 glide plane, as found for example in the full symbol of C2/m 2/m 2/e (67) and the corresponding short symbol Cmme. As another example, consider the space group C2/m 2/c 21/m (63). In Table 1.5.4.4, in the line of various settings for this space group the short Hermann–Mauguin symbols are listed, and the rotations or screw rotations do not appear. The m100 , c010 and m001 reflections and glide reflections occur alternating with b100 , n010 and n001 glide reflections, respectively. The entry under Cmcm is thus bnn. F and I centring cause alternating symmetry operations for all three coordinate axes a, b and c. For these centrings, the permutation of the axes does not affect the symbol F or I of the centring type. However, the number of symmetry operations increases by a factor of four for F centrings and by a factor of two for I centrings when compared to those of a space group with a (continued on page 106)

96

1.5. TRANSFORMATIONS OF COORDINATE SYSTEMS Table 1.5.4.4 List of space-group symbols for various settings and cells TRICLINIC SYSTEM

No. of space group

Schoenflies symbol

Hermann–Mauguin symbol for all settings of the same unit cell

1 2

C11 Ci1

P1 P1


MONOCLINIC SYSTEM

No. of space group

Schoenflies symbol

Standard short Hermann– Mauguin symbol

3 4 5

C21 C22 C23

P2 P21 C2

Extended Hermann–Mauguin symbols for various settings and cell choices

P121 P121 1

abc


cba abc

ba
c abc

a
cb

P121 P121 1

P112 P1121

P112 P1121

P211 P21 11

P211 P21 11

C121 21 A121 21 I121 21

A121 21 C121 21 I121 21

A112 21 B112 21 I112 21

B112 21 A112 21 I112 21

B211 21 C211 21 I211 21

C211 21 B211 21 I211 21

6 7

Cs1 Cs2

Pm Pc

P1m1 P1c1 P1n1 P1a1

P1m1 P1a1 P1n1 P1c1

P11m P11a P11n P11b

P11m P11b P11n P11a

Pm11 Pb11 Pn11 Pc11

Pm11 Pc11 Pn11 Pb11

8

Cs3

Cm

C1m1 a A1m1 c I1m1 n C1c1 n A1n1 a I1a1 c

A1m1 c C1m1 a I1m1 n A1a1 n C1n1 c I1c1 a

A11m b B11m a I11m n A11a n B11n b I11b a

B11m a A11m b I11m n B11b n A11n a I11a b

Bm11 c Cm11 b Im11 n Bb11 n Cn11 c Ic11 b

Cm11 b Bm11 c Im11 n Cc11 n Bn11 b Ib11 c

9

Cs4

Cc

10

1 C2h

P2/m

P1

2 1 m

P1

2 1 m

P11

2 m

P11

2 m

P

2 11 m

P

2 11 m

11

2 C2h

P21 =m

P1

21 1 m

P1

21 1 m

P11

21 m

P11

21 m

P

21 11 m

P

21 11 m

12

3 C2h

C2/m

C1

A1

I1

13

4 C2h

P2/c

2 1 m 21 a 2 1 m 21 c

2 1 m 21 n

A1

C1

I1

2 1 m 21 c

A11

2 1 m 21 a

B11

2 1 m 21 n

I11

2 m 21 b 2 m 21 a

2 m 21 n

B11

A11

I11

2 m 21 a 2 m 21 b

2 m 21 n

B

C

I

2 11 m 21 c 2 11 m 21 b

2 11 m 21 n

C

B

I

2 11 m 21 b 2 11 m 21 c

2 11 m 21 n

Unique axis b Unique axis c Unique axis a

Cell choice 1 Cell choice 2 Cell choice 3

Cell Cell Cell Cell

choice choice choice choice

1 2 3 1

Cell choice 2 Cell choice 3 Cell choice 1 Cell choice 2 Cell choice 3

Cell choice 1

Cell choice 2

Cell choice 3

2 P1 1 c

2 P1 1 a

P11

2 a

P11

2 b

2 P 11 b

2 P 11 c

Cell choice 1

2 P1 1 n

2 P1 1 n

P11

2 n

P11

2 n

2 P 11 n

2 P 11 n

Cell choice 2

2 P1 1 a

2 P1 1 c

P11

2 b

P11

2 a

2 P 11 c

2 P 11 b

Cell choice 3

97

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 1.5.4.4 (continued)

No. of space group

Schoenflies symbol

Standard short Hermann– Mauguin symbol

14

5 C2h

P21 =c

6 C2h

15

C2/c

Extended Hermann–Mauguin symbols for various settings and cell choices

P1

21 1 c

P1

21 1 a

P11

21 a

P11

21 b

P

21 11 b

P

21 11 c

Cell choice 1

P1

21 1 n

P1

21 1 n

P11

21 n

P11

21 n

P

21 11 n

P

21 11 n

Cell choice 2

P1

21 1 a

P1

21 1 c

P11

21 b

P11

21 a

P

21 11 c

P

21 11 b

Cell choice 3

2 b 21 n

2 B 11 b 21 n

2 C 11 c 21 n

2 n 21 a

2 C 11 n 21 c

2 B 11 n 21 b

2 I 11 c 21 b

2 I 11 b 21 c


cba

abc

abc

ba
c a
cb

abc

2 C1 1 c 21 n

2 A1 1 a 21 n

2 A1 1 n 21 a

2 C1 1 n 21 c

2 I1 1 a 21 c

2 I1 1 c 21 a

A11

B11

I11

2 a 21 n 2 n 21 b

2 b 21 a

B11

A11

I11

2 a 21 b

Unique axis b Unique axis c Unique axis a

Cell choice 1

Cell choice 2

Cell choice 3

ORTHORHOMBIC SYSTEM

No. of space group

Schoenflies symbol

Standard full Hermann– Mauguin symbol abc

16 17 18 19 20

D12 D22 D32 D42 D52

P222 P2221 P21 21 2 P21 21 21 C2221

21

D62

C222

22

D72

F222

23

D82

I222

24

D92

I21 21 21

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

1 C2v 2 C2v 3 C2v 4 C2v 5 C2v 6 C2v 7 C2v 8 C2v 9 C2v 10 C2v 11 C2v

Pmm2 Pmc21 Pcc2 Pma2 Pca21 Pnc2 Pmn21 Pba2 Pna21 Pnn2 Cmm2

Extended Hermann–Mauguin symbols for the six settings of the same unit cell

abc (standard)

ba
c

cab

c
ba

bca

a
cb

P222 P2221 P21 21 2 P21 21 21

P222 P2221 P21 21 2 P21 21 21

P222 P21 22 P221 21 P21 21 21

P222 P21 22 P221 21 P21 21 21

P222 P221 2 P21 221 P21 21 21

P222 P221 2 P21 221 P21 21 21

C2221 21 21 2 1 C222 21 21 2 F222 21 21 2 221 21 21 221 I222 21 21 21 I21 21 21 222 Pmm2 Pmc21 Pcc2 Pma2 Pca21 Pnc2 Pmn21 Pba2 Pna21 Pnn2

C2221 21 21 21 C222 21 21 2 F222 21 21 2 21 221 221 21 I222 2 1 21 21 I21 21 21 222 Pmm2 Pcm21 Pcc2 Pbm2 Pbc21 Pcn2 Pnm21 Pba2 Pbn21 Pnn2

A21 22 2 1 21 21 A222 221 21 F222 221 21 21 221 21 21 2 I222 21 21 21 I21 21 21 222 P2mm P21 ma P2aa P2mb P21 ab P2na P21 mn P2cb P21 nb P2nn

A21 22 21 21 2 1 A222 221 21 F222 221 21 21 21 2 21 221 I222 21 21 21 I21 21 21 222 P2mm P21 am P2aa P2cm P21 ca P2an P21 nm P2cb P21 cn P2nn

B221 2 2 1 21 21 B222 21 221 F222 21 221 21 21 2 221 21 I222 21 21 21 I21 21 21 222 Pm2m Pb21 m Pb2b Pc2m Pc21 b Pb2n Pn21 m Pc2a Pc21 n Pn2n

B221 2 21 21 21 B222 21 221 F222 21 221 221 21 21 21 2 I222 21 21 21 I21 21 21 222 Pm2m Pm21 b Pb2b Pm2a Pb21 a Pn2b Pm21 n Pc2a Pn21 a Pn2n

Cmm2 ba2

Cmm2 ba2

A2mm 2cb

A2mm 2cb

Bm2m c2a

Bm2m c2a

98

1.5. TRANSFORMATIONS OF COORDINATE SYSTEMS Table 1.5.4.4 (continued)

No. of space group

Schoenflies symbol

Standard full Hermann– Mauguin symbol abc

36

12 C2v

Cmc21

37

13 C2v

Ccc2

38

14 C2v

Amm2

39†

15 C2v

Aem2

40

16 C2v

Ama2

41†

17 C2v

Aea2

42

18 C2v

Fmm2

43

19 C2v

Fdd2

44

20 C2v

Imm2

45

21 C2v

Iba2

46

22 C2v

Ima2

47

D12h

P

48

D22h

49

D32h

50

D42h

51

D52h

52

D62h

53

D72h

54

D82h

55

D92h

56

D10 2h

57

D11 2h

58

D12 2h

59

D13 2h

60

D14 2h

61

D15 2h

62

D16 2h

63

D17 2h

64†

D18 2h

2 2 2 mmm 222 P nnn 22 2 P ccm 222 P ban 2 22 P 1 mma 2 21 2 P nna 2 2 21 P mn a 2 22 P 1 c ca 21 21 2 P b am 21 21 2 P c cn 22 2 P 1 1 bc m 21 21 2 P n nm 21 21 2 P mmn 21 2 21 P bcn 21 21 21 P b c a 21 21 21 P nma 2 2 21 C mcm 2 2 21 C mc e

Extended Hermann–Mauguin symbols for the six settings of the same unit cell

abc (standard)

ba
c

cab

c
ba

bca

a
cb

Cmc21 bn21 Ccc2 nn2 Amm2 nc21 Abm2 ðAem2Þ cc21 Ama2 nn21 Aba2 ðAea2Þ cn21 Fmm2 ba2 nc21 cn21 Fdd2 dd21 Imm2 nn21 Iba2 cc21 Ima2 nc21

Ccm21 na21 Ccc2 nn2 Bmm2 cn21 Bma2 ðBme2Þ cc21 Bbm2 nn21 Bba2 ðBbe2Þ nc21 Fmm2 ba2 cn21 nc21 Fdd2 dd21 Imm2 nn21 Iba2 cc21 Ibm2 cn21

A21 ma 21 cn A2aa 2nn B2mm 21 na B2cm ðB2emÞ 21 aa B2mb 21 nn B2cb ðB2ebÞ 21 an F2mm 2cb 21 na 21 an F2dd 21 dd I2mm 21 nn I2cb 21 aa I2mb 21 na

A21 am 21 nb A2aa 2nn C2mm 21 an C2mb ðC2meÞ 21 aa C2cm 21 nn C2cb ðC2ceÞ 21 na F2mm 2cb 21 an 21 na F2dd 21 dd I2mm 21 nn I2cb 21 aa I2cm 21 an

Bb21 m n21 a Bb2b n2n Cm2m b21 n Cm2a ðCm2eÞ b21 b Cc2m n21 n Cc2a ðCc2eÞ n21 b Fm2m c2a b21 n n21 b Fd2d d21 d Im2m n21 n Ic2a b21 b Ic2m b21 n

Bm21 b c21 n Bb2b n2n Am2m n21 b Ac2m ðAe2mÞ b21 b Am2a n21 n Ac2a ðAe2aÞ b21 n Fm2m c2a n21 b b21 n Fd2d d21 d Im2m n21 n Ic2a b21 b Im2a n21 b

Pmmm

Pmmm

Pmmm

Pmmm

Pmmm

Pmmm

Pnnn

Pnnn

Pnnn

Pnnn

Pnnn

Pnnn

Pccm

Pccm

Pmaa

Pmaa

Pbmb

Pbmb

Pban

Pban

Pncb

Pncb

Pcna

Pcna

Pmma

Pmmb

Pbmm

Pcmm

Pmcm

Pmam

Pnna

Pnnb

Pbnn

Pcnn

Pncn

Pnan

Pmna

Pnmb

Pbmn

Pcnm

Pncm

Pman

Pcca

Pccb

Pbaa

Pcaa

Pbcb

Pbab

Pbam

Pbam

Pmcb

Pmcb

Pcma

Pcma

Pccn

Pccn

Pnaa

Pnaa

Pbnb

Pbnb

Pbcm

Pcam

Pmca

Pmab

Pbma

Pcmb

Pnnm

Pnnm

Pmnn

Pmnn

Pnmn

Pnmn

Pmmn

Pmmn

Pnmm

Pnmm

Pmnm

Pmnm

Pbcn

Pcan

Pnca

Pnab

Pbna

Pcnb

Pbca

Pcab

Pbca

Pcab

Pbca

Pcab

Pnma

Pmnb

Pbnm

Pcmn

Pmcn

Pnam

Cmcm bnn

Ccmm nan

Amma ncn

Amam nnb

Bbmm nna

Bmmb cnn

Cmca ðCmceÞ bnb

Ccmb ðCcmeÞ naa

Abma ðAemaÞ ccn

Acam ðAeamÞ bnb

Bbcm ðBbemÞ naa

Bmab ðBmebÞ cnn

99

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 1.5.4.4 (continued)

No. of space group

Schoenflies symbol

Standard full Hermann– Mauguin symbol abc

65

D19 2h

C

66

D20 2h

67†

D21 2h

68†

D22 2h

69

D23 2h

70

D24 2h

F

222 ddd

71

D25 2h

I

2 2 2 mmm

72

D26 2h

I

22 2 bam

73

D27 2h

I

21 21 21 b c a

74

D28 2h

I

21 21 21 mm a

2 2 2 mmm 22 2 C ccm 2 22 C mme 222 C cce 2 2 2 F mmm

Extended Hermann–Mauguin symbols for the six settings of the same unit cell

abc (standard)

ba
c

cab

c
ba

bca

a
cb

Cmmm ban

Cmmm ban

Ammm ncb

Ammm ncb

Bmmm cna

Bmmm cna

Cccm nnn

Cccm nnn

Amaa nnn

Amaa nnn

Bbmb nnn

Bbmb nnn

Cmma ðCmmeÞ bab

Cmmb ðCmmeÞ baa

Abmm ðAemmÞ ccb

Acmm ðAemmÞ bcb

Bmcm ðBmemÞ caa

Bmam ðBmemÞ cca

Ccca ðCcceÞ nnb

Cccb ðCcceÞ nna

Abaa ðAeaaÞ cnn

Acaa ðAeaaÞ bnn

Bbcb ðBbebÞ nan

Bbab ðBbebÞ ncn

Fmmm ban ncb cna

Fmmm ban cna ncb

Fmmm ncb cna ban

Fmmm ncb ban cna

Fmmm cna ban ncb

Fmmm cna ncb ban

Fddd

Fddd

Fddd

Fddd

Fddd

Fddd

I mmm nnn

I mmm nnn

I mmm nnn

I mmm nnn

I mmm nnn

I mmm nnn

I bam ccn

I bam ccn

I mcb naa

I mcb naa

I cma bnb

I cma bnb

I bca cab

I cab bca

I bca cab

I cab bca

I bca cab

I cab bca

I mma nnb

I mmb nna

I bmm cnn

I cmm bnn

I mcm nan

I mam ncn

† For the five space groups Aem2 (39), Aea2 (41), Cmce (64), Cmme (67) and Ccce (68), the ‘new’ space-group symbols, containing the symbol ‘e’ for the ‘double’ glide plane, are given for all settings. These symbols were first introduced in the fourth edition of this volume (1995). For further explanations, see Sections 1.2.3 and 2.1.2, and de Wolff et al. (1992).

TETRAGONAL SYSTEM

Schoenflies symbol

Hermann–Mauguin symbols for standard cell P or I

Multiple cell C or F

Short

Short

75

C41

P4

C4

76

C42

P41

C41

77

C43

P42

C42

78

C44

P43

C43

79

C45

I4

I4 42

F4

F4 42

80

C46

I 41

I41 43

F41

F41 43

81

S14

P4


C4


82

S24

I 4


F 4


83

1 C4h

P4=m

C4=m

84

2 C4h

P42 =m

C42 =m

85

3 C4h

P4=n

C4=e

86

4 C4h

P42 =n

C42 =e

87

5 C4h

I 4=m

88

6 C4h

I 41 =a

89

D14

P422

90

D24

P421 2

No. of space group

Extended

I4=m 42 =n I41 =a 43 =b

F4=m

P422 21 P421 2 21

C422

100

F41 =d

C4221

Extended

C42 =m n C42 =m n C4=a b C42 =a b F4=m 42 =a F41 =d 43 =d C422 21 C4221 21

1.5. TRANSFORMATIONS OF COORDINATE SYSTEMS Table 1.5.4.4 (continued) No. of space group

Schoenflies symbol

Hermann–Mauguin symbols for standard cell P or I

Multiple cell C or F

Short

Extended

Short

Extended

91

D34

P41 22

C41 22

92

D44

P41 21 2

93

D54

P42 22

94

D64

P42 21 2

95

D74

P43 22

96

D84

P43 21 2

97

D94

I 422

98

D10 4

I41 22

P41 22 21 P41 21 2 21 P42 22 21 P42 21 2 21 P43 22 21 P43 21 2 21 I 422 4 2 21 21 I 41 22 43 21 21

C41 22 21 C41 221 21 C42 22 21 C42 221 21 C43 22 21 C43 221 21 F422 4 2 21 21 F41 22 43 21 21

99

1 C4v

P4mm

P4mm g

C4mm

C4mm b

100

2 C4v

P4bm

P4bm g

C4mg1

C4mg1 b

101

3 C4v

P42 cm

C42 mc

C42 mc b

102

4 C4v

P42 nm

C42 mg2

103

5 C4v

P4cc

104

6 C4v

P4nc

105

7 C4v

P42 mc

106

8 C4v

P42 bc

107

9 C4v

I 4mm

P42 cm g P42 nm g P4cc n P4nc n P42 mc n P42 bc n I 4mm 42 nc

C42 mg2 b C4cc n C4cg2 n C42 cm n C42 cg1 n F4mm 42 cg2

108

10 C4v

I 4cm

I 4cc 42 bm

F4mc

F4cc 42 mg1

109

11 C4v

I 41 md

I 41 md 41 nd

F41 dm

F41 dm 43 dg2

110

12 C4v

I 41 cd

F41 dc

111

D12d


P42m

112

D22d


P42c

113

D32d


1m P42

114

D42d


1c P42

115

D52d


P4m2

116

D62d


P4c2

117

D72d


P4b2

118

D82d


P4n2

119

D92d


I 4m2

120

D10 2d


I 4c2

121

D11 2d


I 42m

122

D12 2d


I 42d

I 41 cd 43 bd
P42m g
P42c n
1m P42 g
1c P42 n
P4m2 21
P4c2 21
P4b2 21
P4n2 21
I 4m2 n21
I 4c2 b21
I 42m 21 c
I 42d 21 d

F41 dc 43 dg1
C4m2 b
C4c2 n
1 C4m2 b
1 C4c2 n
C42m 21
C42c 21
1 C42g 21
2 C42g 21
F 42m 21 g2
F 42c 21 n
F 4m2 c21
F 4d2 d21

101

C41 221 C42 22 C42 221 C43 22 C43 221 F422 F41 22

C4cc C4cg2 C42 cm C42 cg1 F4mm


C4m2
C4c2
1 C4m2
1 C4c2
C42m
C42c
1 C42g
2 C42g
F 42m
F 42c
F 4m2
F 4d2

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 1.5.4.4 (continued) No. of space group

Schoenflies symbol

Hermann–Mauguin symbols for standard cell P or I

Multiple cell C or F

Short

Extended

Short

Extended

123

D14h

P4=mmm

C4=mmm

124

D24h

P4=mcc

125

D34h

P4=nbm

126

D44h

P4=nnc

127

D54h

P4=mbm

128

D64h

P4=mnc

129

D74h

P4=nmm

130

D84h

P4=ncc

131

D94h

P42 =mmc

132

D10 4h

P42 =mcm

133

D11 4h

P42 =nbc

134

D12 4h

P42 =nnm

135

D13 4h

P42 =mbc

136

D14 4h

P42 =mnm

137

D15 4h

P42 =nmc

138

D16 4h

P42 =ncm

139

D17 4h

I 4=mmm

P4=m 2=m 2=m 21 =g P4=m 2=c 2=c 21 =n P4=n 2=b 2=m 21 =g P4=n 2=n 2=c 21 =n P4=m 21 =b 2=m 21 =g P4=m 21 =n 2=c 21 =n P4=n 21 =m 2=m 21 =g P4=n 21 =c 2=c 21 =n P42 =m 2=m 2=c 21 =n P42 =m 2=c 2=m 21 =g P42 =n 2=b 2=c 21 =n P42 =n 2=n 2=m 21 =g P42 =m 21 =b 2=c 21 =n P42 =m 21 =n 2=m 21 =g P42 =n 21 =m 2=c 21 =n P42 =n 21 =c 2=m 21 =g I 4=m 2=m 2=m 42 =n 21 =n 21 =c

C4=mmm nb C4=mcc nn C4=amg1 bb C4=acg2 bn C4=mmg1 nb C4=mcg2 nn C4amm bb C4=acc bn C42 =mcm nn C42 =mmc nb C42 =acg1 bn C42 =amg2 bb C42 =mcg1 nn C42 =mmg2 nb C42 =acm bn C42 =amc bb F4=mmm 42 =acg2

140

D18 4h

I4=mcm

I 4=m 2=c 2=c 42 =n 21 =b 21 =m

F4=mmc

F4=mcc 42 =amg1

141

D19 4h

I 41 =amd

I 41 =a 2=m 2=d 43 =b 21 =n 21 =d

F41 =ddm

F41 =ddm 43 =ddg2

142

D20 4h

I 41 =acd

I 41 =a 2=c 2=d 43 =b 21 =b 21 =d

F41 =ddc

F41 =ddc 43 =ddg1

C4=mcc C4=emg1 C4=ecg2 C4=mmg1 C4=mcg2 C4=emm C4=ecc C42 =mcm C42 =mmc C42 =ecg1 C42 =emg2 C42 =mcg1 C42 =mmg2 C42 =ecm C42 =emc F4=mmm

Note: The glide planes g, g1 and g2 have the glide components gð12 ; 12 ; 0Þ, g1 ð14 ; 14 ; 0Þ and g2 ð14 ; 14 ; 12Þ. For the glide plane symbol ‘e’, see Sections 1.2.3 and 2.1.2, and de Wolff et al. (1992).

TRIGONAL SYSTEM

Hermann–Mauguin symbols for standard cell P or R

No. of space group

Schoenflies symbol

143 144 145 146

C31 C32 C33 C34

P3 P31 P32 R3

147 148

C3i1 C3i2

P3
R3


149

D13

P312

P312 21

H321

150

D23

P321

H312

151

D33

P31 12

P321 21 P31 12 21

Short

Full

Extended

Triple cell H H3 H31 H32

R3 31;2 H 3
R3
31;2

102

H31 21

1.5. TRANSFORMATIONS OF COORDINATE SYSTEMS Table 1.5.4.4 (continued) Hermann–Mauguin symbols for standard cell P or R

No. of space group

Schoenflies symbol

152

D43

P31 21

153

D53

P32 12

154

D63

P32 21

155

D73

R32

156

1 C3v

P3m1

157

2 C3v

P31m

158

3 C3v

P3c1

159

4 C3v

P31c

160

5 C3v

R3m

161

6 C3v

R3c

162

D13d


P31m


P312=m

163

D23d


P31c


P312=c

164

D33d


P3m1


P32=m1

165

D43d


P3c1


P32=c1

166

D53d


R3m


R32=m

167

D63d


R3c


R32=c

Short

Full

Extended

Triple cell H

P31 21 21 P32 12 21 P32 21 21 R3 2 31;2 21

H31 12

P3m1 b P31m a P3c1 n P31c n R3 m 31;2 b R3 c 31;2 n
P312=m 21 =a
P312=c 21 =n
P32=m1 21 =b
P32=c1 21 =n R3
2=m 31;2 21 =b R3
2=c 31;2 21 =n

H31m

H32 21 H32 12

H3m1 H31c H3c1


H 3m1
H 3c1
H 31m
H 31c

HEXAGONAL SYSTEM

No. of space group

Schoenflies symbol

168 169 170 171 172 173

C61 C62 C63 C64 C65 C66

174

Hermann–Mauguin symbols for standard cell P Short

Full

Extended

Triple cell H

1 C3h

P6 P61 P65 P62 P64 P63 P6


H6 H61 H65 H62 H64 H63 H 6


175 176

1 C6h 2 C6h

P6/m P63 =m

H6/m H63 =m

177

D16

P622

178

D26

P61 22

179

D36

P65 22

180

D46

P62 22

181

D56

P64 22

182

D66

P63 22

P62 2 21 21 P61 2 2 21 21 P65 2 2 21 21 P62 2 2 21 21 P64 2 2 21 21 P63 2 2 21 21

103

H622 H61 22 H65 22 H62 22 H64 22 H63 22

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 1.5.4.4 (continued) Hermann–Mauguin symbols for standard cell P

No. of space group

Schoenflies symbol

Short

183

1 C6v

P6mm

P6mm ba

H6mm

184

2 C6v

P6cc

H6cc

185

3 C6v

P63 cm

186

4 C6v

P63 mc

187

D13h


P6m2

188

D23h


P6c2

189

D33h


P62m

190

D43h


P62c

P6cc nn P63 cm na P63 mc bn
P6m2 b 21
P6c2 n21
P62m 21 a
c P62 21 n

191

D16h

P6=mmm

P6=m 2=m2=m

P6=m 2=m 2=m 21 =b 21 =a

H6=mmm

192

D26h

P6=mcc

P6=m 2=c 2=c

P6=m 2=c 2=c 21 =n 21 =n

H6=mcc

193

D36h

P63 =mcm

P63 =m 2=c 2=m

P63 =m 2=c 2=m 21 =b 21 =a

H63 =mmc

194

D46h

P63 =mmc

P63 =m2=m2=c

P63 =m 2=m 2=c 21 =b 21 =n

H63 =mcm

Full

Extended

H63 mc H63 cm
H 62m
H 62c
H 6m2
H 6c2

CUBIC SYSTEM

No. of space group

Schoenflies symbol

Hermann–Mauguin symbols

195 196

T1 T2

P23 F23

197

T3

I23

198 199

T4 T5

P21 3 I21 3

200 201 202

Th1 Th2 Th3

Pm3
Pn3
Fm3


P2=m 3
P2=n 3
F2=m 3


203

Th4

Fd3


F2=d 3


204

Th5

Im3


I2=m 3


205 206

Th6 Th7


Pa3‡ Ia3



P21 =a3‡ I21 =a3


207

O1

P432

208

O2

P42 32

Short

104

Full

Triple cell H

Extended† F23 2 21 21 I23 21 I21 3 2

F2=m 3
2=n 21 =b 21 =a F2=d 3
2=d 21 =d 21 =d I2=m 3
21 =n I21 =a 3
2=b P432 21 P42 32 21

1.5. TRANSFORMATIONS OF COORDINATE SYSTEMS Table 1.5.4.4 (continued) No. of space group

Schoenflies symbol 3

Hermann–Mauguin symbols Short

Full

Extended†

209

O

F432

F432 42 42 21 42 21

210

O4

F41 32

211

O5

I432

212

O6

P43 32

213

O7

P41 32

214

O8

I41 32

215

Td1


P43m

216

Td2


F 43m

217

Td3


I 43m

218

Td4


P43n

219

Td5


F 43c

220

Td6


I 43d

221

O1h


Pm3m


P4=m 32=m

222

O2h


Pn3n


P4=n 32=n

223

O3h


Pm3n


P42 =m32=n

224

O4h


Pn3m


P42 =n32=m

225

O5h


Fm3m


F4=m 32=m

226

O6h


Fm3c


F4=m 32=c

227

O7h


Fd3m


F41 =d32=m

228

O8h


Fd3c


F41 =d32=c

229

O9h


Im3m


I4=m 32=m

230

O10 h


Ia3d


I41 =a 32=d

F41 32 41 2 43 21 43 21 I432 42 21 P43 32 21 P41 32 21 I41 32 43 21
P43m g
F 43m g g2 g2
I 43m n
P43n c
F 43n c g1 g1
I 43d d
P4=m 32=m 21 =g
P4=n 32=n 21 =c
P42 =m32=n 21 =c
P42 =n32=m 21 =g F4=m 3
2=m 4=n 2=g 42 =b 21 =g2 42 =a 21 =g2
F4=m32=n 4=n 2=c 42 =b 21 =g1 42 =a 21 =g1
F41 =d32=m 41 =d 2=g 43 =d 21 =g2 43 =d 21 =g2
F41 =d32=n 41 =d 2=c 43 =d 21 =g1 43 =d 21 =g1
I4=m32=m 42 =n 21 =n
I41 =a32=d 43 =b 21 =d


of Pa3
is of importance for diffraction studies, cf. † Axes 31 and 32 parallel to axes 3 are not indicated in the extended symbols: cf. Section 1.5.4.1. ‡ The alternative setting Pb3
(P21 =b3) Section 1.5.4.3 and Table 1.6.4.25. Note: The glide planes g, g1 and g2 have the glide components gð12 ; 12 ; 0Þ, g1 ð14 ; 14 ; 0Þ and g2 ð14 ; 14 ; 12Þ.

105

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY primitive lattice. In Fmm2 (42) for example, three additional lines appear in the extended symbol, namely ba2, nc21 and cn21 . These operations are obtained by combining successively the centring translations tð12; 12; 0Þ, tð0; 12; 12Þ and tð12; 0; 12Þ with the symmetry operations of Pmm2. However, in space groups Fdd2 (43) and Fddd (70) the nature of the d planes is not altered by the translations of the F-centred lattice; for this reason, in Table 1.5.4.4 a two-line symbol for Fdd2 and a one-line symbol for Fddd are sufficient. In tetragonal space groups with primitive lattices there are no alternating symmetry operations belonging to the symmetry directions [001] and [100]. However, for the symmetry direction ½110 the symmetry operations 2 and 21 alternate, as do the reflection m and the glide reflection g [g is the name for a glide reflection with a glide vector ð12; 12; 0Þ], and the glide reflections c and n. For example, the second line of the extended symbol of P42 =n 2=b 2=c (133) contains the expression 21 =n under the expression 2=c. For the space groups in the tetragonal system, the unique axis is always the c axis, thus reducing the number of settings and choices of the unit cell. Two additional multiple cells are considered in this system, namely the C and F cells obtained from the P and I cell by the following relations:

The list of hexagonal and trigonal space-group symbols is completed by a multiple H cell, which is three times the volume of the corresponding P cell. The unit-cell transformation is obtained from the relation a0 ¼ a
b; b0 ¼ a þ 2b; c0 ¼ c with centring points at 0, 0, 0; 23 ; 13 ; 0 and 13 ; 23 ; 0. The new vectors a0 and b0 are rotated by
30 in the ab plane with respect to the old vectors a and b. There are altogether six possible such multiple cells rotated by 30 , 90 and 150 (cf. Table 1.5.1.1 and Fig. 1.5.1.8). The hexagonal lattice is frequently referred to the orthohexagonal C-centred cell (cf. Table 1.5.1.1 and Fig. 1.5.1.7). The volume of this centred cell is twice the volume of the primitive hexagonal cell and its basis vectors are mutually perpendicular. In general, the space groups of the cubic system do not yield any additional orientations and only the short, full and extended symbols are given. The only exception to this general rule is the
whose basis group Pa3
(205) with its alternative setting Pb3, vectors a0 ; b0 ; c0 are related by a rotation of 90 in the ab plane
a0 ¼ b; b0 ¼
a; c0 ¼ c. The to the basis vectors a; b; c of Pa3: different general reflection conditions of Pb3
in comparison to those of Pa3
indicate its importance for diffraction studies (cf. Table 1.6.4.25). In some extended symbols of the cubic groups, we note the use of the g or gi type of glide reflections as in, for
(219). The g glide is a generic form of a glide plane example, F 43c which is different from the usual glide planes denoted by a, b, c, n, d or e. The symbols g, g1 and g2 indicate specific glide components and orientations that are specified in the Note to Table 1.5.4.4.

a0 ¼ a b; b0 ¼ a þ b; c0 ¼ c: The secondary [100] and tertiary [110] symmetry directions are interchanged in this cell transformation. As an example, consider P4/n (85) and its description with respect to a C-centred basis. Under the transformation a0 ¼ a þ b, b0 ¼
a þ b, c0 ¼ c, the n glide nð12; 12; 0Þ x; y; 0 is transformed to an a glide a x; y; 0 while its coplanar equivalent glide nð
12; 12; 0Þ x; y; 0 is transformed to a b glide b x; y; 0. Thus, the extended symbol of the multiple-cell description of P4/n (85) shown in Table 1.5.4.4 is C4/a(b), while in accordance with the e-glide convention, the short Hermann– Mauguin symbol becomes C4/e. In the case of I4/m (87), as a result of the I centring, screw rotations 42 and glide reflections n normal to 42 appear as additional symmetry operations and are shown in the second line of the extended symbol (cf. Table 1.5.4.4). In the multiple-cell setting, the space group F4/m exhibits the additional fourfold screw axis 42 and owing to the new orientation of the a0 and b0 axes, which are rotated by 45 relative to the original axes a and b, the n glide of I4/m becomes an a glide in the extended Hermann– Mauguin symbol. The additional b glide obtained from a coplanar n glide is not given explicitly in the extended symbol. The rhombohedral space groups are listed together with the trigonal space groups under the heading ‘Trigonal system’. For both representative symmetry directions [001]hex and [100]hex, rotations with screw rotations and reflections with glide reflections or different kinds of glide reflections alternate, so that additional symmetry operations always occur: rotations 3 or rotoinversions 3 are accompanied by 31 and 32 screw rotations; 2 rotations alternate with 21 screw rotations and m reflections or c glide reflections alternate with additional glide reflections. As examples, under the full Hermann–Mauguin symbol R3 (146) one finds 31;2 and in the line under R 3 2=c (167) one finds 31;2 21 =n. The extended Hermann–Mauguin symbols for space groups of the hexagonal crystal system retain the symbol for the primary symmetry direction [001]. Along the secondary h100i and tertiary h110i symmetry directions every horizontal axis 2 is accompanied by a screw rotation 21, while the reflections and glide reflections, or different types of glide reflections, alternate.

References Chattopadhyay, T. K., Boucherle, J. X. & von Schnering, H. G. (1987). Neutron diffraction study on the structural phase transition in GeTe. J. Phys. C, 20, 1431–1440. Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (2012). Release 2012/2. Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe and National Institute of Standards and Technology. http://www.fiz-karlsruhe.de/icsd.html. (Abbreviated as ICSD.) International Tables for Crystallography (1983). Vol. A, Space-Group Symmetry. Edited by Th. Hahn. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company. International Tables for Crystallography (1995). Vol. A, Space-Group Symmetry. Edited by Th. Hahn, 4th revised ed. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. International Tables for Crystallography (2002). Vol. A, Space-Group Symmetry. Edited by Th. Hahn, 5th ed. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. International Tables for Crystallography (2010). Vol. A1, Symmetry Relations between Space Groups. Edited by H. Wondratschek & U. Mu¨ller, 2nd ed. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. International Tables for X-ray Crystallography (1952). Vol. I, Symmetry Groups, edited by N. F. M. Henry & K. Lonsdale. Birmingham: Kynoch Press. Krstanovic, I. R. (1958). Redetermination of the oxygen parameters in zircon (ZrSiO4). Acta Cryst. 11, 896–897. Wiedemeier, H. & Siemers, P. A. (1989). The thermal expansion of GeS and GeTe. J. Less Common Met. 146, 279–298. Wolff, P. M. de, Billiet, Y., Donnay, J. D. H., Fischer, W., Galiulin, R. B., Glazer, A. M., Hahn, Th., Senechal, M., Shoemaker, D. P., Wondratschek, H., Wilson, A. J. C. & Abrahams, S. C. (1992). Symbols for symmetry elements and symmetry operations. Final Report of the International Union of Crystallography Ad-hoc Committee on the Nomenclature of Symmetry. Acta Cryst. A48, 727–732. Wyckoff, R. W. G. & Hendricks, S. B. (1927). Die Kristallstruktur von Zirkon und die Kriterien fuer spezielle Lagen in tetragonalen Raumgruppen. Z. Kristallogr. Kristallgeom. Kristallphys. Kristallchem. 66, 73–102.

106

references

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Chapter 1.6, pp. 107–131.

1.6. Methods of space-group determination U. Shmueli, H. D. Flack and J. C. H. Spence 1.6.1. Overview

the elements of the metric tensor, one obtains the Bravais lattice, together with a conventional choice of the unit cell, with the aid of standard tables. A detailed description of cell reduction is given in Chapter 3.1 of this volume and in Part 9 of earlier editions (e.g. Burzlaff et al., 2002). An alternative approach (Le Page, 1982) seeks the Bravais lattice directly from the cell dimensions by searching for all the twofold axes present. All these operations are automated in software. Regardless of the technique employed, at the end of the process one obtains an indication of the Bravais lattice and a unit cell in a conventional setting for the crystal system, primitive or centred as appropriate. These are usually good indications which, however, must be confirmed by an examination of the distribution of diffracted intensities as outlined below. In the second stage, it is the point-group symmetry of the intensities of the Bragg reflections which is determined. We recall that the average reduced intensity of a pair of Friedel opposites (hkl and hkl) is given by

This chapter describes and discusses several methods of symmetry determination of single-domain crystals. A detailed presentation of symmetry determination from diffraction data is given in Section 1.6.2.1, followed by a brief discussion of intensity statistics, ideal as well as non-ideal, with an application of the latter to real intensity data from a P1 crystal structure in Section 1.6.2.2. Several methods of retrieving symmetry information from a solved crystal structure are then discussed (Section 1.6.2.3). This is followed by a discussion of chemical and physical restrictions on space-group symmetry (Section 1.6.2.4), including some aids in symmetry determination, and by a brief section on pitfalls in space-group determination (Section 1.6.2.5). The following two sections deal with reflection conditions. Section 1.6.3 presents the theoretical background of conditions for possible general reflections and their corresponding derivation. A brief discussion of special reflection conditions is included. Section 1.6.4 presents an extensive tabulation of general reflection conditions and possible space groups. Other methods of space-group determination are presented in Section 1.6.5. Section 1.6.5.1 deals with an account of methods of space-group determination based on resonant (also termed ‘anomalous’) scattering. Section 1.6.5.2 is a brief description of approaches to space-group determination in macromolecular crystallography. Section 1.6.5.3 deals with corresponding approaches in powder-diffraction methods. The chapter concludes with a description and illustration of symmetry determination based on electron-diffraction methods (Section 1.6.6), and principally focuses on convergent-beam electron diffraction. This chapter deals only with single crystals. A supplement (Flack, 2015) deals with twinned crystals and those displaying a specialized metric.

jFav ðhÞj2 ¼ 12 ½jFðhÞj2 þ jFðhÞj2
P ¼ ½ðfi þ fi0 Þðfj þ fj0 Þ þ fi00 fj00
cos½2
hðr i  r j Þ
 AðhÞ; i;j

ð1:6:2:1Þ where the atomic scattering factor of atom j, taking into account resonant scattering, is given by f j ¼ fj þ fj0 þ ifj00 ; the wavelength-dependent components fj0 and fj00 being the real and imaginary parts, respectively, of the contribution of atom j to the resonant scattering, h contains in the (row) matrix (1  3) the diffraction orders (hkl) and r j contains in the (column) matrix (3  1) the coordinates ðxj ; yj ; zj Þ of atom j. The components of the f j are assumed to contain implicitly the displacement parameters. Equation (1.6.2.1) can be found e.g. in Okaya & Pepinsky (1955), Rossmann & Arnold (2001) and Flack & Shmueli (2007). It follows from (1.6.2.1) that

1.6.2. Symmetry determination from single-crystal studies By U. Shmueli and H. D. Flack

jFav ðhÞj2 ¼ jFav ðhÞj2 or AðhÞ ¼ AðhÞ; regardless of the contribution of resonant scattering. Hence the averaging introduces a centre of symmetry in the (averaged) diffraction pattern.2 In fact, working with the average of Friedel opposites, one may determine the Laue group of the diffraction pattern by comparing the intensities of reflections which should be symmetry equivalent under each of the Laue groups. These are the 11 centrosymmetric point groups: 1, 2/m, mmm, 4/m, 4/mmm, 3, 3m, 6/m, 6/mmm, m3 and m3m. For example, the reflections of which the intensities are to be compared for the Laue group 3 are: hkl, kil, ihl, hkl, kil and ihl, where i ¼ h  k. An extensive listing of the indices of symmetry-related reflections in all the point groups, including of course the Laue groups, is

1.6.2.1. Symmetry information from the diffraction pattern The extraction of symmetry information from the diffraction pattern takes place in three stages. In the first stage, the unit-cell dimensions are determined and analyzed in order to establish to which Bravais lattice the crystal belongs. A conventional choice of lattice basis (coordinate system) may then be chosen. The determination of the Bravais lattice1 of the crystal is achieved by the process of cell reduction, in which the lattice is first described by a basis leading to a primitive unit cell, and then linear combinations of the unit-cell vectors are taken to reduce the metric tensor (and the cell dimensions) to a standard form. From the relationships amongst

We must mention the well known Friedel’s law, which states that jFðhÞj2 = jFðhÞj2 and which is only a reasonable approximation for noncentrosymmetric crystals if resonant scattering is negligibly small. This law holds well for centrosymmetric crystals, independently of the resonant-scattering contribution. 2

1

The Bravais lattice symbol consists of two characters. The first is the first letter of the name of a crystal family and the second is the centring mode of a conventional unit cell. For details see Tables 3.1.2.1 and 3.1.2.2.

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

107

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY given in Appendix 1.4.4 of International Tables for Crystallography Volume B (Shmueli, 2008).3 In the past, one used to inspect the diffraction images to see which classes of reflections are symmetry equivalent within experimental and other uncertainty. Nowadays, the whole intensity data set is analyzed by software. The intensities are merged and averaged under each of the 11 Laue groups in various settings (e.g. 2/m unique axis b and unique axis c) and orientations (e.g. 3m1 and 31m). For each choice of Laue group and its variant, an Rmerge factor is calculated as follows:

Table 1.6.2.1 The ability of the procedures described in Sections 1.6.2.1 and 1.6.5.1 to distinguish between space groups The columns of the table show the number of sets of space groups that are indistinguishable by the chosen technique, according to the number of space groups in the set, e.g. for Laue-class discrimination, 85 space groups may be uniquely identified, whereas there are 8 sets containing 5 space groups indistinguishable by this technique. The tables in Section 1.6.4 contain 416 different settings of space groups generated from the 230 space-group types.

No. of space groups in set that are indistinguishable by procedure used

P PjGji Rmerge;i ¼

h

2 2 s¼1 jhjFav ðhÞj ii  jFav ðhW si Þj j P ; jGji h hjFav ðhÞj2 ii

No. of sets for Laue-class discrimination No. of sets for point-group discrimination

ð1:6:2:2Þ

where W si is the matrix of the sth symmetry operation of the ith Laue group, jGi j is the number of symmetry operations in that group, the average in the first term in the numerator and in the denominator ranges over thePintensities of the trial Laue group and the outer summations h range over the hkl reflections. Choices with low Rmerge;i display the chosen symmetry, whereas for those with high Rmerge;i the symmetry is inappropriate. The Laue group of highest symmetry with a low Rmerge;i is considered the best indication of the Laue group. Several variants of the above procedure exist in the available software. Whichever of them is used, it is important for the discrimination of the averaging process to choose a strategy of data collection such that the intensities of the greatest possible number of Bragg reflections are measured. In practice, validation of symmetry can often be carried out with a few initial images and the data-collection strategy may be based on this assignment. In the third stage, the intensities of the Bragg reflections are studied to identify the conditions for systematic absences. Some space groups give rise to zero intensity for certain classes of reflections. These ‘zeros’ occur in a systematic manner and are commonly called systematic absences (e.g. in the h0l class of reflections, if all rows with l odd are absent, then the corresponding reflection condition is h0l: l = 2n). In practice, as implemented in software, statistics are produced on the intensity observations of all possible sets of ‘reflections conditions’ as given in Chapter 2.3 (e.g. in the example above, h0l reflections are separated into sets with l = 2n and those with l = 2n + 1). In one approach, the number of observations in each set having an intensity (I) greater than n standard uncertainties [u(I)] [i.e. I=uðIÞ > n] is displayed for various values of n. Clearly, if a trial condition for systematic absence has observations with strong or medium intensity [i.e. I=uðIÞ > 3], the systematic-absence condition is not fulfilled (i.e. the reflections are not systematically absent). If there are no such observations, the condition for systematic absence may be valid and the statistics for smaller values of n need then to be examined. These are more problematic to evaluate, as the set of reflections under examination may have many weak reflections due to structural effects of the crystal or to perturbations of the measurements by other systematic effects. An alternative approach to examining numbers of observations is to compare the mean value, hI=uðIÞi, taken over reflections obeying or not a trial reflection condition. For a valid reflection condition, one expects the former value to be considerably larger than the latter. In Section 3.1 of Palatinus & van der Lee (2008), real examples of marginal cases are described.

1

2

3

4

5

6

85

78

43

0

8

1

390

13

0

0

0

0

The third stage continues by noting that the systematic absences are characteristic of the space group of the crystal, although some sets of space groups have identical reflection conditions. In Chapter 2.3 one finds all the reflection conditions listed individually for the 230 space groups. For practical use in space-group determination, tables have been set up that present a list of all those space groups that are characterized by a given set of reflection conditions. The tables for all the Bravais lattices and Laue groups are given in Section 1.6.4 of this chapter. So, once the reflection conditions have been determined, all compatible space groups can be identified from the tables. Table 1.6.2.1 shows that 85 space groups may be unequivocally determined by the procedures defined in this section based on the identification of the Laue group. For other sets of reflection conditions, there are a larger number of compatible space groups, attaining the value of 6 in one case. It is appropriate at this point to anticipate the results presented in Section 1.6.5.1, which exploit the resonantscattering contribution to the diffracted intensities and under appropriate conditions allow not only the Laue group but also the point group of the crystal to be identified. If such is the case, the last line of Table 1.6.2.1 shows that almost all space groups can be unequivocally determined. In the remaining 13 pairs of space groups, constituting 26 space groups in all, there are the 11 enantiomorphic pairs of space groups [(P41 –P43 ), (P41 22–P43 22), (P41 21 2–P43 21 2), (P31 –P32 ), (P31 21–P32 21), (P31 12–P32 12), (P61 –P65 ), (P62 –P64 ), (P61 22–P65 22), (P62 22–P64 22) and (P41 32–P43 32)] and the two exceptional pairs of I222 & I21 21 21 and I23 & I21 3, characterized by having the same symmetry elements in a different arrangement in space. These 13 pairs of space groups cannot be distinguished by the methods described in Sections 1.6.2 and 1.6.5.1, but may be distinguished when a reliable atomic structural model of the crystal has been obtained. On the other hand, all these 13 pairs of space groups can be distinguished by the methods described in Section 1.6.6 and in detail in Saitoh et al. (2001). It should be pointed out in connection with this third stage that a possible weakness of the analysis of systematic absences for crystals with small unit-cell dimensions is that there may be a small number of axial reflections capable of being systematically absent. It goes without saying that the selected space groups must be compatible with the Bravais lattice determined in stage 1, with the Laue class determined in stage 2 and with the set of spacegroup absences determined in stage 3. We thank L. Palatinus (2011) for having drawn our attention to the unexploited potential of the Patterson function for the determination of the space group of the crystal. The discovery of

3 The tables in Appendix 1.4.4 mentioned above actually deal with space groups in reciprocal space; however, the left part of any entry is just the indices of a reflection generated by the point-group operation corresponding to this entry.

108

1.6. METHODS OF SPACE-GROUP DETERMINATION this method is due to Buerger (1946) and later obtained only a one-sentence reference by Rogers (1950) and by Rossmann & Arnold (2001). The method is based on the observation that interatomic vectors between symmetry-related (other than by inversion in a point) atoms cause peaks to accumulate in the corresponding Harker sections and lines of the Patterson function. It is thus only necessary to find the location of those Harker sections and lines that have a high concentration of peaks to identify the corresponding symmetry operations of the space group. At the time of its discovery, it was not considered an economic method of space-group determination due to the labour involved in calculating the Patterson function. Subsequently it was completely neglected and there are no recent reports of its use. It is thus not possible to report on its strengths and weaknesses in practical modern-day applications.

Table 1.6.2.2 The numerical values of several low-order moments of jEj, based on equation (1.6.2.3) Moment

P1

P1

hjEji hjEj2 i hjEj3 i hjEj4 i hjEj5 i hjEj6 i hjE2  1ji

0.798 1.000 1.596 3.000 6.383 15.000 0.968

0.886 1.000 1.329 2.000 3.323 6.000 0.736

greater is the difference between their values for centric and acentric cases. However, it is most important to remember that the influence of measurement uncertainties also increases with n and therefore the higher the moment the less reliable it tends to be. There are several ideal indicators of the status of centrosymmetry of a crystal structure. The most frequently used are: (i) the N(z) test (Howells et al., 1950), a cumulative distribution of z ¼ jEj2 , based on equation (1.6.2.3), and (ii) the low-order moments of jEj, also based on equation (1.6.2.3). Equation (1.6.2.3), however, is very seldom used as an indicator of the status of centrosymmetry of a crystal stucture. Let us now briefly consider p.d.f.’s that are valid for any atomic composition as well as any space-group symmetry, and exemplify their performance by comparing a histogram derived from observed intensities from a P1 structure with theoretical p.d.f.’s for the space groups P1 and P1. The p.d.f.’s considered presume that all the atoms are in general positions and that the reflections considered are general (see, e.g., Section 1.6.3). A general treatment of the problem is given in the literature and summarized in the book Introduction to Crystallographic Statistics (Shmueli & Weiss, 1995). The basics of the exact p.d.f.’s are conveniently illustrated in the following. The normalized structure factor for the space group P1, assuming that all the atoms occupy general positions and resonant scattering is neglected, is given by

1.6.2.2. Structure-factor statistics and crystal symmetry Most structure-solving software packages contain a section dedicated to several probabilistic methods based on the Wilson (1949) paper on the probability distribution of structure-factor magnitudes. These statistics sometimes correctly indicate whether the intensity data set was collected from a centrosymmetric or noncentrosymmetric crystal. However, not infrequently these indications are erroneous. The reasons for this may be many, but outstandingly important are (i) the presence of a few very heavy atoms amongst a host of lighter ones, and (ii) a very small number of nearly equal atoms. Omission of weak reflections from the data set also contributes to failures of Wilson (1949) statistics. These erroneous indications are also rather strongly space-group dependent. The well known probability density functions (hereafter p.d.f.’s) of the magnitude of the normalized structure factor E, also known as ideal p.d.f.’s, are  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi   2=
exp jEj2 =2 for P1 pðjEjÞ ¼ ; ð1:6:2:3Þ 2jEj expðjEj2 Þ for P1 where it is assumed that all the atoms are of the same chemical element. Let us see their graphical representations. It is seen from Fig. 1.6.2.1 that the two p.d.f.’s are significantly different, but usually they are not presented as such by the software. What is usually shown are the cumulative distributions of jEj2, the moments: hjEjn i for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and the averages of low powers of jE2  1j for ideal centric and acentric distributions, based on equation (1.6.2.3). Table 1.6.2.2 shows the numerical values of several low-order moments of jEj and that of the lowest power of jE2  1j. The higher the value of n the

EðhÞ ¼ 2

N=2 P

nj cosð2
hr j Þ;

j¼1

where nj is the normalized P scattering factor. The maximum N possible value of E is Emax ¼ j¼1 nj and the minimum possible value of E is Emax. Therefore, EðhÞ must be confined to the ðEmax ; Emax Þ range. The probability of finding E outside this range is of course zero. Such a probability density function can be expanded in a Fourier series within this range (cf. Shmueli et al., 1984). This is the basis of the derivation, the details of which are well documented (e.g. Shmueli et al., 1984; Shmueli & Weiss, 1995; Shmueli, 2007). Exact p.d.f.’s for any centrosymmetric space group have the form   1 P pðjEjÞ ¼  1 þ 2 Cm cosð
mjEjÞ ; ð1:6:2:4Þ m¼1

where  ¼ 1=Emax, and exact p.d.f.’s for any noncentrosymmetric space group can be computed as the double Fourier series pðjEjÞ ¼ 12
2 jEj Figure 1.6.2.1

1 P 1 P

Cmn J0 ½
jEjðm2 þ n2 Þ1=2
;

ð1:6:2:5Þ

m¼1 n¼1

where J0 ðXÞ is a Bessel function of the first kind and of order zero. Expressions for the coefficients Cm and Cmn are given by

Ideal p.d.f.’s for the equal-atom case. The dashed line is the centric, and the solid line the acentric ideal p.d.f.

109

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY structure validation. Symmetry operations present in the structure solution but not in the candidate space group are sought. An exhaustive search for symmetry operations is undertaken. However, those to be investigated may be very efficently limited by making use of knowledge of the highest point-group symmetry of the lattice compatible with the known cell dimensions of the crystal. It is well established that the point-group symmetry of any lattice is one of the following seven centrosymmetric point groups: 1, 2/m, mmm, 4/mmm, 3m, 6/mmm, m3m. This point group is known as the holohedry of the lattice. The relationship between the symmetry operations of the space group and its holohedry is rather simple. A rotation or screw axis of symmetry in the crystal has as its counterpart a corresponding rotation axis of symmetry of the lattice and a mirror or glide plane in the crystal has as its counterpart a corresponding mirror plane in the lattice. The holohedry may be equal to or higher than the point group of the crystal. Hence, at least the rotational part of any space-group operation should have its counterpart in the symmetry of the lattice. If and when this rotational part is found by a systematic comparison either of the electron density or of the positions of the independent atoms of the solved structure, the location and intrinsic parts of the translation parts of the space-group operation can be easily completed. Palatinus and van der Lee (2008) describe their procedure in detail with useful examples. It uses the structure solution both in the form of an electron-density map and a set of phased structure factors obtained by Fourier transformation. No interpretation of the electron-density map in the form of atomic coordinates and chemical-element type is required. The algorithm of the procedure proceeds in the following steps: (1) The lattice centring is determined by a search for strong peaks in the autocorrelation (self-convolution, Patterson) function of the electron density and the potential centring vectors are evaluated through a reciprocal-space R value. (2) A complete list of possible symmetry operations compatible with the lattice is generated by searching for the invariance of the direct-space metric under potential symmetry operations. (3) A figure of merit is then assigned to each symmetry operation evaluated from the convolution of the symmetry-transformed electron density with that of the structure solution. Those symmetry operations that have a good figure of merit are selected as belonging to the space group of the crystal structure. (4) The space group is completed by group multiplication of the selected operations and then validated. (5) The positions of the symmetry elements are shifted to those of a conventional setting for the space group. Palatinus & van der Lee (2008) report a very high success rate in the use of this algorithm. It is also a powerful technique to apply in structure validation. Le Page’s (1987) pioneering software MISSYM for the detection of ‘missed’ symmetry operations uses refined atomic coordinates, unit-cell dimensions and space group assigned from the crystal-structure solution. The algorithm follows all the principles described above in this section. In MISSYM, the metric symmetry is established as described in the first stage of Section 1.6.2.1. The ‘missed’ symmetry operations are those that are present in the arrangement of the atoms but are not part of the space group used for the structure refinement. Indeed, this procedure has its main applications in structure validation. The algorithm used in Le Page’s software is also implemented in ADDSYM (Spek, 2003). There are numerous reports of successful applications of this software in the literature.

Figure 1.6.2.2 Exact p.d.f.’s. for a crystal of [(Z)-ethyl N-isopropylthiocarbamatoS](tricyclohexylphosphine-P)gold(I) in the triclinic system. Solid curve: P1, computed from (1.6.2.4); dashed curve: P1, computed from (1.6.2.5); histogram based on the data computed from all the reflections with non-negative reduced intensities. The height of each bin corresponds to the number of reflections (NREF) in its range of jEj values. The p.d.f.’s are scaled up to the histogram.

Rabinovich et al. (1991) and by Shmueli & Wilson (2008) for all the space groups up to and including Fd3. The following example deals with a very high sensitivity to atomic heterogeneity. Consider the crystal structure of [(Z)-ethyl N-isopropylthiocarbamato-S](tricyclohexylphosphine-P)gold(I), published as P1 with Z = 2, the content of its asymmetric unit being AuSPONC24H45 (Tadbuppa & Tiekink, 2010). Let us construct a histogram from the jEj data computed from all the observed reflections with non-negative reduced intensities and compare the histogram with the p.d.f.’s for the space groups P1 and P1, computed from equations (1.6.2.5) and (1.6.2.4), respectively. The histogram and the p.d.f.’s were put on the same scale. The result is shown in Fig. 1.6.2.2. A visual comparison strongly indicates that the space-group assignment as P1 was correct, since the recalculated histogram agrees rather well with the p.d.f. (1.6.2.4) and much less with (1.6.2.5). The ideal Wilson-type statistics incorrectly indicated that this crystal is noncentrosymmetric. It is seen that the ideal p.d.f. breaks down in the presence of strong atomic heterogeneity (gold among many lighter atoms) in the space group P1. Other space groups behave differently, as shown in the literature (e.g. Rabinovich et al., 1991; Shmueli & Weiss, 1995). Additional examples of applications of structure-factor statistics and some relevant computing considerations and software can be found in Shmueli (2012) and Shmueli (2013). 1.6.2.3. Symmetry information from the structure solution It is also possible to obtain information on the symmetry of the crystal after structure solution. The latter is obtained either in space group P1 (i.e. no symmetry assumed) or in some other candidate space group. The analysis may take place either on the electron-density map, or on its interpretation in terms of atomic coordinates and atomic types (i.e. chemical elements). The analysis of the electron-density map has become increasingly popular with the advent of dual-space methods, first proposed in the charge-flipping algorithm by Oszla´nyi & Su¨to

(2004), which solve structures in P1 by default. The analysis of the atomic coordinates and atomic types obtained from least-squares refinement in a candidate space group is used extensively in

110

1.6. METHODS OF SPACE-GROUP DETERMINATION present volume, Hahn & Klapper show to which point groups a crystal must belong to be capable of displaying some of the principal physical properties of crystals (Table 3.2.2.1). Measurement of morphology, pyroelectricity, piezoelectricity, second harmonic generation and optical activity of a crystalline sample can be of use.

1.6.2.4. Restrictions on space groups The values of certain chemical and physical properties of a bulk compound, or its crystals, have implications for the assignment of the space group of a crystal structure. In the chemical domain, notably in proteins and small-molecule natural products, information concerning the enantiomeric purity of the bulk compound or of its individual crystals is most useful. Further, all physical properties of a crystal are limited by the point group of the crystal structure in ways that depend on the individual nature of the physical property. It is very well established that the crystal structure of an enantiomerically pure compound will be chiral (see Flack, 2003). By an enantiomerically pure compound one means a compound whose molecules are all chiral and all these molecules possess the same chirality. The space group of a chiral crystal structure will only contain the following types of symmetry operation: translations, pure rotations and screw rotations. Inversion in a point, mirror reflection or rotoinversion do not occur in the space group of a chiral crystal structure. Taking all this together means that the crystal structure of an enantiomerically pure compound will show one of 65 space groups (known as the Sohncke space groups), all noncentrosymmetric, containing only translations, rotations and screw rotations. As a consequence, the point group of a chiral crystal structure is limited to the 11 point groups containing only pure rotations (i.e. 1, 2, 222, 4, 422, 3, 32, 6, 622, 23 and 432). Particular attention must be paid as to whether a measurement of enantiomeric purity of a compound applies to the bulk material or to the single crystal used for the diffraction experiment. Clearly, a compound whose bulk is enantiomerically pure will produce crystals which are enantiomerically pure. The converse is not necessarily true (i.e. enantiomerically pure crystals do not necessarily come from an enantiomerically pure bulk). For example, a bulk compound which is a racemate (i.e. an enantiomeric mixture containing 50% each of the opposite enantiomers) may produce either (a) crystals of the racemic compound (i.e. crystals containing 50% each of the opposite enantiomers) or (b) a racemic conglomerate (i.e. a mixture of enantiomerically pure crystals in a proportion of 50% of each pure enantiomer) or (c) some other rarer crystallization modes. Consequently, as part of a single-crystal structure analysis, it is highly recommended to make a measurement of the enantiomeric purity of the single crystal used for the diffraction experiment. Much information on methods of establishing the enantiomeric purity of a compound can be found in a special issue of Chirality devoted to the determination of absolute configuration (Allenmark et al., 2007). Measurements in the fluid state of optical activity, optical rotatory dispersion (ORD), circular dichroism (CD) and enantioselective chromatography are of prime importance. Many of these are sufficiently sensitive to be applicable not only to the bulk compound but also to the single crystal used for the diffraction experiment taken into solution. CD may also be applied in the solid state. Many physical properties of a crystalline solid are anisotropic and the symmetry of a physical property of a crystal is limited both by the point-group symmetry of the crystal and by symmetries inherent to the physical property under study. For further information on this topic see Part 1 of Volume D (Authier et al., 2014). Unfortunately, many of these physical properties are intrinsically centrosymmetric, so few of them are of use in distinguishing between the subgroups of a Laue group, a common problem in space-group determination. In Chapter 3.2 of the

1.6.2.5. Pitfalls in space-group determination The methods described in Sections 1.6.2 and 1.6.5.1 rely on the crystal measured being a single-domain crystal, i.e. it should not be twinned. Nevertheless, some types of twin are easily identified at the measurement stage as they give rise to split reflections. Powerful data-reduction techniques may be applied to data from such crystals to produce a reasonably complete single-domain intensity data set. Consequently, the multi-domain twinned crystals that give rise to difficulties in space-group determination are those for which the reciprocal lattices of the individual domains overlap exactly without generating any splitting of the Bragg reflections. A study of the intensity data from such a crystal may display two anomalies. Firstly, the intensity distribution, as described and analysed in Section 1.6.2.2, will be broader than that of the monodomain crystal. Secondly, one may obtain a set of conditions for reflections that does not correspond to any entry in Section 1.6.4. In this chapter we give no further information on the determination of the space group for such twinned crystals. For further information on this topic see Part 3 of Volume D (Bocˇek et al., 2006) and Chapter 1.3 on twinning in Volume C (Koch, 2006). A supplement (Flack, 2015) to the current section deals with the determination of the space group from twinned crystals and those displaying a specialized metric. However, it is apposite to note that the existence of twins with overlapping reciprocal lattices can be identified by recording atomic resolution transmission electron-microscope images. In order to obtain reliable results from space-group determination, the coverage of the reciprocal space by the intensity measurements should be as complete as possible. One should attempt to attain full-sphere data coverage, i.e. a complete set of intensity measurements in the point group 1. All Friedel opposites should be measured. The validity and reliability of the intensity statistics described in Section 1.6.2.2 rest on a full coverage of reciprocal lattice. Any systematic omission by resolution, azimuth and declination, intensity etc. of part of the asymmetric region of the reciprocal lattice has an adverse effect. In particular, reflections of weak intensity should not be omitted or deleted. There are a few other common difficulties in space-group determination due either to the nature of the crystal or the experimental setup: (a) The crystal may display a pseudo-periodicity leading to systematic series of weak or very weak reflections that can be mistaken for systematic absences. (b) The physical effect of multiple reflections can lead to diffraction intensity appearing at the place of systematic absences. However, the shape of these multiple-reflection intensities is usually much sharper than a normal Bragg reflection. (c) Contamination of the incident radiation by a =2 component may also cause intensity due to the 2h 2k 2l reflection to appear at the place of the hkl one. Kirschbaum et al. (1997) and Macchi et al. (1998) have studied this probem and describe ways of circumventing it.

111

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY second, however, requires that exp½
iðh þ k þ lÞ
be equal to unity. Since expð
inÞ ¼ ð1Þn, where n is an integer, the possible reflections from a crystal with an I-type lattice must have indices such that their sum is an even integer; if the sum of the indices is an odd integer, the reflection is systematically absent. In this way, we examine all lattice types for conditions of possible reflections (or systematic absences) and present the results in Table 1.6.3.1. The reflection h is special if it remains unchanged under at least one operation of the point group of the diffraction pattern in addition to its identity operation. I.e., the relation hW ¼ h holds true for more than one operation of the point group. We shall now assume that the reflection h is special. By definition, this reflection remains invariant under more than one operation of the point group of the diffraction pattern. These operations form a subgroup of the point group of the diffraction pattern, known as the stabilizer (formerly called the isotropy subgroup) of the reflection h, and we denote it by the symbol S h . For each spacegroup symmetry operation (W ; wÞ where W is the matrix of an element of S h we must therefore have hW ¼ h. Equation (1.6.3.3) now reduces to

1.6.3. Theoretical background of reflection conditions By U. Shmueli

We shall now examine the effect of the space-group symmetry on the structure-factor function. These effects are of importance in the determination of crystal symmetry. If ðW ; wÞ is the matrix– column pair of a representative symmetry operation of the space group of the crystal, then, by definition ðxÞ ¼ ðW x þ wÞ;

ð1:6:3:1Þ

where ðxÞ is the value of the electron-density function at the point with coordinates x, W is a matrix of proper or improper rotation and w is a translation part (cf. Section 1.2.2.1). It is known that the electron-density function at the point x is given by ðxÞ ¼

1X FðhÞ expð2
ihxÞ; V h

ð1:6:3:2Þ

where, in this and the following equations, h is the row matrix ðh k lÞ and x is a column matrix containing x, y and z in the first, second and third rows, respectively. Of course, hx is simply equivalent to hx þ ky þ lz. If we substitute (1.6.3.2), with x replaced by ðW x þ wÞ in (1.6.3.1) we obtain, after some calculation, FðhW Þ ¼ FðhÞ expð2
ihwÞ:

FðhÞ ¼ FðhÞ expð2
ihwÞ:

Of course, if W represents the identity operation, w must be a lattice vector and the discussion summarized in Table 1.6.3.1 applies. We therefore require that W is the matrix of an element of S h other than the identity. FðhÞ can be nonzero only if the exponential factor in (1.6.3.7) equals unity. This, in turn, is possible only if hw is an integer. Let us consider a monoclinic crystal with P-type lattice (i.e. with an mP-type Bravais lattice) and a c-glide reflection as an example. Assuming b perpendicular to the ac plane, the ðW ; w) representation of c is given by 20 1 0 13 1 0 0 0 c: 4@ 0 1 0 A; @ y A5: 0 0 1 1=2

ð1:6:3:3Þ

Equation (1.6.3.3) is the fundamental relation between symmetry-related reflections (e.g. Waser, 1955; Wells, 1965; and Chapter 1.4 in Volume B). If we write FðhÞ ¼ jFðhÞj exp½i’ðhÞ
, equation (1.6.3.3) leads to the following relationships: jFðhW Þj ¼ jFðhÞj

ð1:6:3:4Þ

’ðhW Þ ¼ ’ðhÞ  2
hw:

ð1:6:3:5Þ

and

The indices of reflections that remain unchanged under the application of the mirror component of the glide-reflection operation must be h0l. The translation part of the c-glidereflection operation has the form (0, y, 1/2), where y = 0 corresponds to the plane passing through the origin. Hence, for any value of y, the scalar product hw is l/2 and the necessary condition for a nonzero value of an h0l reflection is l = 2n, where n is an integer. Intensities of h0l reflections with odd l will be systematically absent. Table 1.6.3.2 shows the effect of some glide reflections on reflection conditions.4 Let us now assume a crystal with an mP-type Bravais lattice and a twofold screw axis taken as being parallel to b. The (W ; wÞ representation of the corresponding screw rotation is given by 20 1 0 13 x 1 0 0 21 : 4@ 0 1 0 A; @ 1=2 A5: z 0 0 1

Equation (1.6.3.4) indicates the equality of the intensities of truly symmetry-related reflections, while equation (1.6.3.5) relates the phases of the corresponding structure factors. The latter equation is of major importance in direct methods of phase determination [e.g. Chapter 2.2 in Volume B (Giacovazzo, 2008)]. We can now approach the problem of systematically absent reflections, which are alternatively called the conditions for possible reflections. The reflection h is general if its indices remain unchanged only under the identity operation of the point group of the diffraction pattern. I.e., if W is the matrix of the identity operation of the point group, the relation hW ¼ h holds true. So, if the reflection h is general, we must have W  I, where I is the identity matrix and, obviously, hI ¼ h. The operation ðI; wÞ can be a space-group symmetry operation only if w is a lattice vector. Let us denote it by wL. Equation (1.6.3.3) then reduces to FðhÞ ¼ FðhÞ expð2
ihwL Þ

ð1:6:3:7Þ

ð1:6:3:6Þ

The diffraction indices that remain unchanged upon the application of the rotation part of 21 must be of the form (0k0). The translation part of the screw operation is of the form (x, 1/2, z), where the values of x and z depend on the location of the origin. Hence, for any values of x and z the scalar product hw is k/2 and the necessary condition for a nonzero value of a 0k0 reflection is

and FðhÞ can be nonzero only if expð2
ihwL Þ ¼ 1. This, in turn, is possible only if hwL is an integer and leads to conditions depending on the lattice type. For example, if the components of wL are all integers, which is the case for a P-type lattice, the above condition is fulfilled for all h – the lattice type does not impose any restrictions. If the lattice is of type I, there are two lattice points in the unit cell, at say 0, 0, 0 and 1/2, 1/2, 1/2. The first of these does not lead to any restrictions on possible reflections. The

4 The reflection condition in the fourth line of Table 1.6.3.2 is a consequence of the fact that a d glide appears only with Bravais lattices of types I and F.

112

1.6. METHODS OF SPACE-GROUP DETERMINATION Table 1.6.3.1 Effect of lattice type on conditions for possible reflections Lattice type P A B C I F

Robv Rrev

wTL

hwL

Conditions for possible reflections

(0, 0, 0) ð0; 12 ; 12Þ ð12 ; 0; 12Þ ð12 ; 12 ; 0Þ ð12 ; 12 ; 12Þ ð0; 12 ; 12Þ ð12 ; 0; 12Þ ð12 ; 12 ; 0Þ ð23 ; 13 ; 13Þ ð13 ; 23 ; 23Þ ð13 ; 23 ; 13Þ ð23 ; 13 ; 23Þ

Integer ðk þ lÞ=2 ðh þ lÞ=2 ðh þ kÞ=2 ðh þ k þ lÞ=2 ðk þ lÞ=2 ðh þ lÞ=2 ðh þ kÞ=2 ð2h þ k þ lÞ=3 ðh þ 2k þ 2lÞ=3 ðh þ 2k þ lÞ=3 ð2h þ k þ 2lÞ=3

None hkl: k þ l ¼ 2n hkl: h þ l ¼ 2n hkl: h þ k ¼ 2n hkl: h þ k þ l ¼ 2n h, k and l are all even or all odd (simultaneous fulfillment of the conditions for types A, B and C).

Glide reflection

wT

h

Conditions for possible reflections

a ? ½001
b ? ½001
n ? ½001
d ? ½001


(1/2, 0, z) (0, 1/2, z) (1/2, 1/2, z) (1/4, 1/4, z)

(hk0) (hk0) (hk0) (hk0)

hk0: hk0: hk0: hk0:

h ¼ 2n k ¼ 2n h þ k ¼ 2n h þ k ¼ 4n ðh; k ¼ 2nÞ

Table 1.6.3.3 Effect of some screw rotations on conditions for possible reflections

k ½100
k ½010
k ½001
k ½110
k ½001
k ½111
k ½001
k ½001


1 2 ; 0; z

þ 12 ; 0; 12 ; z;

1 2 ; 0; z

þ 12 :

It is seen that the second and fourth coordinates are obtained from the first and third coordinates, respectively, upon the addition of the vector tð12 ; 12 ; 12Þ. An additional Icentring is therefore present in this set of special positions. Hence, the special reflection condition for this set is hkl: h þ k þ l ¼ 2n. It should be pointed out, however, that only the general reflection conditions are used for a complete or partial determination of the space group and that the special reflection conditions only apply to spherical atoms. By the latter assumption we understand not only the assumption of spherical distribution of the atomic electron density but also isotropic displacement parameters of the equivalent atoms that belong to the set of corresponding special positions. One method of finding the minimal special reflection conditions for a given set of special positions is the evaluation of the trigonometric structure factor for the set in question. For example, consider the Wyckoff position 4c of the space group Pbcm (57). The coordinates of the special equivalent positions are

Effect of some glide reflections on conditions for possible reflections

21 21 21 21 31 31 41 61

4i: 0; 12 ; z;

hkl: h þ k þ l ¼ 3n (triple hexagonal cell in obverse orientation) hkl: h  k þ l ¼ 3n (triple hexagonal cell in reverse orientation)

Table 1.6.3.2

Screw rotation

are much heavier than the rest. The minimal special conditions are listed in the space-group tables in Chapter 2.3. They can sometimes be understood if the geometry of a given specific site is examined. For example, Wyckoff position 4i in space group P42 22 (93) can host four atoms, at coordinates

wT

h

Conditions for possible reflections

(1/2, y, z) (x, 1/2, z) (x, y, 1/2) (1/2, 1/2, z) (x, y, 1/3) (1/3, 1/3, 1/3) (x, y, 1/4) (x, y, 1/6)

(h00) (0k0) (00l) (hh0) (00l) (hhh) (00l) (00l)

h00: h ¼ 2n 0k0: k ¼ 2n 00l: l ¼ 2n None 00l: l ¼ 3n None 00l: l ¼ 4n 00l: l ¼ 6n

4c: x; 14 ; 0;

x; 34 ; 12 ;

x; 34 ; 0;

x; 14 ; 12

and the corresponding trigonometric structure factor is       k 3k l þ exp 2
i hx þ þ SðhÞ ¼ exp 2
i hx þ 4 4 2       3k k l þ exp 2
i hx þ þ exp 2
i hx þ þ : 4 4 2

k = 2n. 0k0 reflections with odd k will be systematically absent. A brief summary of the effects of various screw rotations on the conditions for possible reflections from the corresponding special subsets of hkl is given in Table 1.6.3.3. Note, however, that while the presence of a twofold screw axis parallel to b ensures the condition 0k0: k = 2n, the actual observation of such a condition can be taken as an indication but not as absolute proof of the presence of a screw axis in the crystal. It is interesting to note that some diagonal screw axes do not give rise to conditions for possible reflections. For example, let W be the matrix of a threefold rotation operation parallel to [111] and wT be given by (1/3, 1/3, 1/3). It is easy to show that the diffraction vector that remains unchanged when postmultiplied by W has the form h ¼ ðhhhÞ and, obviously, for such h and w, hw ¼ h. Since this scalar product is an integer there are, according to equation (1.6.3.7), no values of the index h for which the structure factor FðhhhÞ must be absent.

It can be easily shown that    k SðhÞ ¼ 2 cos 2
hx þ ½1 þ expð
ilÞ
4 and the last factor equals 2 for l even and equals zero for l odd. The special reflection condition is therefore: hkl: l ¼ 2n. Another approach is provided by considerations of the eigensymmetry group and the extraordinary orbits of the space group (see Section 1.4.4.4). We recall that the eigensymmetry group is a group of all the operations that leave the orbit of a point under the space group considered invariant, and the extraordinary orbit is associated with the eigensymmetry group that contains translations not present in the space group (see Chapter 1.4). In the above example the orbit is extraordinary, since its eigensymmetry group contains a translation corresponding to 12 c. If this is taken as a basis vector, we have the Laue equation 12 c  h ¼ l0 , where h is represented as a reciprocal-lattice vector and l0 is an integer which also equals l/2. But for l/2 to be an integer we must have even l. We again obtain the condition hkl: l ¼ 2n.

A short discussion of special reflection conditions The conditions for possible reflections arising from lattice types, glide reflections and screw rotations are related to general equivalent positions and are known as general reflection conditions. There are also special or ‘extra’ reflection conditions that arise from the presence of atoms in special positions. These conditions are observable if the atoms located in special positions

113

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY These reflection conditions that are not related to space-group operations are given in Chapter 2.3 only for special positions. They may arise, however, also for different reasons. For example, a heavy atom at the origin of the space group P21 21 21 would generate F-centring with corresponding apparent absences (cf. the special position 4a of the space group Pbca and the absences it generates). We wish to point out that the most common ‘special-position absence’ in molecular structures is due to a heavy atom at the origin of the space group P21 =c.

1969) and a concise description is to be found in Looijenga-Vos & Buerger (2002). Nespolo et al. (2014) use them. 1.6.4.2. Examples of the use of the tables (1) If the Bravais lattice is oI and the Laue class is mmm, Table 1.6.4.1 directs us to Table 1.6.4.11. Given the observed reflection conditions hkl: h þ k þ l ¼ 2n; 0kl: k ¼ 2n; l ¼ 2n; h0l: h þ l ¼ 2n; hk0: h þ k ¼ 2n; h00: h ¼ 2n; 0k0: k ¼ 2n; 00l: l ¼ 2n; it is seen from Table 1.6.4.11 that the possible settings of the space groups are: Ibm2 (46), Ic2m (46), Ibmm (74) and Icmm (74). (2) If the Bravais lattice is oP and the Laue class is mmm, Table 1.6.4.1 directs us to Table 1.6.4.7. If there are no conditions on 0kl, the space groups P222 to Pmnn should be searched. If the condition is 0kl: k ¼ 2n or l ¼ 2n, the space groups Pbm2 to Pcnn should be searched. If the condition is 0kl: k þ l ¼ 2n, the space groups Pnm21 to Pnnn should be searched. (3) If the Bravais lattice is cP and the Laue class is m3, Table 1.6.4.1 directs us to Table 1.6.4.25. If the conditions are 0kl: k ¼ 2n and h00: h ¼ 2n, it is readily seen that the space group is Pa3. (4) If only the Bravais lattice is known or assumed, which is the case in powder-diffraction work (see Section 1.6.5.3), all tables of this section corresponding to this Bravais lattice need to be consulted. For example, if it is known that the Bravais lattice is of type cP, Table 1.6.4.1 tells us that the possible Laue classes are m3 and m3m, and the possible space groups can be found in Tables 1.6.4.25 and 1.6.4.26, respectively. The appropriate reflection conditions are of course given in these tables. All relevant tables can thus be located with the aid of Table 1.6.4.1 if the Bravais lattice is known.

1.6.4. Tables of reflection conditions and possible space groups By H. D. Flack and U. Shmueli

1.6.4.1. Introduction The primary order of presentation of these tables of reflection conditions of space groups is the Bravais lattice. This order has been chosen because cell reduction on unit-cell dimensions leads to the Bravais lattice as described as stage 1 in Section 1.6.2.1. Within the space groups of a given Bravais lattice, the entries are arranged by Laue class, which may be obtained as described as stage 2 in Section 1.6.2.1. As a consequence of these decisions about the way the tables are structured, in the hexagonal family one finds for the Bravais lattice hP that the Laue classes 3, 3m1, 31m, 6/m and 6/mmm are grouped together. As an aid in the study of naturally occurring macromolecules and compounds made by enantioselective synthesis, the space groups of enantiomerically pure compounds (Sohncke space groups) are typeset in bold. The tables show, on the left, sets of reflection conditions and, on the right, those space groups that are compatible with the given set of reflection conditions. The reflection conditions, e.g. h or k + l, are to be understood as h ¼ 2n or k þ l ¼ 2n, respectively. All of the space groups in each table correspond to the same Patterson symmetry, which is indicated in the table header. This makes for easy comparison with the entries for the individual space groups in Chapter 2.3 of this volume, in which the Patterson symmetry is also very clearly shown. All space groups with a conventional choice of unit cell are included in Tables 1.6.4.2–1.6.4.30. All alternative settings displayed in Chapter 2.3 are thus included. The following further alternative settings, not displayed in Chapter 2.3, are also included: space group Pb3 (205) and all the space groups with an hR Bravais lattice in the reverse setting with hexagonal axes. Table 1.6.2.1 gives some relevant statistics drawn from Tables 1.6.4.2–1.6.4.30. The total number of space-group settings mentioned in these tables is 416. This number is considerably larger than the 230 space-group types described in Part 2 of this volume. The following example shows why the tables include data for several descriptions of the space-group types. At the stage of space-group determination for a crystal in the crystal class mm2, it is not yet known whether the twofold rotation axis lies along a, b or c. Consequently, space groups based on the three point groups 2mm, m2m and mm2 need to be considered. In some texts dealing with space-group determination, a ‘diffraction symbol’ (sometimes also called an ‘extinction symbol’) in the form of a Hermann–Mauguin space-group symbol is used as a shorthand code for the reflection conditions and Laue class. These symbols were introduced by Buerger (1935, 1942,

1.6.5. Specialized methods of space-group determination By H. D. Flack

1.6.5.1. Applications of resonant scattering to symmetry determination 1.6.5.1.1. Introduction In small-molecule crystallography, it has been customary in crystal-structure analysis to make no use of the contribution of resonant scattering (otherwise called anomalous scattering and in older literature anomalous dispersion) other than in the specific area of absolute-structure and absolute-configuration determination. One may trace the causes of this situation to the weakness of the resonant-scattering contribution, to the high cost in time and labour of collecting intensity data sets containing measurements of all Friedel opposites and for a lack of any perceived or real need for the additional information that might be obtained from the effects of resonant scattering. On the experimental side, the turning point came with the widespread distribution of area detectors for small-molecule crystallography, giving the potential to measure, at no extra cost, full-sphere data sets leading to the intensity differences between Friedel opposites hkl and hkl. In 2015, the new methods of data analysis briefly presented here are in the stage of development (continued on page 125)

114

1.6. METHODS OF SPACE-GROUP DETERMINATION Table 1.6.4.1 Summary of Tables 1.6.4.2–1.6.4.30 Table No.

Bravais lattice

Laue class

Patterson symmetry

1.6.4.2 1.6.4.3 1.6.4.4 1.6.4.5 1.6.4.6 1.6.4.7 1.6.4.8 1.6.4.9 1.6.4.10 1.6.4.11 1.6.4.12 1.6.4.13 1.6.4.14 1.6.4.15 1.6.4.16 1.6.4.17 1.6.4.18 1.6.4.19 1.6.4.20 1.6.4.21 1.6.4.22 1.6.4.23 1.6.4.24 1.6.4.25 1.6.4.26 1.6.4.27 1.6.4.28 1.6.4.29 1.6.4.30

aP mP mS (mC, mA, mI) mP mS (mA, mB, mI) oP oS (oC) oS (oB) oS (oA) oI oF tP tP tI tI hP hP hP hP hR hR hR hR cP cP cI cI cF cF

1 2/m 2/m 2/m 2/m mmm mmm mmm mmm mmm mmm 4=m 4=mmm 4=m 4=mmm 3 31m and 3m1 6=m 6=mmm 3 3m 3 3m m3 m3m m3 m3m m3 m3m

P1 P12=m1 C12=m1, A12=m1, I12=m1 P112=m A112=m, B112=m, I112=m Pmmm Cmmm Bmmm Ammm Immm Fmmm P4=m P4=mmm I4=m I4=mmm P3 P31m and P3m1 P6=m P6=mmm R3 R3m R3 R3m Pm3 Pm3m Im3 Im3m Fm3 Fm3m

Comment Unique Unique Unique Unique

b b c c

Hexagonal axes Hexagonal axes Rhombohedral axes Rhombohedral axes

Table 1.6.4.2 Reflection conditions and possible space groups with Bravais lattice aP and Laue class 1; Patterson symmetry P1 Reflection conditions

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

P1

1

P1

2

Table 1.6.4.3 Reflection conditions and possible space groups with Bravais lattice mP and Laue class 2/m; (monoclinic, unique axis b); Patterson symmetry P12=m1 Reflection conditions h0l

0kl

hk0

0k0

h00

00l

h

k

h+l

k

No.

Space group

No.

6

P2=m

10

Pm

P21

4

P21 =m

11

h

Pa

7

P2=a

13

h

P21 =a

P2=c

13

P2=n

13

l

Pc

l

P21 =c

h

l

Pn

h

l

P21 =n

k

h+l

Space group

3

l l

No.

P2 k h

Space group

115

14 7 14 7 14

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 1.6.4.4 Reflection conditions and possible space groups with Bravais lattice mS (mC, mA, mI) and Laue class 2/m (monoclinic, unique axis b); Patterson symmetry C12=m1, A12=m1, I12=m1 Reflection conditions

Space group

No.

Space group

C2

5

Cm

l

Cc

9

C2=c

15

l

A2

5

Am

8

h

l

An

9

A2=n

k

h

l

I2

5

Im

k

h

l

Ia

9

I2=a

hkl

h0l

0kl

hk0

0k0

h00

h+k

h

k

h+k

k

h

h+k

h, l

k

h+k

k

h

k+l

l

k+l

k

k

k+l

h, l

k+l

k

k

h+k+l

h+l

k+l

h+k

h+k+l

h, l

k+l

h+k

00l

No.

Space group

No.

8

C2=m

12

A2=m

12

I2=m

12

15 8 15

Table 1.6.4.5 Reflection conditions and possible space groups with Bravais lattice mP and Laue class 2/m (monoclinic, unique axis c); Patterson symmetry P112=m Reflection conditions h0l

0kl

hk0

0k0

h00

00l

l h

h

h

h

k

k

k

k

h+k

k

h

h+k

k

h

Space group

Space group

No.

6

P2=m

10

Pm

P21

4

P21 =m

11

Pa

7

P2=a

13

P2=b

13

P2=n

13

P21 =b

14 7 14

Pn P21 =n

l

No.

3

Pb l

Space group

P2

P21 =a

l

No.

7 14

Table 1.6.4.6 Reflection conditions and possible space groups with Bravais lattice mS (mA, mB, mI) and Laue class 2/m (monoclinic, unique axis c); Patterson symmetry A112=m, B112=m1, I112=m Reflection conditions 00l

Space group

No.

Space group

l

A2

5

Am

h

l

Aa

9

A2=a

h

l

B2

5

Bm

k

h

l

Bn

9

B2=n

h+k

k

h

l

I2

5

Im

h, k

k

h

l

Ib

9

I2=b

hkl

h0l

0kl

hk0

0k0

k+l

l

k+l

k

k

k+l

l

k+l

h, k

k

h+l

h+l

l

h

h+l

h+l

l

h, k

h+k+l

h+l

k+l

h+k+l

h+l

k+l

h00

116

No.

Space group

No.

8

A2=m

12

B2=m

12

I2=m

12

15 8 15 8 15

1.6. METHODS OF SPACE-GROUP DETERMINATION Table 1.6.4.7 Reflection conditions and possible space groups with Bravais lattice oP and Laue class mmm; Patterson symmetry Pmmm Reflection conditions 0kl

h0l

hk0

Space group

No.

25 47

Pm2m

25

Pm2a

28

Pmma

51

26

P2mb

28

Pmmb

51

Pm21 n

31

P21 mn

31

Pmmn

59

h

P21 am

26

Pma2

28

Pmam

51

P2aa

27

Pmaa

49

Pmcm

51

Pmnm

59

Pbmm

51

h00

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

P222 P2mm

16 25

Pmm2 Pmmm

P2221

17

P2212

17

P22121

18

P2122

17

P21221

18

P21212

18

P212121

19

P21 ma

26

k

Pm21 b

k

0k0

00l

l k k

l

h h

h

h

k

h

k

h

l

h

k h+k

l

h

h

h

h

h

k

h

k

P21 ab

29

Pmab

57

h

h+k

h

k

P2an

30

Pman

53

l

Pmc21

26

P2cm

28

l

P21 ca

29

Pmca

57

k

l

P2cb

32

Pmcb

55

k

l

P21 cn

33

Pmcn

62

h

l

Pmn21

31

P21 nm

31

l

P2na

30

Pmna

53

l l

h

l

k

l

h+k

h+l

h

h

h+l

h

h

h+l

k

h

k

l

P21 nb

33

Pmnb

62

h+l

h+k

h

k

l

P2nn

34

Pmnn

58

k

Pb21 m

26

Pbm2

28

k

Pb21 a

29

Pbma

57

k

Pb2b

27

Pbmb

49

h

k

Pb2n

30

Pbmn

53

h

k

Pba2

32

Pbam

55

Pbcm

57

k k

h

k

k

k

h+k

h

k

h

k

h

h

h

k

Pbaa

54

k

h

k

h

k

Pbab

54

k

h

h+k

h

k

Pban

50

k

l

k

l

h

k

l

k

k

l

h+k

h

h

k

l

Pbc21

29

k

l

Pbca

61

k

l

Pbcb

54

k

l

Pbcn

60

117

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 1.6.4.7 (continued) Reflection conditions h00

0k0

00l

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

h

k

l

Pbn21

33

Pbnm

62

h

h

k

l

Pbna

60

h+l

k

h

k

l

Pbnb

56

h+l

h+k

h

k

l

Pbnn

52

l

Pcm21

26

Pc2m

28

l

Pc2a

32

Pcma

55

k

l

Pc21 b

29

Pcmb

57

k

l

Pc21 n

33

Pcmn

62

h

l

Pca21

29

Pcam

57

l

Pcaa

54

Pccm

49

Pcnm

53

0kl

h0l

k

h+l

k

h+l

k k

hk0

l l

h

l

k

l

h+k

h

h

l

h

l

h

h

h

l

h

k

h

k

l

Pcab

61

l

h

h+k

h

k

l

Pcan

60

l

l

l

Pcc2

27

l

l

h

l

Pcca

54

l

l

k

k

l

Pccb

54

l

l

h+k

k

l

Pccn

56

l

h+l

h

l

Pcn2

30

l

h+l

h

h

l

Pcna

50

l

h+l

k

h

k

l

Pcnb

60

l

h+l

h+k

h

k

l

Pcnn

52

k

l

Pnm21

31

Pn21 m

31

k

l

Pn21 a

33

Pnma

62

k

l

Pn2b

30

Pnmb

53

h

k

l

Pn2n

34

Pnmn

58

h

k

l

Pna21

33

Pnam

62

Pncm

53

Pnnm

58

h

h

k+l k+l

h

k+l

k

k+l

h+k

h

k+l

h

k+l

h

h

h

k

l

Pnaa

56

k+l

h

k

h

k

l

Pnab

60

k+l

h

h+k

h

k

l

Pnan

52

k+l

l

k

l

Pnc2

30

k+l

l

h

k

l

Pnca

60

k+l

l

k

k

l

Pncb

50

k+l

l

h+k

h

k

l

Pncn

52

k+l

h+l

h

k

l

Pnn2

34

k+l

h+l

h

h

k

l

Pnna

52

k+l

h+l

k

h

k

l

Pnnb

52

k+l

h+l

h+k

h

k

l

Pnnn

48

h

118

Space group

No.

Pcmm

51

Pnmm

59

1.6. METHODS OF SPACE-GROUP DETERMINATION Table 1.6.4.8 Reflection conditions and possible space groups with Bravais lattice oS (oC setting) and Laue class mmm; Patterson symmetry Cmmm Reflection conditions

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

C222 C2mm

21 38

Cmm2 Cmmm

35 65

Cm2m

38

C2221

20

Cm2e

39

C2me

39

Cmme

67

l

Cmc21

36

C2cm

40

Cmcm

63

k

l

C2ce

41

Cmce

64

h

k

l

Ccm21

36

Cc2m

40

Ccmm

63

h, k

h

k

l

Cc2e

41

Ccme

64

h, l

h+k

h

k

l

Ccc2

37

Cccm

66

h, l

h, k

h

k

l

Ccce

68

hkl

0kl

h0l

hk0

h00

0k0

h+k

k

h

h+k

h

k

h+k

k

h

h+k

h

k

h+k

k

h

h, k

h

k

h+k

k

h, l

h+k

h

k

h+k

k

h, l

h, k

h

h+k

k, l

h

h+k

h+k

k, l

h

h+k

k, l

h+k

k, l

00l

l

Table 1.6.4.9 Reflection conditions and possible space groups with Bravais lattice oS (oB setting) and Laue class mmm; Patterson symmetry Bmmm Reflection conditions

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

Space group

l

B222 B2mm

21 38

Bm2m Bmmm

No.

35 65

Bmm2

38

k

l

B2212

20

k

l

Bm21 b

36

B2mb

40

Bmmb

63

l

Bme2

39

B2em

39

Bmem

67

k

l

B2eb

41

Bmeb

64

h

k

l

Bb21 m

36

Bbm2

40

Bbmm

63

h, k

h

k

l

Bb2b

37

Bbmb

66

h, l

h

h

k

l

Bbe2

41

Bbem

64

h, l

h, k

h

k

l

Bbeb

68

hkl

0kl

h0l

hk0

h00

h+l

l

h+l

h

h

h+l

l

h+l

h

h

h+l

l

h+l

h, k

h

h+l

l

h, l

h

h

h+l

l

h, l

h, k

h

h+l

k, l

h+l

h

h+l

k, l

h+l

h+l

k, l

h+l

k, l

0k0

00l

Table 1.6.4.10 Reflection conditions and possible space groups with Bravais lattice oS (oA setting) and Laue class mmm; Patterson symmetry Ammm Reflection conditions

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

l

A222 Amm2

21 38

A2mm Ammm

k

l

A2122

20

h

k

l

A21 ma

36

k

h

k

l

A21 am

h, l

h, k

h

k

l

k, l

l

k

k

k+l

k, l

l

h, k

h

k+l

k, l

h, l

k

k+l

k, l

h, l

h, k

hkl

0kl

h0l

hk0

k+l

k+l

l

k

k+l

k+l

l

k

k+l

k+l

l

k+l

k+l

k+l

Space group

No.

35 65

Am2m

38

Am2a

40

Amma

63

36

Ama2

40

Amam

63

A2aa

37

Amaa

66

l

Aem2

39

Ae2m

39

Aemm

67

k

l

Ae2a

41

Aema

64

h

k

l

Aea2

41

Aeam

64

h

k

l

Aeaa

68

h00

0k0

00l

k h

h, k

h, l

k+l

k+l

119

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 1.6.4.11 Reflection conditions and possible space groups with Bravais lattice oI and Laue class mmm; Patterson symmetry Immm Reflection conditions

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

l

I222 Im2m

23 44

I212121 I2mm

24 44

Imm2 Immm

44 71

k

l

Im2a Immb

46 74

I2mb

46

Imma

74

h

k

l

Ima2 Imcm

46 74

I2cm

46

Imam

74

h, k

h

k

l

I2cb

45

Imcb

72

h+l

h+k

h

k

l

Ibm2 Icmm

46 74

Ic2m

46

Ibmm

74

k, l

h+l

h, k

h

k

l

Ic2a

45

Icma

72

h+k+l

k, l

h, l

h+k

h

k

l

Iba2

45

Ibam

72

h+k+l

k, l

h, l

h, k

h

k

l

Ibca

73

Icab

73

hkl

0kl

h0l

hk0

h00

0k0

00l

h+k+l

k+l

h+l

h+k

h

k

h+k+l

k+l

h+l

h, k

h

h+k+l

k+l

h, l

h+k

h+k+l

k+l

h, l

h+k+l

k, l

h+k+l

Table 1.6.4.12 Reflection conditions and possible space groups with Bravais lattice oF and Laue class mmm; Patterson symmetry Fmmm Reflection conditions

Space group

No.

l

F222 Fmm2 Fm2m F2mm Fmmm

22 42 42 42 69

k ¼ 4n

l ¼ 4n

F2dd

43

h ¼ 4n

k ¼ 4n

l ¼ 4n

Fd2d

43

h, k

h ¼ 4n

k ¼ 4n

l ¼ 4n

Fdd2

43

h þ k ¼ 4n; h; k

h ¼ 4n

k ¼ 4n

l ¼ 4n

Fddd

70

hkl

0kl

h0l

hk0

h00

0k0

00l

h + k, h + l, k + l

k, l

h, l

h, k

h

k

h + k, h + l, k + l

k, l

h þ l ¼ 4n; h; l

h þ k ¼ 4n; h; k

h ¼ 4n

h + k, h + l, k + l

k þ l ¼ 4n; k; l

h, l

h þ k ¼ 4n; h; k

h + k, h + l, k + l

k þ l ¼ 4n; k; l

h þ l ¼ 4n; h; l

h + k, h + l, k + l

k þ l ¼ 4n; k; l

h þ l ¼ 4n; h; l

Table 1.6.4.13 Reflection conditions and possible space groups with Bravais lattice tP and Laue class 4/m; hk are permutable; Patterson symmetry P4/m Reflection conditions hk0

0kl

h h l

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

P4

75

P4

81

P4=m

83

l

P42

77

P42 =m

84

l ¼ 4n

P41

76

P43

78

h

P4=n

85

h

P42 =n

86

00l

h+k h+k

l

h00

120

1.6. METHODS OF SPACE-GROUP DETERMINATION Table 1.6.4.14 Reflection conditions and possible space groups with Bravais lattice tP and Laue class 4/mmm; hk are permutable; Patterson symmetry P4/mmm Reflection conditions hk0

0kl

h h l

00l

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

P422 P4m2

89 115

P4mm P4=mmm

99 123

P4212

90

P421 m

113

P4222

93

P42212

94

P4122

91

P4322

95

P41212

92

P43212

96

P42 mc

105

h

P421 c

114

h

P4bm

h

h00

h l l

h

l ¼ 4n l ¼ 4n

h

P42 =mmc

131

100

P4b2

117

P4=mbm

127

P42 bc

106

P42 =mbc

135

l

P42 cm

101

P4c2

116

P42 =mcm

132

l

P4cc

103

P4=mcc

124 P42 =mnm

136

l

l

l

l l

l

k+l k+l

l

l

h

P42 nm

102

P4n2

118

l

h

P4nc

104

P4=mnc

128

h

P4=nmm

129

h

P42 =nmc

137

h

P4=nbm

125

l

h

P42 =nbc

133

l

h

P42 =ncm

138

l

h

P4=ncc

130

l

h

P42 =nnm

134

l

h

P4=nnc

126

h+k h+k

l

h+k

k

h+k

k

h+k

l

h+k

l

h+k

k+l

h+k

k+l

l

l

l

l

111

112

l

l

No.

P42m

P42c

l

k k

Space group

Table 1.6.4.15 Reflection conditions and possible space groups with Bravais lattice tI and Laue class 4/m; hk are permutable; Patterson symmetry I4/m Reflection conditions

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

h

I4

79

I4

82

I4=m

87

l ¼ 4n

h

I41

80

l ¼ 4n

h

I41 =a

88

hkl

hk0

0kl

h h l

00l

h00

h+k+l

h+k

k+l

l

l

h+k+l

h+k

k+l

l

h+k+l

h, k

k+l

l

h h 0

h

121

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 1.6.4.16 Reflection conditions and possible space groups with Bravais lattice tI and Laue class 4/mmm; hk are permutable; Patterson symmetry I4/mmm Reflection conditions

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

h

I422 I42m

97 121

I4mm I4=mmm

107 139

l ¼ 4n

h

I4122

98

2h þ l ¼ 4n

l ¼ 4n

h

I41 md

109

I42d

122

k, l

l

l

h

I4cm

108

I4c2

120

h+k

k, l

2h þ l ¼ 4n

l ¼ 4n

h

h

I41 cd

110

h+k+l

h, k

k+l

2h þ l ¼ 4n

l ¼ 4n

h

h

I41 =amd

141

h+k+l

h, k

k, l

2h þ l ¼ 4n

l ¼ 4n

h

h

I41 =acd

142

hkl

hk0

0kl

h h l

00l

h00

h+k+l

h+k

k+l

l

l

h+k+l

h+k

k+l

l

h+k+l

h+k

k+l

h+k+l

h+k

h+k+l

h h 0

h

Space group

No.

I4m2

119

I4=mcm

140

Table 1.6.4.17 Reflection conditions and possible space groups with Bravais lattice hP and Laue class 3; hki are permutable; Patterson symmetry P3 Reflection conditions hh0l

hh2hl

000l

l ¼ 3n

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

P3

143

P3

147

P31

144

P32

145

Table 1.6.4.18 Reflection conditions and possible space groups with Bravais lattice hP and Laue classes 31m and 3m1; hki are permutable; Patterson symmetry P31m and P3m1 Reflection conditions hh0l

hh2hl

l l

Class 31m

Class 3m1

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

P312 P31m P31m

149 157 162

P321 P3m1 P3m1

150 156 164

l ¼ 3n

P3112 P3212

151 153

P3121 P3221

152 154

l

P31c P31c

159 163 P3c1 P3c1

158 165

000l

l

Table 1.6.4.19 Reflection conditions and possible space groups with Bravais lattice hP and Laue class 6/m; hki are permutable; Patterson symmetry P6/m Reflection conditions hh2hl

hh0l

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

P6

168

P6

174

P6=m

175

l

P63

173

P63 =m

176

l ¼ 3n

P62

171

P64

172

l ¼ 6n

P61

169

P65

170

000l

122

1.6. METHODS OF SPACE-GROUP DETERMINATION Table 1.6.4.20 Reflection conditions and possible space groups with Bravais lattice hP and Laue class 6/mmm; hki are permutable; Patterson symmetry P6/mmm Reflection conditions

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

P622 P62m

177 189

P6mm P6=mmm

183 191

l

P6322

182

l ¼ 3n

P6222

180

P6422

181

l ¼ 6n

P6122

178

P6522

179

l

P63 mc

186

P62c

l

l

P63 cm

185

l

l

P6cc

184

hh0l

hh2hl

l

l

000l

Space group

No.

P6m2

187

190

P63 =mmc

194

P6c2

188

P63 =mcm

193

P6=mcc

192

Table 1.6.4.21 Reflection conditions and possible space groups with Bravais lattice hR and Laue class 3 (hexagonal axes); hki are permutable; Patterson symmetry R3; Ov = obverse setting; Rv = reverse setting Reflection conditions hkil

hki0

hh2hl

hh0l

000l

hh00

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

h þ k þ l ¼ 3n

h þ k ¼ 3n

l ¼ 3n

h þ l ¼ 3n

l ¼ 3n

h ¼ 3n

R3

146

R3

148

Ov

h  k þ l ¼ 3n

h  k ¼ 3n

l ¼ 3n

h þ l ¼ 3n

l ¼ 3n

h ¼ 3n

R3

146

R3

148

Rv

Table 1.6.4.22 Reflection conditions and possible space groups with Bravais lattice hR and Laue class 3m (hexagonal axes); hki are permutable; Patterson symmetry R3m; Ov = obverse setting; Rv = reverse setting Reflection conditions hkil

hki0

hh2hl

hh0l

000l

hh00

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

h þ k þ l ¼ 3n

h þ k ¼ 3n

l ¼ 3n

h þ l ¼ 3n

l ¼ 3n

h ¼ 3n

R32

155

R3m

160

R3m

166

h þ k þ l ¼ 3n

h þ k ¼ 3n

l ¼ 3n

h þ l ¼ 3n, l ¼ 2m

l ¼ 6n

h ¼ 3n

R3c

161

R3c

167

h  k þ l ¼ 3n

h  k ¼ 3n

l ¼ 3n

h þ l ¼ 3n

l ¼ 3n

h ¼ 3n

R32

155

R3m

160

h  k þ l ¼ 3n

h  k ¼ 3n

l ¼ 3n

h þ l ¼ 3n; l ¼ 2m

l ¼ 6n

h ¼ 3n

R3c

161

R3c

167

Ov Ov

R3m

166

Rv Rv

Table 1.6.4.23 Reflection conditions and possible space groups with Bravais lattice hR and Laue class 3 (rhombohedral axes); hkl are permutable; Patterson symmetry R3 Reflection conditions hhl

hhh

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

R3

146

R3

148

Table 1.6.4.24 Reflection conditions and possible space groups with Bravais lattice hR and Laue class 3m (rhombohedral axes); hkl are permutable; Patterson symmetry R3m Reflection conditions hhl

l

hhh

h

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

R32

155

R3m

160

R3m

166

R3c

161

R3c

167

123

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 1.6.4.25 Reflection conditions and possible space groups with Bravais lattice cP and Laue class m3; hkl are cyclically permutable; Patterson symmetry Pm3 Reflection conditions

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

P23

195

Pm3

200

h

P213

198

k

h

Pa3

205

l

h

Pb3

205

k+l

h

Pn3

201

h h l

0kl

h00

Table 1.6.4.26 Reflection conditions and possible space groups with Bravais lattice cP and Laue class m3m; hkl are permutable; Patterson symmetry Pm3m Reflection conditions h h l

0kl

l k+l k+l

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

P432

207

P43m

215

Pm3m

221

h

P4232

208

h ¼ 4n

P4332

212

P4132

213

h

P43n

218

Pm3n

223

h

Pn3m

224

h

Pn3n

222

h00

l

Table 1.6.4.27 Reflection conditions and possible space groups with Bravais lattice cI and Laue class m3; hkl are cyclically permutable; Patterson symmetry Im3 Reflection conditions hkl

0kl

h h l

h00

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

h+k+l

k+l

l

h

I23

197

I213

199

Im3

204

h+k+l

k, l

l

h

Ia3

206

Table 1.6.4.28 Reflection conditions and possible space groups with Bravais lattice cI and Laue class m3m; hkl are permutable; Patterson symmetry Im3m Reflection conditions hkl

0kl

h h l

h00

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

h+k+l

k+l

l

h

I432

211

I43m

217

Im3m

229

h+k+l

k+l

l

h ¼ 4n

I4132

214

h+k+l

k+l

2h þ l ¼ 4n

h ¼ 4n

I43d

220

h+k+l

k, l

2h þ l ¼ 4n

h ¼ 4n

Ia3d

230

Table 1.6.4.29 Reflection conditions and possible space groups with Bravais lattice cF and Laue class m3; hkl are cyclically permutable; Patterson symmetry Fm3 Reflection conditions 0kl

h h l

h00

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

h þ k; h þ l; k þ l

k, l

h+l

h

F23

196

Fm3

202

h þ k; h þ l; k þ l

k þ l ¼ 4n; k; l

h+l

h ¼ 4n

Fd3

203

hkl

124

1.6. METHODS OF SPACE-GROUP DETERMINATION Table 1.6.4.30 Reflection conditions and possible space groups with Bravais lattice cF and Laue class m3m; hkl are permutable; Patterson symmetry Fm3m Reflection conditions hkl

0kl

h  hl

h00

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

Space group

No.

h þ k; h þ l; k þ l

k, l

h+l

h

F432

209

F43m

216

Fm3m

225

h þ k; h þ l; k þ l

k, l

h+l

h ¼ 4n

F4132

210

h þ k; h þ l; k þ l

k, l

h, l

h

F43c

219

Fm3c

226

h þ k; h þ l; k þ l

k þ l ¼ 4n; k; l

h+l

h ¼ 4n

Fd3m

227

h þ k; h þ l; k þ l

k þ l ¼ 4n; k; l

h, l

h ¼ 4n

Fd3c

228

and have not yet enjoyed widespread distribution, use and acceptance by the community. Flack et al. (2011) and Parsons et al. (2012) give detailed information on these calculations.

wavelength of the X-radiation to calculate Friedifstat using various available software. The second estimate of the Bijvoet ratio, Friedifobs, is obtained from the observed diffraction intensities. One problematic point in the evaluation of Friedifobs arises because A and D do not have the same dependence on sin = and it is necessary to eliminate this difference as far as possible. A second problematic point in the calculation is to make sure that only acentric reflections of any of the noncentrosymmetric point groups in the chosen Laue class are selected for the calculation of Friedifobs. In this way one is sure that if the point group of the crystal is centrosymmetric, all of the chosen reflections are centric, and if the point group of the crystal is noncentrosymmetric, all of the chosen reflections are acentric. The necessary selection is achieved by taking only those reflections that are general in the Laue group. To date (2015), the calculation of Friedifobs is not available in distributed software. On comparison of Friedifstat with Friedifobs, one is able to state with some confidence that: (1) if Friedifobs is much lower than Friedifstat, then the crystal structure is either centrosymmetric, and random uncertainties and systematic errors in the data set are minor, or noncentrosymmetric with the crystal twinned by inversion in a proportion close to 50:50; (2) if Friedifobs is close in value to Friedifstat, then the crystal is probably noncentrosymmetric and random uncertainties and systematic errors in the data set are minor. However, data from a centrosymmetric crystal with large random uncertainties and systematic errors may also produce this result; and (3) if Friedifobs is much larger than Friedifstat then either the data set is dominated by random uncertainties and systematic errors or the chemical formula is erroneous.

1.6.5.1.2. Status of centrosymmetry and resonant scattering The basic starting point in this analysis is the following linear transformation of jFðhklÞj2 and jFðhklÞj2 , applicable to both observed and model values, to give the average (A) and difference (D) intensities: AðhklÞ ¼ 12 ½jFðhklÞj2 þ jFðhklÞj2
; DðhklÞ ¼ jFðhklÞj2  jFðhklÞj2 : In equation (1.6.2.1), AðhklÞ was denoted by jFav ðhklÞj2. The expression for DðhklÞ corresponding to that for AðhklÞ given in equation (1.6.2.1) and using the same nomenclature is P DðhÞ ¼ ½ðfi þ fi0 Þfj00  ðfj þ fj0 Þfi00
sin½2
hðr i  r j Þ
: i;j

In general jDðhklÞj is small compared to AðhklÞ. A compound with an appreciable resonant-scattering contribution has jDðhklÞj  0:01AðhklÞ, whereas a compound with a small resonantscattering contribution has jDðhklÞj  0:0001AðhklÞ. For centric reflections, Dmodel ¼ 0, and so the values of Dobs ðhklÞ of these are entirely due to random uncertainties and systematic errors in the intensity measurements. Dobs ðhklÞ of acentric reflections contains contributions both from the random uncertainties and the systematic errors of the data measurements, and from the differences between jFðhklÞj2 and jFðhklÞj2 which arise through the effect of resonant scattering. A slight experimental limitation is that a data set of intensities needs to contain both reflections hkl and hkl in order to obtain Aobs ðhklÞ and Dobs ðhklÞ. The Bijvoet ratio, defined by

Example 1 The crystal of compound Ex1 (Udupa & Krebs, 1979) is known to be centrosymmetric (space group P21 =c) and has a significant resonant-scattering contribution, Friedifstat = 498 and Friedifobs = 164. The comparison of Friedifstat and Friedifobs indicates that the crystal structure is centrosymmetric.

hD2 i1=2 ; ¼ hAi is the ratio of the root-mean-square value of D to the mean value of A. In a structure analysis, two independent estimates of the Bijvoet ratio are available and their comparison leads to useful information as to whether the crystal structure is centrosymmetric or not. The first estimate arises from considerations of intensity statistics leading to the definition of the Bijvoet ratio as a value called Friedifstat, whose functional form was derived by Flack & Shmueli (2007) and Shmueli & Flack (2009). One needs only to know the chemical composition of the compound and the

Example 2 The crystal of compound Ex2, potassium hydrogen (2R,3R) tartrate, is known to be enantiomerically pure and appears in space group P21 21 21. The value of Friedifobs is 217 compared to a Friedifstat value of 174. The agreement is good and allows the deduction that the crystal is neither centrosymmetric, nor twinned by inversion in a proportion near to 50:50, nor that the

125

1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 1.6.5.1

Table 1.6.5.2

Rmerge values for Ex2 for the 589 sets of general reflections of mmm which have all eight measurements in the set

Rmerge values for Ex1 for the 724 sets of general reflections of 2/m which have all four measurements in the set

Rmerge (%)

mmm

2mm

m2m

mm2

222

Rmerge (%)

2/m

m

2

RA RD

1.30 100.0

1.30 254.4

1.30 235.7

1.30 258.1

1.30 82.9

RA RD

1.29 100.0

1.29 98.3

1.29 101.7

data set is unsatisfactorily dominated by random uncertainty and systematic error.

pairs are plotted on the same graph. All (Dobs, Dmodel) pairs are plotted together with those (2Aobs, 2Amodel) pairs which have 2Aobs < jDobs jmax . The range of values on the axes of the model and of the observed values should be identical. For acentric reflections, for both A and D, a good fit of the observed to the model quantities shows itself as a straight line of slope 1 passing through the origin, with some scatter about this ideal straight line. For an individual reflection, 2A and D are, respectively, the sum and the difference of the same quantities and they have identical standard uncertainties. It is thus natural to select 2A and D to plot on the same graph. In practice one sees that the spread of the 2A plot increases with increasing value of 2A. Fig. 1.6.5.1 shows the 2AD plot for Ex2 of Example 2 in Section 1.6.5.1.2, which is most satisfactory and confirms the choice of point group from the use of Rmerge. The conventional R value for all reflections is 3.1% and for those shown in Fig. 1.6.5.1 it is 10.4%. The R value for all D values is good at 51.1%. Fig. 1.6.5.2 shows the 2AD plot for Ex1 of Example 1 in Section 1.6.5.1.2. The structure model is centrosymmetric so all Dmodel values are zero. The conventional R value on A for all reflections is 4.3% and for those shown in Fig. 1.6.5.2 it is 9.1%. The R value on all the D values is 100%.

Example 3 The crystals of compound Ex3 (Zhu & Jiang, 2007) occur in Laue group 1. One finds Friedifstat = 70 and Friedifobs = 499. The huge discrepency between the two shows that the observed values of D are dominated by random uncertainty and systematic error. 1.6.5.1.3. Resolution of noncentrosymmetric ambiguities It was shown in Section 1.6.5.1.2 that under certain circumstances it is possible to determine whether or not the space group of the crystal investigated is centrosymmetric. Suppose that the space group was found to be noncentrosymmetric. In each Laue class, there is one centrosymmetric point group and one or more noncentrosymmetric point groups. For example, in the Laue class mmm we need to distinguish between the point groups 222, 2mm, m2m and mm2, and of course between the space groups based on them. We shall show that it is possible in practice to distinguish between these noncentrosymmetric point groups using intensity differences between Friedel opposites caused by resonant scattering. An excellent intensity data set from a crystal (Ex2 above) of potassium hydrogen (2R, 3R) tartrate, measured with a wave˚ at 100 K, was used. The Laue group was length of 0.7469 A assumed to be mmm. The raw data set was initially merged and averaged in point group 1 and all special reflections of the Laue group mmm (i.e. 0kl, h0l, hk0, h00, 0k0, 00l) were set aside. The remaining data were organized into sets of reflections symmetryequivalent under the Laue group mmm, and only those sets (589 in all) containing all 8 of the mmm-symmetry-equivalent reflections were retained. Each of these sets provides 4 Aobs and 4 Dobs values which can be used to calculate Rmerge values appropriate to the five point groups in the Laue class mmm. The results are given in Table 1.6.5.1. The value of 100% for Rmerge in a centrosymmetric point group, such as mmm or 2/m, arises by definition and not by coincidence. The RD of the true point group has the lowest value, which is noticeably different from the other choices of point group. The crystal of Ex1 above (space group P21 =c) was treated in a similar manner. Table 1.6.5.2 shows that RD values display no preference between the three point groups in Laue class 2/m. Intensity measurements comprising a full sphere of reflections are essential to the success of the Rmerge tests described in this section.

1.6.5.2. Space-group determination in macromolecular crystallography For macromolecular crystallography, succinct descriptions of space-group determination have been given by Kabsch (2010a,b, 2012) and Evans (2006, 2011). Two characteristics of macromolecular crystals give rise to variations on the small-molecule procedures described above. The first characteristic is the large size of the unit cell of macromolecular crystals and the variation of the cell dimensions from one crystal to another. This makes the determination of the Bravais lattice by cell reduction problematic, as small changes of cell dimensions give rise to differences in the assignment. Kabsch (2010a,b, 2012) uses a ‘quality index’ from each of Niggli’s 44 lattice characters to come to a best choice. Grosse-Kunstleve et al. (2004) and Sauter et al. (2004) have found that some commonly used methods to determine the Bravais lattice are susceptible to numerical instability, making it possible for high-symmetry Bravais lattice types to be improperly identified. Sauter et al. (2004, 2006) find from practical experience that a deviation  as high as 1.4 from perfect alignment of direct and reciprocal lattice rows must be allowed to construct the highest-symmetry Bravais type consistent with the data. Evans (2006) uses a value of 3.0 . The large unit-cell size also gives rise to a large number of reflections in the asymmetric region of reciprocal space, and taken with the tendency of macromolecular crystals to decompose in the X-ray beam, full-sphere data sets are uncommon. This means that confirmation of the Laue class by means of values of Rint (Rmerge) are rarer than with small-molecule crystallography, although Kabsch (2010b) does use a ‘redundancy-independent R factor’. Evans (2006, 2011) describes methods very similar to those given as the second stage in Section 1.6.2.1. The conclusion of Sauter et al. (2006) and Evans (2006) is that Rint values as high

1.6.5.1.4. Data evaluation after structure refinement There is an excellent way in which to evaluate both data measurement and treatment procedures, and the fit of the model to the data, including the space-group assignment, at the completion of structure refinement. This technique is applicable both to noncentrosymmetric and to centrosymmetric crystals. A scattergram of Dobs against Dmodel, and 2Aobs against 2Amodel

126

1.6. METHODS OF SPACE-GROUP DETERMINATION

Figure 1.6.5.1 Data-evaluation plot for crystal Ex2. The plot shows a scattergram of all (Dobs ; Dmodel ) pairs and those (2Aobs ; 2Amodel ) pairs in the same intensity range as the D values.

Figure 1.6.5.2

as 25% must be permitted in order to assemble an optimal set of operations to describe the diffraction symmetry. Another interesting procedure, accompanied by experimental proof, has been devised by Sauter et al. (2006). They show that it is clearer to calculate Rmerge values individually for each potential symmetry operation of a target point group rather than comparing Rmerge values for target point groups globally. According to Sauter et al. (2006) the reason for this improvement lies in the lack of intensity data relating some target symmetry operations. The second characteristic of macromolecular crystals is that the compound is known, or presumed, to be chiral and enantiomerically pure, so that the crystal structure is chiral. This limits the choice of space group to the 65 Sohncke space groups containing only translations, pure rotations or screw rotations. For ease of use, these have been typeset in bold in Tables 1.6.4.2– 1.6.4.30. For the evaluation of protein structures, Poon et al. (2010) apply similar techniques to those described in Section 1.6.2.3. The major tactical objective is to identify pairs of -helices that have been declared to be symmetry-independent in the structure solution but which may well be related by a rotational symmetry of the crystal structure. Poon et al. (2010) have been careful to test their methodology against generated structural data before proceeding to tests on real data. Their results indicate that some 2% of X-ray structures in the Protein Data Bank potentially fit in a higher-symmetry space group. Zwart et al. (2008) have studied the problems of under-assigned translational symmetry operations, suspected incorrect symmetry and twinned data with ambiguous space-group choices, and give illustrations of the uses of group–subgroup relations.

grated intensities of individual Bragg reflections liable to error. Experimentally, the use of synchrotron radiation with its exceedingly fine and highly monochromatic beam has enabled considerable progress to be made over recent years. Other obstacles to the interpretation of powder-diffraction patterns, which occur at all stages of the analysis, are background interpretation, preferred orientation, pseudo-translational symmetry and impurity phases. These are general powder-diffraction problems and will not be treated at all in the current chapter. The reader should consult David et al. (2002) and David & Shankland (2008) or the forthcoming new volume of International Tables for Crystallography (Volume H, Powder Diffraction) for further information. It goes without saying that the main use of the powder method is in structural studies of compounds for which single crystals cannot be grown. Let us start by running through the three stages of extraction of symmetry information from the diffraction pattern described in Section 1.6.2.1 to see how they apply to powder diffraction.

Data-evaluation plot for crystal Ex1. The plot shows a scattergram of all (Dobs ; Dmodel ) and some (2Aobs ; 2Amodel ) data points.

(1) Stage 1 concerns the determination of the Bravais lattice from the experimentally determined cell dimensions. As such, this process is identical to that described in Section 1.6.2.1. The obstacle, arising from peak overlap, is the initial indexing of the powder pattern and the determination of a unit cell, see David et al. (2002) and David & Shankland (2008). (2) Stage 2 concerns the determination of the point-group symmetry of the intensities of the Bragg reflections. As a preparation to stages 2 and 3, the integrated Bragg intensities have to be extracted from the powder-diffraction pattern by one of the commonly used profile analysis techniques [see David et al. (2002) and David & Shankland (2008)]. The intensities of severely overlapped reflections are subject to error. Moreover, the exact overlap of reflections owing to the symmetry of the lattice metric makes it impossible to distinguish between high- and low-symmetry Laue groups in the same family e.g. between 4/m and 4/mmm in the tetragonal family and m3 and m3m in the cubic family. Likewise,

1.6.5.3. Space-group determination from powder diffraction In powder diffraction, the reciprocal lattice is projected onto a single dimension. This projection gives rise to the major difficulty in interpreting powder-diffraction patterns. Reflections overlap each other either exactly, owing to the symmetry of the lattice metric, or approximately. This makes the extraction of the inte-

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1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY differences in intensity between Friedel opposites, hkl and hkl, are hidden in a powder-diffraction pattern and the techniques of Section 1.6.5.1 are inapplicable. It is also known that experimental results on structure-factor statistics described in Section 1.6.2.2 are sensitive to the algorithm used to extract the integrated Bragg intensities from the powder-diffraction pattern. One procedure tends to produce intensity statistics typical of the noncentrosymmetric space group P1 and another those of the centrosymmetric space group P1. In all, nothing much can be learnt from stage 2 for a powder-diffraction pattern. As a consequence, space-group determination from powder diffraction relies entirely on the Bravais lattice derived from the indexing of the diffraction pattern in stage 1 and the detection of systematic absences in stage 3. (3) Stage 3 concerns the identification of the conditions for possible systematic absences. However, Bragg-peak overlap causes difficulties with determining systematic absences. For powder-diffraction peaks at small values of sin =, the problem is rarely severe, even for low-resolution laboratory powder-diffraction data. Potentially absent reflections at higher values of sin = often overlap with other reflections of observable intensity. Accordingly, conclusions about the presence of space-group symmetry operations are generally drawn on the basis of a very small number of clear intensity observations. Observing lattice-centring absences is usually relatively easy. In the case of molecular organic materials, considerable help in space-group selection comes from the well known frequency distribution of space groups, where some 80% of compounds crystallize in one of the following: P21 =c, P1, P21 21 21 , P21 and C2=c. Practical methods of proceeding are described by David & Sivia (2002). It should also be pointed out that Table 1.6.4.1 in this chapter may often be found to be helpful. For example, if it is known that the Bravais lattice is of type cP, Table 1.6.4.1 tells us that the possible Laue classes are m3 and m3m and the possible space groups can be found in Tables 1.6.4.25 and 1.6.4.26, respectively. The appropriate reflection conditions are of course given in these tables. All relevant tables can thus be located with the aid of Table 1.6.4.1 if the Bravais lattice is known.

et al., 2005, 2007, 2009) have used a probabilistic approach combining the probabilities of individual symmetry operations of candidate space groups. The approach is pragmatic and has evolved over several versions of the software. Experience has accumulated through use of the procedure and the discrimination of the software has consequently improved. Markvardsen et al. (2001, 2012) commence with an in-depth probabilistic analysis using the concepts of Bayesian statistics which was demonstrated on a few test structures. Later, Markvardsen et al. (2008) made software generally available for their approach. Vallcorba et al. (2012) have also produced software for space-group determination, but give little information on their algorithm.

1.6.6. Space groups for nanocrystals by electron microscopy By J. C. H. Spence

The determination of crystal space groups may be achieved by the method of convergent-beam electron microdiffraction (CBED) using a modern transmission electron microscope (TEM). A detailed description of the CBED technique is given by Tanaka (2008) in Section 2.5.3 of Volume B; here we give a brief overview of the capabilities of the method for space-group determination, for completeness. A TEM beam focused to nanometre dimensions allows study of nanocrystals, while identification of noncentrosymmetric crystals is straightforward, as a result of the strong multiple scattering normally present in electron diffraction. (Unlike single scattering, this does not impose inversion symmetry on diffraction patterns, but preserves the symmetry of the sample and its boundaries.) CBED patterns also allow direct determination of screw and glide space-group elements, which produce characteristic absences, despite the presence of multiple scattering, in certain orientations. These absences, which remain for all sample thicknesses and beam energies, may be shown to occur as a result of an elegant cancellation theorem along symmetry-related multiple-scattering paths (Gjønnes & Moodie, 1965). Using all of the above information, most of the 230 space groups can be distinguished by CBED. The remaining more difficult cases (such as space groups that differ only in the location of their symmetry elements) are discussed in Spence & Lynch (1982), Eades (1988), and Saitoh et al. (2001). Enantiomorphic pairs require detailed atomistic simulations based on a model, as in the case of quartz (Goodman & Secomb, 1977). Multiple scattering renders Bragg intensities sensitive to structure-factor phases in noncentrosymmetric structures, allowing these to be measured with a tenth of a degree accuracy (Zuo et al., 1993). Unlike X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction is very sensitive to ionicity and bonding effects, especially at low angles, allowing extinction-free charge-density mapping with high accuracy (Zuo, 2004; Zuo et al., 1999). Because of its sensitivity to strain, CBED may also be used to map out local phase transformations which cause space-group changes on the nanoscale (Zuo, 1993; Zhang et al., 2006). In simplest terms, a CBED pattern is formed by enlarging the incident beam divergence in the transmission diffraction geometry, as first demonstrated G. Mollenstedt in 1937 (Kossel & Mollenstedt, 1942). Bragg spots are then enlarged into discs, and the intensity variation within these discs is studied, in addition to that of the entire pattern, in the CBED method. The intensity variation within a disc displays a complete rocking curve in each of the many diffracted orders, which are simultaneously excited

There has been considerable progress since 2000 in the automated extraction by software of the set of conditions for reflections from a powder-diffraction pattern for undertaking stage 3 above. Once the conditions have been identified, Tables 1.6.4.2– 1.6.4.30 are used to identify the corresponding space groups. The output of such software consists of a ranked list of complete sets of conditions for reflections (i.e. the horizontal rows of conditions given in Tables 1.6.4.2–1.6.4.30). Accordingly, the best-ranked set of conditions is at the top of the list followed by others in decreasing order of appropriateness. The list thus is answering the question: Which is the most probable set of reflection conditions for the data to hand? Such software uses integrated intensities of Bragg reflections extracted from the powder pattern and, as mentioned above, the results are sensitive to the particular profile integration procedure used. Moreover, only ideal Wilson (1949) p.d.f.’s for space groups P1 and P1 are implemented. The art of such techniques is to find appropriate criteria such that the most likely set of reflection conditions is clearly discriminated from any others. Altomare et al. (Altomare, Caliandro, Camalli, Cuocci, da Silva et al., 2004; Altomare, Caliandro, Camalli, Cuocci, Giacovazzo et al., 2004; Altomare

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1.6. METHODS OF SPACE-GROUP DETERMINATION References Allenmark, S., Gawronski, J. & Berova, N. (2007). Editors. Chirality, 20, 605–759. Altomare, A., Caliandro, R., Camalli, M., Cuocci, C., da Silva, I., Giacovazzo, C., Moliterni, A. G. G. & Spagna, R. (2004). Space-group determination from powder diffraction data: a probabilistic approach. J. Appl. Cryst. 37, 957–966. Altomare, A., Caliandro, R., Camalli, M., Cuocci, C., Giacovazzo, C., Moliterni, A. G. G. & Rizzi, R. (2004). Automatic structure determination from powder data with EXPO2004. J. Appl. Cryst. 37, 1025–1028. Altomare, A., Camalli, M., Cuocci, C., da Silva, I., Giacovazzo, C., Moliterni, A. G. G. & Rizzi, R. (2005). Space group determination: improvements in EXPO2004. J. Appl. Cryst. 38, 760–767. Altomare, A., Camalli, M., Cuocci, C., Giacovazzo, C., Moliterni, A. G. G. & Rizzi, R. (2007). Advances in space-group determination from powder diffraction data. J. Appl. Cryst. 40, 743–748. Altomare, A., Camalli, M., Cuocci, C., Giacovazzo, C., Moliterni, A. & Rizzi, R. (2009). EXPO2009: structure solution by powder data in direct and reciprocal space. J. Appl. Cryst. 42, 1197–1202. Authier, A., Borovik-Romanov, A. S., Boulanger, B., Cox, K. G., Dmitrienko, V. E., Ephraı¨m, M., Glazer, A. M., Grimmer, H., Janner, A., Jannsen, T., Kenzelmann, M., Kirfel, A., Kuhs, W. F., Ku¨ppers, H., Mahan, G. D., Ovchinnikova, E. N., Thiers, A., Zarembowitch, A. & Zyss, J. (2014). International Tables for Crystallography, Volume D, Physical Properties of Crystals, edited by A. Authier, 2nd edition, Part 1. Chichester: Wiley. Bocˇek, P., Hahn, Th., Janovec, V., Klapper, H., Kopsky´, V., Prˇivratska, J., Scott, J. F. & Tole´dano, J.-C. (2014). International Tables for Crystallography, Volume D, Physical Properties of Crystals, edited by A. Authier, 2nd ed., Part 3. Chichester: Wiley. Buerger, M. J. (1935). The application of plane groups to the interpretation of Weissenberg photographs. Z. Kristallogr. 91, 255–289. Buerger, M. J. (1942). X-ray Crystallography, ch. 22. New York: Wiley. Buerger, M. J. (1946). The interpretation of Harker syntheses. J. Appl. Phys. 17, 579–595. Buerger, M. J. (1969). Diffraction symbols. In Physics of the Solid State, edited by S. Balakrishna, ch. 3, pp. 27–42. London: Academic Press. Burzlaff, H., Zimmermann, H. & de Wolff, P. M. (2002). Crystal lattices. In International Tables for Crystallography, Volume A, Space-Group Symmetry, edited by Th. Hahn, 5th ed., Part 9. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. David, W. I. F. & Shankland, K. (2008). Structure determination from powder diffraction data. Acta Cryst. A64, 52– 64. David, W. I. F., Shankland, K., McCusker, L. B. & Baerlocher, Ch. (2002). Editors. Structure Determination from Powder Diffraction Data. IUCr Monograph No. 13. Oxford University Press. David, W. I. F. & Sivia, D. S. (2002). Extracting integrated intensities from powder diffraction patterns. In Structure Determination from Powder Diffraction Data, edited by W. I. F. David, K. Shankland, L. B. McCusker & Ch. Baerlocher. IUCr Monograph No. 13. Oxford University Press. Eades, J. A. (1988). Glide planes and screw axes in CBED. In Microbeam Analysis 1988, edited by D. Newberry, pp. 75–78. San Francisco Press. Evans, P. (2006). Scaling and assessment of data quality. Acta Cryst. D62, 72–82. Evans, P. R. (2011). An introduction to data reduction: space-group determination, scaling and intensity statistics. Acta Cryst. D67, 282–292. Flack, H. D. (2003). Chiral and achiral crystal structures. Helv. Chim. Acta, 86, 905–921. Flack, H. D. (2015). Methods of space-group determination – a supplement dealing with twinned crystals and metric specialization. Acta Cryst. C71, 916–920. Flack, H. D., Sadki, M., Thompson, A. L. & Watkin, D. J. (2011). Practical applications of averages and differences of Friedel opposites. Acta Cryst. A67, 21–34. Flack, H. D. & Shmueli, U. (2007). The mean-square Friedel intensity difference in P1 with a centrosymmetric substructure. Acta Cryst. A63, 257–265. Giacovazzo, C. (2008). Direct methods. In International Tables for Crystallography, Volume B, Reciprocal Space, edited by U. Shmueli, ch. 2.2, pp. 215–243. Dordrecht: Springer. Gjønnes, J. & Moodie, A. F. (1965). Extinction conditions in the dynamic theory of electron diffraction. Acta Cryst. 19, 65–69.

Figure 1.6.6.1 Polarity determination by convergent-beam electron diffraction. A CBED pattern from ZnO with the beam normal to the c axis is shown. The intensity distribution along c does not have inversion symmetry, reflecting the noncentrocentrosymmetric nature of the structure. Reproduced with permission from Wang et al. (2003). Copyright (2003) by The American Physical Society.

and recorded. The entire pattern thus consists of many independent ‘point’ diffraction patterns (each for a slightly different incident beam direction) laid beside each other. Fig. 1.6.6.1 shows a CBED pattern from the wurtzite structure of ZnO, with the beam normal to the c axis (Wang et al., 2003). The intensity variation along a line running through the centres of these discs (along the c axis) is not an even function, strongly violating Friedel’s law for this elastic scattering. At higher scattering angles, curvature of the Ewald sphere allows three-dimensional symmetry elements to be determinated by taking account of ‘outof-zone’ intensities in the outer higher-order Laue zone (HOLZ) rings near the edge of the detector. Since sub-a˚ngstrom-diameter electron probes and nanometre X-ray laser probes (Spence et al., 2012) are now being used, the effect of the inevitable coherent interference between overlapping convergent-beam orders on space-group determination must be considered (Spence & Zuo, 1992). A systematic approach to space-group determination by CBED has been developed by several groups. In general, one would determine the symmetry of the projection diffraction group first (ignoring diffraction components along the beam direction z), then add the z-dependent information seen in HOLZ lines, allowing one to finally identify the point group from tables, by combining all this information. After indexing the pattern, in order to determine a unit cell the Bravais lattice is next determined. The form of the three-dimensional reciprocal lattice and its centring can usually be determined by noting the registry of Bragg spots in a HOLZ ring against those in the zeroorder (ZOLZ) ring. Finally, by setting up certain special orientations, tests are applied for the presence of screw and glide elements, which are revealed by a characteristic dark line or cross within the CBED discs. Tables can again then be used to combine these translational symmetry elements with the previously determined point group, to find the space group. As a general experimental strategy, one first seeks mirror lines (perhaps seen in Kikuchi patterns), then follows these around using the two-axis goniometer fitted to modern TEM instruments in a systematic search for other symmetry elements. Reviews of the CBED method can be found in Steeds & Vincent (1983), in Goodman (1975), and in the texts by Tanaka et al. (1988). A textbook-level worked example of space-group determination by CBED can be found in Spence & Zuo (1992) and in the chapter by A. Eades in Williams & Carter (2009).

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1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Volume B, Reciprocal Space, edited by U. Shmueli, ch. 2.3, pp. 235–263. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Saitoh, K., Tsuda, K., Terauchi, M. & Tanaka, M. (2001). Distinction between space groups having principal rotation and screw axes, which are combined with twofold rotation axes, using the coherent convergent-beam electron diffraction method. Acta Cryst. A57, 219– 230. Sauter, N. K., Grosse-Kunstleve, R. W. & Adams, P. D. (2004). Robust indexing for automatic data collection. J. Appl. Cryst. 37, 399–409. Sauter, N. K., Grosse-Kunstleve, R. W. & Adams, P. D. (2006). Improved statistics for determining the Patterson symmetry from unmerged diffraction intensities. J. Appl. Cryst. 39, 158–168. Shmueli, U. (2007). Theories and Techniques of Crystal Structure Determination. Oxford University Press. Shmueli, U. (2008). Symmetry in reciprocal space. In International Tables for Crystallography, Volume B, Reciprocal Space, edited by U. Shmueli, 3rd ed., ch. 1.4, Appendix A1.4.4. Dordrecht: Springer. Shmueli, U. (2012). Structure-factor statistics and crystal symmetry. J. Appl. Cryst. 45, 389–392. Shmueli, U. (2013). INSTAT: a program for computing non-ideal probability density functions of |E|. J. Appl. Cryst. 46, 1521–1522. Shmueli, U. & Flack, H. D. (2009). Concise intensity statistics of Friedel opposites and classification of the reflections. Acta Cryst. A65, 322– 325. Shmueli, U. & Weiss, G. H. (1995). Introduction to Crystallographic Statistics. Oxford University Press. Shmueli, U., Weiss, G. H., Kiefer, J. E. & Wilson, A. J. C. (1984). Exact random-walk models in crystallographic statistics. I. Space groups P1 and P1. Acta Cryst. A40, 651–660. Shmueli, U. & Wilson, A. J. C. (2008). Statistical properties of the weighted reciprocal lattice. In International Tables for Crystallography, Volume B, Reciprocal Space, edited by U. Shmueli, ch. 2.1. Dordrecht: Springer. Spek, A. L. (2003). Single-crystal structure validation with the program PLATON. J. Appl. Cryst. 36, 7–13. Spence, J. C. H. & Lynch, J. (1982). Stem microanalysis by transmission electron energy loss spectroscopy in crystals. Ultramicroscopy, 9, 267– 276. Spence, J. C. H., Weierstall, U. & Chapman, H. (2012). X-ray lasers for structural biology. Rep. Prog. Phys. 75, 102601. Spence, J. & Zuo, J. M. (1992). Electron Microdiffraction. New York: Plenum. Steeds, J. W. & Vincent, R. (1983). Use of high-symmetry zone axes in electron diffraction in determining crystal point and space groups. J. Appl. Cryst. 16, 317–325. Tadbuppa, P. P. & Tiekink, E. R. T. (2010). [(Z)-Ethyl N-isopropylthiocarbamato-S](tricyclohexylphosphine-P)gold(I). Acta Cryst. E66, m615. Tanaka, M. (2008). Point-group and space-group determination by convergent-beam electron diffraction. In International Tables for Crystallography, Volume B, Reciprocal Space, edited by U. Shmueli, 3rd ed., Section 2.5.3. Springer. Tanaka, M., Terauchi, M. & Kaneyama, T. (1988). Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction (and subsequent volumes in the same series). Tokyo: JEOL Ltd. Udupa, M. R. & Krebs, B. (1979). Crystal and molecular structure of creatininium tetrachlorocuprate(II). Inorg. Chim. Acta, 33, 241– 244. Vallcorba, O., Rius, J., Frontera, C., Peral, I. & Miravitlles, C. (2012). DAJUST: a suite of computer programs for pattern matching, spacegroup determination and intensity extraction from powder diffraction data. J. Appl. Cryst. 45, 844–848. Wang, Z. L., Kong, X. Y. & Zuo, J. M. (2003). Induced growth of asymmetric nanocantilever on polar surfaces. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 185502. Waser, J. (1955). Symmetry relations between structure factors. Acta Cryst. 8, 595. Wells, M. (1965). Computational aspects of space-group symmetry. Acta Cryst. 19, 173–179. Williams, D. & Carter, C. B. (2009). Transmission Electron Microscopy, ch. 6. New York: Springer. Wilson, A. J. C. (1949). The probability distribution of X-ray intensities. Acta Cryst. 2, 318–321. Zhang, P., Kisielowski, C., Istratov, A., He, H., Nelson, C., Mardinly, J., Weber, E. & Spence, J. C. H. (2006). Direct strain measurement in a

Goodman, P. (1975). A practical method of three-dimensional spacegroup analysis using convergent-beam electron diffraction. Acta Cryst. A31, 804–810. Goodman, P. & Secomb, T. W. (1977). Identification of enantiomorphously related space groups by electron diffraction. Acta Cryst. A33, 126–133. Grosse-Kunstleve, R. W., Sauter, N. K. & Adams, P. D. (2004). Numerically stable algorithms for the computation of reduced unit cells. Acta Cryst. A60, 1–6. Howells, E. R., Phillips, D. C. & Rogers, D. (1950). The probability distribution of X-ray intensities. II. Experimental investigation and the X-ray detection of centres of symmetry. Acta Cryst. 3, 210– 214. Kabsch, W. (2010a). XDS. Acta Cryst. D66, 125–132. Kabsch, W. (2010b). Integration, scaling, space-group assignment and post-refinement. Acta Cryst. D66, 133–144. Kabsch, W. (2012). Space-group assignment. In International Tables for Crystallography, Volume F, Crystallography of Biological Macromolecules, edited by E. Arnold, D. M. Himmel & M. G. Rossmann, Section 11.3.6. Chichester: Wiley. Kirschbaum, K., Martin, A. & Pinkerton, A. A. (1997). /2 Contamination in charge-coupled-device area-detector data. J. Appl. Cryst. 30, 514–516. Koch, E. (2006). Twinning. In International Tables for Crystallography, Volume C, Mathematical, Physical and Chemical Tables, 1st online edition, edited by E. Prince, ch. 1.3. Chester: International Union of Crystallography. Kossel, W. & Mollenstedt, G. (1942). Electron interference in a convergent beam. Ann. Phys. 42, 287–296. Le Page, Y. (1982). The derivation of the axes of the conventional unit cell from the dimensions of the Buerger-reduced cell. J. Appl. Cryst. 15, 255–259. Le Page, Y. (1987). Computer derivation of the symmetry elements implied in a structure description. J. Appl. Cryst. 20, 264–269. Looijenga-Vos, A. & Buerger, M. J. (2002). Space-group determination and diffraction symbols. In International Tables for Crystallography, Volume A, Space-Group Symmetry, 5th ed., edited by Th. Hahn, Section 3.1.3. Dordrecht, Boston, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Macchi, P., Proserpio, D. M., Sironi, A., Soave, R. & Destro, R. (1998). A test of the suitability of CCD area detectors for accurate electron-density studies. J. Appl. Cryst. 31, 583–588. Markvardsen, A. J., David, W. I. F., Johnson, J. C. & Shankland, K. (2001). A probabilistic approach to space-group determination from powder data. Acta Cryst. A57, 47–54. Markvardsen, A. J., David, W. I. F., Johnston, J. C. & Shankland, K. (2012). A probabilistic approach to space-group determination from powder data. Corrigendum. Acta Cryst. A68, 780. Markvardsen, A. J., Shankland, K., David, W. I. F., Johnston, J. C., Ibberson, R. M., Tucker, M., Nowell, H. & Griffin, T. (2008). ExtSym: a program to aid space-group determination from powder diffraction data. J. Appl. Cryst. 41, 1177–1181. Nespolo, M., Ferraris, G. & Souvignier, B. (2014). Effects of merohedric twinning on the diffraction pattern. Acta Cryst. A70, 106–125. Okaya, Y. & Pepinsky, R. (1955). Computing Methods and the Phase Problem in X-ray Crystal Analysis, p. 276. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Oszla´nyi, G. & Su¨to

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65 nm node strained silicon transistor by convergent-beam electron diffraction. Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 161907. Zhu, H.-Y. & Jiang, S.-D. (2007). 1,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-2-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)- -d-mannopyranose. Acta Cryst. E63, o2833. Zuo, J. M. (1993). New method of Bravais lattice determination. Ultramicroscopy, 52, 459–464. Zuo, J. M. (2004). Measurements of electron densities in solids: a realspace view of electronic structure and bonding in inorganic crystals. Rep. Prog. Phys. 67, 2053–2129.

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1.7. Topics on space groups treated in Volumes A1 and E of International Tables for Crystallography H. Wondratschek, U. Mu¨ller, D. B. Litvin and V. Kopsky´ 1.7.1. Subgroups and supergroups of space groups By H. Wondratschek

dure is described in detail in Fig. 1.7.2.1. The strong connection between the two crystal structures is reflected in the relation between their space groups: the point group (crystal class) and the space group of sphalerite is a subgroup (of index 2) of that of silicon (ignoring the small difference in lattice parameters).

Relations between crystal structures play an important role for the comparison and classification of crystal structures, the analysis of phase transitions in the solid state, the understanding of topotactic reactions, and other applications. The relations can often be expressed by group–subgroup relations between the corresponding space groups. Such relations may be recognized from relations between the lattices and between the point groups1 of the crystal structures. In the first five editions of this Volume A of International Tables for Crystallography, subgroups and those supergroups of space groups that are space groups were listed for every space group. However, the listing was incomplete and it lacked additional information, such as, for example, possible unit-cell transformations and/or origin shifts involved. It became apparent that complete lists and more detailed data were necessary. Therefore, a supplementary volume of International Tables for Crystallography to this Volume A has been published: Volume A1, Symmetry Relations between Space Groups (2004; second edition 2010), abbreviated as IT A1 in this chapter. The listing of the subgroups and supergroups has thus been discontinued in this sixth edition of Volume A. This chapter gives a short outline of the contents and applications of the relations listed in Volume A1. In addition, information on Volume E of International Tables for Crystallography is presented. Volume E lists the subperiodic groups, which are other kinds of subgroups of the space groups. Volume A1 consists of three parts. Part 1 covers the theory of space groups and their subgroups, space-group relations between crystal structures and the corresponding Wyckoff positions, and the Bilbao Crystallographic Server (http://www.cryst.ehu.es/). This server is freely accessible and offers access to computer programs that display the subgroups and supergroups of the space groups and other relevant data. Part 2 of Volume A1 contains complete lists of the maximal subgroups of the plane groups and space groups, including unit-cell transformations and origin shifts, if applicable. An overview of the group–subgroup relations is also displayed in diagrams. Part 3 contains tables of relations between the Wyckoff positions of group–subgrouprelated space groups and a guide to their use.

Data on subgroups and supergroups of the space groups are useful for the discussion of structural relations and phase transitions. It must be kept in mind, however, that group–subgroup relations only constitute symmetry relations. It is important, therefore, to ascertain that the consequential relations between the lattice parameters and between the atomic coordinates of the particles of the crystal structures also hold before a structural relation can be deduced from a symmetry relation. Examples
NaCl and CaF2 belong to the same space-group type, Fm3m ˚ and (O5h ; No. 225), and have lattice parameters aNaCl = 5.64 A ˚ . The ions, however, occupy unrelated positions aCaF2 = 5.46 A and so the symmetry relation does not express a structural relation. Pyrite, FeS2, and solid carbon dioxide, CO2, belong to the same space-group type, Pa3
(Th6 ; No. 205). They have lattice para˚ and aCO = 5.55 A ˚ , and the particles meters aFeS2 = 5.42 A 2 occupy analogous Wyckoff positions. Nevertheless, the structures of these compounds are not related, because the positional parameters x = 0.386 of S in FeS2 and x = 0.118 of O in CO2 differ so much that the coordinations of the corresponding atoms are dissimilar. To formulate group–subgroup relations some definitions are necessary. Subgroups and their distribution into conjugacy classes, normal subgroups, supergroups, maximal subgroups, minimal supergroups, proper subgroups, proper supergroups and index are defined for groups in general in Chapter 1.1. These definitions are used also for crystallographic groups like space groups. In the present chapter, the data of IT A1 are explained through many examples in order to enable the reader to use IT A1. Examples Maximal subgroups H of a space group P1 with basis vectors a, b, c are, among others, subgroups P1 for which a00 ¼ pa, b00 ¼ b, c00 ¼ c, p prime. If p is not a prime number but a product of two integers p ¼ q
r, the subgroup H is not maximal because a proper subgroup Z of index q exists such that a0 ¼ qa, b0 ¼ b, c0 ¼ c. Z again has H as a proper subgroup of index r with G > Z > H. P121 =c1 has maximal subgroups P121 1, P1c1 and P1 with the same unit cell, whereas P1 is not a maximal subgroup of P121 =c1: P121 =c1 > P121 1 > P1; P121 =c1 > P1c1 > P1; P121 =c1 > P1 > P1. These are all possible chains of maximal subgroups for P121 =c1 if the original translations are retained

Example The crystal structures of silicon, Si, and sphalerite, ZnS, belong
(O7h ; No. 227) and F 43m
to space-group types Fd3m (Td2 ; No. ˚ ˚ . The 216) with lattice parameters aSi = 5.43 A and aZnS = 5.41 A structure of sphalerite (zinc blende) is obtained from that of silicon by replacing alternately half of the Si atoms by Zn and half by S, and by adjusting the lattice parameter. This proce1 The point group determines both the symmetry of the physical properties of the macroscopic crystal and the symmetry of its ideal shape. Each space group belongs to a point group.

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

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1.7. TOPICS ON SPACE GROUPS TREATED IN VOLUMES A1 AND E completely. Correspondingly, the seven subgroups of index 4 with the same translations as the original space group P63 =mcm are obtained via the 21 different chains of Fig. 1.7.1.1.

way as ‘the number of even numbers is one half of the number of all integer numbers’. The infinite number of subgroups only occurs for a certain kind of subgroup and can be reduced as described below. It is thus useful to consider the different kinds of subgroups of a space group in the way introduced by Hermann (1929):

While all group–subgroup relations considered here are relations between individual space groups, they are valid for all space groups of a space-group type, as the following example shows.

(1) By reducing the order of the point group, i.e. by eliminating all symmetry operations of some kind. The example P121 1!P1 mentioned above is of this type; (2) By loss of translations, i.e. by ‘thinning out’ the lattice of translations. For the space group P121 mentioned above this may happen in different ways: (a) by suppressing all translations of the kind ð2u þ 1Þa + vb + wc, where u, v and w are integers. The new basis is normally written a0 ¼ 2a, b0 ¼ b, c0 ¼ c and, hence, half of the twofold axes have been eliminated; or (b) by a0 ¼ a, b0 ¼ 2b, c0 ¼ c, i.e. by thinning out the translations parallel to the twofold axes; or (c) again by b0 ¼ 2b but replacing the twofold rotation axes by twofold screw axes. (3) By combination of (1) and (2), e.g. by reducing the order of the point group and by thinning out the lattice of translations.

Example A particular space group P121 has a subgroup P1 which is obtained from P121 by retaining all translations but eliminating all rotations and combinations of rotations with translations. For every space group of space-group type P121 such a subgroup P1 exists. From this example it follows that the relationship exists, in an extended sense, for the two space-group types involved. One can, therefore, list these relationships by means of the symbols of the space-group types. A three-dimensional space group may have subgroups with no translations (i.e. site-symmetry groups; cf. Section 1.4.5), or with one- or two-dimensional lattices of translations (i.e. line groups, frieze groups, rod groups, plane groups and layer groups), cf. Volume E of International Tables for Crystallography, or with a three-dimensional lattice of translations (space groups). The number of subgroups of a space group is always infinite. Not only the number of all subgroups but even the number of all maximal subgroups of a given space group is infinite. In this section, only those subgroups of a space group that are also space groups will be considered. All maximal subgroups of space groups are themselves space groups. To simplify the discussion, let us suppose that we know all maximal subgroups of a space group G. In this case, any subgroup H of G may be obtained via a chain of maximal subgroups H1 ; H2 ; . . . ; Hr1 ; Hr such that G ð¼ H0 Þ > H1 > H2 > . . . > Hr1 > Hr ð¼ HÞ, where Hj is a maximal subgroup of Hj1 of index ½ij , with j ¼ 1; . . . ; r. There may be many such chains between G and H. On the other hand, all subgroups of G of a given index [i] are obtained if all chains are constructed for which ½i1 
½i2 
. . .
½ir  ¼ ½i holds. The index [i] of a subgroup has a geometric significance. It determines the ‘dilution’ of symmetry operations of H compared with those of G. The number of symmetry operations of H is 1/i times the number of symmetry operations of G; since space groups are infinite groups, this is to be understood in the same

Subgroups of the first kind, (1), are called translationengleiche (or t-) subgroups because the set T of all (pure) translations is retained. In case (2), the point group P and thus the crystal class of the space group is unchanged. These subgroups are called klassengleiche or k-subgroups. In the general case (3), both the translation subgroup T of G and the point group P are reduced; the subgroup has lost translations and belongs to a crystal class of lower order: these are general subgroups. Obviously, the general subgroups are more difficult to survey than kinds (1) and (2). Fortunately, a theorem of Hermann (1929) states that if H is a proper subgroup of G, then there always exists an intermediate group M such that G > M > H, where M is a t-subgroup of G and H is a k-subgroup of M. If H < G is maximal, then either M ¼ G and H is a k-subgroup of G or M ¼ H and H is a t-subgroup of G. It follows that a maximal subgroup of a space group G is either a t-subgroup or a k-subgroup of G. According to this theorem, general subgroups can never occur among the maximal subgroups. They can, however, be derived by a stepwise process of linking maximal t-subgroups and maximal k-subgroups by the chains discussed above.

1.7.1.1. Translationengleiche (or t-) subgroups of space groups The ‘point group’ P of a given space group G is a finite group, cf. Chapter 1.3. Hence, the number of subgroups and consequently the number of maximal subgroups of P is finite. There exist, therefore, only a finite number of maximal t-subgroups of G. The possible t-subgroups were first listed in Internationale Tabellen zur Bestimmung von Kristallstrukturen, Band 1 (1935); corrections have been reported by Ascher et al. (1969). All maximal t-subgroups are listed individually for each space group G in IT A1 with the index, the (unconventional) Hermann– Mauguin symbol referred to the coordinate system of G, the space-group number and conventional Hermann–Mauguin symbol, their general position and the transformation to the conventional coordinate system of H. This may involve a change of basis and an origin shift from the coordinate system of G.

Figure 1.7.1.1 Space group P63 =mcm with t-subgroups of index 2 and 4. All 21 possible subgroup chains are displayed by lines.

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1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY 1.7.1.2. Klassengleiche (or k-) subgroups of space groups

to space-group type P31 if p = 1 mod 3. They belong to the enantiomorphic space-group type P32 if p = 2 mod 3.

Every space group G has an infinite number of maximal k-subgroups. For dimensions 1, 2 and 3, however, it can be shown that the number of maximal k-subgroups is finite if subgroups belonging to the same affine space-group type as G are excluded. The number of maximal subgroups of G belonging to the same affine space-group type as G is always infinite; these subgroups are called maximal isomorphic subgroups. Maximal nonisomorphic klassengleiche subgroups of plane groups and space groups always have index 2, 3 or 4. They are listed individually in IT A1 together with the isomorphic subgroups of the same index. For practical reasons, the k-subgroups are distributed into two lists headed ‘Loss of centring translations’ and ‘Enlarged (conventional) unit cell’. The data consist of the index of the subgroup H, the lattice relation between the lattices of H and G, the characterization of the space group H, the general position of H and the transformation from the coordinate system of G to that of H.

In principle there is no difference in importance between t-, non-isomorphic k- and isomorphic k-subgroups. Roughly speaking, a group–subgroup relation is ‘strong’ if the index [i] of the subgroup is low. All maximal t- and maximal non-isomorphic k-subgroups have indices less than four in E2 and less than five in E3 , index four already being rather exceptional. Maximal isomorphic k-subgroups of arbitrarily high index exist for every space group.

1.7.1.4. Supergroups Sometimes a space group H is known and the possible space groups G, of which H is a subgroup, are of interest. A space group R is called a minimal supergroup of a space group G if G is a maximal subgroup of R. Examples of minimal supergroups In Fig. 1.7.1.1, the space group P63 =mcm is a minimal supergroup of P6c2; . . . ; P3c1; P6c2 is a minimal supergroup of P6; P3c1 and P312; etc.

1.7.1.3. Isomorphic subgroups of space groups The existence of isomorphic subgroups is of special interest. There can be no proper isomorphic subgroups H < G of finite groups G because the difference of the orders jHj < jGj does not allow isomorphism. The point group P of a space group G is finite and its order cannot be reduced if H is to be isomorphic to G. Therefore, isomorphic subgroups are necessarily k-subgroups. The number of isomorphic maximal subgroups and thus the number of all isomorphic subgroups of any space group is infinite. It can be shown that maximal subgroups of space groups of index i > 4 are necessarily isomorphic. Depending on the crystallographic equivalence of the coordinate axes, the index of the subgroup is p, p2 or p3, where p is a prime. The isomorphic subgroups cannot be listed individually because of their number, but they can be listed as members of a few series. The series are mostly determined by the index p; the members may be normal subgroups of G or they form conjugacy classes the size of which is either p, p2 or p3. The individual members of a conjugacy class are determined by the locations of their origins. The size of the conjugacy class, a basis for the lattice of the subgroup, the generators of the individual isomorphic subgroups and the coordinate transformation from the coordinate system of G to that of H are listed in IT A1 for all space-group types.

If G is a maximal t-subgroup of R, then R is a minimal t-supergroup of G. If G is a maximal k-subgroup of R, then R is a minimal k-supergroup of G. Finally, if G is a maximal isomorphic subgroup of R, then R is a minimal isomorphic supergroup of G. Data for minimal t- and minimal non-isomorphic k-supergroups are listed in IT A1, although in a less explicit way than that in which the subgroups are listed. The data essentially make the detailed subgroup data usable for the search for supergroups of space groups. Data on minimal isomorphic supergroups are not listed because they can be derived from the corresponding subgroup relations. The search for supergroups R > G of a space group G differs from the search for subgroups H < G in one essential point: when looking for subgroups one knows the available group elements, namely the elements g 2 G; when looking for supergroups, any isometry f 2 E may be a possible element of R, f 2 R, where E is the Euclidean group of all isometries. As we are mainly interested in the symmetries of crystal structures, it is reasonable only to look for groups R that are themselves space groups. In this way the search for supergroups of space groups is a reversal of the search for subgroups. Nevertheless, even then there are new phenomena; only two of these shall be mentioned here.

Examples Isomorphic subgroups of P1: the space group P1 is an abelian space group, all of its subgroups are isomorphic and are normal subgroups. The index may be any prime p. Isomorphic subgroups of P1: the space group P1 is not abelian and subgroups exist of types P1 and P1. The latter are isomorphic. Those of index 2 are normal subgroups; for higher index p > 2 they form conjugacy classes of prime size p.

Example For a given space group P1, there is only one t-subgroup P1. However, for a space group P1, there is a continuously infinite number of t-supergroups P1. Referred to the unit cell of P1, an additional centre of inversion can be placed in the range 0  x < 12, 0  y < 12, 0  z < 12. The centre in each of these locations leads to a new supergroup resulting in a continuous set of t-supergroups. If R is a t-supergroup of G belonging to a crystal system with higher symmetry than that of G, then the metric of G has to fulfil the conditions of the metric of R. For example, if a tetragonal space group G has a cubic t-supergroup R, then the lattice of G also has to have cubic symmetry.

Enantiomorphic space groups have an infinite number of maximal isomorphic subgroups of the same type and an infinite number of maximal isomorphic subgroups of the enantiomorphic type. Example All k-subgroups H of a given space group G ¼ P31 with basis vectors a0 ¼ a, b0 ¼ b, c0 ¼ pc, where p is any prime number other than 3, are maximal isomorphic subgroups. They belong

In practice, small differences in the lattice parameters of G and R will occur, because lattice deviations can accompany a structural relationship.

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1.7.2. Relations between Wyckoff positions for group–subgroup-related space groups By U. Mu¨ller

1.7.2.1. Symmetry relations between crystal structures The crystal structures of two compounds are isotypic if their atoms are arranged in the same way and if they have the same or the enantiomorphic space group. The absolute values of the lattice parameters and interatomic distances may differ and small deviations are permitted for non-fixed coordinates of corresponding atoms. The axial ratios and interaxial angles must be similar. Two structures are homeotypic if the conditions for isotypism are relaxed because (Lima-de-Faria et al., 1990): (1) their space groups differ, allowing for a group–subgroup relation; (2) the geometric conditions differ (axial ratios, interaxial angles, atomic coordinates); or (3) an atomic position in one structure is occupied in an ordered way by various atomic species in the other structure (substitution derivatives or after a misorder–order phase transition).2 Group–subgroup relations between the space groups of homeotypic crystal structures are particularly suited to disclosing the relationship. A standardized procedure to set forth such relations was developed by Ba¨rnighausen (1980). The concept is to start from a simple, highly symmetrical crystal structure and to derive more complicated structures by distortions and/or substitutions of atoms. A tree of group–subgroup relations between the space groups involved, now called a Ba¨rnighausen tree, serves as the main guideline. The highly symmetrical starting structure is called the aristotype after Megaw (1973) or basic structure after Buerger (1947, 1951) or, in the literature on phase transitions in physics, prototype or parent structure. The derived structures are the hettotypes or derivative structures or, in phase-transition physics, distorted structures or daughter phases. In Megaw’s terminology, the structures mentioned in the tree form a family of structures. Detailed instructions on how to form a Ba¨rnighausen tree, the information that can be drawn from it and some possible pitfalls are given in the second edition of IT A1, Chapter 1.6 and in the book by Mu¨ller (2013). In any case, setting up group–subgroup relations requires a thorough monitoring of how the Wyckoff positions develop from a group to a subgroup for every position occupied. The following examples give a concise impression of such relations.

Figure 1.7.2.1 Group–subgroup relation from the aristotype diamond to its hettotype zinc blende. The numerical values in the boxes are atomic coordinates.

same translational lattice (the same size and dimensions of the primitive unit cell) but its crystal class is of reduced symmetry. The index [i] is the factor by which the total number of symmetry operations has been reduced, i.e. the subgroup has 1/i as many symmetry operations; as mentioned in Section 1.7.1, this is to be understood in the same way as ‘the number of even numbers is half as many as the number of all integer numbers’. The consequences of the symmetry reduction on the positions occupied by the atoms are important. As shown in the boxes next to the space-group symbols in Fig. 1.7.2.1, the carbon atoms in diamond occupy the Wyckoff position 8a of the space group F 41 =d 3 2=m. Upon transition to zinc blende, this position splits into two independent Wyckoff positions, 4a and 4c, of the subgroup F 4 3 m, rendering possible occupation by atoms of the two different species zinc and sulfur. The site symmetry 43m remains unchanged for all atoms. Further substitutions of atoms require additional symmetry reductions. For example, in chalcopyrite, CuFeS2, the zinc atoms of zinc blende have been substituted by copper and iron atoms. This implies a symmetry reduction from F43m to its subgroup I42d; this requires one translationengleiche and two steps of klassengleiche group–subgroup relations, including a doubling of the unit cell.

1.7.2.2. Substitution derivatives

1.7.2.3. Phase transitions

As an example, Fig. 1.7.2.1 shows the simple relation between diamond and zinc blende. This is an example of a substitution derivative. The reduction of the space-group symmetry from diamond to zinc blende is depicted by an arrow which points from the higher-symmetry space group of diamond to the lowersymmetry space group of zinc blende. The subgroup is translationengleiche of index 2, marked by t2 in the middle of the arrow. Translationengleiche means that the subgroup has the

Fig. 1.7.2.2 shows derivatives of the cubic ReO3 structure type that result from distortions of this high-symmetry structure. WO3 itself does not adopt this structure, only several distorted variants. The first step of symmetry reduction involves a tetragonal distortion of the cubic ReO3 structure resulting in the space group P4/mmm; no example with this symmetry is yet known. The second step leads to a klassengleiche subgroup of index 2 (marked k2 in the arrow), resulting in the structure of hightemperature WO3, which is the most symmetrical known modification of WO3. Klassengleiche means that the subgroup belongs to the same crystal class, but it has lost translational symmetry (its primitive unit cell has been enlarged). In this case this is a doubling of the size of the unit cell (a  b, a + b, c) combined with an origin shift of 12; 0; 0 (in the coordinate system of P4/mmm). This cell transformation and origin shift cause a change of the atomic coordinates of the metal atom from 0, 0, 0 to 14; 14; 0:0 (the

2 In the strict sense, two isotypic compounds do not have the same space group if their translation lattices (lattice dimensions) differ. However, such a strict treatment would render it impossible to apply group-theoretical methods in crystal chemistry and crystal physics. Therefore, we treat isotypic and homeotypic structures as if their translation lattices were the same or related by an integral enlargement factor. For more details see the second edition of IT A1 (2010), Sections 1.2.7 and 1.6.4.1. We prefer the term ‘misorder’ instead of the usual ‘disorder’ because there still is order in the ‘disordered’ structure, although it is a reduced order.

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1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY decimal value indicates that the coordinate is not fixed by symmetry). Simultaneously, the site symmetry of the metal atom is reduced from 4/mmm to 4mm and the z coordinate becomes independent. In fact, the W atom is shifted from z = 0 to z = 0.066, i.e. it is not situated in the centre of the octahedron of the surrounding O atoms. This shift is the cause of the symmetry reduction. There is no splitting of the Wyckoff positions in this step of symmetry reduction, but a decrease of the site symmetries of all atoms. When cooled, at 1170 K HT-WO3 is transformed to
-WO3. This involves mutual rotations of the coordination octahedra along c and requires another step of symmetry reduction. Again, the Wyckoff positions do not split in this step of symmetry reduction, but the site symmetries of all atoms are further decreased. Upon further cooling, WO3 undergoes several other phase transitions that involve additional distortions and, in each case, an additional symmetry reduction to another subgroup (not shown in Fig. 1.7.2.2). For more details see Mu¨ller (2013), Section 11.6, and references therein. 1.7.2.4. Domain structures In the case of phase transitions and of topotactic reactions3 that involve a symmetry reduction, the kind of group–subgroup relation determines how many kinds of domains and what domain states can be formed. If the lower-symmetry product results from a translationengleiche group–subgroup relation, twinned crystals are to be expected. A klassengleiche group– subgroup relation will cause antiphase domains. The number of different kinds of twin or antiphase domains corresponds to the index of the symmetry reduction. For example, the phase transition from HT-WO3 to
-WO3 involves a klassengleiche group– subgroup relation of index 2 (k2 in Fig. 1.7.2.2); no twins will be formed, but two kinds of antiphase domains can be expected.

Figure 1.7.2.2 Group–subgroup relations (Ba¨rnighausen tree) from the ReO3 type to two polymorphic forms of WO3. The superscript (2) after the spacegroup symbols states the origin choice. + and  in the images of hightemperature WO3 and
-WO3 indicate the direction of the z shifts of the W atoms from the octahedron centres. Structural data for WO3 are taken from Locherer et al. (1999).

1.7.2.5. Presentation of the relations between the Wyckoff positions among group–subgroup-related space groups

belong to the same or the enantiomorphic space-group type, i.e. group and subgroup have the same or the enantiomorphic spacegroup symbol; the unit cell of the subgroup is increased by some integral factor, which is p, p2 or p3 (p = prime number) in the case of maximal isomorphic subgroups.

Group–subgroup relations as outlined in the preceding sections can only be correct if all atomic positions of the hettotypes result directly from those of the aristotype. Every group–subgroup relation between space groups entails specific relations between their Wyckoff positions. If the index of symmetry reduction is 2, a Wyckoff position either splits into two symmetry-independent positions that keep the site symmetry, or there is no splitting and the site symmetry is reduced. If the index is 3 or higher, a Wyckoff position either splits, or its site symmetry is reduced, or both happen. Given the relative settings and origin choices of a space group and its subgroup, there exist unique relations between their Wyckoff positions. Laws governing these relations are considered in Chapter 1.5 of the second edition of IT A1. Volume A1, Part 3, Relations between the Wyckoff positions, contains tables for all space groups. For every one of them, all maximal subgroups are listed, including the corresponding coordinate transformations. For all Wyckoff positions of a space group the relations to the Wyckoff positions of the subgroups are given. This includes the infinitely many maximal isomorphic subgroups, for which general formulae are given. Isomorphic subgroups are a special kind of klassengleiche subgroup that

1.7.3. Relationships between space groups and subperiodic groups By D. B. Litvin and V. Kopsky´

The present volume in the series International Tables for Crystallography (Volume A: Space-Group Symmetry) treats one-, two- and three-dimensional space groups. Volume E in the series, Subperiodic Groups (2010), treats two- and three-dimensional subperiodic groups: frieze groups (groups in two-dimensional space with translations in a one-dimensional subspace), rod groups (groups in three-dimensional space with translations in a one-dimensional subspace) and layer groups (groups in threedimensional space with translations in a two-dimensional subspace). In the same way in which three-dimensional space groups are used to classify the atomic structure of threedimensional crystals, the subperiodic groups are used to classify the atomic structure of other crystalline structures, such as liquid crystals, domain interfaces, twins and thin films.

3 A topotactic reaction is a chemical reaction in the solid state where the orientation of the product crystal is determined by the orientation of the educt crystal.

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Figure 1.7.3.1 The scanning table for the space-group type P3m1 (164) and orientation orbit (0001), and the structure of cadmium iodide, CdI2. Cadmium and iodine ions are denoted by open and filled circles, respectively.

In Volume A, the relationship between the space group of a crystal and the point-group symmetry of individual points in the crystal is given by site symmetries, the point-group subgroups of the space group that leave the points invariant. In Volume E, an analogous relationship is given between the space group of a crystal and the subperiodic-group symmetry of planes that transect the crystal. Volume E contains scanning tables (with supplementary tables in Kopsky´ & Litvin, 2004) from which the layer-group subgroups of the space group (called sectional layer groups) that leave the transecting planes invariant can be determined. The first attempts to derive sectional layer groups were made by Wondratschek (1971) and by using software written by Guigas (1971). Davies & Dirl (1993a,b) developed software for finding subgroups of space groups which was modified to find sectional layer groups. The use and determination of sectional layer groups have also been discussed by Janovec et al. (1988), Kopsky´ & Litvin (1989) and Fuksa et al. (1993). In Fig. 1.7.3.1, part of the scanning table for the space group P3m1 (164) is given. From this one can determine the layer-group subgroups of P3m1 that are symmetries of planes of orientation (hkil) = (0001). Vectors a0 and b0 are basic vectors of the translational subgroup of the layer-group symmetry of planes of this orientation. The vector d defines the scanning direction and is used to define the position of the plane within the crystal. The linear orbit is the set of all parallel planes obtained by applying all elements of the space group to any one plane. The sectional layer group is the layer subgroup of the space group that leaves the plane invariant. Sectional layer groups were introduced by Holser (1958a,b) in connection with the consideration of domain walls and twin boundaries as symmetry groups of planes bisecting a crystal. The mutual orientation of the two domains separated by a domain

wall or twin boundary is not arbitrary, but has crystallographic restrictions. The group-theoretical basis for an analysis of domain pairs is given by Janovec (1972), and the structure of domain walls and twin boundaries is considered by Janovec (1981) and Zikmund (1984) [see also Janovec & Prˇı´vratska´ (2014)]. Layer symmetries have been used in bicrystallography. The term bicrystal was introduced by Pond & Bollmann (1979) in the study of grain boundaries [see also Pond & Vlachavas (1983) and Vlachavas (1985)]. A bicrystal is in general an edifice where two crystals, usually of the same structure but of different, possibly arbitrary, orientations, meet at a common boundary. The sectional layer groups describe the symmetries of such a boundary [see Volume E (2010), Section 5.2.5.2]. An example of the application of the scanning tables to determine the layer-group symmetry of planes in a crystal is given in Section 1.7.3.1. In Section 1.7.3.2 the derivation of the layergroup symmetry of a domain wall is described. 1.7.3.1. Layer symmetries in three-dimensional crystal structures Fig. 1.7.3.1 shows the crystal structure of cadmium iodide, CdI2. The space group of this crystal is of type P3m1 (164). The anions form a hexagonal close packing of spheres and the cations occupy half of the octahedral holes, filling one of the alternate layers. In close-packing notation, the CdI2 structure is A I

C Cd

B I

C void

From the scanning tables, we obtain for planes with the (0001) orientation and at heights z = 0 or z = 12 a sectional layer-group symmetry type p3m1 (layer group No. 72, or L72 for short), and for planes of this orientation at any other height a sectional layergroup symmetry type p3m1 (L69).

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1. INTRODUCTION TO SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY tetragonal phase transition gives rise to atomic displacements represented by arrows, and to six singledomain states, four of which are depicted in the figure. The polar tetragonal symmetry of each of these tetragonal domain states is also shown. In determining the symmetry of a domain wall, we first construct a domain twin (Janovec & Prˇı´vratska´, 2014): we choose two single-domain states, for this example the two in Fig. 1.7.3.2 with symmetry P4zmxmxy, and construct a domain pair consisting of the superposition of these two single-domain states, see Fig. 1.7.3.3. The domain twin we choose to construct is obtained by passing a plane of orientation (010) through this domain pair at the origin and deleting from one side of the plane the atoms of one of the single-domain states, and the atoms of the second single-domain state from the other side of the plane, see Fig. 1.7.3.4. The plane is referred to as the central plane of the domain wall, and the atoms in and near this plane as the domain wall. The symmetry of the central plane of the domain wall is determined from the symmetry of the Figure 1.7.3.2 At the centre is the structure of the cubic phase of barium titanate, BaTiO3, of symmetry type Pm3m, domain pair and the scanning surrounded by the structures of four of the six single-domain states of the tetragonal phase of symmetry tables: The symmetry of the domain type P4mm. All the diagrams are projections along the [100] direction. Arrows depict the atomic pair is the group of operations that displacement amplitudes from their cubic-phase positions. either leaves both single-domain states invariant or simultaneously The x; y; 0 plane contains cadmium ions. This plane is a switches the two domain states. P4zmxmxy leaves both singleconstituent of the orbit of planes of orientation (0001) passing domain states invariant and the symmetry operation of spatial through the points with coordinates 0, 0, u, where u is an integer. inversion switches the two single-domain states, see Fig. 1.7.3.3. All these planes contain cadmium ions in the same arrangement Consequently, the domain-pair symmetry is P4z =mz mx mxy ¼ P4z mx mxy [ f1j0gP4z mx mxy . The symmetry of the central plane (C layer filled with Cd). The plane at height z = 12 is a constituent of the orbit of planes is determined from the scanning table for the space group P4z/mzmxmxy, the orientation orbit (010), the orientation of the of orientation (0001) passing through the points with coordinates domain wall and the linear orbit 0d, since the central plane of the 0, 0, u + 12. All these planes contain only voids and lie midway between A and B layers of iodine ions with the B layer below and the A layer above the plane. The planes at levels z = 14 and z = 34 contain B and A layers of iodine ions, respectively. These planes and all planes related to them by translations t(0, 0, u) belong to the same orbit because the operations 3 exchange the A and B layers. 1.7.3.2. The symmetry of domain walls The cubic phase of barium titanate BaTiO3, of symmetry type Pm3m, undergoes a phase transition to a tetragonal phase of symmetry type P4mm which can give rise to six distinct singledomain states (Janovec et al., 2004). This is represented in Fig. 1.7.3.2, where at the centre are four unit cells of the cubic phase with barium and titanium atoms represented by large and small filled circles, respectively, and oxygen atoms, which are located at the centre of each unit-cell face, as open circles. A cubic-to-

Figure 1.7.3.3 The domain pair of symmetry P4z/mzmxmxy consisting of the superposition of those two single-domain states of tetragonal symmetry P4zmxmxy shown in Fig. 1.7.3.2. The diagram is a projection along the [100] direction.

138

1.7. TOPICS ON SPACE GROUPS TREATED IN VOLUMES A1 AND E Fuksa, J., Kopsky´, V. & Litvin, D. B. (1993). Spatial distribution of rod and layer symmetries in a crystal. Anales de Fı´sica, Mongrafı´as, Vol. 2, edited by M. A. del Olmo, M. Santander & J. M. Mateos Guilarte, pp. 346–369. Madrid: CIEMAT/RSEF. Guigas, B. (1971). PROSEC. Institut fu¨r Kristallographie, Universtita¨t Karlsruhe, Germany. (Unpublished.) Hermann, C. (1929). Zur systematischen Strukturtheorie. IV. Untergruppen. Z. Kristallogr. 69, 533–555. Holser, W. T. (1958a). The relation of structure to symmetry in twinning. Z. Kristallogr. 110, 249– 263. Holser, W. T. (1958b). Point groups and plane groups in a two-sided plane and their subgroups. Z. Kristallogr. 110, 266–281. International Tables for Crystallography (2010). Vol. A1, Symmetry Relations between Space Groups, edited by H. Wondratschek & U. Mu¨ller, 2nd ed. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. [Abbreviated as IT A1.] International Tables for Crystallography (2010). Vol. E, Subperiodic Groups, edited by V. Kopsky´ & D. B. Litvin, 2nd ed. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. Internationale Tabellen zur Bestimmung von Kristallstrukturen (1935). 1. Band, edited by C. Hermann. Berlin: Borntraeger. Janovec, V. (1972). Group analysis of domains and Figure 1.7.3.4 domain pairs. Czech. J. Phys. 22, 974–994. The domain twin consisting of the two domain states of tetragonal symmetry P4zmxmxy and a Janovec, V. (1981). Symmetry and structure of domain wall of orientation (010) passing through the origin of the domain twin. domain walls. Ferroelectrics, 35, 105–110. Janovec, V., Grocky´, M., Kopsky´, V. & Kluiber, Z. (2004). On atomic displacements in 90 ferroelectric domain walls of tetragonal BaTiO3 crystals. Ferroelectrics, 303, wall passes through the origin (Volume E, 2010). The symmetry 65–68. of the central plane is the sectional layer group pmxmzmy, where Janovec, V., Kopsky´, V. & Litvin, D. B. (1988). Subperiodic subgroups of p denotes the lattice of translations in the x, 0, z plane. space groups. Z. Kristallogr. 185, 282. Let n denote a unit vector perpendicular to the central plane of Janovec, V. & Prˇı´vratska´, J. (2014). Domain structures. In International the domain wall; in this example n is in the [010] direction. The Tables for Crystallography, Vol. D, Physical Properties of Crystals, edited by A. Authier, 2nd ed., ch. 3.4. Chichester: Wiley. symmetry of the domain wall consists of: Kopsky´, V. & Litvin, D. B. (1989). Scanning of space groups. In Group (1) all elements of the symmetry group of the central plane that Theoretical Methods in Physics, edited by Y. Saint Aubin & L. Vinet, leave n and both domain states invariant, i.e. in this example, pp. 263–266. Singapore: World Scientific. all translations of p, 1 and mx; and Kopsky´, V. & Litvin, D. B. (2004). Space-group scanning tables. Acta (2) all elements of the symmetry group of the central plane that Cryst. A60, 637. Lima-de-Faria, J., Hellner, E., Liebau, F., Makovicky, E. & Parthe´, E. invert n and switch the domain states, i.e. in this example, 2x (1990). Nomenclature of inorganic structure types. Report of the and 1. International Union of Crystallography Commission on CrystalThe symmetry of the domain wall is then p2x/mx. lographic Nomenclature Subcommittee on the Nomenclature of Inorganic Structure Types. Acta Cryst. A46, 1–11. Locherer, K. R., Swainson, I. P. & Salje, E. K. H. (1999). Transition to a References new tetragonal phase of WO3: crystal structure and distortion parameters. J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 11, 4143–4156. Ascher, E., Gramlich, V. & Wondratschek, H. (1969). Korrekturen zu den Megaw, H. D. (1973). Crystal Structures: A Working Approach. Angaben ‘Untergruppen’ in den Raumgruppen der Internationalen Philadelphia: Saunders. Tabellen zur Bestimmung von Kristallstrukturen (1935), Band 1. Acta Mu¨ller, U. (2013). Symmetry Relationships Between Crystal Structures. Cryst. B25, 2154–2156. Oxford University Press. [German: Symmetriebeziehungen zwischen Ba¨rnighausen, H. (1980). Group–subgroup relations between space verwandten Kristallstrukturen; Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner, 2012. groups: a useful tool in crystal chemistry. MATCH Commun. Math. Spanish: Relaciones de simetrı´a entre estructuras cristalinas; Madrid: Chem. 9, 139–175. Sı´ntesis, 2013.] Buerger, M. J. (1947). Derivative crystal structures. J. Chem. Phys. 15, 1– Pond, R. C. & Bollmann, W. (1979). The symmetry and interfacial 16. structure of bicrystals. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A, 292, 449– Buerger, M. J. (1951). Phase Transformations in Solids, ch. 6. New York: 472. Wiley. Pond, R. C. & Vlachavas, D. S. (1983). Bicrystallography. Proc. R. Soc. Davies, B. L. & Dirl, R. (1993a). Space-group subgroups generated by London Ser. A, 386, 95–143. sublattice relations: software of IBM-compatible PCs. Anales de Fı´sica, Vlachavas, D. S. (1985). Symmetry of bicrystals corresponding to a given Mongrafı´as, Vol. 2, edited by M. A. del Olmo, M. Santander & J. M. misorientation relationship. Acta Cryst. A41, 371–376. Mateos Guilarte, pp. 338–341. Madrid: CIEMAT/RSEF. Wondratschek, H. (1971). Institut fu¨r Kristallographie, Universtita¨t Davies, B. L. & Dirl, R. (1993b). Space-group subgroups, coset Karlsruhe, Germany. (Unpublished.) decompositions, layer and rod symmetries: integrated software for Zikmund, Z. (1984). Symmetry of domain pairs and domain twins. Czech. IBM-compatible PCs. Third Wigner Colloquium, Oxford, September J. Phys. 34, 932–949. 1993.

139

references

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Chapter 2.1, pp. 142–174.

2.1. Guide to the use of the space-group tables Th. Hahn, A. Looijenga-Vos, M. I. Aroyo, H. D. Flack, K. Momma and P. Konstantinov In this part of the volume, tables and diagrams of crystallographic data for the 17 types of plane groups (Chapter 2.2) and the 230 types of space groups (Chapter 2.3) are presented. With the exception of the data for maximal subgroups and minimal supergroups (which have been transferred to Volume A1), the crystallographic data presented in Chapters 2.2 and 2.3 closely follow those in the fifth (2002) edition of Volume A, hereafter IT A (2002). This chapter is a guide to understanding and using these data. Only a minimum of theory is provided here, as the emphasis is on the practical use of the data. For the theoretical background to these data, the reader is referred to Parts 1 and 3, which also include suitable references. A textbook explaining space-group symmetry and the use of the data in Chapters 2.2 and 2.3 (with exercises) is provided by Hahn & Wondratschek (1994); see also Mu¨ller (2013). Section 2.1.1 displays, with the help of an extensive synoptic table, the classification of the 17 plane groups and 230 space groups. This is followed by an explanation of the characterization of the conventional crystallographic coordinate systems, including the symbols for the centring types of lattices and cells. Section 2.1.2 lists the alphanumeric and graphical symbols for symmetry elements and symmetry operations used throughout this volume. The lists are accompanied by notes and crossreferences to related IUCr nomenclature reports. Section 2.1.3 explains in a systematic fashion, with many examples and figures, all the entries and diagrams in the order in which they occur in the plane-group and space-group tables of Chapters 2.2 and 2.3. Detailed treatments are given for the Hermann–Mauguin spacegroup symbols, the space-group diagrams, the general and special positions, the reflections conditions, monoclinic space groups, and the two crystallographic space groups in one dimension (which are also known as the line groups and are treated in Section 2.1.3.16). Section 2.1.4 discusses the computer generation of the space-group tables in this and earlier editions of the volume.

categories and of the 230 space groups into six categories, as displayed in column 1 of Table 2.1.1.1. Here all ‘hexagonal’, ‘trigonal’ and ‘rhombohedral’ space groups are contained in one family, the hexagonal crystal family. The ‘crystal family’ thus corresponds to the term ‘crystal system’, as used frequently in the American and Russian literature. The crystal families are symbolized by the lower-case letters a, m, o, t, h, c, as listed in column 2 of Table 2.1.1.1. If these letters are combined with the appropriate capital letters for the lattice-centring types (cf. Table 2.1.1.2), symbols for the 14 Bravais lattices result. These symbols and their occurrence in the crystal families are shown in column 8 of Table 2.1.1.1; mS and oS are the standard settingindependent symbols for the centred monoclinic and the one-face-centred orthorhombic Bravais lattices, cf. de Wolff et al. (1985); symbols between parentheses represent alternative settings of these Bravais lattices. (iii) According to crystal systems. This classification collects the plane groups into four categories and the space groups into seven categories. The classifications according to crystal families and crystal systems are the same for two dimensions. For three dimensions, this applies to the triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal and cubic systems. The only complication exists in the hexagonal crystal family, for which several subdivisions into systems have been proposed in the literature. In this volume [as well as in International Tables for X-ray Crystallography (1952), hereafter IT (1952), and the subsequent editions of IT], the space groups of the hexagonal crystal family are grouped into two ‘crystal systems’ as follows: all space groups belonging to the five
32, 3m and 3m,
i.e. having 3, 31 , 32 or 3
as crystal classes 3, 3, principal axis, form the trigonal crystal system, irrespective of whether the Bravais lattice is hP or hR; all space groups
6=m, 622, 6mm, belonging to the seven crystal classes 6, 6;
62m and 6=mmm, i.e. having 6, 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 or 6
as principal axis, form the hexagonal crystal system; here the lattice is always hP (cf. Chapter 1.3). The crystal systems, as defined above, are listed in column 3 of Table 2.1.1.1.

2.1.1. Conventional descriptions of plane and space groups By Th. Hahn and A. Looijenga-Vos

A different subdivision of the hexagonal crystal family is in use, mainly in the French literature. It consists of grouping all space groups based on the hexagonal Bravais lattice hP (lattice point symmetry 6=mmm) into the ‘hexagonal’ system and all space groups based on the rhombohedral Bravais lattice hR
(lattice point symmetry 3m) into the ‘rhombohedral’ system. In Chapter 1.3, these systems are called ‘lattice systems’. They were called ‘Bravais systems’ in earlier editions of this volume. The theoretical background for the classification of space groups is provided in Chapter 1.3.

2.1.1.1. Classification of space groups In this volume, the plane groups and space groups are classified according to three criteria: (i) According to geometric crystal classes, i.e. according to the crystallographic point group to which a particular space group belongs. There are 10 crystal classes in two dimensions and 32 in three dimensions. They are described and listed in Chapter 3.2 and in column 4 of Table 2.1.1.1. [For arithmetic crystal classes, see Chapter 1.3 and Table 2.1.3.3 in this volume, and Chapter 1.4 of International Tables for Crystallography, Vol. C (2004).] (ii) According to crystal families. The term crystal family designates the classification of the 17 plane groups into four Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

2.1.1.2. Conventional coordinate systems and cells A plane group or space group usually is described by means of a crystallographic coordinate system, consisting of a crystallographic basis (basis vectors are lattice vectors) and a crystallographic origin (origin at a centre of symmetry or at

142

2.1. GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES Table 2.1.1.1 Crystal families, crystal systems, conventional coordinate systems and Bravais lattices in one, two and three dimensions

Crystal family

Crystallographic point groups‡

No. of space groups

Conventional coordinate system Restrictions on cell parameters

Parameters to be determined

Bravais lattices†

Symbol†

Crystal system

–

–

2

None

a

p

Oblique (monoclinic)

m

Oblique

2

None

a, b
§

mp

Rectangular (orthorhombic)

o

Rectangular

7


¼ 90


a, b

op oc

Square (tetragonal)

t

Square

3

a¼b
¼ 90


a

tp

Hexagonal

h

Hexagonal

5

a¼b
¼ 120


a

hp

Triclinic (anorthic)

a

Triclinic

2

None

a; b; c ; ;


aP

Monoclinic

m

Monoclinic

13

b-unique setting  ¼
¼ 90


a; b; c §

mP mS} (mC, mA, mI)

c-unique setting  ¼  ¼ 90


a; b; c
§

mP mS} (mA, mB, mI)

One dimension – Two dimensions

Three dimensions

Orthorhombic

o

Orthorhombic

59

 ¼  ¼
¼ 90


a, b, c

oP oS} (oC, oA, oB) oI oF

Tetragonal

t

Tetragonal

68

a¼b  ¼  ¼
¼ 90


a, c

tP tI

Hexagonal

h

Trigonal

18

a¼b  ¼  ¼ 90
;
¼ 120


a, c

hP

7

a¼b¼c ¼¼
(rhombohedral axes, primitive cell) a¼b  ¼  ¼ 90
;
¼ 120
(hexagonal axes, triple obverse cell)

a, 

hR

Hexagonal

27

a¼b  ¼  ¼ 90
;
¼ 120


a, c

hP

Cubic

36

a¼b¼c  ¼  ¼
¼ 90


a

cP cI cF

Cubic

† ‡ § }

c

The symbols for crystal families (column 2) and Bravais lattices (column 8) were adopted by the International Union of Crystallography in 1985; cf. de Wolff et al. (1985). Symbols surrounded by dashed or full lines indicate Laue groups; full lines indicate Laue groups which are also lattice point symmetries (holohedries). These angles are conventionally taken to be non-acute, i.e.  90
. For the use of the letter S as a new general, setting-independent ‘centring symbol’ for monoclinic and orthorhombic Bravais lattices, see de Wolff et al. (1985).

appropriate conventional (crystallographic) origin (cf. Sections 2.1.3.2 and 2.1.3.7), such a basis defines a conventional (crystallographic) coordinate system and a conventional cell. The conventional cell of a point lattice or a space group, obtained in this way, turns out to be either primitive or to exhibit one of the centring types listed in Table 2.1.1.2. The centring type of a conventional cell is transferred to the lattice which is described by this cell; hence, we speak of primitive, face-centred, bodycentred etc. lattices. Similarly, the cell parameters are often called lattice parameters; cf. Chapters 1.3 and 3.1 for further details. In the triclinic, monoclinic and orthorhombic crystal systems, additional conventions (for instance cell reduction or metrical

a point of high site symmetry). The choice of such a coordinate system is not mandatory, since in principle a crystal structure can be referred to any coordinate system; cf. Chapters 1.3 and 1.5. The selection of a crystallographic coordinate system is not unique. Conventionally, a right-handed set of basis vectors is taken such that the symmetry of the plane or space group is displayed best. With this convention, which is followed in the present volume, the specific restrictions imposed on the cell parameters by each crystal family become particularly simple. They are listed in columns 6 and 7 of Table 2.1.1.1. If within these restrictions the smallest cell is chosen, a conventional (crystallographic) basis results. Together with the selection of an

143

2. THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES Table 2.1.1.2 Symbols for the conventional centring types of one-, two- and three-dimensional cells Symbol

Centring type of cell

Number of lattice points per cell

Coordinates of lattice points within cell

Primitive

1

0

Primitive Centred Hexagonally centred

1 2 3

0, 0 0, 0; 12, 12 0, 0; 23, 13; 13, 23

Primitive C-face centred A-face centred B-face centred Body centred All-face centred 8 Rhombohedrally centred > < (description with ‘hexagonal axes’) > : Primitive (description with ‘rhombohedral axes’) Hexagonally centred

1 2 2 2 2 4

1

0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0; 12, 12, 0 0, 0, 0; 0, 12, 12 0, 0, 0; 12, 0, 12 0, 0, 0; 12, 12, 12 0, 0, 0; 12, 12, 0; 0, 12, 12; 12, 0, 12
0; 0; 0; 23 ; 13 ; 13 ; 13 ; 23 ; 23 (‘obverse setting’) 0; 0; 0; 13 ; 23 ; 13 ; 23 ; 13 ; 23 (‘reverse setting’) 0, 0, 0

3

0, 0, 0; 23, 13, 0; 13, 23, 0

One dimension

p Two dimensions p c h† Three dimensions P C A B I F

R‡ H§

3

† The two-dimensional triple hexagonal cell h is an alternative description of the hexagonal plane net, as illustrated in Fig. 1.5.1.8. It is not used for systematic plane-group description in this volume; it is introduced, however, in the sub- and supergroup entries of the plane-group tables of International Tables for Crystallography, Vol. A1 (2010), abbreviated as IT A1. Plane-group symbols for the h cell are listed in Section 1.5.4. Transformation matrices are contained in Table 1.5.1.1. ‡ In the space-group tables (Chapter 2.3), as well as in IT (1935) and IT (1952), the seven rhombohedral R space groups are presented with two descriptions, one based on hexagonal axes (triple cell), one on rhombohedral axes (primitive cell). In the present volume, as well as in IT (1952) and IT A (2002), the obverse setting of the triple hexagonal cell R is used. Note that in IT (1935) the reverse setting was employed. The two settings are related by a rotation of the hexagonal cell with respect to the rhombohedral lattice around a threefold axis, involving a rotation angle of 60, 180 or 300
(cf. Fig. 1.5.1.6). Further details may be found in Section 1.5.4 and Chapter 3.1. Transformation matrices are contained in Table 1.5.1.1. § The triple hexagonal cell H is an alternative description of the hexagonal Bravais lattice, as illustrated in Fig. 1.5.1.8. It was used for systematic space-group description in IT (1935), but replaced by P in IT (1952). It is used in the tables of maximal subgroups and minimal supergroups of the space groups in IT A1 (2010). Space-group symbols for the H cell are listed in Section 1.5.4. Transformation matrices are contained in Table 1.5.1.1.

conventions based on the lengths of the cell edges) are needed to determine the choice and the labelling of the axes. Reduced bases are treated in Chapter 3.1, orthorhombic settings in Section 2.1.3.6, and monoclinic settings and cell choices in Section 2.1.3.15 (cf. Section 1.5.4 for a detailed treatment of alternative settings of space groups). In this volume, all space groups within a crystal family are referred to the same kind of conventional coordinate system, with the exception of the hexagonal crystal family in three dimensions. Here, two kinds of coordinate systems are used, the hexagonal and the rhombohedral systems. In accordance with common crystallographic practice, all space groups based on the hexagonal Bravais lattice hP (18 trigonal and 27 hexagonal space groups) are described only with a hexagonal coordinate system (primitive cell), whereas the seven space groups based on the rhombohedral Bravais lattice hR (the so-called ‘rhombohedral space groups’, cf. Section 1.4.1) are treated in two versions, one referred to ‘hexagonal axes’ (triple obverse cell) and one to ‘rhombohedral axes’ (primitive cell); cf. Table 2.1.1.2. In practice, hexagonal axes are preferred because they are easier to visualize. Table 2.1.1.2 contains only those conventional centring symbols which occur in the Hermann–Mauguin space-group symbols. There exist, of course, further kinds of centred cells which are unconventional, see for example the synoptic tables of plane (Table 1.5.4.3) and space (Table 1.5.4.4) groups discussed in Chapter 1.5. The centring type of a cell may change with a change of the basis vectors; in particular, a primitive cell may become a centred cell and vice versa. Examples of relevant transformation matrices are contained in Table 1.5.1.1.

2.1.2. Symbols of symmetry elements By Th. Hahn and M. I. Aroyo As already introduced in Section 1.2.3, a ‘symmetry element’ (of a given structure or object) is defined as a concept with two components; it is the combination of a ‘geometric element’ (that allows the fixed points of a reduced symmetry operation to be located and oriented in space) with the set of symmetry operations having this geometric element in common (‘element set’). The element set of a symmetry element is represented by the socalled ‘defining operation’, which is the simplest symmetry operation from the element set that suffices to identify the geometric element. The alphanumeric and graphical symbols of symmetry elements and the related symmetry operations used throughout the tables of plane (Chapter 2.2) and space groups (Chapter 2.3) are listed in Tables 2.1.2.1 to 2.1.2.7. For detailed discussion of the definition and symbols of symmetry elements, cf. Section 1.2.3, de Wolff et al. (1989, 1992) and Flack et al. (2000). The alphanumeric symbols shown in Table 2.1.2.1 correspond to those symmetry elements and symmetry operations which occur in the conventional Hermann–Mauguin symbols of point groups and space groups. Further so-called ‘additional symmetry elements’ are described in Sections 1.4.2.3 and 1.5.4.1, and Tables 1.5.4.3 and 1.5.4.4 show additional symmetry operations that appear in the so-called ‘extended Hermann–Mauguin symbols’ (cf. Section 1.5.4). The symbols of symmetry elements (symmetry operations), except for glide planes (glide reflections), are independent of the choice and the labelling of the basis vectors and of the origin. The symbols of glide planes (glide reflections),

144

2.1. GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES Table 2.1.2.1 Symbols for symmetry elements and for the corresponding symmetry operations in one, two and three dimensions Symbol

Symmetry element and its orientation ( Reflection plane, mirror plane

m

Reflection line, mirror line (two dimensions) Reflection point, mirror point (one dimension) ‘Axial’ glide plane ? ½010 or ? ½001 ? ½001 or ? ½100 8 ? ½100 or ? ½010 > > <
or ? ½110 ? ½110 >
> ? ½100 or ? ½010 or ? ½1
10 :
or ? ½120 or ? ½2
10
? ½110 ‘Double’ glide plane (in centred cells only)

a, b or c a b c†

e‡

n

d§

g 1

Defining symmetry operation with glide or screw vector Reflection through the plane Reflection through the line Reflection through the point Glide reflection through the plane, with glide vector 1 2a 1 2b 1 2c 1 2c  1 2c hexagonal coordinate system 1 2c Two glide reflections through one plane, with perpendicular glide vectors 1 1 2 a and 2 b 1 1 2 b and 2 c 1 1 2 a and 2 c 1 1 1 1 2 ða þ bÞ and 2 c; 2 ða  bÞ and 2 c 1 1 1 1 2 ðb þ cÞ and 2 a; 2 ðb  cÞ and 2 a 1 1 1 1 2 ða þ cÞ and 2 b; 2 ða  cÞ and 2 b Glide reflection through the plane, with glide vector 1 1 1 2 ða þ bÞ; 2 ðb þ cÞ; 2 ða þ cÞ 1 2 ða þ b þ cÞ 1 1 1 2 ða þ b þ cÞ; 2 ða  b þ cÞ; 2 ða þ b  cÞ Glide reflection through the plane, with glide vector 1 1 1 4 ða  bÞ; 4 ðb  cÞ; 4 ða þ cÞ 1 1 ða þ b  cÞ; ða þ b þ cÞ; 14 ða  b þ cÞ 4 4 1 1 ða þ b  cÞ; ða  b þ cÞ; 14 ða  b  cÞ 4 4 Glide reflection through the line, with glide vector 1 1 2 a; 2 b Identity Counter-clockwise rotation of 360=n degrees around the axis Counter-clockwise rotation of 360=n degrees around the point

? ½001 ? ½100 ? ½010
? ½110 ? ½110;
? ½011 ? ½011;
? ½101; ? ½101 ‘Diagonal’ glide plane ? ½001; ? ½100; ? ½010
or ? ½011
or ? ½101
? ½110 ? ½110; ? ½011; ? ½101 ‘Diamond’ glide plane ? ½001; ? ½100; ? ½010
? ½011;
? ½101
? ½110; ? ½110; ? ½011; ? ½101 Glide line (two dimensions) ? ½01; ? ½10 None 8 n-fold rotation axis, n > >
> :

1

4;
6
2
¼ m, } 3;

Centre of symmetry, inversion centre Rotoinversion axis, n,
and inversion point on the axis ††

21 31 ; 32 41 ; 42 ; 4 3 61 ; 62 ; 6 3 ; 64 ; 65

n-fold screw axis, np

Inversion through the point Counter-clockwise rotation of 360=n degrees around the axis, followed by inversion through the point on the axis †† Right-handed screw rotation of 360=n degrees around the axis, with screw vector (pitch) (p=n) t; here t is the shortest lattice translation vector parallel to the axis in the direction of the screw


(167), the symbol c refers to the description with ‘hexagonal axes’; i.e. the glide vector is 1 c, along [001]. In the description with † In the rhombohedral space-group symbols R3c (161) and R3c 2 ‘rhombohedral axes’, this glide vector is 12 ða þ b þ cÞ, along [111], i.e. the symbol of the glide plane would be n: cf. Table 1.5.4.4. ‡ Glide planes ‘e’ occur in orthorhombic A-, C- and F-centred space groups, tetragonal I-centred and cubic F- and I-centred space groups. The geometric element of an e-glide plane is a plane shared by glide reflections with perpendicular glide vectors, with at least one glide vector along a crystal axis [cf. Section 1.2.3 and de Wolff et al. (1992)]. § Glide planes d occur only in orthorhombic F space groups, in tetragonal I space groups, and in cubic I and F space groups. They always occur in pairs with alternating glide vectors, for instance 1 1 4 ða þ bÞ and 4 ða  bÞ. The second power of a glide reflection d is a centring vector. } Only the symbol m is used in the Hermann–Mauguin symbols, for both point groups and space groups. †† The inversion point is a centre of symmetry if n is odd.

planes (cf. de Wolff et al., 1992) results in the modification of the Hermann–Mauguin symbols of five orthorhombic groups:

however, may change with a change of the basis vectors. For this reason, the possible orientations of glide planes and the glide vectors of the corresponding operations are listed explicitly in columns 2 and 3 of Table 2.1.2.1. In 1992, following a proposal of the Commission on Crystallographic Nomenclature (de Wolff et al., 1992), the International Union of Crystallography introduced the symbol ‘e’ and graphical symbols for the designation of the so-called ‘double’ glide planes. The double- or e-glide plane occurs only in centred cells and its geometric element is a plane shared by glide reflections with perpendicular glide vectors related by a centring translation (for details on e-glide planes, cf. Section 1.2.3). The introduction of the symbol e for the designation of double-glide

Space group No. 39 41 64 67 68 New symbol: Aem2 Aea2 Cmce Cmme Ccce Former symbol: Abm2 Aba2 Cmca Cmma Ccca Since the introduction of its use in IT A (2002) the new symbol is the standard one; it is indicated in the headline of these space groups, while the former symbol is given underneath. The graphical symbols of symmetry planes are shown in Tables 2.1.2.2 to 2.1.2.4. Like the alphanumeric symbols, the graphical symbols and their explanations (columns 2 and 3) are indepen-

145

2. THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES Table 2.1.2.2 Graphical symbols of symmetry planes normal to the plane of projection (three dimensions) and symmetry lines in the plane of the figure (two dimensions)

Description

Graphical symbol

Reflection plane, mirror plane Reflection line, mirror line (two dimensions) ‘Axial’ glide plane Glide line (two dimensions)





Glide vector(s) of the defining operation(s) of the glide plane (in units of the shortest lattice translation vectors parallel and normal to the projection plane)

Symmetry element represented by the graphical symbol

None

m

1 2 parallel 1 2 parallel

to line in projection plane to line in figure plane

a; b or c g

‘Axial’ glide plane

1 2

‘Double’ glide plane†

Two glide vectors: 1 2 parallel to line in, and 1 2 normal to projection plane

e

‘Diagonal’ glide plane

One glide vector with two components: 1 2 parallel to line in, and 1 2 normal to projection plane

n

‘Diamond’ glide plane‡ (pair of planes)

1 4

d

normal to projection plane

a, b or c

parallel to line in projection plane, combined with 1 4 normal to projection plane (arrow indicates direction parallel to the projection plane for which the normal component is positive)

† The graphical symbols of the ‘e’-glide planes are applied to the diagrams of seven orthorhombic A-, C- and F-centred space groups, five tetragonal I-centred space groups, and five cubic F- and I-centred space groups. ‡ Glide planes d occur only in orthorhombic F space groups, in tetragonal I space groups, and in cubic I and F space groups. They always occur in pairs with alternating glide vectors, for instance 1 1 4 ða þ bÞ and 4 ða  bÞ. The second power of a glide reflection d is a centring vector.

Table 2.1.2.3 Graphical symbols of symmetry planes parallel to the plane of projection Glide vector(s) of the defining operation(s) of the glide plane (in units of the shortest lattice translation vectors parallel to the projection plane)

Symmetry element represented by the graphical symbol

Reflection plane, mirror plane

None

m

‘Axial’ glide plane

1 2

a, b or c

‘Double’ glide plane‡

Two glide vectors: 1 2 in either of the directions of the two arrows

e

‘Diagonal’ glide plane

One glide vector with two components 1 2 in the direction of the arrow

n

‘Diamond’ glide plane§ (pair of planes)

1 2

d

Description

Graphical symbol†

in the direction of the arrow

in the direction of the arrow; the glide vector is always half of a centring vector, i.e. one quarter of a diagonal of the conventional face-centred cell

† The symbols are given at the upper left corner of the space-group diagrams. A fraction h attached to a symbol indicates two symmetry planes with ‘heights’ h and h þ 12 above the plane of projection; e.g. 18 stands for h ¼ 18 and 58. No fraction means h ¼ 0 and 12 (cf. Section 2.1.3.6). ‡ The graphical symbols of the ‘e’-glide planes are applied to the diagrams of seven orthorhombic A-, C- and F-centred space groups, five tetragonal I-centred space groups, and five cubic F- and I-centred space groups. § Glide planes d occur only in orthorhombic F space groups, in tetragonal I space groups, and in cubic I and F space groups. They always occur in pairs with alternating glide vectors, for instance 1 1 4 ða þ bÞ and 4 ða  bÞ. The second power of a glide reflection d is a centring vector.

dent of the projection direction and the labelling of the basis vectors. They are, therefore, applicable to any projection diagram of a space group. The alphanumeric symbols of glide planes (column 4), however, may change with a change of the basis vectors. For example, the dash-dotted n glide in the hexagonal description becomes an a, b or c glide in the rhombohedral description. In monoclinic space groups, the ‘parallel’ vector of a

glide plane may be along a lattice translation vector that is inclined to the projection plane. The ‘e’-glide graphical symbols are applied to the diagrams of seven orthorhombic A-, C- and F- centred space groups, five tetragonal I-centred space groups, and five cubic F- and I-centred space groups. The ‘double-dotted-dash’ symbol for e glides ‘normal’ and ‘inclined’ to the plane of projection was introduced

146

2.1. GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES Table 2.1.2.4 Graphical symbols of symmetry planes inclined to the plane of projection (in cubic space groups of classes 43m and m3m only) Glide vector(s) (in units of the shortest lattice translation vectors) of the defining operation(s) of the glide plane normal to

[011] and ½011 [101] and ½101

Symmetry element represented by the graphical symbol

Reflection plane, mirror plane

None

None

m

‘Axial’ glide plane

1 2

1 2

Description

Graphical symbol† for planes normal to

[011] and ½011 [101] and ½101

along [100]


or along ½011 along [011]

9 along ½010 > > > > > > > > =

a or b

> > > > > 1
> > along ½10 1 > 2 ; or along ½101

‘Axial’ glide plane

1 2

‘Double’ glide plane [in
space groups I 43m (217)
(229) only] and Im3m

Two glide vectors: 1 2 along [100] and 1
2 along ½011 or 1 along [011] 2

Two glide vectors: 1 2 along [010] and 1
2 along ½101 or 1 along [101] 2

e

‘Diagonal’ glide plane

One glide vector: 1
2 along ½111 or along [111]‡

One glide vector: 1
2 along ½111 or along [111]‡

n

1 2


or along ½111 along [111]}

1 2

‘Diamond’ glide plane§ (pair of planes) 1 2


or along ½1
11
along ½111}

1 2

9
along ½111 or > > > > along ½111 > > > > > = > > > > > >
or > along ½1
11 > > ;
along ½111

}

d

† The symbols represent orthographic projections. In the cubic space-group diagrams, complete orthographic projections of the symmetry elements around high-symmetry points, such as 0; 0; 0; 1 1 1 2 ; 0; 0; 4 ; 4 ; 0, are given as ‘inserts’.

(225) and Fd3m
(227), the shortest lattice translation vectors in the glide directions are tð1; 1 ;
1 Þ or tð1; 1 ; 1 Þ and tð 1 ; 1;
1 Þ or tð 1 ; 1; 1 Þ, respectively. ‡ In the space groups F 43m (216), Fm3m 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 § Glide planes d occur only in orthorhombic F space groups, in tetragonal I space groups, and in cubic I and F space groups. They always occur in pairs with alternating glide vectors, for instance 1 1 4 ða þ bÞ and 4 ða  bÞ. The second power of a glide reflection d is a centring vector.
(220) and Ia3d
(230). } The glide vector is half of a centring vector, i.e. one quarter of the diagonal of the conventional body-centred cell in space groups I 43d

in 1992 (de Wolff et al., 1992), while the ‘double-arrowed’ graphical symbol for e-glide planes oriented ‘parallel’ to the projection plane had already been used in IT (1935) and IT (1952). The graphical symbols of symmetry axes and their descriptions are shown in Tables 2.1.2.5–2.1.2.7. The screw vectors of the defining operations of screw axes are given in units of the shortest lattice translation vectors parallel to the axes. The symbols in the last column of the tables indicate the symmetry elements that are represented by the graphical symbols in the symmetry-element diagrams of the space groups. Two main cases may be distinguished: (i) graphical symbols of symmetry elements that in the spacegroup diagrams represent just one symmetry element. Thus, the graphical symbol of a fourfold rotation axis or an inver
Similarly, sion centre represent the symmetry element 4 or 1. the graphical symbols of symmetry planes (Tables 2.1.2.2– 2.1.2.4) represent just one symmetry element (namely, mirror or glide plane) in the space-group diagrams;

(ii) graphical symbols of symmetry elements that in the spacegroup diagrams represent more than one symmetry element. For example, the graphical symbol described in Table 2.1.2.5
as ‘Inversion axis: 3 bar’ ð3Þ,

represents in the diagrams the three different symmetry

3, 1. elements 3, The last six entries of Table 2.1.2.5 are combinations of symbols of symmetry axes with that of a centre of inversion. When displayed on the space-group diagrams, the combined graphical symbols represent more than one symmetry element. For example, the symbol for a fourfold rotation axis with a centre of inversion (4/m),



4 and 1. represents the symmetry elements 4,

147

2. THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES Table 2.1.2.5 Graphical symbols of symmetry axes normal to the plane of projection and symmetry points in the plane of the figure Screw vector of the defining operation of the screw axis (in units of the shortest lattice translation vector parallel to the axis)

Symmetry elements represented by the graphical symbol

2

None

2

21

1 2

21

3

None

3

31

1 3

31

32

2 3

32

4

None

4

Fourfold screw axis: ‘4 sub 1’

41

1 4

41

Fourfold screw axis: ‘4 sub 2’

42

1 2

42

43

3 4

43

6

None

6

Sixfold screw axis: ‘6 sub 1’

61

1 6

61

Sixfold screw axis: ‘6 sub 2’

62

1 3

62

63

1 2

63

64

2 3

64

65

5 6

65

1


None

1


None

Inversion axis: ‘4 bar’

3
4


None


3
1; 3;
4; 2

Inversion axis: ‘6 bar’

6


None


3 6;

Twofold rotation axis with centre of symmetry

2=m

None

2; 1


Twofold screw axis with centre of symmetry

21 =m

1 2

21 ; 1


Fourfold rotation axis with centre of symmetry

4=m

None


1
4; 4;

‘4 sub 2’ screw axis with centre of symmetry

42 =m

1 2


1
42 ; 4;

Sixfold rotation axis with centre of symmetry

6=m

None


3;
1
6; 6;

63 =m

1 2


3;
1
63 ; 6;

Alphanumeric symbol

Description Twofold rotation axis Twofold rotation point (two dimensions)



Twofold screw axis: ‘2 sub 1’ Threefold rotation axis Threefold rotation point (two dimensions)



Threefold screw axis: ‘3 sub 1’ Threefold screw axis: ‘3 sub 2’ Fourfold rotation axis Fourfold rotation point (two dimensions)



Fourfold screw axis: ‘4 sub 3’ Sixfold rotation axis Sixfold rotation point (two dimensions)

Graphical symbol†



Sixfold screw axis: ‘6 sub 3’ Sixfold screw axis: ‘6 sub 4’ Sixfold screw axis: ‘6 sub 5’ Centre of symmetry, inversion centre: ‘1 bar’ Reflection point, mirror point (one dimension) Inversion axis: ‘3 bar’

‘6 sub 3’ screw axis with centre of symmetry




3,

4
and 6: † Notes on the ‘heights’ h of symmetry points 1,
as well as inversion points 4
and 6
on 4
and 6
axes parallel to [001], occur in pairs at ‘heights’ h and h þ 1. In the space-group diagrams, only one fraction h is given, (1) Centres of symmetry 1
and 3, 2 e.g. 14 stands for h ¼ 14 and 34. No fraction means h ¼ 0 and 12. In cubic space groups, however, because of their complexity, both fractions are given for vertical 4
axes, including h ¼ 0 and 12. (2) Symmetries 4=m and 6=m contain vertical 4
and 6
axes; their 4
and 6
inversion points coincide with the centres of symmetry. This is not indicated in the space-group diagrams. (3) Symmetries 42 =m and 63 =m also contain vertical 4
and 6
axes, but their 4
and 6
inversion points alternate with the centres of symmetry; i.e. 1
points at h and h þ 12 interleave with 4
or 6
points at
h þ 14 and h þ 34. In the tetragonal and hexagonal space-group diagrams, only one fraction for 1
and one for 4
or 6
is given. In the cubic diagrams, all four fractions are listed for 42 =m; e.g. Pm3n
0; 1; 4:
1 ; 3. (223): 1: 2 4 4

site-symmetry group 6
can be decomposed into three symmetry
3 and m (cf. de Wolff et al., 1989). However, the elements: 6, graphical symbol of 6
in the diagrams represents the two symmetry elements 6
and 3, as the symmetry element ‘m’ (that
is represented by a separate graphical symbol. ‘belongs’ to 6)

The meaning of a graphical symbol on the space-group diagrams is often confused with the set of symmetry elements that constitute the site-symmetry group associated with the symmetry element displayed. As an example, consider the rotoinversion axis 6
(described as ‘Inversion axis: 6 bar’ in Table 2.1.2.5). The

148

2.1. GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES Table 2.1.2.6 Graphical symbols of symmetry axes parallel to the plane of projection Screw vector of the defining operation of the screw axis (in units of the shortest lattice translation vector parallel to the axis)

Symmetry elements represented by the graphical symbol

Twofold rotation axis

None

2

Twofold screw axis: ‘2 sub 1’

1 2

21

Fourfold rotation axis

None

4

Fourfold screw axis: ‘4 sub 1’

1 4

41

Fourfold screw axis: ‘4 sub 2’

1 2

42

Fourfold screw axis: ‘4 sub 3’

3 4

43

Inversion axis: ‘4 bar’

None


2 4;

Inversion point on ‘4 bar’ axis

None

None

Description

Graphical symbol†

† The symbols for horizontal symmetry axes are given outside the unit cell of the space-group diagrams. Twofold axes always occur in pairs, at ‘heights’ h and h þ 12 above the plane of projection; here, a fraction h attached to such a symbol indicates two axes with heights h and h þ 12. No fraction stands for h ¼ 0 and 12. The rule of pairwise occurrence, however, is not valid for the horizontal fourfold axes in cubic space groups; here, all heights are given, including h ¼ 0 and 12. This applies also to the horizontal 4
axes and the 4
inversion points located on these axes.

Table 2.1.2.7 Graphical symbols of symmetry axes inclined to the plane of projection (in cubic space groups only) Screw vector of the defining operation of the screw axis (in units of the shortest lattice translation vector parallel to the axis)

Symmetry elements represented by the graphical symbol

Twofold rotation axis

None

2

Twofold screw axis: ‘2 sub 1’

1 2

21

Threefold rotation axis

None

3

Threefold screw axis: ‘3 sub 1’

1 3

31

Threefold screw axis: ‘3 sub 2’

2 3

32

Inversion axis: ‘3 bar’

None


3; 1
3;

Description

Graphical symbol†

† The dots mark the intersection points of axes with the plane at h ¼ 0. In some cases, the intersection points are obscured by symbols of symmetry elements with height h  0; examples: Fd3

(222), origin choice 2; Pm3n
(223); Im3m
(229); Ia3d
(230). (203), origin choice 2; Pn3n

149

2. THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES Neither of the two origin choices is considered standard. Noncentrosymmetric space groups and all plane groups are described with only one choice of origin.

2.1.3. Contents and arrangement of the tables By Th. Hahn and A. Looijenga-Vos

Examples (1) Pnnn (48) Origin choice Origin choice
(227) (2) Fd3m Origin choice Origin choice

2.1.3.1. General layout The presentation of the plane-group and space-group data in Chapters 2.2 and 2.3 follows the style of the previous editions of International Tables. The data for most of the space groups are displayed on one page or on two facing pages. A typical distribution of the data is shown below and is illustrated by the example of Cccm (66) provided inside the front and back covers.

1 at a point with site symmetry 222
2 at a centre with site symmetry 1.
1 at a point with site symmetry 43m
2 at a centre with site symmetry 3m.

(ii) Monoclinic space groups Two complete descriptions are given for each of the 13 monoclinic space groups, one for the setting with ‘unique axis b’, followed by one for the setting with ‘unique axis c’. Additional descriptions in synoptic form are provided for the following eight monoclinic space groups with centred lattices or glide planes:

Left-hand page: (1) Headline (2) Diagrams for the symmetry elements and the general position (for graphical symbols of symmetry elements see Section 2.1.2) (3) Origin (4) Asymmetric unit (5) Symmetry operations

C2 ð5Þ; Pc ð7Þ; Cm ð8Þ; Cc ð9Þ; C2=m ð12Þ; P2=c ð13Þ; P21 =c ð14Þ; C2=c ð15Þ

Right-hand page: (6) Headline in abbreviated form (7) Generators selected; this information is the basis for the order of the entries under Symmetry operations and Positions (8) General and special Positions, with the following columns: Multiplicity Wyckoff letter Site symmetry, given by the oriented site-symmetry symbol Coordinates Reflection conditions Note: In a few space groups, two special positions with the same reflection conditions are printed on the same line (9) Symmetry of special projections (not given for plane groups)

These synoptic descriptions consist of abbreviated treatments for three ‘cell choices’, here called ‘cell choices 1, 2 and 3’. Cell choice 1 corresponds to the complete treatment, mentioned above; for comparative purposes, it is repeated among the synoptic descriptions which, for each setting, are printed on two facing pages. The cell choices and their relations are explained in Section 2.1.3.15. (iii) Rhombohedral space groups The seven rhombohedral space groups R3 (146), R3
(148),
(166) and R3c
(167) R32 (155), R3m (160), R3c (161), R3m are described with two coordinate systems, first with hexagonal axes (triple hexagonal cell) and second with rhombohedral axes (primitive rhombohedral cell). The same spacegroup symbol is used for both descriptions. For convenience, the relations between the cell parameters a, c of the triple hexagonal cell and the cell parameters a0 and 0 of the primitive rhombohedral cell (cf. Table 2.1.1.1) are listed:

It is important to note that the symmetry data are displayed in the same sequence for all the space groups. The actual distribution of the data between pages can vary depending on the amount and nature of the data that are shown. The symmetry data for the ten space groups of the crystal class
[Pm3m
(221) to Ia3d
(230)] are displayed on four pages. m3m Additional general-position diagrams in tilted projection are shown on the fourth page, providing a three-dimensional-style view of these complicated general-position diagrams.

pffiffiffipffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 0 a ¼ a0 2 1  cos 0 ¼ 2a0 sin 2 pffiffiffipffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 0 0 c ¼ a 3 1 þ 2 cos  c ¼ a

rffiffiffirffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3 1 þ 2 cos 0 9 ¼ 3 2 1  cos 0 4 sin2 ð0 =2Þ

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a0 ¼ 13 3a2 þ c2 2.1.3.2. Space groups with more than one description For several space groups, more than one description is available. Three cases occur:

sin

(i) Two choices of origin (cf. Section 2.1.3.7) For all centrosymmetric space groups, the tables contain a description with a centre of symmetry as origin. Some centrosymmetric space groups, however, contain points of high site symmetry that do not coincide with a centre of symmetry. For these 24 cases, a further description (including diagrams) with a high-symmetry point as origin is provided.

ðc2 =a2 Þ  32 0 3 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi or cos 0 ¼ 2 2 : 2 2 3 þ ðc2 =a2 Þ ðc =a Þ þ 3

The hexagonal triple cell is given in the obverse setting (centring points 23 ; 13 ; 13 ; 13 ; 23 ; 23 ). In IT (1935), the reverse setting (centring points 13 ; 23 ; 13 ; 23 ; 13 ; 23 ) was employed; cf. Table 2.1.1.2. Coordinate transformations between different space-group descriptions are treated in detail in Section 1.5.3.

150

2.1. GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES Table 2.1.3.1

2.1.3.3. Headline

Lattice symmetry directions for two and three dimensions

The description of each plane group or space group starts with a headline consisting of two (sometimes three) lines which contain the following information, when read from left to right.

Directions that belong to the same set of equivalent symmetry directions are collected between braces. The first entry in each set is taken as the representative of that set.

First line (1) The short international (Hermann–Mauguin) symbol for the plane or space group. These symbols will be further referred to as Hermann–Mauguin symbols. A detailed discussion of space-group symbols is given in Section 1.4.1 and Chapter 3.3; for convenience, a summary is given in Section 2.1.3.4. Note on standard monoclinic space-group symbols: In order to facilitate recognition of a monoclinic space-group type, the familiar short symbol for the b-axis setting (e.g. P 21 =c for No. 14 or C 2=c for No. 15) has been adopted as the standard symbol for a space-group type. It appears in the headline of every description of this space group and thus does not carry any information about the setting or the cell choice of this particular description. No other short symbols for monoclinic space groups are used in this volume (cf. Section 2.1.3.15). (2) The Schoenflies symbol for the space group (cf. Section 1.4.1). Note: No Schoenflies symbols exist for the plane groups. (3) The short international (Hermann–Mauguin) symbol for the point group to which the plane or space group belongs (cf. Section 1.4.1 and Chapter 3.3). (4) The name of the crystal system (cf. Table 2.1.1.1).

Symmetry direction (position in Hermann– Mauguin symbol) Lattice

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

[10]
 ½10 ½01 8 9 < ½10 = ½01 :

; ½11

[01]

½11 ½11 8 9
= < ½11 ½12 :

; ½21

Two dimensions Oblique Rectangular Square

Rotation point in plane

Hexagonal

Three dimensions

Second line (5) The sequential number of the plane or space group, as introduced in IT (1952). (6) The full international (Hermann–Mauguin) symbol for the plane or space group. For monoclinic space groups, the headline of every description contains the full symbol appropriate to that description. (7) The Patterson symmetry (see Section 2.1.3.5).

Triclinic

None

Monoclinic†

[010] (‘unique axis b’) [001] (‘unique axis c’)

Orthorhombic

[100]

Tetragonal

[001]

Hexagonal

[001]

Rhombohedral (hexagonal axes)

[001]

Rhombohedral (rhombohedral axes)

[111]

Cubic

Third line This line is used, where appropriate, to indicate origin choices, settings, cell choices and coordinate axes (see Section 2.1.3.2). For five orthorhombic space groups, an entry ‘Former space-group symbol’ is given; cf. Section 2.1.2.

8 9 < ½100 = ½010 : ; ½001

[010]
 ½100 ½010 8 9 < ½100 = ½010 :

; ½110 8 9 < ½100 = ½010 :

; ½110 8 9
= < ½110
½011 :
; ½101 9 8 ½111 > > > = <

> ½111

> ½111 > > > :

; ½111

[001]

½110 ½110 8 9
= < ½110 ½120 :

; ½210

8 9
½110 = < ½110
½011 ½011 :
; ½101 ½101

† For the full Hermann–Mauguin symbols see Sections 2.1.3.4 and 1.4.1.

of symmetry-equivalent symmetry directions (as in the higher-symmetry crystal systems). Only one representative of each set is required. The (sets of) symmetry directions and their sequence for the different lattices are summarized in Table 2.1.3.1. According to their position in this sequence, the symmetry directions are referred to as ‘primary’, ‘secondary’ and ‘tertiary’ directions. This sequence of lattice symmetry directions is transferred to the sequence of positions in the corresponding Hermann– Mauguin space-group symbols. Each position contains one or two characters designating symmetry elements (axes and planes) of the space group (cf. Section 2.1.2) that occur for the corresponding lattice symmetry direction. Symmetry planes are represented by their normals; if a symmetry axis and a normal to a symmetry plane are parallel, the two characters (symmetry symbols) are separated by a slash, as in P63 =m or P2=m (‘two over m’).

2.1.3.4. International (Hermann–Mauguin) symbols for plane groups and space groups (For more details, cf. Section 1.4.1 and Chapter 3.3.) Current symbols. Both the short and the full Hermann– Mauguin symbols consist of two parts: (i) a letter indicating the centring type of the conventional cell, and (ii) a set of characters indicating symmetry elements of the space group (modified point-group symbol). (i) The letters for the centring types of cells are listed in Table 2.1.1.2. Lower-case letters are used for two dimensions (nets), capital letters for three dimensions (lattices). (ii) The one, two or three entries after the centring letter refer to the one, two or three kinds of symmetry directions of the lattice belonging to the space group. These symmetry directions were called Blickrichtungen by Heesch (1929). Symmetry directions occur either as singular directions (as in the monoclinic and orthorhombic crystal systems) or as sets

Short and full Hermann–Mauguin symbols differ only for the plane groups of class m, for the monoclinic space groups, and for
6=mmm, the space groups of crystal classes mmm, 4=mmm, 3m,
In the full symbols, symmetry axes and symmetry m3
and m3m.

151

2. THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES Examples No. 205: Change from Pa3 to Pa3

No. 230: Change from Ia3d to Ia3d.

Table 2.1.3.2 Changes in Hermann–Mauguin symbols for two-dimensional groups No.

IT (1952)

Present edition

6 7 8 9 11 12 17

pmm pmg pgg cmm p4m p4g p6m

p2mm p2mg p2gg c2mm p4mm p4gm p6mm

With this change, the centrosymmetric nature of these groups is apparent also in the short symbols. (iv) Glide-plane symbol e. For the introduction of the ‘double glide plane’ e into five space-group symbols, see Section 2.1.2.

planes for each symmetry direction are listed; in the short symbols, symmetry axes are suppressed as much as possible. Thus, for space group No. 62, the full symbol is P21 =n 21 =m 21 =a and the short symbol is Pnma. For No. 194, the full symbol is P63 =m 2=m 2=c and the short symbol is P63 =mmc. For No. 230, the full symbol is I41 =a 3
2=d and the short symbol is
Ia3d. Many space groups contain more kinds of symmetry elements than are indicated in the full symbol (‘additional symmetry operations and elements’, cf. Sections 1.4.2.4 and 1.5.4.1). A listing of additional symmetry operations is given in Tables 1.5.4.3 and 1.5.4.4 under the heading Extended full symbols. Note that a centre of symmetry is never explicitly indicated (except for space
its presence or absence, however, can be readily group P1); inferred from the space-group symbol.

2.1.3.5. Patterson symmetry

By H. D. Flack The entry Patterson symmetry in the headline gives the symmetry of the ‘vector set’ generated by the operation of the space group on an arbitrary set of general positions. More prosaically, it may be described as the symmetry of the set of the interatomic vectors of a crystal structure with the selected space group. The Patterson symmetry is a crystallographic space group denoted by its Hermann–Mauguin symbol. It is in fact one of the 24 centrosymmetric symmorphic space groups (see Section 1.3.3.3) in three dimensions and one of 7 in two dimensions. For each of the 230 space groups, the Patterson symmetry has the same Bravais-lattice type as the space group itself and its point group is the lowest-index centrosymmetric supergroup of the point group of the space group. The ‘point-group part’ of the symbol of the Patterson symmetry represents the Laue class to which the plane group or space group belongs (cf. Table 2.1.2.1). By way of examples: space group No. 100, P4bm, has a Bravais lattice of type tP and point group 4mm. The centrosymmetric supergroup of 4mm (see Fig. 3.2.1.3) is 4/mmm, so the Patterson symmetry is P4/mmm; space group No. 66, Cccm, has a Bravais lattice of type oC and point group mmm. This point group is centrosymmetric, so the Patterson symmetry is Cmmm. Note: For the four space groups Amm2 (38), Aem2 (39), Ama2 (40) and Aea2 (41), the standard symbol for their Patterson symmetry, Cmmm, is added (between parentheses) after the actual symbol Ammm in the space-group tables. The Patterson symmetry is intimately related to the symmetry of the Patterson function (see Flack, 2015). The latter, P|F|2(uvw), is the inverse Fourier transform of the squared structure-factor amplitudes. Patterson functions possess the crystallographic symmetry of the symmorphic space-group representative of the arithmetic crystal class (see Section 1.3.4.4.1) to which the space group belongs. Table 2.1.3.3 lists these crystallographic symmetries of the Patterson function and the Patterson symmetries for the space groups and plane groups. However, further symmetry is also present, as desribed below for the three common forms of the Patterson function: (a) P|F|2(uvw): The most general form of the Patterson function, the complex P|F|2(uvw), is the complex Fourier transform of |F(hkl)|2. The full symmetry of P|F|2(uvw) can be described in terms of the 1651 two-colour (Shubnikov) space groups (Fischer & Knof, 1987; Wilson, 1993; Shubnikov & Belov, 1964; cf. also Chapter 3.6). The real and imaginary parts of P|F|2(uvw) have the same symmetry as PA(uvw) and PD(uvw), respectively, described below. P|F|2(uvw) is real for centrosymmetric space groups and noncentrosymmetric ones in the absence of any resonant-scattering contribution. (b) PA(uvw): AðhklÞ ¼ 12½jFðhklÞj2 þ jFðh
k

lÞj2 , the average of the squared structure-factor amplitudes of the pair of Friedel opposites hkl and h
k

l. Real PA(uvw) is the real cosine Fourier

Changes in Hermann–Mauguin space-group symbols as compared with the 1952 and 1935 editions of International Tables. Extensive changes in the space-group symbols were applied in IT (1952) as compared with the original Hermann–Mauguin symbols of IT (1935), especially in the tetragonal, trigonal and hexagonal crystal systems. Moreover, new symbols for the c-axis setting of monoclinic space groups were introduced. All these changes are recorded on pp. 51 and 543–544 of IT (1952). In the present edition, the symbols of the 1952 edition are retained, except for the following four cases (cf. Section 3.3.4). (i) Two-dimensional groups. Short Hermann–Mauguin symbols differing from the corresponding full symbols in IT (1952) are replaced by the full symbols for the plane groups listed in Table 2.1.3.2. For the two-dimensional point group with two mutually perpendicular mirror lines, the symbol mm is changed to 2mm. For plane group No. 2, the entries ‘1’ at the end of the full symbol are omitted: No. 2: Change from p211 to p2. With these changes, the symbols of the two-dimensional groups follow the rules that were introduced in IT (1952) for the space groups. (ii) Monoclinic space groups. Additional full Hermann– Mauguin symbols are introduced for the eight monoclinic space groups with centred lattices or glide planes (Nos. 5, 7– 9, 12–15) to indicate the various settings and cell choices. A complete list of symbols, including also the a-axis setting, is contained in Table 1.5.4.4; further details are given in Section 2.1.3.15. For standard short monoclinic space-group symbols see Sections 2.1.3.3 and 2.1.3.15. (iii) Cubic space groups. The short symbols for all space groups
now belonging to the two cubic crystal classes m3
and m3m contain the symbol 3
instead of 3. This applies to space groups Nos. 200–206 and 221–230, as well as to the two point
groups m3
and m3m.

152

2.1. GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES Table 2.1.3.3 Patterson symmetries and symmetries of Patterson functions for space groups and plane groups The space-group types of each row form an arithmetic crystal class. (In three instances the row is typeset on two lines.) The arithmetic crystal class is identified by its representative symmorphic space group for which both the Hermann–Mauguin symbol and the space-group-type number are shown in bold. A set of space groups with sequential numbers is indicated by the symbols of the first and last space group of the sequence separated by a dash. The column ‘Patterson symmetry’ indicates the symmetry of the set of interatomic vectors of crystal structures described in the space groups given in the column ‘Spacegroup types’. The Patterson symmetry is also the symmetry of PA(uvw) and the real part of the complex P|F|2(uvw). The Patterson symmetry is given in the headline of each space-group table in Chapter 2.3. The crystallographic symmetry of both PD(uvw) and the imaginary part of the complex P|F|2(uvw) is that of the symmorphic space group of crystal structures described in the space groups given in the column ‘Space-group types’. To this crystallographic symmetry, the noncrystallographic operation of a centre of antisymmetry needs to be added to give PD ðuvwÞ ¼ PD ðu
v
wÞ.
The full symmetry of PD(uvw) is not shown in this volume. The setting and origin choice of the chosen space group should also be used for the space group of the Patterson symmetry and the symmorphic space group. Similar remarks apply to the plane groups listed in part (b) of the table. (a) Space groups.

Space-group types Hermann– Mauguin symbols

Space-group types Nos.

Patterson symmetry

Hermann– Mauguin symbols

Crystal family triclinic (anorthic), Bravais-lattice type aP P1 P 1


1 2 3–4 6–7 10–11 13–14

I4, I41 I 4
I4/m–I41/a I422–I4122 I4mm–I41cd

I 4m2–I 4c2

I 42m–I 42d

P2/m P2/m P2/m P2/m

I4/mmm–I41/acd

Crystal family monoclinic, Bravais-lattice type mS C2 Cm–Cc C2/m, C2/c

5 8–9 12, 15 16–19 25–34 47–62

P3–P32 P 3
P312, P3112, P3212 P321, P3121, P3221 P3m1, P3c1 P31m, P31c

P 31m–P 31c

P 3m1–P 3c1

Pmmm Pmmm Pmmm

Crystal family orthorhombic, Bravais-lattice type oS C2221, C222 Cmm2–Ccc2 Amm2–Aea2 Cmcm–Cmce, Cmmm, Cccm–Ccce

20, 21 35–37 38–41 63–64, 65 66–68

Cmmm Cmmm Ammm Cmmm Cmmm

P6–P63 P 6
P6/m–P63/m P622–P6322 P6mm–P63mc

P 6m2–P 6c2

P 62m–P 62c

Crystal family orthorhombic, Bravais-lattice type oF F222 Fmm2–Fdd2 Fmmm–Fddd

22 42–43 69–70

Fmmm Fmmm Fmmm

P6/mmm–P63/mmc

23–24 44–46 71–74

R3 R3


Immm Immm Immm

R32 R3m–R3c

R3m–R 3c

Crystal family tetragonal, Bravais-lattice type tP P4–P43 P 4
P4/m–P42/n P422–P43212 P4mm–P42bc

1c P 42m–P 42

P 4m2–P 4n2 P4/mmm–P42/ncm

75–78 81 83–86 89–96 99–106 111–114 115–118 123–138

I4/m I4/m I4/m I4/mmm I4/mmm I4/mmm I4/mmm I4/mmm

143–145 147 149, 151, 153 150, 152, 154 156, 158 157, 159 162–163 164–165 168–173 174 175–176 177–182 183–186 187–188 189–190 191–194

P3
P3

P31m
P3m1
P3m1
P31m
P31m
P3m1 P6/m P6/m P6/m P6/mmm P6/mmm P6/mmm P6/mmm P6/mmm

Crystal family hexagonal, Bravais-lattice type hR

Crystal family orthorhombic, Bravais-lattice type oI I222–I212121 Imm2–Ima2 Immm–Imma

79–80 82 87–88 97–98 107–110 119–120 121–122 139–142

Crystal family hexagonal, Bravais-lattice type hP

C2/m C2/m C2/m

Crystal family orthorhombic, Bravais-lattice type oP P222–P212121 Pmm2–Pnn2 Pmmm–Pnma

Patterson symmetry

Crystal family tetragonal, Bravais-lattice type tI

P1
P1


Crystal family monoclinic, Bravais-lattice type mP P2–P21 Pm–Pc P2/m–P21/m, P2/c–P21/c

Nos.

P4/m P4/m P4/m P4/mmm P4/mmm P4/mmm P4/mmm P4/mmm

146 148 155 160–161 166–167

R3
R3

R3m
R3m
R3m

Crystal family cubic, Bravais-lattice type cP P23, P213

Pa3
Pm3–Pn 3, P432–P4232, P4332–P4132

P 43m, P43n

Pm3m–Pn 3m

195, 198 200–201, 205 207–208, 212–213 215, 218 221–224

Pm3
Pm3

Pm3m
Pm3m
Pm3m
Pm3m

PA ðuvwÞ ¼ PA ð
uv
wÞ.
PA(uvw) thus possesses the Patterson symmetry of the space group whether the latter is centrosymmetric or not, and whether there is any resonantscattering contribution or not (see Table 2.1.3.3).

transform of A(hkl). The symmetry of PA(uvw) is generated by the symmorphic space-group representative of the arithmetic crystal class to which the space group belongs, combined with a centre of symmetry (inversion centre), i.e.

153

2. THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES Table 2.1.3.3 (continued) Space-group types Hermann– Mauguin symbols

Patterson symmetry

Nos.

Crystal family cubic, Bravais-lattice type cF F23
Fm3–Fd 3
F432–F4132

F 43m–F 43c

Fm3m–Fd 3c

Fm3
Fm3

Fm3m
Fm3m
Fm3m

196 202–203 209–210 216, 219 225–228

Crystal family cubic, Bravais-lattice type cI I23, I213
Ia3
Im3, I432, I4132

I 43m, I 43d

Im3m–Ia 3d

Im3
Im3

Im3m
Im3m
Im3m

197, 199 204, 206 211, 214 217, 220 229–230

Figure 2.1.3.1 Triclinic space groups (G = general-position diagram).

(b) Plane groups.

With the exception of general-position diagrams in perspective projection for some space groups (cf. Section 2.1.3.6.8), all of the diagrams are orthogonal projections, i.e. the projection direction is perpendicular to the plane of the figure. Apart from the descriptions of the rhombohedral space groups with ‘rhombohedral axes’ (cf. Section 2.1.3.6.6), the projection direction is always a cell axis. If other axes are not parallel to the plane of the figure, they are indicated by the subscript p, as ap ; bp or cp in the case of one or two axes for monoclinic and triclinic space groups, respectively (cf. Figs. 2.1.3.1 to 2.1.3.3), or by the subscript rh for the three rhombohedral axes in Fig. 2.1.3.9. The graphical symbols for symmetry elements, as used in the drawings, are displayed in Tables 2.1.2.2 to 2.1.2.7. In the diagrams, ‘heights’ h above the projection plane are indicated for symmetry planes and symmetry axes parallel to the projection plane, as well as for centres of symmetry. The heights are given as fractions of the shortest lattice translation normal to the projection plane and, if different from 0, are printed next to the graphical symbols. Each symmetry element at height h is accompanied by another symmetry element of the same type at height h þ 12 (this does not apply to the horizontal fourfold axes in the diagrams for the cubic space groups). In the space-group diagrams, only the symmetry element at height h is indicated (cf. Section 2.1.2). Schematic representations of the diagrams, displaying the origin, the labels of the axes, and the projection direction [uvw], are given in Figs. 2.1.3.1 to 2.1.3.10 (except Fig. 2.1.3.6). The general-position diagrams are indicated by the letter G.

Plane-group types Hermann–Mauguin symbols

Nos.

Patterson symmetry

Crystal family oblique (monoclinic), Bravais-lattice type mp p1 p2

1 2

p2 p2

Crystal family rectangular (orthorhombic), Bravais-lattice type op pm–pg p2mm–p2gg

3–4 6–8

p2mm p2mm

Crystal family rectangular (orthorhombic), Bravais-lattice type oc cm c2mm

5 9

c2mm c2mm

Crystal family square (tetragonal), Bravais-lattice type tp p4 p4mm–p4gm

10 11–12

p4 p4mm

Crystal family hexagonal, Bravais-lattice type hp p3 p3m1 p31m p6 p6mm

13 14 15 16 17

p6 p6mm p6mm p6 p6mm

(c) PD(uvw): DðhklÞ ¼ jFðhklÞj2  jFðh
k

lÞj2 , the difference of the squared structure-factor amplitudes of the pair of Friedel opposites hkl and h
k

l. Real PD(uvw) is the real sine Fourier transform of D(hkl). The crystallographic symmetry of PD(uvw) is that of the symmorphic space-group representative of the arithmetic crystal class to which the space group belongs (see Table 2.1.3.3). The full symmetry of PD(uvw) is given by the type-III black-and-white space group generated by the appropriate symmorphic space group and the centre of
(Fischer & Knof, 1987). antisymmetry, PD ðuvwÞ ¼ PD ð
u
vwÞ Thus PD(uvw) does not possess the Patterson symmetry.

2.1.3.6.1. Plane groups Each description of a plane group contains two diagrams, one for the symmetry elements (left) and one for the general position (right). The two axes are labelled a and b, with a pointing downwards and b running from left to right. 2.1.3.6.2. Triclinic space groups For each of the two triclinic space groups, three elevations (along a, b and c) are given, in addition to the general-position diagram G (projected along c) at the lower right of the set, as illustrated in Fig. 2.1.3.1. The diagrams represent a reduced cell of type II for which the three interaxial angles are non-acute, i.e. ; ;
 90
. For a cell

2.1.3.6. Space-group diagrams The space-group diagrams serve two purposes: (i) to show the relative locations and orientations of the symmetry elements and (ii) to illustrate the arrangement of a set of symmetry-equivalent points of the general position.

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2.1. GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES

Figure 2.1.3.2 Monoclinic space groups, setting with unique axis b (G = general-position diagram).

Figure 2.1.3.4 Monoclinic space groups, cell choices 1, 2, 3. Upper pair of diagrams: setting with unique axis b. Lower pair of diagrams: setting with unique axis c. The numbers 1, 2, 3 within the cells and the subscripts of the labels of the axes indicate the cell choice (cf. Section 2.1.3.15). The unique axis points upwards from the page. G = general-position diagram.

2.1.3.6.4. Orthorhombic space groups and orthorhombic settings The space-group tables contain a set of four diagrams for each orthorhombic space group. The set consists of three projections of the symmetry elements [along the c axis (upper left), the a axis (lower left) and the b axis (upper right)] in addition to the general-position diagram, which is given only in the projection along c (lower right). The projected axes, the origins and the projection directions of these diagrams are illustrated in Fig. 2.1.3.5. They refer to the so-called ‘standard setting’ of the space group, i.e. the setting described in the space-group tables and indicated by the ‘standard Hermann–Mauguin symbol’ in the headline. For each orthorhombic space group, six settings exist, i.e. six different ways of assigning the labels a, b, c to the three orthorhombic symmetry directions; thus the shape and orientation of the cell are the same for each setting. These settings correspond

Figure 2.1.3.3 Monoclinic space groups, setting with unique axis c (G = general-position diagram).

of type I, all angles are acute, i.e. ; ;
< 90
. For a discussion of the two types of reduced cells, see Section 3.1.3.

2.1.3.6.3. Monoclinic space groups (cf. Sections 2.1.3.2 and 2.1.3.15) The ‘complete treatment’ of each of the two settings contains four diagrams (Figs. 2.1.3.2 and 2.1.3.3). Three of them are projections of the symmetry elements, taken along the unique axis (upper left) and along the other two axes (lower left and upper right). For the general position, only the projection along the unique axis is given (lower right). The ‘synoptic descriptions’ of the three cell choices (for each setting) are headed by a pair of diagrams, as illustrated in Fig. 2.1.3.4. The drawings on the left display the symmetry elements and the ones on the right the general position (labelled G). Each diagram is a projection of four neighbouring unit cells along the unique axis. It contains the outlines of the three cell choices drawn as heavy lines. For the labelling of the axes, see Fig. 2.1.3.4. The headline of the description of each cell choice contains a small-scale drawing, indicating the basis vectors and the cell that apply to that description.

Figure 2.1.3.5 Orthorhombic space groups. Diagrams for the ‘standard setting’ as described in the space-group tables (G = general-position diagram).

155

2. THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES Table 2.1.3.4 Numbers of distinct projections and different Hermann–Mauguin symbols for the orthorhombic space groups The space-group numbers are given in parentheses. The space groups are listed according to point group as indicated in the column headings.

Number of distinct projections

222

6 (22 space groups)

Orthorhombic space groups. The three projections of the symmetry elements with the six setting symbols (see text). For setting symbols printed vertically, the page has to be turned clockwise by 90
or viewed from the side. Note that in the actual space-group tables instead of the setting symbols the corresponding full Hermann–Mauguin space-group symbols are printed.

3 (25 space groups)

to the six permutations of the labels of the axes (including the identity permutation); cf. Section 1.5.4.3: bac

cab

cba

bca

a ¼ c;

0

c ¼b

0 ða0 ; b0 ; c0 Þ ¼ ða; b; cÞ P ¼ ða; b; cÞ@ 0 1

1 0 0

Pmm2 (25) Pcc2 (27) Pba2 (32) Pnn2 (34) Cmm2 (35) Ccc2 (37) Fmm2 (42) Fdd2 (43) Imm2 (44) Iba2 (45)

1 0 1 A ¼ ðc; a; bÞ; 0

where a0 , b0, c0 is the new set of basis vectors. An interchange of two axes reverses the handedness of the coordinate system; in order to keep the system right-handed, each interchange is accompanied by the reversal of the sense of one axis, i.e. by an element 1
in the transformation matrix. Thus, bac denotes the transformation 0 1 0 1 0 ða0 ; b0 ; c0 Þ ¼ ða; b; cÞ@ 1 0 0 A ¼ ðb; a; cÞ: 0 0 1


P 2=c 2=c 2=m ð49Þ P 2=b 2=a 2=n ð50Þ P 21 =b 21 =a 2=m ð55Þ P 21 =c 21 =c 2=n ð56Þ P 21 =n 21 =n 2=m ð58Þ P 21 =m 21 =m 2=n ð59Þ C 2=m 2=m 2=m ð65Þ C 2=c 2=c 2=m ð66Þ C 2=m 2=m 2=e ð67Þ C 2=c 2=c 2=e ð68Þ I 2=b 2=a 2=m ð72Þ P 21 =b 21 =c 21 =a ð61Þ I 21 =b 21 =c 21 =a ð73Þ

1 (10 space groups)

P222 (16) P21 21 21 ð19Þ F222 (22) I222 (23) I21 21 21 ð24Þ

Total: 59

9

or 0

P 21 =m 2=m 2=a ð51Þ P 2=n 21 =n 2=a ð52Þ P 2=m 2=n 21 =a ð53Þ P 21 =c 2=c 2=a ð54Þ Pmn21 ð31Þ P 2=b 21 =c 21 =m ð57Þ P 21 =b 2=c 21 =n ð60Þ P 21 =n 21 =m 21 =a ð62Þ C 2=m 2=c 21 =m ð63Þ C 2=m 2=c 21 =e ð64Þ I 21 =m 21 =m 21 =a ð74Þ

2 (2 space groups)

0

b ¼ a;

P2221 ð17Þ P21 21 2 ð18Þ C2221 ð20Þ C222 (21)

acb:

The symbol for each setting, here called ‘setting symbol’, is a shorthand notation for the (3  3) transformation matrix P of the basis vectors of the standard setting, a, b, c, into those of the setting considered (cf. Chapter 1.5 for a detailed discussion of coordinate transformations). For instance, the setting symbol cab stands for the cyclic permutation 0

2=m 2=m 2=m

Pna21 ð33Þ Cmc21 ð36Þ Amm2 (38) Aem2 (39) Ama2 (40) Aea2 (41) Ima2 (46)

Figure 2.1.3.6

abc

mm2 Pmc21 ð26Þ Pma2 (28) Pca21 ð29Þ Pnc2 (30)

P 2=m 2=m 2=m ð47Þ P 2=n 2=n 2=n ð48Þ F 2=m 2=m 2=m ð69Þ F 2=d 2=d 2=d ð70Þ I 2=m 2=m 2=m ð71Þ 22

28

different projections of a single (standard) setting of the space group, with the projected basis vectors a, b, c labelled as in Fig. 2.1.3.5. Second, each one of the three diagrams can be considered as the projection along c0 of either one of two different settings: one setting in which b0 is horizontal and one in which b0 is vertical (a0 , b0, c0 refer to the setting under consideration). This second interpretation is used to illustrate in the same figure the spacegroup symbols corresponding to these two settings. In order to view these projections in conventional orientation (b0 horizontal, a0 vertical, origin in the upper left corner, projection down the positive c0 axis), the setting with b0 horizontal can be inspected directly with the figure upright; hence, the corresponding spacegroup symbol is printed above the projection. The other setting with b0 vertical and a0 horizontal, however, requires turning the figure by 90
, or looking at it from the side; thus, the space-group symbol is printed at the left, and it runs upwards. The ‘setting symbols’ for the six settings are attached to the three diagrams of Fig. 2.1.3.6, which correspond to those of Fig. 2.1.3.5. In the orientation of the diagram where the setting symbol is read in the usual way, a0 is vertical pointing downwards, b0 is horizontal pointing to the right, and c0 is pointing upwards from the page. Each setting symbol is printed in the position that in the space-group tables is actually occupied by the corresponding full Hermann–Mauguin symbol. The changes in the space-group symbol that are associated with a particular setting

The six orthorhombic settings correspond to six Hermann– Mauguin symbols which, however, need not all be different; cf. Table 2.1.3.4.1 In the earlier (1935 and 1952) editions of International Tables, only one setting was illustrated, in a projection along c, so that it was usual to consider it as the ‘standard setting’ and to accept its cell edges as crystal axes and its space-group symbol as the ‘standard Hermann–Mauguin symbol’. In the present edition, following IT A (2002), however, all six orthorhombic settings are illustrated, as explained below. The three projections of the symmetry elements can be interpreted in two ways. First, in the sense indicated above, that is, as 1 A space-group symbol is invariant under sign changes of the axes; i.e. the same symbol applies to the right-handed coordinate systems abc, abc; abc; abc and the left-handed systems abc; abc; abc; abc.

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2.1. GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES

Figure 2.1.3.7 Tetragonal space groups (G = general-position diagram).

Figure 2.1.3.8 Trigonal P and hexagonal P space groups (G = general-position diagram).

Figure 2.1.3.9 Rhombohedral space groups. Obverse triple hexagonal cell with ‘hexagonal axes’ a, b and primitive rhombohedral cell with projections of ‘rhombohedral axes’ arh, brh, crh. Note: In the actual space-group diagrams the edges of the primitive rhombohedral cell (dashed lines) are only indicated in the general-position diagram of the rhombohedral-axes description (G = general-position diagram).

symbol can easily be deduced by comparing Fig. 2.1.3.6 with the diagrams for the space group under consideration. Not all of the 59 orthorhombic space groups have all six projections distinct, i.e. have different Hermann–Mauguin symbols for the six settings. This aspect is treated in Table 2.1.3.4. Only 22 space groups have six, 25 have three, 2 have two different symbols, while 10 have all symbols the same. This information can be of help in the early stages of a crystalstructure analysis. The six setting symbols, i.e. the six permutations of the labels of the axes, form the column headings of the orthorhombic entries in Table 1.5.4.4, which contains the extended Hermann–Mauguin symbols for the six settings of each orthorhombic space group. Note that some of these setting symbols exhibit different sign changes compared with those in Fig. 2.1.3.6.

The symmetry-element diagrams for the hexagonal and the rhombohedral descriptions of a space group are the same. The edges of the primitive rhombohedral cell (cf. Fig. 2.1.3.9) are only indicated in the general-position diagram of the rhombohedral description. 2.1.3.6.7. Cubic space groups For each cubic space group, one projection of the symmetry elements along [001] is given, Fig. 2.1.3.10; for details of the diagrams, see Section 2.1.2 and Buerger (1956). For face-centred lattices F, only a quarter of the unit cell is shown; this is sufficient since the projected arrangement of the symmetry elements is translation-equivalent in the four quarters of an F cell. It is important to note that symmetry axes inclined to the projection plane are indicated where they intersect the plane of projection. Symmetry planes inclined to the projection plane that occur in

are shown as ‘inserts’ around the highclasses 43m and m3m symmetry points, such as 0; 0; 0; 12 ; 0; 0; etc. The cubic diagrams given in IT (1935) are different from the ones used here. No drawings for cubic space groups were provided in IT (1952).

2.1.3.6.5. Tetragonal, trigonal P and hexagonal P space groups The pairs of diagrams for these space groups are similar to those in the previous editions of IT. Each pair consists of a general-position diagram (right) and a diagram of the symmetry elements (left), both projected along c, as illustrated in Figs. 2.1.3.7 and 2.1.3.8.

2.1.3.6.6. Trigonal R (rhombohedral) space groups The seven rhombohedral space groups are treated in two versions, the first based on ‘hexagonal axes’ (obverse setting), the second on ‘rhombohedral axes’ (cf. Sections 2.1.1.2 and 2.1.3.2). The pairs of diagrams are similar to those in IT (1952) and IT A (2002); the left or top one displays the symmetry elements, the right or bottom one the general position. This is illustrated in Fig. 2.1.3.9, which gives the axes a and b of the triple hexagonal cell and the projections of the axes of the primitive rhombohedral cell, labelled arh, brh and crh. For convenience, all ‘heights’ in the space-group diagrams are fractions of the hexagonal c axis. For ‘hexagonal axes’, the projection direction is [001], for ‘rhombohedral axes’ it is [111]. In the general-position diagrams, the circles drawn in heavier lines represent atoms that lie within the primitive rhombohedral cell (provided the symbol ‘’ is read as 1  z rather than as z).

Figure 2.1.3.10 Cubic space groups. G = general-position diagram, in which the equivalent positions are shown as the vertices of polyhedra.

157

2. THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES 2.1.3.6.8. Diagrams of the general position (by K. Momma and M. I. Aroyo)

(1980), Buerger (1956), Fedorov (1895; English translation, 1971), Friedel (1926), Hilton (1903), Niggli (1919) and Schiebold (1929).

Non-cubic space groups. In these diagrams, the ‘heights’ of the points are z coordinates, except for monoclinic space groups with unique axis b where they are y coordinates. For rhombohedral space groups, the heights are always fractions of the hexagonal c axis. The symbols þ and  stand for þz and z (or þy and y) in which z or y can assume any value. For points with symbols þ or  preceded by a fraction, e.g. 12 þ or 13 , the relative z or y coordinate is 12 etc. higher than that of the point with symbol þ or . Where a mirror plane exists parallel to the plane of projection, the two positions superimposed in projection are indicated by the use of a ring divided through the centre. The information given on each side refers to one of the two positions related by the ; þ. mirror plane, as in   Diagrams for cubic space groups (Fig. 2.1.3.10). Following the approach of IT (1935), for each cubic space group a diagram showing the points of the general position as the vertices of polyhedra is given. In these diagrams, the polyhedra are transparent, but the spheres at the vertices are opaque. For most of the space groups, ‘starting points’ with the same coordinate values, x = 0.048, y = 0.12, z = 0.089, have been used. The origins of the polyhedra are chosen at special points of highest site symmetry, which for most space groups coincide with the origin (and its equivalent points in the unit cell). Polyhedra with origins at sites ð18; 18; 18Þ have been chosen for the space groups P43 32 (212) and I41 32 (214), and ð38; 38; 38Þ for P41 32 (213). The two diagrams shown
(220) and Ia3d
(230) correspond to for the space groups I 43d polyhedra with origins chosen at two different special sites with
or nearly site-symmetry groups of equal (32 versus 3
in Ia3d)

equal order (3 versus 4 in I 43d). The height h of the centre of each polyhedron is given on the diagram, if different from zero. For space-group Nos. 198, 199 and 220, h refers to the special point to which the polyhedron (triangle) is connected. Polyhedra with height 1 are omitted in all the diagrams. A grid of four squares is drawn to represent the four quarters of the basal plane
(219), Fm3c
(226) and Fd3c
of the cell. For space groups F 43c (228), where the number of points is too large for one diagram, two diagrams are provided, one for the upper half and one for the lower half of the cell. Notes: (i) For space group P41 32 (213), the coordinates x
; y
; z
have been chosen for the ‘starting point’ to show the enantiomorphism with P43 32 (212). (ii) For the description of a space group with ‘origin choice 2’, the coordinates x, y, z of all points have been shifted with the origin to retain the same polyhedra for both origin choices. An additional general-position diagram is shown on the fourth
crystal class. To page for each of the ten space groups of the m3m provide a clearer three-dimensional-style overview of the arrangements of the polyhedra, these general-position diagrams are shown in tilted projection (in contrast to the orthogonalprojection diagrams described above). The general-position diagrams of the cubic groups in both orthogonal and tilted projections were generated using the program VESTA (Momma & Izumi, 2011). Readers who wish to compare other approaches to spacegroup diagrams and their history are referred to IT (1935), IT (1952), the fifth edition of IT A (2002) (where general-position stereodiagrams of the cubic space groups are shown) and the following publications: Astbury & Yardley (1924), Belov et al.

2.1.3.7. Origin The determination and description of crystal structures and particularly the application of direct methods are greatly facilitated by the choice of a suitable origin and its proper identification. This is even more important if related structures are to be compared or if ‘chains’ of group–subgroup relations are to be constructed. In this volume, as well as in IT (1952) and IT A (2002), the origin of the unit cell has been chosen according to the following conventions (cf. Sections 2.1.1 and 2.1.3.2): (i) All centrosymmetric space groups are described with an inversion centre as origin. A further description is given if a centrosymmetric space group contains points of high site symmetry that do not coincide with a centre of symmetry. As an example, study the origin choice 1 and origin choice 2 descriptions of I41 =amd (141). (ii) For noncentrosymmetric space groups, the origin is at a point
of highest site symmetry, as in P6m2 (187). If no site symmetry is higher than 1, except for the cases listed below under (iii), the origin is placed on a screw axis, or a glide plane, or at the intersection of several such symmetry elements, see for example space groups Pca21 (29) and P61 (169). (iii) In space group P21 21 21 (19), the origin is chosen in such a way that it is surrounded symmetrically by three pairs of 21 axes. This principle is maintained in the following noncentrosymmetric cubic space groups of classes 23 and 432, which contain P21 21 21 as subgroup: P21 3 (198), I21 3 (199), F41 32 (210). It has been extended to other noncentrosymmetric orthorhombic and cubic space groups with P21 21 21 as subgroup, even though in these cases points of higher site symmetry are available: I21 21 21 (24), P43 32 (212), P41 32 (213), I41 32 (214). There are several ways of determining the location and site symmetry of the origin. First, the origin can be inspected directly in the space-group diagrams (cf. Section 2.1.3.6). This method permits visualization of all symmetry elements that intersect the chosen origin. Another procedure for finding the site symmetry at the origin is to look for a special position that contains the coordinate triplet 0; 0; 0 or that includes it for special values of the parameters, e.g. position 1a: 0, 0, z in space group P4 (75), or position 3a: x; 0; 13; 0; x; 23; x
; x
; 0 in space group P31 21 (152). If such a special position occurs, the symmetry at the origin is given by the oriented site-symmetry symbol (see Section 2.1.3.12) of that special position; if it does not occur, the site symmetry at the origin is 1. For most practical purposes, these two methods are sufficient for the identification of the site symmetry at the origin. Origin statement. In the line Origin immediately below the diagrams, the site symmetry of the origin is stated, if different from the identity. A further symbol indicates all symmetry elements (including glide planes and screw axes) that pass through the origin, if any. For space groups with two origin choices, for each of the two origins the location relative to the other origin is also given. An example is space group Ccce (68). In order to keep the notation as simple as possible, no rigid rules have been applied in formulating the origin statements. Their meaning is demonstrated by the examples in Table 2.1.3.5,

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2.1. GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES Table 2.1.3.5 Examples of origin statements Example number E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10 E11

Space group (No.) P1
ð2Þ P2=m ð10Þ P222 (16) Pcca (54) Cmcm (63) Pcc2 (27) P4bm (100) P42 mc ð105Þ P43 21 2 ð96Þ P31 21 ð152Þ P31 12 ð151Þ

Origin statement at 1
at centre ð2=mÞ at 222 at 1
on 1ca at centre ð2=mÞ at 2=mc21 on cc2; short for: on 2 on cc2 on 41g; short for: on 4 on 41g on 2mm on 42 mc on 2[110] at 21 1ð1; 2Þ on 2[110] at 31 ð1; 1; 2Þ1 on 2[210] at 31 1ð1; 1; 2Þ

Meaning of last symbol in E4–E11

c ? ½010, a ? ½001 2 k ½100, m ? ½100, c ? ½010, 21 k ½001 c ? ½100, c ? ½010, 2 k ½001
and g ? ½110 4 k ½001, g ? ½110
and c ? ½110 42 k ½001, m ? ½100 and m ? ½010; c ? ½110
and 2 k ½110 21 k ½001, 1 in ½110 31 k ½001, 2 k ½110 31 k ½001, 2 k ½210

(iv) To emphasize the orientation of the site-symmetry elements at the origin, examples E9 and E10 start with ‘on 2[110]’ and E11 with ‘on 2[210]’. In E8, the site-symmetry group is 2mm. Together with the space-group symbol this indicates that 2 is along the primary tetragonal direction, that the two symbols m refer to the two secondary symmetry directions [100] and [010], and that the tertiary set of directions does not contribute to the site symmetry. For monoclinic space groups, an indication of the orientation of the symmetry elements is not necessary; hence, the site symmetry at the origin is given by non-oriented symbols. For orthorhombic space groups, the orientation is obvious from the symbol of the space group. (v) The extensive description of the symmetry elements passing through the origin is not retained for the cubic space groups, as this would have led to very complicated notations for some of the groups.

which should be studied together with the appropriate spacegroup diagrams. These examples illustrate the following points: (i) The site symmetry at the origin corresponds to the point group of the space group (examples E1–E3) or to a subgroup of this point group (E4–E11). The presence of a symmetry centre at the origin is always stated explicitly, either by giving the symbol 1
(E1 and E4) or by the words ‘at centre’, followed by the full site symmetry between parentheses (E2 and E5). This completes the origin line if no further glide planes or screw axes are present at the origin. (ii) If glide planes or screw axes are present, as in examples E4– E11, they are given in the order of the symmetry directions listed in Table 2.1.3.1. Such a set of symmetry elements is described here in the form of a ‘point-group-like’ symbol (although it does not describe a group). With the help of the orthorhombic symmetry directions, the symbols in E4–E6 can be interpreted easily. The shortened notation of E6 and E7 is used for space groups of crystal classes mm2, 4mm,

42m, 3m, 6mm and 62m if the site symmetry at the origin can be easily recognized from the shortened symbol. (iii) For the tetragonal, trigonal and hexagonal space groups, the situation is more complicated than for the orthorhombic groups. The tetragonal space groups have one primary, two secondary and two tertiary symmetry directions. For hexagonal groups, these numbers are one, three and three (Table 2.1.3.1). If the symmetry elements passing through the origin are the same for the two (three) secondary or the two (three) tertiary directions, only one entry is given at the relevant position of the origin statement [example E7: ‘on 41g’ instead of ‘on 41(g, g)’]. An exception occurs for the sitesymmetry group 2mm (example E8), which is always written in full rather than as 2m1. If the symmetry elements are different, two (three) symbols are placed between parentheses, which stand for the two (three) secondary or tertiary directions. The order of these symbols corresponds to the order of the symmetry directions within the secondary or tertiary set, as listed in Table 2.1.3.1. Directions without symmetry are indicated by the symbol 1. With this rule, the last symbols in the examples E9–E11 can be interpreted. Note that for some tetragonal space groups (Nos. 100, 113, 125, 127, 129, 134, 138, 141, 142) the glide-plane symbol g is used in the origin statement. This symbol occurs also in the block Symmetry operations of these space groups; it is explained in Sections 2.1.3.9 and 1.4.2.1.

2.1.3.8. Asymmetric unit An asymmetric unit of a space group is a (simply connected) smallest closed part of space from which, by application of all symmetry operations of the space group, the whole of space is filled. This implies that mirror planes and rotation axes must form boundary planes and boundary edges of the asymmetric unit. A twofold rotation axis may bisect a boundary plane. Centres of inversion must either form vertices of the asymmetric unit or be located at the midpoints of boundary planes or boundary edges. For glide planes and screw axes, these simple restrictions do not hold. An asymmetric unit contains all the information necessary for the complete description of the crystal structure. In mathematics, an asymmetric unit is called ‘fundamental region’ or ‘fundamental domain’. Example The boundary planes of the asymmetric unit in space group Pmmm (47) are fixed by the six mirror planes x, y, 0; x; y; 12; x, 0, z; x; 12 ; z; 0, y, z; and 12 ; y; z. For space group P21 21 21 (19), on the other hand, a large number of connected regions, each with a volume of 14 V(cell), may be chosen as asymmetric unit. In cases where the asymmetric unit is not uniquely determined by symmetry, its choice may depend on the purpose of its application. For the description of the structures of molecular crystals, for instance, it is advantageous to select asymmetric units that contain one or more complete molecules. In the space-group tables of this volume, following IT A (2002), the asymmetric units

159

2. THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES published by Koch & Fischer (1974). Fig. 2.1.3.11 shows the boundary planes occurring in the tetragonal, trigonal and hexagonal systems, together with their algebraic equations. Examples (1) In space group P4mm (99), the boundary plane y ¼ x occurs in addition to planes parallel to the unit-cell faces; the asymmetric unit is given by 0  x  12;

0  y  12;

0  z  1;

x  y:

(2) In P4bm (100), one of the boundary planes is y ¼ 12  x. The asymmetric unit is given by 0  x  12;

0  y  12;

0  z  1; y  12  x:

(3) In space group R32 ð155; hexagonal axesÞ, the boundary planes are, among others, x ¼ ð1 þ yÞ=2, y ¼ 1  x, y ¼ ð1 þ xÞ=2. The asymmetric unit is defined by 0  x  23;

0  y  23;

x  ð1 þ yÞ=2; Vertices:

0; 0; 0 0; 0; 16

0  z  16;

y  minð1  x; ð1 þ xÞ=2Þ 1 2 ; 0; 0 1 1 2 ; 0; 6

2 1 3;3;0 2 1 1 3;3;6

1 2 3;3;0 1 2 1 3;3;6

0; 12 ; 0 0; 12 ; 16 :

It is obvious that the indication of the vertices is of great help in drawing the asymmetric unit. Fourier syntheses. For complicated space groups, the easiest way to calculate Fourier syntheses is to consider the parallelepiped listed, without taking into account the additional boundary planes of the asymmetric unit. These planes should be drawn afterwards in the Fourier synthesis. For the computation of integrated properties from Fourier syntheses, such as the number of electrons for parts of the structure, the values at the boundaries of the asymmetric unit must be applied with a reduced weight if the property is to be obtained as the product of the content of the asymmetric unit and the multiplicity.

Figure 2.1.3.11 Boundary planes of asymmetric units occurring in the space-group tables. (a) Tetragonal system. (b) Trigonal and hexagonal systems. The point coordinates refer to the vertices in the plane z ¼ 0.

Example In the parallelepiped of space group Pmmm (47), the weights for boundary planes, edges and vertices are 12, 14 and 18 , respectively.

are chosen in such a way that Fourier summations can be performed conveniently. For all triclinic, monoclinic and orthorhombic space groups, the asymmetric unit is chosen as a parallelepiped with one vertex at the origin of the cell and with boundary planes parallel to the faces of the cell. It is given by the notation

Asymmetric units of the plane groups have been discussed by Buerger (1949, 1960) in connection with Fourier summations.

0  xi  upper limit of xi ; where xi stands for x, y or z. For space groups with higher symmetry, cases occur where the origin does not coincide with a vertex of the asymmetric unit or where not all boundary planes of the asymmetric unit are parallel to those of the cell. In all these cases, parallelepipeds

2.1.3.9. Symmetry operations As explained in Sections 1.3.3.2 and 1.4.2.3, the coordinate triplets of the General position of a space group may be interpreted as a shorthand description of the symmetry operations in matrix notation. The geometric description of the symmetry operations is found in the space-group tables under the heading Symmetry operations.

lower limit of xi  xi  upper limit of xi are given that are equal to or larger than the asymmetric unit. Where necessary, the boundary planes lying within these parallelepipeds are given by additional inequalities, such as x  y, y  12  x etc. In the trigonal, hexagonal and especially the cubic crystal systems, the asymmetric units have complicated shapes. For this reason, they are also specified by the coordinates of their vertices. Drawings of asymmetric units for cubic space groups have been

Numbering scheme. The numbering ð1Þ . . . ð pÞ . . . of the entries in the blocks Symmetry operations and General position (first block below Positions) is the same. Each listed coordinate triplet of the general position is preceded by a number between parentheses ( p). The same number (p) precedes the corresponding symmetry operation. For space groups with primitive cells, the two lists contain the same number of entries.

160

2.1. GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES (2) gð 13 ; 16 ; 16 Þ 2x  12 ; x; z (hexagonal axes) Glide reflection with glide component ð 13 ; 16 ; 16 Þ through the
which plane 2x  12 ; x; z, i.e. the plane parallel to ð1210Þ, intersects the a axis at  12 and the b axis at 14 ; this operation
(167, hexagonal axes). occurs in R3c (3) Symmetry operations in Ibca (73) Under the subheading ‘For (0, 0, 0)þ set’, the operation generating the coordinate triplet (2) x
þ 12 ; y
; z þ 12 from (1) x, y, z is symbolized by 2ð0; 0; 12 Þ 14 ; 0; z. This indicates a twofold screw rotation with screw part ð0; 0; 12 Þ for which the corresponding screw axis coincides with the line 14 ; 0; z, i.e. runs parallel to [001] through the point 14 ; 0; 0. Under the subheading ‘For ð 12 ; 12 ; 12 Þþ set’, the operation generating the coordinate triplet (2) x
; y
þ 12 ; z from (1) x, y, z is symbolized by 2 0; 14 ; z. It is thus a twofold rotation (without screw part) around the line 0; 14 ; z.

For space groups with centred cells, several (2, 3 or 4) blocks of Symmetry operations correspond to the one General position block. The numbering scheme of the general position is applied to each one of these blocks. The number of blocks equals the multiplicity of the centred cell, i.e. the number of centring translations below the subheading Coordinates, such as ð0; 0; 0Þþ; ð 23 ; 13 ; 13 Þþ; ð 13 ; 23 ; 23 Þþ. Whereas for the Positions the reader is expected to add these centring translations to each printed coordinate triplet themselves (in order to obtain the complete general position), for the Symmetry operations the corresponding data are listed explicitly. The different blocks have the subheadings ‘For (0, 0, 0)+ set’, ‘For ð 12 ; 12 ; 12 Þþ set’, etc. Thus, an obvious one-to-one correspondence exists between the analytical description of a symmetry operation in the form of its general-position coordinate triplet and the geometrical description under Symmetry operations. Note that the coordinates are reduced modulo 1, where applicable, as shown in the example below.

Details on the symbolism and further illustrative examples are presented in Section 1.4.2.1.

Example: Ibca (73) The centring translation is tð 12 ; 12 ; 12 Þ. Accordingly, above the general position one finds ð0; 0; 0Þþ and ð 12 ; 12 ; 12 Þþ. In the block Symmetry operations, under the subheading ‘For ð0; 0; 0Þþ set’, entry (2) refers to the coordinate triplet x
þ 12 ; y
; z þ 12 . Under the subheading ‘For ð 12 ; 12 ; 12 Þþ set’, however, entry (2) refers to x
; y
þ 12 ; z. The triplet x
; y
þ 12 ; z is selected rather than x
þ 1; y
þ 12 ; z þ 1, because the coordinates are reduced modulo 1.

2.1.3.10. Generators The line Generators selected states the symmetry operations and their sequence, selected to generate all symmetry-equivalent points of the General position from a point with coordinates x, y, z. Generating translations are listed as t(1, 0, 0), t(0, 1, 0), t(0, 0, 1); likewise for additional centring translations. The other symmetry operations are given as numbers (p) that refer to the corresponding coordinate triplets of the general position and the corresponding entries under Symmetry operations, as explained in Section 2.1.3.9 [for centred space groups the first block ‘For (0, 0, 0)+ set’ must be used]. For all space groups, the identity operation given by (1) is selected as the first generator. It is followed by the generators t(1, 0, 0), t(0, 1, 0), t(0, 0, 1) of the integral lattice translations and, if necessary, by those of the centring translations, e.g. tð 12 ; 12 ; 0Þ for a C-centred lattice. In this way, point x, y, z and all its translationally equivalent points are generated. (The remark ‘and its translationally equivalent points’ will hereafter be omitted.) The sequence chosen for the generators following the translations depends on the crystal class of the space group and is set out in Table 1.4.3.1.

The coordinate triplets of the general position represent the symmetry operations chosen as coset representatives of the decomposition of the space group with respect to its translation subgroup (cf. Section 1.4.2 for a detailed discussion). In space groups with two origins the origin shift may lead to the choice of symmetry operations of different types as coset representatives of the same coset (e.g. mirror versus glide plane, rotation versus screw axis, see Tables 1.4.2.2 and 1.4.2.3) and designated by the same number (p) in the general-position blocks of the two descriptions. Thus, in P4=nmm (129), ( p) = (7) represents a 2 and a 21 axis, both in x; x; 0, whereas ( p) = (16) represents a g and an m plane, both in x; x; z. Designation of symmetry operations. An entry in the block Symmetry operations is characterized as follows.

Example: P121 =c1 (14, unique axis b, cell choice 1) After the generation of (1) x, y, z, the operation (2) which stands for a twofold screw rotation around the axis 0, y, 14 generates point (2) of the general position with coordinate triplet x
; y þ 12 ; z
þ 12 . Finally, the inversion (3) generates point (3) x
; y
; z
from point (1), and point (40 ) x; y
 12 ; z  12 from point (2). Instead of (40 ), however, the coordinate triplet (4) x; y
þ 12 ; z þ 12 is listed, because the coordinates are reduced modulo 1.

(i) A symbol denoting the type of the symmetry operation (cf. Section 2.1.2), including its glide or screw part, if present. In most cases, the glide or screw part is given explicitly by fractional coordinates between parentheses. The sense of a rotation is indicated by the superscript þ or . Abbreviated notations are used for the glide reflections að 12 ; 0; 0Þ a; bð0; 12 ; 0Þ b; cð0; 0; 12 Þ c. Glide reflections with complicated and unconventional glide parts are designated by the letter g, followed by the glide part between parentheses. (ii) A coordinate triplet indicating the location and orientation of the symmetry element which corresponds to the symmetry operation. For rotoinversions, the location of the inversion point is also given.

The example shows that for the space group P121 =c1 two operations, apart from the identity and the generating translations, are sufficient to generate all symmetry-equivalent points. Alternatively, the inversion (3) plus the glide reflection (4), or the glide reflection (4) plus the twofold screw rotation (2), might have been chosen as generators. The process of generation and the selection of the generators for the space-group tables, as well as the resulting sequence of the symmetry operations, are discussed in Section 1.4.3.

Examples (1) gð 14 ; 14 ; 12 Þ x; x; z Glide reflection with glide component ð 14 ; 14 ; 12 Þ through the
containing the plane x, x, z, i.e. the plane parallel to ð110Þ point 0, 0, 0.

161

2. THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES The generating operations for different descriptions of the same space group (settings, cell choices, origin choices) are chosen in such a way that the transformation relating the two coordinate systems also transforms the generators of one description into those of the other (cf. Section 1.5.3).

(ii) Special position(s) A point is said to be in ‘special position’ if it is mapped onto itself by the identity and at least one further symmetry operation of the space group. This implies that specific constraints are imposed on the coordinates of each point of a special position; e.g. x ¼ 14, y ¼ 0, leading to the triplet 14; 0; z; or y ¼ x þ 12 , leading to the triplet x; x þ 12; z. The number of special positions of a space group depends on the spacegroup type and can vary from 1 to 26 (in Pmmm, No. 47).

2.1.3.11. Positions The entries under Positions2 (more explicitly called Wyckoff positions) consist of the one General position (upper block) and the Special positions (blocks below). The columns in each block, from left to right, contain the following information for each Wyckoff position.

The set of all symmetry operations that map a point onto itself forms a group, known as the ‘site-symmetry group’ of that point. It is given in the third column by the ‘oriented site-symmetry symbol’ which is explained in Section 2.1.3.12. General positions always have site symmetry 1, whereas special positions have higher site symmetries, which can differ from one special position to another. If in a crystal structure the centres of finite objects, such as molecules, are placed at the points of a special position, each such object must display a point symmetry that is at least as high as the site symmetry of the special position. Geometrically, this means that the centres of these objects are located on symmetry elements without translations (centre of symmetry, mirror plane, rotation axis, rotoinversion axis) or at the intersection of several symmetry elements of this kind (cf. the spacegroup diagrams). Note that the location of an object on a screw axis or on a glide plane does not lead to an increase in the site symmetry and to a corresponding reduction of the multiplicity for that object. Accordingly, a space group that contains only symmetry elements with translation components does not have any special position. Such a space group is called ‘fixed-point-free’ (for further discussion, see Section 1.4.4.2).

(i) Multiplicity of the Wyckoff position. This is the number of equivalent points per unit cell. For primitive cells, the multiplicity of the general position is equal to the order of the point group of the space group; for centred cells, it is the product of the order of the point group and the number (2, 3 or 4) of lattice points per cell. The multiplicity of a special position is always a divisor of the multiplicity of the general position and the quotient of the two is equal to the order of the site-symmetry group. (ii) Wyckoff letter. This letter is merely a coding scheme for the Wyckoff positions, starting with a at the bottom position and continuing upwards in alphabetical order. (iii) Site symmetry. This is explained in Section 2.1.3.12. (iv) Coordinates. The sequence of coordinate triplets is produced in the same order as the symmetry operations, generated by the chosen set of generators, omitting duplicates (cf. Sections 1.4.3 and 2.1.3.10). For centred space groups, the centring translations, for instance ð0; 0; 0Þþ ð 12 ; 12 ; 12 Þþ, are listed above the coordinate triplets. The symbol ‘þ’ indicates that, in order to obtain a complete Wyckoff position, the components of these centring translations have to be added to the listed coordinate triplets. Note that not all points of a position always lie within the unit cell; some may be outside since the coordinates are formulated modulo 1; thus, for example, x
; y
; z
is written rather than x
þ 1; y
þ 1; z
þ 1. The coordinate triplets of a position represent the coordinates of the equivalent points (atoms) in the unit cell. A graphic representation of the points of the general position is provided by the general-position diagram; cf. Section 2.1.3.6. (v) Reflection conditions. These are described in Section 2.1.3.13.

Example: Space group C12/c1 (15, unique axis b, cell choice 1) The general position 8f of this space group contains eight equivalent points per cell, each with site symmetry 1. The coordinate triplets of four points, (1) to (4), are given explicitly, the coordinates of the other four points are obtained by adding the components 12 ; 12 ; 0 of the C-centring translation to the coordinate triplets (1) to (4). The space group has five special positions with Wyckoff letters a to e. The positions 4a to 4d require inversion symmetry,
whereas Wyckoff position 4e requires twofold rotation 1, symmetry, 2, for any object in such a position. For position 4e, for instance, the four equivalent points have the coordinates 0; y; 14 ; 0; y
; 34 ; 12 ; y þ 12 ; 14 ; 12 ; y
þ 12 ; 34 . The values of x and z are specified, whereas y may take any value. Since each point of position 4e is mapped onto itself by a twofold rotation, the multiplicity of the position is reduced from 8 to 4, whereas the order of the site-symmetry group is increased from 1 to 2. From the symmetry-element diagram of C2/c, the locations of the four twofold axes can be deduced as 0; y; 14; 0; y; 34; 12; y; 14; 1 3 2; y; 4.

Detailed treatment of general and special Wyckoff positions, including definitions, theoretical background and examples, is given in Section 1.4.4. The two types of positions, general and special, are characterized as follows: (i) General position A point is said to be in general position if it is left invariant only by the identity operation but by no other symmetry operation of the space group. Each space group has only one general position. The coordinate triplets of a general position (which always start with x, y, z) can also be interpreted as a shorthand form of the matrix representation of the symmetry operations of the space group; this viewpoint is described further in Sections 1.3.3.2 and 1.4.2.3.

From this example, the general rule is apparent that the product of the position multiplicity and the order of the corresponding site-symmetry group is constant for all Wyckoff positions of a given space group; it is the multiplicity of the general position. Attention is drawn to ambiguities in the description of crystal structures in a few space groups, depending on whether the coordinate triplets of IT (1952) or of this edition are taken. This problem is analysed by Parthe´ et al. (1988).

2 The term Position (singular) is defined as a set of symmetry-equivalent points, in agreement with IT (1935): Point position; Punktlage (German); position (French). Note that in IT (1952) the plural, equivalent positions, was used.

162

2.1. GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES symmetry directions. Because of the presence of the primary 4
axis, only one of the twofold axes along the two secondary directions need be given explicitly and similarly for the mirror planes m perpendicular to the two tertiary directions.

2.1.3.12. Oriented site-symmetry symbols The third column of each Wyckoff position gives the Site symmetry3 of that position. The site-symmetry group is isomorphic to a (proper or improper) subgroup of the point group to which the space group under consideration belongs. The sitesymmetry groups of the different points of the same special position are conjugate (symmetry-equivalent) subgroups of the space group. For this reason, all points of one special position are described by the same site-symmetry symbol. (See Section 1.4.4 for a detailed discussion of site-symmetry groups.)

The above examples show: (i) The oriented site-symmetry symbols become identical to Hermann–Mauguin point-group symbols if the dots are omitted. (ii) Sets of symmetry directions having more than one equivalent direction may require more than one character if the sitesymmetry group belongs to a lower crystal system than the space group under consideration.

Oriented site-symmetry symbols (cf. Fischer et al., 1973) are employed to show how the symmetry elements at a site are related to the symmetry elements of the crystal lattice. The sitesymmetry symbols display the same sequence of symmetry directions as the space-group symbol (cf. Table 2.1.3.1). Sets of equivalent symmetry directions that do not contribute any element to the site-symmetry group are represented by a dot. In this way, the orientation of the symmetry elements at the site is emphasized, as illustrated by the following examples.

To show, for the same type of site symmetry, how the oriented site-symmetry symbol depends on the space group under discussion, the site-symmetry group mm2 will be considered in orthorhombic and tetragonal space groups. Relevant crystal
classes are mm2, mmm, 4mm, 42m and 4=mmm. The site symmetry mm2 contains two mutually perpendicular mirror planes intersecting in a twofold axis. For space groups of crystal class mm2, the twofold axis at the site must be parallel to the one direction of the rotation axes of the space group. The site-symmetry group mm2, therefore, occurs only in the orientation mm2. For space groups of class mmm (full symbol 2=m 2=m 2=m), the twofold axis at the site may be parallel to a, b or c and the possible orientations of the site symmetry are 2mm, m2m and mm2. For space groups of the tetragonal crystal class 4mm, the twofold axis of the sitesymmetry group mm2 must be parallel to the fourfold axis of the crystal. The two mirror planes must belong either to the two secondary or to the two tertiary tetragonal directions so that 2mm. and 2.mm are possible site-symmetry symbols. Similar
which can occur in two considerations apply to class 42m,

settings, 42m and 4m2. Finally, for class 4=mmm (full symbol 4=m 2=m 2=m), the twofold axis of 2mm may belong to any of the three kinds of symmetry directions and possible oriented site symmetries are 2mm., 2.mm, m2m. and m.2m. In the first two symbols, the twofold axis extends along the single primary direction and the mirror planes occupy either both secondary or both tertiary directions; in the last two cases, one mirror plane belongs to the primary direction and the second to either one secondary or one tertiary direction (the other equivalent direction in each case being occupied by the twofold axis).

Examples (1) In the tetragonal space group P42 21 2 ð94Þ, Wyckoff position 4f has site symmetry ..2 and position 2b has site symmetry 2.22. The easiest way to interpret the symbols is to look at the dots first. For position 4f, the 2 is preceded by two dots and thus must belong to a tertiary symmetry direction. Only one tertiary direction is used. Consequently, the site symmetry is the monoclinic point group 2 with one of the two tetragonal tertiary directions as twofold axis. Position b has one dot, with one symmetry symbol before and two symmetry symbols after it. The dot corresponds, therefore, to the secondary symmetry directions. The first symbol 2 indicates a twofold axis along the primary symmetry direction (c axis). The final symbols 22 indicate two twofold axes along the two mutually perpendicular
and [110]. The site symmetry is tertiary directions ½110 thus orthorhombic, 222. (2) In the cubic space group I23 (197), position 6b has 222.. as its oriented site-symmetry symbol. The orthorhombic group 222 is completely related to the primary set of cubic symmetry directions, with the three twofold axes parallel to the three equivalent primary directions [100], [010], [001].
ð222Þ, position 6b has 42.2 (3) In the cubic space group Pn3n as its site-symmetry symbol. This ‘cubic’ site-symmetry symbol displays a tetragonal site symmetry. The position of the dot indicates that there is no symmetry along the four secondary cubic directions. The fourfold axis is connected with one of the three primary cubic symmetry directions and two equivalent twofold axes occur along the remaining two primary directions. Moreover, the group contains two mutually perpendicular (equivalent) twofold axes along those two of the six tertiary cubic directions h110i that are normal to the fourfold axis. Each pair of equivalent twofold axes is given by just one symbol 2. (Note that at the six sites of position 6b the fourfold axes are twice oriented along a, twice along b and twice along c.) (4) In the tetragonal space group P42 =nnm ð134Þ, position 2a
has site symmetry 42m. The site has symmetry for all

2.1.3.13. Reflection conditions The Reflection conditions4 are listed in the right-hand column of each Wyckoff position. These conditions are formulated here, in accordance with general practice, as ‘conditions of occurrence’ (structure factor not systematically zero) and not as ‘extinctions’ or ‘systematic absences’ (structure factor zero). Reflection conditions are listed for all those three-, two- and one-dimensional sets of reflections for which extinctions exist; hence, for those nets or rows that are not listed, no reflection conditions apply. The theoretical background of reflection conditions and their derivation are discussed in detail in Section 1.6.3. 4

The reflection conditions were called Auslo¨schungen (German), missing spectra (English) and extinctions (French) in IT (1935) and ‘Conditions limiting possible reflections’ in IT (1952); they are often referred to as ‘Systematic or space-group absences’ (cf. Section 3.3.3).

3

Often called point symmetry: Punktsymmetrie or Lagesymmetrie (German): syme´trie ponctuelle (French).

163

2. THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES There are two types of systematic reflection conditions for diffraction of radiation by crystals:

Table 2.1.3.6

(1) General conditions. They are associated with systematic absences caused by the presence of lattice centrings, screw axes and glide planes. The general conditions are always obeyed, irrespective of which Wyckoff positions are occupied by atoms in a particular crystal structure. (2) Special conditions (‘extra’ conditions). They apply only to special Wyckoff positions and always occur in addition to the general conditions of the space group. Note that each extra condition is valid only for the scattering contribution of those atoms that are located in the relevant special Wyckoff position. If the special position is occupied by atoms whose scattering power is high in comparison with the other atoms in the structure, reflections violating the extra condition will be weak. One should note that the special conditions apply only to isotropic and spherical atoms (cf. Section 1.6.3).

Reflection condition

Centring type of cell

None

Primitive

h þ k ¼ 2n k þ l ¼ 2n h þ l ¼ 2n h þ k þ l ¼ 2n h þ k; h þ l and k þ l ¼ 2n or: h; k; l all odd or all even (‘unmixed’) h þ k þ l ¼ 3n

C-face centred A-face centred B-face centred Body centred All-face centred

Centring symbol
P R† (rhombohedral axes) C A B I F

Rhombohedrally centred, obverse setting (standard)

9 > > > > > > =

Integral reflection conditions for centred cells (lattices)

h  k þ l ¼ 3n h  k ¼ 3n

Rhombohedrally centred, reverse setting Hexagonally centred

> > > > > > ;

R† (hexagonal axes)

H‡

† For further explanations see Section 2.1.1 and Table 2.1.1.2. ‡ For the use of the unconventional H cell, see Section 1.5.4 and Table 2.1.1.2.

General reflection conditions. These are due to one of three effects: (i) Centred cells. The resulting conditions apply to the whole three-dimensional set of reflections hkl. Accordingly, they are called integral reflection conditions. They are given in Table 2.1.3.6. These conditions result from the centring vectors of centred cells. They disappear if a primitive cell is chosen instead of a centred cell. Note that the centring symbol and the corresponding integral reflection condition may change with a change of the basis vectors (e.g. monoclinic: C ! A ! I). (ii) Glide planes. The resulting conditions apply only to twodimensional sets of reflections, i.e. to reciprocal-lattice nets containing the origin (such as hk0, h0l, 0kl, hhl). For this reason, they are called zonal reflection conditions. The indices hkl of these ‘zonal reflections’ obey the relation hu þ kv þ lw ¼ 0, where [uvw], the direction of the zone axis, is normal to the reciprocal-lattice net. Note that the symbol of a glide plane and the corresponding zonal reflection condition may change with a change of the basis vectors (e.g. monoclinic: c ! n ! a). (iii) Screw axes. The resulting conditions apply only to onedimensional sets of reflections, i.e. reciprocal-lattice rows containing the origin (such as h00, 0k0, 00l). They are called serial reflection conditions. It is interesting to note that some diagonal screw axes do not give rise to systematic absences (cf. Section 1.6.3 for more details).

conditions of type (ii) may be included in those of type (i), while conditions of type (iii) may be included in those of types (i) or (ii). This is shown in the example below. In the space-group tables, the reflection conditions are given according to the following rules: (i) for a given space group, all reflection conditions [up to symmetry equivalence, cf. rule (v)] are listed; hence for those nets or rows that are not listed no conditions apply. No distinction is made between ‘independent’ and ‘included’ conditions, as was done in IT (1952), where ‘included’ conditions were placed in parentheses; (ii) the integral condition, if present, is always listed first, followed by the zonal and serial conditions; (iii) conditions that have to be satisified simultaneously are separated by a comma or by ‘AND’. Thus, if two indices must be even, say h and l, the condition is written h; l ¼ 2n rather than h ¼ 2n and l ¼ 2n. The same applies to sums of indices. Thus, there are several different ways to express the integral conditions for an F-centred lattice: ‘h þ k; h þ l; k þ l ¼ 2n’ or ‘h þ k; h þ l ¼ 2n and k þ l ¼ 2n’ or ‘h þ k ¼ 2n and h þ l; k þ l ¼ 2n’ (cf. Table 2.1.3.6); (iv) conditions separated by ‘OR’ are alternative conditions. For example, ‘hkl: h ¼ 2n þ 1 or h þ k þ l ¼ 4n’ means that hkl is ‘present’ if either the condition h ¼ 2n þ 1 or the alternative condition h þ k þ l ¼ 4n is fulfilled. Obviously, hkl is also a ‘present’ reflection if both conditions are satisfied. Note that ‘or’ conditions occur only for the special conditions described below; (v) in crystal systems with two or more symmetry-equivalent nets or rows (tetragonal and higher), only one representative set (the first one in Table 2.1.3.7) is listed; e.g. tetragonal: only the first members of the equivalent sets 0kl and h0l or h00 and 0k0 are listed; (vi) for cubic space groups, it is stated that the indices hkl are ‘cyclically permutable’ or ‘permutable’. The cyclic permutability of h, k and l in all rhombohedral space groups, described with ‘rhombohedral axes’, and of h and k in some tetragonal space groups are not stated;

Reflection conditions of types (ii) and (iii) are listed in Table 2.1.3.7. They can be understood as follows: Zonal and serial reflections form two- or one-dimensional sections through the origin of reciprocal space. In direct space, they correspond to projections of a crystal structure onto a plane or onto a line. Glide planes or screw axes may reduce the translation periods in these projections (cf. Section 2.1.3.14) and thus decrease the size of the projected cell. As a consequence, the cells in the corresponding reciprocal-lattice sections are increased, which means that systematic absences of reflections occur. For the two-dimensional groups, the reasoning is analogous. The reflection conditions for the plane groups are assembled in Table 2.1.3.8. For the interpretation of observed reflections, the general reflection conditions must be studied in the order (i) to (iii), as

164

2.1. GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES Table 2.1.3.7 Zonal and serial reflection conditions for glide planes and screw axes (cf. Table 2.1.2.1) (a) Glide planes

Glide plane Type of reflections

Reflection condition

Orientation of plane

Glide vector

Symbol

0kl

k ¼ 2n

(100)

b=2

b

l ¼ 2n

c=2

c

k þ l ¼ 2n

b=2 þ c=2

n

k þ l ¼ 4n † ðk; l ¼ 2nÞ

b=4  c=4

d

c=2

c

a=2

a

l ¼ 2n

h0l

(010)

h ¼ 2n l þ h ¼ 2n

c=2 þ a=2

n

l þ h ¼ 4n † ðl; h ¼ 2nÞ

c=4  a=4

d

a=2

a

h ¼ 2n

hk0

(001)

k ¼ 2n

b=2

b

h þ k ¼ 2n

a=2 þ b=2

n

h þ k ¼ 4n † ðh; k ¼ 2nÞ

a=4  b=4

d

c=2

c

c=2

c

c=2 a=2 b=2

c; n a; n b; n

c=2

c, n

a=4  b=4  c=4

d

a=2

a, n


hh0l
0kkl
h0hl

l ¼ 2n

hh:2h:l 2h:hhl h:2h:hl

l ¼ 2n

hhl hkk hkh

l ¼ 2n h ¼ 2n k ¼ 2n


hhl; hhl

l ¼ 2n

9
= ð1120Þ

f1120g ð2110Þ ;
ð1210Þ 9
= ð1100Þ

f1100g ð0110Þ ;
ð1010Þ 9
= ð110Þ

f110g ð011Þ ;
ð101Þ
ð110Þ ð110Þ;

2h þ l ¼ 4n hkk; hkk


h ¼ 2n


ð011Þ ð011Þ;

2k þ h ¼ 4n
hkh; hkh

k ¼ 2n 2h þ k ¼ 4n


ð101Þ; ð101Þ

a=4 þ b=4  c=4

d

b=2

b, n

a=4  b=4 þ c=4

d

Crystallographic coordinate system to which condition applies 9 9 > > > > = > > Monoclinic ða unique); > > = Orthorhombic, > Tetragonal > ; Cubic > > > > > > ; 9 > > = Monoclinic ðb unique); Tetragonal > > ;

9 > > > > > > = Orthorhombic, > Cubic > > > > > ;

9 > > = Monoclinic (c unique); > Tetragonal > ;

9 > > > > > > = Orthorhombic, Cubic > > > > > > ;

9 = Hexagonal ; 9 = Hexagonal ; 9 = Rhombohedral‡ ; ) Tetragonal§

9 > > > > > > > > > = Cubic} > > > > > > > > > ;

† Glide planes d with orientations (100), (010) and (001) occur only in orthorhombic and cubic F space groups. Combination of the integral reflection condition (hkl: all odd or all even) with the zonal conditions for the d glide planes leads to the further conditions given between parentheses. ‡ For rhombohedral space groups described with ‘rhombohedral axes’, the three reflection conditions ðl ¼ 2n; h ¼ 2n; k ¼ 2nÞ imply interleaving of c and n glides, a and n glides, and b and n
ð167Þ, because c glides also occur in the hexagonal description of these space groups. glides, respectively. In the Hermann–Mauguin space-group symbols, c is always used, as in R3c (161) and R3c
with l ¼ 2n) imply interleaving of c and n glides. In the Hermann–Mauguin space-group symbols, c is always used, § For tetragonal P space groups, the two reflection conditions (hhl and hhl
ð112Þ and P4=nnc ð126Þ. irrespective of which glide planes contain the origin: cf. P4cc (103), P42c } For cubic space groups, the three reflection conditions ðl ¼ 2n; h ¼ 2n; k ¼ 2nÞ imply interleaving of c and n glides, a and n glides, and b and n glides, respectively. In the Hermann–Mauguin
ð218Þ, Pn3n
ð222Þ, Pm3n
ð223Þ versus F 43c
ð219Þ, Fm3c
ð226Þ, Fd3c
ð228Þ. space-group symbols, either c or n is used, depending upon which glide plane contains the origin, cf. P43n

Example For a monoclinic crystal (b unique), the following reflection conditions have been observed:

(vii) in the ‘hexagonal-axes’ descriptions of trigonal and hexagonal space groups, Bravais–Miller indices hkil are used. They obey two conditions:

(1) hkl: h þ k ¼ 2n; (2) 0kl: k ¼ 2n; h0l: h; l ¼ 2n; hk0: h þ k ¼ 2n; (3) h00: h ¼ 2n; 0k0: k ¼ 2n; 00l: l ¼ 2n:

(a) h þ k þ i ¼ 0; i:e: i ¼ ðh þ kÞ; (b) the indices h, k, i are cyclically permutable; this is not stated. Further details can be found in textbooks of crystallography.

Line (1) states that the cell used for the description of the space group is C centred. In line (2), the conditions 0kl with k ¼ 2n, h0l with h ¼ 2n and hk0 with h þ k ¼ 2n are a consequence of the integral condition (1), leaving only h0l with l ¼ 2n as a new condition. This indicates a glide plane c. Line (3) presents no new condition, since h00 with h ¼ 2n and 0k0 with k ¼ 2n follow from the integral condition (1), whereas 00l

Note that the integral reflection conditions for a rhombohedral lattice, described with ‘hexagonal axes’, permit the presence of only one member of the pair hkil and h
k
i
l for l 6¼ 3n (cf. Table
and hh0l,
2.1.3.6). This applies also to the zonal reflections hh0l which for the rhombohedral space groups must be considered separately.

165

2. THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES Table 2.1.3.7 (continued) (b) Screw axes

Type of reflections

Reflection conditions

Screw axis Direction of axis

Screw vector

Symbol

h00

h ¼ 2n

[100]

a=2

21

Crystallographic coordinate system to which condition applies 9
> Monoclinic ða uniqueÞ; > > > = Orthorhombic, Tetragonal Cubic > > > > ; 9
> Monoclinic ðb uniqueÞ; > > > = Orthorhombic, Tetragonal Cubic > > > > ;
9 Monoclinic ðc uniqueÞ; > > > > = 9 Orthorhombic Cubic = > > > Tetragonal > ; ; 9 > = Hexagonal > ;

42 h ¼ 4n 0k0

k ¼ 2n

[010]

a=4

41 ; 43

b=2

21 42

k ¼ 4n 00l

l ¼ 2n

[001]

b=4

41 ; 43

c=2

21 42

l ¼ 4n 000l

l ¼ 2n

[001]

c=4

41 ; 43

c=2

63

l ¼ 3n

c=3

3 1 ; 3 2 ; 6 2 ; 64

l ¼ 6n

c=6

61 ; 65

with l ¼ 2n is a consequence of a zonal condition (2). Accordingly, there need not be a twofold screw axis along [010]. Space groups obeying the conditions are Cc (9, b unique, cell choice 1) and C2=c (15, b unique, cell choice 1). Under certain conditions, using methods based on resonant scattering, it is possible to determine whether the structure space group is centrosymmetric or not (cf. Section 1.6.5.1). For a different choice of the basis vectors, the reflection conditions would appear in a different form owing to the transformation of the reflection indices (cf. cell choices 2 and 3 for space groups Cc and C2=c in Chapter 2.3). The transformations of reflection conditions under coordinate transformations are discussed and illustrated in Sections 1.5.2 and 1.5.3.

Special position 4d: hkl: k þ l ¼ 2n, due to additional A and B centring for atoms in this position. Combination with the general condition results in hkl: h þ k; h þ l, k þ l ¼ 2n or hkl all odd or all even; this corresponds to an F-centred arrangement of atoms in this position. Special position 4b: hkl: l ¼ 2n, due to additional halving of the c axis for atoms in this position. Combination with the general condition results in hkl: h þ k; l ¼ 2n; this corresponds to a C-centred arrangement in a cell with half the original c axis. No further condition results from the combination. (3) I12=a1 (15, unique axis b, cell choice 3) For the description of space group No. 15 with cell choice 3 (see Section 2.1.3.15 and the space-group tables), the reflection conditions appear as follows: General position 8f : hkl: h þ k þ l ¼ 2n, due to the I-centred cell. Special position 4b: hkl: h ¼ 2n, due to additional halving of the a axis. Combination gives hkl: h; k þ l ¼ 2n, i.e. an A-centred arrangement of atoms in a cell with half the original a axis. An analogous result is obtained for position 4d.

Special or ‘extra’ reflection conditions. These apply either to the integral reflections hkl or to particular sets of zonal or serial reflections. In the space-group tables, the minimal special conditions are listed that, on combination with the general conditions, are sufficient to generate the complete set of conditions. This will be apparent from the examples below. Examples (1) P42 22 ð93Þ General position 8p: 00l: l ¼ 2n, due to 42 ; the projection on [001] of any crystal structure with this space group has periodicity 12 c. Special position 4i: hkl: h þ k þ l ¼ 2n; any set of symmetry-equivalent atoms in this position displays additional I centring. Special position 4n: 0kl: l ¼ 2n; any set of equivalent atoms in this position displays a glide plane c ? ½100. Projection of this set along [100] results in a halving of the original c axis, hence the special condition. Analogously for h0l: l ¼ 2n. (2) C12=c1 (15, unique axis b, cell choice 1) General position 8f : hkl: h þ k ¼ 2n, due to the C-centred cell.

Table 2.1.3.8 Reflection conditions for the plane groups Type of reflections

Reflection condition

Centring type of plane cell; or glide line with glide vector

Coordinate system to which condition applies

hk

None

Primitive p

All systems

h þ k ¼ 2n

Centred c

Rectangular

h  k ¼ 3n

Hexagonally centred h†

h0

h ¼ 2n

0k

k ¼ 2n

Hexagonal 9 Glide line g normal to b > > = axis; glide vector 12 a Rectangular, > Square Glide line g normal to a > ; axis; glide vector 12 b

† For the use of the unconventional h cell see Table 2.1.1.2.

166

2.1. GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES (4) Fmm2 (42) General position 16e: hkl: h þ k; h þ l; k þ l ¼ 2n, due to the F-centred cell. Special position 8b: hkl: ¼ 2n, due to additional halving of the a axis. Combination results in hkl: h; k; l ¼ 2n, i.e. all indices even; the atoms in this position are arranged in a primitive lattice with axes 12 a; 12 b and 12 c.

(i) The projection direction. All projections are orthogonal, i.e. the projection is made onto a plane normal to the projection direction. This ensures that spherical atoms appear as circles in the projection. For each space group, three projections are listed. If a lattice has three kinds of symmetry directions, the three projection directions correspond to the primary, secondary and tertiary symmetry directions of the lattice (cf. Table 2.1.3.1). If a lattice contains fewer than three kinds of symmetry directions, as in the triclinic, monoclinic and rhombohedral cases, the additional projection direction(s) are taken along coordinate axes, i.e. lattice rows lacking symmetry. The directions for which projection data are listed are as follows: 9 Triclinic > > > > = Monoclinic ½001 ½100 ½010 (both settings) > > > > ; Orthorhombic

For the cases where the special reflection conditions are described by means of combinations of ‘OR’ and ‘AND’ instructions, the ‘AND’ condition always has to be evaluated with priority, as shown by the following example.
(218) Example: P43n Special position 6d: hkl: h þ k þ l ¼ 2n or h ¼ 2n þ 1, k ¼ 4n and l ¼ 4n þ 2. This expression contains the following two conditions: (a) hkl: h þ k þ l ¼ 2n; (b) h ¼ 2n þ 1 and k ¼ 4n and l ¼ 4n þ 2. A reflection is ‘present’ (occurring) if either condition (a) is satisfied or if a permutation of the three conditions in (b) are simultaneously fulfilled. Structural or non-space-group absences. Note that in addition non-space-group absences may occur that are not due to the symmetry of the space group (i.e. centred cells, glide planes or screw axes). Atoms in general or special positions may cause additional systematic absences if their coordinates assume special values [e.g. ‘noncharacteristic orbits’; cf. Section 1.4.4.4 and Engel et al. (1984)]. Non-space-group absences may also occur for special arrangements of atoms (‘false symmetry’) in a crystal structure (cf. Templeton, 1956; Sadanaga et al., 1978). Non-spacegroup absences may occur also for polytypic structures; this is briefly discussed by Durovicˇ in Section 9.2.2.2.5 of International Tables for Crystallography (2004), Vol. C. Even though all these ‘structural absences’ are fortuitous and due to the special arrangements of atoms in a particular crystal structure, they have the appearance of space-group absences. Occurrence of structural absences thus may lead to an incorrect assignment of the space group. Accordingly, the reflection conditions in the spacegroup tables must be considered as a minimal set of conditions. The use of reflection conditions and of the symmetry of reflection intensities for space-group determination is described in Chapter 1.6.

Tetragonal

½001

½100

½110

Hexagonal

½001

Rhombohedral

½111

½100
½110

½210
½21
1

Cubic

½001

½111

½110

(ii) The Hermann–Mauguin symbol of the plane group resulting from the projection of the space group. If necessary, the symbols are given in oriented form; for example, plane group pm is expressed either as p1m1 or as p11m (cf. Section 1.4.1.5 for explanations of Hermann–Mauguin symbols of plane groups). (iii) Relations between the basis vectors a0 , b0 of the plane group and the basis vectors a, b, c of the space group. Each set of basis vectors refers to the conventional coordinate system of the plane group or space group, as employed in Chapters 2.2 and 2.3. The basis vectors of the two-dimensional cell are always called a0 and b0 irrespective of which two of the basis vectors a, b, c of the three-dimensional cell are projected to form the plane cell. All relations between the basis vectors of the two cells are expressed as vector equations, i.e. a0 and b0 are given as linear combinations of a, b and c. For the triclinic or monoclinic space groups, basis vectors a, b or c inclined to the plane of projection are replaced by the projected vectors ap ; bp ; cp. For primitive three-dimensional cells, the metrical relations between the lattice parameters of the space group and the plane group are collected in Table 2.1.3.9. The additional relations for centred cells can be derived easily from the table. (iv) Location of the origin of the plane group with respect to the unit cell of the space group. The same description is used as for the location of symmetry elements (cf. Section 2.1.3.9).

2.1.3.14. Symmetry of special projections Projections of crystal structures are used by crystallographers in special cases. Use of so-called ‘two-dimensional data’ (zerolayer intensities) results in the projection of a crystal structure along the normal to the reciprocal-lattice net. A detailed treatment of projections of space groups, including basic definitions and illustrative examples, is given in Section 1.4.5.3. Even though the projection of a finite object along any direction may be useful, the projection of a periodic object such as a crystal structure is only sensible along a rational lattice direction (lattice row). Projection along a nonrational direction results in a constant density in at least one direction.

Projections of centred cells (lattices). For centred lattices, two different cases may occur:

Data listed in the space-group tables. Under the heading Symmetry of special projections, the following data are listed for three projections of each space group; no projection data are given for the plane groups.

(i) The projection direction is parallel to a lattice-centring vector. In this case, the projected plane cell is primitive for the centring types A, B, C, I and R. For F-centred lattices, the multiplicity is reduced from 4 to 2 because c-centred plane

Example ‘Origin at x, 0, 0’ or ‘Origin at 14 ; 14 ; z’.

167

2. THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES Table 2.1.3.9 Cell parameters a0 , b0 ,
0 of the two-dimensional cell in terms of cell parameters a, b, c, , ,
of the three-dimensional cell for the projections listed in the space-group tables of Chapter 2.3 Monoclinic Projection direction

Triclinic

Unique axis b

Unique axis c

Orthorhombic

[001]

a0 ¼ a sin  b0 ¼ b sin 
0 ¼ 180

†

a0 ¼ a sin  b0 ¼ b
0 ¼ 90


a0 ¼ a b0 ¼ b
0 ¼


a0 ¼ a b0 ¼ b
0 ¼ 90


[100]

a0 ¼ b sin
b0 ¼ c sin 
0 ¼ 180
  †

a0 ¼ b b0 ¼ c sin 
0 ¼ 90


a0 ¼ b sin
b0 ¼ c
0 ¼ 90


a0 ¼ b b0 ¼ c
0 ¼ 90


[010]

a0 ¼ c sin  b0 ¼  sin

0 ¼ 180
  †

a0 ¼ c b0 ¼ a
0 ¼ 

a0 ¼ c b0 ¼ a sin

0 ¼ 90


a0 ¼ c b0 ¼ a
0 ¼ 90


Projection direction

Tetragonal 0

[001]

a ¼a b0 ¼ a
0 ¼ 90


[100]

a0 ¼ a b0 ¼ c
0 ¼ 90


[110]

pffiffiffi a0 ¼ ða=2Þ 2 b0 ¼ c
0 ¼ 90


Projection direction

Hexagonal

[001]

a0 ¼ a b0 ¼ a
0 ¼ 120


[100]

[210]

pffiffiffi a0 ¼ ða=2Þ 3 0 b ¼c
0 ¼ 90
a0 ¼ a=2 b0 ¼ c
0 ¼ 90


Projection direction

Rhombohedral‡

[111]

2 a0 ¼ pffiffiffi a sinð=2Þ 3 2 0 b ¼ pffiffiffi a sinð=2Þ 3
0 ¼ 120



½110

a0 ¼ a cosð=2Þ b0 ¼ a
0 ¼ §


½211

1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a0 ¼ pffiffiffi a 1 þ 2 cos  3 b0 ¼ a sinð=2Þ
0 ¼ 90


Projection direction

Cubic

[001]

a0 ¼ a b0 ¼ a
0 ¼ 90
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a0 ¼ a p2=3 ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 0 b ¼ a 2=3
0 ¼ 120
pffiffiffi a0 ¼ ða=2Þ 2 0 b ¼a
0 ¼ 90


[111]

[110]

cos  cos
 cos  cos
cos   cos  cos  cos   cos
; cos  ¼ ; cos
¼ : sin  sin
sin
sin  sin  sin  ‡ The entry ‘Rhombohedral’ refers to the primitive rhombohedral cell with a ¼ b ¼ c,  ¼  ¼
(cf. Table 2.1.1.1). cos  § cos  ¼ . cos =2 † cos  ¼

Usually, however, this centred plane cell is unconventional and a transformation is required to obtain the conventional plane cell. This transformation has been carried out for the projection data in this volume.

cells result from projections along face diagonals of threedimensional F cells. Examples (1) A body-centred lattice with centring vector 1 2 ða þ b þ cÞ gives a primitive net if projected along

or [111].
[111], [111], [111] (2) A C-centred lattice projects to a primitive net along
the directions [110] and [110]. (3) An R-centred lattice described with ‘hexagonal axes’ (triple cell) results in a primitive net if projected along

for the obverse setting. For the [111], [211] or [1
21]
reverse setting, the corresponding directions are [111],
[121]; cf. Table 2.1.1.2. [2
11],

Examples (1) Projection along [010] of a cubic I-centred cell leads to an unconventional quadratic c-centred plane cell. A simple cell transformation leads to the conventional quadratic p cell. (2) Projection along [010] of an orthorhombic I-centred cell leads to a rectangular c-centred plane cell, which is conventional. (3) Projection along [001] of an R-centred cell (both in obverse and reverse setting) results in a triple hexagonal plane cell h (the two-dimensional analogue of the H cell, cf. Table 2.1.1.2). A simple cell transformation leads to the conventional hexagonal p cell.

(ii) The projection direction is not parallel to a lattice-centring vector (general projection direction). In this case, the plane cell has the same multiplicity as the three-dimensional cell.

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2.1. GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES tion; the new translation vector is equal to the glide vector of the glide plane. Thus, a reduction of the translation period in that particular direction takes place. (iv) Reflection planes parallel to the projection direction project as reflection lines. Glide planes project as glide lines or as reflection lines, depending upon whether the glide vector has or does not have a component parallel to the projection plane. (v) Centres of symmetry, as well as 3
axes in arbitrary orientation, project as twofold rotation points.

Table 2.1.3.10 Projections of crystallographic symmetry elements Symmetry element in three dimensions Arbitrary orientation Symmetry centre Rotoinversion axis

1
3
3  1


Symmetry element in projection 

Rotation point 2 (at projection of centre)

Parallel to projection direction Rotation axis 2; 3; 4; 6 Screw axis 21 31 ; 32 41 ; 42 ; 43 61 ; 62 ; 63 ; 64 ; 65 Rotoinversion axis 4
6
3=m 3
3  1
Reflection plane m Glide plane with ? component† Glide plane without ? component†

Rotation point 2; 3; 4; 6 Rotation point 2 3 4 6 Rotation point 4 3; with overlap of atoms 6 Reflection line m Glide line g Reflection line m

A detailed discussion of the correspondence between the symmetry elements and their projections is given in Section 1.4.5.3. Example: C12=c1 (15, b unique, cell choice 1) The C-centred cell has lattice points at 0, 0, 0 and 12 ; 12 ; 0. In all projections, the centre 1
projects as a twofold rotation point. Projection along [001]: The plane cell is centred; 2 k ½010 projects as m; the glide component ð0; 0; 12 Þ of glide plane c vanishes and thus c projects as m. Result: Plane group c2mm (9), a0 ¼ ap ; b0 ¼ b. Projection along [100]: The periodicity along b is halved because of the C centring; 2 k ½010 projects as m; the glide component ð0; 0; 12 Þ of glide plane c is retained and thus c projects as g. Result: Plane group p2gm (7), a0 ¼ b=2; b0 ¼ cp . Projection along [010]: The periodicity along a is halved because of the C centring; that along c is halved owing to the glide component ð0; 0; 12 Þ of glide plane c; 2 k ½010 projects as 2. Result: Plane group p2 (2), a0 ¼ c=2; b0 ¼ a=2.

Normal to projection direction Rotation axis 2;4;6 3 Screw axis 42 ; 62 ; 64 21 ; 41 ; 43 ; 61 ; 63 ; 65 31 ; 32 Rotoinversion axis 4
6
3=m 3
3  1
Reflection plane m Glide plane with glide vector t

Reflection line m None Reflection line m Glide line g None Reflection line m parallel to axis Reflection line m perpendicular to axis (through projection of inversion point) Rotation point 2 (at projection of centre) None, but overlap of atoms Translation with translation vector t

Further details about the geometry of projections can be found in publications by Buerger (1965) and Biedl (1966).

† The term ‘with ? component’ refers to the component of the glide vector normal to the projection direction.

Projections of symmetry elements. A symmetry element of a space group does not project as a symmetry element unless its orientation bears a special relation to the projection direction; all translation components of a symmetry operation along the projection direction vanish, whereas those perpendicular to the projection direction (i.e. parallel to the plane of projection) may be retained. This is summarized in Table 2.1.3.10 for the various crystallographic symmetry elements. From this table the following conclusions can be drawn:

2.1.3.15. Monoclinic space groups In this volume, space groups are described by one (or at most two) conventional coordinate systems (cf. Sections 2.1.1.2 and 2.1.3.2). Eight monoclinic space groups, however, are treated more extensively. In order to provide descriptions for frequently encountered cases, they are given in six versions. The description of a monoclinic crystal structure in this volume, including its Hermann–Mauguin space-group symbol, depends upon two choices: (i) the unit cell chosen, here called ‘cell choice’; (ii) the labelling of the edges of this cell, especially of the monoclinic symmetry direction (‘unique axis’), here called ‘setting’. Cell choices. One edge of the cell, i.e. one crystal axis, is always chosen along the monoclinic symmetry direction. The other two edges are located in the plane perpendicular to this direction and coincide with translation vectors in this ‘monoclinic plane’. It is sensible and common practice (see below) to choose these two basis vectors from the shortest three translation vectors in that plane. They are shown in Fig. 2.1.3.12 and labelled e, f and g, in order of increasing length.5 The two shorter vectors span the ‘reduced mesh’ (where mesh means a two-dimensional unit cell), here e and f ; for this mesh, the monoclinic angle is  120
,

(i) n-fold rotation axes and n-fold screw axes, as well as
parallel to the projection direction rotoinversion axes 4, project as n-fold rotation points; a 3
axis projects as a sixfold, a 6
axis as a threefold rotation point. For the latter, a doubling of the projected electron density occurs owing to the mirror plane normal to the projection direction ð6
3=mÞ. (ii) n-fold rotation axes and n-fold screw axes normal to the projection direction (i.e. parallel to the plane of projection) do not project as symmetry elements if n is odd. If n is even, all rotation and rotoinversion axes project as mirror lines: the same applies to the screw axes 42 ; 62 and 64 because they contain an axis 2. Screw axes 21, 41 , 43 , 61 , 63 and 65 project as glide lines because they contain 21 . (iii) Reflection planes normal to the projection direction do not project as symmetry elements but lead to a doubling of the projected electron density owing to overlap of atoms. Projection of a glide plane results in an additional transla-

5 These three vectors obey the ‘closed-triangle’ condition e þ f þ g ¼ 0; they can be considered as two-dimensional homogeneous axes.

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2. THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES Table 2.1.3.11 Monoclinic setting symbols The settings are distributed between three sets (with two columns in each set) depending on the choice of unique axis. The unique axis is underlined. The setting symbol is a shorthand notation for the transformation of the corresponding starting setting (first row abc; second row abc; third row abc). For example, the symbol cab represents a transformation of the starting setting abc such that a0 = c, b0 = a, c0 = b.

Starting setting

Unique axis b
cba bca

a
cb

cab

b
ac

Unique axis c cab acb
ba
c bca

cb
a

Unique axis a
bac bca cab

c
ba a
cb

Note: An interchange of two axes involves a change of the handedness of the coordinate system. In order to keep the system right-handed, one sign reversal is necessary.

Figure 2.1.3.12 The three primitive two-dimensional cells which are spanned by the shortest three translation vectors e, f, g in the monoclinic plane. For the present discussion, the glide vector is considered to be along e and the projection of the centring vector along f.

two further (‘oblique’) axes are oriented so as to make the monoclinic angle non-acute, i.e.  90
, and the coordinate system right-handed. For the three cell choices, settings obeying this condition and having the same label and direction of the unique axis are considered as one setting; this is illustrated in Fig. 2.1.3.4. Note: These three cases of labelling the monoclinic axis are often called somewhat loosely b-axis, c-axis and a-axis ‘settings’. It must be realized, however, that the choice of the ‘unique axis’ alone does not define a single setting but only a pair, as for each cell the labels of the two oblique axes can be interchanged. Table 2.1.3.11 lists the setting symbols for the six monoclinic settings in three equivalent forms, starting with the symbols abc (first line), abc (second line) and abc (third line); the unique axis is underlined. These symbols are also found in the headline of the synoptic Table 1.5.4.4, which lists the space-group symbols for all monoclinic settings and cell choices. Again, the corresponding transformation matrices are listed in Table 1.5.1.1. In the space-group tables, only the settings with b and c unique are treated and for these only the left-hand members of the double entries in Table 2.1.3.11. This implies, for instance, that the c-axis setting is obtained from the b-axis setting by cyclic permutation of the labels, i.e. by the transformation 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 ða ; b ; c Þ ¼ ða; b; cÞ@ 0 0 1 A ¼ ðc; a; bÞ: 1 0 0

whereas for the other two primitive meshes larger angles are possible. Other choices of the basis vectors in the monoclinic plane are possible, provided they span a primitive mesh. It turns out, however, that the space-group symbol for any of these (nonreduced) meshes already occurs among the symbols for the three meshes formed by e, f, g in Fig. 2.1.3.12; hence only these cases need be considered. They are designated in this volume as ‘cell choice 1, 2 or 3’ and are depicted in Fig. 2.1.3.4. The transformation matrices for the three cell choices are listed in Table 1.5.1.1. Settings. The term setting of a cell or of a space group refers to the assignment of labels (a, b, c) and directions to the edges of a given unit cell, resulting in a set of basis vectors a, b, c. (For orthorhombic space groups, the six settings are described and illustrated in Section 2.1.3.6.4.) The symbol for each setting is a shorthand notation for the transformation of a given starting set abc into the setting considered. It is called here ‘setting symbol’. For instance, the setting symbol bca stands for a0 ¼ b;

b0 ¼ c;

c0 ¼ a

0

1 1 0 A ¼ ðb; c; aÞ; 0

or 0 ða0 ; b0 ; c0 Þ ¼ ða; b; cÞ@ 1 0

0 0 1

The setting with a unique is also included in the present discussion, as this setting occurs in Table 1.5.4.4. The a-axis setting a0 b0 c0 ¼ cab (i.e. a0 ¼ c, b0 ¼ a, c0 ¼ b) is obtained from the c-axis setting also by cyclic permutation of the labels and from the b-axis setting by the reverse cyclic permutation: a0 b0 c0 ¼ bca. By the conventions described above, the setting of each of the cell choices 1, 2 and 3 is determined once the label and the direction of the unique-axis vector have been selected. Six of the nine resulting possibilities are illustrated in Fig. 2.1.3.4.

where a0 , b0, c0 is the new set of basis vectors. [Note that the setting symbol bca means that the ‘old’ vector a changes its label to c0 (and not to b0 ), that the ‘old’ vector b changes its label to a0 (and not to c0 ) and that the ‘old’ vector c changes its label to b0 (and not to a0 ).] Transformation of one setting into another preserves the shape of the cell and its orientation relative to the lattice. The matrices of these transformations have one entry +1 or 1 in each row and column; all other entries are 0. In monoclinic space groups, one axis, the monoclinic symmetry direction, is unique. Its label must be chosen first and, depending upon this choice, one speaks of ‘unique axis b’, ‘unique axis c’ or ‘unique axis a’.6 Conventionally, the positive directions of the

Cell choices and settings in the present tables. There are five monoclinic space groups for which the Hermann–Mauguin symbols are independent of the cell choice, viz those space groups that do not contain centred lattices or glide planes: P2 ð3Þ; P21 ð4Þ; Pm ð6Þ; P2=m ð10Þ; P21 =m ð11Þ: In these cases, description of the space group by one cell choice is sufficient. For the eight monoclinic space groups with centred lattices or glide planes, the Hermann–Mauguin symbol depends on the

6

In IT (1952), the terms ‘1st setting’ and ‘2nd setting’ were used for ‘unique axis c’ and ‘unique axis b’. In the present volume, as in the previous editions of this series, these terms have been dropped in favour of the latter names, which are unambiguous.

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2.1. GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES setting or cell choice of a particular description. The standard short symbol is given in the headline of every description of a monoclinic space group; cf. Section 2.1.3.3. (b) Three condensed (synoptic) descriptions for ‘unique axis b’ and the three ‘cell choices’ 1, 2, 3. Cell choice 1 is repeated to facilitate comparison with the other cell choices. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the three cell choices: cf. Section 2.1.3.6. (c) One complete description for ‘unique axis c’ and ‘cell choice’ 1. (d) Three condensed (synoptic) descriptions for ‘unique axis c’ and the three ‘cell choices’ 1, 2, 3. Again cell choice 1 is repeated and appropriate diagrams are provided.

Table 2.1.3.12 Symbols for centring types and glide planes of monoclinic space groups Cell choice Setting

1

2

3

Unique axis b

Centring type Glide planes

C c, n

A n, a

I a, c

Unique axis c

Centring type Glide planes

A a, n

B n, b

I b, a

Unique axis a

Centring type Glide planes

B b, n

C n, c

I c, b

choice of the oblique axes with respect to the glide vector and/or the centring vector. These eight space groups are:

All settings and cell choices are identified by the appropriate full Hermann–Mauguin symbols (cf. Section 2.1.3.4), e.g. C12=c1 or I112=b. For the two space groups Cc (9) and C2=c ð15Þ with pairs of different glide planes, the ‘simplest operation rule’ for reflections (m > a, b, c > n) is not followed (cf. Section 1.4.1). Instead, in order to bring out the relations between the various settings and cell choices, the glide-plane symbol always refers to that glide plane which intersects the conventional origin.

C2 ð5Þ; Pc ð7Þ; Cm ð8Þ; Cc ð9Þ; C2=m ð12Þ; P2=c ð13Þ; P21 =c ð14Þ; C2=c ð15Þ: Here, the glide vector or the projection of the centring vector onto the monoclinic plane is always directed along one of the vectors e, f or g in Fig. 2.1.3.12, i.e. is parallel to the shortest, the second-shortest or the third-shortest translation vector in the monoclinic plane (note that a glide vector and the projection of a centring vector cannot be parallel). This results in three possible orientations of the glide vector or the centring vector with respect to these crystal axes, and thus in three different full Hermann– Mauguin symbols (cf. Section 2.1.3.4) for each setting of a space group. Table 2.1.3.12 lists the symbols for centring types and glide planes for the cell choices 1, 2, 3. The order of the three cell choices is defined as follows: The symbols occurring in the familiar ‘standard short monoclinic space-group symbols’ (see Section 2.1.3.3) define cell choice 1; for ‘unique axis b’, this applies to the centring type C and the glide plane c, as in Cm (8) and P21 =c ð14Þ. Cell choices 2 and 3 follow from the anticlockwise order 1–2–3 in Fig. 2.1.3.4 and their spacegroup symbols can be obtained from Table 2.1.3.12. The c-axis and the a-axis settings then are derived from the b-axis setting by cyclic permutations of the axial labels, as described in this section. In the two space groups Cc (9) and C2=c ð15Þ, glide planes occur in pairs, i.e. each vector e, f, g is associated either with a glide vector or with the centring vector of the cell. For Pc (7), P2=c ð13Þ and P21 =c ð14Þ, which contain only one type of glide plane, the left-hand member of each pair of glide planes in Table 2.1.3.12 applies. In the space-group tables of this volume, the following treatments of monoclinic space groups are given:

Example: No. 15, standard short symbol C2=c The full symbols for the three cell choices (rows) and the three unique axes (columns) read C12=c1 A112=a B2=b11

A12=n1 B112=n C2=n11

I12=a1 I112=b I2=c11:

Application of the priority rule would have resulted in the following symbols: C12=c1 A112=a B2=b11

A12=a1 I12=a1 B112=b I112=a C2=c11 I2=b11:

Here, the transformation properties are obscured. Comparison with earlier editions of International Tables. In IT (1935), each monoclinic space group was presented in one description only, with b as the unique axis. Hence, only one short Hermann–Mauguin symbol was needed. In IT (1952), the c-axis setting (first setting) was newly introduced, in addition to the b-axis setting (second setting). This extension was based on a decision of the Stockholm General Assembly of the International Union of Crystallography in 1951 [cf. Acta Cryst. (1951), 4, 569 and Preface to IT (1952)]. According to this decision, the b-axis setting should continue to be accepted as standard for morphological and structural studies. The two settings led to the introduction of full Hermann– Mauguin symbols for all 13 monoclinic space groups (e.g. P121 =c1 and P1121 =b) and of two different standard short symbols (e.g. P21 =c and P21 =b) for the eight space groups with centred lattices or glide planes [cf. p. 545 of IT (1952)]. In the present volume (as in the previous editions of this series), only one of these standard short symbols is retained (see above and Section 2.1.3.3). The c-axis setting (primed labels) was obtained from the b-axis setting (unprimed labels) by the following transformation: 0 1 1 0 0
ða0 ; b0 ; c0 Þ ¼ ða; b; cÞ@ 0 0 1
A ¼ ða; c; bÞ: 0 1 0

(1) Two complete descriptions for each of the five monoclinic space groups with primitive lattices and without glide planes, one for ‘unique axis b’ and one for ‘unique axis c’, similar to the treatment in IT (1952). (2) A total of six descriptions for each of the eight space groups with centred lattices or glide planes, as follows: (a) One complete description for ‘unique axis b’ and ‘cell choice’ 1. This is considered the standard description of the space group, and its short Hermann–Mauguin symbol is used as the standard symbol of the space group. This standard short symbol corresponds to the one symbol of IT (1935) and to that of the b-axis setting in IT (1952), e.g. P21 =c or C2=c. It serves only to identify the space-group type but carries no information about the

171

2. THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES This corresponds to an interchange of two labels and not to the more logical cyclic permutation, as used in all editions of this series. The reason for this particular transformation was to obtain short space-group symbols that indicate the setting unambiguously; thus the lattice letters were chosen as C (b-axis setting) and B (c-axis setting). The use of A in either case would not have distinguished between the two settings [cf. pp. 7, 55 and 543 of IT (1952); see also Table 2.1.3.12]. As a consequence of the different transformations between band c-axis settings in IT (1952) and in this volume (and all editions of this series), some space-group symbols have changed. This is apparent from a comparison of pairs such as P121 =c1 & P1121 =b and C12=c1 & B112=b in IT (1952) with the corresponding pairs in this volume, P121 =c1 & P1121 =a and C12=c1 & A112=a. The symbols with B-centred cells appear now for cell choice 2, as can be seen from Table 2.1.3.12.

Figure 2.1.3.13 The two line groups (one-dimensional space groups). Small circles are reflection points; large circles represent the general position; in line group p1, the vertical bars are the origins of the unit cells.

The one-dimensional point groups are of interest as ‘edge symmetries’ of two-dimensional ‘edge forms’; they are listed in Table 3.2.3.1. The one-dimensional space groups occur as projection and section symmetries of crystal structures.

Selection of monoclinic cell. In practice, the selection of the (right-handed) unit cell of a monoclinic crystal can be approached in three ways, whereby the axes refer to the b-unique setting; for c unique similar considerations apply:

2.1.4. Computer production of the space-group tables By P. Konstantinov and K. Momma

(i) Irrespective of their lengths, the basis vectors are chosen such that, in Fig. 2.1.3.12, one obtains c ¼ e, a ¼ f and b normal to a and c pointing upwards. This corresponds to a selection of cell choice 1. It ensures that the crystal structure can always be referred directly to the description and the space-group symbol in IT (1935) and IT (1952). However, this is at the expense of possibly using a non-reduced and, in many cases, even a very awkward cell. (ii) Selection of the reduced mesh, i.e. the shortest two translation vectors in the monoclinic plane are taken as axes and labelled a and c, with either a < c or c < a. This results with equal probability in one of the three cell choices described in the present volume. (iii) Selection of the cell on special grounds, e.g. to compare the structure under consideration with another related crystal structure. This may result again in a non-reduced cell and it may even necessitate use of the a-axis setting. In all these cases, the coordinate system chosen should be carefully explained in the description of the structure.

The space-group tables for the first (1983) edition of Volume A were produced and typeset by a computer-aided process as described by Fokkema (1983). However, the computer programs used and the data files were then lost. All corrections in the subsequent three editions were done by photocopying and ‘cutand-paste’ work based on the printed version of the book. Hence, in October 1997, a new project for the electronic production of the fifth edition of Volume A of International Tables for Crystallography was started. Part of this project concerned the computer generation of the plane- and spacegroup tables [Parts 6 and 7 of IT A (2002)], excluding the spacegroup diagrams. The aim was to be able to produce PostScript and Portable Document Format (PDF) documents that could be used for printing and displaying the tables. The layout of the tables had to follow exactly that of the previous editions of Volume A. Having the space-group tables in electronic form opened the way for easy corrections and modifications of later editions and made possible the online edition of Volume A in 2006 (http://it.iucr.org/A/). Although the plane- and space-group data were encoded in a format designed for printing, they were later machine-read and transformed to other electronic formats, and were incorporated into the data files on which the Symmetry Database in the online version of International Tables for Crystallography (http://it.iucr.org/resources/symmetrydatabase/) and the online services offered by the Bilbao Crystallographic Server (http://www.cryst.ehu.es/) are based. The LATEX document preparation system (Lamport, 1994), which is based on the TEX typesetting software, was used for the preparation of these tables. It was chosen because of its high versatility and general availability on almost any computer platform. It is also worth noting the longevity of the system. Even though the hardware and operating system software used almost 20 years ago, when the project began, are now obsolete, the software is still available on all major modern computer systems. All the material – LATEX code and data – created for the fifth edition of 2002 was re-used in the preparation of the current edition with only small changes concerning the presentation. A separate file was created for each plane and space group and each setting. These data files contain the information listed in the plane- and space-group tables and are encoded using standard LATEX constructs. As is customary, these specially designed commands and environments are defined in a separate package

2.1.3.16. Crystallographic groups in one dimension In one dimension, only one crystal family, one crystal system and one Bravais lattice exist. No name or common symbol is required for any of them. All one-dimensional lattices are primitive, which is symbolized by the script letter p; cf. Table 2.1.1.1. There occur two types of one-dimensional point groups, 1 and
The latter contains reflections through a point (reflection m 1. point or mirror point). This operation can also be described as inversion through a point, thus m 1
for one dimension; cf. Section 2.1.2. Two types of line groups (one-dimensional space groups) exist,
which are with Hermann–Mauguin symbols p1 and pm p1, illustrated in Fig. 2.1.3.13. Line group p1, which consists of onedimensional translations only, has merely one (general) position with coordinate x. Line group pm consists of one-dimensional translations and reflections through points. It has one general and two special positions. The coordinates of the general position are x and x
; the coordinate of one special position is 0, that of the
other 12 . The site symmetries of both special positions are m 1. For p1, the origin is arbitrary, for pm it is at a reflection point.

172

2.1. GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES file, which essentially contains routines, called macros, that control the typographical layout of the data. Thus, the main principle of LATEX – that of keeping content and presentation separate – was followed as closely as possible. The final typesetting of all the plane- and space-group tables was done by running a single computer job. References in the tables from one page to another are automatically computed. The result is a PostScript file which can be fed to a laser printer or other printing or typesetting equipment. It can also be easily converted to a PDF file. It is also possible to generate the output for just one group, as accessed in the online edition, or a series of groups. The different types of data in the LATEX files were either keyed by hand or computer generated, and were additionally checked by specially written programs. The preparation of the data files can be summarized as follows: Headline, Origin, Asymmetric unit: hand keyed. Symmetry operations: partly created by a computer program. The algorithm for the derivation of symmetry operations from their matrix representation is similar to that described in the literature (cf. Section 1.2.2; see also Hahn & Wondratschek, 1994). The data were additionally checked by automatic comparison with the output of the computer program SPACER (Stro´z˙, 1997). Generators: transferred automatically from the data for Volume A1 of International Tables for Crystallography (2010), hereafter referred to as IT A1. General positions: created by a program. The algorithm uses the well known generating process for space groups based on their solvability property (cf. Section 1.4.3). Special positions: The first representatives of the Wyckoff positions were typed in by hand. The Wyckoff letters are assigned automatically by the TEX macros according to the order of appearance of the special positions in the data file. The multiplicity of the position, the oriented site-symmetry symbol and the rest of the representatives of the Wyckoff position were generated by a program. Again, the data were compared with the results of the program SPACER. Reflection conditions: hand keyed. A program for automatic checking of the special-position coordinates and the corresponding reflection conditions with h, k, l ranging from 20 to 20 was developed. Symmetry of special projections: hand keyed. Maximal subgroups and minimal supergroups: this information appeared in the fifth revised edition of Volume A, as in the previous editions. Most of the data were automatically transferred from the data files used for the production of IT A1. The macros for typesetting these data were re-implemented to obtain exactly the layout of Volume A. For the current edition these data have been omitted by redefining the macros to ignore the content, which is still present in the data files. The symmetry-element diagrams were scanned and processed in the IUCr Editorial Office in Chester. In the first edition of IT A published in 1983, the generalposition diagrams of the cubic groups presented in the 1935 edition of Internationale Tabellen zur Bestimmung von Kristallstrukturen were replaced by small stereodiagrams. At that time, such stereodiagrams were probably the easiest way to allow three-dimensional visualization, and the same stereodiagrams were reproduced in the following editions. However, the sizes of the stereodiagrams were limited by the page size, so they were very small, and they also lacked any indication of generalposition ‘enantiomorph’ points. The situation has changed a lot

since then and three-dimensional visualization of the general positions is easily achieved with structure-drawing programs. Therefore, in this sixth edition, new general-position diagrams of the cubic groups, which are similar to those of the non-cubic groups, were created with a focus on better two-dimensional representation in print. The new diagrams were created by K. Momma using the computer program VESTA (Momma & Izumi, 2011), which was extended for this purpose. The diagrams that were generated were carefully checked by comparing them with the original diagrams in the 1935 edition. The coordinates of general positions are slightly different from those used in the original diagrams and were chosen so that the general positions overlap as little as possible in the two-dimensional orthogonal projection of the diagrams. The coordinates of general positions used are: (i) 0.0375, 0.1125, 0.098 for space-group Nos. 198, 199, 205, 206, 212, 213, 214, 220 and 230; (ii) 0.065, 0.12, 0.048 for the second diagrams of space-group Nos. 212, 214 and 230; (iii) 0.435, 0.38, 0.452 for the second diagram of space-group No. 213; (iv) 0.31, 0.095, 0.21 for the second diagram of space-group No. 220; and (v) 0.048x, 0.12y, 0.089z for the remaining space groups, where x, y, z is the first coordinate triplet of the highest symmetry Wyckoff position of the space group. In addition, three-dimensional-style tilted general-position diagrams were created by VESTA for each of the ten space
crystal class. These diagrams can be reprogroups of the m3m duced and visualized in three dimensions using VESTA. They were provided in the form of Portable Network Graphics (PNG) raster images and were included in the page layout of the spacegroup tables with some scaling and cropping. The preparation of the plane- and space-group tables was carried out on various computer platforms in Sofia, Bilbao, Karlsruhe, Tsukuba and Chester. The development of the computer programs and the layout macros in the LATEX package file, and the preparation of the diagrams were done in parallel by different members of the team, which included Asen Kirov (Sofia), Eli Kroumova (Bilbao), Koichi Momma, Preslav Konstantinov and Mois Aroyo, and staff at the Editorial Office in Chester.

References Astbury, W. T. & Yardley, K. (1924). Tabulated data for the examination of the 230 space groups by homogeneous X-rays. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A, 224, 221–257. Belov, N. V., Zagal’skaja, Ju. G., Litvinskaja, G. P. & Egorov-Tismenko, Ju. K. (1980). Atlas of the Space Groups of the Cubic System. Moscow: Nauka. (In Russian.) Biedl, A. W. (1966). The projection of a crystal structure. Z. Kristallogr. 123, 21–26. Buerger, M. J. (1949). Fourier summations for symmetrical crystals. Am. Mineral. 34, 771–788. Buerger, M. J. (1956). Elementary Crystallography. New York: Wiley. Buerger, M. J. (1960). Crystal-Structure Analysis, ch. 17. New York: Wiley. Buerger, M. J. (1965). The geometry of projections. Tschermaks Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt. 10, 595–607. Engel, P., Matsumoto, T., Steinmann, G. & Wondratschek, H. (1984). The non-characteristic orbits of the space groups. Z. Kristallogr., Supplement Issue No. 1. Fedorov, E. S. (1895). Theorie der Kristallstruktur. Einleitung. Regelma¨ssige Punktsysteme (mit u¨bersichtlicher graphischer Darstellung). Z. Kristallogr. 24, 209–252, Tafel V, VI. [English translation by D. & K.

173

2. THE SPACE-GROUP TABLES Momma, K. & Izumi, F. (2011). VESTA 3 for three-dimensional visualization of crystal, volumetric and morphology data. J. Appl. Cryst. 44, 1272–1276. Mu¨ller, U. (2013). Symmetry Relationships between Crystal Structures. Oxford: IUCr/Oxford University Press. Niggli, P. (1919). Geometrische Kristallographie des Diskontinuums. Leipzig: Borntraeger. [Reprint: Wiesbaden: Sa¨ndig (1973).] Parthe´, E., Gelato, L. M. & Chabot, B. (1988). Structure description ambiguity depending upon which edition of International Tables for (X-ray) Crystallography is used. Acta Cryst. A44, 999–1002. Sadanaga, R., Takeuchi, Y. & Morimoto, N. (1978). Complex structures of minerals. Recent Prog. Nat. Sci. Jpn, 3, 141–206, esp. pp. 149–151. ¨ ber eine neue Herleitung und Nomenklatur Schiebold, E. (1929). U der 230 kristallographischen Raumgruppen mit Atlas der 230 Raumgruppen-Projektionen. Text, Atlas. In Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Klasse der Sa¨chsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Band 40, Heft 5. Leipzig: Hirzel. Shubnikov, A. V. & Belov, N. V. (1964). Coloured Symmetry, pp. 198–210. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Stro´z˙, K. (1997). SPACER: a program to display space-group information for a conventional and nonconventional coordinate system. J. Appl. Cryst. 30, 178–181. Templeton, D. H. (1956). Systematic absences corresponding to false symmetry. Acta Cryst. 9, 199–200. Wilson, A. J. C. (1993). Laue and Patterson symmetry in the complex case. Z. Kristallogr. 208, 199–206. Wolff, P. M. de, Belov, N. V., Bertaut, E. F., Buerger, M. J., Donnay, J. D. H., Fischer, W., Hahn, Th., Koptsik, V. A., Mackay, A. L., Wondratschek, H., Wilson, A. J. C. & Abrahams, S. C. (1985). Nomenclature for crystal families, Bravais-lattice types and arithmetic classes. Report of the International Union of Crystallography Ad-hoc Committee on the Nomenclature of Symmetry. Acta Cryst. A41, 278– 280. Wolff, P. M. de, Billiet, Y., Donnay, J. D. H., Fischer, W., Galiulin, R. B., Glazer, A. M., Hahn, Th., Senechal, M., Shoemaker, D. P., Wondratschek, H., Wilson, A. J. C. & Abrahams, S. C. (1992). Symbols for symmetry elements and symmetry operations. Final Report of the International Union of Crystallography Ad-hoc Committee on the Nomenclature of Symmetry. Acta Cryst. A48, 727–732. Wolff, P. M. de, Billiet, Y., Donnay, J. D. H., Fischer, W., Galiulin, R. B., Glazer, A. M., Senechal, M., Shoemaker, D. P., Wondratschek, H., Hahn, Th., Wilson, A. J. C. & Abrahams, S. C. (1989). Definition of symmetry elements in space groups and point groups. Report of the International Union of Crystallography Ad-hoc Committee on the Nomenclature of Symmetry. Acta Cryst. A45, 494–499.

Harker (1971). Symmetry of Crystals, esp. pp. 206–213. Am. Crystallogr. Assoc., ACA Monograph No. 7.] Fischer, K. F. & Knof, W. E. (1987). Space groups for imaginary Patterson and for difference Patterson functions used in the lambda technique. Z. Kristallogr. 180, 237–242. Fischer, W., Burzlaff, H., Hellner, E. & Donnay, J. D. H. (1973). Space Groups and Lattice Complexes. NBS Monograph No. 134. Washington, DC: National Bureau of Standards. Flack, H. D. (2015). Patterson functions. Z. Kristallogr. 230, 743– 748. Flack, H. D., Wondratschek, H., Hahn, Th. & Abrahams, S. C. (2000). Symmetry elements in space groups and point groups. Addenda to two IUCr Reports on the Nomenclature of Symmetry. Acta Cryst. A56, 96– 98. Fokkema, D. S. (1983). Computer production of Volume A. In International Tables for Crystallography, Vol. A, Space-Group Symmetry, 1st ed., edited by Th. Hahn. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company. Friedel, G. (1926). Lec¸ons de Cristallographie. Nancy/Paris/Strasbourg: Berger-Levrault. [Reprinted: Paris: Blanchard (1964).] Hahn, Th. & Wondratschek, H. (1994). Symmetry of Crystals. Sofia: Heron Press. Heesch, H. (1929). Zur systematischen Strukturtheorie. II. Z. Kristallogr. 72, 177–201. Hilton, H. (1903). Mathematical Crystallography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [Reprint: New York: Dover (1963).] International Tables for Crystallography (2002). Vol. A, 5th ed., edited by Th. Hahn. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. [Abbreviated as IT A (2002).] International Tables for Crystallography (2004). Vol. C, 3rd ed., edited by E. Prince. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. International Tables for Crystallography (2010). Vol. A1, 2nd ed., edited by H. Wondratschek & U. Mu¨ller. Chichester: Wiley. [Abbreviated as IT A1 (2010).] International Tables for X-ray Crystallography (1952). Vol. I, edited by N. F. M. Henry & K. Lonsdale. Birmingham: Kynoch Press. [Revised editions: 1965, 1969 and 1977. Abbreviated as IT (1952).] Internationale Tabellen zur Bestimmung von Kristallstrukturen (1935). 1. Band, edited by C. Hermann. Berlin: Borntraeger. [Revised edition: Ann Arbor: Edwards (1944). Abbreviated as IT (1935).] Koch, E. & Fischer, W. (1974). Zur Bestimmung asymmetrischer Einheiten kubischer Raumgruppen mit Hilfe von Wirkungsbereichen. Acta Cryst. A30, 490–496. Lamport, L. (1994). LaTeX: a Document Preparation System, 2nd ed. Reading: Addison-Wesley.

174

references

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Chapter 2.2, pp. 175–192.

2.2. THE 17 PLANE GROUPS (TWO-DIMENSIONAL SPACE GROUPS) Plane group 1 (p1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plane group 2 (p2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plane group 3 (pm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plane group 4 (pg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plane group 5 (cm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plane group 6 (p2mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plane group 7 (p2mg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plane group 8 (p2gg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plane group 9 (c2mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plane group 10 (p4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plane group 11 (p4mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plane group 12 (p4gm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plane group 13 (p3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plane group 14 (p3m1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plane group 15 (p31m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plane group 16 (p6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plane group 17 (p6mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

c 2016 International Union of Crystallography Copyright

175

176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192

pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Plane group 1, p. 176.

p1

1

No. 1

p1

Oblique Patterson symmetry p 2

Origin arbitrary Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0≤y≤1

Symmetry operations (1) 1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

1

a

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

no conditions

176

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Plane group 2, p. 177.

Oblique

2

p2

Patterson symmetry p 2

p2

No. 2

Origin at 2 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0≤y≤1

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

e

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y

(2) x, ¯ y¯

no conditions Special: no extra conditions

1

d

2

1 2

, 12

1

c

2

1 2

,0

1

b

2

0, 12

1

a

2

0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

177

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Plane group 3, p. 178.

pm

m

No. 3

p1m1

Rectangular Patterson symmetry p 2 m m

Origin on m 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0≤y≤1

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(2) m 0, y

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

Reflection conditions General:

c

1

(1) x, y

1

b

.m.

1 2

1

a

.m.

0, y

(2) x, ¯y

no conditions Special: no extra conditions

,y

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

178

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Plane group 4, p. 179.

Rectangular

m

Patterson symmetry p 2 m m

p1g1

pg No. 4

Origin on g Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0≤y≤1

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(2) b 0, y

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

a

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y

(2) x, ¯ y + 12

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

0k: k = 2n

179

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Plane group 5, p. 180.

cm

m

No. 5

c1m1

Rectangular Patterson symmetry c 2 m m

Origin on m 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0≤y≤

1 2

Symmetry operations For (0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) m 0, y

For ( 21 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 )

(2) b

1 4

,y

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); t( 21 , 12 ); (2) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

b

1

Reflection conditions

(0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 )+ (1) x, y

General: hk: h + k = 2n h0: h = 2n 0k: k = 2n

(2) x, ¯y

Special: no extra conditions 2

a

.m.

0, y

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

180

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Plane group 6, p. 181.

Rectangular

2mm

Patterson symmetry p 2 m m

p2mm

p2mm No. 6

Origin at 2 m m 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0≤y≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0

(3) m 0, y

(4) m x, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

i

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y

(2) x, ¯ y¯

(3) x, ¯y

(4) x, y¯

no conditions Special: no extra conditions

2

h

.m.

1 2

2

g

.m.

0, y

0, y¯

2

f

..m

x, 12

x, ¯ 12

2

e

..m

x, 0

x, ¯0

1

d

2mm

1 2

, 12

1

c

2mm

1 2

,0

1

b

2mm

0, 12

1

a

2mm

0, 0

,y

1 2

, y¯

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

181

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Plane group 7, p. 182.

p2mg

2mm

No. 7

p2mg

Rectangular Patterson symmetry p 2 m m

Origin at 2 1 g 0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

Asymmetric unit

0≤y≤1

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0

(3) m

1 4

,y

(4) a x, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

d

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y

(2) x, ¯ y¯

(3) x¯ + 12 , y

(4) x + 12 , y¯

h0: h = 2n Special: as above, plus

2

c

.m.

1 4

,y

3 4

, y¯

no extra conditions

2

b

2..

0, 12

1 2

, 12

hk: h = 2n

2

a

2..

0, 0

1 2

,0

hk: h = 2n

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

182

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Plane group 8, p. 183.

Rectangular

2mm

p2gg

Patterson symmetry p 2 m m

p2gg

No. 8

Origin at 2 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0≤y≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0

(3) b

1 4

,y

(4) a x, 14

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

c

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y

(2) x, ¯ y¯

(3) x¯ + 12 , y + 12

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12

h0: h = 2n 0k: k = 2n Special: as above, plus

2

b

2..

1 2

2

a

2..

0, 0

,0

0, 12

hk: h + k = 2n

, 12

hk: h + k = 2n

1 2

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

183

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Plane group 9, p. 184.

c2mm

2mm

No. 9

c2mm

Rectangular Patterson symmetry c 2 m m

Origin at 2 m m 0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

Asymmetric unit

0≤y≤

1 2

Symmetry operations For (0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0

For ( 21 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 )

(2) 2

1 4

, 14

(3) m 0, y

(4) m x, 0

,y

(4) a x, 14

(3) b

1 4

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); t( 21 , 12 ); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

f

1

Reflection conditions

(0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 )+ (1) x, y

(2) x, ¯ y¯

(3) x, ¯y

General: (4) x, y¯

hk: h + k = 2n h0: h = 2n 0k: k = 2n Special: as above, plus

4

e

.m.

0, y

0, y¯

no extra conditions

4

d

..m

x, 0

x, ¯0

no extra conditions

4

c

2..

1 4

2

b

2mm

0, 12

no extra conditions

2

a

2mm

0, 0

no extra conditions

, 14

3 4

, 14

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

hk: h = 2n

184

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Plane group 10, p. 185.

Square

4

Patterson symmetry p 4

p4

p4 No. 10

Origin at 4 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0≤y≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(3) 4+ 0, 0

(2) 2 0, 0

(4) 4− 0, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

d

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y

(2) x, ¯ y¯

(3) y, ¯x

(4) y, x¯

no conditions Special:

2

c

2..

1 2

,0

1

b

4..

1 2

, 12

no extra conditions

1

a

4..

0, 0

no extra conditions

hk: h + k = 2n

0, 12

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

185

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Plane group 11, p. 186.

p4mm

4mm

No. 11

p4mm

Square Patterson symmetry p 4 m m

Origin at 4 m m 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

x≤y

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) m 0, y

(3) 4+ 0, 0 (7) m x, x

(2) 2 0, 0 (6) m x, 0

(4) 4− 0, 0 (8) m x, x¯

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

g

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y (5) x, ¯y

(2) x, ¯ y¯ (6) x, y¯

(3) y, ¯x (7) y, x

(4) y, x¯ (8) y, ¯ x¯

no conditions Special:

4

f

..m

x, x

x, ¯ x¯

4

e

.m.

x, 12

x, ¯ 12

1 2

4

d

.m.

x, 0

x, ¯0

0, x

2

c

2 m m.

1 2

,0

0, 12

1

b

4mm

1 2

, 12

no extra conditions

1

a

4mm

0, 0

no extra conditions

x, ¯x ,x

x, x¯

no extra conditions

, x¯

no extra conditions

0, x¯

no extra conditions

1 2

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

hk: h + k = 2n

186

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Plane group 12, p. 187.

Square

4mm

Patterson symmetry p 4 m m

p4gm

p4gm No. 12

Origin at 4 1 g 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

y ≤ 12 − x

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) b

1 4

,y

(3) 4+ 0, 0 (7) g( 21 , 12 ) x, x

(2) 2 0, 0 (6) a x, 14

(4) 4− 0, 0 (8) m x + 12 , x¯

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

d

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y (5) x¯ + 12 , y + 12

(2) x, ¯ y¯ (6) x + 12 , y¯ + 12

(3) y, ¯x (7) y + 12 , x + 12

(4) y, x¯ (8) y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12

h0: h = 2n 0k: k = 2n Special: as above, plus

4

c

..m

x, x + 12

2

b

2 . mm

1 2

2

a

4..

0, 0

,0

x, ¯ x¯ + 12

x¯ + 12 , x

x + 12 , x¯

no extra conditions

0, 12

hk: h + k = 2n

, 12

hk: h + k = 2n

1 2

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

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International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Plane group 13, p. 188.

p3

3

No. 13

p3

Hexagonal Patterson symmetry p 6

Origin at 3 0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0, 0 12 , 0

Asymmetric unit Vertices

2 3

0 ≤ y ≤ 23 ; x ≤ (1 + y)/2; , 13 31 , 23 0, 12

y ≤ min(1 − x, (1 + x)/2)

Symmetry operations (2) 3+ 0, 0

(1) 1

(3) 3− 0, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

3

d

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y

(2) y, ¯ x−y

(3) x¯ + y, x¯

no conditions Special: no extra conditions

1

c

3..

2 3

, 13

1

b

3..

1 3

, 23

1

a

3..

0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

188

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Plane group 14, p. 189.

Hexagonal

3m

Patterson symmetry p 6 m m

p3m1

p3m1 No. 14

Origin at 3 m 1 0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0, 0 23 , 13

Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ y ≤ 23 ; 1 2 3, 3

x ≤ 2y;

y ≤ min(1 − x, 2x)

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (4) m x, x¯

(2) 3+ 0, 0 (5) m x, 2x

(3) 3− 0, 0 (6) m 2x, x

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (4) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

e

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y (4) y, ¯ x¯

(2) y, ¯ x−y (5) x¯ + y, y

(3) x¯ + y, x¯ (6) x, x − y

no conditions Special: no extra conditions

3

d

.m.

x, x¯

1

c

3m.

2 3

, 13

1

b

3m.

1 3

, 23

1

a

3m.

0, 0

x, 2x

2x, ¯ x¯

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

189

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Plane group 15, p. 190.

p31m

3m

No. 15

p31m

Hexagonal Patterson symmetry p 6 m m

Origin at 3 1 m 0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0, 0 12 , 0

Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; 2 1 1 1 3, 3 2, 2

x ≤ (1 + y)/2;

y ≤ min(1 − x, x)

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (4) m x, x

(2) 3+ 0, 0 (5) m x, 0

(3) 3− 0, 0 (6) m 0, y

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (4) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

d

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) y, ¯ x−y (5) x − y, y¯

(1) x, y (4) y, x

(3) x¯ + y, x¯ (6) x, ¯ x¯ + y

no conditions Special: no extra conditions

3

c

..m

x, 0

2

b

3..

1 3

1

a

3.m

0, 0

, 23

0, x 2 3

x, ¯ x¯

, 13

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

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International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Plane group 16, p. 191.

Hexagonal

6

Patterson symmetry p 6

p6

p6 No. 16

Origin at 6 0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0, 0 12 , 0

Asymmetric unit Vertices

2 3

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; , 13 21 , 12

x ≤ (1 + y)/2;

y ≤ min(1 − x, x)

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (4) 2 0, 0

(2) 3+ 0, 0 (5) 6− 0, 0

(3) 3− 0, 0 (6) 6+ 0, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (4) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

d

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) y, ¯ x−y (5) y, x¯ + y

(1) x, y (4) x, ¯ y¯

(3) x¯ + y, x¯ (6) x − y, x

no conditions Special: no extra conditions

3

c

2..

1 2

,0

0, 12

2

b

3..

1 3

, 23

2 3

1

a

6..

0, 0

1 2

, 12

, 13

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

191

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Plane group 17, p. 192.

p6mm

6mm

No. 17

p6mm

Hexagonal Patterson symmetry p 6 m m

Origin at 6 m m 0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0, 0 12 , 0

Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ y ≤ 13 ; 2 1 3, 3

x ≤ (1 + y)/2;

y ≤ x/2

Symmetry operations (1) (4) (7) (10)

1 2 0, 0 m x, x¯ m x, x

(2) (5) (8) (11)

3+ 6− m m

0, 0 0, 0 x, 2x x, 0

(3) (6) (9) (12)

3− 6+ m m

0, 0 0, 0 2x, x 0, y

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (4); (7) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

f

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ x¯ y, x

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x−y y, x¯ + y x¯ + y, y x − y, y¯

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x¯ x − y, x x, x − y x, ¯ x¯ + y

no conditions

Special: no extra conditions 6

e

.m.

x, x¯

x, 2x

6

d

..m

x, 0

0, x

3

c

2mm

1 2

,0

0, 12

2

b

3m.

1 3

, 23

2 3

1

a

6mm

0, 0

2x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ x¯ 1 2

x, ¯x x, ¯0

x, ¯ 2x¯ 0, x¯

, 12

, 13

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

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2x, x x, x

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Chapter 2.3, pp. 193–695.

2.3. THE 230 SPACE GROUPS Space group 1 (P1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¯ ............................................................................................. Space group 2 (P1) Space group 3 (P2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 3, unique axis b (P121) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 3, unique axis c (P112) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 4 (P21 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 4, unique axis b (P121 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 4, unique axis c (P1121 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 5 (C2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 5, unique axis b (C121) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 5, unique axis c (A112) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 6 (Pm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 6, unique axis b (P1m1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 6, unique axis c (P11m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 7 (Pc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 7, unique axis b (P1c1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 7, unique axis c (P11a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 8 (Cm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 8, unique axis b (C1m1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 8, unique axis c (A11m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 9 (Cc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 9, unique axis b (C1c1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 9, unique axis c (A11a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 10 (P2/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 10, unique axis b (P12/m1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 10, unique axis c (P112/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 11 (P21 /m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 11, unique axis b (P121 /m1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 11, unique axis c (P1121 /m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 12 (C2/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 12, unique axis b (C12/m1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 12, unique axis c (A112/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 13 (P2/c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 13, unique axis b (P12/c1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 13, unique axis c (P112/a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 14 (P21 /c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 14, unique axis b (P121 /c1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 14, unique axis c (P1121 /a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 15 (C2/c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 15, unique axis b (C12/c1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 15, unique axis c (A112/a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 16 (P222) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 17 (P2221 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 18 (P21 21 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 19 (P21 21 21 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 20 (C2221 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 21 (C222) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 22 (F222) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 23 (I222) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 24 (I21 21 21 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c 2016 International Union of Crystallography Copyright

193

194 195 196 196 197 198 198 199 200 200 204 208 208 209 210 210 213 216 216 220 224 224 227 230 230 232 234 234 235 236 236 240 244 244 248 252 252 256 260 260 264 268 270 272 273 274 276 278 280 282

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Space group 25 (Pmm2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 26 (Pmc21 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 27 (Pcc2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 28 (Pma2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 29 (Pca21 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 30 (Pnc2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 31 (Pmn21 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 32 (Pba2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 33 (Pna21 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 34 (Pnn2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 35 (Cmm2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 36 (Cmc21 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 37 (Ccc2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 38 (Amm2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 39 (Aem2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 40 (Ama2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 41 (Aea2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 42 (Fmm2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 43 (Fdd2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 44 (Imm2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 45 (Iba2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 46 (Ima2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 47 (Pmmm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 48 (Pnnn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 48, origin choice 1 (Pnnn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 48, origin choice 2 (Pnnn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 49 (Pccm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 50 (Pban) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 50, origin choice 1 (Pban) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 50, origin choice 2 (Pban) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 51 (Pmma) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 52 (Pnna) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 53 (Pmna) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 54 (Pcca) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 55 (Pbam) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 56 (Pccn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 57 (Pbcm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 58 (Pnnm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 59 (Pmmn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 59, origin choice 1 (Pmmn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 59, origin choice 2 (Pmmn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 60 (Pbcn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 61 (Pbca) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 62 (Pnma) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 63 (Cmcm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 64 (Cmce) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 65 (Cmmm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 66 (Cccm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 67 (Cmme) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 68 (Ccce) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 68, origin choice 1 (Ccce) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 68, origin choice 2 (Ccce) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 69 (Fmmm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 70 (Fddd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 296 298 300 302 304 306 308 310 312 314 316 318 320 320 322 324 326 326 328 330 332 334 336 338 340 342 344 346 346 348 350 352 354 356 358 360 362 364 366 366 368 370 372

pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf

Space group 70, origin choice 1 (Fddd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 70, origin choice 2 (Fddd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 71 (Immm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 72 (Ibam) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 73 (Ibca) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 74 (Imma) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 75 (P4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 76 (P41 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 77 (P42 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 78 (P43 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 79 (I4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 80 (I41 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¯ ............................................................................................ Space group 81 (P4) ¯ ............................................................................................ Space group 82 (I4) Space group 83 (P4/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 84 (P42 /m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 85 (P4/n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 85, origin choice 1 (P4/n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 85, origin choice 2 (P4/n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 86 (P42 /n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 86, origin choice 1 (P42 /n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 86, origin choice 2 (P42 /n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 87 (I4/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 88 (I41 /a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 88, origin choice 1 (I41 /a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 88, origin choice 2 (I41 /a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 89 (P422) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 90 (P421 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 91 (P41 22) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 92 (P41 21 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 93 (P42 22) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 94 (P42 21 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 95 (P43 22) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 96 (P43 21 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 97 (I422) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 98 (I41 22) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 99 (P4mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 100 (P4bm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 101 (P42 cm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 102 (P42 nm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 103 (P4cc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 104 (P4nc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 105 (P42 mc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 106 (P42 bc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 107 (I4mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 108 (I4cm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 109 (I41 md) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 110 (I41 cd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¯ Space group 111 (P42m) ........................................................................................ ¯ Space group 112 (P42c) ........................................................................................ ¯ Space group 113 (P421 m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¯ 1 c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 114 (P42 ¯ Space group 115 (P4m2) ........................................................................................ ¯ Space group 116 (P4c2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

372 374 376 378 380 382 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 394 395 396 396 397 398 400 400 401 402 404 406 407 408 410 412 413 414 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434

pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf

¯ Space group 117 (P4b2) ........................................................................................ ¯ Space group 118 (P4n2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¯ Space group 119 (I4m2) ........................................................................................ ¯ Space group 120 (I4c2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¯ Space group 121 (I42m) ........................................................................................ ¯ Space group 122 (I42d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 123 (P4/mmm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 124 (P4/mcc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 125 (P4/nbm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 125, origin choice 1 (P4/nbm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 125, origin choice 2 (P4/nbm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 126 (P4/nnc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 126, origin choice 1 (P4/nnc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 126, origin choice 2 (P4/nnc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 127 (P4/mbm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 128 (P4/mnc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 129 (P4/nmm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 129, origin choice 1 (P4/nmm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 129, origin choice 2 (P4/nmm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 130 (P4/ncc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 130, origin choice 1 (P4/ncc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 130, origin choice 2 (P4/ncc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 131 (P42 /mmc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 132 (P42 /mcm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 133 (P42 /nbc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 133, origin choice 1 (P42 /nbc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 133, origin choice 2 (P42 /nbc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 134 (P42 /nnm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 134, origin choice 1 (P42 /nnm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 134, origin choice 2 (P42 /nnm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 135 (P42 /mbc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 136 (P42 /mnm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 137 (P42 /nmc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 137, origin choice 1 (P42 /nmc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 137, origin choice 2 (P42 /nmc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 138 (P42 /ncm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 138, origin choice 1 (P42 /ncm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 138, origin choice 2 (P42 /ncm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 139 (I4/mmm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 140 (I4/mcm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 141 (I41 /amd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 141, origin choice 1 (I41 /amd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 141, origin choice 2 (I41 /amd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 142 (I41 /acd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 142, origin choice 1 (I41 /acd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 142, origin choice 2 (I41 /acd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 143 (P3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 144 (P31 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 145 (P32 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 146 (R3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 146, hexagonal axes (R3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 146, rhombohedral axes (R3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¯ .......................................................................................... Space group 147 (P3) ¯ .......................................................................................... Space group 148 (R3)

435 436 437 438 440 441 442 444 446 446 448 450 450 452 454 456 458 458 460 462 462 463 464 466 468 468 470 472 472 474 476 478 480 480 481 482 482 484 486 488 490 490 492 494 494 496 498 499 500 501 501 502 503 504

pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf

¯ ...................................................................... Space group 148, hexagonal axes (R3) ¯ .................................................................. Space group 148, rhombohedral axes (R3) Space group 149 (P312) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 150 (P321) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 151 (P31 12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 152 (P31 21) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 153 (P32 12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 154 (P32 21) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 155 (R32) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 155, hexagonal axes (R32) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 155, rhombohedral axes (R32) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 156 (P3m1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 157 (P31m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 158 (P3c1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 159 (P31c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 160 (R3m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 160, hexagonal axes (R3m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 160, rhombohedral axes (R3m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 161 (R3c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 161, hexagonal axes (R3c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 161, rhombohedral axes (R3c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¯ Space group 162 (P31m) ........................................................................................ ¯ Space group 163 (P31c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¯ Space group 164 (P3m1) ........................................................................................ ¯ Space group 165 (P3c1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¯ Space group 166 (R3m) ......................................................................................... ¯ Space group 166, hexagonal axes (R3m) .................................................................... ¯ Space group 166, rhombohedral axes (R3m) ................................................................ ¯ Space group 167 (R3c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¯ ..................................................................... Space group 167, hexagonal axes (R3c) ¯ ................................................................. Space group 167, rhombohedral axes (R3c) Space group 168 (P6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 169 (P61 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 170 (P65 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 171 (P62 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 172 (P64 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 173 (P63 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¯ .......................................................................................... Space group 174 (P6) Space group 175 (P6/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 176 (P63 /m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 177 (P622) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 178 (P61 22) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 179 (P65 22) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 180 (P62 22) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 181 (P64 22) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 182 (P63 22) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 183 (P6mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 184 (P6cc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 185 (P63 cm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 186 (P63 mc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¯ Space group 187 (P6m2) ........................................................................................ ¯ Space group 188 (P6c2) ........................................................................................ ¯ Space group 189 (P62m) ........................................................................................ ¯ Space group 190 (P62c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

504 506 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 514 516 518 519 520 521 522 522 524 526 526 528 530 532 534 535 536 536 538 540 540 542 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 554 556 557 558 560 562 564 565 566 567 568 570 572 574

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Space group 191 (P6/mmm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 192 (P6/mcc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 193 (P63 /mcm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 194 (P63 /mmc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 195 (P23) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 196 (F23) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 197 (I23) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 198 (P21 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 199 (I21 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¯ ......................................................................................... Space group 200 (Pm3) ¯ Space group 201 (Pn3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¯ ..................................................................... Space group 201, origin choice 1 (Pn3) ¯ ..................................................................... Space group 201, origin choice 2 (Pn3) ¯ ......................................................................................... Space group 202 (Fm3) ¯ Space group 203 (Fd3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¯ ..................................................................... Space group 203, origin choice 1 (Fd3) ¯ ..................................................................... Space group 203, origin choice 2 (Fd3) ¯ ......................................................................................... Space group 204 (Im3) ¯ Space group 205 (Pa3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¯ .......................................................................................... Space group 206 (Ia3) Space group 207 (P432) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 208 (P42 32) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 209 (F432) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 210 (F41 32) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 211 (I432) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 212 (P43 32) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 213 (P41 32) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Space group 214 (I41 32) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¯ Space group 215 (P43m) ........................................................................................ ¯ Space group 216 (F43m) ....................................................................................... ¯ Space group 217 (I43m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¯ Space group 218 (P43n) ........................................................................................ ¯ Space group 219 (F43c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¯ Space group 220 (I43d) ......................................................................................... ¯ Space group 221 (Pm3m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¯ Space group 222 (Pn3n) ........................................................................................ ¯ .................................................................... Space group 222, origin choice 1 (Pn3n) ¯ .................................................................... Space group 222, origin choice 2 (Pn3n) ¯ Space group 223 (Pm3n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¯ Space group 224 (Pn3m) ....................................................................................... ¯ Space group 224, origin choice 1 (Pn3m) ................................................................... ¯ Space group 224, origin choice 2 (Pn3m) ................................................................... ¯ Space group 225 (Fm3m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¯ ........................................................................................ Space group 226 (Fm3c) ¯ Space group 227 (Fd3m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¯ Space group 227, origin choice 1 (Fd3m) ................................................................... ¯ Space group 227, origin choice 2 (Fd3m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¯ Space group 228 (Fd3c) ........................................................................................ ¯ .................................................................... Space group 228, origin choice 1 (Fd3c) ¯ .................................................................... Space group 228, origin choice 2 (Fd3c) ¯ Space group 229 (Im3m) ....................................................................................... ¯ Space group 230 (Ia3d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

576 578 580 582 584 586 588 590 592 594 596 596 598 600 602 602 604 606 608 610 612 614 616 618 620 622 624 626 628 630 632 634 636 638 640 644 644 648 652 656 656 660 664 668 672 672 676 680 680 684 688 692

pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 1, p. 194.

P1

C11

No. 1

P1

1

Triclinic Patterson symmetry P 1¯

Origin arbitrary Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (1) 1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

1

a

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

no conditions

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 1 b = b p a = a p Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 b = c p a = b p Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [010] p 1 b = a p a = c p Origin at 0, y, 0

194

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 2, p. 195.

1¯

Triclinic Patterson symmetry P 1¯

Ci1

P 1¯

P 1¯

No. 2

Origin at 1¯ 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (2) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(1) 1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

i

Reflection conditions General:

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

no conditions Special: no extra conditions , 0, 0

1

h

1¯

1 2

, 12 , 12

1

d

1¯

1 2

1

g

1¯

0, 12 , 12

1

c

1¯

0, 12 , 0

1

f

1¯

1 2

, 0, 12

1

b

1¯

0, 0, 12

1

e

1¯

1 2

, 12 , 0

1

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 b = b p a = a p Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 b = c p a = b p Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [010] p 2 b = a p a = c p Origin at 0, y, 0 195

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 3, pp. 196–197.

P2

C21

No. 3

P121

UNIQUE AXIS

2

Monoclinic Patterson symmetry P 1 2/m 1

b

Origin on 2 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(2) 2 0, y, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

e

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, z¯

no conditions Special: no extra conditions

1

d

2

1 2

, y, 12

1

c

2

1 2

, y, 0

1

b

2

0, y, 12

1

a

2

0, y, 0

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 1 m 1 b = b a = a p Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 1 m a = b b = c p Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [010] p 2 b = a a = c Origin at 0, y, 0 196

Monoclinic

C21

2

P2

P112

Patterson symmetry P 1 1 2/m

No. 3 UNIQUE AXIS

Origin on 2 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

e

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

no conditions Special: no extra conditions

, 12 , z

1

d

2

1 2

1

c

2

0, 12 , z

1

b

2

1 2

1

a

2

0, 0, z

, 0, z

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = b p b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 1 1 m a = c b = a p Origin at 0, y, 0 197

c

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 4, pp. 198–199.

P 21

C22

No. 4

P 1 21 1

UNIQUE AXIS

2

Monoclinic Patterson symmetry P 1 2/m 1

b

Origin on 21 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (2) 2(0, 12 , 0) 0, y, 0

(1) 1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

a

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯

0k0: k = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 1 g 1 b = b a = a p Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 1 g a = b b = c p Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [010] p 2 b = a a = c Origin at 0, y, 0

198

Monoclinic

2

Patterson symmetry P 1 1 2/m

C22

P 21

P 1 1 21

No. 4 UNIQUE AXIS

Origin on 21 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z

(1) 1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

a

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12

00l: l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 g 1 a = b p b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 1 1 g a = c b = a p Origin at 0, y, 0

199

c

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 5, pp. 200–207.

C2

C23

No. 5

C121

UNIQUE AXIS

2

Patterson symmetry C 1 2/m 1

b, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin on 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) 2 0, y, 0

For ( , , 0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 0)

(2) 2(0, 12 , 0)

1 2

1 2

1 4

, y, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Monoclinic

200

No. 5

CONTINUED

C2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2) Positions

4

c

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+

1

(1) x, y, z

General:

(2) x, ¯ y, z¯

hkl: h0l: 0kl: hk0: 0k0: h00:

h + k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n h + k = 2n k = 2n h = 2n

Special: no extra conditions 2

b

2

0, y, 12

2

a

2

0, y, 0

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 1 m 1 b = b a = a p Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 1 m a = 12 b b = c p Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 b = 12 a a = c Origin at 0, y, 0

201

C23

C2

2

Monoclinic

No. 5 UNIQUE AXIS

b, DIFFERENT CELL CHOICES

C121 UNIQUE AXIS

b, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin on 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2) Positions

4

c

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) x, y, z

General:

(2) x, ¯ y, z¯

hkl: h0l: 0kl: hk0: 0k0: h00:

h + k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n h + k = 2n k = 2n h = 2n

Special: no extra conditions 2

b

2

0, y, 12

2

a

2

0, y, 0

202

No. 5

CONTINUED

C2

A121 UNIQUE AXIS

b, CELL CHOICE 2

Origin on 2 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); (2) Positions

4

c

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

General:

(2) x, ¯ y, z¯

hkl: h0l: 0kl: hk0: 0k0: 00l:

k + l = 2n l = 2n k + l = 2n k = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: no extra conditions , y, 12

2

b

2

1 2

2

a

2

0, y, 0

I 121 UNIQUE AXIS

b, CELL CHOICE 3

Origin on 2 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2) Positions

4

c

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

General:

(2) x, ¯ y, z¯

hkl: h0l: 0kl: hk0: 0k0: h00: 00l:

h + k + l = 2n h + l = 2n k + l = 2n h + k = 2n k = 2n h = 2n l = 2n

Special: no extra conditions , y, 0

2

b

2

1 2

2

a

2

0, y, 0

203

C2

C23

No. 5

A112

UNIQUE AXIS

2

Patterson symmetry A 1 1 2/m

c, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin on 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0, z

For (0, 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t(0, 12 , 12 )

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 14 , z

Monoclinic

204

No. 5

CONTINUED

C2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); (2) Positions

4

c

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z

General:

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

hkl: hk0: 0kl: h0l: 00l: 0k0:

k + l = 2n k = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n l = 2n k = 2n

Special: no extra conditions , 0, z

2

b

2

1 2

2

a

2

0, 0, z

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 b = 12 b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 1 m 1 a = b p b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 1 1 m a = 12 c b = a p Origin at 0, y, 0

205

C23

C2

2

Monoclinic

No. 5 UNIQUE AXIS

c, DIFFERENT CELL CHOICES

A112 UNIQUE AXIS

c, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin on 2 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); (2) Positions

4

c

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

General:

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

hkl: hk0: 0kl: h0l: 00l: 0k0:

k + l = 2n k = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n l = 2n k = 2n

Special: no extra conditions , 0, z

2

b

2

1 2

2

a

2

0, 0, z

206

No. 5

CONTINUED

C2

B112 UNIQUE AXIS

c, CELL CHOICE 2

Origin on 2 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2) Positions

4

c

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

General:

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

hkl: hk0: 0kl: h0l: 00l: h00:

h + l = 2n h = 2n l = 2n h + l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: no extra conditions , 12 , z

2

b

2

1 2

2

a

2

0, 0, z

I 112 UNIQUE AXIS

c, CELL CHOICE 3

Origin on 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2) Positions

4

c

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

General:

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

hkl: hk0: 0kl: h0l: 00l: h00: 0k0:

h + k + l = 2n h + k = 2n k + l = 2n h + l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n k = 2n

Special: no extra conditions 2

b

2

0, 12 , z

2

a

2

0, 0, z

207

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 6, pp. 208–209.

Pm

Cs1

No. 6

P1m1

UNIQUE AXIS

m

Monoclinic Patterson symmetry P 1 2/m 1

b

Origin on mirror plane m Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(2) m x, 0, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

c

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, y, ¯z

no conditions Special: no extra conditions

1

b

m

x, 12 , z

1

a

m

x, 0, z

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 1 1 m b = b a = a p Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = b b = c p Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [010] p 1 b = a a = c Origin at 0, y, 0

208

Monoclinic

m

Patterson symmetry P 1 1 2/m

Cs1

Pm

P11m

No. 6 UNIQUE AXIS

Origin on mirror plane m Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(2) m x, y, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

c

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, y, z¯

no conditions Special: no extra conditions

1

b

m

x, y, 12

1

a

m

x, y, 0

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 1 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 1 m a = b p b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 1 m 1 a = c b = a p Origin at 0, y, 0

209

c

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 7, pp. 210–215.

Pc

Cs2

No. 7

P1c1

UNIQUE AXIS

m

Monoclinic Patterson symmetry P 1 2/m 1

b, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin on glide plane c Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(2) c x, 0, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

a

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, y, ¯ z + 12

h0l: l = 2n 00l: l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 1 1 m b = b a = a p Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 g 1 a = b b = c p Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [010] p 1 b = a a = 12 c Origin at 0, y, 0

210

Monoclinic

Cs2

m

Pc No. 7

UNIQUE AXIS

b, DIFFERENT CELL CHOICES

P1c1 UNIQUE AXIS

b, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin on glide plane c Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

a

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, y, ¯ z + 12

h0l: l = 2n 00l: l = 2n

211

Pc

No. 7

CONTINUED

P1n1 UNIQUE AXIS

b, CELL CHOICE 2

Origin on glide plane n 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

a

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12

h0l: h + l = 2n h00: h = 2n 00l: l = 2n

P1a1 UNIQUE AXIS

b, CELL CHOICE 3

Origin on glide plane a Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

a

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x + 12 , y, ¯z

h0l: h = 2n h00: h = 2n

212

Monoclinic

Cs2

m

Pc

P11a

Patterson symmetry P 1 1 2/m

No. 7

UNIQUE AXIS

c, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin on glide plane a Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(2) a x, y, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

a

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x + 12 , y, z¯

hk0: h = 2n h00: h = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 1 b = b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 1 m a = b p b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 1 g 1 a = c b = a p Origin at 0, y, 0

213

Cs2

Pc

m

Monoclinic

No. 7 UNIQUE AXIS

c, DIFFERENT CELL CHOICES

P11a UNIQUE AXIS

c, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin on glide plane a Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

a

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x + 12 , y, z¯

hk0: h = 2n h00: h = 2n

214

No. 7

CONTINUED

Pc

P11n UNIQUE AXIS

c, CELL CHOICE 2

Origin on glide plane n 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

a

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯

hk0: h + k = 2n h00: h = 2n 0k0: k = 2n

P11b UNIQUE AXIS

c, CELL CHOICE 3

Origin on glide plane b Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

a

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, y + 12 , z¯

hk0: k = 2n 0k0: k = 2n

215

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 8, pp. 216–223.

Cm

Cs3

No. 8

C1m1

UNIQUE AXIS

m

Patterson symmetry C 1 2/m 1

b, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin on mirror plane m Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) m x, 0, z

For ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 0)

(2) a x, 14 , z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Monoclinic

216

No. 8

CONTINUED

Cm

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2) Positions

4

b

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) x, y, z

General:

(2) x, y, ¯z

hkl: h0l: 0kl: hk0: 0k0: h00:

h + k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n h + k = 2n k = 2n h = 2n

Special: no extra conditions 2

a

m

x, 0, z

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 1 1 m a = a p b = b Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = 12 b b = c p Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 1 b = 12 a a = c Origin at 0, y, 0

217

Cs3

Cm

m

Monoclinic

No. 8 UNIQUE AXIS

b, DIFFERENT CELL CHOICES

C1m1 UNIQUE AXIS

b, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin on mirror plane m Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2) Positions

4

b

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) x, y, z

General:

(2) x, y, ¯z

hkl: h0l: 0kl: hk0: 0k0: h00:

h + k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n h + k = 2n k = 2n h = 2n

Special: no extra conditions 2

a

m

x, 0, z

218

No. 8

CONTINUED

Cm

A1m1 UNIQUE AXIS

b, CELL CHOICE 2

Origin on mirror plane m 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); (2) Positions

4

b

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

General:

(2) x, y, ¯z

hkl: h0l: 0kl: hk0: 0k0: 00l:

k + l = 2n l = 2n k + l = 2n k = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: no extra conditions 2

a

m

x, 0, z

I 1m1 UNIQUE AXIS

b, CELL CHOICE 3

Origin on mirror plane m Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2) Positions

4

b

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

General:

(2) x, y, ¯z

hkl: h0l: 0kl: hk0: 0k0: h00: 00l:

h + k + l = 2n h + l = 2n k + l = 2n h + k = 2n k = 2n h = 2n l = 2n

Special: no extra conditions 2

a

m

x, 0, z

219

Cm

Cs3

No. 8

A11m

UNIQUE AXIS

m

Patterson symmetry A 1 1 2/m

c, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin on mirror plane m Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 4

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) m x, y, 0

For (0, 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t(0, 12 , 12 )

(2) b x, y, 14

Monoclinic

220

No. 8

CONTINUED

Cm

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); (2) Positions

4

b

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

General:

(2) x, y, z¯

hkl: hk0: 0kl: h0l: 00l: 0k0:

k + l = 2n k = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n l = 2n k = 2n

Special: no extra conditions 2

a

m

x, y, 0

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 1 a = a b = 12 b Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 1 1 m a = b p b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 1 m 1 a = 12 c b = a p Origin at 0, y, 0

221

Cs3

Cm

m

Monoclinic

No. 8 UNIQUE AXIS

c, DIFFERENT CELL CHOICES

A11m UNIQUE AXIS

c, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin on mirror plane m Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 4

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); (2) Positions

4

b

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

General:

(2) x, y, z¯

hkl: hk0: 0kl: h0l: 00l: 0k0:

k + l = 2n k = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n l = 2n k = 2n

Special: no extra conditions 2

a

m

x, y, 0

222

No. 8

CONTINUED

Cm

B11m UNIQUE AXIS

c, CELL CHOICE 2

Origin on mirror plane m 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 4

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2) Positions

4

b

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

General:

(2) x, y, z¯

hkl: hk0: 0kl: h0l: 00l: h00:

h + l = 2n h = 2n l = 2n h + l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: no extra conditions 2

a

m

x, y, 0

I 11m UNIQUE AXIS

c, CELL CHOICE 3

Origin on mirror plane m Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 4

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2) Positions

4

b

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

General:

(2) x, y, z¯

hkl: hk0: 0kl: h0l: 00l: h00: 0k0:

h + k + l = 2n h + k = 2n k + l = 2n h + l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n k = 2n

Special: no extra conditions 2

a

m

x, y, 0

223

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 9, pp. 224–229.

Cc

Cs4

No. 9

C1c1

UNIQUE AXIS

m

Monoclinic Patterson symmetry C 1 2/m 1

b, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin on glide plane c Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) c x, 0, z

For ( , , 0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 0)

(2) n( 12 , 0, 12 ) x, 14 , z

1 2

1 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2) Positions

4

a

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) x, y, z

General:

(2) x, y, ¯ z + 12

hkl: h0l: 0kl: hk0: 0k0: h00: 00l:

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 1 1 m b = b a = a p Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 g 1 a = 12 b b = c p Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [010] p 1 b = 12 a a = 12 c Origin at 0, y, 0 224

h + k = 2n h, l = 2n k = 2n h + k = 2n k = 2n h = 2n l = 2n

Monoclinic

Cs4

m

Cc No. 9

UNIQUE AXIS

b, DIFFERENT CELL CHOICES

C1c1 UNIQUE AXIS

b, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin on glide plane c Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2) Positions

4

a

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) x, y, z

General:

(2) x, y, ¯ z + 12

hkl: h0l: 0kl: hk0: 0k0: h00: 00l:

225

h + k = 2n h, l = 2n k = 2n h + k = 2n k = 2n h = 2n l = 2n

Cc

No. 9

CONTINUED

A1n1 UNIQUE AXIS

b, CELL CHOICE 2

Origin on glide plane n 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); (2) Positions

4

a

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

General:

(2) x + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12

hkl: h0l: 0kl: hk0: 0k0: h00: 00l:

k + l = 2n h, l = 2n k + l = 2n k = 2n k = 2n h = 2n l = 2n

I 1a1 UNIQUE AXIS

b, CELL CHOICE 3

Origin on glide plane a Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2) Positions

4

a

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

General:

(2) x + 12 , y, ¯z

hkl: h0l: 0kl: hk0: 0k0: h00: 00l:

226

h + k + l = 2n h, l = 2n k + l = 2n h + k = 2n k = 2n h = 2n l = 2n

Monoclinic

m

Patterson symmetry A 1 1 2/m

Cs4

Cc

A11a

No. 9

UNIQUE AXIS

c, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin on glide plane a Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 4

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) a x, y, 0

For (0, 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t(0, 12 , 12 )

(2) n( 12 , 12 , 0) x, y, 14

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); (2) Positions

4

a

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

General:

(2) x + 12 , y, z¯

hkl: hk0: 0kl: h0l: 00l: h00: 0k0:

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 1 b = 12 b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 1 1 m a = b p b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 1 g 1 a = 12 c b = a p Origin at 0, y, 0 227

k + l = 2n h, k = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n k = 2n

Cs4

Cc

m

Monoclinic

No. 9 UNIQUE AXIS

c, DIFFERENT CELL CHOICES

A11a UNIQUE AXIS

c, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin on glide plane a Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 4

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); (2) Positions

4

a

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

General:

(2) x + 12 , y, z¯

hkl: hk0: 0kl: h0l: 00l: h00: 0k0:

228

k + l = 2n h, k = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n k = 2n

No. 9

CONTINUED

Cc

B11n UNIQUE AXIS

c, CELL CHOICE 2

Origin on glide plane n 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 4

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2) Positions

4

a

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

General:

(2) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯

hkl: hk0: 0kl: h0l: 00l: h00: 0k0:

h + l = 2n h, k = 2n l = 2n h + l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n k = 2n

I 11b UNIQUE AXIS

c, CELL CHOICE 3

Origin on glide plane b Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 4

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2) Positions

4

a

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

General:

(2) x, y + 12 , z¯

hkl: hk0: 0kl: h0l: 00l: h00: 0k0:

229

h + k + l = 2n h, k = 2n k + l = 2n h + l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n k = 2n

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 10, pp. 230–233.

P 2/m

C2h1

No. 10

P 1 2/m 1

UNIQUE AXIS

2/m

Patterson symmetry P 1 2/m 1

b

Origin at centre (2/m) Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(2) 2 0, y, 0

(3) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

Monoclinic

(4) m x, 0, z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

230

No. 10

CONTINUED

P 2/m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

o

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, z¯

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x, y, ¯z

no conditions Special: no extra conditions

2

n

m

x, 12 , z

x, ¯ 12 , z¯

2

m

m

x, 0, z

x, ¯ 0, z¯

2

l

2

1 2

2

k

2

0, y, 12

2

j

2

1 2

2

i

2

0, y, 0

1

h

2/m

1 2

, 12 , 12

1

g

2/m

1 2

, 0, 12

1

f

2/m

0, 12 , 12

1

e

2/m

1 2

, 12 , 0

1

d

2/m

1 2

, 0, 0

1

c

2/m

0, 0, 12

1

b

2/m

0, 12 , 0

1

a

2/m

0, 0, 0

, y, 12

, y, 0

1 2

, y, ¯ 12

0, y, ¯ 12 1 2

, y, ¯0

0, y, ¯0

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m m a = a p b = b Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = b b = c p Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 b = a a = c Origin at 0, y, 0

231

P 2/m

C2h1

No. 10

P 1 1 2/m

UNIQUE AXIS

2/m

Patterson symmetry P 1 1 2/m

c

Origin at centre (2/m) Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0, z

(3) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

Monoclinic

(4) m x, y, 0

232

No. 10

CONTINUED

P 2/m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

o

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x, y, z¯

no conditions Special: no extra conditions

2

n

m

x, y, 12

x, ¯ y, ¯ 12

2

m

m

x, y, 0

x, ¯ y, ¯0

2

l

2

1 2

, 12 , z

1 2

, 12 , z¯

2

k

2

1 2

, 0, z

1 2

, 0, z¯

2

j

2

0, 12 , z

0, 12 , z¯

2

i

2

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

1

h

2/m

1 2

, 12 , 12

1

g

2/m

1 2

, 12 , 0

1

f

2/m

1 2

, 0, 12

1

e

2/m

0, 12 , 12

1

d

2/m

0, 12 , 0

1

c

2/m

1 2

1

b

2/m

0, 0, 12

1

a

2/m

0, 0, 0

, 0, 0

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 a = a b = b Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = b p b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 m m a = c b = a p Origin at 0, y, 0

233

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 11, pp. 234–235.

P 21/m

C2h2

No. 11

P 1 21/m 1

UNIQUE AXIS

2/m

Monoclinic Patterson symmetry P 1 2/m 1

b

Origin at 1¯ on 21 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (2) 2(0, 12 , 0) 0, y, 0

(1) 1

(3) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(4) m x, 14 , z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

f

Reflection conditions General:

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y + , z¯ 1 2

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x, y¯ + , z 1 2

0k0: k = 2n Special: as above, plus

2

e

m

x, , z

2

d

1¯

1 2

2

c

1¯

0, 0,

2

b

1¯

1 2

2

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 4

, 0, 12 1 2

, 0, 0

x, ¯ , z¯ 3 4

1 2

no extra conditions

, 12 , 12

0, ,

hkl: k = 2n

1 2

hkl: k = 2n

, 12 , 0

hkl: k = 2n

0, 12 , 0

hkl: k = 2n

1 2

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 g m b = b a = a p Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m g a = b b = c p Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [010] p 2 b = a a = c Origin at 0, y, 0 234

Monoclinic

P 21/m

C2h2

2/m

P 1 1 21/m

Patterson symmetry P 1 1 2/m

No. 11 UNIQUE AXIS

Origin at 1¯ on 21 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 4

Symmetry operations (2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z

(1) 1

(3) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(4) m x, y, 14

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

f

Reflection conditions General:

1

(1) x, y, z

1 4

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z+

1 2

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x, y, z¯ +

1 2

00l: l = 2n Special: as above, plus

3 4

2

e

m

x, y,

2

d

1¯

1 2

, 12 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: l = 2n

2

c

1¯

1 2

, 0, 0

1 2

, 0,

1 2

hkl: l = 2n

2

b

1¯

0, 12 , 0

0, 12 , 12

hkl: l = 2n

2

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

hkl: l = 2n

x, ¯ y, ¯

no extra conditions

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 g m a = b p b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 m g a = c b = a p Origin at 0, y, 0 235

c

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 12, pp. 236–243.

C 2/m

C2h3

No. 12

C 1 2/m 1

UNIQUE AXIS

2/m

Patterson symmetry C 1 2/m 1

b, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin at centre (2/m) Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) 2 0, y, 0

For ( , , 0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 0)

(2) 2(0, 12 , 0)

1 2

(3) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(4) m x, 0, z

, 14 , 0

(4) a x, 14 , z

1 2

1 4

, y, 0

(3) 1¯

Monoclinic

1 4

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

236

No. 12

CONTINUED

C 2/m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3) Positions

8

j

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, z¯

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

General: (4) x, y, ¯z

hkl: h0l: 0kl: hk0: 0k0: h00:

h + k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n h + k = 2n k = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

i

m

x, 0, z

x, ¯ 0, z¯

no extra conditions

4

h

2

0, y, 12

0, y, ¯ 12

no extra conditions

4

g

2

0, y, 0

0, y, ¯0

no extra conditions

4

f

1¯

1 4

, 14 , 12

3 4

, 14 , 12

hkl: h = 2n

4

e

1¯

1 4

, 14 , 0

3 4

, 14 , 0

hkl: h = 2n

2

d

2/m

0, 12 , 12

no extra conditions

2

c

2/m

0, 0, 12

no extra conditions

2

b

2/m

0, 12 , 0

no extra conditions

2

a

2/m

0, 0, 0

no extra conditions

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m b = b a = a p Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = c p Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 b = 12 a a = c Origin at 0, y, 0

237

C2h3

C 2/m

2/m

Monoclinic

No. 12 UNIQUE AXIS

b, DIFFERENT CELL CHOICES

C 1 2/m 1 UNIQUE AXIS

b, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin at centre (2/m) 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3) Positions

8

j

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, z¯

General:

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

hkl: h + k = 2n h0l: h = 2n 0kl: k = 2n

(4) x, y, ¯z

hk0: h + k = 2n 0k0: k = 2n h00: h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

i

m

x, 0, z

x, ¯ 0, z¯

4

h

2

0, y, 12

0, y, ¯ 12

4

g

2

0, y, 0

4

f

1¯

1 4

, 14 , 12

4

e

1¯

1 4

2

d

2/m

0, 12 , 12

2

c

2/m

0, 0, 12

no extra conditions

2

b

2/m

0, 12 , 0

2

a

2/m

0, 0, 0

no extra conditions

, 14 , 12

3 4

no extra conditions

238

, 14 , 0

0, y, ¯0 3 4

, 14 , 0

no extra conditions hkl: h = 2n

No. 12

CONTINUED

C 2/m

A 1 2/m 1 UNIQUE AXIS

b, CELL CHOICE 2

Origin at centre (2/m) 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) Positions

8

j

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, z¯

General:

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

hkl: k + l = 2n h0l: l = 2n 0kl: k + l = 2n

(4) x, y, ¯z

hk0: k = 2n 0k0: k = 2n 00l: l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

i

m

x, 0, z

x, ¯ 0, z¯

no extra conditions

4

h

2

1 2

, y, 12

1 2

, y, ¯ 12

4

g

2

0, y, 0

0, y, ¯0

no extra conditions

4

f

1¯

1 2

, 14 , 34

1 2

, 14 , 14

4

e

1¯

0, 14 , 14

0, 14 , 34

hkl: k = 2n

2

d

2/m

1 2

, 12 , 12

2

c

2/m

1 2

, 0, 12

no extra conditions

2

b

2/m

0, 12 , 0

2

a

2/m

0, 0, 0

no extra conditions

I 1 2/m 1 UNIQUE AXIS

b, CELL CHOICE 3

Origin at centre (2/m) 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

j

1

Reflection conditions

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, z¯

General:

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x, y, ¯z

hkl: h0l: 0kl: hk0:

h + k + l = 2n h + l = 2n k + l = 2n h + k = 2n

0k0: k = 2n h00: h = 2n 00l: l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

i

m

x, 0, z

x, ¯ 0, z¯

4

h

2

1 2

, y, 0

1 2

, y, ¯0

4

g

2

0, y, 0

4

f

1¯

1 4

, 14 , 34

3 4

, 14 , 14

4

e

1¯

3 4

, 14 , 34

2

d

2/m

1 2

, 12 , 0

2

c

2/m

1 2

, 0, 0

no extra conditions

2

b

2/m

0, 12 , 0

2

a

2/m

0, 0, 0

no extra conditions

no extra conditions

239

0, y, ¯0 1 4

, 14 , 14

no extra conditions hkl: k = 2n

C 2/m

C2h3

No. 12

A 1 1 2/m

UNIQUE AXIS

2/m

Patterson symmetry A 1 1 2/m

c, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin at centre (2/m) Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

Monoclinic

1 4

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0, z

(3) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(4) m x, y, 0

For (0, 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t(0, 12 , 12 )

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 14 , z

(3) 1¯ 0, 14 , 14

(4) b x, y, 14

240

No. 12

CONTINUED

C 2/m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) Positions

8

j

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

General: (4) x, y, z¯

hkl: hk0: 0kl: h0l: 00l: 0k0:

k + l = 2n k = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n l = 2n k = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

i

m

x, y, 0

4

h

2

1 2

4

g

2

0, 0, z

4

f

1¯

1 2

4

e

1¯

0, 14 , 14

2

d

2/m

1 2

, 0, 12

no extra conditions

2

c

2/m

1 2

, 0, 0

no extra conditions

2

b

2/m

0, 0, 12

no extra conditions

2

a

2/m

0, 0, 0

no extra conditions

, 0, z

, 14 , 14

x, ¯ y, ¯0

no extra conditions

, 0, z¯

no extra conditions

0, 0, z¯

no extra conditions

1 2

, 34 , 14

hkl: k = 2n

0, 34 , 14

hkl: k = 2n

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 b = 12 b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 2 m m a = b p b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 m m a = 12 c b = a p Origin at 0, y, 0

241

C2h3

C 2/m

2/m

Monoclinic

No. 12 UNIQUE AXIS

c, DIFFERENT CELL CHOICES

A 1 1 2/m UNIQUE AXIS

c, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin at centre (2/m) 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 4

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) Positions

8

j

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

General:

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

hkl: k + l = 2n hk0: k = 2n 0kl: k + l = 2n

(4) x, y, z¯

h0l: l = 2n 00l: l = 2n 0k0: k = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

i

m

x, y, 0

x, ¯ y, ¯0

no extra conditions

4

h

2

1 2

, 0, z

1 2

, 0, z¯

4

g

2

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

no extra conditions

4

f

1¯

1 2

, 14 , 14

1 2

, 34 , 14

4

e

1¯

0, 14 , 14

0, 34 , 14

hkl: k = 2n

2

d

2/m

1 2

, 0, 12

2

c

2/m

1 2

, 0, 0

no extra conditions

2

b

2/m

0, 0, 12

2

a

2/m

0, 0, 0

no extra conditions

242

No. 12

CONTINUED

C 2/m

B 1 1 2/m UNIQUE AXIS

c, CELL CHOICE 2

Origin at centre (2/m) 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 4

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3) Positions

8

j

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

General:

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

hkl: h + l = 2n hk0: h = 2n 0kl: l = 2n

(4) x, y, z¯

h0l: h + l = 2n 00l: l = 2n h00: h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

i

m

x, y, 0

x, ¯ y, ¯0

no extra conditions

4

h

2

1 2

, 12 , z

1 2

, 12 , z¯

4

g

2

0, 0, z

4

f

1¯

3 4

, 12 , 14

1 4

, 12 , 14

4

e

1¯

1 4

, 0, 14

2

d

2/m

1 2

, 12 , 12

2

c

2/m

1 2

, 12 , 0

no extra conditions

2

b

2/m

0, 0, 12

2

a

2/m

0, 0, 0

no extra conditions

0, 0, z¯ 3 4

no extra conditions

, 0, 14

hkl: h = 2n

I 1 1 2/m UNIQUE AXIS

c, CELL CHOICE 3

Origin at centre (2/m) 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 4

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) Positions

8

j

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

General:

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x, y, z¯

hkl: hk0: 0kl: h0l:

h + k + l = 2n h + k = 2n k + l = 2n h + l = 2n

00l: l = 2n h00: h = 2n 0k0: k = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

i

m

x, y, 0

x, ¯ y, ¯0

4

h

2

0, 12 , z

0, 12 , z¯

4

g

2

0, 0, z

4

f

1¯

3 4

, 34 , 14

4

e

1¯

3 4

2

d

2/m

0, 12 , 12

2

c

2/m

0, 12 , 0

no extra conditions

2

b

2/m

0, 0, 12

2

a

2/m

0, 0, 0

no extra conditions

, 14 , 14

1 4

no extra conditions

243

, 34 , 14

0, 0, z¯ 1 4

, 14 , 14

no extra conditions hkl: l = 2n

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 13, pp. 244–251.

P 2/c

C2h4

No. 13

P 1 2/c 1

UNIQUE AXIS

2/m

Patterson symmetry P 1 2/m 1

b, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin at 1¯ on glide plane c Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(2) 2 0, y, 14

(3) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

Monoclinic

(4) c x, 0, z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

244

No. 13

CONTINUED

P 2/c

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

g

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12

(1) x, y, z

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x, y, ¯ z + 12

h0l: l = 2n 00l: l = 2n Special: as above, plus

, y, 14

2

f

2

1 2

2

e

2

0, y, 14

2

d

1¯

1 2

2

c

1¯

0, 12 , 0

2

b

1¯

1 2

2

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

, 0, 0

, 12 , 0

, y, ¯ 34

no extra conditions

0, y, ¯ 34

no extra conditions

1 2

, 0, 12

hkl: l = 2n

0, 12 , 12

hkl: l = 2n

, 12 , 12

hkl: l = 2n

0, 0, 12

hkl: l = 2n

1 2

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m m b = b a = a p Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 g m a = b b = c p Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 b = a a = 12 c Origin at 0, y, 0

245

C2h4

P 2/c

2/m

Monoclinic

No. 13 UNIQUE AXIS

b, DIFFERENT CELL CHOICES

P 1 2/c 1 UNIQUE AXIS

b, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin at 1¯ on glide plane c 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

g

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12

(1) x, y, z

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x, y, ¯ z + 12

h0l: l = 2n 00l: l = 2n Special: as above, plus

, y, 14

, y, ¯ 34

no extra conditions

0, y, ¯ 34

no extra conditions

2

f

2

1 2

2

e

2

0, y, 14

2

d

1¯

1 2

, 0, 0

1 2

, 0, 12

2

c

1¯

0, 12 , 0

0, 12 , 12

hkl: l = 2n

2

b

1¯

1 2

, 12 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

2

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

hkl: l = 2n

1 2

246

No. 13

CONTINUED

P 2/c

P 1 2/n 1 UNIQUE AXIS

b, CELL CHOICE 2

Origin at 1¯ on glide plane n 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 4

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

g

Reflection conditions General:

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ + 12

(4) x + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12

h0l: h + l = 2n h00: h = 2n 00l: l = 2n

1

(1) x, y, z

, y,

1 4

1 4

, y, ¯

3 4

no extra conditions

, y, ¯ 14

no extra conditions

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

Special: as above, plus 2

f

2

3 4

2

e

2

3 4

, y, 34

1 4

2

d

1¯

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 0, 0

2

c

1¯

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + l = 2n

2

b

1¯

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

2

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 0, 12

hkl: h + l = 2n

P 1 2/a 1 UNIQUE AXIS

b, CELL CHOICE 3

Origin at 1¯ on glide plane a 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

g

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, z¯

(1) x, y, z

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x + 12 , y, ¯z

h0l: h = 2n h00: h = 2n Special: as above, plus

2

f

2

3 4

, y, 12

1 4

, y, ¯ 12

no extra conditions

2

e

2

1 4

, y, 0

3 4

, y, ¯0

no extra conditions

2

d

1¯

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 0, 12

2

c

1¯

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: h = 2n

2

b

1¯

1 2

, 12 , 12

0, 12 , 12

2

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: h = 2n

247

P 2/c

C2h4

No. 13

P 1 1 2/a

UNIQUE AXIS

2/m

Patterson symmetry P 1 1 2/m

c, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin at 1¯ on glide plane a 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(2) 2

1 4

, 0, z

(3) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

Monoclinic

(4) a x, y, 0

248

No. 13

CONTINUED

P 2/c

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

g

Reflection conditions General:

1

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯z

(1) x, y, z

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x + 12 , y, z¯

hk0: h = 2n h00: h = 2n Special: as above, plus

2

f

2

1 4

, 12 , z

3 4

, 12 , z¯

no extra conditions

2

e

2

1 4

, 0, z

3 4

, 0, z¯

no extra conditions

2

d

1¯

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: h = 2n

2

c

1¯

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 0, 12

hkl: h = 2n

2

b

1¯

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h = 2n

2

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: h = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 b = b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = b p b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 g m a = c b = a p Origin at 0, y, 0

249

C2h4

P 2/c

2/m

Monoclinic

No. 13 UNIQUE AXIS

c, DIFFERENT CELL CHOICES

P 1 1 2/a UNIQUE AXIS

c, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin at 1¯ on glide plane a 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

g

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯z

(1) x, y, z

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x + 12 , y, z¯

hk0: h = 2n h00: h = 2n Special: as above, plus

2

f

2

1 4

, 12 , z

3 4

, 12 , z¯

no extra conditions

2

e

2

1 4

, 0, z

3 4

, 0, z¯

no extra conditions

2

d

1¯

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

2

c

1¯

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 0, 12

hkl: h = 2n

2

b

1¯

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

2

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: h = 2n

250

No. 13

CONTINUED

P 2/c

P 1 1 2/n UNIQUE AXIS

c, CELL CHOICE 2

Origin at 1¯ on glide plane n 0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

g

Reflection conditions General:

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

(4) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

hk0: h + k = 2n h00: h = 2n 0k0: k = 2n Special: as above, plus

, ,z

3 4

, , z¯

no extra conditions

, 14 , z¯

no extra conditions

2

f

2

1 4

3 4

1 4

2

e

2

3 4

, 34 , z

1 4

2

d

1¯

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

2

c

1¯

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

b

1¯

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

2

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

P 1 1 2/b UNIQUE AXIS

c, CELL CHOICE 3

Origin at 1¯ on glide plane b 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

g

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) x, ¯ y¯ + 12 , z

(1) x, y, z

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x, y + 12 , z¯

hk0: k = 2n 0k0: k = 2n Special: as above, plus

, 34 , z

, 14 , z¯

no extra conditions

0, 34 , z¯

no extra conditions

2

f

2

1 2

1 2

2

e

2

0, 14 , z

2

d

1¯

1 2

, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 0

2

c

1¯

0, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

hkl: k = 2n

2

b

1¯

1 2

, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 12

2

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

hkl: k = 2n

251

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 14, pp. 252–259.

P 21/c

C2h5

No. 14

P 1 21/c 1

UNIQUE AXIS

2/m

Patterson symmetry P 1 2/m 1

b, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin at 1¯ Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(2) 2(0, 12 , 0) 0, y, 14

(3) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Monoclinic

(4) c x, 14 , z

252

P 21/c

No. 14

CONTINUED Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

e

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12

(1) x, y, z

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x, y¯ + 12 , z + 12

h0l: l = 2n 0k0: k = 2n 00l: l = 2n Special: as above, plus

, 0, 12

2

d

1¯

1 2

2

c

1¯

0, 0, 12

2

b

1¯

1 2

2

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

, 0, 0

, 12 , 0

hkl: k + l = 2n

0, 12 , 0

hkl: k + l = 2n

, 12 , 12

hkl: k + l = 2n

0, 12 , 12

hkl: k + l = 2n

1 2

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 g m b = b a = a p Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 g g a = b b = c p Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 b = a a = 12 c Origin at 0, y, 0

253

P 21/c

C2h5

2/m

Monoclinic

No. 14 UNIQUE AXIS

b, DIFFERENT CELL CHOICES

P 1 21/c 1 UNIQUE AXIS

b, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin at 1¯ 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

e

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12

(1) x, y, z

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x, y¯ + 12 , z + 12

h0l: l = 2n 0k0: k = 2n 00l: l = 2n Special: as above, plus

, 0, 12

2

d

1¯

1 2

2

c

1¯

0, 0, 12

2

b

1¯

1 2

2

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

, 0, 0

, 12 , 0

hkl: k + l = 2n

0, 12 , 0

hkl: k + l = 2n

, 12 , 12

hkl: k + l = 2n

0, 12 , 12

hkl: k + l = 2n

1 2

1 2

254

P 21/c

No. 14

CONTINUED

P 1 21/n 1 UNIQUE AXIS

b, CELL CHOICE 2

Origin at 1¯ 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

e

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12

(1) x, y, z

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12

h0l: 0k0: h00: 00l:

h + l = 2n k = 2n h = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 2

d

1¯

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

c

1¯

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

b

1¯

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

P 1 21/a 1 UNIQUE AXIS

b, CELL CHOICE 3

Origin at 1¯ 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

e

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯

(1) x, y, z

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

h0l: h = 2n 0k0: k = 2n h00: h = 2n Special: as above, plus

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

d

1¯

0, 0, 12

2

c

1¯

1 2

2

b

1¯

1 2

2

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 2

1 2

255

P 21/c

C2h5

No. 14

P 1 1 21/a

UNIQUE AXIS

2/m

Patterson symmetry P 1 1 2/m

c, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin at 1¯ Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 4

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 )

1 4

, 0, z

(3) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

Monoclinic

(4) a x, y, 14

256

P 21/c

No. 14

CONTINUED Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

e

Reflection conditions General:

1

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12

(1) x, y, z

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x + 12 , y, z¯ + 12

hk0: h = 2n 00l: l = 2n h00: h = 2n Special: as above, plus

2

d

1¯

1 2

, 12 , 0

0, 12 , 12

hkl: h + l = 2n

2

c

1¯

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

hkl: h + l = 2n

2

b

1¯

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + l = 2n

2

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 0, 12

hkl: h + l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 b = b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 g m a = b p b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 g g a = c b = a p Origin at 0, y, 0

257

P 21/c

C2h5

2/m

Monoclinic

No. 14 UNIQUE AXIS

c, DIFFERENT CELL CHOICES

P 1 1 21/a UNIQUE AXIS

c, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin at 1¯ 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 4

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

e

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12

(1) x, y, z

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x + 12 , y, z¯ + 12

hk0: h = 2n 00l: l = 2n h00: h = 2n Special: as above, plus

2

d

1¯

1 2

, 12 , 0

0, 12 , 12

hkl: h + l = 2n

2

c

1¯

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

hkl: h + l = 2n

2

b

1¯

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + l = 2n

2

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 0, 12

hkl: h + l = 2n

258

P 21/c

No. 14

CONTINUED

P 1 1 21/n UNIQUE AXIS

c, CELL CHOICE 2

Origin at 1¯ 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 4

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

e

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12

(1) x, y, z

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12

hk0: 00l: h00: 0k0:

h + k = 2n l = 2n h = 2n k = 2n

Special: as above, plus 2

d

1¯

0, 12 , 0

, 0, 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

c

1¯

1 2

, 12 , 0

0, 0, 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

b

1¯

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

1 2

1 2

P 1 1 21/b UNIQUE AXIS

c, CELL CHOICE 3

Origin at 1¯ 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 4

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

e

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) x, ¯ y¯ + 12 , z + 12

(1) x, y, z

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x, y + 12 , z¯ + 12

hk0: k = 2n 00l: l = 2n 0k0: k = 2n Special: as above, plus

, 0, 0

2

d

1¯

1 2

2

c

1¯

0, 12 , 0

2

b

1¯

1 2

2

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

, 12 , 0

, 12 , 12

hkl: k + l = 2n

0, 0, 12

hkl: k + l = 2n

, 0, 12

hkl: k + l = 2n

0, 12 , 12

hkl: k + l = 2n

1 2

1 2

259

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 15, pp. 260–267.

C 2/c

C2h6

No. 15

C 1 2/c 1

UNIQUE AXIS

2/m

Patterson symmetry C 1 2/m 1

b, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin at 1¯ on glide plane c Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) 2 0, y, 14

For ( , , 0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 0)

(2) 2(0, 12 , 0)

1 2

(3) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(4) c x, 0, z

1 2

1 4

, y, 14

(3) 1¯

Monoclinic

1 4

, 14 , 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

(4) n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 14 , z

260

No. 15

CONTINUED

C 2/c

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3) Positions

8

f

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (2) x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12

(1) x, y, z

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

General: (4) x, y, ¯ z + 12

hkl: h0l: 0kl: hk0: 0k0: h00: 00l:

h + k = 2n h, l = 2n k = 2n h + k = 2n k = 2n h = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

e

2

0, y, 14

0, y, ¯ 34

4

d

1¯

1 4

, 14 , 12

3 4

, 14 , 0

hkl: k + l = 2n

4

c

1¯

1 4

, 14 , 0

3 4

, 14 , 12

hkl: k + l = 2n

4

b

1¯

0, 12 , 0

0, 12 , 12

hkl: l = 2n

4

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

hkl: l = 2n

no extra conditions

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m b = b a = a p Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 g m a = 12 b b = c p Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 b = 12 a a = 12 c Origin at 0, y, 0

261

C2h6

C 2/c

2/m

Monoclinic

No. 15 UNIQUE AXIS

b, DIFFERENT CELL CHOICES

C 1 2/c 1 UNIQUE AXIS

b, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin at 1¯ on glide plane c 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3) Positions

8

f

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (2) x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12

(1) x, y, z

General:

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x, y, ¯ z + 12

hkl: h0l: 0kl: hk0:

h + k = 2n h, l = 2n k = 2n h + k = 2n

0k0: k = 2n h00: h = 2n 00l: l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

e

2

0, y, 14

4

d

1¯

1 4

4

b

1¯

0, 12 , 0

, 14 , 12

0, y, ¯ 34

no extra conditions

, 14 , 0

4

c

1¯

1 4

0, 12 , 12

4

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

3 4

262

, 14 , 0

3 4

, 14 , 12

0, 0, 12

hkl: k + l = 2n hkl: l = 2n

No. 15

CONTINUED

C 2/c

A 1 2/n 1 UNIQUE AXIS

b, CELL CHOICE 2

Origin at 1¯ on glide plane n 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 4

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) Positions

8

f

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ (2) x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ + 12

(1) x, y, z

General: (4) x + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

hkl: h0l: 0kl: hk0:

k + l = 2n h, l = 2n k + l = 2n k = 2n

0k0: k = 2n h00: h = 2n 00l: l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

e

2

3 4

, y, 34

1 4

, y, ¯ 14

4

d

1¯

1 2

, 14 , 34

0, 14 , 34

4

c

1¯

0, 14 , 14

1 2

, 14 , 14

hkl: h = 2n

4

b

1¯

0, 12 , 0

, 12 , 12

4

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 0, 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

1 2

no extra conditions

I 1 2/a 1 UNIQUE AXIS

b, CELL CHOICE 3

Origin at 1¯ on glide plane a 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 4

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) Positions

8

f

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (2) x¯ + 12 , y, z¯

(1) x, y, z

General:

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x + 12 , y, ¯z

hkl: h0l: 0kl: hk0:

h + k + l = 2n h, l = 2n k + l = 2n h + k = 2n

0k0: k = 2n h00: h = 2n 00l: l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

e

2

1 4

, y, 0

3 4

, y, ¯0

4

d

1¯

1 4

, 14 , 34

1 4

, 14 , 14

4

c

1¯

3 4

4

b

1¯

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

4

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

no extra conditions

263

, 14 , 34

3 4

, 14 , 14

hkl: l = 2n

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: h = 2n

C 2/c

C2h6

No. 15

A 1 1 2/a

UNIQUE AXIS

2/m

Patterson symmetry A 1 1 2/m

c, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin at 1¯ on glide plane a Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) 2

For (0, , )+ set (1) t(0, 12 , 12 )

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 )

1 2

1 4

, 0, z

(3) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(4) a x, y, 0

(3) 1¯ 0, 14 , 14

(4) n( 21 , 12 , 0) x, y, 14

1 2

1 4

, 14 , z

Monoclinic

264

No. 15

CONTINUED

C 2/c

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) Positions

8

f

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ (2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯z

(1) x, y, z

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

General: (4) x + 12 , y, z¯

hkl: hk0: 0kl: h0l: 00l: h00: 0k0:

k + l = 2n h, k = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n k = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

e

2

1 4

, 0, z

3 4

, 0, z¯

4

d

1¯

1 2

, 14 , 14

0, 34 , 14

hkl: h + k = 2n

4

c

1¯

0, 14 , 14

1 2

, 34 , 14

hkl: h + k = 2n

4

b

1¯

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 0, 12

hkl: h = 2n

4

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: h = 2n

no extra conditions

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 b = 12 b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 2 m m a = b p b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 g m a = 12 c b = a p Origin at 0, y, 0

265

C2h6

C 2/c

2/m

Monoclinic

No. 15 UNIQUE AXIS

c, DIFFERENT CELL CHOICES

A 1 1 2/a UNIQUE AXIS

c, CELL CHOICE 1

Origin at 1¯ on glide plane a 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) Positions

8

f

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ (2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯z

(1) x, y, z

General:

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x + 12 , y, z¯

hkl: hk0: 0kl: h0l:

k + l = 2n h, k = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n

00l: l = 2n h00: h = 2n 0k0: k = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

e

2

1 4

, 0, z

3 4

4

d

1¯

1 2

, 14 , 14

0, 34 , 14

4

c

1¯

0, 14 , 14

1 2

, 34 , 14

hkl: h + k = 2n

4

b

1¯

0, 0, 12

, 0, 12

4

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: h = 2n

1 2

, 0, z¯

no extra conditions

266

No. 15

CONTINUED

C 2/c

B 1 1 2/n UNIQUE AXIS

c, CELL CHOICE 2

Origin at 1¯ on glide plane n 0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3) Positions

8

f

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+

General:

(2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

(1) x, y, z

(4) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

hkl: hk0: 0kl: h0l:

h + l = 2n h, k = 2n l = 2n h + l = 2n

00l: l = 2n h00: h = 2n 0k0: k = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

e

2

3 4

, 34 , z

1 4

, 14 , z¯

4

d

1¯

3 4

, 12 , 14

3 4

, 0, 14

4

c

1¯

1 4

, 0, 14

1 4

, 12 , 14

hkl: k = 2n

4

b

1¯

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

4

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

no extra conditions

I 1 1 2/b UNIQUE AXIS

c, CELL CHOICE 3

Origin at 1¯ on glide plane b 0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) Positions

8

f

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (2) x, ¯ y¯ + 12 , z

(1) x, y, z

General:

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x, y + 12 , z¯

hkl: hk0: 0kl: h0l:

h + k + l = 2n h, k = 2n k + l = 2n h + l = 2n

00l: l = 2n h00: h = 2n 0k0: k = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

e

2

0, 14 , z

4

d

1¯

3 4

4

b

1¯

0, 0, 12

, 14 , 14

0, 34 , z¯

no extra conditions

, 14 , 14

4

c

1¯

3 4

0, 12 , 12

4

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 4

267

, 34 , 14

, 34 , 14

hkl: h = 2n

0, 12 , 0

hkl: k = 2n

1 4

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 16, pp. 268–269.

P222

D12

No. 16

P222

222

Patterson symmetry P m m m

Origin at 2 2 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0, z

(3) 2 0, y, 0

Orthorhombic

(4) 2 x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

268

No. 16

CONTINUED

P222

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

u

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯

no conditions Special: no extra conditions

2

t

..2

1 2

2

s

..2

0, 12 , z

2

r

..2

1 2

2

q

..2

0, 0, z

2

p

.2.

1 2

, y, 12

1 2

, y, ¯ 12

2

o

.2.

1 2

, y, 0

1 2

, y, ¯0

2

n

.2.

0, y, 12

0, y, ¯ 12

2

m

.2.

0, y, 0

0, y, ¯0

2

l

2..

x, 12 , 12

x, ¯ 12 , 12

2

k

2..

x, 12 , 0

x, ¯ 12 , 0

2

j

2..

x, 0, 12

x, ¯ 0, 12

2

i

2..

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

1

h

222

1 2

1

g

222

0, 12 , 12

1

f

222

1 2

, 0, 12

1

e

222

1 2

, 12 , 0

1

d

222

0, 0, 12

1

c

222

0, 12 , 0

1

b

222

1 2

1

a

222

0, 0, 0

, 12 , z

, 0, z

1 2

, 12 , z¯

0, 12 , z¯ 1 2

, 0, z¯

0, 0, z¯

, 12 , 12

, 0, 0

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 m m a = c b = a Origin at 0, y, 0

269

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 17, pp. 270–271.

P 2 2 21

D22

No. 17

P 2 2 21

222

Patterson symmetry P m m m

Origin at 2 1 21 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z

(3) 2 0, y, 14

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Orthorhombic

(4) 2 x, 0, 0

270

No. 17

CONTINUED

P 2 2 21

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

e

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12

(1) x, y, z

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯

00l: l = 2n Special: as above, plus

2

d

.2.

1 2

2

c

.2.

2

b

2

a

, y, 14

, y, ¯ 34

h0l: l = 2n

0, y, 14

0, y, ¯ 34

h0l: l = 2n

2..

x, 12 , 0

x, ¯ 12 , 12

0kl: l = 2n

2..

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 12

0kl: l = 2n

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 g m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 m g a = c b = a Origin at 0, y, 14

271

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 18, p. 272.

P 21 21 2

D32

No. 18

P 2 1 21 2

222

Orthorhombic Patterson symmetry P m m m

Origin at intersection of 2 with perpendicular plane containing 21 axes Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0)

(2) 2 0, 0, z

1 4

, y, 0

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

c

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯

h00: h = 2n 0k0: k = 2n Special: as above, plus

2

b

..2

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z¯

hk0: h + k = 2n

2

a

..2

0, 0, z

1 2

, 12 , z¯

hk0: h + k = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 g g b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [010] p 2 g m a = c b = a 1 Origin at 4 , y, 0

Along [100] p 2 m g a = b b = c Origin at x, 14 , 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

272

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 19, p. 273.

Orthorhombic

D42

222

P 21 21 21

P 2 1 21 21

Patterson symmetry P m m m

No. 19

Origin at midpoint of three non-intersecting pairs of parallel 21 axes Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (2) 2(0, 0, 12 )

(1) 1

1 4

, 0, z

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0) 0, y, 14

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

a

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12

(3) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯

h00: h = 2n 0k0: k = 2n 00l: l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 g g b = b a = a 1 Origin at 4 , 0, z

Along [100] p 2 g g a = b b = c Origin at x, 14 , 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [010] p 2 g g a = c b = a Origin at 0, y, 14

273

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 20, pp. 274–275.

C 2 2 21

D52

No. 20

C 2 2 21

222

Patterson symmetry C m m m

Origin at 2 1 21 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z

(3) 2 0, y, 14

For ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 0)

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 )

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0)

1 4

, 14 , z

Orthorhombic

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

(4) 2 x, 0, 0 1 4

, y, 14

274

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 0

No. 20

CONTINUED

C 2 2 21

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3) Positions

8

c

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12

General:

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯

hkl: 0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

h + k = 2n k = 2n h = 2n h + k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

b

.2.

0, y, 14

0, y, ¯ 34

h0l: l = 2n

4

a

2..

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 12

0kl: l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 g m a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 m g a = c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 14

275

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 21, pp. 276–277.

C222

D62

No. 21

C222

222

Patterson symmetry C m m m

Origin at 2 2 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0, z

(3) 2 0, y, 0

For ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 0)

(2) 2

, 14 , z

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0)

1 4

Orthorhombic

(4) 2 x, 0, 0 1 4

, y, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 0

276

No. 21

CONTINUED

C222

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3) Positions

8

l

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯

General: (4) x, y, ¯ z¯

hkl: h + k = 2n 0kl: k = 2n h0l: h = 2n

hk0: h + k = 2n h00: h = 2n 0k0: k = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

k

..2

1 4

4

j

..2

0, 12 , z

0, 12 , z¯

no extra conditions

4

i

..2

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

no extra conditions

4

h

.2.

0, y, 12

0, y, ¯ 12

no extra conditions

4

g

.2.

0, y, 0

0, y, ¯0

no extra conditions

4

f

2..

x, 0, 12

x, ¯ 0, 12

no extra conditions

4

e

2..

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

no extra conditions

2

d

222

0, 0, 12

no extra conditions

2

c

222

1 2

, 0, 12

no extra conditions

2

b

222

0, 12 , 0

no extra conditions

2

a

222

0, 0, 0

no extra conditions

, 14 , z

3 4

, 14 , z¯

hk0: h = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m a = a b = b Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 m m a = c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 0

277

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 22, pp. 278–279.

F 222

D72

No. 22

F 222

222

Patterson symmetry F m m m

Origin at 2 2 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0, z

(3) 2 0, y, 0

(4) 2 x, 0, 0

For (0, 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t(0, 12 , 12 )

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 14 , z

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0) 0, y, 14

(4) 2 x, 14 , 14

For ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 0, 12 )

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 )

(3) 2

For ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 0)

(2) 2

1 4

, 14 , z

1 4

, 0, z

Orthorhombic

1 4

, y, 14

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0)

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 0, 14 1 4

, y, 0

278

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 0

No. 22

CONTINUED

F 222

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3) Positions

16

k

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 12 , 12 , 0)+ (1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯

General: hkl: 0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n k, l = 2n h, l = 2n h, k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: no extra conditions 8

j

2..

x, 14 , 14

x, ¯ 34 , 14

8

i

.2.

1 4

, y, 14

3 4

, y, ¯ 14

8

h

..2

1 4

, 14 , z

3 4

, 14 , z¯

8

g

..2

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

8

f

.2.

0, y, 0

0, y, ¯0

8

e

2..

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

4

d

222

1 4

, 14 , 34

4

c

222

1 4

, 14 , 14

4

b

222

0, 0, 12

4

a

222

0, 0, 0

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m m b = 12 b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 m m a = 12 c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 0

279

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 23, pp. 280–281.

I 222

D82

No. 23

I 222

222

Patterson symmetry I m m m

Origin at 2 2 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0, z

For ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 )

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 )

(3) 2 0, y, 0 1 4

, 14 , z

Orthorhombic

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0)

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

(4) 2 x, 0, 0 1 4

, y, 14

280

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 14

No. 23

CONTINUED

I 222

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) Positions

8

k

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯

General: (4) x, y, ¯ z¯

hkl: 0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

h + k + l = 2n k + l = 2n h + l = 2n h + k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: no extra conditions 4

j

..2

0, 12 , z

0, 12 , z¯

4

i

..2

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

4

h

.2.

1 2

4

g

.2.

0, y, 0

0, y, ¯0

4

f

2..

x, 0, 12

x, ¯ 0, 12

4

e

2..

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

2

d

222

0, 12 , 0

2

c

222

0, 0, 12

2

b

222

1 2

2

a

222

0, 0, 0

, y, 0

1 2

, y, ¯0

, 0, 0

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] c 2 m m a = c b = a Origin at 0, y, 0

281

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 24, pp. 282–283.

I 21 2 1 2 1

D92

No. 24

I 2 1 21 21

222

Patterson symmetry I m m m

Origin at midpoint of three non-intersecting pairs of parallel 2 axes Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 )

For ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 )

(2) 2 0, 14 , z

1 4

, 0, z

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0) 0, y, 14 (3) 2

Orthorhombic

1 4

, y, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 0 (4) 2 x, 0, 14

282

No. 24

CONTINUED

I 21 21 21

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) Positions

8

d

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12

(1) x, y, z

General: (3) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯

hkl: 0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

h + k + l = 2n k + l = 2n h + l = 2n h + k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

c

..2

0, 14 , z

4

b

.2.

1 4

4

a

2..

x, 0, 14

, y, 0

0, 34 , z¯ + 12 1 4

hk0: h = 2n

, y, ¯ 12

h0l: h = 2n

x¯ + 12 , 0, 34

0kl: k = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m b = b a = a 1 Origin at 4 , 0, z

Along [100] c 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 14 , 0

Along [010] c 2 m m a = c b = a Origin at 0, y, 14

283

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 25, p. 284.

Pmm2

C2v1

No. 25

Pmm2

mm2

Orthorhombic Patterson symmetry P m m m

Origin on m m 2 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0, z

(3) m x, 0, z

(4) m 0, y, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

i

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x, y, ¯z

(4) x, ¯ y, z

no conditions Special: no extra conditions

, y, ¯z

1

d

mm2

1 2

, 12 , z

0, y, z

0, y, ¯z

1

c

mm2

1 2

, 0, z

.m.

x, 12 , z

x, ¯ 12 , z

1

b

mm2

0, 12 , z

.m.

x, 0, z

x, ¯ 0, z

1

a

mm2

0, 0, z

2

h

m..

1 2

2

g

m..

2

f

2

e

, y, z

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [010] p 1 1 m a = c b = a Origin at 0, y, 0 284

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 26, p. 285.

Orthorhombic

C2v2

mm2

P m c 21

P m c 21

Patterson symmetry P m m m

No. 26

Origin on m c 21 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z

(1) 1

(3) c x, 0, z

(4) m 0, y, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

c

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12

(1) x, y, z

(3) x, y, ¯ z + 12

(4) x, ¯ y, z

h0l: l = 2n 00l: l = 2n Special: no extra conditions

2

b

m..

1 2

2

a

m..

0, y, z

, y, z

1 2

, y, ¯ z + 12

0, y, ¯ z + 12

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 g 1 a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [010] p 1 1 m a = 12 c b = a Origin at 0, y, 0

285

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 27, p. 286.

Pcc2

C2v3

No. 27

Pcc2

mm2

Orthorhombic Patterson symmetry P m m m

Origin on c c 2 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0, z

(3) c x, 0, z

(4) c 0, y, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

e

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x, y, ¯ z + 12

(4) x, ¯ y, z + 12

0kl: l = 2n h0l: l = 2n 00l: l = 2n Special: as above, plus

2

d

..2

1 2

, 12 , z

1 2

, 12 , z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

2

c

..2

1 2

, 0, z

1 2

, 0, z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

2

b

..2

0, 12 , z

0, 12 , z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

2

a

..2

0, 0, z

0, 0, z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [010] p 1 1 m a = 12 c b = a Origin at 0, y, 0 286

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 28, p. 287.

Orthorhombic

C2v4

mm2

Pma2

Pma2

Patterson symmetry P m m m

No. 28

Origin on 1 a 2 0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0, z

(3) a x, 0, z

(4) m

1 4

, y, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

d

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x + 12 , y, ¯z

(4) x¯ + 12 , y, z

h0l: h = 2n h00: h = 2n Special: as above, plus

2

c

m..

1 4

, y, z

3 4

, y, ¯z

no extra conditions

2

b

..2

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 12 , z

hkl: h = 2n

2

a

..2

0, 0, z

1 2

, 0, z

hkl: h = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m g b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [010] p 1 1 m a = c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 0 287

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 29, p. 288.

P c a 21

C2v5

No. 29

P c a 21

mm2

Orthorhombic Patterson symmetry P m m m

Origin on 1 a 21 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z

(1) 1

(3) a x, 0, z

(4) c

1 4

, y, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

a

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12

(3) x + 12 , y, ¯z

(4) x¯ + 12 , y, z + 12

0kl: h0l: h00: 00l:

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m g b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [010] p 1 1 g a = c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 0

288

l = 2n h = 2n h = 2n l = 2n

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 30, p. 289.

Orthorhombic

C2v6

mm2

Pnc2

Pnc2

Patterson symmetry P m m m

No. 30

Origin on n 1 2 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(3) c x, 14 , z

(2) 2 0, 0, z

(4) n(0, 12 , 12 ) 0, y, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

c

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x, y¯ + 12 , z + 12

(4) x, ¯ y + 12 , z + 12

0kl: h0l: 0k0: 00l:

k + l = 2n l = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 2

b

..2

1 2

2

a

..2

0, 0, z

, 0, z

, 12 , z + 12

hkl: k + l = 2n

0, 12 , z + 12

hkl: k + l = 2n

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 g m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 1 m 1 a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [010] p 1 1 m a = 12 c b = a Origin at 0, y, 0 289

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 31, p. 290.

P m n 21

C2v7

No. 31

P m n 21

mm2

Orthorhombic Patterson symmetry P m m m

Origin on m n 1 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (2) 2(0, 0, 12 )

(1) 1

1 4

, 0, z

(3) n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 0, z

(4) m 0, y, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

b

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12

(1) x, y, z

(3) x + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12

(4) x, ¯ y, z

h0l: h + l = 2n h00: h = 2n 00l: l = 2n Special: no extra conditions

2

a

m..

0, y, z

1 2

, y, ¯ z + 12

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m g b = b a = a 1 Origin at 4 , 0, z

Along [100] p 1 g 1 a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [010] c 1 1 m a = c b = a Origin at 0, y, 0

290

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 32, p. 291.

Orthorhombic

C2v8

mm2

Pba2

Pba2

Patterson symmetry P m m m

No. 32

Origin on 1 1 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(3) a x, 14 , z

(2) 2 0, 0, z

(4) b

1 4

, y, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

c

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

(4) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

0kl: h0l: h00: 0k0:

k = 2n h = 2n h = 2n k = 2n

Special: as above, plus 2

b

..2

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

a

..2

0, 0, z

1 2

, 12 , z

hkl: h + k = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 g g b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [010] p 1 1 m a = c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 0 291

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 33, p. 292.

P n a 21

C2v9

No. 33

P n a 21

mm2

Orthorhombic Patterson symmetry P m m m

Origin on 1 1 21 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z

(1) 1

(3) a x, 14 , z

(4) n(0, 12 , 12 )

1 4

, y, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

a

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12

(3) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

(4) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12

0kl: h0l: h00: 0k0: 00l:

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 g g b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [010] p 1 1 g a = c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 0

Along [100] c 1 m 1 a = b b = c Origin at x, 14 , 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

292

k + l = 2n h = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 34, p. 293.

Orthorhombic

C2v10

mm2

Pnn2

Pnn2

Patterson symmetry P m m m

No. 34

Origin on 1 1 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(3) n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 14 , z

(2) 2 0, 0, z

(4) n(0, 12 , 12 )

1 4

, y, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

c

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12

(4) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12

0kl: h0l: h00: 0k0: 00l:

k + l = 2n h + l = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 2

b

..2

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z + 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

a

..2

0, 0, z

1 2

, 12 , z + 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 g g b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 1 m 1 a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [010] c 1 1 m a = c b = a Origin at 0, y, 0 293

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 35, pp. 294–295.

Cmm2

C2v11

No. 35

Cmm2

mm2

Patterson symmetry C m m m

Origin on m m 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0, z

(3) m x, 0, z

(4) m 0, y, z

For ( , , 0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 0)

(2) 2

, 14 , z

(3) a x, 14 , z

(4) b

1 2

1 2

1 4

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Orthorhombic

294

1 4

, y, z

No. 35

CONTINUED

Cmm2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3) Positions

8

f

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x, y, ¯z

General: (4) x, ¯ y, z

hkl: 0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0:

h + k = 2n k = 2n h = 2n h + k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

e

m..

0, y, z

0, y, ¯z

no extra conditions

4

d

.m.

x, 0, z

x, ¯ 0, z

no extra conditions

4

c

..2

1 4

2

b

mm2

0, 12 , z

no extra conditions

2

a

mm2

0, 0, z

no extra conditions

, 14 , z

1 4

, 34 , z

hkl: h = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 1 1 m a = c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 0

295

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 36, pp. 296–297.

C m c 21

C2v12

No. 36

C m c 21

mm2

Patterson symmetry C m m m

Origin on m c 21 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z

(3) c x, 0, z

(4) m 0, y, z

For ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 0)

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 )

(3) n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 14 , z

(4) b

1 4

, 14 , z

Orthorhombic

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

296

1 4

, y, z

No. 36

CONTINUED

C m c 21

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3) Positions

8

b

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12

General:

(3) x, y, ¯ z + 12

(4) x, ¯ y, z

hkl: 0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

h + k = 2n k = 2n h, l = 2n h + k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: no extra conditions 4

a

m..

0, y, z

0, y, ¯ z + 12

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m a = a b = b Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 g 1 a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 1 1 m a = 12 c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 0

297

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 37, pp. 298–299.

Ccc2

C2v13

No. 37

Ccc2

mm2

Patterson symmetry C m m m

Origin on c c 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0, z

For ( , , 0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 0)

(2) 2

1 2

(3) c x, 0, z

(4) c 0, y, z

(3) n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 14 , z

(4) n(0, 12 , 12 )

1 2

1 4

, 14 , z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Orthorhombic

298

1 4

, y, z

No. 37

CONTINUED

Ccc2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3) Positions

8

d

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x, y, ¯ z + 12

General: (4) x, ¯ y, z + 12

hkl: 0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

h + k = 2n k, l = 2n h, l = 2n h + k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus , 14 , z

, 34 , z + 12

hkl: k + l = 2n

4

c

..2

1 4

4

b

..2

0, 12 , z

0, 12 , z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

4

a

..2

0, 0, z

0, 0, z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

1 4

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = 12 b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 1 1 m a = 12 c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 0

299

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 38, pp. 300–301.

Amm2

C2v14

No. 38

Amm2

mm2

Patterson symmetry A m m m (C m m m )

Origin on m m 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

Orthorhombic

1 2

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0, z

(3) m x, 0, z

(4) m 0, y, z

For (0, 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t(0, 12 , 12 )

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 14 , z

(3) c x, 14 , z

(4) n(0, 12 , 12 ) 0, y, z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

300

No. 38

CONTINUED

Amm2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) Positions

8

f

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x, y, ¯z

General: (4) x, ¯ y, z

hkl: 0kl: h0l: hk0: 0k0: 00l:

k + l = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n k = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: no extra conditions 4

e

m..

1 2

4

d

m..

0, y, z

0, y, ¯z

4

c

.m.

x, 0, z

x, ¯ 0, z

2

b

mm2

1 2

2

a

mm2

0, 0, z

, y, z

1 2

, y, ¯z

, 0, z

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m m b = 12 b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 1 m 1 a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 1 1 m a = 12 c b = a Origin at 0, y, 0

301

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 39, pp. 302–303.

Aem2

C2v15

No. 39

Aem2

mm2

Patterson symmetry A m m m (C m m m )

Former space-group symbol A b m 2; cf. Section 2.1.2

Origin on e c 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0, z

(3) m x, 14 , z

(4) b 0, y, z

For (0, 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t(0, 12 , 12 )

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 14 , z

(3) c x, 0, z

(4) c 0, y, z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Orthorhombic

302

No. 39

CONTINUED

Aem2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) Positions

8

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+

d

1

(1) x, y, z

4

c

.m.

x, , z

4

b

..2

1 2

4

a

..2

0, 0, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x, y¯ + 12 , z

General: (4) x, ¯ y + 12 , z

hkl: 0kl: h0l: hk0: 0k0: 00l:

k + l = 2n k, l = 2n l = 2n k = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 1 4

, 0, z

x, ¯ ,z 3 4

no extra conditions

, 12 , z

hkl: k = 2n

0, 12 , z

hkl: k = 2n

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m m b = 12 b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = 12 b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 1 1 m a = 12 c b = a Origin at 0, y, 0

303

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 40, pp. 304–305.

Ama2

C2v16

No. 40

Ama2

mm2

Orthorhombic Patterson symmetry A m m m (C m m m )

Origin on 1 a 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0, z

(3) a x, 0, z

(4) m

For (0, , )+ set (1) t(0, 12 , 12 )

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 14 , z

(3) n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 14 , z

(4) n(0, 12 , 12 )

1 2

1 4

, y, z

1 2

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

304

1 4

, y, z

No. 40

CONTINUED

Ama2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) Positions

8

c

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x + 12 , y, ¯z

General: (4) x¯ + 12 , y, z

hkl: 0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

k + l = 2n k + l = 2n h, l = 2n k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

b

m..

1 4

, y, z

3 4

, y, ¯z

no extra conditions

4

a

..2

0, 0, z

1 2

, 0, z

hkl: h = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m g b = 12 b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 1 m 1 a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 1 1 m a = 12 c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 0

305

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 41, pp. 306–307.

Aea2

C2v17

No. 41

Aea2

mm2

Patterson symmetry A m m m (C m m m )

Former space-group symbol A b a 2; cf. Section 2.1.2

Origin on 1 n 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0, z

(3) a x, 14 , z

(4) b

1 4

, y, z

For (0, , )+ set (1) t(0, 12 , 12 )

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 14 , z

(3) n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 0, z

(4) c

1 4

, y, z

1 2

Orthorhombic

1 2

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

306

No. 41

CONTINUED

Aea2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) Positions

8

b

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

General:

(3) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

(4) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

hkl: 0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

k + l = 2n k, l = 2n h, l = 2n k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

a

..2

0, 0, z

1 2

, 12 , z

hkl: h + k = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m g a = a b = 12 b Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = 12 b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 1 1 m a = 12 c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 0

307

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 42, pp. 308–309.

F mm2

C2v18

No. 42

F mm2

mm2

Patterson symmetry F m m m

Origin on m m 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0, z

(3) m x, 0, z

(4) m 0, y, z

For (0, , )+ set (1) t(0, 12 , 12 )

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 14 , z

(3) c x, 14 , z

(4) n(0, 12 , 12 ) 0, y, z

For ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 0, 12 )

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 )

(3) n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 0, z

(4) c

1 4

, y, z

For ( , , 0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 0)

(2) 2

(3) a x, 14 , z

(4) b

1 4

, y, z

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 4

, 0, z

1 2

1 4

, 14 , z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Orthorhombic

308

No. 42

CONTINUED

F mm2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3) Positions

16

e

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 12 , 12 , 0)+ (1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x, y, ¯z

(4) x, ¯ y, z

General: hkl: 0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n k, l = 2n h, l = 2n h, k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

d

.m.

x, 0, z

x, ¯ 0, z

no extra conditions

8

c

m..

0, y, z

0, y, ¯z

no extra conditions

8

b

..2

1 4

4

a

mm2

0, 0, z

, 14 , z

1 4

, 34 , z

hkl: h = 2n no extra conditions

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m m b = 12 b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = 12 b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 1 1 m a = 12 c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 0

309

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 43, pp. 310–311.

Fdd2

C2v19

No. 43

Fdd2

mm2

Orthorhombic Patterson symmetry F m m m

Origin on 1 1 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0, z

(3) d( 41 , 0, 14 ) x, 18 , z

(4) d(0, 14 , 14 )

1 8

, y, z

For (0, 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t(0, 12 , 12 )

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 14 , z

(3) d( 41 , 0, 34 ) x, 38 , z

(4) d(0, 34 , 34 )

1 8

, y, z

For ( , 0, )+ set (1) t( 21 , 0, 12 )

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 )

(3) d( 43 , 0, 34 ) x, 18 , z

(4) d(0, 14 , 34 )

3 8

, y, z

For ( , , 0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 0)

(2) 2

(3) d( 43 , 0, 14 ) x, 38 , z

(4) d(0, 34 , 14 )

3 8

, y, z

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 4

, 0, z

1 2

1 4

, 14 , z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

310

No. 43

CONTINUED

Fdd2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3) Positions

16

b

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 12 , 12 , 0)+ (1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x + 14 , y¯ + 14 , z + 14

General: (4) x¯ + 14 , y + 14 , z + 14

hkl: 0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n k + l = 4n, k, l = 2n h + l = 4n, h, l = 2n h, k = 2n h = 4n k = 4n l = 4n

Special: as above, plus 8

a

..2

0, 0, z

1 4

, 14 , z + 14

hkl: h = 2n + 1 or h + k + l = 4n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 g g b = 12 b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 1 m 1 a = 12 b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] c 1 1 m a = 12 c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 0

311

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 44, pp. 312–313.

I mm2

C2v20

No. 44

I mm2

mm2

Orthorhombic Patterson symmetry I m m m

Origin on m m 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0, z

For ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 )

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 )

1 4

, 14 , z

(3) m x, 0, z

(4) m 0, y, z

(3) n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 14 , z

(4) n(0, 12 , 12 )

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

312

1 4

, y, z

No. 44

CONTINUED

I mm2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) Positions

8

e

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x, y, ¯z

General: (4) x, ¯ y, z

hkl: 0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

h + k + l = 2n k + l = 2n h + l = 2n h + k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: no extra conditions 4

d

m..

0, y, z

0, y, ¯z

4

c

.m.

x, 0, z

x, ¯ 0, z

2

b

mm2

0, 12 , z

2

a

mm2

0, 0, z

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 1 m 1 a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] c 1 1 m a = c b = a Origin at 0, y, 0

313

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 45, pp. 314–315.

I ba2

C2v21

No. 45

I ba2

mm2

Patterson symmetry I m m m

Origin on c c 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0, z

For ( , , )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 )

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 )

1 2

1 2

(3) a x, 14 , z

(4) b

(3) c x, 0, z

(4) c 0, y, z

1 4

, y, z

1 2

1 4

, 14 , z

Orthorhombic

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

314

No. 45

CONTINUED

I ba2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) Positions

8

c

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

General:

(3) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

(4) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

hkl: 0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

h + k + l = 2n k, l = 2n h, l = 2n h + k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

b

..2

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z

hkl: l = 2n

4

a

..2

0, 0, z

1 2

, 12 , z

hkl: l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = 12 b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 1 1 m a = 12 c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 0

315

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 46, pp. 316–317.

I ma2

C2v22

No. 46

I ma2

mm2

Patterson symmetry I m m m

Origin on n a 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0, z

For ( , , )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 )

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 )

1 2

1 2

1 4

, y, z

(3) a x, 0, z

(4) m

(3) c x, 14 , z

(4) n(0, 12 , 12 ) 0, y, z

1 2

1 4

, 14 , z

Orthorhombic

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

316

No. 46

CONTINUED

I ma2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) Positions

8

c

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x + 12 , y, ¯z

General: (4) x¯ + 12 , y, z

hkl: 0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

h + k + l = 2n k + l = 2n h, l = 2n h + k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

b

m..

1 4

, y, z

3 4

, y, ¯z

no extra conditions

4

a

..2

0, 0, z

1 2

, 0, z

hkl: h = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m b = b a = a 1 1 Origin at 4 , 4 , z

Along [100] c 1 m 1 a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 1 1 m a = 12 c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 0

317

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 47, pp. 318–319.

Pmmm

D12h

No. 47

P 2/m 2/m 2/m

mmm

Origin at centre (m m m) Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) m x, y, 0

(3) 2 0, y, 0 (7) m x, 0, z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

(4) 2 x, 0, 0 (8) m 0, y, z

318

Orthorhombic Patterson symmetry P m m m

No. 47

CONTINUED

Pmmm

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

α

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, z¯

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ (7) x, y, ¯z

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (8) x, ¯ y, z

no conditions Special: no extra conditions

4

z

..m

x, y, 12

x, ¯ y, ¯ 12

x, ¯ y, 12

x, y, ¯ 12

4

y

..m

x, y, 0

x, ¯ y, ¯0

x, ¯ y, 0

x, y, ¯0

4

x

.m.

x, 12 , z

x, ¯ 12 , z

x, ¯ 12 , z¯

x, 12 , z¯

4

w

.m.

x, 0, z

x, ¯ 0, z

x, ¯ 0, z¯

x, 0, z¯

4

v

m..

1 2

4

u

m..

0, y, z

2

t

mm2

1 2

, 12 , z

1 2

, 12 , z¯

2

s

mm2

1 2

, 0, z

1 2

, 0, z¯

2

r

mm2

0, 12 , z

0, 12 , z¯

2

q

mm2

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

2

p

m2m

1 2

, y, 12

1 2

, y, ¯ 12

2

o

m2m

1 2

, y, 0

1 2

, y, ¯0

2

n

m2m

0, y, 12

0, y, ¯ 12

1

g

mmm

0, 12 , 12

2

m

m2m

0, y, 0

0, y, ¯0

1

f

mmm

1 2

2

l

2mm

x, 12 , 12

x, ¯ 12 , 12

1

e

mmm

0, 12 , 0

2

k

2mm

x, 12 , 0

x, ¯ 12 , 0

1

d

mmm

1 2

2

j

2mm

x, 0, 12

x, ¯ 0, 12

1

c

mmm

0, 0, 12

2

i

2mm

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

1

b

mmm

1 2

1

h

mmm

1 2

1

a

mmm

0, 0, 0

, y, z

1 2

, y, ¯z

0, y, ¯z

1 2

, y, z¯

0, y, z¯

1 2

, y, ¯ z¯

0, y, ¯ z¯

, 12 , 12

, 12 , 0

, 0, 12

, 0, 0

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 m m a = c b = a Origin at 0, y, 0

319

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 48, pp. 320–323.

Pnnn

D22h

No. 48

P 2/n 2/n 2/n

ORIGIN CHOICE

mmm

Patterson symmetry P m m m

1

Origin at 2 2 2, at 14 , 14 , 14 from 1¯ Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 1¯

1 4

, 14 , 14

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) n( 12 , 12 , 0) x, y, 14

(3) 2 0, y, 0 (7) n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 14 , z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

320

Orthorhombic

(4) 2 x, 0, 0 (8) n(0, 12 , 12 )

1 4

, y, z

No. 48

CONTINUED

Pnnn

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

m

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (3) x, ¯ y, z¯ (4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (5) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 (6) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12 (7) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12 (8) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12

0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

k + l = 2n h + l = 2n h + k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

l

..2

0, 12 , z

0, 12 , z¯

1 2

, 0, z¯ + 12

1 2

, 0, z + 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

4

k

..2

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

1 2

, 12 , z¯ + 12

1 2

, 12 , z + 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

4

j

.2.

1 2

0, y + 12 , 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

4

i

.2.

0, y, 0

0, y, ¯0

1 2

, y + 12 , 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

4

h

2..

x, 0, 12

x, ¯ 0, 12

x¯ + 12 , 12 , 0

x + 12 , 12 , 0

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

4

g

2..

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

x¯ + 12 , 12 , 12

x + 12 , 12 , 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

4

f

1¯

3 4

, 34 , 34

1 4

, 14 , 34

1 4

, 34 , 14

3 4

, 14 , 14

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

4

e

1¯

1 4

, 14 , 14

3 4

, 34 , 14

3 4

, 14 , 34

1 4

, 34 , 34

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

2

d

222

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

c

222

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

b

222

1 2

0, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

a

222

0, 0, 0

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

, y, 0

, 0, 0

1 2

, y, ¯0

1 2

0, y¯ + 12 , 12 , y¯ + 12 , 12

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] c 2 m m a = c b = a Origin at 0, y, 0

321

Pnnn

D22h

No. 48

P 2/n 2/n 2/n

ORIGIN CHOICE

mmm

Patterson symmetry P m m m

2

Origin at 1¯ at n n n, at − 41 , − 41 , − 41 from 2 2 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

− 41 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2 14 , 14 , z (6) n( 12 , 12 , 0) x, y, 0

(3) 2 14 , y, 14 (7) n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 0, z

322

Orthorhombic

(4) 2 x, 14 , 14 (8) n(0, 12 , 12 ) 0, y, z

No. 48

CONTINUED

Pnnn

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

m

1

4

l

4

Reflection conditions General:

(2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z (6) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(3) x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ + 12 (7) x + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12

(4) x, y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 (8) x, ¯ y + 12 , z + 12

0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

k + l = 2n h + l = 2n h + k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus , ,z

1 4

, , z¯ +

1 2

3 4

1 4

, 14 , z

1 4

, 14 , z¯ + 12

.2.

3 4

, y, 14

3 4

i

.2.

1 4

, y, 14

1 4

4

h

2..

x, 14 , 34

x¯ + 12 , 14 , 34

4

g

2..

x, 14 , 14

x¯ + 12 , 14 , 14

4

f

1¯

0, 0, 0

4

e

1¯

1 2

, 12 , 12

0, 0, 12

2

d

222

1 4

, 34 , 14

3 4

, 14 , 34

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

c

222

1 4

, 14 , 34

3 4

, 34 , 14

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

b

222

3 4

, 14 , 14

1 4

, 34 , 34

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

a

222

1 4

, 14 , 14

3 4

, 34 , 34

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

..2

1 4

k

..2

4

j

4

3 4

, , z¯

3 4

, ,z+

1 2

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

3 4

, 34 , z¯

3 4

, 34 , z + 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

, y¯ + 12 , 14

1 4

, y, ¯ 34

1 4

, y + 12 , 34

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

, y¯ + 12 , 14

3 4

, y, ¯ 34

3 4

, y + 12 , 34

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

x, ¯ 34 , 14

x + 12 , 34 , 14

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

x, ¯ 34 , 34

x + 12 , 34 , 34

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

3 4

1 2

, 12 , 0

1 2

1 4

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 0

1 4

0, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

, 0, 0

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m a = a b = b 1 1 Origin at 4 , 4 , z

Along [010] c 2 m m a = c b = a 1 Origin at 4 , y, 14

Along [100] c 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 14 , 14

323

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 49, pp. 324–325.

Pccm

D32h

No. 49

P 2/c 2/c 2/m

mmm

Origin at centre (2/m) at c c 2/m Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) m x, y, 0

(3) 2 0, y, 14 (7) c x, 0, z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

(4) 2 x, 0, 14 (8) c 0, y, z

324

Orthorhombic Patterson symmetry P m m m

No. 49

CONTINUED

Pccm

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

r

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12 (7) x, y, ¯ z + 12

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, z¯

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ + 12 (8) x, ¯ y, z + 12

0kl: l = 2n h0l: l = 2n 00l: l = 2n Special: as above, plus

4

q

..m

x, y, 0

4

p

..2

1 2

4

o

..2

0, 12 , z

4

n

..2

1 2

4

m

..2

0, 0, z

4

l

.2.

1 2

4

k

.2.

0, y, 14

0, y, ¯ 14

4

j

2..

x, 12 , 14

4

i

2..

x, 0, 14

2

h

222

1 2

2

g

222

0, 12 , 14

2

f

222

1 2

2

e

222

0, 0, 14

2

d

. . 2/m

1 2

2

c

. . 2/m

0, 12 , 0

2

b

. . 2/m

1 2

2

a

. . 2/m

0, 0, 0

, 0, z

, 12 , z

, y, 14

, 12 , 14

, 0, 14

, 0, 0

, 12 , 0

x, ¯ y, ¯0

x, ¯ y, 12

, 0, z¯ + 12

1 2

1 2

0, 12 , z¯ + 12 1 2

, 0, z¯

1 2

0, 0, z¯ + 12

, 12 , z¯

0, 12 , z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

, 12 , z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

0, 0, z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

, y, 34

hkl: l = 2n

0, y, ¯ 34

0, y, 34

hkl: l = 2n

x, ¯ 12 , 14

x, ¯ 12 , 34

x, 12 , 34

hkl: l = 2n

x, ¯ 0, 14

x, ¯ 0, 34

x, 0, 34

hkl: l = 2n

1 2

1 2

, y, ¯ 34

hkl: l = 2n

1 2

0, 0, z¯

no extra conditions , 0, z + 12

1 2

0, 12 , z¯

, 12 , z¯ + 12

, y, ¯ 14

x, y, ¯ 12

1 2

, 12 , 34

hkl: l = 2n

0, 12 , 34

hkl: l = 2n

, 0, 34

hkl: l = 2n

0, 0, 34

hkl: l = 2n

, 0, 12

hkl: l = 2n

0, 12 , 12

hkl: l = 2n

, 12 , 12

hkl: l = 2n

0, 0, 12

hkl: l = 2n

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 m m a = 12 c b = a Origin at 0, y, 0

325

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 50, pp. 326–329.

Pban

D42h

No. 50

P 2/b 2/a 2/n

ORIGIN CHOICE

mmm

Patterson symmetry P m m m

1

Origin at 2 2 2/n, at 14 , 14 , 0 from 1¯ Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 1¯

1 4

, 14 , 0

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) n( 12 , 12 , 0) x, y, 0

(3) 2 0, y, 0 (7) a x, 14 , z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

(4) 2 x, 0, 0 (8) b 14 , y, z

326

Orthorhombic

No. 50

CONTINUED

Pban

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

m

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (5) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ (7) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (8) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0:

k = 2n h = 2n h + k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

l

..2

0, 12 , z

0, 12 , z¯

1 2

, 0, z¯

1 2

, 0, z

hkl: h + k = 2n

4

k

..2

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

1 2

, 12 , z¯

1 2

, 12 , z

hkl: h + k = 2n

4

j

.2.

0, y, 12

0, y, ¯ 12

1 2

, y¯ + 12 , 12

1 2

, y + 12 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

4

i

.2.

0, y, 0

0, y, ¯0

1 2

, y¯ + 12 , 0

1 2

, y + 12 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

4

h

2..

x, 0, 12

x, ¯ 0, 12

x¯ + 12 , 12 , 12

x + 12 , 12 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

4

g

2..

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

x¯ + 12 , 12 , 0

x + 12 , 12 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

4

f

1¯

1 4

, 14 , 12

3 4

, 34 , 12

3 4

, 14 , 12

1 4

, 34 , 12

hkl: h, k = 2n

4

e

1¯

1 4

, 14 , 0

3 4

, 34 , 0

3 4

, 14 , 0

1 4

, 34 , 0

hkl: h, k = 2n

2

d

222

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

c

222

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

b

222

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

a

222

0, 0, 0

, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 m m a = c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 0

327

Pban

D42h

No. 50

P 2/b 2/a 2/n

ORIGIN CHOICE

mmm

Patterson symmetry P m m m

2

Origin at 1¯ at b a n, at − 41 , − 41 , 0 from 2 2 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2 14 , 14 , z (6) n( 12 , 12 , 0) x, y, 0

(3) 2 14 , y, 0 (7) a x, 0, z

(4) 2 x, 14 , 0 (8) b 0, y, z

328

Orthorhombic

No. 50

CONTINUED

Pban

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

m

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z (6) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(3) x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ (7) x + 12 , y, ¯z

(4) x, y¯ + 12 , z¯ (8) x, ¯ y + 12 , z

0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0:

k = 2n h = 2n h + k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

l

..2

1 4

, 34 , z

1 4

, 34 , z¯

3 4

, 14 , z¯

3 4

, 14 , z

hkl: h + k = 2n

4

k

..2

1 4

, 14 , z

1 4

, 14 , z¯

3 4

, 34 , z¯

3 4

, 34 , z

hkl: h + k = 2n

4

j

.2.

1 4

, y, 12

1 4

, y¯ + 12 , 12

3 4

, y, ¯ 12

3 4

, y + 12 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

4

i

.2.

1 4

, y, 0

1 4

, y¯ + 12 , 0

3 4

, y, ¯0

3 4

, y + 12 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

4

h

2..

x, 14 , 12

x¯ + 12 , 14 , 12

x, ¯ 34 , 12

x + 12 , 34 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

4

g

2..

x, 14 , 0

x¯ + 12 , 14 , 0

x, ¯ 34 , 0

x + 12 , 34 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

4

f

1¯

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

hkl: h, k = 2n

4

e

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

hkl: h, k = 2n

2

d

222

1 4

, 14 , 12

3 4

, 34 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

c

222

3 4

, 14 , 12

1 4

, 34 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

b

222

3 4

, 14 , 0

1 4

, 34 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

a

222

1 4

, 14 , 0

3 4

, 34 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m b = b a = a Origin at 14 , 14 , z

Along [010] p 2 m m a = c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 0

Along [100] p 2 m m b = c a = 12 b Origin at x, 0, 0

329

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 51, pp. 330–331.

Pmma

D52h

No. 51

P 21/m 2/m 2/a

mmm

Origin at centre (2/m) at 21 2/m a Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2 14 , 0, z (6) a x, y, 0

(3) 2 0, y, 0 (7) m x, 0, z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 0, 0 (8) m 14 , y, z

330

Orthorhombic Patterson symmetry P m m m

No. 51

CONTINUED

Pmma

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

l

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯z (6) x + 12 , y, z¯

(4) x + 12 , y, ¯ z¯ (8) x¯ + 12 , y, z

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ (7) x, y, ¯z

hk0: h = 2n h00: h = 2n Special: as above, plus

, y, z

, y, ¯z

, y, z¯

, y, ¯ z¯

4

k

m..

1 4

4

j

.m.

x, 12 , z

x¯ + 12 , 12 , z

x, ¯ 12 , z¯

x + 12 , 12 , z¯

no extra conditions

4

i

.m.

x, 0, z

x¯ + 12 , 0, z

x, ¯ 0, z¯

x + 12 , 0, z¯

no extra conditions

4

h

.2.

0, y, 12

1 2

, y, ¯ 12

0, y, ¯ 12

1 2

, y, 12

hkl: h = 2n

4

g

.2.

0, y, 0

1 2

, y, ¯0

0, y, ¯0

1 2

, y, 0

hkl: h = 2n

2

f

mm2

1 4

, 12 , z

3 4

, 12 , z¯

no extra conditions

2

e

mm2

1 4

, 0, z

3 4

, 0, z¯

no extra conditions

2

d

. 2/m .

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h = 2n

2

c

. 2/m .

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 0, 12

hkl: h = 2n

2

b

. 2/m .

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: h = 2n

2

a

. 2/m .

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: h = 2n

1 4

3 4

3 4

no extra conditions

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m m b = b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 g m a = c b = a Origin at 0, y, 0

331

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 52, pp. 332–333.

Pnna

D62h

No. 52

P 2/n 21/n 2/a

mmm

Patterson symmetry P m m m

Origin at 1¯ on n 1 a Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2 14 , 0, z (6) a x, y, 0

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0) 14 , y, 14 (7) n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 14 , z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

(4) 2 x, 14 , 14 (8) n(0, 12 , 12 ) 0, y, z

332

Orthorhombic

No. 52

CONTINUED

Pnna

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

Reflection conditions General:

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯z (6) x + 12 , y, z¯

(3) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12 (7) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12

(4) x, y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 (8) x, ¯ y + 12 , z + 12

k + l = 2n h + l = 2n h = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

e

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

4

d

2..

x, ,

4

c

..2

1 4

, 0, z

1 4

, 12 , z¯ + 12

4

b

1¯

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

0, 12 , 0

hkl: h, k + l = 2n

4

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

0, 12 , 12

hkl: h, k + l = 2n

0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

Special: as above, plus 1 4

1 4

x¯ + , , 1 2

3 4

x, ¯ ,

1 4

3 4

3 4

3 4

, 0, z¯

x+ , , 1 2

3 4

1 4

3 4

, 12 , z + 12

hkl: h + l = 2n hkl: h + k + l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 g m b = b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] c 2 m m a = c b = a Origin at 14 , y, 14

333

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 53, pp. 334–335.

Pmna

D72h

No. 53

P 2/m 2/n 21/a

mmm

Patterson symmetry P m m m

Origin at centre (2/m) at 2/m n 1 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

, 0, z

(3) 2 14 , y, 14 (7) n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 0, z

1 4

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) (6) a x, y, 14

1 4

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

334

Orthorhombic

(4) 2 x, 0, 0 (8) m 0, y, z

No. 53

CONTINUED

Pmna

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

i

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 1 (6) x + 2 , y, z¯ + 12

(3) x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ + 12 (7) x + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (8) x, ¯ y, z

h0l: hk0: h00: 00l:

h + l = 2n h = 2n h = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

h

m..

0, y, z

1 2

, y, ¯ z + 12

4

g

.2.

1 4

, y, 14

1 4

, y, ¯ 34

4

f

2..

x, 12 , 0

x¯ + 12 , 12 , 12

x, ¯ 12 , 0

x + 12 , 12 , 12

hkl: h + l = 2n

4

e

2..

x, 0, 0

x¯ + 12 , 0, 12

x, ¯ 0, 0

x + 12 , 0, 12

hkl: h + l = 2n

2

d

2/m . .

0, 12 , 0

2

c

2/m . .

1 2

2

b

2/m . .

1 2

2

a

2/m . .

0, 0, 0

1 2 3 4

, y, z¯ + 12

, y, ¯ 34

0, y, ¯ z¯ 3 4

, y, 14

no extra conditions hkl: h = 2n

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + l = 2n

, 12 , 0

0, 12 , 12

hkl: h + l = 2n

, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

hkl: h + l = 2n

, 0, 12

hkl: h + l = 2n

1 2

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m m b = b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 g m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] c 2 m m a = c b = a Origin at 0, y, 0

335

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 54, pp. 336–337.

Pcca

D82h

No. 54

P 21/c 2/c 2/a

mmm

Origin at 1¯ on 1 c a Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2 14 , 0, z (6) a x, y, 0

(3) 2 0, y, 14 (7) c x, 0, z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 0, 14 (8) c 14 , y, z

336

Orthorhombic Patterson symmetry P m m m

No. 54

CONTINUED

Pcca

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

f

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯z (6) x + 12 , y, z¯

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12 (7) x, y, ¯ z + 12

(4) x + 12 , y, ¯ z¯ + 12 1 (8) x¯ + 2 , y, z + 12

0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 00l:

l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n h = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

e

..2

1 4

, 12 , z

3 4

, 12 , z¯ + 12

3 4

, 12 , z¯

1 4

, 12 , z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

4

d

..2

1 4

, 0, z

3 4

, 0, z¯ + 12

3 4

, 0, z¯

1 4

, 0, z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

4

c

.2.

0, y, 14

1 2

, y, ¯ 14

0, y, ¯ 34

4

b

1¯

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

0, 12 , 12

4

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

, y, 34

hkl: h + l = 2n

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h, l = 2n

1 2

, 0, 12

hkl: h, l = 2n

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m m b = b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 g m a = 12 c b = a Origin at 0, y, 0

337

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 55, pp. 338–339.

Pbam

D92h

No. 55

P 21/b 21/a 2/m

mmm

Origin at centre (2/m) Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) m x, y, 0

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0) (7) a x, 14 , z

1 4

, y, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 0 (8) b 14 , y, z

338

Orthorhombic Patterson symmetry P m m m

No. 55

CONTINUED

Pbam

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

i

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, z¯

(3) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ (7) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ (8) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

0kl: h0l: h00: 0k0:

k = 2n h = 2n h = 2n k = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

h

..m

x, y, 12

x, ¯ y, ¯ 12

x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , 12

x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , 12

no extra conditions

4

g

..m

x, y, 0

x, ¯ y, ¯0

x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , 0

x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , 0

no extra conditions

4

f

..2

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z¯

0, 12 , z¯

1 2

, 0, z

hkl: h + k = 2n

4

e

..2

0, 0, z

1 2

, 12 , z¯

0, 0, z¯

1 2

, 12 , z

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

d

. . 2/m

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

c

. . 2/m

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

b

. . 2/m

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

a

. . 2/m

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 g g b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 m m a = c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 0

339

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 56, pp. 340–341.

Pccn

D102h

No. 56

P 21/c 21/c 2/n

mmm

Patterson symmetry P m m m

Origin at 1¯ on 1 1 n Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2 14 , 14 , z (6) n( 12 , 12 , 0) x, y, 0

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0) 0, y, 14 (7) c x, 14 , z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

340

Orthorhombic

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 0, 14 (8) c 14 , y, z

No. 56

CONTINUED

Pccn

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

e

1

4

d

4

Reflection conditions General:

(2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z (6) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(3) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 (7) x, y¯ + 12 , z + 12

(4) x + 12 , y, ¯ z¯ + 12 1 (8) x¯ + 2 , y, z + 12

0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

l = 2n l = 2n h + k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus , ,z

3 4

, , z¯ +

1 2

3 4

, 14 , z

3 4

, 34 , z¯ + 12

3 4

1¯

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 12

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

..2

1 4

c

..2

1 4

4

b

4

a

3 4

1 4

, , z¯

1 4

, ,z+

1 2

hkl: l = 2n

, 34 , z¯

1 4

, 14 , z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

1 4

3 4

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m b = b a = a Origin at 14 , 14 , z

Along [100] p 2 m g a = b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 g m a = 12 c b = a Origin at 0, y, 0

341

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 57, pp. 342–343.

Pbcm

D112h

No. 57

P 2/b 21/c 21/m

mmm

Patterson symmetry P m m m

Origin at 1¯ on b 1 21 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 4

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z (6) m x, y, 14

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0) 0, y, 14 (7) c x, 14 , z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

342

Orthorhombic

(4) 2 x, 14 , 0 (8) b 0, y, z

No. 57

CONTINUED

Pbcm

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

e

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12 (6) x, y, z¯ + 12

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(3) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 (7) x, y¯ + 12 , z + 12

(4) x, y¯ + 12 , z¯ (8) x, ¯ y + 12 , z

0kl: h0l: 0k0: 00l:

k = 2n l = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

d

..m

x, y, 14

x, ¯ y, ¯ 34

x, ¯ y + 12 , 14

4

c

2..

x, 14 , 0

x, ¯ 34 , 12

x, ¯ 34 , 0

4

b

1¯

1 2

4

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

, 0, 0

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

0, 12 , 12

x, y¯ + 12 , 34 x, 14 , 12

no extra conditions hkl: l = 2n

, 12 , 0

hkl: k, l = 2n

0, 12 , 0

hkl: k, l = 2n

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 g m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 g m a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 m m a = 12 c b = a Origin at 0, y, 0

343

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 58, pp. 344–345.

Pnnm

D122h

No. 58

P 21/n 21/n 2/m

mmm

Origin at centre (2/m) Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) m x, y, 0

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0) 14 , y, 14 (7) n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 14 , z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 14 (8) n(0, 12 , 12 ) 14 , y, z

344

Orthorhombic Patterson symmetry P m m m

No. 58

CONTINUED

Pnnm

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

h

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, z¯

(3) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12 (7) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 (8) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12

0kl: h0l: h00: 0k0: 00l:

k + l = 2n h + l = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , 12

x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , 12

4

g

..m

x, y, 0

4

f

..2

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z¯ + 12

0, 12 , z¯

1 2

, 0, z + 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

4

e

..2

0, 0, z

1 2

, 12 , z¯ + 12

0, 0, z¯

1 2

, 12 , z + 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

d

. . 2/m

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

c

. . 2/m

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

b

. . 2/m

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

a

. . 2/m

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

x, ¯ y, ¯0

no extra conditions

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 g g b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] c 2 m m a = c b = a Origin at 0, y, 0

345

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 59, pp. 346–349.

Pmmn

D132h

No. 59

P 21/m 21/m 2/n

ORIGIN CHOICE

mmm

Patterson symmetry P m m m

1

Origin at m m 2/n, at 14 , 14 , 0 from 1¯ Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 1¯

1 4

, ,0 1 4

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) n( 12 , 12 , 0) x, y, 0

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0) (7) m x, 0, z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

1 4

, y, 0

346

Orthorhombic

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 0 (8) m 0, y, z

No. 59

CONTINUED

Pmmn

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

g

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (5) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯

(3) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ (7) x, y, ¯z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ hk0: h + k = 2n h00: h = 2n (8) x, ¯ y, z 0k0: k = 2n Special: as above, plus

4

f

.m.

x, 0, z

x, ¯ 0, z

x¯ + 12 , 12 , z¯

4

e

m..

0, y, z

0, y, ¯z

1 2

4

d

1¯

1 4

, 14 , 12

3 4

, 34 , 12

1 4

, 34 , 12

3 4

, 14 , 12

hkl: h, k = 2n

4

c

1¯

1 4

, 14 , 0

3 4

, 34 , 0

1 4

, 34 , 0

3 4

, 14 , 0

hkl: h, k = 2n

2

b

mm2

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z¯

no extra conditions

2

a

mm2

0, 0, z

1 2

, 12 , z¯

no extra conditions

, y + 12 , z¯

x + 12 , 12 , z¯

no extra conditions

, y¯ + 12 , z¯

no extra conditions

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m a = a b = b Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [010] p 2 g m a = c b = a 1 Origin at 4 , y, 0

Along [100] p 2 m g a = b b = c Origin at x, 14 , 0

347

Pmmn

D132h

No. 59

P 21/m 21/m 2/n

ORIGIN CHOICE

mmm

Patterson symmetry P m m m

2

Origin at 1¯ at 21 21 n, at − 41 , − 41 , 0 from m m 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

− 41 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2 14 , 14 , z (6) n( 12 , 12 , 0) x, y, 0

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0) 0, y, 0 (7) m x, 14 , z

348

Orthorhombic

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 0, 0 (8) m 14 , y, z

No. 59

CONTINUED

Pmmn

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

g

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z (6) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯

(3) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ (7) x, y¯ + 12 , z

(4) x + 12 , y, ¯ z¯ (8) x¯ + 12 , y, z

hk0: h + k = 2n h00: h = 2n 0k0: k = 2n Special: as above, plus

4

f

.m.

x, 14 , z

4

e

m..

1 4

4

d

1¯

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 12

hkl: h, k = 2n

4

c

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: h, k = 2n

2

b

mm2

1 4

, 34 , z

3 4

, 14 , z¯

no extra conditions

2

a

mm2

1 4

, 14 , z

3 4

, 34 , z¯

no extra conditions

, y, z

x¯ + 12 , 14 , z 1 4

, y¯ + 12 , z

x, ¯ 34 , z¯ 3 4

x + 12 , 34 , z¯

no extra conditions

, y, ¯ z¯

no extra conditions

, y + 12 , z¯

3 4

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m a = a b = b 1 1 Origin at 4 , 4 , z

Along [100] p 2 m g a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 g m a = c b = a Origin at 0, y, 0

349

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 60, pp. 350–351.

Pbcn

D142h

No. 60

P 21/b 2/c 21/n

mmm

Patterson symmetry P m m m

Origin at 1¯ on 1 c 1 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 14 , 14 , z (6) n( 12 , 12 , 0) x, y, 14

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 0 (8) b 14 , y, z

(3) 2 0, y, 14 (7) c x, 0, z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

350

Orthorhombic

No. 60

CONTINUED

Pbcn

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

Reflection conditions General:

d

1

4

c

.2.

0, y,

4

b

1¯

4

a

1¯

(2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12 (6) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12 (7) x, y, ¯ z + 12

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ (8) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

k = 2n l = 2n h + k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 1 2

, y¯ + ,

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

1 4

1 2

3 4

0, y, ¯

3 4

1 2

,y+ , 1 2

1 4

hkl: h + k = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 g m a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 g m a = 12 c b = a Origin at 0, y, 0

351

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 61, pp. 352–353.

Pbca

D152h

No. 61

P 21/b 21/c 21/a

mmm

Patterson symmetry P m m m

Origin at 1¯ Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

, 0, z

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0) 0, y, 14 (7) c x, 14 , z

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) (6) a x, y, 14

1 4

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

352

Orthorhombic

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 0 (8) b 14 , y, z

No. 61

CONTINUED

Pbca

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

c

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 1 (6) x + 2 , y, z¯ + 12

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(3) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 (7) x, y¯ + 12 , z + 12

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ (8) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

k = 2n l = 2n h = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

b

1¯

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

4

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 g m a = 12 a b = b Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 g m a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 g m a = 12 c b = a Origin at 0, y, 0

353

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 62, pp. 354–355.

Pnma

D162h

No. 62

P 21/n 21/m 21/a

mmm

Patterson symmetry P m m m

Origin at 1¯ on 1 21 1 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤1

, 0, z

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0) 0, y, 0 (7) m x, 14 , z

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) (6) a x, y, 14

1 4

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

354

Orthorhombic

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 14 (8) n(0, 12 , 12 ) 14 , y, z

No. 62

CONTINUED

Pnma

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

d

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 1 (6) x + 2 , y, z¯ + 12

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(3) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ (7) x, y¯ + 12 , z

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 (8) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12

0kl: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

k + l = 2n h = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

c

.m.

x, 14 , z

x¯ + 12 , 34 , z + 12

x, ¯ 34 , z¯

x + 12 , 14 , z¯ + 12

4

b

1¯

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: h + l, k = 2n

4

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + l, k = 2n

no extra conditions

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 g m b = b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 14 , 14

Along [010] p 2 g g b = a a = c Origin at 0, y, 0

355

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 63, pp. 356–357.

Cmcm

D172h

No. 63

C 2/m 2/c 21/m

mmm

Patterson symmetry C m m m

Origin at centre (2/m) at 2/m c 21 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 4

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z (6) m x, y, 14

(3) 2 0, y, 14 (7) c x, 0, z

(4) 2 x, 0, 0 (8) m 0, y, z

For ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 0) (5) 1¯ 14 , 14 , 0

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 14 , 14 , z (6) n( 12 , 12 , 0) x, y, 14

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0) 14 , y, 14 (7) n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 14 , z

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 0 (8) b 14 , y, z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

356

Orthorhombic

No. 63

CONTINUED

Cmcm

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3); (5) Positions

16

h

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12 (6) x, y, z¯ + 12

General:

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12 (7) x, y, ¯ z + 12

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (8) x, ¯ y, z

hkl: 0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

h + k = 2n k = 2n h, l = 2n h + k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

g

..m

x, y, 14

x, ¯ y, ¯ 34

8

f

m..

0, y, z

0, y, ¯ z + 12

8

e

2..

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 12

8

d

1¯

1 4

4

c

m2m

0, y, 14

0, y, ¯ 34

no extra conditions

4

b

2/m . .

0, 12 , 0

0, 12 , 12

hkl: l = 2n

4

a

2/m . .

0, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

hkl: l = 2n

, 14 , 0

3 4

, 34 , 12

x, ¯ y, 14

x, y, ¯ 34

no extra conditions

0, y, z¯ + 12 x, ¯ 0, 0 3 4

, 14 , 12

0, y, ¯ z¯

hkl: l = 2n

x, 0, 12 1 4

no extra conditions

, 34 , 0

hkl: k, l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 g m a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 m m a = 12 c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 0

357

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 64, pp. 358–359.

Cmce

D182h

No. 64

C 2/m 2/c 21/e

mmm

Patterson symmetry C m m m

Former space-group symbol C m c a; cf. Section 2.1.2

Origin at centre (2/m) at 2/m n 1 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 14 , z (6) b x, y, 14

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0) 0, y, 14 (7) c x, 14 , z

(4) 2 x, 0, 0 (8) m 0, y, z

For ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 0) (5) 1¯ 14 , 14 , 0

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) (6) a x, y, 14

(3) 2 14 , y, 14 (7) n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 0, z

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 0 (8) b 14 , y, z

1 4

, 0, z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

358

Orthorhombic

No. 64

CONTINUED

Cmce

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3); (5) Positions

16

g

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y¯ + 12 , z + 12 (6) x, y + 12 , z¯ + 12

General: (3) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 (7) x, y¯ + 12 , z + 12

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (8) x, ¯ y, z

hkl: 0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

h + k = 2n k = 2n h, l = 2n h, k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 0, y¯ + 12 , z + 12

0, y + 12 , z¯ + 12

8

f

m..

0, y, z

8

e

.2.

1 4

8

d

2..

x, 0, 0

8

c

1¯

1 4

, 14 , 0

3 4

, 14 , 12

4

b

2/m . .

1 2

, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: k + l = 2n

4

a

2/m . .

0, 0, 0

0, 12 , 12

hkl: k + l = 2n

, y, 14

3 4

, y¯ + 12 , 34

x, ¯ 12 , 12

3 4

, y, ¯ 34

x, ¯ 0, 0 3 4

, 34 , 12

1 4

, y + 12 , 14

x, 12 , 12 1 4

0, y, ¯ z¯

no extra conditions hkl: h = 2n hkl: k + l = 2n

, 34 , 0

hkl: k, l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m m b = 12 b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 g m a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 m m a = 12 c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 0

359

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 65, pp. 360–361.

Cmmm

D192h

No. 65

C 2/m 2/m 2/m

mmm

Patterson symmetry C m m m

Origin at centre (m m m) Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) m x, y, 0

(3) 2 0, y, 0 (7) m x, 0, z

For ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 0) (5) 1¯ 14 , 14 , 0

(2) 2 14 , 14 , z (6) n( 12 , 12 , 0) x, y, 0

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0) (7) a x, 14 , z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

(4) 2 x, 0, 0 (8) m 0, y, z 1 4

, y, 0

360

Orthorhombic

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 0 (8) b 14 , y, z

No. 65

CONTINUED

Cmmm

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3); (5) Positions

16

r

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, z¯

General:

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ (7) x, y, ¯z

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (8) x, ¯ y, z

hkl: 0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0:

h + k = 2n k = 2n h = 2n h + k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

q

..m

x, y, 12

x, ¯ y, ¯ 12

x, ¯ y, 12

x, y, ¯ 12

no extra conditions

8

p

..m

x, y, 0

x, ¯ y, ¯0

x, ¯ y, 0

x, y, ¯0

no extra conditions

8

o

.m.

x, 0, z

x, ¯ 0, z

x, ¯ 0, z¯

x, 0, z¯

no extra conditions

8

n

m..

0, y, z

0, y, ¯z

0, y, z¯

0, y, ¯ z¯

no extra conditions

8

m

..2

1 4

4

l

mm2

0, 12 , z

0, 12 , z¯

no extra conditions

4

k

mm2

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

no extra conditions

4

j

m2m

0, y, 12

0, y, ¯ 12

no extra conditions

4

i

m2m

0, y, 0

0, y, ¯0

no extra conditions

4

h

2mm

x, 0, 12

x, ¯ 0, 12

no extra conditions

4

g

2mm

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

no extra conditions

4

f

. . 2/m

1 4

, 14 , 12

3 4

, 14 , 12

hkl: h = 2n

4

e

. . 2/m

1 4

, 14 , 0

3 4

, 14 , 0

hkl: h = 2n

2

d

mmm

0, 0, 12

no extra conditions

2

c

mmm

1 2

, 0, 12

no extra conditions

2

b

mmm

1 2

, 0, 0

no extra conditions

2

a

mmm

0, 0, 0

no extra conditions

, 14 , z

3 4

, 14 , z¯

3 4

, 34 , z¯

1 4

, 34 , z

hkl: h = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 m m a = c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 0

361

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 66, pp. 362–363.

Cccm

D202h

No. 66

C 2/c 2/c 2/m

mmm

Patterson symmetry C m m m

Origin at centre (2/m) at c c 2/m Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) m x, y, 0

(3) 2 0, y, 14 (7) c x, 0, z

(4) 2 x, 0, 14 (8) c 0, y, z

For ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 0) (5) 1¯ 14 , 14 , 0

(2) 2 14 , 14 , z (6) n( 12 , 12 , 0) x, y, 0

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0) 14 , y, 14 (7) n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 14 , z

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 14 (8) n(0, 12 , 12 ) 14 , y, z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

362

Orthorhombic

No. 66

CONTINUED

Cccm

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3); (5) Positions

16

m

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, z¯

General:

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12 (7) x, y, ¯ z + 12

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ + 12 (8) x, ¯ y, z + 12

hkl: 0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

h + k = 2n k, l = 2n h, l = 2n h + k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

l

..m

x, y, 0

8

k

..2

1 4

8

j

..2

0, 12 , z

0, 12 , z¯ + 12

0, 12 , z¯

0, 12 , z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

8

i

..2

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯ + 12

0, 0, z¯

0, 0, z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

8

h

.2.

0, y, 14

0, y, ¯ 14

0, y, ¯ 34

0, y, 34

hkl: l = 2n

8

g

2..

x, 0, 14

x, ¯ 0, 14

x, ¯ 0, 34

x, 0, 34

hkl: l = 2n

4

f

. . 2/m

1 4

, 34 , 0

3 4

, 34 , 12

hkl: k + l = 2n

4

e

. . 2/m

1 4

, 14 , 0

3 4

, 14 , 12

hkl: k + l = 2n

4

d

. . 2/m

0, 12 , 0

0, 12 , 12

hkl: l = 2n

4

c

. . 2/m

0, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

hkl: l = 2n

4

b

222

0, 12 , 14

0, 12 , 34

hkl: l = 2n

4

a

222

0, 0, 14

0, 0, 34

hkl: l = 2n

, 14 , z

x, ¯ y, ¯0 3 4

, 14 , z¯ + 12

x, ¯ y, 12 3 4

x, y, ¯ 12 , 34 , z¯

1 4

no extra conditions , 34 , z + 12

hkl: k + l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 m m a = 12 c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 0

363

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 67, pp. 364–365.

Cmme

D212h

No. 67

C 2/m 2/m 2/e

mmm

Patterson symmetry C m m m

Former space-group symbol C m m a; cf. Section 2.1.2

Origin at centre (2/m) at 2/m 21 /a e Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2 0, 14 , z (6) b x, y, 0

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0) 0, y, 0 (7) m x, 14 , z

(4) 2 x, 0, 0 (8) m 0, y, z

For ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 0) (5) 1¯ 14 , 14 , 0

(2) 2 14 , 0, z (6) a x, y, 0

(3) 2 14 , y, 0 (7) a x, 0, z

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 0 (8) b 14 , y, z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

364

Orthorhombic

No. 67

CONTINUED

Cmme

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3); (5) Positions

16

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y¯ + 12 , z (6) x, y + 12 , z¯

General:

(3) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ (7) x, y¯ + 12 , z

h + k = 2n k = 2n h = 2n h, k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n

o

1

8

n

.m.

x, , z

x, ¯ ,z

8

m

m..

0, y, z

0, y¯ + 12 , z

8

l

..2

1 4

, 0, z

3 4

, 12 , z¯

8

k

.2.

1 4

, y, 12

3 4

, y¯ + 12 , 12

3 4

, y, ¯ 12

1 4

, y + 12 , 12

hkl: h = 2n

8

j

.2.

1 4

, y, 0

3 4

, y¯ + 12 , 0

3 4

, y, ¯0

1 4

, y + 12 , 0

hkl: h = 2n

8

i

2..

x, 0, 12

x, ¯ 12 , 12

x, ¯ 0, 12

x, 12 , 12

hkl: h = 2n

8

h

2..

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 12 , 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

x, 12 , 0

hkl: h = 2n

4

g

mm2

0, 14 , z

0, 34 , z¯

4

f

. 2/m .

1 4

, 14 , 12

3 4

, 14 , 12

hkl: h = 2n

4

e

. 2/m .

1 4

, 14 , 0

3 4

, 14 , 0

hkl: h = 2n

4

d

2/m . .

0, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

hkl: h = 2n

4

c

2/m . .

0, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

hkl: h = 2n

4

b

222

1 4

, 0, 12

3 4

, 0, 12

hkl: h = 2n

4

a

222

1 4

, 0, 0

3 4

, 0, 0

hkl: h = 2n

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (8) x, ¯ y, z

hkl: 0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0:

Special: as above, plus 1 4

1 4

x, ¯ , z¯

x, , z¯

3 4

3 4

no extra conditions

0, y + 12 , z¯ 3 4

, 0, z¯

0, y, ¯ z¯ 1 4

, 12 , z

no extra conditions hkl: h = 2n

no extra conditions

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m m b = 12 b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 m m a = c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 0

365

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 68, pp. 366–369.

Ccce

D222h

No. 68

C 2/c 2/c 2/e

mmm

Patterson symmetry C m m m

Former space-group symbol C c c a; cf. Section 2.1.2 ORIGIN CHOICE

1

Origin at 2 2 2 at 2/n 2/n 2, at 0, 14 , 14 from 1¯ Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 14 , 14

(2) 2 14 , 14 , z (6) a x, y, 14

(3) 2 0, y, 0 (7) c x, 14 , z

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 0 (8) c 14 , y, z

For ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 0) (5) 1¯ 14 , 0, 14

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) b x, y, 14

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0) 14 , y, 0 (7) n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 0, z

(4) 2 x, 0, 0 (8) n(0, 12 , 12 ) 0, y, z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

366

Orthorhombic

No. 68

CONTINUED

Ccce

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3); (5) Positions

16

i

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+

General:

(2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z (6) x + 12 , y, z¯ + 12

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ (7) x, y¯ + 12 , z + 12

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ hkl: h + k = 2n (8) x¯ + 12 , y, z + 12 0kl: k, l = 2n h0l: h, l = 2n hk0: h, k = 2n h00: h = 2n 0k0: k = 2n 00l: l = 2n Special: as above, plus

, 14 , z

, 14 , z¯

, 14 , z¯ + 12

, 14 , z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

8

h

..2

1 4

8

g

..2

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

8

f

.2.

0, y, 0

1 2

8

e

2..

x, 0, 0

x¯ + 12 , 12 , 0

8

d

1¯

0, 14 , 14

1 2

, 14 , 14

0, 14 , 34

1 2

, 14 , 34

hkl: k, l = 2n

8

c

1¯

1 4

, 0, 14

1 4

, 12 , 14

3 4

, 0, 34

3 4

, 12 , 34

hkl: k, l = 2n

4

b

222

0, 0, 12

0, 12 , 0

hkl: k + l = 2n

4

a

222

0, 0, 0

0, 12 , 12

hkl: k + l = 2n

3 4

3 4

1 4

0, 12 , z¯ + 12

, y¯ + 12 , 0

0, 12 , z + 12

hkl: k + l = 2n

, y, 12

hkl: k + l = 2n

x + 12 , 0, 12

hkl: k + l = 2n

0, y¯ + 12 , 12

1 2

x, ¯ 12 , 12

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m m b = 12 b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 m m a = 12 c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 0

367

Ccce

D222h

No. 68

C 2/c 2/c 2/e

mmm

Patterson symmetry C m m m

Former space-group symbol C c c a; cf. Section 2.1.2 ORIGIN CHOICE

2

Origin at 1¯ at n c e, at 0, − 41 , − 41 from 222 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2 14 , 0, z (6) a x, y, 0

(3) 2 0, y, 14 (7) c x, 0, z

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 0, 14 (8) c 14 , y, z

For ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 0) (5) 1¯ 14 , 14 , 0

(2) 2 0, 14 , z (6) b x, y, 0

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0) 14 , y, 14 (7) n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 14 , z

(4) 2 x, 14 , 14 (8) n(0, 12 , 12 ) 0, y, z

368

Orthorhombic

No. 68

CONTINUED

Ccce

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3); (5) Positions

16

i

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯z (6) x + 12 , y, z¯

General:

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12 (7) x, y, ¯ z + 12

(4) x + 12 , y, ¯ z¯ + 12 1 (8) x¯ + 2 , y, z + 12

hkl: 0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

h + k = 2n k, l = 2n h, l = 2n h, k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus , 0, z

, 0, z¯ + 12

, 0, z¯

, 0, z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

8

h

..2

1 4

8

g

..2

0, 14 , z

0, 14 , z¯ + 12

8

f

.2.

0, y, 14

1 2

8

e

2..

x, 14 , 14

x¯ + 12 , 34 , 14

8

d

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 0, 12

hkl: k, l = 2n

8

c

1¯

1 4

, 34 , 0

1 4

, 14 , 0

3 4

, 34 , 12

3 4

, 14 , 12

hkl: k, l = 2n

4

b

222

0, 14 , 34

0, 34 , 14

hkl: k + l = 2n

4

a

222

0, 14 , 14

0, 34 , 34

hkl: k + l = 2n

3 4

, y, ¯ 14

3 4

1 4

0, 34 , z¯ 0, y, ¯ 34

0, 34 , z + 12 1 2

, y, 34

x, ¯ 34 , 34

hkl: k + l = 2n hkl: k + l = 2n

x + 12 , 14 , 34

hkl: k + l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m m b = 12 b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 m m a = 12 c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 0

369

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 69, pp. 370–371.

F mmm

D232h

No. 69

F 2/m 2/m 2/m

mmm

Patterson symmetry F m m m

Origin at centre (m m m) Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) m x, y, 0

(3) 2 0, y, 0 (7) m x, 0, z

(4) 2 x, 0, 0 (8) m 0, y, z

For (0, 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t(0, 12 , 12 ) (5) 1¯ 0, 14 , 14

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 14 , z (6) b x, y, 14

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0) 0, y, 14 (7) c x, 14 , z

(4) 2 x, 14 , 14 (8) n(0, 12 , 12 ) 0, y, z

For ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 0, 12 ) (5) 1¯ 14 , 0, 14

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) (6) a x, y, 14

(3) 2 14 , y, 14 (7) n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 0, z

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 0, 14 (8) c 14 , y, z

For ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 0) (5) 1¯ 14 , 14 , 0

(2) 2 14 , 14 , z (6) n( 12 , 12 , 0) x, y, 0

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0) (7) a x, 14 , z

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 0 (8) b 14 , y, z

1 4

, 0, z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

1 4

, y, 0

370

Orthorhombic

No. 69

CONTINUED

F mmm

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5) Positions

32

p

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 12 , 12 , 0)+ (1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, z¯

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ (7) x, y, ¯z

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (8) x, ¯ y, z

General: hkl: 0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n k, l = 2n h, l = 2n h, k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 16

o

..m

x, y, 0

x, ¯ y, ¯0

x, ¯ y, 0

x, y, ¯0

no extra conditions

16

n

.m.

x, 0, z

x, ¯ 0, z

x, ¯ 0, z¯

x, 0, z¯

no extra conditions

16

m

m..

0, y, z

0, y, ¯z

0, y, z¯

0, y, ¯ z¯

no extra conditions

16

l

2..

x, 14 , 14

x, ¯ 34 , 14

x, ¯ 34 , 34

16

k

.2.

1 4

, y, 14

3 4

, y, ¯ 14

3 4

, y, ¯ 34

16

j

..2

1 4

, 14 , z

3 4

, 14 , z¯

3 4

, 34 , z¯

8

i

mm2

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

no extra conditions

8

h

m2m

0, y, 0

0, y, ¯0

no extra conditions

8

g

2mm

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

no extra conditions

8

f

222

1 4

, 14 , 14

3 4

, 34 , 34

hkl: h = 2n

8

e

. . 2/m

1 4

, 14 , 0

3 4

, 14 , 0

hkl: h = 2n

8

d

. 2/m .

1 4

, 0, 14

3 4

, 0, 14

hkl: h = 2n

8

c

2/m . .

0, 14 , 14

0, 34 , 14

hkl: h = 2n

4

b

mmm

0, 0, 12

no extra conditions

4

a

mmm

0, 0, 0

no extra conditions

x, 14 , 34

hkl: h = 2n

1 4

, y, 34

hkl: h = 2n

1 4

, 34 , z

hkl: h = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m m b = 12 b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 m m a = 12 c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 0

371

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 70, pp. 372–375.

Fddd

D242h

No. 70

F 2/d 2/d 2/d

ORIGIN CHOICE

mmm

Orthorhombic Patterson symmetry F m m m

1

Origin at 2 2 2, at − 81 , − 81 , − 81 from 1¯ Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 18 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 18 , 18 , 18

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) d( 41 , 14 , 0) x, y, 18

(3) 2 0, y, 0 (7) d( 41 , 0, 14 ) x, 18 , z

(4) 2 x, 0, 0 (8) d(0, 14 , 14 )

1 8

, y, z

For (0, , )+ set (1) t(0, 12 , 12 ) (5) 1¯ 18 , 38 , 38

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 14 , z (6) d( 41 , 34 , 0) x, y, 38

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0) 0, y, 14 (7) d( 41 , 0, 34 ) x, 38 , z

(4) 2 x, 14 , 14 (8) d(0, 34 , 34 )

1 8

, y, z

For ( , 0, )+ set (1) t( 21 , 0, 12 ) (5) 1¯ 38 , 18 , 38

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 14 , 0, z (6) d( 43 , 14 , 0) x, y, 38

(3) 2 14 , y, 14 (7) d( 43 , 0, 34 ) x, 18 , z

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 0, 14 (8) d(0, 14 , 34 ) 38 , y, z

For ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 0) (5) 1¯ 38 , 38 , 18

(2) 2 14 , 14 , z (6) d( 43 , 34 , 0) x, y, 18

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0) 14 , y, 0 (7) d( 43 , 0, 14 ) x, 38 , z

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 0 (8) d(0, 34 , 14 ) 38 , y, z

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

372

No. 70

CONTINUED

Fddd

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5) Positions

32

h

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 12 , 12 , 0)+

General:

(1) x, y, z (2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (3) x, ¯ y, z¯ (4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (5) x¯ + 14 , y¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14 (6) x + 14 , y + 14 , z¯ + 14 (7) x + 14 , y¯ + 14 , z + 14 (8) x¯ + 14 , y + 14 , z + 14

hkl: h + k = 2n and h + l, k + l = 2n 0kl: k + l = 4n and k, l = 2n h0l: h + l = 4n and h, l = 2n hk0: h + k = 4n and h, k = 2n h00: h = 4n 0k0: k = 4n 00l: l = 4n Special: as above, plus

16

g

..2

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

1 4

, 14 , z¯ + 14

1 4

, 14 , z + 14

16

f

.2.

0, y, 0

0, y, ¯0

1 4

, y¯ + 14 , 14

1 4

, y + 14 , 14

16

e

2..

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

x¯ + , ,

16

d

1¯

5 8

, 58 , 58

3 8

, 38 , 58

3 8

, 58 , 38

5 8

, 38 , 38

16

c

1¯

1 8

, 18 , 18

7 8

, 78 , 18

7 8

, 18 , 78

1 8

, 78 , 78

8

b

222

0, 0, 12

1 4

, 14 , 34

8

a

222

0, 0, 0

1 4

, 14 , 14

1 4

1 4

x+ , ,

1 4

1 4

1 4





1 4

⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎬

hkl: h = 2n + 1 or h + k + l = 4n

⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎭ hkl: h = 2n + 1 or h, k, l = 4n + 2 or h, k, l = 4n hkl: h = 2n + 1 or h + k + l = 4n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m b = 12 b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 2 m m a = 12 b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] c 2 m m a = 12 c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 0

373

Fddd

D242h

No. 70

F 2/d 2/d 2/d

ORIGIN CHOICE

mmm

Patterson symmetry F m m m

2

Origin at 1¯ at d d d, at 18 , 18 , 18 from 2 2 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 18 ;

− 81 ≤ y ≤ 18 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2 38 , 38 , z (6) d( 41 , 14 , 0) x, y, 0

(3) 2 38 , y, 38 (7) d( 41 , 0, 14 ) x, 0, z

(4) 2 x, 38 , 38 (8) d(0, 14 , 14 ) 0, y, z

For (0, 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t(0, 12 , 12 ) (5) 1¯ 0, 14 , 14

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 38 , 18 , z (6) d( 41 , 34 , 0) x, y, 14

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0) 38 , y, 18 (7) d( 41 , 0, 34 ) x, 14 , z

(4) 2 x, 18 , 18 (8) d(0, 34 , 34 ) 0, y, z

For ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 0, 12 ) (5) 1¯ 14 , 0, 14

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 18 , 38 , z (6) d( 43 , 14 , 0) x, y, 14

(3) 2 18 , y, 18 (7) d( 43 , 0, 34 ) x, 0, z

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 38 , 18 (8) d(0, 14 , 34 ) 14 , y, z

For ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 0) (5) 1¯ 14 , 14 , 0

(2) 2 18 , 18 , z (6) d( 43 , 34 , 0) x, y, 0

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0) 18 , y, 38 (7) d( 43 , 0, 14 ) x, 14 , z

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 18 , 38 (8) d(0, 34 , 14 ) 14 , y, z

374

Orthorhombic

No. 70

CONTINUED

Fddd

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5) Positions

32

h

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 12 , 12 , 0)+ (1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x¯ + 34 , y¯ + 34 , z (6) x + 14 , y + 14 , z¯

General:

(3) x¯ + 34 , y, z¯ + 34 (7) x + 14 , y, ¯ z + 14

(4) x, y¯ + 34 , z¯ + 34 (8) x, ¯ y + 14 , z + 14

hkl: 0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n k + l = 4n, k, l = 2n h + l = 4n, h, l = 2n h + k = 4n, h, k = 2n h = 4n k = 4n l = 4n

Special: as above, plus 16

g

..2

1 8

, 18 , z

5 8

, 18 , z¯ + 34

7 8

, 78 , z¯

3 8

, 78 , z + 14

16

f

.2.

1 8

, y, 18

5 8

, y¯ + 34 , 18

7 8

, y, ¯ 78

3 8

, y + 14 , 78

16

e

2..

x, ,

16

d

1¯

1 2

16

c

1¯

0, 0, 0

8

b

222

1 8

8

a

222

1 8

1 8

1 8

, 12 , 12

x¯ + , , 3 4

5 8

x, ¯ ,

1 8

7 8

x+ , ,

7 8

1 4

1 4

, 14 , 12

1 4

, 12 , 14

1 2

, 14 , 14

3 4

, 34 , 0

3 4

, 0, 34

0, 34 , 34

, 18 , 58

7 8

, 78 , 38

, 18 , 18

7 8

, 78 , 78

3 8





7 8

⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎬

hkl: h = 2n + 1 or h + k + l = 4n

⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎭ hkl: h = 2n + 1 or h, k, l = 4n + 2 or h, k, l = 4n hkl: h = 2n + 1 or h + k + l = 4n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m b = 12 b a = 12 a 1 1 Origin at 8 , 8 , z

Along [100] c 2 m m a = 12 b b = 12 c 1 1 Origin at x, 8 , 8

Along [010] c 2 m m b = 12 a a = 12 c 1 Origin at 8 , y, 18

375

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 71, pp. 376–377.

I mmm

D252h

No. 71

I 2/m 2/m 2/m

mmm

Patterson symmetry I m m m

Origin at centre (m m m) Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) m x, y, 0

(3) 2 0, y, 0 (7) m x, 0, z

(4) 2 x, 0, 0 (8) m 0, y, z

For ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5) 1¯ 14 , 14 , 14

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 14 , 14 , z (6) n( 12 , 12 , 0) x, y, 14

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0) 14 , y, 14 (7) n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 14 , z

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 14 (8) n(0, 12 , 12 ) 14 , y, z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

376

Orthorhombic

No. 71

CONTINUED

I mmm

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) Positions

16

o

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, z¯

General:

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ (7) x, y, ¯z

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (8) x, ¯ y, z

hkl: 0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

h + k + l = 2n k + l = 2n h + l = 2n h + k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

n

..m

x, y, 0

x, ¯ y, ¯0

x, ¯ y, 0

x, y, ¯0

no extra conditions

8

m

.m.

x, 0, z

x, ¯ 0, z

x, ¯ 0, z¯

x, 0, z¯

no extra conditions

8

l

m..

0, y, z

0, y, ¯z

0, y, z¯

0, y, ¯ z¯

no extra conditions

8

k

1¯

1 4

, 14 , 14

3 4

, 34 , 14

4

j

mm2

1 2

, 0, z

1 2

, 0, z¯

no extra conditions

4

i

mm2

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

no extra conditions

4

h

m2m

0, y, 12

0, y, ¯ 12

no extra conditions

4

g

m2m

0, y, 0

0, y, ¯0

no extra conditions

4

f

2mm

x, 12 , 0

x, ¯ 12 , 0

no extra conditions

4

e

2mm

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

no extra conditions

2

d

mmm

1 2

, 0, 12

no extra conditions

2

c

mmm

1 2

, 12 , 0

no extra conditions

2

b

mmm

0, 12 , 12

no extra conditions

2

a

mmm

0, 0, 0

no extra conditions

3 4

, 14 , 34

1 4

, 34 , 34

hkl: k, l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] c 2 m m a = c b = a Origin at 0, y, 0

377

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 72, pp. 378–379.

I bam

D262h

No. 72

I 2/b 2/a 2/m

mmm

Patterson symmetry I m m m

Origin at centre (2/m) at c c 2/m Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) m x, y, 0

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0) (7) a x, 14 , z

For ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5) 1¯ 14 , 14 , 14

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 14 , 14 , z (6) n( 12 , 12 , 0) x, y, 14

(3) 2 0, y, 14 (7) c x, 0, z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

1 4

, y, 0

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 0 (8) b 14 , y, z (4) 2 x, 0, 14 (8) c 0, y, z

378

Orthorhombic

No. 72

CONTINUED

I bam

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) Positions

16

k

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

General:

(3) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ (7) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, z¯

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ (8) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

hkl: 0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

h + k + l = 2n k, l = 2n h, l = 2n h + k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , 0

x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , 0

8

j

..m

x, y, 0

8

i

..2

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z¯

0, 12 , z¯

1 2

, 0, z

hkl: l = 2n

8

h

..2

0, 0, z

1 2

, 12 , z¯

0, 0, z¯

1 2

, 12 , z

hkl: l = 2n

8

g

.2.

0, y, 14

0, y, ¯ 14

0, y, ¯ 34

0, y, 34

hkl: l = 2n

8

f

2..

x, 0, 14

x, ¯ 0, 14

x, ¯ 0, 34

x, 0, 34

hkl: l = 2n

8

e

1¯

1 4

, 14 , 14

3 4

4

d

. . 2/m

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

hkl: l = 2n

4

c

. . 2/m

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: l = 2n

4

b

222

1 2

, 0, 14

1 2

, 0, 34

hkl: l = 2n

4

a

222

0, 0, 14

0, 0, 34

hkl: l = 2n

x, ¯ y, ¯0

, 34 , 14

1 4

, 34 , 34

3 4

, 14 , 34

no extra conditions

hkl: k, l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 m m a = 12 c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 0

379

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 73, pp. 380–381.

I bca

D272h

No. 73

I 21/b 21/c 21/a

mmm

Patterson symmetry I m m m

Origin at 1¯ at c a b Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) (6) a x, y, 14

For ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5) 1¯ 14 , 14 , 14

(2) 2 0, 14 , z (6) b x, y, 0

1 4

, 0, z

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0) 0, y, 14 (7) c x, 14 , z

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 0 (8) b 14 , y, z

(3) 2 14 , y, 0 (7) a x, 0, z

(4) 2 x, 0, 14 (8) c 0, y, z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

380

Orthorhombic

No. 73

CONTINUED

I bca

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) Positions

16

f

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 1 (6) x + 2 , y, z¯ + 12

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

General: (3) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 (7) x, y¯ + 12 , z + 12

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ (8) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

hkl: 0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

h + k + l = 2n k, l = 2n h, l = 2n h, k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

e

..2

0, 14 , z

8

d

.2.

1 4

8

c

2..

x, 0, 14

8

b

1¯

1 4

8

a

1¯

0, 0, 0

, y, 0

, 14 , 14

0, 34 , z¯ + 12 1 4

, y, ¯ 12

0, 34 , z¯ 3 4

, y, ¯0

x¯ + 12 , 0, 34

0, 14 , z + 12 3 4

, y, 12

hkl: k = 2n

x + 12 , 0, 14

x, ¯ 0, 34

hkl: l = 2n

hkl: h = 2n

1 4

, 34 , 34

3 4

, 34 , 14

3 4

, 14 , 34

hkl: k, l = 2n

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: k, l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m m b = 12 b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [010] p 2 m m a = 12 c b = 12 a Origin at 0, y, 0

381

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 74, pp. 382–383.

I mma

D282h

No. 74

I 21/m 21/m 21/a

mmm

Patterson symmetry I m m m

Origin at centre (2/m) at 2/m 21 /n b Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2 0, 14 , z (6) b x, y, 0

For ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5) 1¯ 14 , 14 , 14

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) (6) a x, y, 14

1 4

, 0, z

(3) 2(0, 12 , 0) 0, y, 0 (7) m x, 14 , z

(4) 2 x, 0, 0 (8) m 0, y, z

(3) 2 14 , y, 14 (7) n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 0, z

(4) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 14 (8) n(0, 12 , 12 ) 14 , y, z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

382

Orthorhombic

No. 74

CONTINUED

I mma

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) Positions

16

j

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y¯ + 12 , z (6) x, y + 12 , z¯

General:

(3) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ (7) x, y¯ + 12 , z

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (8) x, ¯ y, z

hkl: 0kl: h0l: hk0: h00: 0k0: 00l:

h + k + l = 2n k + l = 2n h + l = 2n h, k = 2n h = 2n k = 2n l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

i

.m.

x, 14 , z

x, ¯ 14 , z

8

h

m..

0, y, z

0, y¯ + 12 , z

8

g

.2.

1 4

8

f

2..

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 12 , 0

4

e

mm2

0, 14 , z

0, 34 , z¯

4

d

. 2/m .

1 4

, 14 , 34

3 4

, 14 , 34

hkl: h = 2n

4

c

. 2/m .

1 4

, 14 , 14

3 4

, 14 , 14

hkl: h = 2n

4

b

2/m . .

0, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

hkl: h = 2n

4

a

2/m . .

0, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

hkl: h = 2n

, y, 14

3 4

, y¯ + 12 , 14

x, ¯ 34 , z¯

x, 34 , z¯

no extra conditions

0, y + 12 , z¯ 3 4

, y, ¯ 34

x, ¯ 0, 0

0, y, ¯ z¯ 1 4

, y + 12 , 34

x, 12 , 0

no extra conditions hkl: h = 2n hkl: k = 2n no extra conditions

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m m b = 12 b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 14 , 14

Along [010] c 2 m m b = a a = c Origin at 0, y, 0

383

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 75, p. 384.

P4

C41

No. 75

P4

4

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m

Origin on 4 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(3) 4+ 0, 0, z

(2) 2 0, 0, z

(4) 4− 0, 0, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

d

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) y, ¯ x, z

(4) y, x, ¯z

no conditions Special:

2

c

2..

0, 12 , z

1

b

4..

1 2

, 12 , z

no extra conditions

1

a

4..

0, 0, z

no extra conditions

1 2

, 0, z

hkl: h + k = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [110] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

384

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 76, p. 385.

Tetragonal

4

Patterson symmetry P 4/m

C42

P 41

P 41

No. 76

Origin on 41 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z

(1) 1

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 14 ) 0, 0, z

(4) 4− (0, 0, 34 ) 0, 0, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

a

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12

(3) y, ¯ x, z + 14

(4) y, x, ¯ z + 34

00l: l = 4n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 g 1 a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [110] p 1 g 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

385

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 77, p. 386.

P 42

C43

No. 77

P 42

4

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m

Origin on 2 on 42 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z

(2) 2 0, 0, z

(4) 4− (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

d

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) y, ¯ x, z + 12

(4) y, x, ¯ z + 12

00l: l = 2n Special: as above, plus

2

c

2..

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z + 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

b

2..

1 2

, 12 , z

1 2

, 12 , z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

2

a

2..

0, 0, z

0, 0, z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [110] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

386

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 78, p. 387.

Tetragonal

4

Patterson symmetry P 4/m

C44

P 43

P 43

No. 78

Origin on 43 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z

(1) 1

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 34 ) 0, 0, z

(4) 4− (0, 0, 14 ) 0, 0, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

a

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12

(3) y, ¯ x, z + 34

(4) y, x, ¯ z + 14

00l: l = 4n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 g 1 a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [110] p 1 g 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

387

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 79, p. 388.

I4

C45

No. 79

I4

4

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry I 4/m

Origin on 4 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0, z

For ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 )

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 )

1 4

, 14 , z

(3) 4+ 0, 0, z

(4) 4− 0, 0, z

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 12 , z

(4) 4− (0, 0, 12 )

1 2

, 0, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) Positions

8

c

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) y, ¯ x, z

General: (4) y, x, ¯z

hkl: hk0: 0kl: hhl: 00l: h00:

h + k + l = 2n h + k = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

b

2..

0, 12 , z

2

a

4..

0, 0, z

1 2

, 0, z

hkl: l = 2n no extra conditions

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 0, 0, z

b = 12 (a + b)

Along [100] c 1 m 1 a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

388

Along [110] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 80, p. 389.

Tetragonal

4

Patterson symmetry I 4/m

C46

I 41

I 41

No. 80

Origin on 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 4

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 )

For ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 )

(2) 2 0, 0, z

1 4

, 14 , z

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 14 ) − 14 , 14 , z

(4) 4− (0, 0, 34 )

1 4

, − 41 , z

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 34 )

(4) 4− (0, 0, 14 )

1 4

, 14 , z

1 4

, 14 , z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

b

1

a

2..

Reflection conditions

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

(2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12

General: (3) y, ¯ x + 12 , z + 14

(4) y + 12 , x, ¯ z + 34

hkl: hk0: 0kl: hhl: 00l: h00:

h + k + l = 2n h + k = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n l = 4n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

0, 0, z

0, , z + 1 2

hkl: l = 2n + 1 or 2h + l = 4n

1 4

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 14 , 14 , z

b = 12 (a + b)

Along [100] c 1 m 1 a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

389

Along [110] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 81, p. 390.

P 4¯

S41

No. 81

P 4¯

4¯

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m

Origin at 4¯ 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations (1) 1

(3) 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0

(2) 2 0, 0, z

(4) 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

h

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) y, x, ¯ z¯

(4) y, ¯ x, z¯

no conditions Special:

2

g

2..

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z¯

hk0: h + k = 2n

2

f

2..

1 2

, 12 , z

1 2

, 12 , z¯

no extra conditions

2

e

2..

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

no extra conditions

1

d

4¯ . .

1 2

, 12 , 12

no extra conditions

1

c

4¯ . .

1 2

, 12 , 0

no extra conditions

1

b

4¯ . .

0, 0, 12

no extra conditions

1

a

4¯ . .

0, 0, 0

no extra conditions

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [110] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

390

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 82, p. 391.

4¯

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry I 4/m

S42

I 4¯

I 4¯

No. 82

Origin at 4¯ Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0, z

For ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 )

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 )

1 4

, 14 , z

(3) 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0

(4) 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0

(3) 4¯ + 12 , 0, z;

(4) 4¯ − 0, 12 , z; 0, 12 , 14

1 2

, 0, 14

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) Positions

8

g

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) y, x, ¯ z¯

General: (4) y, ¯ x, z¯

hkl: hk0: 0kl: hhl: 00l: h00:

h + k + l = 2n h + k = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: no extra conditions 4

f

2..

0, 12 , z

1 2

4

e

2..

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

2

d

4¯ . .

0, 12 , 34

2

c

4¯ . .

0, 12 , 14

2

b

4¯ . .

0, 0, 12

2

a

4¯ . .

0, 0, 0

, 0, z¯

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 0, 0, z

b = 12 (a + b)

Along [100] c 1 m 1 a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

391

Along [110] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 83, p. 392.

P 4/m

C4h1

No. 83

P 4/m

4/m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m

Origin at centre (4/m) 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(3) 4+ 0, 0, z (7) 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) m x, y, 0

(4) 4− 0, 0, z (8) 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

l

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, z¯

(3) y, ¯ x, z (7) y, x, ¯ z¯

(4) y, x, ¯z (8) y, ¯ x, z¯

no conditions Special:

4

k

m..

x, y, 12

x, ¯ y, ¯ 12

y, ¯ x, 12

y, x, ¯ 12

no extra conditions

4

j

m..

x, y, 0

x, ¯ y, ¯0

y, ¯ x, 0

y, x, ¯0

no extra conditions

4

i

2..

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z

0, 12 , z¯

1 2

2

h

4..

1 2

, 12 , z

1 2

, 12 , z¯

no extra conditions

2

g

4..

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

no extra conditions

2

f

2/m . .

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

e

2/m . .

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

1

d

4/m . .

1 2

, 12 , 12

no extra conditions

1

c

4/m . .

1 2

, 12 , 0

no extra conditions

1

b

4/m . .

0, 0, 12

no extra conditions

1

a

4/m . .

0, 0, 0

no extra conditions

, 0, z¯

hkl: h + k = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0 392

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 84, p. 393.

Tetragonal

P 42/m

C4h2

4/m

P 42/m

Patterson symmetry P 4/m

No. 84

Origin at centre (2/m) on 42 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z (7) 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 14

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) m x, y, 0

(4) 4− (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z (8) 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 14

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

k

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, z¯

(3) y, ¯ x, z + 12 (7) y, x, ¯ z¯ + 12

(4) y, x, ¯ z + 12 (8) y, ¯ x, z¯ + 12

00l: l = 2n Special: as above, plus

4

j

m..

x, y, 0

4

i

2..

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z + 12

0, 12 , z¯

1 2

, 0, z¯ + 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

4

h

2..

1 2

, 12 , z

1 2

, 12 , z + 12

1 2

, 12 , z¯

1 2

, 12 , z¯ + 12

hkl: l = 2n

4

g

2..

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯ + 12

hkl: l = 2n

2

f

4¯ . .

1 2

2

e

4¯ . .

2

d

2

, 12 , 14

y, ¯ x, 12

x, ¯ y, ¯0

0, 0, z + 12

y, x, ¯ 12

0, 0, z¯

no extra conditions

, 12 , 34

hkl: l = 2n

0, 0, 14

0, 0, 34

hkl: l = 2n

2/m . .

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

c

2/m . .

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

b

2/m . .

1 2

, 12 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: l = 2n

2

a

2/m . .

0, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

hkl: l = 2n

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0 393

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 85, pp. 394–395.

P 4/n

C4h3

No. 85

P 4/n

ORIGIN CHOICE

4/m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m

1

Origin at 4¯ on n, at − 41 , 14 , 0 from 1¯ 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 1¯

1 4

(3) 4+ 0, 12 , z (7) 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) n( 12 , 12 , 0) x, y, 0

, ,0 1 4

(4) 4− 12 , 0, z (8) 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

g

1

4

f

2..

4

e

1¯

4

d

2

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (5) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯

(3) y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z (7) y, x, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯

(4) y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z (8) y, ¯ x, z¯

hk0: h + k = 2n h00: h = 2n Special: as above, plus

0, 0, z

1 2

, ,z

1 4

, 14 , 12

3 4

, 34 , 12

1 4

, 34 , 12

3 4

, 14 , 12

hkl: h, k = 2n

1¯

1 4

, 14 , 0

3 4

, 34 , 0

1 4

, 34 , 0

3 4

, 14 , 0

hkl: h, k = 2n

c

4..

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z¯

no extra conditions

2

b

4¯ . .

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

a

4¯ . .

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

1 2

1 2

, , z¯ 1 2

hkl: h + k = 2n

0, 0, z¯

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 0, 0, z

b = 12 (a + b)

Along [100] p 2 m g a = b b = c Origin at x, 14 , 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

394

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

Tetragonal

C4h3

4/m

P 4/n

P 4/n

Patterson symmetry P 4/m

No. 85 ORIGIN CHOICE

Origin at 1¯ on n, at 14 , − 41 , 0 from 4¯ − 41 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

Asymmetric unit

− 41 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (2) 2 14 , 14 , z (6) n( 12 , 12 , 0) x, y, 0

(1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(3) 4+ 14 , 14 , z (7) 4¯ + 14 , − 41 , z;

1 4

,− ,0 1 4

(4) 4− 14 , 14 , z (8) 4¯ − − 14 , 14 , z; − 41 , 14 , 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

g

1

4

f

4

Reflection conditions General:

(2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z (6) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(3) y¯ + 12 , x, z (7) y + 12 , x, ¯ z¯

(4) y, x¯ + 12 , z (8) y, ¯ x + 12 , z¯

hk0: h + k = 2n h00: h = 2n Special: as above, plus

2..

1 4

3 4

, ,z

3 4

, ,z

e

1¯

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

1 2

4

d

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

1 2

2

c

4..

1 4

, 14 , z

3 4

, 34 , z¯

no extra conditions

2

b

4¯ . .

1 4

, 34 , 12

3 4

, 14 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

a

4¯ . .

1 4

, 34 , 0

3 4

, 14 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

1 4

3 4

, , z¯

, , z¯

hkl: h + k = 2n

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

hkl: h, k = 2n

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

hkl: h, k = 2n

1 4

1 4

3 4

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 14 , 14 , z

b = 12 (a + b)

Along [100] p 2 m g a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

395

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

2

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 86, pp. 396–397.

P 42/n

C4h4

No. 86

P 42/n

ORIGIN CHOICE

4/m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m

1

¯ at − 41 , − 41 , − 41 from 1¯ Origin at 4, 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 4

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 1¯

1 4

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 12 , z (7) 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) n( 12 , 12 , 0) x, y, 14

, 14 , 14

(4) 4− (0, 0, 12 ) 12 , 0, z (8) 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

g

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (3) y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 (4) y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 (5) x¯ + 2 , y¯ + 2 , z¯ + 2 (6) x + 2 , y + 2 , z¯ + 2 (7) y, x, ¯ z¯ (8) y, ¯ x, z¯

hk0: h + k = 2n 00l: l = 2n h00: h = 2n Special: as above, plus

4

f

2..

0, 0, z

1 2

, 12 , z + 12

1 2

, 12 , z¯ + 12

0, 0, z¯

4

e

2..

0, 12 , z

0, 12 , z + 12

1 2

, 0, z¯ + 12

1 2

4

d

1¯

1 4

, 14 , 34

3 4

, 34 , 34

1 4

, 34 , 14

3 4

, 14 , 14

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

4

c

1¯

1 4

, 14 , 14

3 4

, 34 , 14

1 4

, 34 , 34

3 4

, 14 , 34

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

2

b

4¯ . .

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

a

4¯ . .

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

, 0, z¯

hkl: h + k + l = 2n hkl: l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 0, 0, z

b = 12 (a + b)

Along [100] p 2 m g a = b b = c Origin at x, 14 , 14

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

396

Along [110] p 2 m m b = c a = 12 (−a + b) Origin at x, x, 14

Tetragonal

P 42/n

C4h4

4/m

P 42/n

Patterson symmetry P 4/m

No. 86 ORIGIN CHOICE

Origin at 1¯ on n, at 14 , 14 , 14 from 4¯ − 41 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

Asymmetric unit

− 41 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (2) 2 14 , 14 , z (6) n( 12 , 12 , 0) x, y, 0

(1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 12 ) − 14 , 14 , z (7) 4¯ + 14 , 14 , z; 14 , 14 , 14

(4) 4− (0, 0, 12 ) 14 , − 41 , z (8) 4¯ − 14 , 14 , z; 14 , 14 , 14

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

g

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z (6) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(3) y, ¯ x + 12 , z + 12 (7) y, x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12

(4) y + 12 , x, ¯ z + 12 (8) y¯ + 12 , x, z¯ + 12

hk0: h + k = 2n 00l: l = 2n h00: h = 2n Special: as above, plus

4

f

2..

1 4

, 14 , z

3 4

, 34 , z + 12

3 4

, 34 , z¯

1 4

, 14 , z¯ + 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

4

e

2..

3 4

, 14 , z

3 4

, 14 , z + 12

1 4

, 34 , z¯

1 4

, 34 , z¯ + 12

hkl: l = 2n

4

d

1¯

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

4

c

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 12

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

2

b

4¯ . .

1 4

, 14 , 34

3 4

, 34 , 14

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

a

4¯ . .

1 4

, 14 , 14

3 4

, 34 , 34

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 14 , 14 , z

b = 12 (a + b)

Along [100] p 2 m g a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

397

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

2

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 87, pp. 398–399.

I 4/m

C4h5

No. 87

I 4/m

4/m

Patterson symmetry I 4/m

Origin at centre (4/m) Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

Tetragonal

0≤z≤

1 4

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) m x, y, 0

(3) 4+ 0, 0, z (7) 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0

(4) 4− 0, 0, z (8) 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0

For ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5) 1¯ 14 , 14 , 14

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 14 , 14 , z (6) n( 12 , 12 , 0) x, y, 14

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 12 , z (7) 4¯ + 12 , 0, z; 12 , 0, 14

(4) 4− (0, 0, 12 ) 12 , 0, z (8) 4¯ − 0, 12 , z; 0, 12 , 14

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

398

No. 87

CONTINUED

I 4/m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) Positions

16

i

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, z¯

General:

(3) y, ¯ x, z (7) y, x, ¯ z¯

(4) y, x, ¯z (8) y, ¯ x, z¯

hkl: hk0: 0kl: hhl: 00l: h00:

h + k + l = 2n h + k = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

h

m..

x, y, 0

8

g

2..

0, 12 , z

8

f

1¯

1 4

, 14 , 14

4

e

4..

0, 0, z

4

d

4¯ . .

0, 12 , 14

1 2

, 0, 14

hkl: l = 2n

4

c

2/m . .

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: l = 2n

2

b

4/m . .

0, 0, 12

no extra conditions

2

a

4/m . .

0, 0, 0

no extra conditions

x, ¯ y, ¯0

y, ¯ x, 0

y, x, ¯0

1 2

, 0, z

0, 12 , z¯

1 2

3 4

, 34 , 14

3 4

, 14 , 14

no extra conditions

, 0, z¯

hkl: l = 2n

, 34 , 14

hkl: k, l = 2n

1 4

0, 0, z¯

no extra conditions

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 0, 0, z

b = 12 (a + b)

Along [100] c 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

399

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 88, pp. 400–401.

I 41/a

C4h6

No. 88

I 41/a

ORIGIN CHOICE

4/m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry I 4/m

1

¯ at 0, − 41 , − 81 from 1¯ Origin at 4,

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 14 , 18

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) (6) a x, y, 38

For ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5) 1¯ 14 , 0, 38

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) b x, y, 18

1 4

, 14 , z

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 14 ) − 14 , 14 , z (7) 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0

(4) 4− (0, 0, 34 ) 14 , − 41 , z (8) 4¯ − 0, 12 , z; 0, 12 , 14

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 34 ) 14 , 14 , z (7) 4¯ + 12 , 0, z; 12 , 0, 14

(4) 4− (0, 0, 14 ) 14 , 14 , z (8) 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) Positions

16

f

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

General:

(2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12 (6) x + 12 , y, z¯ + 34

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 14

(3) y, ¯ x + 12 , z + 14 (7) y, x, ¯ z¯

(4) y + 12 , x, ¯ z + 34 1 (8) y¯ + 2 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12

hkl: hk0: 0kl: hhl: 00l: h00: hh0:

h + k + l = 2n h, k = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n l = 4n h = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 0, 12 , z + 14

0, 12 , z¯ + 14

8

e

2..

0, 0, z

8

d

1¯

0, 14 , 58

1 2

, 14 , 18

3 4

, 12 , 78

3 4

, 0, 38

8

c

1¯

0, 14 , 18

1 2

, 14 , 58

3 4

, 12 , 38

3 4

, 0, 78

4

b

4¯ . .

0, 0, 12

0, 12 , 34

4

a

4¯ . .

0, 0, 0

0, 12 , 14

0, 0, z¯





hkl: l = 2n + 1 or 2h + l = 4n hkl: l = 2n + 1 or h, k = 2n, h + k + l = 4n hkl: l = 2n + 1 or 2h + l = 4n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 b = 12 b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 38

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [110] p 2 m g b = 12 c a = 12 (−a + b) 1 1 Origin at x, x + 4 , 8 400

Tetragonal

I 41/a

C4h6

4/m

I 41/a

Patterson symmetry I 4/m

No. 88 ORIGIN CHOICE

2

Origin at 1¯ on glide plane b, at 0, 14 , 18 from 4¯ Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤1

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) (6) a x, y, 14

For ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5) 1¯ 14 , 14 , 14

(2) 2 0, 14 , z (6) b x, y, 0

1 4

, 0, z

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 14 ) 14 , 12 , z (7) 4¯ + 12 , 14 , z; 12 , 14 , 38

(4) 4− (0, 0, 34 ) 34 , 0, z (8) 4¯ − 0, 14 , z; 0, 14 , 18

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 34 ) − 14 , 12 , z (7) 4¯ + 12 , − 41 , z; 12 , − 41 , 18

(4) 4− (0, 0, 14 ) 14 , 0, z (8) 4¯ − 0, 34 , z; 0, 34 , 38

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) Positions

16

f

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 1 (6) x + 2 , y, z¯ + 12

General: (3) y¯ + 34 , x + 14 , z + 14 (7) y + 14 , x¯ + 34 , z¯ + 34

(4) y + 34 , x¯ + 34 , z + 34 (8) y¯ + 14 , x + 14 , z¯ + 14

hkl: hk0: 0kl: hhl: 00l: h00: hh0:

h + k + l = 2n h, k = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n l = 4n h = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

e

2..

0, 14 , z

1 2

, 14 , z + 14

0, 34 , z¯

8

d

1¯

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 0, 0

3 4

, 14 , 34

3 4

, 34 , 14

8

c

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 0, 12

3 4

, 14 , 14

3 4

, 34 , 34

4

b

4¯ . .

0, 14 , 58

1 2

, 14 , 78

4

a

4¯ . .

0, 14 , 18

1 2

, 14 , 38

1 2

, 34 , z¯ + 34





hkl: l = 2n + 1 or 2h + l = 4n hkl: l = 2n + 1 or h, k = 2n, h + k + l = 4n hkl: l = 2n + 1 or 2h + l = 4n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 b = 12 b a = 12 a 1 Origin at 4 , 0, z

Along [100] c 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 14 , 14

Along [110] p 2 m g b = 12 c a = 12 (−a + b) Origin at x, x, 0 401

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 89, pp. 402–403.

P422

D14

No. 89

P422

422

Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

Origin at 4 2 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 2 0, y, 0

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) 2 x, 0, 0

Tetragonal

(3) 4+ 0, 0, z (7) 2 x, x, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

(4) 4− 0, 0, z (8) 2 x, x, ¯0

402

No. 89

CONTINUED

P422

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

p

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, ¯ z¯

(3) y, ¯ x, z (7) y, x, z¯

(4) y, x, ¯z (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

no conditions Special:

4

o

.2.

x, 12 , 0

x, ¯ 12 , 0

1 2

, x, 0

, x, ¯0

no extra conditions

4

n

.2.

x, 0, 12

x, ¯ 0, 12

0, x, 12

0, x, ¯ 12

no extra conditions

4

m

.2.

x, 12 , 12

x, ¯ 12 , 12

1 2

, x, ¯ 12

no extra conditions

4

l

.2.

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

0, x, 0

0, x, ¯0

no extra conditions

4

k

..2

x, x, 12

x, ¯ x, ¯ 12

x, ¯ x, 12

x, x, ¯ 12

no extra conditions

4

j

..2

x, x, 0

x, ¯ x, ¯0

x, ¯ x, 0

x, x, ¯0

no extra conditions

4

i

2..

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z

0, 12 , z¯

1 2

2

h

4..

1 2

, 12 , z

1 2

, 12 , z¯

no extra conditions

2

g

4..

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

no extra conditions

2

f

2 2 2.

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

e

2 2 2.

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

1

d

422

1 2

, 12 , 12

no extra conditions

1

c

422

1 2

, 12 , 0

no extra conditions

1

b

422

0, 0, 12

no extra conditions

1

a

422

0, 0, 0

no extra conditions

, x, 12

1 2

1 2

, 0, z¯

hkl: h + k = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

403

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 90, pp. 404–405.

P 4 21 2

D24

No. 90

P 4 21 2

422

Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

Origin at 2 2 2 at 2 1 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 2(0, 12 , 0)

1 4

, y, 0

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 0

Tetragonal

(3) 4+ 0, 12 , z (7) 2 x, x, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

404

(4) 4− 12 , 0, z (8) 2 x, x, ¯0

No. 90

CONTINUED

P 4 21 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

g

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (5) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯

(3) y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z (7) y, x, z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯

(4) y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

h00: h = 2n Special: as above, plus

4

f

..2

x, x, 12

x, ¯ x, ¯ 12

x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , 12

x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 12

0kl: k = 2n

4

e

..2

x, x, 0

x, ¯ x, ¯0

x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , 0

x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 0

0kl: k = 2n

4

d

2..

0, 0, z

1 2

, 12 , z

2

c

4..

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z¯

hk0: h + k = 2n

2

b

2 . 22

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

a

2 . 22

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

1 2

, 12 , z¯

hkl: h + k = 2n

0, 0, z¯

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 g m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 12 , z

Along [100] p 2 m g a = b b = c Origin at x, 14 , 0

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

405

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 91, p. 406.

P 41 2 2

D34

No. 91

P 41 2 2

422

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

Origin on 2 [0 1 0] at 41 (1, 2) 1 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 8

Symmetry operations (2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z (6) 2 x, 0, 14

(1) 1 (5) 2 0, y, 0

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 14 ) 0, 0, z (7) 2 x, x, 38

(4) 4− (0, 0, 34 ) 0, 0, z (8) 2 x, x, ¯ 18

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

d

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12 (6) x, y, ¯ z¯ + 12

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, z¯

(3) y, ¯ x, z + 14 (7) y, x, z¯ + 34

(4) y, x, ¯ z + 34 (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 14

00l: l = 4n Special: as above, plus

4

c

..2

x, x, 38

4

b

.2.

1 2

4

a

.2.

0, y, 0

, y, 0

x, ¯ x, ¯ 78

x, ¯ x, 58

x, x, ¯ 18

0kl: l = 2n + 1 or l = 4n

, y, ¯ 12

y, ¯ 12 , 14

y, 12 , 34

hhl: l = 2n + 1 or l = 4n

0, y, ¯ 12

y, ¯ 0, 14

y, 0, 34

hhl: l = 2n + 1 or l = 4n

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 g m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 14

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [110] p 2 g m b = c a = 12 (−a + b) 3 Origin at x, x, 8

406

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 92, p. 407.

Tetragonal

D44

422

P 41 21 2

P 4 1 21 2

Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

No. 92

Origin on 2 [1 1 0] at 21 1 (1, 2) 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 8

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 2(0, 12 , 0)

1 4

, y,

1 8

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z (6) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 38

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 14 ) 0, 12 , z (7) 2 x, x, 0

(4) 4− (0, 0, 34 ) (8) 2 x, x, ¯ 14

1 2

, 0, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

b

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12 (3) y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 14 (4) y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 34 1 1 1 1 1 3 (5) x¯ + 2 , y + 2 , z¯ + 4 (6) x + 2 , y¯ + 2 , z¯ + 4 (7) y, x, z¯ (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12

00l: l = 4n h00: h = 2n Special: as above, plus

4

a

..2

x, x, 0

x, ¯ x, ¯ 12

x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , 14

x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 34

0kl: l = 2n + 1 or 2k + l = 4n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 g m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 12 , z

Along [100] p 2 g g a = b b = c Origin at x, 14 , 38

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [110] p 2 g m b = c a = 12 (−a + b) Origin at x, x, 0

407

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 93, pp. 408–409.

P 42 2 2

D54

No. 93

P 42 2 2

422

Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

Origin at 2 2 2 at 42 2 1 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 4

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 2 0, y, 0

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) 2 x, 0, 0

Tetragonal

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z (7) 2 x, x, 14

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

(4) 4− (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z (8) 2 x, x, ¯ 14

408

No. 93

CONTINUED

P 42 2 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

p

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, z¯

(3) y, ¯ x, z + 12 (7) y, x, z¯ + 12

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, ¯ z¯

(4) y, x, ¯ z + 12 (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12

00l: l = 2n Special: as above, plus

4

o

..2

x, x, 34

x, ¯ x, ¯ 34

x, ¯ x, 14

x, x, ¯ 14

0kl: l = 2n

4

n

..2

x, x, 14

x, ¯ x, ¯ 14

x, ¯ x, 34

x, x, ¯ 34

0kl: l = 2n

4

m

.2.

x, 12 , 0

x, ¯ 12 , 0

1 2

, x, ¯ 12

hhl: l = 2n

4

l

.2.

x, 0, 12

x, ¯ 0, 12

0, x, 0

0, x, ¯0

hhl: l = 2n

4

k

.2.

x, 12 , 12

x, ¯ 12 , 12

1 2

, x, ¯0

hhl: l = 2n

4

j

.2.

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

0, x, 12

0, x, ¯ 12

hhl: l = 2n

4

i

2..

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z + 12

0, 12 , z¯

1 2

, 0, z¯ + 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

4

h

2..

1 2

, 12 , z

1 2

, 12 , z + 12

1 2

, 12 , z¯

1 2

, 12 , z¯ + 12

hkl: l = 2n

4

g

2..

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯ + 12

hkl: l = 2n

2

f

2 . 22

1 2

2

e

2 . 22

2

d

2

, 12 , 14

0, 0, z + 12

, x, 12

, x, 0

0, 0, z¯

1 2

1 2

, 12 , 34

hkl: l = 2n

0, 0, 14

0, 0, 34

hkl: l = 2n

2 2 2.

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

c

2 2 2.

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

b

2 2 2.

1 2

, 12 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: l = 2n

2

a

2 2 2.

0, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

hkl: l = 2n

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c 1 Origin at x, x, 4

409

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 94, pp. 410–411.

P 42 21 2

D64

No. 94

P 4 2 21 2

422

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

Origin at 2 2 2 at 2 1 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 2(0, 12 , 0)

1 4

, y,

1 4

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 14

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 12 , z (7) 2 x, x, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

410

(4) 4− (0, 0, 12 ) (8) 2 x, x, ¯0

1 2

, 0, z

No. 94

CONTINUED

P 42 21 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

g

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (3) y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 (4) y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 (5) x¯ + 2 , y + 2 , z¯ + 2 (6) x + 2 , y¯ + 2 , z¯ + 2 (7) y, x, z¯ (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

00l: l = 2n h00: h = 2n Special: as above, plus

4

f

..2

x, x, 12

x, ¯ x, ¯ 12

x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , 0

x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 0

0kl: k + l = 2n

4

e

..2

x, x, 0

x, ¯ x, ¯0

x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , 12

x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 12

0kl: k + l = 2n

4

d

2..

0, 12 , z

0, 12 , z + 12

1 2

, 0, z¯ + 12

1 2

4

c

2..

0, 0, z

1 2

, 12 , z + 12

1 2

, 12 , z¯ + 12

0, 0, z¯

2

b

2 . 22

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

a

2 . 22

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

, 0, z¯

hkl: l = 2n hk0: h + k = 2n hkl: h + k + l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 g m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 12 , z

Along [100] p 2 m g a = b b = c Origin at x, 14 , 14

Along [110] p 2 m m b = c a = 12 (−a + b) Origin at x, x, 0

411

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 95, p. 412.

P 43 2 2

D74

No. 95

P 43 2 2

422

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

Origin on 2 [0 1 0] at 43 (1, 2) 1 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 8

Symmetry operations (2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z (6) 2 x, 0, 14

(1) 1 (5) 2 0, y, 0

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 34 ) 0, 0, z (7) 2 x, x, 18

(4) 4− (0, 0, 14 ) 0, 0, z (8) 2 x, x, ¯ 38

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

d

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12 (6) x, y, ¯ z¯ + 12

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, z¯

(3) y, ¯ x, z + 34 (7) y, x, z¯ + 14

(4) y, x, ¯ z + 14 (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 34

00l: l = 4n Special: as above, plus

4

c

..2

x, x, 58

4

b

.2.

1 2

4

a

.2.

0, y, 0

, y, 0

x, ¯ x, ¯ 18

x, ¯ x, 38

x, x, ¯ 78

0kl: l = 2n + 1 or l = 4n

, y, ¯ 12

y, ¯ 12 , 34

y, 12 , 14

hhl: l = 2n + 1 or l = 4n

0, y, ¯ 12

y, ¯ 0, 34

y, 0, 14

hhl: l = 2n + 1 or l = 4n

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 g m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 14

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [110] p 2 g m b = c a = 12 (−a + b) Origin at x, x, 18

412

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 96, p. 413.

Tetragonal

D84

422

P 43 21 2

P 4 3 21 2

Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

No. 96

Origin on 2 [1 1 0] at 21 1 (1, 2) 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 8

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 2(0, 12 , 0)

1 4

, y, 38

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z (6) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 18

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 34 ) 0, 12 , z (7) 2 x, x, 0

(4) 4− (0, 0, 14 ) (8) 2 x, x, ¯ 14

1 2

, 0, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

b

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12 (3) y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 34 (4) y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 14 1 1 3 1 1 1 (5) x¯ + 2 , y + 2 , z¯ + 4 (6) x + 2 , y¯ + 2 , z¯ + 4 (7) y, x, z¯ (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12

00l: l = 4n h00: h = 2n Special: as above, plus

4

a

..2

x, x, 0

x, ¯ x, ¯ 12

x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , 34

x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 14

0kl: l = 2n + 1 or 2k + l = 4n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 g m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 12 , z

Along [100] p 2 g g a = b b = c Origin at x, 14 , 18

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [110] p 2 g m b = c a = 12 (−a + b) Origin at x, x, 0

413

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 97, pp. 414–415.

I 422

D94

No. 97

I 422

422

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry I 4/m m m

Origin at 4 2 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 4

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 2 0, y, 0

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) 2 x, 0, 0

(3) 4+ 0, 0, z (7) 2 x, x, 0

(4) 4− 0, 0, z (8) 2 x, x, ¯0

For ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5) 2(0, 12 , 0) 14 , y, 14

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 14 , 14 , z (6) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 14

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 12 , z (7) 2( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x, 14

(4) 4− (0, 0, 12 ) 12 , 0, z (8) 2 x, x¯ + 12 , 14

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

414

No. 97

CONTINUED

I 422

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) Positions

16

k

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, ¯ z¯

General:

(3) y, ¯ x, z (7) y, x, z¯

(4) y, x, ¯z (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

hkl: hk0: 0kl: hhl: 00l: h00:

h + k + l = 2n h + k = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

j

..2

x, x + 12 , 14

8

i

.2.

x, 0, 12

x, ¯ 0, 12

0, x, 12

0, x, ¯ 12

no extra conditions

8

h

.2.

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

0, x, 0

0, x, ¯0

no extra conditions

8

g

..2

x, x, 0

x, ¯ x, ¯0

x, ¯ x, 0

x, x, ¯0

no extra conditions

8

f

2..

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z

0, 12 , z¯

1 2

4

e

4..

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

4

d

2 . 22

0, 12 , 14

1 2

, 0, 14

hkl: l = 2n

4

c

2 2 2.

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: l = 2n

2

b

422

0, 0, 12

no extra conditions

2

a

422

0, 0, 0

no extra conditions

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , 14

x¯ + 12 , x, 14

x + 12 , x, ¯ 14

, 0, z¯

0kl: k = 2n

hkl: l = 2n no extra conditions

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

415

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 98, p. 416.

I 41 2 2

D104

No. 98

I 41 2 2

422

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry I 4/m m m

Origin at 2 2 2 at 2 1 2 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 8

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 2 14 , y, 38

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) (6) 2 x, 14 , 18

For ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5) 2(0, 12 , 0) 0, y, 18

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 0, 38

1 4

, 14 , z

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 14 ) − 14 , 14 , z (7) 2( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x, 14

(4) 4− (0, 0, 34 ) (8) 2 x, x, ¯0

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 34 ) (7) 2 x, x, 0

(4) 4− (0, 0, 14 ) 14 , 14 , z (8) 2 x, x¯ + 12 , 14

1 4

, 14 , z

1 4

, − 41 , z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) Positions

16

g

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z (5) x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ + 34

(2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12 (6) x, y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 14

General: (3) y, ¯ x + 12 , z + 14 (7) y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12

(4) y + 12 , x, ¯ z + 34 (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

hkl: hk0: 0kl: hhl: 00l: h00:

h + k + l = 2n h + k = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n l = 4n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

f

.2.

x, 14 , 18

x¯ + 12 , 14 , 58

8

e

..2

x, ¯ x, 0

x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 12

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , 14

x + 12 , x, 34

0kl: k = 2n + 1 or l = 4n

8

d

..2

x, x, 0

x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 12

x, ¯ x + 12 , 14

x + 12 , x, ¯ 34

0kl: k = 2n + 1 or l = 4n

8

c

2..

0, 0, z

0, 12 , z + 14

4

b

2 . 22

0, 0, 12

0, 12 , 34

hkl: l = 2n + 1 or 2h + l = 4n

4

a

2 . 22

0, 0, 0

0, 12 , 14

hkl: l = 2n + 1 or 2h + l = 4n

3 4

1 2

, x + 12 , 38

, 0, z¯ + 34

3 4

1 2

, x, ¯ 78

, 12 , z¯ + 12

hhl: l = 4n

hkl: l = 2n + 1 or 2h + l = 4n

Symmetry of special projections Along [100] c 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 38 Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography 416

Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) 1 1 Origin at 4 , 4 , z

Along [110] p 2 m m b = 12 c a = 12 (−a + b) Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 99, p. 417.

Tetragonal

C4v1

4mm

P4mm

P4mm

Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

No. 99

Origin on 4m m 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ z ≤ 1;

x≤y

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) m x, 0, z

(3) 4+ 0, 0, z (7) m x, x, ¯z

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) m 0, y, z

(4) 4− 0, 0, z (8) m x, x, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

g

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (5) x, y, ¯z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, ¯ y, z

(3) y, ¯ x, z (7) y, ¯ x, ¯z

(4) y, x, ¯z (8) y, x, z

no conditions Special:

4

f

.m.

x, 12 , z

x, ¯ 12 , z

1 2

4

e

.m.

x, 0, z

x, ¯ 0, z

4

d

..m

x, x, z

x, ¯ x, ¯z

2

c

2 m m.

1 2

, 0, z

0, 12 , z

1

b

4mm

1 2

, 12 , z

no extra conditions

1

a

4mm

0, 0, z

no extra conditions

, x, z

, x, ¯z

no extra conditions

0, x, z

0, x, ¯z

no extra conditions

x, ¯ x, z

x, x, ¯z

no extra conditions

1 2

hkl: h + k = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [110] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

417

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 100, p. 418.

P4bm

C4v2

No. 100

P4bm

4mm

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

Origin on 4 1 g 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ z ≤ 1;

y ≤ 12 − x

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) a x, 14 , z

(3) 4+ 0, 0, z (7) m x + 12 , x, ¯z

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) b 14 , y, z

(4) 4− 0, 0, z (8) g( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

d

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (5) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

(3) y, ¯ x, z (7) y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z

(4) y, x, ¯z (8) y + 12 , x + 12 , z

0kl: k = 2n h00: h = 2n Special: as above, plus

4

c

..m

x, x + 12 , z

2

b

2 . mm

1 2

2

a

4..

0, 0, z

, 0, z

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , z

x¯ + 12 , x, z

x + 12 , x, ¯z

no extra conditions

0, 12 , z

hkl: h + k = 2n

, 12 , z

hkl: h + k = 2n

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 g m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [110] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

418

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 101, p. 419.

Tetragonal

C4v3

4mm

P 42 c m

P 42 c m

Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

No. 101

Origin on 2m m on 42 c m 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ z ≤ 1;

x≤y

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) c x, 0, z

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z (7) m x, x, ¯z

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) c 0, y, z

(4) 4− (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z (8) m x, x, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

e

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (5) x, y, ¯ z + 12

(3) y, ¯ x, z + 12 (7) y, ¯ x, ¯z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, ¯ y, z + 12

(4) y, x, ¯ z + 12 (8) y, x, z

0kl: l = 2n 00l: l = 2n Special: as above, plus

x, ¯ x, z + 12

x, x, ¯ z + 12

4

d

..m

x, x, z

4

c

2..

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z + 12

2

b

2 . mm

1 2

, 12 , z

1 2

, 12 , z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

2

a

2 . mm

0, 0, z

0, 0, z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

x, ¯ x, ¯z

0, 12 , z + 12

1 2

, 0, z

no extra conditions hkl: h + k, l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [110] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

419

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 102, p. 420.

P 42 n m

C4v4

No. 102

P 42 n m

4mm

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

Origin on 2m m on 2 1 m Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ z ≤ 1;

x≤y

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) n( 12 , 0, 12 ) x, 14 , z

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) n(0, 12 , 12 )

1 4

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 12 , z (7) m x, x, ¯z

, y, z

(4) 4− (0, 0, 12 ) (8) m x, x, z

1 2

, 0, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

d

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (3) y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 (4) y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 (5) x + 2 , y¯ + 2 , z + 2 (6) x¯ + 2 , y + 2 , z + 2 (7) y, ¯ x, ¯z (8) y, x, z

0kl: k + l = 2n 00l: l = 2n h00: h = 2n Special: as above, plus

4

c

..m

x, x, z

x, ¯ x, ¯z

x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12

4

b

2..

0, 12 , z

0, 12 , z + 12

2

a

2 . mm

0, 0, z

1 2

1 2

, 0, z + 12

x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 1 2

, 0, z

, 12 , z + 12

no extra conditions hkl: h + k, l = 2n hkl: h + k + l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 g m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 12 , z

Along [100] c 1 m 1 a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [110] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

420

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 103, p. 421.

Tetragonal

C4v5

4mm

P4cc

P4cc

Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

No. 103

Origin on 4c c 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) c x, 0, z

(3) 4+ 0, 0, z (7) c x, x, ¯z

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) c 0, y, z

(4) 4− 0, 0, z (8) c x, x, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

d

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (5) x, y, ¯ z + 12

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, ¯ y, z + 12

(3) y, ¯ x, z (7) y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12

(4) y, x, ¯z (8) y, x, z + 12

0kl: l = 2n hhl: l = 2n 00l: l = 2n Special: as above, plus

4

c

2..

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z

0, 12 , z + 12

2

b

4..

1 2

, 12 , z

1 2

, 12 , z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

2

a

4..

0, 0, z

0, 0, z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

1 2

, 0, z + 12

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [110] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

421

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 104, p. 422.

P4nc

C4v6

No. 104

P4nc

4mm

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

Origin on 4 1 n 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) n( 12 , 0, 12 ) x, 14 , z

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) n(0, 12 , 12 )

1 4

, y, z

(3) 4+ 0, 0, z (7) c x + 12 , x, ¯z

(4) 4− 0, 0, z (8) n( 12 , 12 , 12 ) x, x, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

c

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (3) y, ¯ x, z (4) y, x, ¯z (5) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12 (6) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12 (7) y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 (8) y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12

0kl: hhl: 00l: h00:

k + l = 2n l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

b

2..

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z

2

a

4..

0, 0, z

1 2

, 12 , z + 12

1 2

, 0, z + 12

0, 12 , z + 12

hkl: h + k, l = 2n hkl: h + k + l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 g m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 1 m 1 a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [110] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

422

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 105, p. 423.

Tetragonal

C4v7

4mm

P 42 m c

P 42 m c

Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

No. 105

Origin on 2m m on 42 m c 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) m x, 0, z

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z (7) c x, x, ¯z

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) m 0, y, z

(4) 4− (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z (8) c x, x, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

f

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (5) x, y, ¯z

(3) y, ¯ x, z + 12 (7) y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, ¯ y, z

(4) y, x, ¯ z + 12 (8) y, x, z + 12

hhl: l = 2n 00l: l = 2n Special: as above, plus

4

e

.m.

x, 12 , z

x, ¯ 12 , z

1 2

, x, z + 12

, x, ¯ z + 12

no extra conditions

4

d

.m.

x, 0, z

x, ¯ 0, z

0, x, z + 12

0, x, ¯ z + 12

no extra conditions

2

c

2 m m.

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z + 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

b

2 m m.

1 2

, 12 , z

1 2

, 12 , z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

2

a

2 m m.

0, 0, z

0, 0, z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [110] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

423

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 106, p. 424.

P 42 b c

C4v8

No. 106

P 42 b c

4mm

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

Origin on 2 on 42 1 n Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) a x, 14 , z

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z (7) c x + 12 , x, ¯z

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) b 14 , y, z

(4) 4− (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z (8) n( 21 , 12 , 12 ) x, x, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

c

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (5) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

(3) y, ¯ x, z + 12 (7) y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12

(4) y, x, ¯ z + 12 (8) y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12

0kl: hhl: 00l: h00:

k = 2n l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 4

b

2..

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z + 12

1 2

, 0, z

0, 12 , z + 12

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

4

a

2..

0, 0, z

0, 0, z + 12

1 2

, 12 , z

1 2

, 12 , z + 12

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 g m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [110] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

424

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 107, p. 425.

Tetragonal

C4v9

4mm

I 4mm

I 4mm

Patterson symmetry I 4/m m m

No. 107

Origin on 4m m Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ;

x≤y

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) m x, 0, z

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) m 0, y, z

For ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5) n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 14 , z

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) (6) n(0, 12 , 12 )

1 4 1 4

, 14 , z , y, z

(3) 4+ 0, 0, z (7) m x, x, ¯z

(4) 4− 0, 0, z (8) m x, x, z

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 12 , z (7) c x + 12 , x, ¯z

(4) 4− (0, 0, 12 ) 12 , 0, z (8) n( 12 , 12 , 12 ) x, x, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) Positions

16

e

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z (5) x, y, ¯z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, ¯ y, z

General:

(3) y, ¯ x, z (7) y, ¯ x, ¯z

(4) y, x, ¯z (8) y, x, z

hkl: hk0: 0kl: hhl: 00l: h00:

h + k + l = 2n h + k = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

d

.m.

x, 0, z

x, ¯ 0, z

0, x, z

0, x, ¯z

no extra conditions

8

c

..m

x, x, z

x, ¯ x, ¯z

x, ¯ x, z

x, x, ¯z

no extra conditions

4

b

2 m m.

0, 12 , z

2

a

4mm

0, 0, z

1 2

, 0, z

hkl: l = 2n no extra conditions

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 1 m 1 a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

425

Along [110] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 108, p. 426.

I 4cm

C4v10

No. 108

I 4cm

4mm

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry I 4/m m m

Origin on 4c e Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ;

y ≤ 12 − x

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) c x, 0, z

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) c 0, y, z

For ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5) a x, 14 , z

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) (6) b 14 , y, z

1 4

, 14 , z

(3) 4+ 0, 0, z (7) c x, x, ¯z

(4) 4− 0, 0, z (8) c x, x, z

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 12 , z (7) m x + 12 , x, ¯z

(4) 4− (0, 0, 12 ) 12 , 0, z (8) g( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

d

1

Reflection conditions

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z (5) x, y, ¯ z + 12

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, ¯ y, z + 12

General: (3) y, ¯ x, z (7) y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12

(4) y, x, ¯z (8) y, x, z + 12

hkl: hk0: 0kl: hhl: 00l: h00:

h + k + l = 2n h + k = 2n k, l = 2n l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

c

..m

x, x + 12 , z

4

b

2 . mm

1 2

4

a

4..

0, 0, z

, 0, z

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , z

x¯ + 12 , x, z

x + 12 , x, ¯z

no extra conditions

0, 12 , z

hkl: l = 2n

0, 0, z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = 12 b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

426

Along [110] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 109, p. 427.

Tetragonal

C4v11

4mm

I 41 m d

I 41 m d

Patterson symmetry I 4/m m m

No. 109

Origin on 2m m on 2 m 1 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 4

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) m x, 0, z

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) (6) n(0, 12 , 12 )

For ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5) n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 14 , z

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) m 0, y, z

1 4 1 4

, 14 , z , y, z

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 14 ) − 14 , 14 , z (7) d(− 41 , 14 , 14 ) x + 14 , x, ¯z

(4) 4− (0, 0, 34 ) 14 , − 41 , z (8) d( 41 , 14 , 34 ) x + 14 , x, z

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 34 ) 14 , 14 , z (7) d( 41 , − 41 , 34 ) x + 14 , x, ¯z

(4) 4− (0, 0, 14 ) 14 , 14 , z (8) d( 41 , 14 , 14 ) x − 14 , x, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

c

1

Reflection conditions

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z (5) x, y, ¯z

General:

(2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12 (6) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12

(3) y, ¯ x + 12 , z + 14 (7) y, ¯ x¯ + 12 , z + 14

(4) y + 12 , x, ¯ z + 34 1 (8) y + 2 , x, z + 34

hkl: hk0: 0kl: hhl: 00l: h00: hh0:

h + k + l = 2n h + k = 2n k + l = 2n 2h + l = 4n l = 4n h = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

b

.m.

0, y, z

1 2

4

a

2 m m.

0, 0, z

0, 12 , z + 14

, y¯ + 12 , z + 12

y, ¯ 12 , z + 14

y + 12 , 0, z + 34

no extra conditions hkl: l = 2n + 1 or 2h + l = 4n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 g m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) 1 1 Origin at 4 , 4 , z

Along [100] c 1 m 1 a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

427

Along [110] c 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 110, p. 428.

I 41 c d

C4v12

No. 110

I 41 c d

4mm

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry I 4/m m m

Origin on 2 c 1 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 4

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) c x, 0, z

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) (6) b 14 , y, z

For ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5) a x, 14 , z

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) c 0, y, z

1 4

, 14 , z

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 14 ) − 14 , 14 , z (7) d(− 41 , 14 , 34 ) x + 14 , x, ¯z

(4) 4− (0, 0, 34 ) 14 , − 41 , z (8) d( 41 , 14 , 14 ) x + 14 , x, z

(3) 4+ (0, 0, 34 ) 14 , 14 , z (7) d( 41 , − 41 , 14 ) x + 14 , x, ¯z

(4) 4− (0, 0, 14 ) 14 , 14 , z (8) d( 41 , 14 , 34 ) x − 14 , x, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

b

1

Reflection conditions

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12 (6) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

(1) x, y, z (5) x, y, ¯ z + 12

General: (3) y, ¯ x + 12 , z + 14 (7) y, ¯ x¯ + 12 , z + 34

(4) y + 12 , x, ¯ z + 34 1 (8) y + 2 , x, z + 14

hkl: hk0: 0kl: hhl: 00l: h00: hh0:

h + k + l = 2n h + k = 2n k, l = 2n 2h + l = 4n l = 4n h = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

a

2..

0, 0, z

0, 12 , z + 14

0, 0, z + 12

0, 12 , z + 34

hkl: 2h + l = 4n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 g m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) 1 1 Origin at 4 , 4 , z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = 12 b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

428

Along [110] c 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 111, p. 429.

P 4¯ 2 m

D12d

4¯ 2 m

Tetragonal

P 4¯ 2 m

Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

No. 111

Origin at 4¯ 2m 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ z ≤ 1;

x≤y

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 2 0, y, 0

(3) 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 (7) m x, x, ¯z

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) 2 x, 0, 0

(4) 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 (8) m x, x, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

o

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, ¯ z¯

(3) y, x, ¯ z¯ (7) y, ¯ x, ¯z

(4) y, ¯ x, z¯ (8) y, x, z

no conditions Special:

4

n

..m

x, x, z

4

m

2..

0, 12 , z

1 2

4

l

.2.

1 2

x, , 0

x, ¯ ,0

1 2

4

k

.2.

x, 0, 12

x, ¯ 0, 12

0, x, ¯ 12

4

j

.2.

x, 12 , 12

x, ¯ 12 , 12

1 2

4

i

.2.

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

0, x, ¯0

2

h

2 . mm

1 2

2

g

2 . mm

2

f

2 2 2.

2

e

1 1

, 12 , z

x, ¯ x, ¯z

x, x, ¯ z¯

, 0, z¯

0, 12 , z¯

1 2

, x, ¯0 , x, ¯ 12

x, ¯ x, z¯

no extra conditions

, 0, z

hkl: h + k = 2n

, x, 0

no extra conditions

0, x, 12

no extra conditions

, x, 12

no extra conditions

0, x, 0

no extra conditions

1 2

1 2

1 2

, 12 , z¯

no extra conditions

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

no extra conditions

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

2 2 2.

1 2

, 0, 0

0, , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

d

4¯ 2 m

1 2

, 12 , 0

no extra conditions

c

4¯ 2 m

0, 0, 12

no extra conditions

1

b

4¯ 2 m

1 2

, ,

no extra conditions

1

a

4¯ 2 m

0, 0, 0

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

no extra conditions

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [110] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0 429

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 112, p. 430.

P 4¯ 2 c

D22d

No. 112

P 4¯ 2 c

4¯ 2 m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

Origin at 4¯ 1 c 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 2 0, y, 14

(3) 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 (7) c x, x, ¯z

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) 2 x, 0, 14

(4) 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 (8) c x, x, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

n

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, ¯ z¯ + 12

(3) y, x, ¯ z¯ (7) y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12

(4) y, ¯ x, z¯ (8) y, x, z + 12

hhl: l = 2n 00l: l = 2n Special: as above, plus

4

m

2..

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z¯

0, 12 , z¯ + 12

1 2

, 0, z + 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

4

l

2..

1 2

, 12 , z

1 2

, 12 , z¯

1 2

, 12 , z¯ + 12

1 2

, 12 , z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

4

k

2..

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

0, 0, z¯ + 12

0, 0, z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

4

j

.2.

0, y, 14

0, y, ¯ 14

y, 0, 34

4

i

.2.

x, 12 , 14

x, ¯ 12 , 14

4

h

.2.

1 2

4

g

.2.

x, 0,

2

f

4¯ . .

1 2

2

e

4¯ . .

2

d

2

, y, 14 1 4

, 12 , 0

1 2

1 2

, x, ¯ 34

, y, ¯ 14

y, 12 , 34

1 4

3 4

x, ¯ 0,

0, x, ¯

y, ¯ 0, 34

no extra conditions

, x, 34

no extra conditions

y, ¯ 12 , 34

no extra conditions

1 2

0, x,

3 4

no extra conditions

, 12 , 12

hkl: l = 2n

0, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

hkl: l = 2n

2 2 2.

0, 12 , 14

1 2

, 0, 34

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

c

2 2 2.

1 2

, ,

1 2

, ,

hkl: l = 2n

2

b

2 2 2.

1 2

, 0, 14

0, 12 , 34

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

a

2 2 2.

0, 0, 14

0, 0, 34

hkl: l = 2n

1 2

1 4

1 2

1 2

3 4

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 14

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [110] p 1 m 1 b = 12 c a = 12 (−a + b) Origin at x, x, 0 430

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 113, p. 431.

P 4¯ 21 m

D32d

4¯ 2 m

Tetragonal

P 4¯ 21 m

Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

No. 113

Origin at 4¯ 1 g Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ z ≤ 1;

y ≤ 12 − x

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 2(0, 12 , 0)

1 4

(3) 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 (7) m x + 12 , x, ¯z

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 0

, y, 0

(4) 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 (8) g( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (5) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯

(3) y, x, ¯ z¯ (7) y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z

(4) y, ¯ x, z¯ (8) y + 12 , x + 12 , z

h00: h = 2n

f

1

4

e

..m

x, x + , z

4

d

2..

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

2

c

2 . mm

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z¯

hk0: h + k = 2n

2

b

4¯ . .

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

a

4¯ . .

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

Special: as above, plus x, ¯ x¯ + , z

1 2

x + , x, ¯ z¯

1 2

x¯ + , x, z¯

1 2

1 2

, 12 , z¯

1 2

1 2

, 12 , z

no extra conditions hkl: h + k = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 g m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [110] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

Along [100] p 2 m g a = b b = c Origin at x, 14 , 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

431

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 114, p. 432.

P 4¯ 21 c

D42d

No. 114

P 4¯ 21 c

4¯ 2 m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

Origin at 4¯ 1 n 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 2(0, 12 , 0)

1 4

, y,

(3) 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 (7) c x + 12 , x, ¯z

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 14

1 4

(4) 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 (8) n( 21 , 12 , 12 ) x, x, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (3) y, x, ¯ z¯ (4) y, ¯ x, z¯ (5) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12 (6) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 (7) y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 (8) y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12

hhl: l = 2n 00l: l = 2n h00: h = 2n

e

1

4

d

2..

0, , z

1 2

4

c

2..

0, 0, z

2

b

4¯ . .

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

a

4¯ . .

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 1 2

, 0, z¯

1 2

, 0, z¯ +

0, 0, z¯

1 2

, 12 , z¯ + 12

1 2

0, , z + 1 2

1 2

1 2

, 12 , z + 12

hkl: l = 2n hk0: h + k = 2n hkl: h + k + l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 g m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m g a = b b = c Origin at x, 14 , 14

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [110] p 1 m 1 b = 12 c a = 12 (−a + b) Origin at x, x, 0

432

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 115, p. 433.

P 4¯ m 2

D52d

4¯ m 2

Tetragonal

P 4¯ m 2

Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

No. 115

¯ 2 Origin at 4m 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) m x, 0, z

(3) 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 (7) 2 x, x, 0

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) m 0, y, z

(4) 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 (8) 2 x, x, ¯0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

l

1

4

k

4

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (5) x, y, ¯z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, ¯ y, z

(3) y, x, ¯ z¯ (7) y, x, z¯

(4) y, ¯ x, z¯ (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

no conditions Special:

.m.

1 2

x, , z

x, ¯ ,z

1 2

j

.m.

x, 0, z

x, ¯ 0, z

4

i

..2

x, x, 12

4

h

..2

2

g

2

, x, z¯

no extra conditions

0, x, ¯ z¯

0, x, z¯

no extra conditions

x, ¯ x, ¯ 12

x, x, ¯ 12

x, ¯ x, 12

no extra conditions

x, x, 0

x, ¯ x, ¯0

x, x, ¯0

x, ¯ x, 0

no extra conditions

2 m m.

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z¯

hk0: h + k = 2n

f

2 m m.

1 2

, 12 , z

1 2

, 12 , z¯

no extra conditions

2

e

2 m m.

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

no extra conditions

1

d

4¯ m 2

0, 0, 12

no extra conditions

1

c

4¯ m 2

1 2

, 12 , 12

no extra conditions

1

b

4¯ m 2

1 2

, 12 , 0

no extra conditions

1

a

4¯ m 2

0, 0, 0

no extra conditions

1 2

, x, ¯ z¯

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0 433

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 116, p. 434.

P 4¯ c 2

D62d

No. 116

P 4¯ c 2

4¯ m 2

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

Origin at 4¯ c 1 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 4

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) c x, 0, z

(3) 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 (7) 2 x, x, 14

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) c 0, y, z

(4) 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 (8) 2 x, x, ¯ 14

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

j

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (5) x, y, ¯ z + 12

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, ¯ y, z + 12

(3) y, x, ¯ z¯ (7) y, x, z¯ + 12

(4) y, ¯ x, z¯ (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12

0kl: l = 2n 00l: l = 2n Special: as above, plus

4

i

2..

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z¯

0, 12 , z + 12

1 2

, 0, z¯ + 12

hkl: l = 2n hk0: h + k = 2n

4

h

2..

1 2

, 12 , z

1 2

, 12 , z¯

1 2

, 12 , z + 12

1 2

, 12 , z¯ + 12

hkl: l = 2n

4

g

2..

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

0, 0, z + 12

0, 0, z¯ + 12

hkl: l = 2n

4

f

..2

x, x, 34

x, ¯ x, ¯ 34

x, x, ¯ 14

x, ¯ x, 14

no extra conditions

4

e

..2

x, x, 14

x, ¯ x, ¯ 14

x, x, ¯ 34

x, ¯ x, 34

no extra conditions

2

d

4¯ . .

1 2

2

c

4¯ . .

0, 0, 0

2

b

2 . 22

1 2

2

a

2 . 22

0, 0, 14

, 12 , 0

, 12 , 14

, 12 , 12

hkl: l = 2n

0, 0, 12

hkl: l = 2n

, 12 , 34

hkl: l = 2n

0, 0, 34

hkl: l = 2n

1 2

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 14

434

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 117, p. 435.

4¯ m 2

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

D72d

P 4¯ b 2

P 4¯ b 2

No. 117

Origin at 4¯ 1 21 Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 2

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) a x, 14 , z

(3) 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 (7) 2( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x, 0

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) b 14 , y, z

(4) 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 (8) 2 x, x¯ + 12 , 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (5) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

(3) y, x, ¯ z¯ (7) y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯

(4) y, ¯ x, z¯ 0kl: k = 2n (8) y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ h00: h = 2n

i

1

4

h

..2

x, x + ,

4

g

..2

x, x + 12 , 0

4

f

2..

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z¯

1 2

, 0, z

0, 12 , z¯

hkl: h + k = 2n

4

e

2..

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

1 2

, 12 , z

1 2

, 12 , z¯

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

d

2 . 22

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

c

2 . 22

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

b

4¯ . .

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

a

4¯ . .

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

Special: as above, plus 1 2

x, ¯ x¯ + ,

1 2

1 2

x + , x, ¯

1 2

1 2

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , 0

1 2

x + 12 , x, ¯0

x¯ + , x, 1 2

1 2

x¯ + 12 , x, 0

no extra conditions no extra conditions

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 g m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

435

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 118, p. 436.

P 4¯ n 2

D82d

No. 118

P 4¯ n 2

4¯ m 2

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

Origin at 4¯ Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 4

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) n( 12 , 0, 12 ) x, 14 , z

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) n(0, 12 , 12 )

1 4

(3) 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 (7) 2( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x, 14

, y, z

(4) 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 (8) 2 x, x¯ + 12 , 14

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (3) y, x, ¯ z¯ (4) y, ¯ x, z¯ (5) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12 (6) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12 (7) y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 (8) y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12

0kl: k + l = 2n 00l: l = 2n h00: h = 2n

i

1

4

h

2..

0, , z

4

g

..2

x, x + 12 , 14

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , 14

x + 12 , x, ¯ 34

x¯ + 12 , x, 34

no extra conditions

4

f

..2

x, x¯ + 12 , 14

x, ¯ x + 12 , 14

x¯ + 12 , x, ¯ 34

x + 12 , x, 34

no extra conditions

4

e

2..

0, 0, z

2

d

2 . 22

0, 12 , 34

1 2

, 0, 14

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

c

2 . 22

0, 12 , 14

1 2

, 0, 34

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

b

4¯ . .

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

a

4¯ . .

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 1 2

1 2

, 0, z¯

0, 0, z¯

1 2

1 2

, 0, z +

1 2

, 12 , z + 12

0, , z¯ + 1 2

1 2

1 2

, 12 , z¯ + 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 g m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 1 m 1 a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c 1 Origin at x, x, 4

436

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 119, p. 437.

4¯ m 2

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry I 4/m m m

D92d

I 4¯ m 2

I 4¯ m 2

No. 119

¯ 2 Origin at 4m

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 4

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) m x, 0, z

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) m 0, y, z

For ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5) n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 14 , z

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) (6) n(0, 12 , 12 )

1 4 1 4

, 14 , z , y, z

(3) 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 (7) 2 x, x, 0

(4) 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 (8) 2 x, x, ¯0

(3) 4¯ + 12 , 0, z; 12 , 0, 14 (7) 2( 12 , 12 , 0) x, x, 14

(4) 4¯ − 0, 12 , z; 0, 12 , 14 (8) 2 x, x¯ + 12 , 14

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) Positions

16

j

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z (5) x, y, ¯z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, ¯ y, z

General:

(3) y, x, ¯ z¯ (7) y, x, z¯

(4) y, ¯ x, z¯ (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

hkl: hk0: 0kl: hhl: 00l: h00:

h + k + l = 2n h + k = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: no extra conditions 8

i

.m.

x, 0, z

8

h

..2

x, x + 12 , 14

8

g

..2

x, x, 0

x, ¯ x, ¯0

4

f

2 m m.

0, 12 , z

1 2

4

e

2 m m.

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

2

d

4¯ m 2

0, 12 , 34

2

c

4¯ m 2

0, 12 , 14

2

b

4¯ m 2

0, 0, 12

2

a

4¯ m 2

0, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, z

0, x, ¯ z¯

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , 14 x, x, ¯0

0, x, z¯ x + 12 , x, ¯ 34

x¯ + 12 , x, 34

x, ¯ x, 0

, 0, z¯

Symmetry of special projections Along [100] c 1 m 1 a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0 Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography 437

Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 120, pp. 438–439.

I 4¯ c 2

D102d

No. 120

I 4¯ c 2

4¯ m 2

Patterson symmetry I 4/m m m

¯ 21 Origin at 4c

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 4

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) c x, 0, z

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) c 0, y, z

For ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5) a x, 14 , z

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) (6) b 14 , y, z

1 4

, 14 , z

Tetragonal

(3) 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 (7) 2 x, x, 14

(4) 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 (8) 2 x, x, ¯ 14

(3) 4¯ + 12 , 0, z; 12 , 0, 14 (7) 2( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x, 0

(4) 4¯ − 0, 12 , z; 0, 12 , 14 (8) 2 x, x¯ + 12 , 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

438

I 4¯ c 2

No. 120

CONTINUED Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) Positions

16

i

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z (5) x, y, ¯ z + 12

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, ¯ y, z + 12

General: (3) y, x, ¯ z¯ (7) y, x, z¯ + 12

(4) y, ¯ x, z¯ (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12

hkl: hk0: 0kl: hhl: 00l: h00:

h + k + l = 2n h + k = 2n k, l = 2n l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

h

..2

x, x + 12 , 0

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , 0

x + 12 , x, ¯0

x¯ + 12 , x, 0

8

g

2..

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z¯

0, 12 , z + 12

1 2

, 0, z¯ + 12

hkl: l = 2n

8

f

2..

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

0, 0, z + 12

0, 0, z¯ + 12

hkl: l = 2n

8

e

..2

x, x, 14

x, ¯ x, ¯ 14

x, x, ¯ 34

4

d

2 . 22

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: l = 2n

4

c

4¯ . .

0, 12 , 14

0, 12 , 34

hkl: l = 2n

4

b

4¯ . .

0, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

hkl: l = 2n

4

a

2 . 22

0, 0, 14

0, 0, 34

hkl: l = 2n

x, ¯ x, 34

no extra conditions

no extra conditions

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = 12 b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

439

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 121, p. 440.

I 4¯ 2 m

D112d

No. 121

I 4¯ 2 m

4¯ 2 m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry I 4/m m m

Origin at 4¯ 2 m Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ;

x≤y

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 2 0, y, 0

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) 2 x, 0, 0

(3) 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 (7) m x, x, ¯z

(4) 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 (8) m x, x, z

For ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5) 2(0, 12 , 0) 14 , y, 14

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 14 , 14 , z (6) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 14

(3) 4¯ + 12 , 0, z; 12 , 0, 14 (7) c x + 12 , x, ¯z

(4) 4¯ − 0, 12 , z; 0, 12 , 14 (8) n( 21 , 12 , 12 ) x, x, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

j

1

Reflection conditions

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, ¯ z¯

General:

(3) y, x, ¯ z¯ (7) y, ¯ x, ¯z

(4) y, ¯ x, z¯ (8) y, x, z

hkl: hk0: 0kl: hhl: 00l: h00:

h + k + l = 2n h + k = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

i

..m

x, x, z

8

h

2..

0, 12 , z

8

g

.2.

x, 0,

1 2

8

f

.2.

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

4

e

2 . mm

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

no extra conditions

4

d

4¯ . .

0, 12 , 14

0, 12 , 34

hkl: l = 2n

4

c

2 2 2.

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: l = 2n

2

b

4¯ 2 m

0, 0, 12

no extra conditions

2

a

4¯ 2 m

0, 0, 0

no extra conditions

x, ¯ x, ¯z

x, x, ¯ z¯

, 0, z¯

0, 12 , z¯

1 2

1 2

1 2

x, ¯ 0,

0, x, ¯

x, ¯ x, z¯

0, x, ¯0

1 2

no extra conditions

, 0, z

0, x,

1 2

0, x, 0

hkl: l = 2n no extra conditions no extra conditions

Symmetry of special projections Along [100] c 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0 Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography 440

Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [110] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 122, p. 441.

4¯ 2 m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry I 4/m m m

D122d

I 4¯ 2 d

I 4¯ 2 d

No. 122

Origin at 4¯ Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0≤z≤

1 8

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 2 14 , y, 38

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 0, 38

(3) 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 (7) d( 41 , − 41 , 34 ) x + 14 , x, ¯z

(4) 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 (8) d( 41 , 14 , 34 ) x + 14 , x, z

For ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5) 2(0, 12 , 0) 0, y, 18

(2) 2(0, 0, 12 ) (6) 2 x, 14 , 18

(3) 4¯ + 12 , 0, z; 12 , 0, 14 (7) d(− 41 , 14 , 14 ) x + 14 , x, ¯z

(4) 4¯ − 0, 12 , z; 0, 12 , 14 (8) d( 41 , 14 , 14 ) x − 14 , x, z

1 4

, 14 , z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) Positions

16

e

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z (5) x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ + 34

General:

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x + 12 , y, ¯ z¯ + 34

(3) y, x, ¯ z¯ (7) y¯ + 12 , x, ¯ z + 34

(4) y, ¯ x, z¯ (8) y + 12 , x, z + 34

hkl: hk0: 0kl: hhl: 00l: h00: hh0:

h + k + l = 2n h + k = 2n k + l = 2n 2h + l = 4n l = 4n h = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

d

.2.

x, 14 , 18

x, ¯ 34 , 18

1 4

, x, ¯ 78

8

c

2..

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

1 2

, 0, z¯ + 34

4

b

4¯ . .

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 0, 14

hkl: l = 2n + 1 or 2h + l = 4n

4

a

4¯ . .

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 0, 34

hkl: l = 2n + 1 or 2h + l = 4n

3 4

, x, 78 1 2

no extra conditions

, 0, z + 34

hkl: l = 2n + 1 or 2h + l = 4n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 g m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 38

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

441

Along [110] c 1 m 1 b = 12 c a = 12 (−a + b) Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 123, pp. 442–443.

P 4/m m m

D14h

No. 123

P 4/m 2/m 2/m

4/m m m

Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

Origin at centre (4/m m m) Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ;

x≤y

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13)

1 2 0, y, 0 1¯ 0, 0, 0 m x, 0, z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2 2 m m

0, 0, z x, 0, 0 x, y, 0 0, y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

4+ 2 4¯ + m

0, 0, z x, x, 0 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 x, x, ¯z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

442

Tetragonal

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− 2 4¯ − m

0, 0, z x, x, ¯0 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 x, x, z

No. 123

CONTINUED

P 4/m m m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

u

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x, y, ¯z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x, ¯ y, ¯z x, y, ¯ z¯ x, y, z¯ x, ¯ y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y, ¯ x, z y, x, z¯ y, x, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x, ¯z y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, z¯ y, x, z

no conditions

Special: 8

t

.m.

x, 12 , z x, ¯ 12 , z¯

x, ¯ 12 , z x, 12 , z¯

1 2 1 2

8

s

.m.

x, 0, z x, ¯ 0, z¯

x, ¯ 0, z x, 0, z¯

8

r

..m

x, x, z x, ¯ x, z¯

8

q

m..

8

p

4

, x, z , x, z¯

, x, ¯z , x, ¯ z¯

no extra conditions

0, x, z 0, x, z¯

0, x, ¯z 0, x, ¯ z¯

no extra conditions

x, ¯ x, ¯z x, x, ¯ z¯

x, ¯ x, z x, x, z¯

x, x, ¯z x, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

no extra conditions

x, y, 12 x, ¯ y, 12

x, ¯ y, ¯ 12 x, y, ¯ 12

y, ¯ x, 12 y, x, 12

y, x, ¯ 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ 12

no extra conditions

m..

x, y, 0 x, ¯ y, 0

x, ¯ y, ¯0 x, y, ¯0

y, ¯ x, 0 y, x, 0

y, x, ¯0 y, ¯ x, ¯0

no extra conditions

o

m 2 m.

x, 12 , 12

x, ¯ 12 , 12

1 2

, x, 12

1 2

, x, ¯ 12

no extra conditions

4

n

m 2 m.

x, 12 , 0

x, ¯ 12 , 0

1 2

, x, 0

1 2

, x, ¯0

no extra conditions

4

m

m 2 m.

x, 0, 12

x, ¯ 0, 12

0, x, 12

0, x, ¯ 12

no extra conditions

4

l

m 2 m.

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

0, x, 0

0, x, ¯0

no extra conditions

4

k

m . 2m

x, x, 12

x, ¯ x, ¯ 12

x, ¯ x, 12

x, x, ¯ 12

no extra conditions

4

j

m . 2m

x, x, 0

x, ¯ x, ¯0

x, ¯ x, 0

x, x, ¯0

no extra conditions

4

i

2 m m.

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z

0, 12 , z¯

1 2

2

h

4mm

1 2

, 12 , z

1 2

, 12 , z¯

no extra conditions

2

g

4mm

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

no extra conditions

2

f

m m m.

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

e

m m m.

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

1

d

4/m m m

1 2

, 12 , 12

no extra conditions

1

c

4/m m m

1 2

, 12 , 0

no extra conditions

1

b

4/m m m

0, 0, 12

no extra conditions

1

a

4/m m m

0, 0, 0

no extra conditions

1 2 1 2

, 0, z¯

hkl: h + k = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

443

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 124, pp. 444–445.

P 4/m c c

D24h

No. 124

P 4/m 2/c 2/c

4/m m m

Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

Origin at centre (4/m) at 4/m c c Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 4

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13)

1 2 0, y, 14 1¯ 0, 0, 0 c x, 0, z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2 2 m c

0, 0, z x, 0, 14 x, y, 0 0, y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

4+ 2 4¯ + c

0, 0, z x, x, 14 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 x, x, ¯z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

444

Tetragonal

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− 2 4¯ − c

0, 0, z x, x, ¯ 14 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 x, x, z

No. 124

CONTINUED

P 4/m c c

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

n

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x, y, ¯ z + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x, ¯ y, ¯z x, y, ¯ z¯ + 12 x, y, z¯ x, ¯ y, z + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y, ¯ x, z y, x, z¯ + 12 y, x, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x, ¯z y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, z¯ y, x, z + 12

0kl: l = 2n hhl: l = 2n 00l: l = 2n Special: as above, plus

8

m

m..

x, y, 0 x, ¯ y, 12

x, ¯ y, ¯0 x, y, ¯ 12

8

l

.2.

x, 12 , 14 x, ¯ 12 , 34

x, ¯ 12 , 14 x, 12 , 34

1 2 1 2

8

k

.2.

x, 0, 14 x, ¯ 0, 34

x, ¯ 0, 14 x, 0, 34

8

j

..2

x, x, 14 x, ¯ x, ¯ 34

x, ¯ x, ¯ 14 x, x, 34

8

i

2..

0, 12 , z 0, 12 , z¯

1 2 1 2

, 0, z , 0, z¯

4

h

4..

1 2

, 12 , z

1 2

, 12 , z¯ + 12

4

g

4..

0, 0, z

4

f

2 2 2.

0, 12 , 14

1 2

, 0, 14

0, 12 , 34

1 2

, 0, 34

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

4

e

2/m . .

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 12

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

2

d

4/m . .

1 2

, 12 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: l = 2n

2

c

422

1 2

, 12 , 14

1 2

, 12 , 34

hkl: l = 2n

2

b

4/m . .

0, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

hkl: l = 2n

2

a

422

0, 0, 14

0, 0, 34

hkl: l = 2n

y, ¯ x, 0 y, x, 12

0, 0, z¯ + 12

, x, 14 , x, ¯ 34

no extra conditions

y, x, ¯0 y, ¯ x, ¯ 12 , x, ¯ 14 , x, 34

hkl: l = 2n

0, x, 14 0, x, ¯ 34

0, x, ¯ 14 0, x, 34

hkl: l = 2n

x, ¯ x, 14 x, x, ¯ 34

x, x, ¯ 14 x, ¯ x, 34

hkl: l = 2n

1 2 1 2

0, 12 , z¯ + 12 0, 12 , z + 12

1 2 1 2

, 0, z¯ + 12 , 0, z + 12

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

, 12 , z¯

1 2

, 12 , z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

0, 0, z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

1 2

0, 0, z¯

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

445

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 125, pp. 446–449.

P 4/n b m

D34h

No. 125

P 4/n 2/b 2/m

ORIGIN CHOICE

4/m m m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

1

Origin at 4 2 2 at 4/n 2 2/g, at − 41 , − 41 , 0 from centre (2/m) Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ;

y ≤ 12 − x

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13)

1 2 0, y, 0 1¯ 14 , 14 , 0 a x, 14 , z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2 0, 0, z 2 x, 0, 0 n( 21 , 12 , 0) x, y, 0 b 14 , y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

4+ 2 4¯ + m

0, 0, z x, x, 0 1 1 2 , 0, z; 2 , 0, 0 1 x + 2 , x, ¯z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

446

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− 0, 0, z 2 x, x, ¯0 4¯ − 0, 12 , z; 0, 12 , 0 g( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x, z

No. 125

CONTINUED

P 4/n b m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

n

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, z¯ x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x, ¯ y, ¯z x, y, ¯ z¯ x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y, ¯ x, z y, x, z¯ y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x, ¯z y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ y + 12 , x + 12 , z

hk0: h + k = 2n 0kl: k = 2n h00: h = 2n Special: as above, plus

8

m

..m

x, x + 12 , z x, ¯ x + 12 , z¯

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , z x, x¯ + 12 , z¯

x¯ + 12 , x, z x + 12 , x, z¯

8

l

.2.

x, 0, 12 x¯ + 12 , 12 , 12

x, ¯ 0, 12 x + 12 , 12 , 12

0, x, 12 1 ¯ + 12 , 12 2,x

0, x, ¯ 12 1 1 1 2,x+ 2, 2

hkl: h + k = 2n

8

k

.2.

x, 0, 0 x¯ + 12 , 12 , 0

x, ¯ 0, 0 x + 12 , 12 , 0

0, x, 0 1 ¯ + 12 , 0 2,x

0, x, ¯0 1 , x + 12 , 0 2

hkl: h + k = 2n

8

j

..2

x, x, 12 x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 12

x, ¯ x, ¯ 12 x + 12 , x + 12 , 12

x, ¯ x, 12 x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 12

x, x, ¯ 12 x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

8

i

..2

x, x, 0 x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 0

x, ¯ x, ¯0 x + 12 , x + 12 , 0

x, ¯ x, 0 x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 0

x, x, ¯0 x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

4

h

2 . mm

0, 12 , z

1 2

4

g

4..

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

4

f

. . 2/m

1 4

, 14 , 12

3 4

, 34 , 12

3 4

, 14 , 12

4

e

. . 2/m

1 4

, 14 , 0

3 4

, 34 , 0

3 4

, 14 , 0

2

d

4¯ 2 m

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

c

4¯ 2 m

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

b

422

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

a

422

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

, 0, z

x + 12 , x, ¯z x¯ + 12 , x, ¯ z¯

no extra conditions

0, 12 , z¯

1 2

, 0, z¯

hkl: h + k = 2n

, 12 , z¯

1 2

, 12 , z

hkl: h + k = 2n

1 4

, 34 , 12

hkl: h, k = 2n

1 4

, 34 , 0

hkl: h, k = 2n

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

447

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

P 4/n b m

D34h

No. 125

P 4/n 2/b 2/m

ORIGIN CHOICE

4/m m m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

2

Origin at centre (2/m) at n(b, a)(21 /g, 2/m), at 14 , 14 , 0 from 4 2 2 Asymmetric unit

− 41 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

− 41 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ;

x ≤ −y

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13)

1 2 14 , y, 0 1¯ 0, 0, 0 a x, 0, z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2 14 , 14 , z 2 x, 14 , 0 n( 21 , 12 , 0) x, y, 0 b 0, y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

4+ 2 4¯ + m

1 1 4, 4,z x, x, 0 1 1 4 , − 4 , z; x, x, ¯z

448

1 4

, − 41 , 0

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− 14 , 14 , z 2 x, x¯ + 12 , 0 4¯ − − 14 , 14 , z; − 41 , 14 , 0 g( 12 , 12 , 0) x, x, z

No. 125

CONTINUED

P 4/n b m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

n

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ ¯z x + 12 , y,

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z x, y¯ + 12 , z¯ x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ x, ¯ y + 12 , z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y¯ + 12 , x, z y, x, z¯ y + 12 , x, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x¯ + 12 , z hk0: h + k = 2n y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ 0kl: k = 2n h00: h = 2n y, ¯ x + 12 , z¯ y + 12 , x + 12 , z Special: as above, plus

x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z x, x + 12 , z¯

x + 12 , x, z x, ¯ x, z¯

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , z x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯

8

m

..m

x, x, ¯z ¯ z¯ x¯ + 12 , x,

8

l

.2.

x, 14 , 12 x, ¯ 34 , 12

x¯ + 12 , 14 , 12 x + 12 , 34 , 12

1 4 3 4

, x, 12 , x, ¯ 12

1 4 3 4

, x¯ + 12 , 12 , x + 12 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

8

k

.2.

x, 14 , 0 x, ¯ 34 , 0

x¯ + 12 , 14 , 0 x + 12 , 34 , 0

1 4 3 4

, x, 0 , x, ¯0

1 4 3 4

, x¯ + 12 , 0 , x + 12 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

8

j

..2

x, x, 12 x, ¯ x, ¯ 12

x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 12 x + 12 , x + 12 , 12

x¯ + 12 , x, 12 x + 12 , x, ¯ 12

x, x¯ + 12 , 12 x, ¯ x + 12 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

8

i

..2

x, x, 0 x, ¯ x, ¯0

x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 0 x + 12 , x + 12 , 0

x¯ + 12 , x, 0 x + 12 , x, ¯0

x, x¯ + 12 , 0 x, ¯ x + 12 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

4

h

2 . mm

3 4

, 14 , z

1 4

, 34 , z

3 4

, 14 , z¯

1 4

, 34 , z¯

hkl: h + k = 2n

4

g

4..

1 4

, 14 , z

1 4

, 14 , z¯

3 4

, 34 , z¯

3 4

, 34 , z

hkl: h + k = 2n

4

f

. . 2/m

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

hkl: h, k = 2n

4

e

. . 2/m

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

hkl: h, k = 2n

2

d

4¯ 2 m

3 4

, 14 , 12

1 4

, 34 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

c

4¯ 2 m

3 4

, 14 , 0

1 4

, 34 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

b

422

1 4

, 14 , 12

3 4

, 34 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

a

422

1 4

, 14 , 0

3 4

, 34 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

no extra conditions

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m a = 12 (a − b) b = 12 (a + b) 1 1 Origin at 4 , 4 , z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

449

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 126, pp. 450–453.

P 4/n n c

D44h

No. 126

P 4/n 2/n 2/c

ORIGIN CHOICE

4/m m m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

1

Origin at 4 2 2/n, at − 41 , − 41 , − 41 from 1¯ Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 4

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13)

1 2 0, y, 0 1¯ 14 , 14 , 14 n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 14 , z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2 0, 0, z 2 x, 0, 0 n( 21 , 12 , 0) x, y, 14 n(0, 12 , 12 ) 14 , y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

4+ 2 4¯ + c

0, 0, z x, x, 0 1 1 1 2 , 0, z; 2 , 0, 4 1 x + 2 , x, ¯z

450

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− 0, 0, z 2 x, x, ¯0 4¯ − 0, 12 , z; 0, 12 , 14 n( 21 , 12 , 12 ) x, x, z

No. 126

CONTINUED

P 4/n n c

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

k

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z (2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (3) y, ¯ x, z (4) y, x, ¯z x, ¯ y, z¯ (6) x, y, ¯ z¯ (7) y, x, z¯ (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 (10) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12 (11) y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 (12) y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12 (14) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12 (15) y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 (16) y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12

hk0: 0kl: hhl: 00l: h00:

h + k = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

j

.2.

x, 0, 12 x¯ + 12 , 12 , 0

x, ¯ 0, 12 x + 12 , 12 , 0

0, x, 12 1 ¯ + 12 , 0 2,x

0, x, ¯ 12 1 1 2,x+ 2,0

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

8

i

.2.

x, 0, 0 x¯ + 12 , 12 , 12

x, ¯ 0, 0 x + 12 , 12 , 12

0, x, 0 1 ¯ + 12 , 12 2,x

0, x, ¯0 1 1 1 2,x+ 2, 2

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

8

h

..2

x, x, 0 x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 12

8

g

2..

, 0, z 0, 12 , z¯ + 12

8

f

1¯

1 4

4

e

4..

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

4

d

4¯ . .

1 2

, 0, 14

0, 12 , 14

1 2

4

c

2 2 2.

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

0, 12 , 12

2

b

422

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

a

422

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

x, ¯ x, ¯0 x + 12 , x + 12 , 12 0, 12 , z 1 ¯ + 12 2 , 0, z

1 2

, 14 , 14

3 4

, 34 , 14

3 4 1 2

x, ¯ x, 0 x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 12

, 0, z¯ 0, 12 , z + 12 1 2

, 14 , 14

1 4

, 12 , z¯ + 12 , 0, 34

, 34 , 14 1 2

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

x, x, ¯0 x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , 12

0, 12 , z¯ 1 1 2 , 0, z + 2 3 4

, 14 , 34

, 12 , z + 12

hkl: h + k, l = 2n 1 4

, 34 , 34

1 4

, 14 , 34

3 4

, 34 , 34

hkl: h, k, l = 2n hkl: h + k + l = 2n

0, 12 , 34

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

, 0, 12

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

451

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

P 4/n n c

D44h

No. 126

P 4/n 2/n 2/c

ORIGIN CHOICE

4/m m m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

2

Origin at 1¯ at n n(n, c), at 14 , 14 , 14 from 4 2 2 Asymmetric unit

− 41 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

− 41 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤

1 4

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13)

1 2 14 , y, 14 1¯ 0, 0, 0 n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 0, z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2 14 , 14 , z 2 x, 14 , 14 n( 21 , 12 , 0) x, y, 0 n(0, 12 , 12 ) 0, y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

4+ 2 4¯ + c

, 14 , z x, x, 14 1 1 4 , − 4 , z; x, x, ¯z 1 4

452

1 4

, − 41 , 0

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− 14 , 14 , z 2 x, x¯ + 12 , 14 4¯ − − 14 , 14 , z; − 41 , 14 , 0 n( 21 , 12 , 12 ) x, x, z

No. 126

CONTINUED

P 4/n n c

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

k

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ ¯ z + 12 x + 12 , y,

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z x, y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ x, ¯ y + 12 , z + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y¯ + 12 , x, z y, x, z¯ + 12 y + 12 , x, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x¯ + 12 , z y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x + 12 , z¯ y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12

hk0: 0kl: hhl: 00l: h00:

h + k = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

j

.2.

x, 34 , 14 x, ¯ 14 , 34

x¯ + 12 , 34 , 14 x + 12 , 14 , 34

3 4 1 4

, x, 14 , x, ¯ 34

3 4 1 4

, x¯ + 12 , 14 , x + 12 , 34

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

8

i

.2.

x, 14 , 14 x, ¯ 34 , 34

x¯ + 12 , 14 , 14 x + 12 , 34 , 34

1 4 3 4

, x, 14 , x, ¯ 34

1 4 3 4

, x¯ + 12 , 14 , x + 12 , 34

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

8

h

..2

x, x, 14 x, ¯ x, ¯ 34

x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 14 x + 12 , x + 12 , 34

8

g

2..

1 4 3 4

, 34 , z , 14 , z¯

3 4 1 4

8

f

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 2

4

e

4..

1 4

, 14 , z

1 4

, 14 , z¯ + 12

4

d

4¯ . .

1 4

, 34 , 0

3 4

, 14 , 0

1 4

, 34 , 12

3 4

, 14 , 12

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

4

c

2 2 2.

1 4

, 34 , 34

3 4

, 14 , 34

3 4

, 14 , 14

1 4

, 34 , 14

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

2

b

422

1 4

, 14 , 34

3 4

, 34 , 14

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

a

422

1 4

, 14 , 14

3 4

, 34 , 34

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

, 14 , z , 34 , z¯ , 12 , 0

1 4 3 4

x¯ + 12 , x, 14 x + 12 , x, ¯ 34

, 34 , z¯ + 12 , 14 , z + 12

1 2

, 0, 0 3 4

3 4 1 4

3 4

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

, 14 , z¯ + 12 , 34 , z + 12

0, 12 , 0

, 34 , z¯

x, x¯ + 12 , 14 x, ¯ x + 12 , 34

1 2

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

, 0, 12

, 34 , z + 12

0, 12 , 12

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h, k, l = 2n hkl: h + k + l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) 1 1 Origin at 4 , 4 , z

Along [100] c 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 14 , 14

453

Along [110] p 2 m m b = 12 c a = 12 (−a + b) Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 127, pp. 454–455.

P 4/m b m

D54h

No. 127

P 4/m 21/b 2/m

4/m m m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

Origin at centre (4/m) at 4/m 1 21 /g Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ;

y ≤ 12 − x

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13)

1 2(0, 12 , 0) 1¯ 0, 0, 0 a x, 14 , z

1 4

, y, 0

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2 0, 0, z 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 0 m x, y, 0 b 14 , y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

4+ 0, 0, z 2( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x, 0 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 m x + 12 , x, ¯z

454

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− 0, 0, z 2 x, x¯ + 12 , 0 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 g( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x, z

No. 127

CONTINUED

P 4/m b m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

l

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x, ¯ y, ¯z x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ x, y, z¯ x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y, ¯ x, z y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ y, x, ¯ z¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x, ¯z y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ y, ¯ x, z¯ y + 12 , x + 12 , z

0kl: k = 2n h00: h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

k

..m

x, x + 12 , z x¯ + 12 , x, z¯

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , z x + 12 , x, ¯ z¯

x¯ + 12 , x, z x, x + 12 , z¯

8

j

m..

x, y, 12 x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , 12

x, ¯ y, ¯ 12 x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , 12

y, ¯ x, 12 y + 12 , x + 12 , 12

y, x, ¯ 12 y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 12

no extra conditions

8

i

m..

x, y, 0 x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , 0

x, ¯ y, ¯0 x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , 0

y, ¯ x, 0 y + 12 , x + 12 , 0

y, x, ¯0 y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 0

no extra conditions

4

h

m . 2m

x, x + 12 , 12

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , 12

x¯ + 12 , x, 12

x + 12 , x, ¯ 12

no extra conditions

4

g

m . 2m

x, x + 12 , 0

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , 0

x¯ + 12 , x, 0

x + 12 , x, ¯0

no extra conditions

4

f

2 . mm

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z

1 2

4

e

4..

0, 0, z

1 2

, 12 , z¯

0, 0, z¯

2

d

m . mm

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

c

m . mm

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

b

4/m . .

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

a

4/m . .

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

, 0, z¯

x + 12 , x, ¯z x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , z¯

no extra conditions

0, 12 , z¯

hkl: h + k = 2n

, 12 , z

hkl: h + k = 2n

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 g m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

455

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 128, pp. 456–457.

P 4/m n c

D64h

No. 128

P 4/m 21/n 2/c

4/m m m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

Origin at centre (4/m) at 4/m 1 n Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 4

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13)

1 2(0, 12 , 0) 14 , y, 14 1¯ 0, 0, 0 n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 14 , z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2 0, 0, z 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 14 m x, y, 0 n(0, 12 , 12 ) 14 , y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

4+ 0, 0, z 2( 12 , 12 , 0) x, x, 14 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 c x + 12 , x, ¯z

456

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− 0, 0, z 2 x, x¯ + 12 , 14 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 n( 21 , 12 , 12 ) x, x, z

No. 128

CONTINUED

P 4/m n c

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

i

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z (2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (3) y, ¯ x, z (4) y, x, ¯z x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12 (6) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 (7) y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 (8) y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ (10) x, y, z¯ (11) y, x, ¯ z¯ (12) y, ¯ x, z¯ x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12 (14) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12 (15) y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 (16) y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12

0kl: hhl: 00l: h00:

k + l = 2n l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

h

m..

x, y, 0 x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , 12

8

g

..2

x, x + 12 , 14 x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , 34

8

f

2..

0, 12 , z 0, 12 , z¯

1 2 1 2

, 0, z , 0, z¯

4

e

4..

0, 0, z

1 2

, 12 , z¯ + 12

4

d

2 . 22

0, 12 , 14

1 2

, 0, 14

0, 12 , 34

4

c

2/m . .

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 0

1 2

2

b

4/m . .

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

a

4/m . .

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

x, ¯ y, ¯0 x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , 12 x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , 14 x, x + 12 , 34

y, ¯ x, 0 y + 12 , x + 12 , 12

x¯ + 12 , x, 14 x + 12 , x, ¯ 34

1 2 1 2

, 0, z¯ + 12 , 0, z + 12

0, 12 , z¯ + 12 0, 12 , z + 12 1 2

0, 0, z¯

, 0, 12

x + 12 , x, ¯ 14 1 x¯ + 2 , x, 34

, 12 , z + 12

y, x, ¯0 y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 12

no extra conditions hkl: l = 2n hkl: h + k, l = 2n hkl: h + k + l = 2n

, 0, 34

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

0, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 g m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

457

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 129, pp. 458–461.

P 4/n m m

D74h

No. 129

P 4/n 21/m 2/m

ORIGIN CHOICE

4/m m m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

1

¯ 2 at 4/n ¯ m 2/g, at − 41 , 14 , 0 from centre (2/m) Origin at 4m

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ;

y ≤ 12 − x

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13)

1 2(0, 12 , 0) 1¯ 14 , 14 , 0 m x, 0, z

1 4

, y, 0

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2 0, 0, z 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 0 n( 21 , 12 , 0) x, y, 0 m 0, y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

4+ 2 4¯ + m

0, 12 , z x, x, 0 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 ¯z x + 12 , x,

458

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− 12 , 0, z 2 x, x, ¯0 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 g( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x, z

No. 129

CONTINUED

P 4/n m m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

k

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ x, y, ¯z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x, ¯ y, ¯z x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ x, ¯ y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z y, x, z¯ y, x, ¯ z¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, z¯ y + 12 , x + 12 , z

hk0: h + k = 2n h00: h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

j

..m

x, x + 12 , z x¯ + 12 , x, z¯

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , z x + 12 , x, ¯ z¯

x, ¯ x + 12 , z x + 12 , x, z¯

x, x¯ + 12 , z x¯ + 12 , x, ¯ z¯

no extra conditions

8

i

.m.

0, y, z 1 1 ¯ 2,y+ 2,z

0, y, ¯z 1 , y ¯ + 12 , z¯ 2

y¯ + 12 , 12 , z y, 0, z¯

y + 12 , 12 , z y, ¯ 0, z¯

no extra conditions

8

h

..2

x, x, 12 x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 12

x, ¯ x, ¯ 12 x + 12 , x + 12 , 12

x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , 12 x, x, ¯ 12

x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 12 x, ¯ x, 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

8

g

..2

x, x, 0 x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 0

x, ¯ x, ¯0 x + 12 , x + 12 , 0

x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , 0 x, x, ¯0

x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 0 x, ¯ x, 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

4

f

2 m m.

0, 0, z

1 2

, 12 , z

4

e

. . 2/m

1 4

, 14 , 12

3 4

, 34 , 12

1 4

, 34 , 12

3 4

, 14 , 12

hkl: h, k = 2n

4

d

. . 2/m

1 4

, 14 , 0

3 4

, 34 , 0

1 4

, 34 , 0

3 4

, 14 , 0

hkl: h, k = 2n

2

c

4mm

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z¯

no extra conditions

2

b

4¯ m 2

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

a

4¯ m 2

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

1 2

, 12 , z¯

hkl: h + k = 2n

0, 0, z¯

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m g a = b b = c Origin at x, 14 , 0

459

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

P 4/n m m

D74h

No. 129

P 4/n 21/m 2/m

ORIGIN CHOICE

4/m m m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

2

¯ 2 Origin at centre (2/m) at n 21 (2/m, 21 /g), at 14 , − 41 , 0 from 4m

Asymmetric unit

− 41 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

− 41 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ;

2 14 , 14 , z 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 0, 0 n( 21 , 12 , 0) x, y, 0 m 14 , y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

x≤y

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13)

1 2(0, 12 , 0) 0, y, 0 1¯ 0, 0, 0 m x, 14 , z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

4+ 14 , 14 , z 2( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x, 0 4¯ + 14 , − 41 , z; 14 , − 41 , 0 m x + 12 , x, ¯z

460

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− 2 4¯ − m

, 14 , z x, x, ¯0 − 14 , 14 , z; − 41 , 14 , 0 x, x, z 1 4

No. 129

CONTINUED

P 4/n m m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

k

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x, y¯ + 12 , z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z x + 12 , y, ¯ z¯ x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ x¯ + 12 , y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y¯ + 12 , x, z y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ y + 12 , x, ¯ z¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x¯ + 12 , z hk0: h + k = 2n h00: h = 2n y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x + 12 , z¯ y, x, z Special: as above, plus

x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z x + 12 , x, ¯ z¯

x¯ + 12 , x, z x + 12 , x + 12 , z¯

x, x¯ + 12 , z x, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

8

j

..m

8

i

.m.

1 4 3 4

8

h

..2

8

g

..2

4

f

2 m m.

3 4

, 14 , z

1 4

4

e

. . 2/m

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

1 2

4

d

. . 2/m

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

1 2

2

c

4mm

1 4

, 14 , z

3 4

, 34 , z¯

no extra conditions

2

b

4¯ m 2

3 4

, 14 , 12

1 4

, 34 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

2

a

4¯ m 2

3 4

, 14 , 0

1 4

, 34 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

x, x, z x, ¯ x + 12 , z¯ , y, z , y + 12 , z¯

no extra conditions

, y¯ + 12 , z , y, ¯ z¯

y¯ + 12 , 14 , z y + 12 , 34 , z¯

y, 14 , z y, ¯ 34 , z¯

no extra conditions

x, x, ¯ 12 x, ¯ x, 12

x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , 12 x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 12

x + 12 , x, 12 x¯ + 12 , x, ¯ 12

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , 12 x, x + 12 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

x, x, ¯0 x, ¯ x, 0

x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , 0 x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 0

x + 12 , x, 0 x¯ + 12 , x, ¯0

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , 0 x, x + 12 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

1 4 3 4

, 34 , z

1 4

, 34 , z¯

, 14 , z¯

hkl: h + k = 2n

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

hkl: h, k = 2n

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

hkl: h, k = 2n

3 4

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 14 , 14 , z

Along [100] p 2 m g a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

461

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 130, pp. 462–463.

P 4/n c c

D84h

No. 130

P 4/n 21/c 2/c

ORIGIN CHOICE

4/m m m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

1

¯ c n, at − 41 , 14 , 0 from 1¯ Origin at 4/n 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 4

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13)

1 2(0, 12 , 0) 1¯ 14 , 14 , 0 c x, 0, z

1 4

(2) (6) (10) (14)

, y, 14

2 0, 0, z 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 14 n( 21 , 12 , 0) x, y, 0 c 0, y, z

4+ 2 4¯ + c

(3) (7) (11) (15)

0, 12 , z x, x, 14 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 ¯z x + 12 , x,

4− 12 , 0, z 2 x, x, ¯ 14 − 4¯ 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 n( 21 , 12 , 12 ) x, x, z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z (2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (3) y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z (4) y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12 x¯ + 2 , y + 2 , z¯ + 2 (6) x + 2 , y¯ + 2 , z¯ + 2 (7) y, x, z¯ + 2 1 1 1 1 x¯ + 2 , y¯ + 2 , z¯ (10) x + 2 , y + 2 , z¯ (11) y, x, ¯ z¯ (12) y, ¯ x, z¯ (14) x, ¯ y, z + 12 (15) y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 (16) y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 x, y, ¯ z + 12

h + k = 2n l = 2n l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

g

1

8

f

..2

x, x, x¯ + , x¯ + 12 , 34

8

e

2..

0, 0, z 1 1 ¯ 2, 2,z

8

d

1¯

1 4

, 14 , 0

3 4

, 34 , 0

4

c

4..

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z¯ + 12

4

b

4¯ . .

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

0, 0, 12

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

4

a

2 . 22

0, 0, 14

1 2

, 12 , 14

1 2

, 12 , 34

0, 0, 34

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

hk0: 0kl: hhl: 00l: h00:

Special: as above, plus 1 4 1 2

x¯ + , x + , x, x, ¯

1 4 1 2

1 2 3 4

x, ¯ x, ¯ x + , x + 12 , 34

, 12 , z 0, 0, z¯ 1 2

, 12 , z¯ + 12 0, 0, z + 12 , 34 , 0 1 2

, 0, z¯

x + , x¯ + , x, ¯ x,

1 4

1 2 3 4

1 2

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

1 4

0, 0, z¯ + 12 1 1 1 2, 2,z+ 2

1 2

1 4

1 2

3 4

, 14 , 0

1 4

, 34 , 12

0, 12 , z + 12

hkl: h + k, l = 2n 3 4

, 14 , 12

1 4

, 14 , 12

3 4

, 34 , 12

hkl: h, k, l = 2n hkl: l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [100] p 2 m g a = b b = 12 c Origin at x, 14 , 0 Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography 462

Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

Tetragonal

D84h

4/m m m

P 4/n c c

P 4/n 21/c 2/c

Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

No. 130

ORIGIN CHOICE

Origin at 1¯ at n 1 (c, n), at 14 , − 41 , 0 from 4¯ − 41 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

Asymmetric unit

− 41 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤

1 4

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13)

1 2(0, 12 , 0) 0, y, 14 1¯ 0, 0, 0 c x, 14 , z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2 14 , 14 , z 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 0, 14 n( 21 , 12 , 0) x, y, 0 c 14 , y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

4+ 14 , 14 , z 2( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x, 14 4¯ + 14 , − 41 , z; 14 , − 41 , 0 c x + 12 , x, ¯z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− 2 4¯ − c

, 14 , z x, x, ¯ 14 − 14 , 14 , z; − 41 , 14 , 0 x, x, z 1 4

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

g

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x, y¯ + 12 , z + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z x + 12 , y, ¯ z¯ + 12 1 x + 2 , y + 12 , z¯ x¯ + 12 , y, z + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y¯ + 12 , x, z y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 y + 12 , x, ¯ z¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x¯ + 12 , z y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x + 12 , z¯ y, x, z + 12

hk0: 0kl: hhl: 00l: h00:

h + k = 2n l = 2n l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

f

..2

x, x, ¯ 14 x, ¯ x, 34

8

e

2..

3 4 1 4

, 14 , z , 34 , z¯

1 4 3 4

8

d

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 2

4

c

4..

1 4

, 14 , z

3 4

, 34 , z¯ + 12

4

b

4¯ . .

3 4

, 14 , 0

1 4

, 34 , 0

1 4

, 34 , 12

3 4

, 14 , 12

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

4

a

2 . 22

3 4

, 14 , 14

1 4

, 34 , 14

1 4

, 34 , 34

3 4

, 14 , 34

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , 14 x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 34 , 34 , z , 14 , z¯ , 12 , 0

1 4 3 4

x + 12 , x, 14 x¯ + 12 , x, ¯ 34

, 34 , z¯ + 12 , 14 , z + 12

1 2

, 0, 0 3 4

3 4 1 4

1 4

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

, 14 , z¯ + 12 , 34 , z + 12

0, 12 , 0

, 34 , z¯

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , 14 x, x + 12 , 34

0, 12 , 12

, 14 , z + 12

hkl: h + k, l = 2n 1 2

, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

0, 0, 12

hkl: h, k, l = 2n hkl: l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) 1 1 Origin at 4 , 4 , z

Along [100] p 2 m g a = b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0 463

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

2

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 131, pp. 464–465.

P 42/m m c

D94h

No. 131

P 42/m 2/m 2/c

4/m m m

Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

Origin at centre (m m m) at 42 /m 2/m c Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 4

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13)

1 2 0, y, 0 1¯ 0, 0, 0 m x, 0, z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2 2 m m

0, 0, z x, 0, 0 x, y, 0 0, y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z 2 x, x, 14 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 14 c x, x, ¯z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

464

Tetragonal

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z 2 x, x, ¯ 14 − 4¯ 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 14 c x, x, z

P 42/m m c

No. 131

CONTINUED Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

r

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x, y, ¯z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x, ¯ y, ¯z x, y, ¯ z¯ x, y, z¯ x, ¯ y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y, ¯ x, z + 12 y, x, z¯ + 12 y, x, ¯ z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x, ¯ z + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, z¯ + 12 y, x, z + 12

hhl: l = 2n 00l: l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

q

m..

8

p

.m.

8

o

.m.

8

n

4

x, y, 0 x, ¯ y, 0

y, ¯ x, 12 y, x, 12

x, ¯ y, ¯0 x, y, ¯0

no extra conditions

, y, ¯z , y, ¯ z¯

y, ¯ 12 , z + 12 y, 12 , z¯ + 12

y, 12 , z + 12 y, ¯ 12 , z¯ + 12

no extra conditions

0, y, z 0, y, z¯

0, y, ¯z 0, y, ¯ z¯

y, ¯ 0, z + 12 y, 0, z¯ + 12

y, 0, z + 12 y, ¯ 0, z¯ + 12

no extra conditions

..2

x, x, 14 x, ¯ x, ¯ 34

x, ¯ x, ¯ 14 x, x, 34

x, ¯ x, 34 x, x, ¯ 14

m

m 2 m.

x, 12 , 0

x, ¯ 12 , 0

1 2

4

l

m 2 m.

x, 0, 12

x, ¯ 0, 12

0, x, 0

4

k

m 2 m.

x, 12 , 12

x, ¯ 12 , 12

1 2

4

j

m 2 m.

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

0, x, 12

4

i

2 m m.

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 0, z + 12

0, 12 , z¯

1 2

, 0, z¯ + 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

4

h

2 m m.

1 2

, 12 , z

1 2

, 12 , z + 12

1 2

, 12 , z¯

1 2

, 12 , z¯ + 12

hkl: l = 2n

4

g

2 m m.

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯ + 12

hkl: l = 2n

2

f

4¯ m 2

1 2

2

e

4¯ m 2

2

d

2

1 2 1 2

, y, z , y, z¯

y, x, ¯ 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ 12

1 2 1 2

, 12 , 14

0, 0, z + 12

, x, 12

, x, 0

x, x, ¯ 34 x, ¯ x, 14

hkl: l = 2n

, x, ¯ 12

no extra conditions

0, x, ¯0

no extra conditions

, x, ¯0

no extra conditions

0, x, ¯ 12

no extra conditions

1 2

1 2

0, 0, z¯

, 12 , 34

hkl: l = 2n

0, 0, 14

0, 0, 34

hkl: l = 2n

m m m.

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

c

m m m.

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

b

m m m.

1 2

, 12 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: l = 2n

2

a

m m m.

0, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

hkl: l = 2n

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

465

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 132, pp. 466–467.

P 42/m c m

D104h

No. 132

P 42/m 2/c 2/m

4/m m m

Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

Origin at centre (m m m) at 42 /m c 2/m Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ;

x≤y

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13)

1 2 0, y, 14 1¯ 0, 0, 0 c x, 0, z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2 2 m c

0, 0, z x, 0, 14 x, y, 0 0, y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z 2 x, x, 0 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 14 m x, x, ¯z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

466

Tetragonal

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z 2 x, x, ¯0 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 14 m x, x, z

P 42/m c m

No. 132

CONTINUED Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

p

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x, y, ¯ z + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x, ¯ y, ¯z x, y, ¯ z¯ + 12 x, y, z¯ x, ¯ y, z + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y, ¯ x, z + 12 y, x, z¯ y, x, ¯ z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x, ¯ z + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, z¯ + 12 y, x, z

0kl: l = 2n 00l: l = 2n

Special: as above, plus x, x, ¯ z + 12 x, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

8

o

..m

x, x, z x, ¯ x, z¯ + 12

x, ¯ x, z + 12 x, x, z¯

8

n

m..

x, y, 0 x, ¯ y, 12

x, ¯ y, ¯0 x, y, ¯ 12

8

m

.2.

x, 12 , 14 x, ¯ 12 , 34

x, ¯ 12 , 14 x, 12 , 34

1 2 1 2

8

l

.2.

x, 0, 14 x, ¯ 0, 34

x, ¯ 0, 14 x, 0, 34

0, x, 34 0, x, ¯ 14

8

k

2..

0, 12 , z 0, 12 , z¯

1 2 1 2

4

j

m . 2m

x, x, 12

x, ¯ x, ¯ 12

x, ¯ x, 0

x, x, ¯0

no extra conditions

4

i

m . 2m

x, x, 0

x, ¯ x, ¯0

x, ¯ x, 12

x, x, ¯ 12

no extra conditions

4

h

2 . mm

1 2

4

g

2 . mm

0, 0, z

4

f

2/m . .

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

4

e

2 2 2.

0, 12 , 14

1 2

, 0, 34

0, 12 , 34

1 2

, 0, 14

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

2

d

4¯ 2 m

1 2

, 12 , 14

1 2

, 12 , 34

hkl: l = 2n

2

c

m . mm

1 2

, 12 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: l = 2n

2

b

4¯ 2 m

0, 0, 14

0, 0, 34

hkl: l = 2n

2

a

m . mm

0, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

hkl: l = 2n

x, ¯ x, ¯z x, x, ¯ z¯ + 12

, 12 , z

1 2

y, ¯ x, 12 y, x, 0

, 0, z + 12 , 0, z¯ + 12

, 12 , z + 12

0, 0, z + 12

y, x, ¯ 12 y, ¯ x, ¯0

, x, 34 , x, ¯ 14

no extra conditions

, x, ¯ 34 , x, 14

hkl: l = 2n

0, x, ¯ 34 0, x, 14

hkl: l = 2n

1 2 1 2

0, 12 , z¯ + 12 0, 12 , z + 12

1 2

no extra conditions

1 2 1 2

, 12 , z¯ + 12

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

, 12 , z¯

hkl: l = 2n

0, 0, z¯

hkl: l = 2n

1 2

0, 0, z¯ + 12

, 0, z¯ , 0, z

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

467

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 133, pp. 468–471.

P 42/n b c

D114h

No. 133

P 42/n 2/b 2/c

ORIGIN CHOICE

4/m m m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

1

Origin at 4¯ 1 21 /c, at − 41 , 14 , − 41 from 1¯ Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 4

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13)

1 2 0, y, 14 1¯ 14 , 14 , 14 a x, 14 , z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2 0, 0, z 2 x, 0, 14 n( 21 , 12 , 0) x, y, 14 b 14 , y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 12 , z 2( 12 , 12 , 0) x, x, 0 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 c x, x, ¯z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

468

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− (0, 0, 12 ) 12 , 0, z 2 x, x¯ + 12 , 0 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 c x, x, z

P 42/n b c

No. 133

CONTINUED Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

k

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z (2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (3) y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 (4) y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 1 1 x, ¯ y, z¯ + 2 (6) x, y, ¯ z¯ + 2 (7) y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ (8) y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ 1 1 1 1 1 1 ¯ z¯ (12) y, ¯ x, z¯ x¯ + 2 , y¯ + 2 , z¯ + 2 (10) x + 2 , y + 2 , z¯ + 2 (11) y, x, (14) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z (15) y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12 (16) y, x, z + 12 x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

hk0: 0kl: hhl: 00l: h00:

h + k = 2n k = 2n l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

j

..2

x, x + 12 , 0 x¯ + 12 , x, ¯ 12

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , 0 x + 12 , x, 12

x, ¯ x + 12 , 12 x + 12 , x, ¯0

x, x¯ + 12 , 12 x¯ + 12 , x, 0

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

8

i

.2.

x, 0, 34 x¯ + 12 , 12 , 34

x, ¯ 0, 34 x + 12 , 12 , 34

1 2

, x + 12 , 14 0, x, ¯ 14

1 2

, x¯ + 12 , 14 0, x, 14

hkl: h + k = 2n

8

h

.2.

x, 0, 14 x¯ + 12 , 12 , 14

x, ¯ 0, 14 x + 12 , 12 , 14

, x + 12 , 34 0, x, ¯ 34

, x¯ + 12 , 34 0, x, 34

hkl: h + k = 2n

8

g

2..

0, 0, z 1 1 ¯ + 12 2, 2,z

1 2

, 12 , z + 12 0, 0, z¯

0, 0, z¯ + 12 1 1 2, 2,z

1 2

, 12 , z¯ 0, 0, z + 12

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

8

f

2..

0, 12 , z 1 ¯ + 12 2 , 0, z

0, 12 , z + 12 1 ¯ 2 , 0, z

0, 12 , z¯ + 12 1 2 , 0, z

0, 12 , z¯ 1 1 2 , 0, z + 2

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

8

e

1¯

1 4

4

d

4¯ . .

4

c

4 4

, 14 , 14

1 2

1 2

3 4

, 34 , 14

1 4

, 34 , 34

3 4

, 14 , 34

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

2 . 22

0, 12 , 0

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 12

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

b

2 2 2.

0, 0, 14

1 2

, 12 , 34

1 2

, 12 , 14

0, 0, 34

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

a

2 2 2.

0, 12 , 14

0, 12 , 34

1 2

, 0, 14

1 2

, 0, 34

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

3 4

, 14 , 14

1 4

, 34 , 14

3 4

, 34 , 34

1 4

, 14 , 34

hkl: h, k, l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 0, 14

469

Along [110] p 2 m m b = 12 c a = 12 (−a + b) Origin at x, x, 0

P 42/n b c

D114h

No. 133

P 42/n 2/b 2/c

ORIGIN CHOICE

4/m m m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

2

Origin at 1¯ at n(b, a)(n, c), at 14 , − 41 , 14 from 4¯ Asymmetric unit

− 41 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

− 41 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤

1 4

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13)

1 2 14 , y, 0 1¯ 0, 0, 0 a x, 0, z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2 14 , 14 , z 2 x, 14 , 0 n( 21 , 12 , 0) x, y, 0 b 0, y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 14 , 14 , z 2 x, x, 14 4¯ + 14 , − 41 , z; 14 , − 41 , 14 c x, x, ¯z

470

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− (0, 0, 12 ) 14 , 14 , z 2 x, x¯ + 12 , 14 4¯ − − 14 , 14 , z; − 41 , 14 , 14 n( 12 , 12 , 12 ) x, x, z

P 42/n b c

No. 133

CONTINUED Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

k

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x + 12 , y, ¯z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z x, y¯ + 12 , z¯ x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ x, ¯ y + 12 , z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y¯ + 12 , x, z + 12 y, x, z¯ + 12 y + 12 , x, ¯ z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x¯ + 12 , z + 12 y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x + 12 , z¯ + 12 y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12

hk0: 0kl: hhl: 00l: h00:

h + k = 2n k = 2n l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

j

..2

x, x, 14 x, ¯ x, ¯ 34

x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 14 x + 12 , x + 12 , 34

x¯ + 12 , x, 34 x + 12 , x, ¯ 14

x, x¯ + 12 , 34 x, ¯ x + 12 , 14

8

i

.2.

x, 14 , 12 x, ¯ 34 , 12

x¯ + 12 , 14 , 12 x + 12 , 34 , 12

1 4 3 4

, x, 0 , x, ¯0

1 4 3 4

, x¯ + 12 , 0 , x + 12 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

8

h

.2.

x, 14 , 0 x, ¯ 34 , 0

x¯ + 12 , 14 , 0 x + 12 , 34 , 0

1 4 3 4

, x, 12 , x, ¯ 12

1 4 3 4

, x¯ + 12 , 12 , x + 12 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

8

g

2..

3 4 1 4

, 14 , z , 34 , z¯

1 4 3 4

, 34 , z + 12 , 14 , z¯ + 12

3 4 1 4

, 14 , z¯ , 34 , z

1 4 3 4

, 34 , z¯ + 12 , 14 , z + 12

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

8

f

2..

1 4 3 4

, 14 , z , 34 , z¯

1 4 3 4

, 14 , z + 12 , 34 , z¯ + 12

1 4 3 4

, 14 , z¯ , 34 , z

1 4 3 4

, 14 , z¯ + 12 , 34 , z + 12

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

8

e

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

4

d

4¯ . .

3 4

, 14 , 34

1 4

, 34 , 14

3 4

, 14 , 14

1 4

, 34 , 34

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

4

c

2 . 22

1 4

, 14 , 14

1 4

, 14 , 34

3 4

, 34 , 34

3 4

, 34 , 14

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

4

b

2 2 2.

3 4

, 14 , 0

1 4

, 34 , 12

1 4

, 34 , 0

3 4

, 14 , 12

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

4

a

2 2 2.

1 4

, 14 , 0

1 4

, 14 , 12

3 4

, 34 , 0

3 4

, 34 , 12

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

0, 12 , 0

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h, k, l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) 1 1 Origin at 4 , 4 , z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

471

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 134, pp. 472–475.

P 42/n n m

D124h

No. 134

P 42/n 2/n 2/m

ORIGIN CHOICE

4/m m m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

1

Origin at 4¯ 2 m, at − 41 , 14 , − 41 from centre (2/m) Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 1;

0 ≤ z ≤ 14 ;

x ≤ y;

y ≤ 1−x

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13)

1 2 0, y, 0 1¯ 14 , 14 , 14 n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 14 , z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2 0, 0, z 2 x, 0, 0 n( 21 , 12 , 0) x, y, 14 n(0, 12 , 12 ) 14 , y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 12 , z 2( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x, 14 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 m x, x, ¯z

472

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− (0, 0, 12 ) 12 , 0, z 2 x, x¯ + 12 , 14 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 m x, x, z

P 42/n n m

No. 134

CONTINUED Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

n

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z (2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (3) y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 (4) y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 x, ¯ y, z¯ (6) x, y, ¯ z¯ (7) y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 (8) y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 x¯ + 2 , y¯ + 2 , z¯ + 2 (10) x + 2 , y + 2 , z¯ + 2 (11) y, x, ¯ z¯ (12) y, ¯ x, z¯ ¯ x, ¯z (16) y, x, z x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12 (14) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12 (15) y,

hk0: 0kl: 00l: h00:

h + k = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 x + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12

x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12

8

m

..m

x, x, z x, ¯ x, z¯

8

l

..2

x, x + 12 , 34 x¯ + 12 , x, ¯ 34

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , 34 x + 12 , x, 34

x, ¯ x + 12 , 14 x + 12 , x, ¯ 14

x, x¯ + 12 , 14 x¯ + 12 , x, 14

hkl: h + k = 2n

8

k

..2

x, x + 12 , 14 x¯ + 12 , x, ¯ 14

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , 14 x + 12 , x, 14

x, ¯ x + 12 , 34 x + 12 , x, ¯ 34

x, x¯ + 12 , 34 x¯ + 12 , x, 34

hkl: h + k = 2n

8

j

.2.

x, 0, 12 x¯ + 12 , 12 , 0

x, ¯ 0, 12 x + 12 , 12 , 0

1 2

, x + 12 , 0 0, x, ¯ 12

1 2

, x¯ + 12 , 0 0, x, 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

8

i

.2.

x, 0, 0 x¯ + 12 , 12 , 12

x, ¯ 0, 0 x + 12 , 12 , 12

, x + 12 , 12 0, x, ¯0

, x¯ + 12 , 12 0, x, 0

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

8

h

2..

0, 12 , z 1 ¯ + 12 2 , 0, z

0, 12 , z + 12 1 ¯ 2 , 0, z

0, 12 , z¯ 1 1 2 , 0, z + 2

0, 12 , z¯ + 12 1 2 , 0, z

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

4

g

2 . mm

0, 0, z

1 2

, 12 , z + 12

4

f

. . 2/m

3 4

, 34 , 34

1 4

, 14 , 34

3 4

, 14 , 14

1 4

, 34 , 14

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

4

e

. . 2/m

1 4

, 14 , 14

3 4

, 34 , 14

1 4

, 34 , 34

3 4

, 14 , 34

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

4

d

2 . 22

0, 12 , 14

0, 12 , 34

1 2

, 0, 14

1 2

, 0, 34

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

4

c

2 2 2.

0, 12 , 0

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 12

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

2

b

4¯ 2 m

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

a

4¯ 2 m

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

x, ¯ x, ¯z x, x, ¯ z¯

1 2

1 2

0, 0, z¯

1 2

, 12 , z¯ + 12

no extra conditions

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

473

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c 1 Origin at x, x, 4

P 42/n n m

D124h

No. 134

P 42/n 2/n 2/m

ORIGIN CHOICE

4/m m m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

2

Origin at centre (2/m) at n n (21 /g, 2/m), at 14 , − 41 , 14 from 4¯ 2 m Asymmetric unit

− 41 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

− 41 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ;

x ≤ −y

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13)

1 2 14 , y, 14 1¯ 0, 0, 0 n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 0, z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2 14 , 14 , z 2 x, 14 , 14 n( 21 , 12 , 0) x, y, 0 n(0, 12 , 12 ) 0, y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 14 , 14 , z 2 x, x, 0 4¯ + 14 , − 41 , z; 14 , − 41 , 14 m x, x, ¯z

474

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− (0, 0, 12 ) 14 , 14 , z 2 x, x¯ + 12 , 0 4¯ − − 14 , 14 , z; − 41 , 14 , 14 g( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x, z

P 42/n n m

No. 134

CONTINUED Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

n

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z x, y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ x, ¯ y + 12 , z + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y¯ + 12 , x, z + 12 y, x, z¯ y + 12 , x, ¯ z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x¯ + 12 , z + 12 y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ y, ¯ x + 12 , z¯ + 12 y + 12 , x + 12 , z

hk0: 0kl: 00l: h00:

h + k = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z x, x + 12 , z¯ + 12

x + 12 , x, z + 12 x, ¯ x, z¯

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , z + 12 x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯

8

m

..m

x, x, ¯z x¯ + 12 , x, ¯ z¯ + 12

8

l

..2

x, x, 12 x, ¯ x, ¯ 12

x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 12 x + 12 , x + 12 , 12

x¯ + 12 , x, 0 x + 12 , x, ¯0

x, x¯ + 12 , 0 x, ¯ x + 12 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

8

k

..2

x, x, 0 x, ¯ x, ¯0

x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 0 x + 12 , x + 12 , 0

x¯ + 12 , x, 12 x + 12 , x, ¯ 12

x, x¯ + 12 , 12 x, ¯ x + 12 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

8

j

.2.

x, 14 , 14 x, ¯ 34 , 34

x¯ + 12 , 14 , 14 x + 12 , 34 , 34

1 4 3 4

, x, 34 , x, ¯ 14

1 4 3 4

, x¯ + 12 , 34 , x + 12 , 14

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

8

i

.2.

x, 14 , 34 x, ¯ 34 , 14

x¯ + 12 , 14 , 34 x + 12 , 34 , 14

1 4 3 4

, x, 14 , x, ¯ 34

1 4 3 4

, x¯ + 12 , 14 , x + 12 , 34

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

8

h

2..

1 4 3 4

, 14 , z , 34 , z¯

1 4 3 4

, 14 , z + 12 , 34 , z¯ + 12

1 4 3 4

, 14 , z¯ + 12 , 34 , z + 12

1 4 3 4

, 14 , z¯ , 34 , z

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

4

g

2 . mm

3 4

, 14 , z

1 4

, 34 , z + 12

3 4

, 14 , z¯ + 12

1 4

, 34 , z¯

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

4

f

. . 2/m

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

4

e

. . 2/m

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

4

d

2 . 22

1 4

, 14 , 0

1 4

, 14 , 12

3 4

, 34 , 0

3 4

, 34 , 12

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

4

c

2 2 2.

1 4

, 14 , 14

1 4

, 14 , 34

3 4

, 34 , 34

3 4

, 34 , 14

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

2

b

4¯ 2 m

3 4

, 14 , 14

1 4

, 34 , 34

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

a

4¯ 2 m

1 4

, 34 , 14

3 4

, 14 , 34

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

no extra conditions

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) 1 1 Origin at 4 , 4 , z

Along [100] c 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 14 , 14

475

Along [110] p 2 m m b = c a = 12 (−a + b) Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 135, pp. 476–477.

P 42/m b c

D134h

No. 135

P 42/m 21/b 2/c

4/m m m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

Origin at centre (2/m) at 42 /m 1 n Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 4

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13)

1 2(0, 12 , 0) 1¯ 0, 0, 0 a x, 14 , z

1 4

, y, 0

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2 0, 0, z 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 0 m x, y, 0 b 14 , y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z 2( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x, 14 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 14 c x + 12 , x, ¯z

476

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z 2 x, x¯ + 12 , 14 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 14 n( 12 , 12 , 12 ) x, x, z

P 42/m b c

No. 135

CONTINUED Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

i

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x, ¯ y, ¯z x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ x, y, z¯ x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y, ¯ x, z + 12 y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 y, x, ¯ z¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x, ¯ z + 12 y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, z¯ + 12 y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12

0kl: hhl: 00l: h00:

k = 2n l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

h

m..

x, y, 0 x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , 0

8

g

..2

x, x + 12 , 14 x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , 34

8

f

2..

0, 12 , z 0, 12 , z¯

1 2 1 2

, 0, z + 12 , 0, z¯ + 12

1 2 1 2

, 0, z¯ , 0, z

0, 12 , z¯ + 12 0, 12 , z + 12

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

8

e

2..

0, 0, z 0, 0, z¯

0, 0, z + 12 0, 0, z¯ + 12

1 2 1 2

, 12 , z¯ , 12 , z

1 2 1 2

, 12 , z¯ + 12 , 12 , z + 12

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

4

d

2 . 22

0, 12 , 14

1 2

, 0, 34

0, 12 , 34

4

c

2/m . .

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 12

1 2

4

b

4¯ . .

0, 0, 14

0, 0, 34

4

a

2/m . .

0, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

y, ¯ x, 12 y + 12 , x + 12 , 12

x, ¯ y, ¯0 x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , 0 x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , 14 x, x + 12 , 34

x¯ + 12 , x, 34 x + 12 , x, ¯ 14

x + 12 , x, ¯ 34 1 x¯ + 2 , x, 14

y, x, ¯ 12 y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 12

no extra conditions hkl: l = 2n

, 0, 14

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

1 2

, 12 , 34

1 2

, 12 , 14

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

1 2

, 12 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 g m a = a b = b Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

477

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 136, pp. 478–479.

P 42/m n m

D144h

No. 136

P 42/m 21/n 2/m

4/m m m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

Origin at centre (m m m) at 2/m 1 2/m Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ;

x≤y

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13)

1 2(0, 12 , 0) 14 , y, 14 1¯ 0, 0, 0 n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 14 , z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2 0, 0, z 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 14 m x, y, 0 n(0, 12 , 12 ) 14 , y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 12 , z 2 x, x, 0 4¯ + 12 , 0, z; 12 , 0, 14 m x, x, ¯z

478

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− (0, 0, 12 ) 12 , 0, z 2 x, x, ¯0 4¯ − 0, 12 , z; 0, 12 , 14 m x, x, z

P 42/m n m

No. 136

CONTINUED Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

k

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z (2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (3) y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 (4) y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 x¯ + 2 , y + 2 , z¯ + 2 (6) x + 2 , y¯ + 2 , z¯ + 2 (7) y, x, z¯ (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ (10) x, y, z¯ (11) y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 (12) y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12 (14) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12 (15) y, ¯ x, ¯z (16) y, x, z

0kl: k + l = 2n 00l: l = 2n h00: h = 2n

Special: as above, plus x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 x, x, z¯

x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 no extra conditions x, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

8

j

..m

x, x, z x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12

8

i

m..

x, y, 0 x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , 12

8

h

2..

0, 12 , z 0, 12 , z¯

0, 12 , z + 12 0, 12 , z¯ + 12

4

g

m . 2m

x, x, ¯0

x, ¯ x, 0

x + 12 , x + 12 , 12

x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 12

no extra conditions

4

f

m . 2m

x, x, 0

x, ¯ x, ¯0

x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , 12

x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 12

no extra conditions

4

e

2 . mm

0, 0, z

1 2

0, 0, z¯

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

4

d

4¯ . .

0, 12 , 14

0, 12 , 34

1 2

, 0, 14

1 2

, 0, 34

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

4

c

2/m . .

0, 12 , 0

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 12

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

2

b

m . mm

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

a

m . mm

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

x, ¯ x, ¯z x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12

y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , 12 y, x, 0

x, ¯ y, ¯0 x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , 12 1 2 1 2

, 12 , z + 12

1 2

, 0, z¯ + 12 , 0, z + 12

, 12 , z¯ + 12

1 2 1 2

, 0, z¯ , 0, z

y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 12 y, ¯ x, ¯0

no extra conditions hkl: h + k, l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 g m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 12 , z

Along [100] c 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

479

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 137, pp. 480–481.

P 42/n m c

D154h

No. 137

P 42/n 21/m 2/c

ORIGIN CHOICE

4/m m m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

1

¯ 2/n, at − 41 , 14 , − 41 from 1¯ Origin at 4m 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 4

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13)

1 2(0, 12 , 0) 1¯ 14 , 14 , 14 m x, 0, z

1 4

, y,

(2) (6) (10) (14)

1 4

2 0, 0, z 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 14 n( 21 , 12 , 0) x, y, 14 m 0, y, z

4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 12 , z 2 x, x, 0 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 ¯z c x + 12 , x,

(3) (7) (11) (15)

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− (0, 0, 12 ) 12 , 0, z 2 x, x, ¯0 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 n( 21 , 12 , 12 ) x, x, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

h

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z (2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (3) y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 (4) y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 x¯ + 2 , y + 2 , z¯ + 2 (6) x + 2 , y¯ + 2 , z¯ + 2 (7) y, x, z¯ (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ ¯ z¯ (12) y, ¯ x, z¯ x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 (10) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12 (11) y, x, x, y, ¯z (14) x, ¯ y, z (15) y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 (16) y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12

hk0: hhl: 00l: h00:

h + k = 2n l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

g

.m.

0, y, z 1 1 ¯ + 12 2,y+ 2,z

0, y, ¯z 1 ¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 2,y

y¯ + 12 , 12 , z + 12 y, 0, z¯

y + 12 , 12 , z + 12 y, ¯ 0, z¯

no extra conditions

8

f

..2

x, x, 0 x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 12

x, ¯ x, ¯0 x + 12 , x + 12 , 12

x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , 12 x, x, ¯0

x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 12 x, ¯ x, 0

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

8

e

1¯

1 4

4

d

2 m m.

0, 12 , z

0, 12 , z + 12

1 2

, 0, z¯ + 12

1 2

4

c

2 m m.

0, 0, z

1 2

, 12 , z + 12

1 2

, 12 , z¯ + 12

0, 0, z¯

2

b

4¯ m 2

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

a

4¯ m 2

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

, 14 , 14

3 4

, 34 , 14

1 4

, 34 , 34

3 4

, 14 , 34

1 4

, 34 , 14

, 0, z¯

3 4

, 14 , 14

1 4

, 14 , 34

3 4

, 34 , 34

hkl: h, k, l = 2n hkl: l = 2n hkl: h + k + l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [100] p 2 m g a = b b = c Origin at x, 14 , 14 Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography 480

Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [110] p 2 m m b = 12 c a = 12 (−a + b) Origin at x, x, 0

Tetragonal

P 42/n m c

D154h

4/m m m

P 42/n 21/m 2/c

Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

No. 137

ORIGIN CHOICE

¯ 2 Origin at 1¯ at n 21 (c, n), at 14 , − 41 , 14 from 4m − 41 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

Asymmetric unit

− 41 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤

1 4

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13)

1 2(0, 12 , 0) 0, y, 0 1¯ 0, 0, 0 m x, 14 , z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2 14 , 14 , z 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 0, 0 n( 21 , 12 , 0) x, y, 0 m 14 , y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 14 , 14 , z 2( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x, 14 4¯ + 14 , − 41 , z; 14 , − 41 , 14 c x + 12 , x, ¯z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− (0, 0, 12 ) 14 , 14 , z 2 x, x, ¯ 14 − 4¯ − 14 , 14 , z; − 41 , 14 , 14 c x, x, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

h

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x, y¯ + 12 , z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z x + 12 , y, ¯ z¯ x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ x¯ + 12 , y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y¯ + 12 , x, z + 12 y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 y + 12 , x, ¯ z¯ + 12 1 y¯ + 2 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x¯ + 12 , z + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x + 12 , z¯ + 12 y, x, z + 12

hk0: hhl: 00l: h00:

h + k = 2n l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus , y, z , y + 12 , z¯

, y¯ + 12 , z , y, ¯ z¯

y¯ + 12 , 14 , z + 12 y + 12 , 34 , z¯ + 12

y, 14 , z + 12 y, ¯ 34 , z¯ + 12

8

g

.m.

1 4 3 4

8

f

..2

x, x, ¯ 14 x, ¯ x, 34

8

e

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 2

4

d

2 m m.

1 4

, 14 , z

1 4

, 14 , z + 12

3 4

, 34 , z¯

3 4

, 34 , z¯ + 12

hkl: l = 2n

4

c

2 m m.

3 4

, 14 , z

1 4

, 34 , z + 12

1 4

, 34 , z¯

3 4

, 14 , z¯ + 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

b

4¯ m 2

3 4

, 14 , 14

1 4

, 34 , 34

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

2

a

4¯ m 2

3 4

, 14 , 34

1 4

, 34 , 14

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

1 4 3 4

x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , 14 x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 34 , 12 , 0

1 2

x + 12 , x, 34 x¯ + 12 , x, ¯ 14

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

no extra conditions

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , 34 x, x + 12 , 14 0, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k + l = 2n 1 2

, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

0, 0, 12

hkl: h, k, l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) 1 1 Origin at 4 , 4 , z

Along [100] p 2 m g a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0 481

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

2

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 138, pp. 482–485.

P 42/n c m

D164h

No. 138

P 42/n 21/c 2/m

ORIGIN CHOICE

4/m m m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

1

¯ g, at − 41 , 14 , − 41 from centre (2/m) Origin at 4c

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ z ≤ 1;

x ≤ y;

y ≤ 12 − x

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13)

1 2(0, 12 , 0) 1¯ 14 , 14 , 14 c x, 0, z

1 4

, y, 0

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2 0, 0, z 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 0 n( 21 , 12 , 0) x, y, 14 c 0, y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 12 , z 2 x, x, 14 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 ¯z m x + 12 , x,

482

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− (0, 0, 12 ) 12 , 0, z 2 x, x, ¯ 14 − 4¯ 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 g( 12 , 12 , 0) x, x, z

P 42/n c m

No. 138

CONTINUED Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

j

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z (2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (3) y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 (4) y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 1 1 1 1 x¯ + 2 , y + 2 , z¯ (6) x + 2 , y¯ + 2 , z¯ (7) y, x, z¯ + 12 (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 x¯ + 2 , y¯ + 2 , z¯ + 2 (10) x + 2 , y + 2 , z¯ + 2 (11) y, x, ¯ z¯ (12) y, ¯ x, z¯ (14) x, ¯ y, z + 12 (15) y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z (16) y + 12 , x + 12 , z x, y, ¯ z + 12

hk0: 0kl: 00l: h00:

h + k = 2n l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 8

i

..m

x, x + 12 , z x¯ + 12 , x, z¯

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , z x + 12 , x, ¯ z¯

x, ¯ x + 12 , z + 12 x + 12 , x, z¯ + 12

8

h

..2

x, x, 34 x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 34

x, ¯ x, ¯ 34 x + 12 , x + 12 , 34

x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , 14 x, x, ¯ 14

x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 14 x, ¯ x, 14

hkl: h + k = 2n

8

g

..2

x, x, 14 x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 14

x, ¯ x, ¯ 14 x + 12 , x + 12 , 14

x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , 34 x, x, ¯ 34

x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 34 x, ¯ x, 34

hkl: h + k = 2n

8

f

2..

0, 0, z 1 1 ¯ + 12 2, 2,z

4

e

2 . mm

0, 12 , z

4

d

. . 2/m

1 4

, 14 , 34

3 4

, 34 , 34

1 4

, 34 , 14

3 4

, 14 , 14

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

4

c

. . 2/m

1 4

, 14 , 14

3 4

, 34 , 14

1 4

, 34 , 34

3 4

, 14 , 34

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

4

b

4¯ . .

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

0, 0, 12

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

4

a

2 . 22

0, 0, 14

1 2

, 12 , 34

1 2

, 12 , 14

0, 0, 34

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

, 12 , z + 12 0, 0, z¯

, 12 , z¯ 0, 0, z + 12

0, 0, z¯ + 12 1 1 2, 2,z

1 2

1 2

0, 12 , z + 12

1 2

, 0, z¯

x, x¯ + 12 , z + 12 x¯ + 12 , x, ¯ z¯ + 12

1 2

, 0, z¯ + 12

no extra conditions

hkl: h + k, l = 2n hkl: l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m g a = b b = 12 c Origin at x, 14 , 0

483

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c 1 Origin at x, x, 4

P 42/n c m

D164h

No. 138

P 42/n 21/c 2/m

ORIGIN CHOICE

4/m m m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry P 4/m m m

2

Origin at centre (2/m) at n 1 (2/m, 21 /g), at 14 , − 41 , 14 from 4¯ Asymmetric unit

− 41 ≤ x ≤ 14 ;

− 41 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ;

2 14 , 14 , z 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 0, 14 n( 21 , 12 , 0) x, y, 0 c 14 , y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

x≤y

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13)

1 2(0, 12 , 0) 0, y, 14 1¯ 0, 0, 0 c x, 14 , z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 14 , 14 , z 2( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x, 0 4¯ + 14 , − 41 , z; 14 , − 41 , 14 m x + 12 , x, ¯z

484

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− (0, 0, 12 ) 14 , 14 , z 2 x, x, ¯0 4¯ − − 14 , 14 , z; − 41 , 14 , 14 m x, x, z

P 42/n c m

No. 138

CONTINUED Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

j

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x, y¯ + 12 , z + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z x + 12 , y, ¯ z¯ + 12 1 x + 2 , y + 12 , z¯ x¯ + 12 , y, z + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y¯ + 12 , x, z + 12 y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ y + 12 , x, ¯ z¯ + 12 1 y¯ + 2 , x¯ + 12 , z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x¯ + 12 , z + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x + 12 , z¯ + 12 y, x, z

hk0: 0kl: 00l: h00:

h + k = 2n l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z x + 12 , x, ¯ z¯ + 12

x¯ + 12 , x, z + 12 x + 12 , x + 12 , z¯

x, x¯ + 12 , z + 12 x, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

8

i

..m

x, x, z x, ¯ x + 12 , z¯ + 12

8

h

..2

x, x, ¯0 x, ¯ x, 0

x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , 0 x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 0

x + 12 , x, 12 x¯ + 12 , x, ¯ 12

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , 12 x, x + 12 , 12

hkl: h + k = 2n

8

g

..2

x, x, ¯ 12 x, ¯ x, 12

x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , 12 x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 12

x + 12 , x, 0 x¯ + 12 , x, ¯0

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , 0 x, x + 12 , 0

hkl: h + k = 2n

8

f

2..

3 4 1 4

, 14 , z , 34 , z¯

1 4 3 4

, 34 , z + 12 , 14 , z¯ + 12

1 4 3 4

, 34 , z¯ + 12 , 14 , z + 12

3 4 1 4

, 14 , z¯ , 34 , z

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

4

e

2 . mm

1 4

, 14 , z

1 4

, 14 , z + 12

3 4

, 34 , z¯ + 12

3 4

, 34 , z¯

hkl: l = 2n

4

d

. . 2/m

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

4

c

. . 2/m

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

4

b

4¯ . .

3 4

, 14 , 34

1 4

, 34 , 14

1 4

, 34 , 34

3 4

, 14 , 14

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

4

a

2 . 22

3 4

, 14 , 0

1 4

, 34 , 12

1 4

, 34 , 0

3 4

, 14 , 12

hkl: h + k, l = 2n

no extra conditions

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) 1 1 Origin at 4 , 4 , z

Along [100] p 2 m g a = b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

485

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 139, pp. 486–487.

I 4/m m m

D174h

No. 139

I 4/m 2/m 2/m

4/m m m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry I 4/m m m

Origin at centre (4/m m m) Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ z ≤ 14 ;

x≤y

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 2 0, y, 0 (9) 1¯ 0, 0, 0 (13) m x, 0, z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2 2 m m

For ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5) 2(0, 12 , 0) 14 , y, 14 (9) 1¯ 14 , 14 , 14 (13) n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 14 , z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2(0, 0, 12 ) 14 , 14 , z 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 14 n( 21 , 12 , 0) x, y, 14 n(0, 12 , 12 ) 14 , y, z

0, 0, z x, 0, 0 x, y, 0 0, y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

4+ 2 4¯ + m

0, 0, z x, x, 0 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 x, x, ¯z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− 2 4¯ − m

(3) (7) (11) (15)

4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 12 , z 2( 12 , 12 , 0) x, x, 14 4¯ + 12 , 0, z; 12 , 0, 14 c x + 12 , x, ¯z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− (0, 0, 12 ) 12 , 0, z 2 x, x¯ + 12 , 14 4¯ − 0, 12 , z; 0, 12 , 14 n( 21 , 12 , 12 ) x, x, z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

486

0, 0, z x, x, ¯0 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 x, x, z

No. 139

CONTINUED

I 4/m m m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions

32

o

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x, y, ¯z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x, ¯ y, ¯z x, y, ¯ z¯ x, y, z¯ x, ¯ y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

General: y, ¯ x, z y, x, z¯ y, x, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x, ¯z y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, z¯ y, x, z

hkl: hk0: 0kl: hhl: 00l: h00:

h + k + l = 2n h + k = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 16

n

.m.

0, y, z 0, y, z¯

0, y, ¯z 0, y, ¯ z¯

y, ¯ 0, z y, 0, z¯

y, 0, z y, ¯ 0, z¯

no extra conditions

16

m

..m

x, x, z x, ¯ x, z¯

x, ¯ x, ¯z x, x, ¯ z¯

x, ¯ x, z x, x, z¯

x, x, ¯z x, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

no extra conditions

16

l

m..

x, y, 0 x, ¯ y, 0

x, ¯ y, ¯0 x, y, ¯0

y, ¯ x, 0 y, x, 0

y, x, ¯0 y, ¯ x, ¯0

no extra conditions

16

k

..2

x, x + 12 , 14 x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , 34

8

j

m 2 m.

x, 12 , 0

x, ¯ 12 , 0

1 2

8

i

m 2 m.

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

8

h

m . 2m

x, x, 0

8

g

2 m m.

0, 12 , z

8

f

. . 2/m

1 4

, 14 , 14

4

e

4mm

0, 0, z

4

d

4¯ m 2

0, 12 , 14

1 2

, 0, 14

hkl: l = 2n

4

c

m m m.

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: l = 2n

2

b

4/m m m

0, 0, 12

no extra conditions

2

a

4/m m m

0, 0, 0

no extra conditions

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , 14 x, x + 12 , 34

x¯ + 12 , x, 14 x + 12 , x, ¯ 34

hkl: l = 2n

, x, ¯0

no extra conditions

0, x, 0

0, x, ¯0

no extra conditions

x, ¯ x, ¯0

x, ¯ x, 0

x, x, ¯0

no extra conditions

1 2

, 0, z

0, 12 , z¯

1 2

3 4

, 34 , 14

3 4

, x, 0

x + 12 , x, ¯ 14 1 x¯ + 2 , x, 34

, 14 , 14

1 2

, 0, z¯

hkl: l = 2n

, 34 , 14

hkl: k, l = 2n

1 4

0, 0, z¯

no extra conditions

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m a = 12 (a − b) b = 12 (a + b) Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

487

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 140, pp. 488–489.

I 4/m c m

D184h

No. 140

I 4/m 2/c 2/m

4/m m m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry I 4/m m m

Origin at centre (4/m) at 4/m c 21 /e Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ z ≤ 14 ;

y ≤ 12 − x

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 2 0, y, 14 (9) 1¯ 0, 0, 0 (13) c x, 0, z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2 2 m c

For ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5) 2(0, 12 , 0) 14 , y, 0 (9) 1¯ 14 , 14 , 14 (13) a x, 14 , z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2(0, 0, 12 ) 14 , 14 , z 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 0 n( 21 , 12 , 0) x, y, 14 b 14 , y, z

0, 0, z x, 0, 14 x, y, 0 0, y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

4+ 2 4¯ + c

0, 0, z x, x, 14 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 x, x, ¯z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− 2 4¯ − c

(3) (7) (11) (15)

4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 12 , z 2( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x, 0 4¯ + 12 , 0, z; 12 , 0, 14 m x + 12 , x, ¯z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− (0, 0, 12 ) 12 , 0, z 2 x, x¯ + 12 , 0 4¯ − 0, 12 , z; 0, 12 , 14 g( 12 , 12 , 0) x, x, z

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

488

0, 0, z x, x, ¯ 14 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 x, x, z

No. 140

CONTINUED

I 4/m c m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions

32

m

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x, y, ¯ z + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14)

General:

x, ¯ y, ¯z x, y, ¯ z¯ + 12 x, y, z¯ x, ¯ y, z + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y, ¯ x, z y, x, z¯ + 12 y, x, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x, ¯z y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, z¯ y, x, z + 12

hkl: hk0: 0kl: hhl: 00l: h00:

h + k + l = 2n h + k = 2n k, l = 2n l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 16

l

..m

x, x + 12 , z x, ¯ x + 12 , z¯ + 12

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , z x, x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12

16

k

m..

x, y, 0 x, ¯ y, 12

x, ¯ y, ¯0 x, y, ¯ 12

y, ¯ x, 0 y, x, 12

y, x, ¯0 y, ¯ x, ¯ 12

no extra conditions

16

j

.2.

x, 0, 14 x, ¯ 0, 34

x, ¯ 0, 14 x, 0, 34

0, x, 14 0, x, ¯ 34

0, x, ¯ 14 0, x, 34

hkl: l = 2n

16

i

..2

x, x, 14 x, ¯ x, ¯ 34

x, ¯ x, ¯ 14 x, x, 34

x, ¯ x, 14 x, x, ¯ 34

x, x, ¯ 14 x, ¯ x, 34

hkl: l = 2n

8

h

m . 2m

x, x + 12 , 0

8

g

2 . mm

0, 12 , z

1 2

8

f

4..

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯ + 12

8

e

. . 2/m

1 4

, 14 , 14

3 4

, 34 , 14

4

d

m . mm

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: l = 2n

4

c

4/m . .

0, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

hkl: l = 2n

4

b

4¯ 2 m

0, 12 , 14

1 2

, 0, 14

hkl: l = 2n

4

a

422

0, 0, 14

0, 0, 34

hkl: l = 2n

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , 0 , 0, z

x¯ + 12 , x, z x + 12 , x, z¯ + 12

x¯ + 12 , x, 0

0, 12 , z¯ + 12

3 4

, 14 , 14

1 4

no extra conditions

no extra conditions

, 0, z¯ + 12

hkl: l = 2n

0, 0, z + 12

hkl: l = 2n

1 2

0, 0, z¯

x + 12 , x, ¯0

x + 12 , x, ¯z x¯ + 12 , x, ¯ z¯ + 12

, 34 , 14

hkl: k, l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

489

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 141, pp. 490–493.

I 41/a m d

D194h

No. 141

I 41/a 2/m 2/d

ORIGIN CHOICE

4/m m m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry I 4/m m m

1

¯ 2, at 0, 14 , − 81 from centre (2/m) Origin at 4m

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 8

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 2 14 , y, 38 (9) 1¯ 0, 14 , 18 (13) n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 14 , z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2(0, 0, 12 ) 2 x, 14 , 18 a x, y, 38 m 0, y, z

, 14 , z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

4+ (0, 0, 14 ) − 14 , 14 , z 2( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x, 14 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 d( 41 , − 41 , 34 ) x + 14 , x, ¯z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− (0, 0, 34 ) 14 , − 41 , z 2 x, x, ¯0 4¯ − 0, 12 , z; 0, 12 , 14 d( 41 , 14 , 14 ) x − 14 , x, z

For ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5) 2(0, 12 , 0) 0, y, 18 (9) 1¯ 14 , 0, 38 (13) m x, 0, z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2 0, 0, z 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 0, 38 b x, y, 18 n(0, 12 , 12 ) 14 , y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

4+ (0, 0, 34 ) 14 , 14 , z 2 x, x, 0 4¯ + 12 , 0, z; 12 , 0, 14 d(− 41 , 14 , 14 ) x + 14 , x, ¯z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− (0, 0, 14 ) 14 , 14 , z 2 x, x¯ + 12 , 14 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 d( 41 , 14 , 34 ) x + 14 , x, z

1 4

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

490

I 41/a m d

No. 141

CONTINUED

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions

32

i

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) (5) (9) (13)

General:

x, y, z (2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12 (3) y, ¯ x + 12 , z + 14 (4) y + 12 , x, ¯ z + 34 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 x¯ + 2 , y, z¯ + 4 (6) x, y¯ + 2 , z¯ + 4 (7) y + 2 , x + 2 , z¯ + 2 (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ (10) x + 12 , y, z¯ + 34 (11) y, x, ¯ z¯ (12) y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 14 x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12 (14) x, ¯ y, z (15) y¯ + 12 , x, ¯ z + 34 (16) y, x + 12 , z + 14

hkl: hk0: 0kl: hhl: 00l: h00: hh0:

h + k + l = 2n h, k = 2n k + l = 2n 2h + l = 4n l = 4n h = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 16

h

.m.

0, y, z 1 ¯ + 34 2 , y, z

, y¯ + 12 , z + 12 0, y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 14

y, ¯ 12 , z + 14 y + 12 , 12 , z¯ + 12

16

g

..2

x, x, 0 x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , 14

x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 12 x + 12 , x, 34

x, ¯ x + 12 , 14 x, x, ¯0

16

f

.2.

x, 14 , 18 x, ¯ 14 , 18

x¯ + 12 , 14 , 58 x + 12 , 14 , 58

3 4 1 4

, x + 12 , 38 , x, ¯ 78

3 4 1 4

8

e

2 m m.

0, 0, z

0, 12 , z + 14

1 2

, 0, z¯ + 34

1 2

8

d

. 2/m .

0, 14 , 58

1 2

, 14 , 18

3 4

, 12 , 78

3 4

, 0, 38

8

c

. 2/m .

0, 14 , 18

1 2

, 14 , 58

3 4

, 12 , 38

3 4

, 0, 78

4

b

4¯ m 2

0, 0, 12

0, 12 , 34

4

a

4¯ m 2

0, 0, 0

0, 12 , 14

1 2

y + 12 , 0, z + 34 y, ¯ 0, z¯ x + 12 , x, ¯ 34 1 x¯ + 2 , x + 12 , 12

no extra conditions hkl: l = 2n + 1 or 2h + l = 4n

, x, ¯ 78 , x + 12 , 38

hkl: l = 2n + 1 or h = 2n

, 12 , z¯ + 12

hkl: l = 2n + 1 or 2h + l = 4n







hkl: l = 2n + 1 or h, k = 2n, h + k + l = 4n hkl: l = 2n + 1 or 2h + l = 4n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] c 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 0, 38

Along [110] c 2 m m b = 12 c a = 12 (−a + b) Origin at x, x, 0

491

I 41/a m d

D194h

No. 141

I 41/a 2/m 2/d

ORIGIN CHOICE

4/m m m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry I 4/m m m

2

¯ 2 Origin at centre (2/m) at b (2/m, 21 /n)d, at 0, − 41 , 18 from 4m

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

− 41 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤

1 8

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 2 14 , y, 14 (9) 1¯ 0, 0, 0 (13) n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 0, z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2(0, 0, 12 ) 2 x, 0, 0 a x, y, 14 m 0, y, z

, 0, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

4+ (0, 0, 14 ) − 14 , 12 , z 2( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x + 14 , 18 4¯ + 12 , − 41 , z; 12 , − 41 , 38 d( 41 , − 41 , 34 ) x + 12 , x, ¯z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− (0, 0, 34 ) 14 , 0, z 2 x, x¯ + 14 , 38 4¯ − 0, 34 , z; 0, 34 , 18 d( 43 , 34 , 14 ) x, x, z

For ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5) 2(0, 12 , 0) 0, y, 0 (9) 1¯ 14 , 14 , 14 (13) m x, 14 , z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2 0, 14 , z 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 14 b x, y, 0 n(0, 12 , 12 ) 14 , y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

4+ (0, 0, 34 ) 14 , 12 , z 2( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x − 14 , 38 4¯ + 12 , 14 , z; 12 , 14 , 18 d(− 41 , 14 , 14 ) x + 12 , x, ¯z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− (0, 0, 14 ) 34 , 0, z 2 x, x¯ + 34 , 18 4¯ − 0, 14 , z; 0, 14 , 38 d( 41 , 14 , 34 ) x, x, z

1 4

492

I 41/a m d

No. 141

CONTINUED

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions

32

i

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 x, y, ¯ z¯ x + 12 , y, z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, z

General:

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y¯ + 14 , x + 34 , z + 14 y + 14 , x + 34 , z¯ + 14 y + 34 , x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 34 y¯ + 34 , x¯ + 14 , z + 34

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y + 14 , x¯ + 14 , z + 34 y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 34 y¯ + 34 , x + 34 , z¯ + 14 y + 34 , x + 34 , z + 14

hkl: hk0: 0kl: hhl: 00l: h00: hh0:

h + k + l = 2n h, k = 2n k + l = 2n 2h + l = 4n l = 4n h = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 16

h

.m.

0, y, z 1 ¯ + 12 2 , y, z

, y, ¯ z + 12 0, y, ¯ z¯

16

g

..2

x, x + 14 , 78 x, ¯ x¯ + 34 , 18

x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 34 , 38 x + 12 , x + 14 , 58

16

f

.2.

x, 0, 0 x, ¯ 0, 0

x¯ + 12 , 0, 12 x + 12 , 0, 12

1 4 3 4

8

e

2 m m.

0, 14 , z

0, 34 , z + 14

1 2

8

d

. 2/m .

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 0, 0

1 4

, 34 , 34

1 4

, 14 , 14

8

c

. 2/m .

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 0, 12

1 4

, 34 , 14

1 4

, 14 , 34

4

b

4¯ m 2

0, 14 , 38

0, 34 , 58

4

a

4¯ m 2

0, 34 , 18

1 2

1 2

y¯ + 14 , 34 , z + 14 y + 14 , 34 , z¯ + 14

y + 14 , 14 , z + 34 y¯ + 14 , 14 , z¯ + 34

no extra conditions

x, ¯ x + 34 , 18 x, x¯ + 14 , 78

x + 12 , x¯ + 14 , 58 x¯ + 12 , x + 34 , 38

hkl: l = 2n + 1 or 2h + l = 4n

, x + 34 , 14 , x¯ + 14 , 34

, x¯ + 14 , 34 , x + 34 , 14

hkl: l = 2n + 1 or h = 2n

, 34 , z¯ + 14

hkl: l = 2n + 1 or 2h + l = 4n

1 4 3 4

, 14 , z¯ + 12

1 2







hkl: l = 2n + 1 or h, k = 2n, h + k + l = 4n hkl: l = 2n + 1 or 2h + l = 4n

, 34 , 38

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 b a = 12 a 1 Origin at 4 , 0, z

Along [100] c 2 m m a = b b = c Origin at x, 14 , 14

Along [110] c 2 m m b = 12 c a = 12 (−a + b) 1 1 Origin at x, x + 4 , 8

493

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 142, pp. 494–497.

I 41/a c d

D204h

No. 142

I 41/a 2/c 2/d

ORIGIN CHOICE

4/m m m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry I 4/m m m

1

¯ 21 , at 0, 14 , − 81 from 1¯ Origin at 4c

Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ;

0≤z≤

1 8

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 2 14 , y, 18 (9) 1¯ 0, 14 , 18 (13) a x, 14 , z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2(0, 0, 12 ) 2 x, 14 , 38 a x, y, 38 c 0, y, z

, 14 , z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

4+ (0, 0, 14 ) − 14 , 14 , z 2( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x, 0 4¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 d( 41 , − 41 , 14 ) x + 14 , x, ¯z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− (0, 0, 34 ) 14 , − 41 , z 2 x, x, ¯ 14 4¯ − 0, 12 , z; 0, 12 , 14 d( 41 , 14 , 34 ) x − 14 , x, z

For ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5) 2(0, 12 , 0) 0, y, 38 (9) 1¯ 14 , 0, 38 (13) c x, 0, z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2 0, 0, z 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 0, 18 b x, y, 18 b 14 , y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

4+ (0, 0, 34 ) 14 , 14 , z 2 x, x, 14 4¯ + 12 , 0, z; 12 , 0, 14 d(− 41 , 14 , 34 ) x + 14 , x, ¯z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− (0, 0, 14 ) 14 , 14 , z 2 x, x¯ + 12 , 0 4¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 d( 41 , 14 , 14 ) x + 14 , x, z

1 4

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

494

I 41/a c d

No. 142

CONTINUED

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions

32

g

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ + 14 x, ¯ y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 14 x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12 x, y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 34 x + 12 , y, z¯ + 34 x, ¯ y, z + 12

General: (3) (7) (11) (15)

y, ¯ x + 12 , z + 14 y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ y, x, ¯ z¯ y¯ + 12 , x, ¯ z + 14

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y + 12 , x, ¯ z + 34 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 y, x + 12 , z + 34

hkl: hk0: 0kl: hhl: 00l: h00: hh0:

h + k + l = 2n h, k = 2n k, l = 2n 2h + l = 4n l = 4n h = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , 34 x + 12 , x, 12

16

f

..2

x, x, 14 x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , 0

16

e

.2.

1 4 3 4

16

d

2..

0, 0, z 0, 12 , z¯ + 14

16

c

1¯

0, 14 , 18

1 2

8

b

2 . 22

0, 0, 14

0, 12 , 12

0, 12 , 0

8

a

4¯ . .

0, 0, 0

0, 12 , 14

1 2

, y, 18 , y¯ + 12 , 18

1 4 3 4

, y¯ + 12 , 58 , y, 58

0, 12 , z + 14 0, 0, z¯ , 14 , 58

3 4

, 12 , 38

, 0, 14

x, ¯ x + 12 , 12 x, x, ¯ 34 y, ¯ 34 , 38 y, 34 , 78 1 2 1 2

x + 12 , x, ¯0 x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , 14

y + 12 , 34 , 78 y¯ + 12 , 34 , 38

, 0, z¯ + 14 , 12 , z

1 2 1 2

, 12 , z¯ , 0, z + 14

, 0, 78

1 2

, 14 , 18

3 4

hkl: l = 2n + 1 or 2h + l = 4n hkl: l = 2n + 1 or h = 2n hkl: 2h + l = 4n

0, 14 , 58

3 4

, 12 , 78

3 4

, 0, 38

hkl: h, k = 2n, h + k + l = 4n

0, 0, 34

hkl: 2h + l = 4n

, 12 , 0

hkl: 2h + l = 4n

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 18

Along [110] c 2 m m b = 12 c a = 12 (−a + b) Origin at x, x, 0

495

I 41/a c d

D204h

No. 142

I 41/a 2/c 2/d

ORIGIN CHOICE

4/m m m

Tetragonal Patterson symmetry I 4/m m m

2

Origin at 1¯ at b (c, a)d, at 0, − 41 , 18 from 4¯ Asymmetric unit

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ;

− 41 ≤ y ≤ 14 ;

0≤z≤

1 8

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 2 14 , y, 0 (9) 1¯ 0, 0, 0 (13) a x, 0, z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2(0, 0, 12 ) 2 x, 0, 14 a x, y, 14 c 0, y, z

, 0, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

4+ (0, 0, 14 ) − 14 , 12 , z 2( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x + 14 , 38 4¯ + 12 , − 41 , z; 12 , − 41 , 38 d( 41 , − 41 , 14 ) x + 12 , x, ¯z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− (0, 0, 34 ) 14 , 0, z 2 x, x¯ + 14 , 18 4¯ − 0, 34 , z; 0, 34 , 18 d( 43 , 34 , 34 ) x, x, z

For ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5) 2(0, 12 , 0) 0, y, 14 (9) 1¯ 14 , 14 , 14 (13) c x, 14 , z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

2 0, 14 , z 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 14 , 0 b x, y, 0 b 14 , y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

4+ (0, 0, 34 ) 14 , 12 , z 2( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x − 14 , 18 4¯ + 12 , 14 , z; 12 , 14 , 18 d(− 41 , 14 , 34 ) x + 12 , x, ¯z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

4− (0, 0, 14 ) 34 , 0, z 2 x, x¯ + 34 , 38 4¯ − 0, 14 , z; 0, 14 , 38 d( 41 , 14 , 14 ) x, x, z

1 4

496

I 41/a c d

No. 142

CONTINUED

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (9) Positions

32

g

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x + 12 , y, ¯z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 x, y, ¯ z¯ + 12 x + 12 , y, z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, z + 12

General: (3) (7) (11) (15)

y¯ + 14 , x + 34 , z + 14 y + 14 , x + 34 , z¯ + 34 y + 34 , x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 34 y¯ + 34 , x¯ + 14 , z + 14

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y + 14 , x¯ + 14 , z + 34 y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14 y¯ + 34 , x + 34 , z¯ + 14 y + 34 , x + 34 , z + 34

hkl: hk0: 0kl: hhl: 00l: h00: hh0:

h + k + l = 2n h, k = 2n k, l = 2n 2h + l = 4n l = 4n h = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 16

f

..2

x, x + 14 , 18 x, ¯ x¯ + 34 , 78

16

e

.2.

x, 0, 14 x, ¯ 0, 34

x¯ + 12 , 0, 34 x + 12 , 0, 14

1 4 3 4

, x + 34 , 12 , x¯ + 14 , 12

16

d

2..

0, 14 , z 0, 34 , z¯

0, 34 , z + 14 0, 14 , z¯ + 34

1 2 1 2

, 14 , z¯ , 34 , z

16

c

1¯

0, 0, 0

1 2

8

b

2 . 22

0, 14 , 18

0, 34 , 38

0, 34 , 78

8

a

4¯ . .

0, 14 , 38

0, 34 , 58

1 2

x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 34 , 58 x + 12 , x + 14 , 38

, 0, 12

1 4

, 34 , 14

, 14 , 58

x, ¯ x + 34 , 38 x, x¯ + 14 , 58 1 4 3 4 1 2 1 2 1 4

x + 12 , x¯ + 14 , 78 x¯ + 12 , x + 34 , 18

hkl: l = 2n + 1 or 2h + l = 4n hkl: l = 2n + 1 or h = 2n

, x¯ + 14 , 0 , x + 34 , 0

, 34 , z¯ + 34 , 14 , z + 14

, 14 , 34

1 2

hkl: 2h + l = 4n

, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

1 4

, 34 , 34

1 4

, 14 , 14

hkl: h, k = 2n, h + k + l = 4n

0, 14 , 58

hkl: 2h + l = 4n

, 34 , 38

hkl: 2h + l = 4n

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 b a = 12 a 1 Origin at 4 , 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

Along [110] c 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c 1 1 Origin at x, x + 4 , 8

497

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 143, p. 498.

P3

C31

No. 143

P3

3

Trigonal Patterson symmetry P 3¯

Origin on 3 0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 1; x ≤ (1 + y)/2; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 13 , 23 , 0 0, 12 , 0 0, 0, 1 12 , 0, 1 23 , 13 , 1 13 , 23 , 1 0, 12 , 1

Asymmetric unit Vertices

y ≤ min(1 − x, (1 + x)/2)

Symmetry operations (2) 3+ 0, 0, z

(1) 1

(3) 3− 0, 0, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

3

d

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z

no conditions Special: no extra conditions

1

c

3..

2 3

, 13 , z

1

b

3..

1 3

, 23 , z

1

a

3..

0, 0, z

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 3 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 a = 12 (a + 2b) Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

b = c

498

Along [210] p 1 a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 12 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 144, p. 499.

Trigonal

3

Patterson symmetry P 3¯

C32

P 31

P 31

No. 144

Origin on 31 Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ y ≤ 1; 0 ≤ z ≤ 0, 0, 0 1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0 0, 1, 0 0, 0, 13 1, 0, 13 1, 1, 13 0, 1, 13

1 3

Symmetry operations (2) 3+ (0, 0, 13 ) 0, 0, z

(1) 1

(3) 3− (0, 0, 23 ) 0, 0, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

3

a

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z + 13

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯ z + 23

000l: l = 3n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 3 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 a = 12 (a + 2b) Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

b = c

499

Along [210] p 1 a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 12 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 145, p. 500.

P 32

C33

No. 145

P 32

3

Trigonal Patterson symmetry P 3¯

Origin on 32 Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ y ≤ 1; 0 ≤ z ≤ 0, 0, 0 1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0 0, 1, 0 0, 0, 13 1, 0, 13 1, 1, 13 0, 1, 13

1 3

Symmetry operations (2) 3+ (0, 0, 23 ) 0, 0, z

(1) 1

(3) 3− (0, 0, 13 ) 0, 0, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

3

a

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z + 23

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯ z + 13

000l: l = 3n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 3 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 a = 12 (a + 2b) Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

b = c

500

Along [210] p 1 a = 12 b b = c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 146, pp. 501–502.

Trigonal

3

Patterson symmetry R 3¯

C34

R3

R3

No. 146 HEXAGONAL AXES

Origin on 3 0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 13 ; x ≤ (1 + y)/2; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 13 , 23 , 0 0, 12 , 0 0, 0, 13 12 , 0, 13 23 , 13 , 13 13 , 23 , 13 0, 12 , 13

Asymmetric unit Vertices

y ≤ min(1 − x, (1 + x)/2)

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1

(2) 3+ 0, 0, z

For ( 32 , 13 , 13 )+ set (1) t( 32 , 13 , 13 )

(2) 3+ (0, 0, 13 )

, 13 , z

(3) 3− (0, 0, 13 )

1 3

, 0, z

For ( , , )+ set (1) t( 31 , 23 , 23 )

(2) 3+ (0, 0, 23 ) 0, 13 , z

(3) 3− (0, 0, 23 )

1 3

, 13 , z

1 3

2 3

(3) 3− 0, 0, z 1 3

2 3

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 32 , 13 , 13 ); (2) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

9

b

1

Reflection conditions

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 32 , 13 , 13 )+ ( 31 , 23 , 23 )+ (1) x, y, z

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z

General:

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z

hkil: hki0: hh2hl: hh0l: 000l: hh00:

−h + k + l = 3n −h + k = 3n l = 3n h + l = 3n l = 3n h = 3n

Special: no extra conditions 3

a

3.

0, 0, z

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 3 a = 13 (2a + b) Origin at 0, 0, z

b = 13 (−a + b)

Along [100] p 1 a = 12 (a + 2b) Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

b = 13 (−a − 2b + c) 501

Along [210] p 1 a = 12 b b = 13 c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

R3

C34

No. 146

R3

3

Trigonal Patterson symmetry R 3¯

RHOMBOHEDRAL AXES

Origin on 3 0 ≤ x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ y ≤ 1; 0 ≤ z ≤ 1; z ≤min(x, y) 0, 0, 0 1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 1

Asymmetric unit Vertices

Symmetry operations (2) 3+ x, x, x

(1) 1

(3) 3− x, x, x

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

3

b

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z

(2) z, x, y

(3) y, z, x

no conditions Special: no extra conditions

1

a

3.

x, x, x

Symmetry of special projections Along [111] p 3 a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = (−a + 2b − c) 

1 3

¯ p1 Along [110] 1  a = 2 (a + b − 2c) Origin at x, x, ¯0

502

b =c 

¯ p1 Along [21¯ 1] 1  a = 2 (b − c) b = 13 (a + b + c) Origin at 2x, x, ¯ x¯

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 147, p. 503.

3¯

Trigonal Patterson symmetry P 3¯

C3i1

P 3¯

P 3¯

No. 147

¯ Origin at centre (3) 0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; x ≤ (1 + y)/2; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 13 , 23 , 0 0, 12 , 0 0, 0, 12 12 , 0, 12 23 , 13 , 12 13 , 23 , 12 0, 12 , 12

Asymmetric unit Vertices

y ≤ min(1 − x, (1 + x)/2)

Symmetry operations (2) 3+ 0, 0, z (5) 3¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0

(1) 1 (4) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(3) 3− 0, 0, z (6) 3¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

g

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z (5) y, x¯ + y, z¯

(1) x, y, z (4) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z (6) x − y, x, z¯

no conditions Special: no extra conditions

3

f

1¯

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

3

e

1¯

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

2

d

3..

1 3

, 23 , z

2 3

2

c

3..

0, 0, z

1

b

3¯ . .

0, 0, 12

1

a

3¯ . .

0, 0, 0

, 13 , z¯

0, 0, z¯

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 6 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 a = 12 (a + 2b) Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

b = c

503

Along [210] p 2 a = 12 b b = c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 148, pp. 504–507.

R 3¯

C3i2

No. 148

R 3¯

3¯

Patterson symmetry R 3¯

HEXAGONAL AXES

¯ Origin at centre (3)

Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 16 ; x ≤ (1 + y)/2; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 13 , 23 , 0 0, 12 , 0 0, 0, 16 12 , 0, 16 23 , 13 , 16 13 , 23 , 16 0, 12 , 16

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Trigonal

504

y ≤ min(1 − x, (1 + x)/2)

R 3¯

No. 148

CONTINUED Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (4) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(2) 3+ 0, 0, z (5) 3¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0

(3) 3− 0, 0, z (6) 3¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0

For ( 32 , 13 , 13 )+ set (1) t( 32 , 13 , 13 ) (4) 1¯ 13 , 16 , 16

(2) 3+ (0, 0, 13 ) 13 , 13 , z (5) 3¯ + 13 , − 31 , z; 13 , − 31 , 16

(3) 3− (0, 0, 13 ) 13 , 0, z (6) 3¯ − 13 , 23 , z; 13 , 23 , 16

For ( 31 , 23 , 23 )+ set (1) t( 31 , 23 , 23 ) (4) 1¯ 16 , 13 , 13

(2) 3+ (0, 0, 23 ) 0, 13 , z (5) 3¯ + 23 , 13 , z; 23 , 13 , 13

(3) 3− (0, 0, 23 ) 13 , 13 , z (6) 3¯ − − 13 , 13 , z; − 31 , 13 , 13

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 32 , 13 , 13 ); (2); (4) Positions

18

f

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 32 , 13 , 13 )+ ( 31 , 23 , 23 )+ (2) y, ¯ x − y, z (5) y, x¯ + y, z¯

(1) x, y, z (4) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

General:

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z (6) x − y, x, z¯

hkil: hki0: hh2hl: hh0l: 000l: hh00:

−h + k + l = 3n −h + k = 3n l = 3n h + l = 3n l = 3n h = 3n

Special: no extra conditions 9

e

1¯

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

9

d

1¯

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

6

c

3.

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

3

b

3¯ .

0, 0, 12

3

a

3¯ .

0, 0, 0

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 6 a = 13 (2a + b) Origin at 0, 0, z

b = 13 (−a + b)

Along [100] p 2 a = 12 (a + 2b) Origin at x, 0, 0

b = 13 (−a − 2b + c)

505

Along [210] p 2 a = 12 b b = 13 c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

R 3¯

C3i2

No. 148

R 3¯

3¯

Patterson symmetry R 3¯

RHOMBOHEDRAL AXES

¯ Origin at centre (3)

Asymmetric unit Vertices

Trigonal

0 ≤ x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ y ≤ 1; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; z ≤ min(x, y, 1 − x, 1 − y) 0, 0, 0 1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0 0, 1, 0 12 , 12 , 12

506

R 3¯

No. 148

CONTINUED Symmetry operations (2) 3+ x, x, x (5) 3¯ + x, x, x; 0, 0, 0

(1) 1 (4) 1¯ 0, 0, 0

(3) 3− x, x, x (6) 3¯ − x, x, x; 0, 0, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

f

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (4) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) z, x, y (5) z¯, x, ¯ y¯

(3) y, z, x (6) y, ¯ z¯, x¯

no conditions Special: no extra conditions

, 12 , 0

3

e

1¯

1 2

3

d

1¯

0, 0, 12

2

c

3.

x, x, x

1

b

3¯ .

1 2

1

a

3¯ .

0, 0, 0

0, 12 , 12 1 2

, 0, 0

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 0

x, ¯ x, ¯ x¯

, 12 , 12

Symmetry of special projections Along [111] p 6 a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = (−a + 2b − c) 

1 3

¯ p2 Along [110] 1  a = 2 (a + b − 2c) Origin at x, x, ¯0

507

b =c 

¯ p2 Along [21¯ 1] 1  a = 2 (b − c) b = 13 (a + b + c) Origin at 2x, x, ¯ x¯

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 149, p. 508.

P312

D13

No. 149

P312

312

Trigonal Patterson symmetry P 3¯ 1 m

Origin at 3 1 2 0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; x ≤ (1 + y)/2; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 13 , 23 , 0 0, 12 , 0 0, 0, 12 12 , 0, 12 23 , 13 , 12 13 , 23 , 12 0, 12 , 12

Asymmetric unit Vertices

y ≤ min(1 − x, (1 + x)/2)

Symmetry operations (2) 3+ 0, 0, z (5) 2 x, 2x, 0

(1) 1 (4) 2 x, x, ¯0

(3) 3− 0, 0, z (6) 2 2x, x, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

l

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z (5) x¯ + y, y, z¯

(1) x, y, z (4) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z (6) x, x − y, z¯

no conditions Special: no extra conditions

3

k

..2

x, x, ¯ 12

x, 2x, 12

2x, ¯ x, ¯ 12

3

j

..2

x, x, ¯0

x, 2x, 0

2x, ¯ x, ¯0

2

i

3..

2 3

, 13 , z

2 3

, 13 , z¯

2

h

3..

1 3

, 23 , z

1 3

, 23 , z¯

2

g

3..

0, 0, z

1

f

3.2

2 3

, 13 , 12

1

e

3.2

2 3

, 13 , 0

1

d

3.2

1 3

, 23 , 12

1

c

3.2

1 3

, 23 , 0

1

b

3.2

0, 0, 12

1

a

3.2

0, 0, 0

0, 0, z¯

Symmetry of special projections Along [100] p 1 1 m a = 12 (a + 2b) b = c Origin at x, 0, 0 Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography 508

Along [001] p 3 m 1 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [210] p 2 a = 12 b b = c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 150, p. 509.

Trigonal

D23

321

P321

P321

Patterson symmetry P 3¯ m 1

No. 150

Origin at 3 2 1 0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; x ≤ (1 + y)/2; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 13 , 23 , 0 0, 12 , 0 0, 0, 12 12 , 0, 12 23 , 13 , 12 13 , 23 , 12 0, 12 , 12

Asymmetric unit Vertices

y ≤ min(1 − x, (1 + x)/2)

Symmetry operations (2) 3+ 0, 0, z (5) 2 x, 0, 0

(1) 1 (4) 2 x, x, 0

(3) 3− 0, 0, z (6) 2 0, y, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

g

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z (5) x − y, y, ¯ z¯

(1) x, y, z (4) y, x, z¯

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z (6) x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯

no conditions Special: no extra conditions

3

f

.2.

x, 0, 12

0, x, 12

x, ¯ x, ¯ 12

3

e

.2.

x, 0, 0

0, x, 0

x, ¯ x, ¯0

2

d

3..

1 3

2

c

3..

0, 0, z

1

b

32.

0, 0, 12

1

a

32.

0, 0, 0

, 23 , z

2 3

, 13 , z¯

0, 0, z¯

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 3 1 m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 a = 12 (a + 2b) Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

b = c

509

Along [210] p 1 1 m a = 12 b b = c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 151, p. 510.

P 31 1 2

D33

No. 151

P 31 1 2

312

Trigonal Patterson symmetry P 3¯ 1 m

Origin on 2[2 1 0] at 31 1 (1, 1, 2) Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ y ≤ 1; 0 ≤ z ≤ 0, 0, 0 1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0 0, 1, 0 0, 0, 16 1, 0, 16 1, 1, 16 0, 1, 16

1 6

Symmetry operations (2) 3+ (0, 0, 13 ) 0, 0, z (5) 2 x, 2x, 16

(1) 1 (4) 2 x, x, ¯ 13

(3) 3− (0, 0, 23 ) 0, 0, z (6) 2 2x, x, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

c

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z + 13 (5) x¯ + y, y, z¯ + 13

(1) x, y, z (4) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 23

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯ z + 23 (6) x, x − y, z¯

000l: l = 3n Special: no extra conditions

3

b

..2

x, x, ¯ 56

x, 2x, 16

2x, ¯ x, ¯ 12

3

a

..2

x, x, ¯ 13

x, 2x, 23

2x, ¯ x, ¯0

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 3 m 1 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 1 m a = 12 (a + 2b) b = c Origin at x, 0, 16

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

510

Along [210] p 2 b = c a = 12 b Origin at x, 12 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 152, p. 511.

Trigonal

D43

321

P 31 2 1

P 31 2 1

Patterson symmetry P 3¯ m 1

No. 152

Origin on 2[1 1 0] at 31 (1, 1, 2) 1 Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ y ≤ 1; 0 ≤ z ≤ 0, 0, 0 1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0 0, 1, 0 0, 0, 16 1, 0, 16 1, 1, 16 0, 1, 16

1 6

Symmetry operations (2) 3+ (0, 0, 13 ) 0, 0, z (5) 2 x, 0, 13

(1) 1 (4) 2 x, x, 0

(3) 3− (0, 0, 23 ) 0, 0, z (6) 2 0, y, 16

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

c

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (4) y, x, z¯

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z + 13 (5) x − y, y, ¯ z¯ + 23

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯ z + 23 (6) x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ + 13

000l: l = 3n Special: no extra conditions

3

b

.2.

x, 0, 56

0, x, 16

x, ¯ x, ¯ 12

3

a

.2.

x, 0, 13

0, x, 23

x, ¯ x, ¯0

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 3 1 m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 a = 12 (a + 2b) Origin at x, 0, 13

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

b = c

511

Along [210] p 1 1 m b = c a = 12 b Origin at x, 12 x, 16

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 153, p. 512.

P 32 1 2

D53

No. 153

P 32 1 2

312

Trigonal Patterson symmetry P 3¯ 1 m

Origin on 2[2 1 0] at 32 1 (1, 1, 2) Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ y ≤ 1; 0 ≤ z ≤ 0, 0, 0 1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0 0, 1, 0 0, 0, 16 1, 0, 16 1, 1, 16 0, 1, 16

1 6

Symmetry operations (2) 3+ (0, 0, 23 ) 0, 0, z (5) 2 x, 2x, 13

(1) 1 (4) 2 x, x, ¯ 16

(3) 3− (0, 0, 13 ) 0, 0, z (6) 2 2x, x, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

c

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z + 23 (5) x¯ + y, y, z¯ + 23

(1) x, y, z (4) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 13

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯ z + 13 (6) x, x − y, z¯

000l: l = 3n Special: no extra conditions

3

b

..2

x, x, ¯ 16

x, 2x, 56

2x, ¯ x, ¯ 12

3

a

..2

x, x, ¯ 23

x, 2x, 13

2x, ¯ x, ¯0

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 3 m 1 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 1 m a = 12 (a + 2b) b = c 1 Origin at x, 0, 3

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

512

Along [210] p 2 b = c a = 12 b 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 154, p. 513.

Trigonal

D63

321

P 32 2 1

P 32 2 1

Patterson symmetry P 3¯ m 1

No. 154

Origin on 2[1 1 0] at 32 (1, 1, 2) 1 Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ y ≤ 1; 0 ≤ z ≤ 0, 0, 0 1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0 0, 1, 0 0, 0, 16 1, 0, 16 1, 1, 16 0, 1, 16

1 6

Symmetry operations (2) 3+ (0, 0, 23 ) 0, 0, z (5) 2 x, 0, 16

(1) 1 (4) 2 x, x, 0

(3) 3− (0, 0, 13 ) 0, 0, z (6) 2 0, y, 13

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

c

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (4) y, x, z¯

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z + 23 (5) x − y, y, ¯ z¯ + 13

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯ z + 13 (6) x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ + 23

000l: l = 3n Special: no extra conditions

3

b

.2.

x, 0, 16

0, x, 56

x, ¯ x, ¯ 12

3

a

.2.

x, 0, 23

0, x, 13

x, ¯ x, ¯0

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 3 1 m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 a = 12 (a + 2b) Origin at x, 0, 16

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

b = c

513

Along [210] p 1 1 m b = c a = 12 b Origin at x, 12 x, 13

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 155, pp. 514–517.

R32

D73

No. 155

R32

32

Patterson symmetry R 3¯ m

HEXAGONAL AXES

Origin at 3 2 Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 16 ; x ≤ (1 + y)/2; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 13 , 23 , 0 0, 12 , 0 0, 0, 16 12 , 0, 16 23 , 13 , 16 13 , 23 , 16 0, 12 , 16

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Trigonal

514

y ≤ min(1 − x, (1 + x)/2)

No. 155

CONTINUED

R32

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (4) 2 x, x, 0

(2) 3+ 0, 0, z (5) 2 x, 0, 0

(3) 3− 0, 0, z (6) 2 0, y, 0

For ( 32 , 13 , 13 )+ set (1) t( 32 , 13 , 13 ) (4) 2( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x − 16 , 16

(2) 3+ (0, 0, 13 ) 13 , 13 , z (5) 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 16 , 16

(3) 3− (0, 0, 13 ) (6) 2 13 , y, 16

For ( 31 , 23 , 23 )+ set (1) t( 31 , 23 , 23 ) (4) 2( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x + 16 , 13

(2) 3+ (0, 0, 23 ) 0, 13 , z (5) 2 x, 13 , 13

(3) 3− (0, 0, 23 ) 13 , 13 , z (6) 2(0, 12 , 0) 16 , y, 13

1 3

, 0, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 32 , 13 , 13 ); (2); (4) Positions

18

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 32 , 13 , 13 )+ ( 31 , 23 , 23 )+ (2) y, ¯ x − y, z (5) x − y, y, ¯ z¯

f

1

(1) x, y, z (4) y, x, z¯

9

e

.2

x, 0,

9

d

.2

x, 0, 0

0, x, 0

6

c

3.

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

3

b

32

0, 0, 12

3

a

32

0, 0, 0

General:

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z (6) x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯

hkil: hki0: hh2hl: hh0l: 000l: hh00:

−h + k + l = 3n −h + k = 3n l = 3n h + l = 3n l = 3n h = 3n

Special: no extra conditions 1 2

0, x,

1 2

x, ¯ x, ¯

1 2

x, ¯ x, ¯0

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 3 m 1 b = 13 (−a + b) a = 13 (2a + b) Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 a = 12 (a + 2b) Origin at x, 0, 0

b = 13 (−a − 2b + c)

515

Along [210] p 1 1 m a = 12 b b = 13 c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

R32

D73

No. 155

R32

32

Patterson symmetry R 3¯ m

RHOMBOHEDRAL AXES

Origin at 3 2 Asymmetric unit Vertices

Trigonal

0 ≤ x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ y ≤ 1; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; z ≤ min(x, y, 1 − x, 1 − y) 0, 0, 0 1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0 0, 1, 0 12 , 12 , 12

516

No. 155

CONTINUED

R32

Symmetry operations (2) 3+ x, x, x (5) 2 x, x, ¯0

(1) 1 (4) 2 x, ¯ 0, x

(3) 3− x, x, x (6) 2 0, y, y¯

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

f

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (4) z¯, y, ¯ x¯

(2) z, x, y (5) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

(3) y, z, x (6) x, ¯ z¯, y¯

no conditions Special: no extra conditions

3

e

.2

x, x, ¯ 12

1 2

, x, x¯

x, ¯ 12 , x

3

d

.2

x, x, ¯0

0, x, x¯

x, ¯ 0, x

2

c

3.

x, x, x

x, ¯ x, ¯ x¯

1

b

32

1 2

1

a

32

0, 0, 0

, 12 , 12

Symmetry of special projections Along [111] p 3 m 1 a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

¯ p2 Along [110] a = 12 (a + b − 2c) Origin at x, x, ¯0

517

b = c

¯ p11m Along [21¯ 1] a = 12 (b − c) b = 13 (a + b + c) Origin at 2x, x, ¯ x¯

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 156, p. 518.

P3m1

C3v1

No. 156

P3m1

3m1

Trigonal Patterson symmetry P 3¯ m 1

Origin on 3 m 1 0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 23 ; 0, 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 13 , 23 , 0 0, 0, 1 23 , 13 , 1 13 , 23 , 1

Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ z ≤ 1;

x ≤ 2y;

y ≤ min(1 − x, 2x)

Symmetry operations (2) 3+ 0, 0, z (5) m x, 2x, z

(1) 1 (4) m x, x, ¯z

(3) 3− 0, 0, z (6) m 2x, x, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

e

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (4) y, ¯ x, ¯z

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z (5) x¯ + y, y, z

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z (6) x, x − y, z

no conditions Special: no extra conditions

3

d

.m.

x, x, ¯z

1

c

3m.

2 3

, 13 , z

1

b

3m.

1 3

, 23 , z

1

a

3m.

0, 0, z

x, 2x, z

2x, ¯ x, ¯z

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 3 m 1 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 a = 12 (a + 2b) Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

b = c

518

Along [210] p 1 m 1 a = 12 b b = c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 157, p. 519.

Trigonal

C3v2

31m

P31m

P31m

Patterson symmetry P 3¯ 1 m

No. 157

Origin on 3 1 m 0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 1; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 12 , 12 , 0 0, 0, 1 12 , 0, 1 23 , 13 , 1 12 , 12 , 1

Asymmetric unit Vertices

x ≤ (y + 1)/2;

y ≤ min(1 − x, x)

Symmetry operations (2) 3+ 0, 0, z (5) m x, 0, z

(1) 1 (4) m x, x, z

(3) 3− 0, 0, z (6) m 0, y, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

d

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z (5) x − y, y, ¯z

(1) x, y, z (4) y, x, z

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z (6) x, ¯ x¯ + y, z

no conditions Special: no extra conditions

3

c

..m

x, 0, z

2

b

3..

1 3

1

a

3.m

0, 0, z

, 23 , z

0, x, z 2 3

x, ¯ x, ¯z

, 13 , z

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 3 1 m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (a + 2b) b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

519

Along [210] p 1 a = 12 b b = c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 158, p. 520.

P3c1

C3v3

No. 158

P3c1

3m1

Trigonal Patterson symmetry P 3¯ m 1

Origin on 3 c 1 0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; x ≤ (1 + y)/2; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 13 , 23 , 0 0, 12 , 0 0, 0, 12 12 , 0, 12 23 , 13 , 12 13 , 23 , 12 0, 12 , 12

Asymmetric unit Vertices

y ≤ min(1 − x, (1 + x)/2)

Symmetry operations (2) 3+ 0, 0, z (5) c x, 2x, z

(1) 1 (4) c x, x, ¯z

(3) 3− 0, 0, z (6) c 2x, x, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

d

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z (5) x¯ + y, y, z + 12

(1) x, y, z (4) y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z (6) x, x − y, z + 12

hh0l: l = 2n 000l: l = 2n Special: as above, plus

2

c

3..

2 3

, 13 , z

2 3

, 13 , z + 12

hkil:

l = 2n

2

b

3..

1 3

, 23 , z

1 3

, 23 , z + 12

hkil:

l = 2n

2

a

3..

0, 0, z

0, 0, z + 12

hkil:

l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 3 m 1 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 a = 12 (a + 2b) Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

b = 12 c

520

Along [210] p 1 g 1 a = 12 b b = c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 159, p. 521.

Trigonal

C3v4

31m

P31c

P31c

Patterson symmetry P 3¯ 1 m

No. 159

Origin on 3 1 c 0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; x ≤ (1 + y)/2; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 13 , 23 , 0 0, 12 , 0 0, 0, 12 12 , 0, 12 23 , 13 , 12 13 , 23 , 12 0, 12 , 12

Asymmetric unit Vertices

y ≤ min(1 − x, (1 + x)/2)

Symmetry operations (2) 3+ 0, 0, z (5) c x, 0, z

(1) 1 (4) c x, x, z

(3) 3− 0, 0, z (6) c 0, y, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

Reflection conditions General:

c

1

2

b

3..

1 3

2

a

3..

0, 0, z

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z (5) x − y, y, ¯ z + 12

(1) x, y, z (4) y, x, z + 12

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z (6) x, ¯ x¯ + y, z + 12

hh2hl: l = 2n 000l: l = 2n Special: as above, plus

, ,z 2 3

2 3

, ,z+ 1 3

1 2

hkil:

0, 0, z + 12

hkil:

l = 2n or h − k = 3n + 1 or h − k = 3n + 2 l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 3 1 m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 g 1 a = 12 (a + 2b) b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

521

Along [210] p 1 a = 12 b b = 12 c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 160, pp. 522–525.

R3m

C3v5

No. 160

R3m

3m

Patterson symmetry R 3¯ m

HEXAGONAL AXES

Origin on 3 m Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 23 ; 0, 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 13 , 23 , 0 0, 0, 13 23 , 13 , 13 13 , 23 , 13

Trigonal

0 ≤ z ≤ 13 ;

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

x ≤ 2y;

522

y ≤ min(1 − x, 2x)

No. 160

CONTINUED

R3m

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (4) m x, x, ¯z

(2) 3+ 0, 0, z (5) m x, 2x, z

(3) 3− 0, 0, z (6) m 2x, x, z

For ( 32 , 13 , 13 )+ set (1) t( 32 , 13 , 13 ) (4) g( 61 , − 61 , 13 ) x + 12 , x, ¯z

(2) 3+ (0, 0, 13 ) 13 , 13 , z (5) g( 16 , 13 , 13 ) x + 14 , 2x, z

(3) 3− (0, 0, 13 ) 13 , 0, z (6) g( 32 , 13 , 13 ) 2x, x, z

For ( 31 , 23 , 23 )+ set (1) t( 31 , 23 , 23 ) ¯z (4) g(− 61 , 16 , 23 ) x + 12 , x,

(2) 3+ (0, 0, 23 ) 0, 13 , z (5) g( 13 , 23 , 23 ) x, 2x, z

(3) 3− (0, 0, 23 ) 13 , 13 , z (6) g( 31 , 16 , 23 ) 2x − 12 , x, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 32 , 13 , 13 ); (2); (4) Positions

18

c

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 32 , 13 , 13 )+ ( 31 , 23 , 23 )+ (2) y, ¯ x − y, z (5) x¯ + y, y, z

(1) x, y, z (4) y, ¯ x, ¯z

General:

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z (6) x, x − y, z

hkil: hki0: hh2hl: hh0l: 000l: hh00:

−h + k + l = 3n −h + k = 3n l = 3n h + l = 3n l = 3n h = 3n

Special: no extra conditions 9

b

.m

x, x, ¯z

3

a

3m

0, 0, z

x, 2x, z

2x, ¯ x, ¯z

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 3 1 m b = 13 (−a + b) a = 13 (2a + b) Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 a = 12 (a + 2b) Origin at x, 0, 0

b = 13 (−a − 2b + c)

523

Along [210] p 1 m 1 a = 12 b b = 13 c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

R3m

C3v5

No. 160

R3m

3m

Patterson symmetry R 3¯ m

RHOMBOHEDRAL AXES

Origin on 3 m Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ y ≤ 1; 0 ≤ z ≤ 1; 0, 0, 0 1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0 1, 1, 1

Trigonal

y ≤ x;

524

z≤y

No. 160

CONTINUED

R3m

Symmetry operations (2) 3+ x, x, x (5) m x, x, z

(1) 1 (4) m x, y, x

(3) 3− x, x, x (6) m x, y, y

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

c

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (4) z, y, x

(2) z, x, y (5) y, x, z

(3) y, z, x (6) x, z, y

no conditions Special: no extra conditions

3

b

.m

x, y, x

1

a

3m

x, x, x

x, x, y

y, x, x

Symmetry of special projections Along [111] p 3 1 m a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = (−a + 2b − c) 

1 3

¯ p1 Along [110] 1  a = 2 (a + b − 2c) Origin at x, x, ¯0

525

b =c 

¯ p1m1 Along [21¯ 1] 1  a = 2 (b − c) b = 13 (a + b + c) Origin at 2x, x, ¯ x¯

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 161, pp. 526–529.

R3c

C3v6

No. 161

R3c

3m

Patterson symmetry R 3¯ m

HEXAGONAL AXES

Origin on 3 c Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 16 ; x ≤ (1 + y)/2; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 13 , 23 , 0 0, 12 , 0 0, 0, 16 12 , 0, 16 23 , 13 , 16 13 , 23 , 16 0, 12 , 16

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Trigonal

526

y ≤ min(1 − x, (1 + x)/2)

No. 161

CONTINUED

R3c

Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (4) c x, x, ¯z

(2) 3+ 0, 0, z (5) c x, 2x, z

(3) 3− 0, 0, z (6) c 2x, x, z

For ( 32 , 13 , 13 )+ set (1) t( 32 , 13 , 13 ) (4) g( 61 , − 61 , 56 ) x + 12 , x, ¯z

(2) 3+ (0, 0, 13 ) 13 , 13 , z (5) g( 16 , 13 , 56 ) x + 14 , 2x, z

(3) 3− (0, 0, 13 ) 13 , 0, z (6) g( 32 , 13 , 56 ) 2x, x, z

For ( 31 , 23 , 23 )+ set (1) t( 31 , 23 , 23 ) ¯z (4) g(− 61 , 16 , 16 ) x + 12 , x,

(2) 3+ (0, 0, 23 ) 0, 13 , z (5) g( 13 , 23 , 16 ) x, 2x, z

(3) 3− (0, 0, 23 ) 13 , 13 , z (6) g( 31 , 16 , 16 ) 2x − 12 , x, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 32 , 13 , 13 ); (2); (4) Positions

18

b

1

a

3.

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 32 , 13 , 13 )+ ( 31 , 23 , 23 )+ (2) y, ¯ x − y, z (5) x¯ + y, y, z + 12

(1) x, y, z (4) y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12

General:

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z (6) x, x − y, z + 12

hkil: hki0: hh2hl: hh0l: 000l: hh00:

−h + k + l = 3n −h + k = 3n l = 3n h + l = 3n, l = 2n l = 6n h = 3n

Special: as above, plus 6

0, 0, z

0, 0, z +

1 2

hkil:

l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 3 1 m b = 13 (−a + b) a = 13 (2a + b) Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 a = 16 (2a + 4b + c) Origin at x, 0, 0

527

b = 16 (−a − 2b + c)

Along [210] p 1 g 1 a = 12 b b = 13 c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

R3c

C3v6

No. 161

R3c

3m

Patterson symmetry R 3¯ m

RHOMBOHEDRAL AXES

Origin on 3 c Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ y ≤ 1; 0 ≤ z ≤ 1; 0, 0, 0 1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0 1, 1, 1

Trigonal

y ≤ x;

528

z≤y

No. 161

CONTINUED

R3c

Symmetry operations (2) 3+ x, x, x (5) n( 21 , 12 , 12 ) x, x, z

(1) 1 (4) n( 12 , 12 , 12 ) x, y, x

(3) 3− x, x, x (6) n( 21 , 12 , 12 ) x, y, y

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

b

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (4) z + 12 , y + 12 , x + 12

(2) z, x, y (5) y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12

(3) y, z, x (6) x + 12 , z + 12 , y + 12

hhl: l = 2n hhh: h = 2n Special: as above, plus

2

a

3.

x + 12 , x + 12 , x + 12

x, x, x

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [111] p 3 1 m a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = (−a + 2b − c) 

1 3

¯ p1 Along [110] 1  a = 2 (a + b − 2c) Origin at x, x, ¯0

529

b = c 

1 2

¯ p1g1 Along [21¯ 1] 1  a = 2 (b − c) b = 13 (a + b + c) Origin at 2x, x, ¯ x¯

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 162, pp. 530–531.

P 3¯ 1 m

D13d

No. 162

P 3¯ 1 2/m

3¯ 1 m

Patterson symmetry P 3¯ 1 m

Origin at centre (3¯ 1 m) Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 12 , 12 , 0 0, 0, 12 12 , 0, 12 23 , 13 , 12 12 , 12 , 12

x ≤ (1 + y)/2;

Symmetry operations (1) (4) (7) (10)

1 2 x, x, ¯0 1¯ 0, 0, 0 m x, x, z

(2) (5) (8) (11)

3+ 2 3¯ + m

0, 0, z x, 2x, 0 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 x, 0, z

(3) (6) (9) (12)

Trigonal

3− 2 3¯ − m

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

0, 0, z 2x, x, 0 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 0, y, z

530

y ≤ min(1 − x, x)

P 3¯ 1 m

No. 162

CONTINUED Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

l

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ y, x, z

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z x¯ + y, y, z¯ y, x¯ + y, z¯ x − y, y, ¯z

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x, x − y, z¯ x − y, x, z¯ x, ¯ x¯ + y, z

no conditions

Special: no extra conditions 6

k

..m

x, 0, z

0, x, z

6

j

..2

x, x, ¯ 12

x, 2x, 12

2x, ¯ x, ¯ 12

x, ¯ x, 12

x, ¯ 2x, ¯ 12

2x, x, 12

6

i

..2

x, x, ¯0

x, 2x, 0

2x, ¯ x, ¯0

x, ¯ x, 0

x, ¯ 2x, ¯0

2x, x, 0

4

h

3..

1 3

, 23 , z

1 3

3

g

. . 2/m

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

3

f

. . 2/m

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

2

e

3.m

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

2

d

3.2

1 3

, 23 , 12

2 3

, 13 , 12

2

c

3.2

1 3

, 23 , 0

2 3

, 13 , 0

1

b

3¯ . m

0, 0, 12

1

a

3¯ . m

0, 0, 0

, 23 , z¯

x, ¯ x, ¯z

2 3

, 13 , z¯

0, x, ¯ z¯

2 3

x, ¯ 0, z¯

x, x, z¯

, 13 , z

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 6 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 (a + 2b) b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

531

Along [210] p 2 a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 12 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 163, pp. 532–533.

P 3¯ 1 c

D23d

No. 163

P 3¯ 1 2/c

3¯ 1 m

Patterson symmetry P 3¯ 1 m

¯ at 3¯ 1 c Origin at centre (3)

Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 14 ; x ≤ (1 + y)/2; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 13 , 23 , 0 0, 12 , 0 0, 0, 14 12 , 0, 14 23 , 13 , 14 13 , 23 , 14 0, 12 , 14

Symmetry operations (1) (4) (7) (10)

1 2 x, x, ¯ 14 ¯1 0, 0, 0 c x, x, z

(2) (5) (8) (11)

3+ 2 3¯ + c

0, 0, z x, 2x, 14 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 x, 0, z

(3) (6) (9) (12)

Trigonal

3− 2 3¯ − c

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

0, 0, z 2x, x, 14 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 0, y, z

532

y ≤ min(1 − x, (1 + x)/2)

P 3¯ 1 c

No. 163

CONTINUED Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

i

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ y, x, z + 12

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z x¯ + y, y, z¯ + 12 y, x¯ + y, z¯ x − y, y, ¯ z + 12

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x, x − y, z¯ + 12 x − y, x, z¯ x, ¯ x¯ + y, z + 12

hh2hl: l = 2n 000l: l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 6

h

..2

x, x, ¯ 14

x, 2x, 14

6

g

1¯

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

4

f

3..

1 3

, 23 , z

1 3

4

e

3..

0, 0, z

2

d

3.2

2 3

, 13 , 14

1 3

, 23 , 34

hkil:

l = 2n or h − k = 3n + 1 or h − k = 3n + 2

2

c

3.2

1 3

, 23 , 14

2 3

, 13 , 34

hkil:

l = 2n or h − k = 3n + 1 or h − k = 3n + 2

2

b

3¯ . .

0, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

hkil:

l = 2n

2

a

3.2

0, 0, 14

0, 0, 34

hkil:

l = 2n

, 23 , z¯ + 12

0, 0, z¯ + 12

2x, ¯ x, ¯ 14 1 2

, 12 , 0 2 3

, 13 , z¯

0, 0, z¯

x, ¯ x, 34

x, ¯ 2x, ¯ 34

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 12

2x, x, 34 1 2

, 12 , 12

no extra conditions hkil:

, 13 , z + 12

hkil:

0, 0, z + 12

hkil:

2 3

l = 2n l = 2n or h − k = 3n + 1 or h − k = 3n + 2 l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 6 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 g m a = 12 (a + 2b) b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

533

Along [210] p 2 a = 12 b b = 12 c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 164, p. 534.

P 3¯ m 1

D33d

No. 164

P 3¯ 2/m 1

3¯ m 1

Trigonal Patterson symmetry P 3¯ m 1

Origin at centre (3¯ m 1) 0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 13 ; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 0, 0, 1 12 , 0, 1 23 , 13 , 1

Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ z ≤ 1;

x ≤ (1 + y)/2;

y ≤ x/2

Symmetry operations (1) (4) (7) (10)

1 2 x, x, 0 1¯ 0, 0, 0 m x, x, ¯z

(2) (5) (8) (11)

3+ 2 3¯ + m

0, 0, z x, 0, 0 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 x, 2x, z

(3) (6) (9) (12)

3− 2 3¯ − m

0, 0, z 0, y, 0 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 2x, x, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

j

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z y, x, z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯z

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z x − y, y, ¯ z¯ y, x¯ + y, z¯ x¯ + y, y, z

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ x − y, x, z¯ x, x − y, z

no conditions

Special: no extra conditions 6

i

.m.

x, x, ¯z

x, 2x, z

2x, ¯ x, ¯z

6

h

.2.

x, 0, 12

0, x, 12

x, ¯ x, ¯ 12

x, ¯ 0, 12

0, x, ¯ 12

x, x, 12

6

g

.2.

x, 0, 0

0, x, 0

x, ¯ x, ¯0

x, ¯ 0, 0

0, x, ¯0

x, x, 0

3

f

. 2/m .

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

3

e

. 2/m .

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

2

d

3m.

1 3

, 23 , z

2 3

2

c

3m.

0, 0, z

1

b

3¯ m .

0, 0, 12

1

a

3¯ m .

0, 0, 0

x, ¯ x, z¯

2x, x, z¯

x, ¯ 2x, ¯ z¯

, 13 , z¯

0, 0, z¯

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 6 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 a = 12 (a + 2b) Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

b = c 534

Along [210] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 165, p. 535.

P 3¯ c 1

D43d

3¯ m 1

Trigonal

P 3¯ 2/c 1

Patterson symmetry P 3¯ m 1

No. 165

¯ at 3¯ c 1 Origin at centre (3) 0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 14 ; x ≤ (1 + y)/2; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 13 , 23 , 0 0, 12 , 0 0, 0, 14 12 , 0, 14 23 , 13 , 14 13 , 23 , 14 0, 12 , 14

Asymmetric unit Vertices

y ≤ min(1 − x, (1 + x)/2)

Symmetry operations (1) (4) (7) (10)

1 2 x, x, 14 1¯ 0, 0, 0 c x, x, ¯z

(2) (5) (8) (11)

3+ 2 3¯ + c

0, 0, z x, 0, 14 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 x, 2x, z

(3) (6) (9) (12)

3− 2 3¯ − c

0, 0, z 0, y, 14 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 2x, x, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

Reflection conditions General:

g

1

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z y, x, z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12

(2) (5) (8) (11)

6

f

.2.

x, 0,

6

e

1¯

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

4

d

3..

1 3

, 23 , z

2 3

4

c

3..

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯ + 12

2

b

3¯ . .

0, 0, 0

2

a

32.

0, 0, 14

y, ¯ x − y, z x − y, y, ¯ z¯ + 12 y, x¯ + y, z¯ x¯ + y, y, z + 12

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ + 12 x − y, x, z¯ x, x − y, z + 12

hh0l: l = 2n 000l: l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 1 4

0, x,

1 4

x, ¯ x, ¯

1 4

3 4

x, ¯ 0,

, 23 , z + 12

hkil:

l = 2n

0, 0, z + 12

hkil:

l = 2n

0, 0, 12

hkil:

l = 2n

0, 0, 34

hkil:

l = 2n

2 3

, 13 , z¯

0, 0, z¯

1 3

1 2

, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

no extra conditions l = 2n

, 13 , z¯ + 12

0, 12 , 12

x, x,

3 4

hkil:

1 2

, 12 , 0

0, x, ¯

3 4

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 6 m m a = a b = b Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 a = 12 (a + 2b) Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

b = 12 c

535

Along [210] p 2 g m a = 12 b b = c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 166, pp. 536–539.

R 3¯ m

D53d

No. 166

R 3¯ 2/m

3¯ m

Patterson symmetry R 3¯ m

HEXAGONAL AXES

Origin at centre (3¯ m) Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 23 ; 0, 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 13 , 23 , 0 0, 0, 16 23 , 13 , 16 13 , 23 , 16

0 ≤ z ≤ 16 ;

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Trigonal

x ≤ 2y;

536

y ≤ min(1 − x, 2x)

R 3¯ m

No. 166

CONTINUED Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (4) 2 x, x, 0 (7) 1¯ 0, 0, 0 (10) m x, x, ¯z

(2) (5) (8) (11)

3+ 2 3¯ + m

0, 0, z x, 0, 0 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 x, 2x, z

(3) (6) (9) (12)

3− 2 3¯ − m

For ( 32 , 13 , 13 )+ set (1) t( 32 , 13 , 13 ) (4) 2( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x − 16 , 16 (7) 1¯ 13 , 16 , 16 (10) g( 61 , − 61 , 13 ) x + 12 , x, ¯z

(2) (5) (8) (11)

3+ (0, 0, 13 ) 13 , 13 , z 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 16 , 16 3¯ + 13 , − 31 , z; 13 , − 31 , 16 g( 61 , 13 , 13 ) x + 14 , 2x, z

(3) (6) (9) (12)

3− (0, 0, 13 ) 13 , 0, z 2 13 , y, 16 3¯ − 13 , 23 , z; 13 , 23 , 16 g( 23 , 13 , 13 ) 2x, x, z

For ( 31 , 23 , 23 )+ set (1) t( 31 , 23 , 23 ) (4) 2( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x + 16 , 13 (7) 1¯ 16 , 13 , 13 (10) g(− 61 , 16 , 23 ) x + 12 , x, ¯z

(2) (5) (8) (11)

3+ (0, 0, 23 ) 0, 13 , z 2 x, 13 , 13 3¯ + 23 , 13 , z; 23 , 13 , 13 g( 31 , 23 , 23 ) x, 2x, z

(3) (6) (9) (12)

3− (0, 0, 23 ) 13 , 13 , z 2(0, 12 , 0) 16 , y, 13 3¯ − − 13 , 13 , z; − 31 , 13 , 13 g( 13 , 16 , 23 ) 2x − 12 , x, z

0, 0, z 0, y, 0 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 2x, x, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 32 , 13 , 13 ); (2); (4); (7) Positions

36

i

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 32 , 13 , 13 )+ ( 31 , 23 , 23 )+ (1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z y, x, z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯z

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z x − y, y, ¯ z¯ y, x¯ + y, z¯ x¯ + y, y, z

(3) (6) (9) (12)

General:

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ x − y, x, z¯ x, x − y, z

hkil: hki0: hh2hl: hh0l: 000l: hh00:

−h + k + l = 3n −h + k = 3n l = 3n h + l = 3n l = 3n h = 3n

Special: no extra conditions 18

h

.m

x, x, ¯z

x, 2x, z

2x, ¯ x, ¯z

18

g

.2

x, 0, 12

0, x, 12

x, ¯ x, ¯ 12

x, ¯ 0, 12

0, x, ¯ 12

x, x, 12

18

f

.2

x, 0, 0

0, x, 0

x, ¯ x, ¯0

x, ¯ 0, 0

0, x, ¯0

x, x, 0

9

e

. 2/m

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

9

d

. 2/m

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

6

c

3m

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

3

b

3¯ m

0, 0, 12

3

a

3¯ m

0, 0, 0

x, ¯ x, z¯

2x, x, z¯

x, ¯ 2x, ¯ z¯

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 6 m m b = 13 (−a + b) a = 13 (2a + b) Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 a = 12 (a + 2b) Origin at x, 0, 0

b = 13 (−a − 2b + c)

537

Along [210] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = 13 c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

R 3¯ m

D53d

No. 166

R 3¯ 2/m

3¯ m

Patterson symmetry R 3¯ m

RHOMBOHEDRAL AXES

Origin at centre (3¯ m) Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ y ≤ 1; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; 0, 0, 0 1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0 12 , 12 , 12

Trigonal

y ≤ x;

538

z ≤ min(y, 1 − x)

R 3¯ m

No. 166

CONTINUED Symmetry operations (1) (4) (7) (10)

1 2 x, ¯ 0, x 1¯ 0, 0, 0 m x, y, x

(2) (5) (8) (11)

3+ 2 3¯ + m

x, x, x x, x, ¯0 x, x, x; 0, 0, 0 x, x, z

(3) (6) (9) (12)

3− 2 3¯ − m

x, x, x 0, y, y¯ x, x, x; 0, 0, 0 x, y, y

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

i

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z z¯, y, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z, y, x

(2) (5) (8) (11)

z, x, y y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, x, z

(3) (6) (9) (12)

no conditions

y, z, x x, ¯ z¯, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯ x, z, y

Special: no extra conditions 6

h

.m

x, y, x

6

g

.2

x, x, ¯ 12

1 2

6

f

.2

3

e

. 2/m

1 2

3

d

. 2/m

0, 0, 12

2

c

3m

x, x, x

1

b

3¯ m

1 2

1

a

3¯ m

0, 0, 0

x, x, y

y, x, x

x, ¯ y, ¯ x¯

, x, x¯

x, ¯ 12 , x

x, ¯ x, 12

1 2

, x, ¯x

x, 12 , x¯

x, x, ¯0

0, x, x¯

x, ¯ 0, x

x, ¯ x, 0

0, x, ¯x

x, 0, x¯

, 12 , 0

0, 12 , 12 1 2

, 0, 0

1 2

y, ¯ x, ¯ x¯

x, ¯ x, ¯ y¯

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 0

x, ¯ x, ¯ x¯

, 12 , 12

Symmetry of special projections Along [111] p 6 m m a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

¯ p2 Along [110] a = 12 (a + b − 2c) Origin at x, x, ¯0

539

b = c

¯ p2mm Along [21¯ 1] a = 12 (b − c) b = 13 (a + b + c) Origin at 2x, x, ¯ x¯

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 167, pp. 540–543.

R 3¯ c

D63d

No. 167

R 3¯ 2/c

3¯ m

Patterson symmetry R 3¯ m

HEXAGONAL AXES

¯ at 3¯ c Origin at centre (3)

Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 23 ; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 0, 0, 121 12 , 0, 121 23 , 13 , 121

0 ≤ z ≤ 121 ; x ≤ (1 + y)/2; 1 2 0, 12 , 0 3, 3,0 1 1 2 0, 12 , 121 3 , 3 , 12

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Trigonal

540

y ≤ min(1 − x, (1 + x)/2)

R 3¯ c

No. 167

CONTINUED Symmetry operations For (0, 0, 0)+ set (1) 1 (4) 2 x, x, 14 (7) 1¯ 0, 0, 0 (10) c x, x, ¯z

(2) (5) (8) (11)

3+ 2 3¯ + c

0, 0, z x, 0, 14 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 x, 2x, z

(3) (6) (9) (12)

3− 2 3¯ − c

For ( 32 , 13 , 13 )+ set (1) t( 32 , 13 , 13 ) (4) 2( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x − 16 , 125 (7) 1¯ 13 , 16 , 16 (10) g( 61 , − 61 , 56 ) x + 12 , x, ¯z

(2) (5) (8) (11)

3+ (0, 0, 13 ) 13 , 13 , z 2( 21 , 0, 0) x, 16 , 125 3¯ + 13 , − 31 , z; 13 , − 31 , 16 g( 61 , 13 , 56 ) x + 14 , 2x, z

(3) (6) (9) (12)

3− (0, 0, 13 ) 13 , 0, z 2 13 , y, 125 3¯ − 13 , 23 , z; 13 , 23 , 16 g( 23 , 13 , 56 ) 2x, x, z

For ( 31 , 23 , 23 )+ set (1) t( 31 , 23 , 23 ) (4) 2( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x + 16 , 121 (7) 1¯ 16 , 13 , 13 (10) g(− 61 , 16 , 16 ) x + 12 , x, ¯z

(2) (5) (8) (11)

3+ (0, 0, 23 ) 0, 13 , z 2 x, 13 , 121 3¯ + 23 , 13 , z; 23 , 13 , 13 g( 31 , 23 , 16 ) x, 2x, z

(3) (6) (9) (12)

3− (0, 0, 23 ) 13 , 13 , z 2(0, 12 , 0) 16 , y, 121 3¯ − − 13 , 13 , z; − 31 , 13 , 13 g( 13 , 16 , 16 ) 2x − 12 , x, z

0, 0, z 0, y, 14 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 2x, x, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 32 , 13 , 13 ); (2); (4); (7) Positions

36

f

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 32 , 13 , 13 )+ ( 31 , 23 , 23 )+ (1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z y, x, z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z x − y, y, ¯ z¯ + 12 y, x¯ + y, z¯ x¯ + y, y, z + 12

General: (3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ + 12 x − y, x, z¯ x, x − y, z + 12

hkil: hki0: hh2hl: hh0l: 000l: hh00:

−h + k + l = 3n −h + k = 3n l = 3n h + l = 3n, l = 2n l = 6n h = 3n

Special: as above, plus 18

e

.2

x, 0, 14

0, x, 14

18

d

1¯

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

12

c

3.

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯ + 12

6

b

3¯ .

0, 0, 0

6

a

32

0, 0, 14

x, ¯ x, ¯ 14

0, x, ¯ 34

hkil:

l = 2n

0, 0, 12

hkil:

l = 2n

0, 0, 34

hkil:

l = 2n

1 2

, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

no extra conditions l = 2n

0, 0, z¯

0, 12 , 12

x, x, 34

hkil:

1 2

, 12 , 0

x, ¯ 0, 34

0, 0, z + 12

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 6 m m a = 13 (2a + b) b = 13 (−a + b) Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 a = 16 (2a + 4b + c) Origin at x, 0, 0

541

b = 16 (−a − 2b + c)

Along [210] p 2 g m a = 12 b b = 13 c Origin at x, 12 x, 0

R 3¯ c

D63d

No. 167

R 3¯ 2/c

3¯ m

Patterson symmetry R 3¯ m

RHOMBOHEDRAL AXES

¯ at 3c ¯ Origin at centre (3)

Asymmetric unit

1 4

Vertices

1 4

≤ x ≤ 54 ; 14 ≤ y ≤ 54 ; 14 ≤ z ≤ 34 ; , 14 , 14 54 , 14 , 14 54 , 54 , 14 43 , 34 , 34

Trigonal

y ≤ x; 542

z ≤ min(y, 32 − x)

R 3¯ c

No. 167

CONTINUED Symmetry operations (1) (4) (7) (10)

1 2 x¯ + 12 , 14 , x 1¯ 0, 0, 0 n( 21 , 12 , 12 ) x, y, x

3+ x, x, x 2 x, x¯ + 12 , 14 3¯ + x, x, x; 0, 0, 0 n( 12 , 12 , 12 ) x, x, z

(2) (5) (8) (11)

(3) (6) (9) (12)

3− x, x, x 2 14 , y + 12 , y¯ 3¯ − x, x, x; 0, 0, 0 n( 12 , 12 , 12 ) x, y, y

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

f

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z + 12 , y + 12 , x + 12

(2) (5) (8) (11)

z, x, y y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12

(3) (6) (9) (12)

y, z, x x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 y, ¯ z¯, x¯ x + 12 , z + 12 , y + 12

hhl: hhh:

l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 6

e

.2

x, x¯ + 12 , 14 x, ¯ x + 12 , 34

6

d

1¯

1 2

4

c

3.

x, x, x

2

b

3¯ .

0, 0, 0

2

a

32

1 4

, 12 , 0

, 14 , 14

1 4 3 4

, x, x¯ + 12 , x, ¯ x + 12

0, 12 , 12

x¯ + 12 , 14 , x x + 12 , 34 , x¯ 1 2

, 0, 12

x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12

1 2

no extra conditions

, 0, 0

x, ¯ x, ¯ x¯

0, 0, 12

0, 12 , 0

x + 12 , x + 12 , x + 12

hkl:

h + k + l = 2n

hkl:

h + k + l = 2n

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl:

h + k + l = 2n

3 4

, 34 , 34

hkl:

h + k + l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [111] p 6 m m a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

¯ p2 Along [110] a = 12 (a + b − 2c) Origin at x, x, ¯0

543

b = 12 c

¯ p2gm Along [21¯ 1] a = 12 (b − c) b = 13 (a + b + c) Origin at 2x, x, ¯ x¯

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 168, p. 544.

P6

C61

No. 168

P6

6

Hexagonal Patterson symmetry P 6/m

Origin on 6 0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 1; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 12 , 12 , 0 0, 0, 1 12 , 0, 1 23 , 13 , 1 12 , 12 , 1

Asymmetric unit Vertices

x ≤ (1 + y)/2;

y ≤ min(1 − x, x)

Symmetry operations (2) 3+ 0, 0, z (5) 6− 0, 0, z

(1) 1 (4) 2 0, 0, z

(3) 3− 0, 0, z (6) 6+ 0, 0, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

d

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z (5) y, x¯ + y, z

(1) x, y, z (4) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z (6) x − y, x, z

no conditions Special: no extra conditions

3

c

2..

1 2

, 0, z

0, 12 , z

2

b

3..

1 3

, 23 , z

2 3

1

a

6..

0, 0, z

1 2

, 12 , z

, 13 , z

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 6 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (a + 2b) b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

544

Along [210] p 1 m 1 a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 12 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 169, p. 545.

Hexagonal

6

Patterson symmetry P 6/m

C62

P 61

P 61

No. 169

Origin on 61 Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ y ≤ 1; 0 ≤ z ≤ 0, 0, 0 1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0 0, 1, 0 0, 0, 16 1, 0, 16 1, 1, 16 0, 1, 16

1 6

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (4) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z

(2) 3+ (0, 0, 13 ) 0, 0, z (5) 6− (0, 0, 56 ) 0, 0, z

(3) 3− (0, 0, 23 ) 0, 0, z (6) 6+ (0, 0, 16 ) 0, 0, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

a

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (4) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z + 13 (5) y, x¯ + y, z + 56

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯ z + 23 (6) x − y, x, z + 16

000l: l = 6n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 6 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 g 1 a = 12 (a + 2b) b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

545

Along [210] p 1 g 1 a = 12 b b = c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 170, p. 546.

P 65

C63

No. 170

P 65

6

Hexagonal Patterson symmetry P 6/m

Origin on 65 Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ y ≤ 1; 0 ≤ z ≤ 0, 0, 0 1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0 0, 1, 0 0, 0, 16 1, 0, 16 1, 1, 16 0, 1, 16

1 6

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (4) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z

(2) 3+ (0, 0, 23 ) 0, 0, z (5) 6− (0, 0, 16 ) 0, 0, z

(3) 3− (0, 0, 13 ) 0, 0, z (6) 6+ (0, 0, 56 ) 0, 0, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

a

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) x, y, z (4) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z + 23 (5) y, x¯ + y, z + 16

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯ z + 13 (6) x − y, x, z + 56

000l: l = 6n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 6 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 g 1 a = 12 (a + 2b) b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

546

Along [210] p 1 g 1 a = 12 b b = c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 171, p. 547.

Hexagonal

6

Patterson symmetry P 6/m

C64

P 62

P 62

No. 171

Origin on 2 on 62 0 ≤ x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ y ≤ 1; 0, 0, 0 1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0 0, 0, 13 1, 0, 13 1, 1, 13

Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ z ≤ 13 ;

y≤x

Symmetry operations (2) 3+ (0, 0, 23 ) 0, 0, z (5) 6− (0, 0, 23 ) 0, 0, z

(1) 1 (4) 2 0, 0, z

(3) 3− (0, 0, 13 ) 0, 0, z (6) 6+ (0, 0, 13 ) 0, 0, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

c

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z + 23 (5) y, x¯ + y, z + 23

(1) x, y, z (4) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯ z + 13 (6) x − y, x, z + 13

000l: l = 3n Special: as above, plus

, 12 , z

3

b

2..

1 2

3

a

2..

0, 0, z

, 0, z + 23

0, 12 , z + 13

hkil:

0, 0, z + 23

0, 0, z + 13

hkil:

1 2

h = 2n + 1 or k = 2n + 1 or l = 3n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 6 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (a + 2b) b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

547

Along [210] p 1 m 1 a = 12 b b = c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

l = 3n

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 172, p. 548.

P 64

C65

No. 172

P 64

6

Hexagonal Patterson symmetry P 6/m

Origin on 2 on 64 0 ≤ x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ y ≤ 1; 0, 0, 0 1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0 0, 0, 13 1, 0, 13 1, 1, 13

Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ z ≤ 13 ;

y≤x

Symmetry operations (2) 3+ (0, 0, 13 ) 0, 0, z (5) 6− (0, 0, 13 ) 0, 0, z

(1) 1 (4) 2 0, 0, z

(3) 3− (0, 0, 23 ) 0, 0, z (6) 6+ (0, 0, 23 ) 0, 0, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

c

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z + 13 (5) y, x¯ + y, z + 13

(1) x, y, z (4) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯ z + 23 (6) x − y, x, z + 23

000l: l = 3n Special: as above, plus

, 12 , z

3

b

2..

1 2

3

a

2..

0, 0, z

, 0, z + 13

0, 12 , z + 23

hkil:

0, 0, z + 13

0, 0, z + 23

hkil:

1 2

h = 2n + 1 or k = 2n + 1 or l = 3n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 6 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (a + 2b) b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

548

Along [210] p 1 m 1 a = 12 b b = c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

l = 3n

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 173, p. 549.

Hexagonal

6

Patterson symmetry P 6/m

C66

P 63

P 63

No. 173

Origin on 3 on 63 0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; x ≤ (1 + y)/2; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 13 , 23 , 0 0, 12 , 0 0, 0, 12 12 , 0, 12 23 , 13 , 12 13 , 23 , 12 0, 12 , 12

Asymmetric unit Vertices

y ≤ min(1 − x, (1 + x)/2)

Symmetry operations (2) 3+ 0, 0, z (5) 6− (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z

(1) 1 (4) 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z

(3) 3− 0, 0, z (6) 6+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

c

1

Reflection conditions General:

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z (5) y, x¯ + y, z + 12

(1) x, y, z (4) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z (6) x − y, x, z + 12

000l: l = 2n Special: as above, plus

, 23 , z

2

b

3..

1 3

2

a

3..

0, 0, z

, 13 , z + 12

hkil:

0, 0, z + 12

hkil:

2 3

l = 2n or h − k = 3n + 1 or h − k = 3n + 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 6 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 g 1 a = 12 (a + 2b) b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

549

Along [210] p 1 g 1 a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 12 x, 0

l = 2n

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 174, p. 550.

P 6¯

C3h1

No. 174

P 6¯

6¯

Hexagonal Patterson symmetry P 6/m

Origin at 6¯ 0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; x ≤ (1 + y)/2; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 13 , 23 , 0 0, 12 , 0 0, 0, 12 12 , 0, 12 23 , 13 , 12 13 , 23 , 12 0, 12 , 12

Asymmetric unit Vertices

y ≤ min(1 − x, (1 + x)/2)

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (4) m x, y, 0

(2) 3+ 0, 0, z (5) 6¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0

(3) 3− 0, 0, z (6) 6¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

Reflection conditions General:

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z (5) y, ¯ x − y, z¯

l

1

(1) x, y, z (4) x, y, z¯

3

k

m..

x, y,

3

j

m..

x, y, 0

2

i

3..

2 3

, 13 , z

2 3

, 13 , z¯

2

h

3..

1 3

, 23 , z

1 3

, 23 , z¯

2

g

3..

0, 0, z

1

f

6¯ . .

2 3

, 13 , 12

1

e

6¯ . .

2 3

, 13 , 0

1

d

6¯ . .

1 3

, 23 , 12

1

c

6¯ . .

1 3

, 23 , 0

1

b

6¯ . .

0, 0, 12

1

a

6¯ . .

0, 0, 0

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z (6) x¯ + y, x, ¯ z¯

no conditions Special: no extra conditions

1 2

y, ¯ x − y,

1 2

y, ¯ x − y, 0

x¯ + y, x, ¯

1 2

x¯ + y, x, ¯0

0, 0, z¯

Symmetry of special projections Along [100] p 1 1 m a = 12 (a + 2b) b = c Origin at x, 0, 0 Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography 550

Along [001] p 3 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [210] p 1 1 m a = 12 b b = c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 175, p. 551.

Hexagonal

C6h1

6/m

P 6/m

P 6/m

Patterson symmetry P 6/m

No. 175

Origin at centre (6/m) 0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 12 , 12 , 0 0, 0, 12 12 , 0, 12 23 , 13 , 12 12 , 12 , 12

Asymmetric unit Vertices

x ≤ (1 + y)/2;

y ≤ min(1 − x, x)

Symmetry operations (1) (4) (7) (10)

1 2 0, 0, z 1¯ 0, 0, 0 m x, y, 0

(2) (5) (8) (11)

3+ 6− 3¯ + 6¯ −

0, 0, z 0, 0, z 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0

(3) (6) (9) (12)

3− 6+ 3¯ − 6¯ +

0, 0, z 0, 0, z 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, ¯z x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x, y, z¯

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z y, x¯ + y, z y, x¯ + y, z¯ y, ¯ x − y, z¯

l

1

(3) (6) (9) (12)

6

k

m..

x, y,

6

j

m..

x, y, 0

6

i

2..

1 2

, 0, z

4

h

3..

1 3

, 23 , z

2 3

3

g

2/m . .

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

3

f

2/m . .

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

2

e

6..

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

2

d

6¯ . .

1 3

, ,

1 2

2 3

, 13 , 12

2

c

6¯ . .

1 3

, 23 , 0

2 3

, 13 , 0

1

b

6/m . .

0, 0, 12

1

a

6/m . .

0, 0, 0

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x − y, x, z x − y, x, z¯ x¯ + y, x, ¯ z¯

no conditions

Special: no extra conditions

2 3

1 2

y, ¯ x − y,

x¯ + y, x, ¯

1 2

y, ¯ x − y, 0

x, ¯ y, ¯

x¯ + y, x, ¯0

0, , z

1 2

, 13 , z

2 3

1 2

1 2

, ,z

, 0, z¯

, 13 , z¯

1 3

, 23 , z¯

1 2

y, x¯ + y, 0

x, ¯ y, ¯0 1 2

1 2

y, x¯ + y,

1 2

0, , z¯ 1 2

1 2

x − y, x,

1 2

x − y, x, 0

, , z¯ 1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 (a + 2b) b = c Origin at x, 0, 0 Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography 551

Along [001] p 6 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [210] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 176, pp. 552–553.

P 63/m

C6h2

No. 176

P 63/m

6/m

Patterson symmetry P 6/m

¯ on 63 Origin at centre (3)

Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 14 ; x ≤ (1 + y)/2; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 13 , 23 , 0 0, 12 , 0 0, 0, 14 12 , 0, 14 23 , 13 , 14 13 , 23 , 14 0, 12 , 14

y ≤ min(1 − x, (1 + x)/2)

Symmetry operations (1) (4) (7) (10)

1 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z 1¯ 0, 0, 0 m x, y, 14

(2) (5) (8) (11)

3+ 0, 0, z 6− (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z 3¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 6¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 14

Hexagonal

(3) (6) (9) (12)

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

3− 0, 0, z 6+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z 3¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 6¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 14

552

P 63/m

No. 176

CONTINUED Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

i

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x, y, z¯ + 12

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z y, x¯ + y, z + 12 y, x¯ + y, z¯ y, ¯ x − y, z¯ + 12

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x − y, x, z + 12 x − y, x, z¯ x¯ + y, x, ¯ z¯ + 12

000l: l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 6

h

m..

x, y, 14

6

g

1¯

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

4

f

3..

1 3

, 23 , z

2 3

4

e

3..

0, 0, z

2

d

6¯ . .

2 3

, 13 , 14

1 3

, 23 , 34

hkil:

l = 2n or h − k = 3n + 1 or h − k = 3n + 2

2

c

6¯ . .

1 3

, 23 , 14

2 3

, 13 , 34

hkil:

l = 2n or h − k = 3n + 1 or h − k = 3n + 2

2

b

3¯ . .

0, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

hkil:

l = 2n

2

a

6¯ . .

0, 0, 14

0, 0, 34

hkil:

l = 2n

y, ¯ x − y, 14

x¯ + y, x, ¯ 14 1 2

, 13 , z + 12

0, 0, z + 12

, 12 , 0 2 3

, 13 , z¯

0, 0, z¯

y, x¯ + y, 34

x, ¯ y, ¯ 34 1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

x − y, x, 34

no extra conditions

, 23 , z¯ + 12

hkil:

0, 0, z¯ + 12

hkil:

1 3

l = 2n

hkil:

l = 2n or h − k = 3n + 1 or h − k = 3n + 2 l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 6 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 g m a = 12 (a + 2b) b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

553

Along [210] p 2 g m a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 12 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 177, pp. 554–555.

P622

D16

No. 177

P622

622

Patterson symmetry P 6/m m m

Origin at 6 2 2 Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 12 , 12 , 0 0, 0, 12 12 , 0, 12 23 , 13 , 12 12 , 12 , 12

x ≤ (1 + y)/2;

Symmetry operations (1) (4) (7) (10)

1 2 0, 0, z 2 x, x, 0 2 x, x, ¯0

(2) (5) (8) (11)

3+ 6− 2 2

0, 0, z 0, 0, z x, 0, 0 x, 2x, 0

(3) (6) (9) (12)

3− 6+ 2 2

Hexagonal

0, 0, z 0, 0, z 0, y, 0 2x, x, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

554

y ≤ min(1 − x, x)

No. 177

CONTINUED

P622

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

n

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, ¯z y, x, z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z y, x¯ + y, z x − y, y, ¯ z¯ x¯ + y, y, z¯

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x − y, x, z x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ x, x − y, z¯

no conditions

Special: no extra conditions 6

m

..2

x, x, ¯ 12

x, 2x, 12

2x, ¯ x, ¯ 12

x, ¯ x, 12

x, ¯ 2x, ¯ 12

2x, x, 12

6

l

..2

x, x, ¯0

x, 2x, 0

2x, ¯ x, ¯0

x, ¯ x, 0

x, ¯ 2x, ¯0

2x, x, 0

6

k

.2.

x, 0, 12

0, x, 12

x, ¯ x, ¯ 12

x, ¯ 0, 12

0, x, ¯ 12

x, x, 12

6

j

.2.

x, 0, 0

0, x, 0

x, ¯ x, ¯0

x, ¯ 0, 0

0, x, ¯0

x, x, 0

6

i

2..

1 2

, 0, z

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 12 , z

0, 12 , z¯

4

h

3..

1 3

, 23 , z

2 3

, 13 , z

2 3

, 13 , z¯

1 3

3

g

222

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

3

f

222

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

2

e

6..

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

2

d

3.2

1 3

, 23 , 12

2 3

, 13 , 12

2

c

3.2

1 3

, 23 , 0

2 3

, 13 , 0

1

b

622

0, 0, 12

1

a

622

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 0, z¯

1 2

, 12 , z¯

, 23 , z¯

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 6 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 (a + 2b) b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

555

Along [210] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 178, p. 556.

P 61 2 2

D26

No. 178

P 61 2 2

622

Hexagonal Patterson symmetry P 6/m m m

Origin on 2[1 0 0] at 61 (2, 1, 1) 1 0 ≤ x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ y ≤ 1; 0, 0, 0 1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0 0, 0, 121 1, 0, 121 1, 1, 121

Asymmetric unit Vertices

0≤z≤ 0, 1, 0 0, 1, 121

1 12

Symmetry operations (1) (4) (7) (10)

1 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z 2 x, x, 16 2 x, x, ¯ 125

(2) (5) (8) (11)

3+ (0, 0, 13 ) 0, 0, z 6− (0, 0, 56 ) 0, 0, z 2 x, 0, 0 2 x, 2x, 14

(3) (6) (9) (12)

3− (0, 0, 23 ) 0, 0, z 6+ (0, 0, 16 ) 0, 0, z 2 0, y, 13 2 2x, x, 121

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

c

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12 y, x, z¯ + 13 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 56

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z + 13 y, x¯ + y, z + 56 x − y, y, ¯ z¯ x¯ + y, y, z¯ + 12

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯ z + 23 x − y, x, z + 16 x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ + 23 x, x − y, z¯ + 16

000l: l = 6n

Special: as above, plus 6

b

..2

x, 2x, 14

6

a

.2.

x, 0, 0

2x, ¯ x, ¯ 127

0, x, 13

x, x, ¯ 1112

x, ¯ x, ¯ 23

x, ¯ 2x, ¯ 34

x, ¯ 0, 12

2x, x, 121

0, x, ¯ 56

x, ¯ x, 125

x, x, 16

hh2hl: l = 2n or l = 3n + 1 or l = 3n + 2 hh0l: l = 2n or l = 3n + 1 or l = 3n + 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 6 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 g m a = 12 (a + 2b) b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

556

Along [210] p 2 g m a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 12 x, 121

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 179, p. 557.

Hexagonal

D36

622

P 65 2 2

P 65 2 2

Patterson symmetry P 6/m m m

No. 179

Origin on 2[1 0 0] at 65 (2, 1, 1) 1 0 ≤ x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ y ≤ 1; 0, 0, 0 1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0 0, 0, 121 1, 0, 121 1, 1, 121

Asymmetric unit Vertices

0≤z≤ 0, 1, 0 0, 1, 121

1 12

Symmetry operations (1) (4) (7) (10)

1 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z 2 x, x, 13 2 x, x, ¯ 121

(2) (5) (8) (11)

3+ (0, 0, 23 ) 0, 0, z 6− (0, 0, 16 ) 0, 0, z 2 x, 0, 0 2 x, 2x, 14

(3) (6) (9) (12)

3− (0, 0, 13 ) 0, 0, z 6+ (0, 0, 56 ) 0, 0, z 2 0, y, 16 2 2x, x, 125

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

c

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12 y, x, z¯ + 23 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 16

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z + 23 y, x¯ + y, z + 16 x − y, y, ¯ z¯ x¯ + y, y, z¯ + 12

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯ z + 13 x − y, x, z + 56 x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ + 13 x, x − y, z¯ + 56

000l: l = 6n

Special: as above, plus 6

b

..2

x, 2x, 34

6

a

.2.

x, 0, 0

2x, ¯ x, ¯ 125

0, x, 23

x, x, ¯ 121

x, ¯ x, ¯ 13

x, ¯ 2x, ¯ 14

x, ¯ 0, 12

2x, x, 1112

0, x, ¯ 16

x, ¯ x, 127

x, x, 56

hh2hl: l = 2n or l = 3n + 1 or l = 3n + 2 hh0l: l = 2n or l = 3n + 1 or l = 3n + 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 6 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 g m a = 12 (a + 2b) b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

557

Along [210] p 2 g m a = 12 b b = c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 125

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 180, pp. 558–559.

P 62 2 2

D46

No. 180

P 62 2 2

622

Patterson symmetry P 6/m m m

Origin at 2 2 2 at 62 (2, 1, 1) (1, 2, 1) Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ y ≤ 1; 0, 0, 0 1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0 0, 0, 16 1, 0, 16 1, 1, 16

0 ≤ z ≤ 16 ;

y≤x

Symmetry operations (1) (4) (7) (10)

1 2 0, 0, z 2 x, x, 13 2 x, x, ¯ 13

(2) (5) (8) (11)

3+ (0, 0, 23 ) 0, 0, z 6− (0, 0, 23 ) 0, 0, z 2 x, 0, 0 2 x, 2x, 0

Hexagonal

(3) (6) (9) (12)

3− (0, 0, 13 ) 0, 0, z 6+ (0, 0, 13 ) 0, 0, z 2 0, y, 16 2 2x, x, 16

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

558

No. 180

CONTINUED

P 62 2 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

k

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, ¯z y, x, z¯ + 23 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 23

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z + 23 y, x¯ + y, z + 23 x − y, y, ¯ z¯ x¯ + y, y, z¯

x¯ + y, x, ¯ z + 13 x − y, x, z + 13 x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ + 13 x, x − y, z¯ + 13

(3) (6) (9) (12)

000l: l = 3n

Special: as above, plus 6

j

..2

x, 2x, 12

2x, ¯ x, ¯ 16

x, x, ¯ 56

x, ¯ 2x, ¯ 12

2x, x, 16

x, ¯ x, 56

no extra conditions

6

i

..2

x, 2x, 0

2x, ¯ x, ¯ 23

x, x, ¯ 13

x, ¯ 2x, ¯0

2x, x, 23

x, ¯ x, 13

no extra conditions

6

h

.2.

x, 0, 12

0, x, 16

x, ¯ x, ¯ 56

x, ¯ 0, 12

0, x, ¯ 16

x, x, 56

no extra conditions

6

g

.2.

x, 0, 0

0, x, 23

x, ¯ x, ¯ 13

x, ¯ 0, 0

0, x, ¯ 23

x, x, 13

no extra conditions

6

f

2..

1 2

, 0, z

0, 12 , z + 23

1 2

, 12 , z + 13

0, 12 , z¯ + 23

1 2

6

e

2..

0, 0, z

0, 0, z + 23

0, 0, z + 13

0, 0, z¯ + 23

0, 0, z¯

3

d

222

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 16

1 2

, 12 , 56

hkil:

h = 2n + 1 or k = 2n + 1 or l = 3n

3

c

222

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 23

1 2

, 12 , 13

hkil:

h = 2n + 1 or k = 2n + 1 or l = 3n

3

b

222

0, 0, 12

0, 0, 16

0, 0, 56

hkil:

l = 3n

3

a

222

0, 0, 0

0, 0, 23

0, 0, 13

hkil:

l = 3n

, 0, z¯

, 12 , z¯ + 13

hkil:

0, 0, z¯ + 13

hkil:

1 2

h = 2n + 1 or k = 2n + 1 or l = 3n l = 3n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 6 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 (a + 2b) b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

559

Along [210] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 16

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 181, pp. 560–561.

P 64 2 2

D56

No. 181

P 64 2 2

622

Patterson symmetry P 6/m m m

Origin at 2 2 2 at 64 (2, 1, 1) (1, 2, 1) Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ y ≤ 1; 0, 0, 0 1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0 0, 0, 16 1, 0, 16 1, 1, 16

0 ≤ z ≤ 16 ;

y≤x

Symmetry operations (1) (4) (7) (10)

1 2 0, 0, z 2 x, x, 16 2 x, x, ¯ 16

(2) (5) (8) (11)

3+ (0, 0, 13 ) 0, 0, z 6− (0, 0, 13 ) 0, 0, z 2 x, 0, 0 2 x, 2x, 0

Hexagonal

(3) (6) (9) (12)

3− (0, 0, 23 ) 0, 0, z 6+ (0, 0, 23 ) 0, 0, z 2 0, y, 13 2 2x, x, 13

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

560

No. 181

CONTINUED

P 64 2 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

k

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, ¯z y, x, z¯ + 13 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 13

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z + 13 y, x¯ + y, z + 13 x − y, y, ¯ z¯ x¯ + y, y, z¯

x¯ + y, x, ¯ z + 23 x − y, x, z + 23 x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ + 23 x, x − y, z¯ + 23

(3) (6) (9) (12)

000l: l = 3n

Special: as above, plus 6

j

..2

x, 2x, 12

2x, ¯ x, ¯ 56

x, x, ¯ 16

x, ¯ 2x, ¯ 12

2x, x, 56

x, ¯ x, 16

no extra conditions

6

i

..2

x, 2x, 0

2x, ¯ x, ¯ 13

x, x, ¯ 23

x, ¯ 2x, ¯0

2x, x, 13

x, ¯ x, 23

no extra conditions

6

h

.2.

x, 0, 12

0, x, 56

x, ¯ x, ¯ 16

x, ¯ 0, 12

0, x, ¯ 56

x, x, 16

no extra conditions

6

g

.2.

x, 0, 0

0, x, 13

x, ¯ x, ¯ 23

x, ¯ 0, 0

0, x, ¯ 13

x, x, 23

no extra conditions

6

f

2..

1 2

, 0, z

0, 12 , z + 13

1 2

, 12 , z + 23

0, 12 , z¯ + 13

1 2

6

e

2..

0, 0, z

0, 0, z + 13

0, 0, z + 23

0, 0, z¯ + 13

0, 0, z¯

3

d

222

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 56

1 2

, 12 , 16

hkil:

h = 2n + 1 or k = 2n + 1 or l = 3n

3

c

222

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 13

1 2

, 12 , 23

hkil:

h = 2n + 1 or k = 2n + 1 or l = 3n

3

b

222

0, 0, 12

0, 0, 56

0, 0, 16

hkil:

l = 3n

3

a

222

0, 0, 0

0, 0, 13

0, 0, 23

hkil:

l = 3n

, 0, z¯

, 12 , z¯ + 23

hkil:

0, 0, z¯ + 23

hkil:

1 2

h = 2n + 1 or k = 2n + 1 or l = 3n l = 3n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 6 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 (a + 2b) b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

561

Along [210] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 13

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 182, pp. 562–563.

P 63 2 2

D66

No. 182

P 63 2 2

622

Hexagonal Patterson symmetry P 6/m m m

Origin at 3 2 1 at 63 2 1 Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 14 ; x ≤ (1 + y)/2; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 13 , 23 , 0 0, 12 , 0 0, 0, 14 12 , 0, 14 23 , 13 , 14 13 , 23 , 14 0, 12 , 14

y ≤ min(1 − x, (1 + x)/2)

Symmetry operations (1) (4) (7) (10)

1 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z 2 x, x, 0 2 x, x, ¯ 14

(2) (5) (8) (11)

3+ 0, 0, z 6− (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z 2 x, 0, 0 2 x, 2x, 14

(3) (6) (9) (12)

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

3− 0, 0, z 6+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z 2 0, y, 0 2 2x, x, 14

562

No. 182

CONTINUED

P 63 2 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

i

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12 y, x, z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z y, x¯ + y, z + 12 x − y, y, ¯ z¯ x¯ + y, y, z¯ + 12

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x − y, x, z + 12 x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ x, x − y, z¯ + 12

000l: l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 6

h

..2

x, 2x, 14

6

g

.2.

x, 0, 0

4

f

3..

1 3

4

e

3..

0, 0, z

2

d

3.2

1 3

, 23 , 34

2 3

, 13 , 14

hkil:

l = 2n or h − k = 3n + 1 or h − k = 3n + 2

2

c

3.2

1 3

, 23 , 14

2 3

, 13 , 34

hkil:

l = 2n or h − k = 3n + 1 or h − k = 3n + 2

2

b

3.2

0, 0, 14

0, 0, 34

hkil:

l = 2n

2

a

32.

0, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

hkil:

l = 2n

, 23 , z

2x, ¯ x, ¯ 14 0, x, 0 2 3

, 13 , z + 12

0, 0, z + 12

x, x, ¯ 14 x, ¯ x, ¯0 2 3

, 13 , z¯

0, 0, z¯

x, ¯ 2x, ¯ 34 x, ¯ 0, 12

2x, x, 34 0, x, ¯ 12

x, ¯ x, 34 x, x, 12

hh2hl: l = 2n hh0l: l = 2n

, 23 , z¯ + 12

hkil:

0, 0, z¯ + 12

hkil:

1 3

l = 2n or h − k = 3n + 1 or h − k = 3n + 2 l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 6 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 g m a = 12 (a + 2b) b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

563

Along [210] p 2 g m a = 12 b b = c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 14

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 183, p. 564.

P6mm

C6v1

No. 183

P6mm

6mm

Hexagonal Patterson symmetry P 6/m m m

Origin on 6 m m 0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 13 ; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 0, 0, 1 12 , 0, 1 23 , 13 , 1

Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ z ≤ 1;

x ≤ (1 + y)/2;

y ≤ x/2

Symmetry operations (1) (4) (7) (10)

1 2 0, 0, z m x, x, ¯z m x, x, z

(2) (5) (8) (11)

3+ 6− m m

0, 0, z 0, 0, z x, 2x, z x, 0, z

(3) (6) (9) (12)

3− 6+ m m

0, 0, z 0, 0, z 2x, x, z 0, y, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

f

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, ¯z y, ¯ x, ¯z y, x, z

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z y, x¯ + y, z x¯ + y, y, z x − y, y, ¯z

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x − y, x, z x, x − y, z x, ¯ x¯ + y, z

no conditions

Special: no extra conditions 6

e

.m.

x, x, ¯z

x, 2x, z

6

d

..m

x, 0, z

0, x, z

3

c

2mm

1 2

, 0, z

0, 12 , z

2

b

3m.

1 3

, 23 , z

2 3

1

a

6mm

0, 0, z

2x, ¯ x, ¯z x, ¯ x, ¯z 1 2

x, ¯ x, z x, ¯ 0, z

x, ¯ 2x, ¯z 0, x, ¯z

2x, x, z x, x, z

, 12 , z

, 13 , z

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 6 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (a + 2b) b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

564

Along [210] p 1 m 1 a = 12 b b = c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 184, p. 565.

Hexagonal

C6v2

6mm

P6cc

P6cc

Patterson symmetry P 6/m m m

No. 184

Origin on 6 c c 0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 12 , 12 , 0 0, 0, 12 12 , 0, 12 23 , 13 , 12 12 , 12 , 12

Asymmetric unit Vertices

x ≤ (1 + y)/2;

y ≤ min(1 − x, x)

Symmetry operations (1) (4) (7) (10)

1 2 0, 0, z c x, x, ¯z c x, x, z

(2) (5) (8) (11)

3+ 6− c c

0, 0, z 0, 0, z x, 2x, z x, 0, z

(3) (6) (9) (12)

3− 6+ c c

0, 0, z 0, 0, z 2x, x, z 0, y, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

d

1

6

c

4 2

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, ¯z y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12 y, x, z + 12

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z y, x¯ + y, z x¯ + y, y, z + 12 x − y, y, ¯ z + 12

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x − y, x, z x, x − y, z + 12 x, ¯ x¯ + y, z + 12

hh2hl: l = 2n hh0l: l = 2n 000l: l = 2n Special: as above, plus

2..

1 2

0, , z

1 2

, 0, z

, ,z

b

3..

1 3

, 23 , z

2 3

, 13 , z

1 3

, 23 , z + 12

a

6..

0, 0, z

1 2

1 2

0, , z + 1 2

2 3

1 2

, 13 , z + 12

0, 0, z + 12

1 2

, 0, z +

1 2

1 2

, ,z+ 1 2

1 2

hkil:

l = 2n

hkil:

l = 2n

hkil:

l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 6 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (a + 2b) b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

565

Along [210] p 1 m 1 a = 12 b b = 12 c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 185, p. 566.

P 63 c m

C6v3

No. 185

P 63 c m

6mm

Hexagonal Patterson symmetry P 6/m m m

Origin on 3 1 m on 63 c m 0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 12 , 12 , 0 0, 0, 12 12 , 0, 12 23 , 13 , 12 12 , 12 , 12

Asymmetric unit Vertices

x ≤ (1 + y)/2;

y ≤ min(1 − x, x)

Symmetry operations (1) (4) (7) (10)

1 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z c x, x, ¯z m x, x, z

(2) (5) (8) (11)

3+ 0, 0, z 6− (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z c x, 2x, z m x, 0, z

(3) (6) (9) (12)

3− 0, 0, z 6+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z c 2x, x, z m 0, y, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

Reflection conditions General:

d

1

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12 y, x, z

6

c

..m

x, 0, z

4

b

3..

1 3

2

a

3.m

0, 0, z

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z y, x¯ + y, z + 12 x¯ + y, y, z + 12 x − y, y, ¯z

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x − y, x, z + 12 x, x − y, z + 12 x, ¯ x¯ + y, z

hh0l: l = 2n 000l: l = 2n

Special: as above, plus

, 23 , z

0, x, z 2 3

, 13 , z + 12

x, ¯ x, ¯z 1 3

x, ¯ 0, z + , 23 , z + 12

0, x, ¯ z+

1 2 2 3

, 13 , z

0, 0, z + 12

1 2

x, x, z +

1 2

no extra conditions hkil:

l = 2n

hkil:

l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 6 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (a + 2b) b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

566

Along [210] p 1 g 1 a = 12 b b = c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 186, p. 567.

Hexagonal

C6v4

6mm

P 63 m c

P 63 m c

Patterson symmetry P 6/m m m

No. 186

Origin on 3 m 1 on 63 m c 0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 13 ; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 0, 0, 1 12 , 0, 1 23 , 13 , 1

Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ z ≤ 1;

x ≤ (1 + y)/2;

y ≤ x/2

Symmetry operations (1) (4) (7) (10)

1 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z m x, x, ¯z c x, x, z

(2) (5) (8) (11)

3+ 0, 0, z 6− (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z m x, 2x, z c x, 0, z

(3) (6) (9) (12)

3− 0, 0, z 6+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z m 2x, x, z c 0, y, z

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

d

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯z y, x, z + 12

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z y, x¯ + y, z + 12 x¯ + y, y, z x − y, y, ¯ z + 12

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x − y, x, z + 12 x, x − y, z x, ¯ x¯ + y, z + 12

hh2hl: l = 2n 000l: l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 6

c

.m.

x, x, ¯z

2

b

3m.

1 3

2

a

3m.

0, 0, z

, 23 , z

x, 2x, z

2x, ¯ x, ¯z

x, ¯ 2x, ¯ z + 12

x, ¯ x, z + 12

2x, x, z + 12

no extra conditions

, 13 , z + 12

hkil:

0, 0, z + 12

hkil:

2 3

l = 2n or h − k = 3n + 1 or h − k = 3n + 2 l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 6 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 g 1 a = 12 (a + 2b) b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

567

Along [210] p 1 m 1 a = 12 b b = 12 c Origin at x, 12 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 187, pp. 568–569.

P 6¯ m 2

D13h

No. 187

P 6¯ m 2

6¯ m 2

Patterson symmetry P 6/m m m

Origin at 6¯ m 2 Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 23 ; 0, 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 13 , 23 , 0 0, 0, 12 23 , 13 , 12 13 , 23 , 12

0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ;

x ≤ 2y;

y ≤ min(1 − x, 2x)

Symmetry operations (1) (4) (7) (10)

1 m x, y, 0 m x, x, ¯z 2 x, x, ¯0

(2) (5) (8) (11)

3+ 6¯ − m 2

0, 0, z 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 x, 2x, z x, 2x, 0

(3) (6) (9) (12)

Hexagonal

3− 6¯ + m 2

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

0, 0, z 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 2x, x, z 2x, x, 0

568

P 6¯ m 2

No. 187

CONTINUED Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

o

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, y, z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯z y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z y, ¯ x − y, z¯ x¯ + y, y, z x¯ + y, y, z¯

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x¯ + y, x, ¯ z¯ x, x − y, z x, x − y, z¯

no conditions

Special: no extra conditions 6

n

.m.

x, x, ¯z

x, 2x, z

6

m

m..

x, y, 12

y, ¯ x − y, 12

x¯ + y, x, ¯ 12

y, ¯ x, ¯ 12

x¯ + y, y, 12

x, x − y, 12

6

l

m..

x, y, 0

y, ¯ x − y, 0

x¯ + y, x, ¯0

y, ¯ x, ¯0

x¯ + y, y, 0

x, x − y, 0

3

k

mm2

x, x, ¯ 12

x, 2x, 12

2x, ¯ x, ¯ 12

3

j

mm2

x, x, ¯0

x, 2x, 0

2x, ¯ x, ¯0

2

i

3m.

2 3

, 13 , z

2 3

, 13 , z¯

2

h

3m.

1 3

, 23 , z

1 3

, 23 , z¯

2

g

3m.

0, 0, z

1

f

6¯ m 2

2 3

, 13 , 12

1

e

6¯ m 2

2 3

, 13 , 0

1

d

6¯ m 2

1 3

, 23 , 12

1

c

6¯ m 2

1 3

, 23 , 0

1

b

6¯ m 2

0, 0, 12

1

a

6¯ m 2

0, 0, 0

2x, ¯ x, ¯z

x, x, ¯ z¯

x, 2x, z¯

2x, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

0, 0, z¯

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 3 m 1 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 1 m a = 12 (a + 2b) b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

569

Along [210] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 188, pp. 570–571.

P 6¯ c 2

D23h

No. 188

P 6¯ c 2

6¯ m 2

Hexagonal Patterson symmetry P 6/m m m

Origin at 3 c 2 Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 14 ; x ≤ (1 + y)/2; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 13 , 23 , 0 0, 12 , 0 0, 0, 14 12 , 0, 14 23 , 13 , 14 13 , 23 , 14 0, 12 , 14

Symmetry operations (1) (4) (7) (10)

1 m x, y, 14 c x, x, ¯z 2 x, x, ¯0

(2) (5) (8) (11)

3+ 6¯ − c 2

0, 0, z 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 14 x, 2x, z x, 2x, 0

(3) (6) (9) (12)

3− 6¯ + c 2

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

0, 0, z 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 14 2x, x, z 2x, x, 0

570

y ≤ min(1 − x, (1 + x)/2)

P 6¯ c 2

No. 188

CONTINUED Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

l

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, y, z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z y, ¯ x − y, z¯ + 12 x¯ + y, y, z + 12 x¯ + y, y, z¯

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x¯ + y, x, ¯ z¯ + 12 x, x − y, z + 12 x, x − y, z¯

hh0l: l = 2n 000l: l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 6

k

m..

x, y, 14

y, ¯ x − y, 14

x¯ + y, x, ¯ 14

6

j

..2

x, x, ¯0

x, 2x, 0

4

i

3..

2 3

, 13 , z

2 3

, 13 , z¯ + 12

2 3

, 13 , z + 12

2 3

4

h

3..

1 3

, 23 , z

1 3

, 23 , z¯ + 12

1 3

, 23 , z + 12

1 3

4

g

3..

0, 0, z

2

f

6¯ . .

2 3

, 13 , 14

2 3

2

e

3.2

2 3

, 13 , 0

2

d

6¯ . .

1 3

2

c

3.2

1 3

2

b

6¯ . .

2

a

3.2

y, ¯ x, ¯ 34

x¯ + y, y, 34

x, x − y, 34

no extra conditions hkil:

l = 2n

, 13 , z¯

hkil:

l = 2n

, 23 , z¯

hkil:

l = 2n

0, 0, z¯

hkil:

l = 2n

, 13 , 34

hkil:

l = 2n

2 3

, 13 , 12

hkil:

l = 2n

, 23 , 14

1 3

, 23 , 34

hkil:

l = 2n

, 23 , 0

1 3

, 23 , 12

hkil:

l = 2n

0, 0, 14

0, 0, 34

hkil:

l = 2n

0, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

hkil:

l = 2n

0, 0, z¯ + 12

2x, ¯ x, ¯0

0, 0, z + 12

x, x, ¯ 12

x, 2x, 12

2x, ¯ x, ¯ 12

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 3 m 1 b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 1 1 m a = 12 (a + 2b) b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

571

Along [210] p 2 g m a = 12 b b = c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 189, pp. 572–573.

P 6¯ 2 m

D33h

No. 189

P 6¯ 2 m

6¯ 2 m

Patterson symmetry P 6/m m m

Origin at 6¯ 2 m Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 12 , 12 , 0 0, 0, 12 12 , 0, 12 23 , 13 , 12 12 , 12 , 12

x ≤ (1 + y)/2;

Symmetry operations (1) (4) (7) (10)

1 m x, y, 0 2 x, x, 0 m x, x, z

(2) (5) (8) (11)

3+ 6¯ − 2 m

0, 0, z 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 x, 0, 0 x, 0, z

(3) (6) (9) (12)

Hexagonal

3− 6¯ + 2 m

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

0, 0, z 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 0, y, 0 0, y, z

572

y ≤ min(1 − x, x)

P 6¯ 2 m

No. 189

CONTINUED Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

l

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, y, z¯ y, x, z¯ y, x, z

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z y, ¯ x − y, z¯ x − y, y, ¯ z¯ x − y, y, ¯z

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x¯ + y, x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ x, ¯ x¯ + y, z

no conditions

Special: no extra conditions 6

k

m..

x, y, 12

y, ¯ x − y, 12

x¯ + y, x, ¯ 12

y, x, 12

x − y, y, ¯ 12

x, ¯ x¯ + y, 12

6

j

m..

x, y, 0

y, ¯ x − y, 0

x¯ + y, x, ¯0

y, x, 0

x − y, y, ¯0

x, ¯ x¯ + y, 0

6

i

..m

x, 0, z

0, x, z

4

h

3..

1 3

3

g

m2m

x, 0, 12

0, x, 12

x, ¯ x, ¯ 12

3

f

m2m

x, 0, 0

0, x, 0

x, ¯ x, ¯0

2

e

3.m

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

2

d

6¯ . .

1 3

, 23 , 12

2 3

, 13 , 12

2

c

6¯ . .

1 3

, 23 , 0

2 3

, 13 , 0

1

b

6¯ 2 m

0, 0, 12

1

a

6¯ 2 m

0, 0, 0

, 23 , z

1 3

, 23 , z¯

x, ¯ x, ¯z 2 3

, 13 , z¯

x, 0, z¯ 2 3

0, x, z¯

x, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

, 13 , z

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 3 1 m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 (a + 2b) b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

573

Along [210] p 1 1 m a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 12 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 190, pp. 574–575.

P 6¯ 2 c

D43h

No. 190

P 6¯ 2 c

6¯ 2 m

Hexagonal Patterson symmetry P 6/m m m

Origin at 3 2 c Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 14 ; x ≤ (1 + y)/2; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 13 , 23 , 0 0, 12 , 0 0, 0, 14 12 , 0, 14 23 , 13 , 14 13 , 23 , 14 0, 12 , 14

Symmetry operations (1) (4) (7) (10)

1 m x, y, 14 2 x, x, 0 c x, x, z

(2) (5) (8) (11)

3+ 6¯ − 2 c

0, 0, z 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 14 x, 0, 0 x, 0, z

(3) (6) (9) (12)

3− 6¯ + 2 c

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

0, 0, z 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 14 0, y, 0 0, y, z

574

y ≤ min(1 − x, (1 + x)/2)

P 6¯ 2 c

No. 190

CONTINUED Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

i

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, y, z¯ + 12 y, x, z¯ y, x, z + 12

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z y, ¯ x − y, z¯ + 12 x − y, y, ¯ z¯ x − y, y, ¯ z + 12

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x¯ + y, x, ¯ z¯ + 12 x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ x, ¯ x¯ + y, z + 12

hh2hl: l = 2n 000l: l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 6

h

m..

x, y, 14

y, ¯ x − y, 14

6

g

.2.

x, 0, 0

0, x, 0

4

f

3..

1 3

4

e

3..

0, 0, z

2

d

6¯ . .

2 3

, 13 , 14

1 3

, 23 , 34

hkil:

l = 2n or h − k = 3n + 1 or h − k = 3n + 2

2

c

6¯ . .

1 3

, 23 , 14

2 3

, 13 , 34

hkil:

l = 2n or h − k = 3n + 1 or h − k = 3n + 2

2

b

6¯ . .

0, 0, 14

0, 0, 34

hkil:

l = 2n

2

a

32.

0, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

hkil:

l = 2n

, 23 , z

1 3

, 23 , z¯ + 12

0, 0, z¯ + 12

x¯ + y, x, ¯ 14 x, ¯ x, ¯0 2 3

, 13 , z¯

0, 0, z¯

x − y, y, ¯ 34

y, x, 34 x, 0, 12

0, x, 12

x, ¯ x, ¯ 12

x, ¯ x¯ + y, 34

no extra conditions hkil:

, 13 , z + 12

hkil:

0, 0, z + 12

hkil:

2 3

l = 2n l = 2n or h − k = 3n + 1 or h − k = 3n + 2 l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 3 1 m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 g m a = 12 (a + 2b) b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

575

Along [210] p 1 1 m a = 12 b b = 12 c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 191, pp. 576–577.

P 6/m m m

D16h

No. 191

P 6/m 2/m 2/m

6/m m m

Patterson symmetry P 6/m m m

Origin at centre (6/m m m) Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 13 ; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 0, 0, 12 12 , 0, 12 23 , 13 , 12

0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ;

x ≤ (1 + y)/2;

Symmetry operations (1) (4) (7) (10) (13) (16) (19) (22)

1 2 2 2 1¯ m m m

0, 0, z x, x, 0 x, x, ¯0 0, 0, 0 x, y, 0 x, x, ¯z x, x, z

(2) (5) (8) (11) (14) (17) (20) (23)

3+ 6− 2 2 3¯ + 6¯ − m m

0, 0, z 0, 0, z x, 0, 0 x, 2x, 0 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 x, 2x, z x, 0, z

(3) (6) (9) (12) (15) (18) (21) (24)

3− 6+ 2 2 3¯ − 6¯ + m m

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

0, 0, z 0, 0, z 0, y, 0 2x, x, 0 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 2x, x, z 0, y, z

576

Hexagonal

y ≤ x/2

No. 191

CONTINUED

P 6/m m m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7); (13) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

r

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (4) (7) (10) (13) (16) (19) (22)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, ¯z y, x, z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x, y, z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯z y, x, z

(2) (5) (8) (11) (14) (17) (20) (23)

y, ¯ x − y, z y, x¯ + y, z x − y, y, ¯ z¯ x¯ + y, y, z¯ y, x¯ + y, z¯ y, ¯ x − y, z¯ x¯ + y, y, z x − y, y, ¯z

(3) (6) (9) (12) (15) (18) (21) (24)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x − y, x, z x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ x, x − y, z¯ x − y, x, z¯ x¯ + y, x, ¯ z¯ x, x − y, z x, ¯ x¯ + y, z

no conditions

Special: no extra conditions 12

q

m..

x, y, 12 y, x, 12

y, ¯ x − y, 12 x − y, y, ¯ 12

x¯ + y, x, ¯ 12 x, ¯ x¯ + y, 12

x, ¯ y, ¯ 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ 12

y, x¯ + y, 12 x¯ + y, y, 12

x − y, x, 12 x, x − y, 12

12

p

m..

x, y, 0 y, x, 0

y, ¯ x − y, 0 x − y, y, ¯0

x¯ + y, x, ¯0 x, ¯ x¯ + y, 0

x, ¯ y, ¯0 y, ¯ x, ¯0

y, x¯ + y, 0 x¯ + y, y, 0

x − y, x, 0 x, x − y, 0

12

o

.m.

x, 2x, z 2x, x, z¯

2x, ¯ x, ¯z x, ¯ 2x, ¯ z¯

12

n

..m

x, 0, z 0, x, z¯

6

m

mm2

x, 2x, 12

2x, ¯ x, ¯ 12

x, x, ¯ 12

x, ¯ 2x, ¯ 12

2x, x, 12

x, ¯ x, 12

6

l

mm2

x, 2x, 0

2x, ¯ x, ¯0

x, x, ¯0

x, ¯ 2x, ¯0

2x, x, 0

x, ¯ x, 0

6

k

m2m

x, 0, 12

0, x, 12

x, ¯ x, ¯ 12

x, ¯ 0, 12

0, x, ¯ 12

x, x, 12

6

j

m2m

x, 0, 0

0, x, 0

x, ¯ x, ¯0

x, ¯ 0, 0

0, x, ¯0

x, x, 0

6

i

2mm

1 2

, 0, z

0, 12 , z

1 2

, 12 , z

0, 12 , z¯

4

h

3m.

1 3

, 23 , z

2 3

, 13 , z

2 3

, 13 , z¯

1 3

3

g

mmm

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

3

f

mmm

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

2

e

6mm

0, 0, z

0, 0, z¯

2

d

6¯ m 2

1 3

, 23 , 12

2 3

, 13 , 12

2

c

6¯ m 2

1 3

, 23 , 0

2 3

, 13 , 0

1

b

6/m m m

0, 0, 12

1

a

6/m m m

0, 0, 0

0, x, z x, 0, z¯

x, x, ¯z x, ¯ x, z¯ x, ¯ x, ¯z x, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

x, ¯ 2x, ¯z 2x, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ 0, z 0, x, ¯ z¯

2x, x, z x, 2x, z¯ 0, x, ¯z x, ¯ 0, z¯

1 2

, 0, z¯

x, ¯ x, z x, x, ¯ z¯ x, x, z x, x, z¯

1 2

, 12 , z¯

, 23 , z¯

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 6 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 (a + 2b) b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

577

Along [210] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 192, pp. 578–579.

P 6/m c c

D26h

No. 192

P 6/m 2/c 2/c

6/m m m

Patterson symmetry P 6/m m m

Origin at centre (6/m) at 6/m c c Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 14 ; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 12 , 12 , 0 0, 0, 14 12 , 0, 14 23 , 13 , 14 12 , 12 , 14

x ≤ (1 + y)/2;

Symmetry operations (1) (4) (7) (10) (13) (16) (19) (22)

1 2 2 2 1¯ m c c

0, 0, z x, x, 14 x, x, ¯ 14 0, 0, 0 x, y, 0 x, x, ¯z x, x, z

(2) (5) (8) (11) (14) (17) (20) (23)

3+ 6− 2 2 3¯ + 6¯ − c c

0, 0, z 0, 0, z x, 0, 14 x, 2x, 14 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 x, 2x, z x, 0, z

(3) (6) (9) (12) (15) (18) (21) (24)

3− 6+ 2 2 3¯ − 6¯ + c c

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

0, 0, z 0, 0, z 0, y, 14 2x, x, 14 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 2x, x, z 0, y, z

578

Hexagonal

y ≤ min(1 − x, x)

No. 192

CONTINUED

P 6/m c c

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7); (13) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

m

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (4) (7) (10) (13) (16) (19) (22)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, ¯z y, x, z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x, y, z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12 y, x, z + 12

(2) (5) (8) (11) (14) (17) (20) (23)

y, ¯ x − y, z y, x¯ + y, z x − y, y, ¯ z¯ + 12 x¯ + y, y, z¯ + 12 y, x¯ + y, z¯ y, ¯ x − y, z¯ x¯ + y, y, z + 12 x − y, y, ¯ z + 12

(3) (6) (9) (12) (15) (18) (21) (24)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x − y, x, z x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ + 12 x, x − y, z¯ + 12 x − y, x, z¯ x¯ + y, x, ¯ z¯ x, x − y, z + 12 x, ¯ x¯ + y, z + 12

hh2hl: l = 2n hh0l: l = 2n 000l: l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 12

l

m..

x, y, 0 y, x, 12

y, ¯ x − y, 0 x − y, y, ¯ 12

x¯ + y, x, ¯0 x, ¯ x¯ + y, 12

12

k

..2

x, 2x, 14 x, ¯ 2x, ¯ 34

2x, ¯ x, ¯ 14 2x, x, 34

12

j

.2.

x, 0, 14 x, ¯ 0, 34

0, x, 14 0, x, ¯ 34

x, ¯ x, ¯ 14 x, x, 34

12

i

2..

1 2 1 2

, 0, z , 0, z¯

0, 12 , z 0, 12 , z¯

1 2 1 2

, 12 , z , 12 , z¯

8

h

3..

1 3 2 3

, 23 , z , 13 , z¯

2 3 1 3

, 13 , z , 23 , z¯

2 3 1 3

, 13 , z¯ + 12 , 23 , z + 12

6

g

2/m . .

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

0, 12 , 12

6

f

222

1 2

, 0, 14

0, 12 , 14

1 2

, 12 , 14

1 2

4

e

6..

0, 0, z

4

d

6¯ . .

1 3

, 23 , 0

2 3

, 13 , 0

2 3

, 13 , 12

1 3

4

c

3.2

1 3

, 23 , 14

2 3

, 13 , 14

2 3

, 13 , 34

1 3

2

b

6/m . .

0, 0, 0

2

a

622

0, 0, 14

y, x¯ + y, 0 x¯ + y, y, 12

x, ¯ y, ¯0 y, ¯ x, ¯ 12

x, x, ¯ 14 x, ¯ x, 34

x, ¯ 2x, ¯ 14 x, 2x, 34 x, ¯ 0, 14 x, 0, 34

2x, x, 14 2x, ¯ x, ¯ 34 0, x, ¯ 14 0, x, 34

0, 12 , z¯ + 12 0, 12 , z + 12 1 3 2 3

1 2 1 2

x − y, x, 0 x, x − y, 12 x, ¯ x, 14 x, x, ¯ 34

x, x, 14 x, ¯ x, ¯ 34

, 0, z¯ + 12 , 0, z + 12

1 2 1 2

, 23 , z¯ + 12 , 13 , z + 12

, 12 , z¯ + 12 , 12 , z + 12

no extra conditions hkil:

l = 2n

hkil:

l = 2n

hkil:

l = 2n

hkil:

l = 2n

, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkil:

l = 2n

0, 12 , 34

1 2

, 12 , 34

hkil:

l = 2n

hkil:

l = 2n

, 23 , 12

hkil:

l = 2n

, 23 , 34

hkil:

l = 2n

0, 0, 12

hkil:

l = 2n

0, 0, 34

hkil:

l = 2n

0, 0, z¯ + 12

1 2

, 0, 34

0, 0, z + 12

0, 0, z¯

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 6 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 (a + 2b) b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

579

Along [210] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = 12 c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 193, pp. 580–581.

P 63/m c m

D36h

No. 193

P 63/m 2/c 2/m

6/m m m

Patterson symmetry P 6/m m m

Origin at centre (3¯ 1 m) at 3¯ c 2/m Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 14 ; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 12 , 12 , 0 0, 0, 14 12 , 0, 14 23 , 13 , 14 12 , 12 , 14

x ≤ (1 + y)/2;

y ≤ min(1 − x, x)

Symmetry operations (1) (4) (7) (10) (13) (16) (19) (22)

1 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z 2 x, x, 14 2 x, x, ¯0 1¯ 0, 0, 0 m x, y, 14 c x, x, ¯z m x, x, z

(2) (5) (8) (11) (14) (17) (20) (23)

3+ 0, 0, z 6− (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z 2 x, 0, 14 2 x, 2x, 0 3¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 6¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 14 c x, 2x, z m x, 0, z

(3) (6) (9) (12) (15) (18) (21) (24)

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

3− 0, 0, z 6+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z 2 0, y, 14 2 2x, x, 0 3¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 6¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 14 c 2x, x, z m 0, y, z

580

Hexagonal

P 63/m c m

No. 193

CONTINUED Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7); (13) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

l

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (4) (7) (10) (13) (16) (19) (22)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12 y, x, z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x, y, z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12 y, x, z

(2) (5) (8) (11) (14) (17) (20) (23)

y, ¯ x − y, z y, x¯ + y, z + 12 x − y, y, ¯ z¯ + 12 x¯ + y, y, z¯ y, x¯ + y, z¯ y, ¯ x − y, z¯ + 12 x¯ + y, y, z + 12 x − y, y, ¯z

(3) (6) (9) (12) (15) (18) (21) (24)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x − y, x, z + 12 x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ + 12 x, x − y, z¯ x − y, x, z¯ x¯ + y, x, ¯ z¯ + 12 x, x − y, z + 12 x, ¯ x¯ + y, z

hh0l: l = 2n 000l: l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 12

k

..m

x, 0, z 0, x, ¯ z + 12 x, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12

12

j

m..

x, y, 14 y, x, 14

12

i

..2

x, 2x, 0 x, ¯ 2x, ¯0

8

h

3..

1 3 2 3

6

g

m2m

x, 0, 14

0, x, 14

6

f

. . 2/m

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

4

e

3.m

0, 0, z

4

d

3.2

1 3

, 23 , 0

2 3

, 13 , 12

2 3

, 13 , 0

1 3

4

c

6¯ . .

1 3

, 23 , 14

2 3

, 13 , 34

2 3

, 13 , 14

1 3

2

b

3¯ . m

0, 0, 0

2

a

6¯ 2 m

0, 0, 14

, 23 , z , 13 , z¯

0, x, z x, x, z + 12 0, x, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x − y, 14 x − y, y, ¯ 14

x¯ + y, x, ¯ 14 x, ¯ x¯ + y, 14

2x, ¯ x, ¯0 2x, x, 0 2 3 1 3

x, ¯ 0, z + 12 x, 0, z¯ + 12 x, x, z¯

x, ¯ x, ¯z 0, x, z¯ + 12 x, ¯ 0, z¯

, 13 , z + 12 , 23 , z¯ + 12

2 3 1 3

x, ¯ 2x, ¯ 12 x, 2x, 12

, 13 , z¯ + 12 , 23 , z + 12

x, ¯ x, ¯ 14

y, x¯ + y, 34 x¯ + y, y, 34

x, ¯ y, ¯ 34 y, ¯ x, ¯ 34

x, x, ¯0 x, ¯ x, 0

1 3 2 3

2x, x, 12 2x, ¯ x, ¯ 12

x − y, x, 34 x, x − y, 34 x, ¯ x, 12 x, x, ¯ 12

, 23 , z¯ , 13 , z

x, ¯ 0, 34

0, x, ¯ 34

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

x, x, 34

hkil:

l = 2n

hkil:

l = 2n

no extra conditions l = 2n

hkil:

l = 2n

, 23 , 12

hkil:

l = 2n

, 23 , 34

hkil:

l = 2n

0, 0, 12

hkil:

l = 2n

0, 0, 34

hkil:

l = 2n

0, 0, z + 12

1 2

0, 0, z¯ + 12

0, 0, z¯

1 2

, 12 , 12

no extra conditions

hkil:

1 2

, 12 , 0

no extra conditions

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 6 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 m m a = 12 (a + 2b) b = 12 c Origin at x, 0, 0

581

Along [210] p 2 g m a = 12 b b = c Origin at x, 12 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 194, pp. 582–583.

P 63/m m c

D46h

No. 194

P 63/m 2/m 2/c

6/m m m

Patterson symmetry P 6/m m m

Origin at centre (3¯ m 1) at 3¯ 2/m c Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 23 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 23 ; 0, 0, 0 23 , 13 , 0 13 , 23 , 0 0, 0, 14 23 , 13 , 14 13 , 23 , 14

0 ≤ z ≤ 14 ;

x ≤ 2y;

y ≤ min(1 − x, 2x)

Symmetry operations (1) (4) (7) (10) (13) (16) (19) (22)

1 2(0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z 2 x, x, 0 2 x, x, ¯ 14 1¯ 0, 0, 0 m x, y, 14 m x, x, ¯z c x, x, z

(2) (5) (8) (11) (14) (17) (20) (23)

3+ 0, 0, z 6− (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z 2 x, 0, 0 2 x, 2x, 14 3¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 6¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 14 m x, 2x, z c x, 0, z

(3) (6) (9) (12) (15) (18) (21) (24)

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

3− 0, 0, z 6+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 0, z 2 0, y, 0 2 2x, x, 14 3¯ − 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 6¯ + 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 14 m 2x, x, z c 0, y, z

582

Hexagonal

P 63/m m c

No. 194

CONTINUED Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7); (13) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

l

1

Reflection conditions General:

(1) (4) (7) (10) (13) (16) (19) (22)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12 y, x, z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x, y, z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯z y, x, z + 12

y, ¯ x − y, z y, x¯ + y, z + 12 x − y, y, ¯ z¯ x¯ + y, y, z¯ + 12 y, x¯ + y, z¯ y, ¯ x − y, z¯ + 12 x¯ + y, y, z x − y, y, ¯ z + 12

(2) (5) (8) (11) (14) (17) (20) (23)

(3) (6) (9) (12) (15) (18) (21) (24)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x − y, x, z + 12 x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ x, x − y, z¯ + 12 x − y, x, z¯ x¯ + y, x, ¯ z¯ + 12 x, x − y, z x, ¯ x¯ + y, z + 12

hh2hl: l = 2n 000l: l = 2n

Special: as above, plus 12

k

.m.

x, 2x, z 2x, x, z + 12 x, ¯ x, z¯

12

j

m..

x, y, 14 y, x, 34

y, ¯ x − y, 14 x − y, y, ¯ 34

12

i

.2.

x, 0, 0 x, ¯ 0, 0

0, x, 0 0, x, ¯0

6

h

mm2

x, 2x, 14

6

g

. 2/m .

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

4

f

3m.

1 3

, 23 , z

2 3

4

e

3m.

0, 0, z

2

d

6¯ m 2

1 3

, 23 , 34

2

c

6¯ m 2

1 3

, 23 , 14

2

b

6¯ m 2

0, 0, 14

0, 0, 34

hkil:

l = 2n

2

a

3¯ m .

0, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

hkil:

l = 2n

2x, ¯ x, ¯z x, ¯ x, z + 12 2x, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12

x¯ + y, x, ¯ 14 x, ¯ x¯ + y, 34 x, ¯ x, ¯0 x, x, 0

2x, ¯ x, ¯ 14

, 13 , z + 12

, 12 , 0 2 3

0, 0, z + 12
2 1 1 3, 3, 4 2 3

x, ¯ 0, 12 x, 0, 12

, 13 , z¯

0, 0, z¯

0, x, ¯ 12 0, x, 12

x, ¯ 2x, ¯ 34 1 2

no extra conditions

y, x¯ + y, 34 x¯ + y, y, 14

x, ¯ y, ¯ 34 y, ¯ x, ¯ 14

x, x, ¯ 14 1 2

x, ¯ 2x, ¯ z + 12 x, ¯ 2x, ¯ z¯ x, x, ¯ z¯ + 12

x, x, ¯z 2x, x, z¯ x, 2x, z¯ + 12

, 0, 12

x, x, 12 x, ¯ x, ¯ 12

2x, x, 34 0, 12 , 12

x − y, x, 34 x, x − y, 14

x, ¯ x, 34 1 2

, 12 , 12

no extra conditions hkil:

no extra conditions hkil:

, 23 , z¯ + 12

hkil:

0, 0, z¯ + 12

hkil:

1 3

l = 2n

hkil:

, 13 , 34

l = 2n l = 2n or h − k = 3n + 1 or h − k = 3n + 2 l = 2n l = 2n or h − k = 3n + 1 or h − k = 3n + 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 6 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [100] p 2 g m a = 12 (a + 2b) b = c Origin at x, 0, 0

583

Along [210] p 2 m m a = 12 b b = 12 c 1 Origin at x, 2 x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 195, pp. 584–585.

P23

T1

No. 195

P23

23

Patterson symmetry P m 3¯

Origin at 2 3 Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ y ≤ 1; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; 0, 0, 0 1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 12 , 12 , 12

y ≤ 1 − x;

z ≤ min(x, y)

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 3+ x, x, x (9) 3− x, x, x

(2) 2 0, 0, z (6) 3+ x, ¯ x, x¯ (10) 3− x, x, ¯ x¯

(3) 2 0, y, 0 (7) 3+ x, x, ¯ x¯ (11) 3− x, ¯ x, ¯x

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Cubic

(4) 2 x, 0, 0 (8) 3+ x, ¯ x, ¯x (12) 3− x, ¯ x, x¯

584

No. 195

CONTINUED

P23

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

j

1

Reflection conditions h, k, l cyclically permutable General:

(1) x, y, z (5) z, x, y (9) y, z, x

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) z, x, ¯ y¯ (10) y, ¯ z, x¯

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ (7) z¯, x, ¯y (11) y, z¯, x¯

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (8) z¯, x, y¯ (12) y, ¯ z¯, x

no conditions

Special: no extra conditions 6

i

2..

x, 12 , 12

x, ¯ 12 , 12

1 2

6

h

2..

x, 12 , 0

x, ¯ 12 , 0

0, x, 12

6

g

2..

x, 0, 12

x, ¯ 0, 12

1 2

6

f

2..

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

0, x, 0

4

e

.3.

x, x, x

x, ¯ x, ¯x

x, ¯ x, x¯

3

d

2 2 2..

1 2

0, 12 , 0

0, 0, 12

3

c

2 2 2..

0, 12 , 12

1

b

23.

1 2

1

a

23.

0, 0, 0

, 0, 0

1 2

, 0, 12

1 2

, x, 12

, x, 0

, x, ¯ 12

1 2

, 12 , x

1 2

, 12 , x¯

0, x, ¯ 12

1 2

, 0, x

1 2

, 0, x¯

1 2

, x, ¯0

0, 12 , x

0, 12 , x¯

0, x, ¯0

0, 0, x

0, 0, x¯

1 2

x, x, ¯ x¯

, 12 , 0

, 12 , 12

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [111] p 3 a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

585

Along [110] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 196, pp. 586–587.

F 23

T2

No. 196

F 23

23

Patterson symmetry F m 3¯

Origin at 2 3 Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; − 41 ≤ z ≤ 14 ; y ≤ x; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 12 , 12 , 0 14 , 14 , 14 14 , 14 , − 41

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Cubic

586

max(x − 12 , −y) ≤ z ≤ min( 21 − x, y)

No. 196

CONTINUED

F 23

Symmetry operations For (0,0,0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 3+ x, x, x (9) 3− x, x, x

(2) 2 0,0,z (6) 3+ x, ¯ x, x¯ (10) 3− x, x, ¯ x¯

(3) 2 0,y,0 (7) 3+ x, x, ¯ x¯ (11) 3− x, ¯ x, ¯x

(4) 2 x,0,0 (8) 3+ x, ¯ x, ¯x (12) 3− x, ¯ x, x¯

For (0, 21 , 21 )+ set (1) t(0, 21 , 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 31 , x− 61 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 61 , x+ 61 , x

(2) 2(0,0, 21 ) 0, 41 ,z (6) 3+ x, ¯ x+ 21 , x¯ − (10) 3 (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯

(3) 2(0, 21 ,0) 0,y, 41 (7) 3+ (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 31 , x− ¯ 61 , x¯ 1 1 − (11) 3 x+ ¯ 2 , x+ ¯ 2,x

(4) 2 x, 41 , 41 (8) 3+ x, ¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x − (12) 3 x− ¯ 21 , x+ 21 , x¯

For ( 21 ,0, 21 )+ set (1) t( 21 ,0, 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x− 61 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 61 , x− 31 , x

(2) 2(0,0, 21 ) 14 ,0,z (6) 3+ ( 31 ,− 31 , 31 ) x+ ¯ 61 , x+ 61 , x¯ 1 − (10) 3 x+ 2 , x, ¯ x¯

(3) 2 14 ,y, 41 (7) 3+ x+ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x¯ 1 − (11) 3 x+ ¯ 2 , x, ¯x

(4) 2( 12 ,0,0) x,0, 41 (8) 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x 1 1 − 1 (12) 3 ( 3 ,− 3 , 3 ) x− ¯ 61 , x+ 31 , x¯

For ( 21 , 21 ,0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 21 ,0) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ 31 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 31 , x+ 61 , x

(2) 2 14 , 41 ,z (6) 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x, x¯ − (10) 3 x, x+ ¯ 21 , x¯

(3) 2(0, 21 ,0) 14 ,y,0 (7) 3+ x+ 21 , x, ¯ x¯ (11) 3− ( 31 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 61 , x

(4) 2( 12 ,0,0) x, 41 ,0 (8) 3+ ( 13 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 61 , x+ ¯ 31 , x 1 − (12) 3 x, ¯ x+ 2 , x¯

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5) Positions

48

h

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 12 , 12 , 0)+

(1) x, y, z (5) z, x, y (9) y, z, x

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) z, x, ¯ y¯ (10) y, ¯ z, x¯

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ (7) z¯, x, ¯y (11) y, z¯, x¯

h, k, l cyclically permutable General: (4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (8) z¯, x, y¯ (12) y, ¯ z¯, x

hkl: 0kl: hhl: h00:

h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n k, l = 2n h + l = 2n h = 2n

Special: no extra conditions 24

g

2..

x, 14 , 14

x, ¯ 34 , 14

1 4

24

f

2..

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

0, x, 0

16

e

.3.

x, x, x

x, ¯ x, ¯x

x, ¯ x, x¯

4

d

23.

3 4

, 34 , 34

4

c

23.

1 4

, 14 , 14

4

b

23.

1 2

, 12 , 12

4

a

23.

0, 0, 0

, x, 14

1 4

, x, ¯ 34

1 4

0, x, ¯0

, 14 , x

0, 0, x

3 4

, 14 , x¯

0, 0, x¯

x, x, ¯ x¯

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m m b = 12 b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [111] p 3 a = 16 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 16 (−a + 2b − c)

587

Along [110] c 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 197, pp. 588–589.

I 23

T3

No. 197

I 23

23

Patterson symmetry I m 3¯

Origin at 2 3 Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; 0, 0, 0 1, 0, 0 12 , 12 , 0 12 , 12 , 12

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Cubic

y ≤ min(x, 1 − x);

588

z≤y

No. 197

CONTINUED

I 23

Symmetry operations For (0,0,0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 3+ x, x, x (9) 3− x, x, x

(2) 2 0,0,z (6) 3+ x, ¯ x, x¯ (10) 3− x, x, ¯ x¯

(3) 2 0,y,0 (7) 3+ x, x, ¯ x¯ (11) 3− x, ¯ x, ¯x

(4) 2 x,0,0 (8) 3+ x, ¯ x, ¯x (12) 3− x, ¯ x, x¯

For ( 21 , 21 , 21 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 21 , 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x, x, x (9) 3− ( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x, x, x

(2) 2(0,0, 21 ) 14 , 41 ,z (6) 3+ ( 61 ,− 61 , 61 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ 31 , x¯ 1 1 1 − (10) 3 (− 6 , 6 , 6 ) x+ 31 , x+ ¯ 31 , x¯

(3) 2(0, 21 ,0) 14 ,y, 41 (7) 3+ (− 61 , 61 , 61 ) x+ 32 , x− ¯ 31 , x¯ 1 2 − 1 1 (11) 3 ( 6 , 6 ,− 6 ) x+ ¯ 3 , x+ ¯ 31 , x

(4) 2( 21 ,0,0) x, 41 , 41 (8) 3+ ( 61 , 61 ,− 61 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 32 , x 1 1 1 − 1 (12) 3 ( 6 ,− 6 , 6 ) x− ¯ 3 , x+ 32 , x¯

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) Positions

24

f

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

(1) x, y, z (5) z, x, y (9) y, z, x

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) z, x, ¯ y¯ (10) y, ¯ z, x¯

h, k, l cyclically permutable General:

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ (7) z¯, x, ¯y (11) y, z¯, x¯

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (8) z¯, x, y¯ (12) y, ¯ z¯, x

hkl: 0kl: hhl: h00:

h + k + l = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: no extra conditions 12

e

2..

x, 12 , 0

x, ¯ 12 , 0

0, x, 12

0, x, ¯ 12

1 2

12

d

2..

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

0, x, 0

0, x, ¯0

0, 0, x

8

c

.3.

x, x, x

x, ¯ x, ¯x

x, ¯ x, x¯

6

b

2 2 2..

0, 12 , 12

2

a

23.

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 0, 12

1 2

, 0, x

1 2

, 0, x¯

0, 0, x¯

x, x, ¯ x¯

, 12 , 0

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [111] p 3 a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

589

Along [110] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 198, pp. 590–591.

P 21 3

T4

No. 198

P 21 3

23

Cubic Patterson symmetry P m 3¯

Origin on 3[111] at midpoint of three non-intersecting pairs of parallel 21 axes Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; − 21 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; max(x − 12 , −y) ≤ z ≤ min(x, y) 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 12 , 12 , 0 0, 12 , 0 12 , 12 , 12 0, 12 , − 21

Symmetry operations (1) 1 (5) 3+ x, x, x (9) 3− x, x, x

(2) 2(0,0, 21 ) 14 ,0,z (6) 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x, x¯ (10) 3− (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯

(3) 2(0, 21 ,0) 0,y, 41 (7) 3+ x+ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x¯ (11) 3− ( 31 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 61 , x

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

590

(4) 2( 12 ,0,0) x, 41 ,0 (8) 3+ x, ¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x (12) 3− ( 31 ,− 31 , 31 ) x− ¯ 61 , x+ 31 , x¯

No. 198

CONTINUED

P 21 3

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

b

1

Reflection conditions h, k, l cyclically permutable General:

(1) x, y, z (5) z, x, y (9) y, z, x

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 1 (6) z + 2 , x¯ + 12 , y¯ (10) y, ¯ z + 12 , x¯ + 12

(3) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 (7) z¯ + 12 , x, ¯ y + 12 1 (11) y + 2 , z¯ + 12 , x¯

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ (8) z¯, x + 12 , y¯ + 12 (12) y¯ + 12 , z¯, x + 12

h00: h = 2n

Special: no extra conditions 4

a

.3.

x, x, x

x¯ + 12 , x, ¯ x + 12

x, ¯ x + 12 , x¯ + 12

x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x¯

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 g g b = b a = a 1 Origin at 4 , 0, z

Along [111] p 3 a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

591

Along [110] p 1 g 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = c 1 Origin at x + 4 , x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 199, pp. 592–593.

I 21 3

T5

No. 199

I 21 3

23

Patterson symmetry I m 3¯

Origin on 3[111] at midpoint of three non-intersecting pairs of parallel 2 axes and of three non-intersecting pairs of parallel 21 axes

Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; z ≤ min(x, y) 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 12 , 12 , 0 0, 12 , 0 12 , 12 , 12

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Cubic

592

No. 199

CONTINUED

I 21 3

Symmetry operations For (0,0,0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 3+ x, x, x (9) 3− x, x, x

(2) 2(0,0, 21 ) 14 ,0,z (6) 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x, x¯ (10) 3− (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯

(3) 2(0, 21 ,0) 0,y, 41 (7) 3+ x+ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x¯ (11) 3− ( 31 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 61 , x

(4) 2( 21 ,0,0) x, 41 ,0 (8) 3+ x, ¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x (12) 3− ( 31 ,− 31 , 31 ) x− ¯ 61 , x+ 31 , x¯

For ( 21 , 21 , 21 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 21 , 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x, x, x (9) 3− ( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x, x, x

(2) 2 0, 41 ,z (6) 3+ ( 61 ,− 61 , 61 ) x− ¯ 61 , x+ 31 , x¯ 1 1 − 1 (10) 3 ( 6 ,− 6 ,− 6 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯

(3) 2 14 ,y,0 (7) 3+ (− 61 , 61 , 61 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯ 1 1 1 1 − (11) 3 (− 6 ,− 6 , 6 ) x+ ¯ 3 , x+ ¯ 61 , x

(4) 2 x,0, 41 (8) 3+ ( 61 , 61 ,− 61 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 61 , x 1 1 1 1 − (12) 3 (− 6 , 6 ,− 6 ) x− ¯ 6 , x+ 31 , x¯

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) Positions

24

c

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

(1) x, y, z (5) z, x, y (9) y, z, x

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 1 (6) z + 2 , x¯ + 12 , y¯ (10) y, ¯ z + 12 , x¯ + 12

h, k, l cyclically permutable General: (3) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 (7) z¯ + 12 , x, ¯ y + 12 1 (11) y + 2 , z¯ + 12 , x¯

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ (8) z¯, x + 12 , y¯ + 12 (12) y¯ + 12 , z¯, x + 12

hkl: 0kl: hhl: h00:

h + k + l = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: no extra conditions 12

b

2..

x, 0, 14

x¯ + 12 , 0, 34

8

a

.3.

x, x, x

x¯ + 12 , x, ¯ x + 12

1 4

, x, 0

3 4

, x¯ + 12 , 0

x, ¯ x + 12 , x¯ + 12

0, 14 , x

0, 34 , x¯ + 12

x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x¯

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m b = b a = a 1 Origin at 4 , 0, z

Along [111] p 3 a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

593

Along [110] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c 1 Origin at x, x + 4 , 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 200, pp. 594–595.

P m 3¯

Th1

No. 200

P 2/m 3¯

m 3¯

Patterson symmetry P m 3¯

¯ Origin at centre (m 3)

Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; z ≤ min(x, y) 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 12 , 12 , 0 0, 12 , 0 12 , 12 , 12

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Cubic

594

P m 3¯

No. 200

CONTINUED Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

1 3+ 3− 1¯ 3¯ + 3¯ −

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, x, x x, x, x 0, 0, 0 x, x, x; 0, 0, 0 x, x, x; 0, 0, 0

2 3+ 3− m 3¯ + 3¯ −

0, 0, z x, ¯ x, x¯ x, x, ¯ x¯ x, y, 0 x, ¯ x, x; ¯ 0, 0, 0 x, x, ¯ x; ¯ 0, 0, 0

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2 3+ 3− m 3¯ + 3¯ −

0, y, 0 x, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ x, ¯x x, 0, z x, x, ¯ x; ¯ 0, 0, 0 x, ¯ x, ¯ x; 0, 0, 0

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2 3+ 3− m 3¯ + 3¯ −

x, 0, 0 x, ¯ x, ¯x x, ¯ x, x¯ 0, y, z x, ¯ x, ¯ x; 0, 0, 0 x, ¯ x, x; ¯ 0, 0, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

l

1

Reflection conditions h, k, l cyclically permutable General:

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ x, y, z¯ z¯, x, y y, z¯, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ x, y, ¯z z, x, y¯ y, ¯ z, x

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

no conditions

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x x, ¯ y, z z, x, ¯y y, z, x¯

Special: no extra conditions 12

k

m..

1 2

, y, z z¯, 12 , y

1 2

, y, ¯z z¯, 12 , y¯

1 2

, y, z¯ y, z, 12

1 2

, y, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ z, 12

z, 12 , y y, z¯, 12

z, 12 , y¯ y, ¯ z¯, 12

12

j

m..

0, y, z z¯, 0, y

0, y, ¯z z¯, 0, y¯

0, y, z¯ y, z, 0

0, y, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ z, 0

z, 0, y y, z¯, 0

z, 0, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, 0

8

i

.3.

x, x, x x, ¯ x¯ ¯ x,

x, ¯ x, ¯x x, x, x¯

x, ¯ x, x¯ x, x, ¯x

x, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ x, x

6

h

m m 2..

x, 12 , 12

x, ¯ 12 , 12

1 2

6

g

m m 2..

x, 12 , 0

x, ¯ 12 , 0

0, x, 12

6

f

m m 2..

x, 0, 12

x, ¯ 0, 12

1 2

6

e

m m 2..

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

0, x, 0

3

d

m m m..

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

0, 0, 12

3

c

m m m..

0, 12 , 12

1

b

m 3¯ .

1 2

1

a

m 3¯ .

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 0, 12

1 2

, x, 12

, x, 0

, x, ¯ 12

1 2

, 12 , x

1 2

, 12 , x¯

0, x, ¯ 12

1 2

, 0, x

1 2

, 0, x¯

1 2

, x, ¯0

0, 12 , x

0, 12 , x¯

0, x, ¯0

0, 0, x

0, 0, x¯

1 2

, 12 , 0

, 12 , 12

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [111] p 6 a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

595

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 201, pp. 596–599.

P n 3¯

Th2

No. 201

P 2/n 3¯

ORIGIN CHOICE

m 3¯

Patterson symmetry P m 3¯

1

¯ Origin at 2 3, at − 41 , − 41 , − 41 from centre (3)

Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; 0, 0, 0 1, 0, 0 12 , 12 , 0 12 , 12 , 12

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Cubic

y ≤ min(x, 1 − x);

596

z≤y

P n 3¯

No. 201

CONTINUED Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

1 3+ 3− 1¯ 3¯ + 3¯ −

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x,x,x x,x,x 1 1 1 4,4,4 x,x,x; 14 , 41 , 41 x,x,x; 14 , 41 , 41

2 0,0,z 3+ x,x, ¯ x¯ 3− x,x, ¯ x¯ n( 21 , 21 ,0) x,y, 41 3¯ + x−1,x+1, ¯ x; ¯ − 41 , 41 , 43 ¯3− x+1,x−1, ¯ x; ¯ 14 ,− 41 , 43

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2 0,y,0 3+ x,x, ¯ x¯ 3− x, ¯ x,x ¯ n( 21 ,0, 21 ) x, 41 ,z 3¯ + x,x+1, ¯ x; ¯ 14 , 43 ,− 41 ¯3− x, ¯ x+1,x; ¯ − 41 , 43 , 41

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2 x,0,0 3+ x, ¯ x,x ¯ 3− x,x, ¯ x¯ n(0, 21 , 21 ) 14 ,y,z 3¯ + x+1, ¯ x,x; ¯ 34 ,− 41 , 41 ¯3− x+1,x, ¯ x; ¯ 34 , 41 ,− 41

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

Reflection conditions h, k, l cyclically permutable General:

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z¯ + 12 , x + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z + 12 , x + 12

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x¯ + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z + 12 , x¯ + 12

0kl: k + l = 2n h00: h = 2n

h

1

12

g

2..

x, , 0 x¯ + 12 , 0, 12

x, ¯ ,0 x + 12 , 0, 12

0, x, 1 ¯ + 12 , 0 2,x

0, x, ¯ 1 , x + 12 , 0 2

, 0, x 0, 12 , x¯ + 12

, 0, x¯ 0, 12 , x + 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

12

f

2..

x, 0, 0 x¯ + 12 , 12 , 12

x, ¯ 0, 0 x + 12 , 12 , 12

0, x, 0 1 ¯ + 12 , 12 2,x

0, x, ¯0 1 1 1 2,x+ 2, 2

0, 0, x 1 1 ¯ + 12 2, 2,x

0, 0, x¯ 1 1 1 2, 2,x+ 2

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

8

e

.3.

x, x, x x, ¯ x, x¯ x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x + 12

x, ¯ x, ¯x x, x, ¯ x¯ x + 12 , x + 12 , x¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , x + 12

6

d

2 2 2..

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 0

4

c

. 3¯ .

3 4

, 34 , 34

1 4

, 14 , 34

1 4

, 34 , 14

3 4

, 14 , 14

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

4

b

. 3¯ .

1 4

, 14 , 14

3 4

, 34 , 14

3 4

, 14 , 34

1 4

, 34 , 34

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

2

a

23.

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

Special: as above, plus 1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

no extra conditions

0, 12 , 0

0, 0, 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [111] p 6 a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

597

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 14

P n 3¯

Th2

No. 201

P 2/n 3¯

ORIGIN CHOICE

m 3¯

Patterson symmetry P m 3¯

2

¯ at 14 , 14 , 14 from 2 3 Origin at centre (3),

Asymmetric unit Vertices

− 41 ≤ x ≤ 34 ; − 41 , − 41 , − 41

− 41 ≤ y ≤ 14 ; − 41 ≤ z ≤ 14 ; 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 4,−4,−4 4, 4,−4 4, 4, 4

Cubic

y ≤ min(x, 12 − x);

598

z≤y

P n 3¯

No. 201

CONTINUED Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

1 3+ 3− 1¯ 3¯ + 3¯ −

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, x, x x, x, x 0,0,0 x, x, x; 0,0,0 x, x, x; 0,0,0

2 14 , 41 ,z 3+ x, ¯ x+ 21 , x¯ − 3 x+ 21 , x, ¯ x¯ n( 21 , 21 ,0) x,y,0 3¯ + x−1, ¯ x+ 21 , x; ¯ − 21 ,0, 21 ¯3− x+ 21 , x−1, ¯ x; ¯ 0,− 21 , 21

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2 14 ,y, 41 3+ x+ 21 , x, ¯ x¯ 3− x+ ¯ 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x 1 1 n( 2 ,0, 2 ) x,0,z 3¯ + x− 21 , x+1, ¯ x; ¯ 0, 21 ,− 21 1 1 ¯3− x− ¯ 2 , x+ ¯ 2 , x; − 21 , 21 ,0

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2 x, 41 , 41 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x 1 − 3 x, ¯ x+ 2 , x¯ n(0, 21 , 21 ) 0,y,z 3¯ + x+ ¯ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x; 12 ,− 21 ,0 ¯3− x+1, ¯ x− 21 , x; ¯ 12 ,0,− 21

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

h

1

Reflection conditions h, k, l cyclically permutable General:

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z z, x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z, x¯ + 12 x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ z¯, x + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z¯, x + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , y y, z¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 x + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 1 z + 2 , x + 12 , y¯ y, ¯ z + 12 , x + 12

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x, y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 0kl: k + l = 2n z¯ + 12 , x, y¯ + 12 h00: h = 2n y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , x x, ¯ y + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x, ¯ y + 12 1 y + 2 , z + 12 , x¯ Special: as above, plus

12

g

2..

x, 34 , 14 x, ¯ 14 , 34

x¯ + 12 , 34 , 14 x + 12 , 14 , 34

1 4 3 4

, x, 34 , x, ¯ 14

1 4 3 4

, x¯ + 12 , 34 , x + 12 , 14

3 4 1 4

, 14 , x , 34 , x¯

3 4 1 4

, 14 , x¯ + 12 , 34 , x + 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

12

f

2..

x, 14 , 14 x, ¯ 34 , 34

x¯ + 12 , 14 , 14 x + 12 , 34 , 34

1 4 3 4

, x, 14 , x, ¯ 34

1 4 3 4

, x¯ + 12 , 14 , x + 12 , 34

1 4 3 4

, 14 , x , 34 , x¯

1 4 3 4

, 14 , x¯ + 12 , 34 , x + 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

8

e

.3.

x, x, x x, ¯ x, ¯ x¯

x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x x + 12 , x + 12 , x¯

6

d

2 2 2..

1 4

, 34 , 34

3 4

4

c

. 3¯ .

1 2

, 12 , 12

0, 0, 12

4

b

. 3¯ .

0, 0, 0

2

a

23.

1 4

, 14 , 14

, 14 , 34

1 2

, 12 , 0

3 4

, 34 , 34

x¯ + 12 , x, x¯ + 12 x + 12 , x, ¯ x + 12 3 4

, 34 , 14

0, 12 , 0 1 2

, 0, 12

x, x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 x, ¯ x + 12 , x + 12

no extra conditions

, 34 , 14

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

3 4

, 14 , 14

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

0, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

1 4

1 4

, 14 , 34

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m b = b a = a 1 1 Origin at 4 , 4 , z

Along [111] p 6 a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

599

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 202, pp. 600–601.

Fm3¯

Th3

No. 202

F2/m3¯

m3¯

Patterson symmetry Fm3¯

¯ Origin at centre (m 3)

Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 14 ; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 12 , 12 , 0 14 , 14 , 14

y ≤ x;

z ≤ min( 21 − x, y)

Symmetry operations For (0,0,0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 3+ x, x, x (9) 3− x, x, x (13) 1¯ 0,0,0 (17) 3¯ + x, x, x; 0,0,0 (21) 3¯ − x, x, x; 0,0,0

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2 3+ 3− m 3¯ + 3¯ −

0,0,z x, ¯ x, x¯ x, x, ¯ x¯ x,y,0 x, ¯ x, x; ¯ 0,0,0 x, x, ¯ x; ¯ 0,0,0

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

Cubic

2 3+ 3− m 3¯ + 3¯ −

0,y,0 x, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ x, ¯x x,0,z x, x, ¯ x; ¯ 0,0,0 x, ¯ x, ¯ x; 0,0,0

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

600

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2 3+ 3− m 3¯ + 3¯ −

x,0,0 x, ¯ x, ¯x x, ¯ x, x¯ 0,y,z x, ¯ x, ¯ x; 0,0,0 x, ¯ x, x; ¯ 0,0,0

F m 3¯

No. 202

CONTINUED Symmetry operations (continued) For (0, 21 , 21 )+ set (1) t(0, 21 , 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 31 , x− 61 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 61 , x+ 61 , x (13) 1¯ 0, 41 , 41 (17) 3¯ + x, x+ 21 , x; 0, 21 ,0 (21) 3¯ − x− 21 , x− 21 , x; 0,0, 21

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2(0,0, 21 ) 0, 41 ,z 3+ x, ¯ x+ 21 , x¯ − 3 (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯ b x,y, 41 3¯ + x−1, ¯ x+ 21 , x; ¯ − 21 ,0, 21 1 1 − 3¯ x+ 2 , x− ¯ 2 , x; ¯ 0,0, 21

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2(0, 21 ,0) 0,y, 41 3+ (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 31 , x− ¯ 61 , x¯ 1 1 − 3 x+ ¯ 2 , x+ ¯ 2,x c x, 41 ,z 3¯ + x, x+ ¯ 21 , x; ¯ 0, 21 ,0 1 − 3¯ x− ¯ 2 , x+ ¯ 21 , x; − 21 , 21 ,0

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2 x, 41 , 41 3+ x, ¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x − 3 x− ¯ 21 , x+ 21 , x¯ n(0, 21 , 21 ) 0,y,z 3¯ + x+1, ¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x; 12 ,0, 21 1 − 3¯ x+ ¯ 2 , x+ 21 , x; ¯ 12 , 21 ,0

For ( 21 ,0, 21 )+ set (1) t( 21 ,0, 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x− 61 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 61 , x− 31 , x (13) 1¯ 14 ,0, 41 (17) 3¯ + x− 21 , x− 21 , x; 0,0, 21 (21) 3¯ − x+ 21 , x, x; 12 ,0,0

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2(0,0, 21 ) 14 ,0,z 3+ ( 31 ,− 31 , 31 ) x+ ¯ 61 , x+ 61 , x¯ 3− x+ 21 , x, ¯ x¯ a x,y, 41 3¯ + x− ¯ 21 , x+ 21 , x; ¯ 0,0, 21 ¯3− x+ 21 , x−1, ¯ x; ¯ 0,− 21 , 21

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2 14 ,y, 41 3+ x+ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x¯ 3− x+ ¯ 21 , x, ¯x n( 21 ,0, 21 ) x,0,z 3¯ + x+ 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x; ¯ 12 , 21 ,0 1 ¯3− x+ ¯ 2 , x+1, ¯ x; 0, 21 , 21

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2( 21 ,0,0) x,0, 41 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x 3− ( 31 ,− 31 , 31 ) x− ¯ 61 , x+ 31 , x¯ 1 c 4 ,y,z 3¯ + x+ ¯ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x; 12 ,− 21 ,0 1 ¯3− x+ ¯ 2 , x, x; ¯ 12 ,0,0

For ( 21 , 21 ,0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 21 ,0) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ 31 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 31 , x+ 61 , x (13) 1¯ 14 , 41 ,0 (17) 3¯ + x+ 21 , x, x; 12 ,0,0 (21) 3¯ − x, x+ 21 , x; 0, 21 ,0

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2 14 , 41 ,z 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x, x¯ − 3 x, x+ ¯ 21 , x¯ 1 1 n( 2 , 2 ,0) x,y,0 3¯ + x− ¯ 21 , x+1, x; ¯ 0, 21 , 21 1 ¯3− x+1, x− ¯ 2 , x; ¯ 12 ,0, 21

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2(0, 21 ,0) 14 ,y,0 3+ x+ 21 , x, ¯ x¯ 3− ( 31 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 61 , x 1 a x, 4 ,z 3¯ + x− 21 , x+1, ¯ x; ¯ 0, 21 ,− 21 1 ¯3− x, ¯ x+ ¯ 2 , x; 0, 21 ,0

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2( 21 ,0,0) x, 41 ,0 3+ ( 31 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 61 , x+ ¯ 31 , x 1 − 3 x, ¯ x+ 2 , x¯ b 14 ,y,z 3¯ + x+ ¯ 21 , x, ¯ x; 12 ,0,0 ¯3− x+1, ¯ x− 21 , x; ¯ 12 ,0,− 21

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13) Positions

96

i

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 12 , 12 , 0)+

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ x, y, z¯ z¯, x, y y, z¯, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ x, y, ¯z z, x, y¯ y, ¯ z, x

h, k, l cyclically permutable General: (4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

hkl: 0kl: hhl: h00:

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x x, ¯ y, z z, x, ¯y y, z, x¯

h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n k, l = 2n h + l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 48

h

m..

0, y, z z¯, 0, y

0, y, ¯z z¯, 0, y¯

48

g

2..

x, 14 , 14 x, ¯ 34 , 34

x, ¯ 34 , 14 x, 14 , 34

32

f

.3.

x, x, x x, ¯ x, ¯ x¯

x, ¯ x, ¯x x, x, x¯

x, ¯ x, x¯ x, x, ¯x

24

e

m m 2..

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

0, x, 0

24

d

2/m . .

0, 14 , 14

0, 34 , 14

8

c

23.

1 4

, 14 , 14

4

b

m 3¯ .

1 2

, 12 , 12

no extra conditions

4

a

m 3¯ .

0, 0, 0

no extra conditions

3 4

0, y, z¯ y, z, 0 1 4 3 4

1 4

, x, 14 , x, ¯ 34

, 0, 14

0, y, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ z, 0 1 4 3 4

, x, ¯ 34 , x, 14

z, 0, y y, z¯, 0 1 4 3 4

, 14 , x , 34 , x¯

z, 0, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, 0 3 4 1 4

, 14 , x¯ , 34 , x

x, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ x, x 0, x, ¯0 1 4

, 0, 34

no extra conditions hkl: h = 2n no extra conditions

0, 0, x 1 4

, 14 , 0

, 34 , 34

0, 0, x¯ 3 4

, 14 , 0

no extra conditions hkl: h = 2n hkl: h = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m m b = 12 b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [111] p 6 a = 16 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 16 (−a + 2b − c)

601

Along [110] c 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 203, pp. 602–605.

F d 3¯

Th4

No. 203

F 2/d 3¯

ORIGIN CHOICE

m 3¯

Patterson symmetry F m 3¯

1

¯ Origin at 2 3, at − 81 , − 81 , − 81 from centre (3)

Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ; − 41 ≤ z ≤ 14 ; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 14 , 14 , 14 41 , 14 , − 41

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Cubic

y ≤ min(x, 12 − x); 602

−y ≤ z ≤ y

F d 3¯

No. 203

CONTINUED Symmetry operations For (0,0,0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 3+ x, x, x (9) 3− x, x, x (13) 1¯ 18 , 81 , 81 (17) 3¯ + x, x, x; 18 , 81 , 81 (21) 3¯ − x, x, x; 18 , 81 , 81

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2 0,0,z 3+ x, ¯ x, x¯ 3− x, x, ¯ x¯ d( 41 , 41 ,0) x,y, 81 3¯ + x− ¯ 21 , x+ 21 , x; ¯ − 81 , 81 , 83 1 ¯3− x+ 21 , x− ¯ 2 , x; ¯ 18 ,− 81 , 83

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2 0,y,0 3+ x, x, ¯ x¯ 3− x, ¯ x, ¯x d( 41 ,0, 41 ) x, 81 ,z 3¯ + x, x+ ¯ 21 , x; ¯ 18 , 83 ,− 81 1 ¯3− x, ¯ x+ ¯ 2 , x; − 81 , 83 , 81

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2 x,0,0 3+ x, ¯ x, ¯x 3− x, ¯ x, x¯ d(0, 41 , 41 ) 18 ,y,z 3¯ + x+ ¯ 21 , x, ¯ x; 38 ,− 81 , 81 1 ¯3− x+ ¯ 2 , x, x; ¯ 38 , 81 ,− 81

For (0, 21 , 21 )+ set (1) t(0, 21 , 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 31 , x− 61 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 61 , x+ 61 , x (13) 1¯ 18 , 83 , 83 (17) 3¯ + x, x+ 21 , x; 18 , 85 , 81 (21) 3¯ − x− 21 , x− 21 , x; 18 , 81 , 85

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2(0,0, 21 ) 0, 41 ,z 3+ x, ¯ x+ 21 , x¯ − 3 (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯ 1 3 3 d( 4 , 4 ,0) x,y, 8 3¯ + x− ¯ 23 , x+1, x; ¯ − 85 , 81 , 87 ¯3− x+1, x−1, ¯ x; ¯ 18 ,− 81 , 87

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2(0, 21 ,0) 0,y, 41 3+ (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 31 , x− ¯ 61 , x¯ 1 1 − 3 x+ ¯ 2 , x+ ¯ 2,x d( 41 ,0, 43 ) x, 83 ,z 3¯ + x, x+1, ¯ x; ¯ 18 , 87 ,− 81 1 ¯3− x− ¯ 2 , x+1, ¯ x; − 85 , 87 , 81

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2 x, 41 , 41 3+ x, ¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x − 3 x− ¯ 21 , x+ 21 , x¯ d(0, 43 , 43 ) 18 ,y,z 3¯ + x+ ¯ 23 , x+ ¯ 21 , x; 78 ,− 81 , 85 ¯3− x+1, ¯ x+ 21 , x; ¯ 78 , 85 ,− 81

For ( 21 ,0, 21 )+ set (1) t( 21 ,0, 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x− 61 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 61 , x− 31 , x (13) 1¯ 38 , 81 , 83 (17) 3¯ + x− 21 , x− 21 , x; 18 , 81 , 85 (21) 3¯ − x+ 21 , x, x; 58 , 81 , 81

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2(0,0, 21 ) 14 ,0,z 3+ ( 31 ,− 31 , 31 ) x+ ¯ 61 , x+ 61 , x¯ 1 − 3 x+ 2 , x, ¯ x¯ d( 43 , 41 ,0) x,y, 83 3¯ + x−1, ¯ x+1, x; ¯ − 81 , 81 , 87 3¯ − x+1, x− ¯ 23 , x; ¯ 18 ,− 85 , 87

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2 14 ,y, 41 3+ x+ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x¯ 1 − 3 x+ ¯ 2 , x, ¯x d( 43 ,0, 43 ) x, 81 ,z 3¯ + x+ 21 , x+1, ¯ x; ¯ 58 , 87 ,− 81 3¯ − x+ ¯ 21 , x+ ¯ 23 , x; − 81 , 87 , 85

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2( 21 ,0,0) x,0, 41 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x 1 1 − 1 3 ( 3 ,− 3 , 3 ) x− ¯ 61 , x+ 31 , x¯ 1 3 3 d(0, 4 , 4 ) 8 ,y,z 3¯ + x+1, ¯ x− ¯ 21 , x; 78 ,− 85 , 81 3¯ − x+1, ¯ x, x; ¯ 78 , 81 ,− 81

For ( 21 , 21 ,0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 21 ,0) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ 31 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 31 , x+ 61 , x (13) 1¯ 38 , 83 , 81 (17) 3¯ + x+ 21 , x, x; 58 , 81 , 81 (21) 3¯ − x, x+ 21 , x; 18 , 85 , 81

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2 14 , 41 ,z 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x, x¯ − 3 x, x+ ¯ 21 , x¯ d( 43 , 43 ,0) x,y, 81 3¯ + x−1, ¯ x+ 23 , x; ¯ − 81 , 85 , 87 3 − 3¯ x+ 2 , x−1, ¯ x; ¯ 58 ,− 81 , 87

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2(0, 21 ,0) 14 ,y,0 3+ x+ 21 , x, ¯ x¯ 3− ( 31 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 61 , x d( 43 ,0, 41 ) x, 83 ,z 3¯ + x− 21 , x+ ¯ 23 , x; ¯ 18 , 87 ,− 85 − 3¯ x, ¯ x+1, ¯ x; − 81 , 87 , 81

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2( 21 ,0,0) x, 41 ,0 3+ ( 31 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 61 , x+ ¯ 31 , x 1 − 3 x, ¯ x+ 2 , x¯ d(0, 43 , 41 ) 38 ,y,z 3¯ + x+1, ¯ x, ¯ x; 78 ,− 81 , 81 3 − 3¯ x+ ¯ 2 , x− 21 , x; ¯ 78 , 81 ,− 85

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13) Positions

96

g

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 12 , 12 , 0)+

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x x¯ + 14 , y¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14 z¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 , y¯ + 14 y¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ x + 14 , y + 14 , z¯ + 14 z¯ + 14 , x + 14 , y + 14 y + 14 , z¯ + 14 , x + 14

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

h, k, l cyclically permutable General:

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ x + 14 , y¯ + 14 , z + 14 z + 14 , x + 14 , y¯ + 14 y¯ + 14 , z + 14 , x + 14

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x x¯ + 14 , y + 14 , z + 14 z + 14 , x¯ + 14 , y + 14 y + 14 , z + 14 , x¯ + 14

hkl: h + k = 2n and h + l, k + l = 2n 0kl: k + l = 4n and k, l = 2n hhl: h + l = 2n h00: h = 4n

Special: as above, plus 48

f

2..

x, 0, 0 x¯ + 14 , 14 , 14

32

e

.3.

x, x, x x¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14

16

d

. 3¯ .

5 8

, 58 , 58

3 8

, 38 , 58

3 8

, 58 , 38

5 8

, 38 , 38

16

c

. 3¯ .

1 8

, 18 , 18

7 8

, 78 , 18

7 8

, 18 , 78

1 8

, 78 , 78

8

b

23.

1 2

, 12 , 12

3 4

, 34 , 34

8

a

23.

0, 0, 0

1 4

, 14 , 14

x, ¯ 0, 0 x + 14 , 14 , 14

0, x, 0 1 ¯ + 14 , 14 4,x

0, x, ¯0 1 1 1 4,x+ 4, 4

x, ¯ x, ¯x x + 14 , x + 14 , x¯ + 14

0, 0, x 1 1 ¯ + 14 4, 4,x

x, ¯ x, x¯ x + 14 , x¯ + 14 , x + 14


0, 0, x¯ hkl: h = 2n + 1 1 1 1 or h + k + l = 4n 4, 4,x+ 4

no extra conditions x, x, ¯ x¯ x¯ + 14 , x + 14 , x + 14 hkl: h = 2n + 1 or h, k, l = 4n + 2 or h, k, l = 4n




hkl: h = 2n + 1 or h + k + l = 4n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m b = 12 b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [111] p 6 a = 16 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 16 (−a + 2b − c) 603

Along [110] c 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c 1 Origin at x, x, 8

F d 3¯

Th4

No. 203

F 2/d 3¯

ORIGIN CHOICE

m 3¯

Patterson symmetry F m 3¯

2

¯ at 18 , 18 , 18 from 2 3 Origin at centre (3),

Asymmetric unit Vertices

− 81 ≤ x ≤ 38 ; − 81 , − 81 , − 81

3 8

− 81 ≤ y ≤ 18 ; − 83 ≤ z ≤ 18 ; , − 81 , − 81 81 , 18 , 18 81 , 18 , − 83

Cubic

y ≤ min(x, 14 − x);

604

−y − 14 ≤ z ≤ y

F d 3¯

No. 203

CONTINUED Symmetry operations For (0,0,0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 3+ x, x, x (9) 3− x, x, x (13) 1¯ 0,0,0 (17) 3¯ + x, x, x; 0,0,0 (21) 3¯ − x, x, x; 0,0,0

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2 38 , 83 ,z 3+ x, ¯ x+ 43 , x¯ − 3 x+ 43 , x, ¯ x¯ d( 41 , 41 ,0) x,y,0 3¯ + x− ¯ 21 , x+ 41 , x; ¯ − 41 ,0, 41 1 ¯3− x+ 41 , x− ¯ 2 , x; ¯ 0,− 41 , 41

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2 38 ,y, 83 3+ x+ 43 , x, ¯ x¯ 3− x+ ¯ 43 , x+ ¯ 43 , x 1 1 d( 4 ,0, 4 ) x,0,z 3¯ + x− 41 , x+ ¯ 21 , x; ¯ 0, 41 ,− 41 1 1 ¯3− x− ¯ 4 , x+ ¯ 4 , x; − 41 , 41 ,0

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2 x, 83 , 83 3+ x+ ¯ 43 , x+ ¯ 43 , x 3 − 3 x, ¯ x+ 4 , x¯ d(0, 41 , 41 ) 0,y,z 3¯ + x+ ¯ 41 , x− ¯ 41 , x; 14 ,− 41 ,0 1 ¯3− x+ ¯ 2 , x− 41 , x; ¯ 14 ,0,− 41

For (0, 21 , 21 )+ set (1) t(0, 21 , 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 31 , x− 61 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 61 , x+ 61 , x (13) 1¯ 0, 41 , 41 (17) 3¯ + x, x+ 21 , x; 0, 21 ,0 (21) 3¯ − x− 21 , x− 21 , x; 0,0, 21

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2(0,0, 21 ) 38 , 81 ,z 3+ x, ¯ x+ 41 , x¯ − 3 x+ 41 , x+ ¯ 21 , x¯ 1 3 d( 4 , 4 ,0) x,y, 41 3¯ + x− ¯ 23 , x+ 43 , x; ¯ − 43 ,0, 43 3¯ − x+ 43 , x−1, ¯ x; ¯ 0,− 41 , 43

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2(0, 21 ,0) 38 ,y, 81 3+ x+ 43 , x− ¯ 21 , x¯ 1 − 3 x+ ¯ 4 , x+ ¯ 41 , x 1 3 d( 4 ,0, 4 ) x, 41 ,z 3¯ + x− 41 , x+1, ¯ x; ¯ 0, 43 ,− 41 3¯ − x− ¯ 43 , x+ ¯ 43 , x; − 43 , 43 ,0

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2 x, 81 , 81 3+ ( 31 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 125 , x+ ¯ 127 , x 1 1 1 − 1 3 ( 3 ,− 3 , 3 ) x− ¯ 6 , x+ 127 , x¯ 3 3 d(0, 4 , 4 ) 0,y,z 3¯ + x+ ¯ 45 , x+ ¯ 41 , x; 34 ,− 41 , 21 3¯ − x+1, ¯ x+ 41 , x; ¯ 34 , 21 ,− 41

For ( 21 ,0, 21 )+ set (1) t( 21 ,0, 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x− 61 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 61 , x− 31 , x (13) 1¯ 14 ,0, 41 (17) 3¯ + x− 21 , x− 21 , x; 0,0, 21 (21) 3¯ − x+ 21 , x, x; 12 ,0,0

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2(0,0, 21 ) 18 , 83 ,z 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x+ 41 , x¯ − 3 x+ 41 , x, ¯ x¯ d( 43 , 41 ,0) x,y, 41 3¯ + x−1, ¯ x+ 43 , x; ¯ − 41 ,0, 43 3 3 − 3¯ x+ 4 , x− ¯ 2 , x; ¯ 0,− 43 , 43

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2 18 ,y, 81 3+ (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 127 , x− ¯ 61 , x¯ 1 7 − 1 1 3 ( 3 , 3 ,− 3 ) x+ ¯ 12 , x+ ¯ 125 , x d( 43 ,0, 43 ) x,0,z 3¯ + x+ 41 , x+1, ¯ x; ¯ 12 , 43 ,− 41 1 5 − 3¯ x+ ¯ 4 , x+ ¯ 4 , x; − 41 , 43 , 21

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2( 21 ,0,0) x, 83 , 81 3+ x+ ¯ 41 , x+ ¯ 41 , x 1 − 3 x− ¯ 2 , x+ 43 , x¯ d(0, 41 , 43 ) 14 ,y,z 3¯ + x+ ¯ 43 , x− ¯ 43 , x; 34 ,− 43 ,0 − 3¯ x+1, ¯ x− 41 , x; ¯ 34 ,0,− 41

For ( 21 , 21 ,0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 21 ,0) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ 31 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 31 , x+ 61 , x (13) 1¯ 14 , 41 ,0 (17) 3¯ + x+ 21 , x, x; 12 ,0,0 (21) 3¯ − x, x+ 21 , x; 0, 21 ,0

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2 18 , 81 ,z 3+ ( 31 ,− 31 , 31 ) x+ ¯ 61 , x+ 125 , x¯ 3− (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 125 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯ 3 3 d( 4 , 4 ,0) x,y,0 3¯ + x−1, ¯ x+ 45 , x; ¯ − 41 , 21 , 43 ¯3− x+ 45 , x−1, ¯ x; ¯ 12 ,− 41 , 43

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2(0, 21 ,0) 18 ,y, 83 3+ x+ 41 , x, ¯ x¯ 3− x+ ¯ 43 , x+ ¯ 41 , x 3 1 d( 4 ,0, 4 ) x, 41 ,z 3¯ + x− 43 , x+ ¯ 23 , x; ¯ 0, 43 ,− 43 1 3 ¯3− x− ¯ 4 , x+ ¯ 4 , x; − 41 , 43 ,0

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2( 21 ,0,0) x, 81 , 83 3+ x+ ¯ 41 , x+ ¯ 43 , x 3− x, ¯ x+ 41 , x¯ d(0, 43 , 41 ) 14 ,y,z 3¯ + x+ ¯ 43 , x− ¯ 41 , x; 34 ,− 41 ,0 3 ¯3− x+ ¯ 2 , x− 43 , x; ¯ 34 ,0,− 43

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

96

g

1

Reflection conditions

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 12 , 12 , 0)+

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x¯ + 34 , y¯ + 34 , z z, x¯ + 34 , y¯ + 34 y¯ + 34 , z, x¯ + 34 x + 14 , y + 14 , z¯ z¯, x + 14 , y + 14 y + 14 , z¯, x + 14

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

h, k, l cyclically permutable General:

x¯ + 34 , y, z¯ + 34 z¯ + 34 , x¯ + 34 , y y, z¯ + 34 , x¯ + 34 x + 14 , y, ¯ z + 14 1 z + 4 , x + 14 , y¯ y, ¯ z + 14 , x + 14

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x, y¯ + 34 , z¯ + 34 z¯ + 34 , x, y¯ + 34 y¯ + 34 , z¯ + 34 , x x, ¯ y + 14 , z + 14 z + 14 , x, ¯ y + 14 1 y + 4 , z + 14 , x¯

hkl: 0kl: hhl: h00:

h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n k + l = 4n, k, l = 2n h + l = 2n h = 4n

Special: as above, plus 48

f

2..

x, 18 , 18 x, ¯ 78 , 78

x¯ + 34 , 58 , 18 x + 14 , 38 , 78

32

e

.3.

x, x, x x, ¯ x, ¯ x¯

x¯ + 34 , x¯ + 34 , x x + 14 , x + 14 , x¯

16

d

. 3¯ .

1 2

16

c

. 3¯ .

0, 0, 0

8

b

23.

5 8

8

a

23.

1 8

, 12 , 12

1 8 7 8

, x, 18 , x, ¯ 78

1 8 7 8

, x¯ + 34 , 58 , x + 14 , 38

x¯ + 34 , x, x¯ + 34 x + 14 , x, ¯ x + 14

1 4

, 14 , 12

1 4

, 12 , 14

1 2

, 14 , 14

3 4

, 34 , 0

3 4

, 0, 34

0, 34 , 34

, 58 , 58

3 8

, 38 , 38

, 18 , 18

7 8

, 78 , 78

1 8 7 8

, 18 , x , 78 , x¯

x, x¯ + 34 , x¯ + 34 x, ¯ x + 14 , x + 14





5 8 3 8

, 18 , x¯ + 34 , 78 , x + 14

hkl: h = 2n + 1 or h + k + l = 4n no extra conditions hkl: h = 2n + 1 or h, k, l = 4n + 2 or h, k, l = 4n hkl: h = 2n + 1 or h + k + l = 4n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m b = 12 b a = 12 a 1 1 Origin at 8 , 8 , z

Along [111] p 6 a = 16 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 16 (−a + 2b − c) 605

Along [110] c 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 204, pp. 606–607.

I m 3¯

Th5

No. 204

I 2/m 3¯

m 3¯

Patterson symmetry I m 3¯

¯ Origin at centre (m 3)

Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 12 , 12 , 0 12 , 12 , 12

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Cubic

y ≤ x;

606

z≤y

I m 3¯

No. 204

CONTINUED Symmetry operations For (0,0,0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 3+ x, x, x (9) 3− x, x, x (13) 1¯ 0,0,0 (17) 3¯ + x, x, x; 0,0,0 (21) 3¯ − x, x, x; 0,0,0

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2 3+ 3− m 3¯ + 3¯ −

For ( 21 , 21 , 21 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 21 , 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x, x, x (9) 3− ( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x, x, x (13) 1¯ 14 , 41 , 41 (17) 3¯ + x, x, x; 14 , 41 , 41 (21) 3¯ − x, x, x; 14 , 41 , 41

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2(0,0, 21 ) 14 , 41 ,z 3+ ( 61 ,− 61 , 61 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ 31 , x¯ 1 1 1 − 3 (− 6 , 6 , 6 ) x+ 31 , x+ ¯ 31 , x¯ 1 1 1 n( 2 , 2 ,0) x,y, 4 3¯ + x−1, ¯ x+1, x; ¯ − 41 , 41 , 43 ¯3− x+1, x−1, ¯ x; ¯ 14 ,− 41 , 43

0,0,z x, ¯ x, x¯ x, x, ¯ x¯ x,y,0 x, ¯ x, x; ¯ 0,0,0 x, x, ¯ x; ¯ 0,0,0

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2 3+ 3− m 3¯ + 3¯ −

0,y,0 x, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ x, ¯x x,0,z x, x, ¯ x; ¯ 0,0,0 x, ¯ x, ¯ x; 0,0,0

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2(0, 21 ,0) 14 ,y, 41 3+ (− 61 , 61 , 61 ) x+ 32 , x− ¯ 31 , x¯ 1 2 − 1 1 3 ( 6 , 6 ,− 6 ) x+ ¯ 3 , x+ ¯ 31 , x 1 1 1 n( 2 ,0, 2 ) x, 4 ,z 3¯ + x, x+1, ¯ x; ¯ 14 , 43 ,− 41 ¯3− x, ¯ x+1, ¯ x; − 41 , 43 , 41

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2 3+ 3− m 3¯ + 3¯ −

x,0,0 x, ¯ x, ¯x x, ¯ x, x¯ 0,y,z x, ¯ x, ¯ x; 0,0,0 x, ¯ x, x; ¯ 0,0,0

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2( 21 ,0,0) x, 41 , 41 3+ ( 61 , 61 ,− 61 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 32 , x 1 1 1 − 1 3 ( 6 ,− 6 , 6 ) x− ¯ 3 , x+ 32 , x¯ 1 1 1 n(0, 2 , 2 ) 4 ,y,z 3¯ + x+1, ¯ x, ¯ x; 34 ,− 41 , 41 ¯3− x+1, ¯ x, x; ¯ 34 , 41 ,− 41

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

48

h

1

Reflection conditions

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ x, y, z¯ z¯, x, y y, z¯, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

h, k, l cyclically permutable General: x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ x, y, ¯z z, x, y¯ y, ¯ z, x

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

hkl: 0kl: hhl: h00:

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x x, ¯ y, z z, x, ¯y y, z, x¯

h + k + l = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 24

g

m..

0, y, z z¯, 0, y

0, y, ¯z z¯, 0, y¯

0, y, z¯ y, z, 0

0, y, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ z, 0

16

f

.3.

x, x, x x, ¯ x, ¯ x¯

x, ¯ x, ¯x x, x, x¯

x, ¯ x, x¯ x, x, ¯x

x, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ x, x

12

e

m m 2..

x, 0, 12

x, ¯ 0, 12

1 2

12

d

m m 2..

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

0, x, 0

8

c

. 3¯ .

1 4

, 14 , 14

3 4

, 34 , 14

3 4

, 14 , 34

6

b

m m m..

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

2

a

m 3¯ .

0, 0, 0

, x, 0

z, 0, y y, z¯, 0

z, 0, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, 0

no extra conditions no extra conditions

, x, ¯0

0, 12 , x

0, 12 , x¯

no extra conditions

0, x, ¯0

0, 0, x

0, 0, x¯

no extra conditions

1 2

1 4

, 34 , 34

hkl: k, l = 2n no extra conditions no extra conditions

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] c 2 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [111] p 6 a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

607

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 205, pp. 608–609.

P a 3¯

Th6

No. 205

P 21/a 3¯

m 3¯

Patterson symmetry P m 3¯

¯ Origin at centre (3)

Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; z ≤ min(x, y) 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 12 , 12 , 0 0, 12 , 0 12 , 12 , 12

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Cubic

608

P a 3¯

No. 205

CONTINUED Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

1 3+ 3− 1¯ 3¯ + 3¯ −

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, x, x x, x, x 0,0,0 x, x, x; 0,0,0 x, x, x; 0,0,0

2(0,0, 21 ) 14 ,0,z 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x, x¯ − 3 (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯ 1 a x,y, 4 3¯ + x− ¯ 21 , x+1, x; ¯ 0, 21 , 21 1 ¯3− x+ 21 , x− ¯ 2 , x; ¯ 0,0, 21

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2(0, 21 ,0) 0,y, 41 3+ x+ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x¯ − 1 1 3 ( 3 , 3 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 61 , x 1 c x, 4 ,z 3¯ + x+ 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x; ¯ 12 , 21 ,0 1 ¯3− x, ¯ x+ ¯ 2 , x; 0, 21 ,0

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2( 21 ,0,0) x, 41 ,0 3+ x, ¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x − 1 3 ( 3 ,− 31 , 31 ) x− ¯ 61 , x+ 31 , x¯ 1 b 4 ,y,z 3¯ + x+1, ¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x; 12 ,0, 21 1 ¯3− x+ ¯ 2 , x, x; ¯ 12 ,0,0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

d

1

Reflection conditions h, k, l cyclically permutable General:

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 1 z + 2 , x¯ + 12 , y¯ y, ¯ z + 12 , x¯ + 12 x + 12 , y, z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x + 12 , y y, z¯ + 12 , x + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x, ¯ y + 12 1 y + 2 , z¯ + 12 , x¯ x, y¯ + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x, y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z + 12 , x

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ 0kl: k = 2n z¯, x + 12 , y¯ + 12 h00: h = 2n y¯ + 12 , z¯, x + 12 x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z z, x¯ + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z, x¯ + 12 Special: as above, plus

8

c

.3.

4

b

. 3¯ .

1 2

4

a

. 3¯ .

0, 0, 0

x, x, x x, ¯ x, ¯ x¯ , 12 , 12

x¯ + 12 , x, ¯ x + 12 1 x + 2 , x, x¯ + 12 0, 12 , 0 1 2

, 0, 12

x, ¯ x + 12 , x¯ + 12 x, x¯ + 12 , x + 12 1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 12

x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x¯ x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , x

no extra conditions

0, 0, 12

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

, 12 , 0

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

1 2

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 g m b = b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [111] p 6 a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

609

Along [110] p 2 g g a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 206, pp. 610–611.

I a 3¯

Th7

No. 206

I 21/a 3¯

m 3¯

Patterson symmetry I m 3¯

¯ Origin at centre (3)

Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 14 ; z ≤ min(x, 12 − x, y, 12 − y) 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 12 , 12 , 0 0, 12 , 0 14 , 14 , 14

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Cubic

610

I a 3¯

No. 206

CONTINUED Symmetry operations For (0,0,0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 3+ x, x, x (9) 3− x, x, x (13) 1¯ 0,0,0 (17) 3¯ + x, x, x; 0,0,0 (21) 3¯ − x, x, x; 0,0,0

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2(0,0, 21 ) 14 ,0,z 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x, x¯ 3− (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯ 1 a x,y, 4 3¯ + x− ¯ 21 , x+1, x; ¯ 0, 21 , 21 1 ¯3− x+ 21 , x− ¯ 2 , x; ¯ 0,0, 21

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2(0, 21 ,0) 0,y, 41 3+ x+ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x¯ 3− ( 13 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 61 , x 1 c x, 4 ,z 3¯ + x+ 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x; ¯ 12 , 21 ,0 1 ¯3− x, ¯ x+ ¯ 2 , x; 0, 21 ,0

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2( 21 ,0,0) x, 41 ,0 3+ x, ¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x 3− ( 31 ,− 31 , 31 ) x− ¯ 61 , x+ 31 , x¯ 1 b 4 ,y,z 3¯ + x+1, ¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x; 12 ,0, 21 1 ¯3− x+ ¯ 2 , x, x; ¯ 12 ,0,0

For ( 21 , 21 , 21 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 21 , 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x, x, x (9) 3− ( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x, x, x (13) 1¯ 14 , 41 , 41 (17) 3¯ + x, x, x; 14 , 41 , 41 (21) 3¯ − x, x, x; 14 , 41 , 41

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2 0, 41 ,z 3+ ( 61 ,− 61 , 61 ) x− ¯ 61 , x+ 31 , x¯ 1 1 − 1 3 ( 6 ,− 6 ,− 6 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯ b x,y,0 3¯ + x− ¯ 21 , x, x; ¯ − 41 ,− 41 , 41 ¯3− x+ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x; ¯ 14 ,− 41 , 41

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2 14 ,y,0 3+ (− 61 , 61 , 61 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯ 1 1 1 1 − 3 (− 6 ,− 6 , 6 ) x+ ¯ 3 , x+ ¯ 61 , x a x,0,z 3¯ + x− 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x; ¯ − 41 , 41 ,− 41 1 ¯3− x, ¯ x+ ¯ 2 , x; − 41 , 41 , 41

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2 x,0, 41 3+ ( 61 , 61 ,− 61 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 61 , x 1 1 1 1 − 3 (− 6 , 6 ,− 6 ) x− ¯ 6 , x+ 31 , x¯ c 0,y,z 3¯ + x, ¯ x− ¯ 21 , x; 14 ,− 41 ,− 41 ¯3− x+ ¯ 21 , x, x; ¯ 14 , 41 ,− 41

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

48

e

1

Reflection conditions

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

h, k, l cyclically permutable General:

¯ z + 12 x¯ + 12 , y, 1 z + 2 , x¯ + 12 , y¯ y, ¯ z + 12 , x¯ + 12 x + 12 , y, z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x + 12 , y y, z¯ + 12 , x + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x, ¯ y + 12 1 y + 2 , z¯ + 12 , x¯ x, y¯ + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x, y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z + 12 , x

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ z¯, x + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z¯, x + 12 x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z z, x¯ + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z, x¯ + 12

hkl: 0kl: hhl: h00:

h + k + l = 2n k, l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 24

d

2..

x, 0, 14 x, ¯ 0, 34

x¯ + 12 , 0, 34 x + 12 , 0, 14

16

c

.3.

x, x, x x, ¯ x, ¯ x¯

x¯ + 12 , x, ¯ x + 12 1 x + 2 , x, x¯ + 12

8

b

. 3¯ .

1 4

8

a

. 3¯ .

0, 0, 0

, 14 , 14

1 4 3 4

, x, 0 , x, ¯0

3 4 1 4

, x¯ + 12 , 0 , x + 12 , 0

x, ¯ x + 12 , x¯ + 12 x, x¯ + 12 , x + 12

0, 14 , x 0, 34 , x¯ x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x¯ x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , x

0, 34 , x¯ + 12 0, 14 , x + 12

no extra conditions no extra conditions

1 4

, 34 , 34

3 4

, 34 , 14

3 4

, 14 , 34

hkl: k, l = 2n

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

hkl: k, l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 2 m m b = 12 b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [111] p 6 a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

611

Along [110] p 2 m g a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 207, pp. 612–613.

P432

O1

No. 207

P432

432

Patterson symmetry P m 3¯ m

Origin at 4 3 2 Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; 0, 0, 0 1, 0, 0 12 , 12 , 0 12 , 12 , 12

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Cubic

y ≤ min(x, 1 − x); 612

z≤y

No. 207

CONTINUED

P432

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

1 3+ 3− 2 4− 4+

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, x, x x, x, x x, x, 0 x, 0, 0 0, y, 0

2 3+ 3− 2 2 2

0, 0, z x, ¯ x, x¯ x, x, ¯ x¯ x, x, ¯0 0, y, y x, 0, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2 3+ 3− 4− 2 4−

0, y, 0 x, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ x, ¯x 0, 0, z 0, y, y¯ 0, y, 0

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2 3+ 3− 4+ 4+ 2

x, 0, 0 x, ¯ x, ¯x x, ¯ x, x¯ 0, 0, z x, 0, 0 x, ¯ 0, x

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

k

1

Reflection conditions h, k, l permutable General:

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y, x, z¯ x, z, y¯ z, y, x¯

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z, y z, y, ¯x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ y, x, ¯z x, ¯ z¯, y¯ z¯, y, x

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

no conditions

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x y, ¯ x, z x, z¯, y z¯, y, ¯ x¯

Special: no extra conditions 12

j

..2

1 2

, y, y y, ¯ 12 , y

1 2

, y, ¯y y, ¯ 12 , y¯

1 2

, y, y¯ y, y, 12

1 2

, y, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ y, 12

y, 12 , y y, y, ¯ 12

y, 12 , y¯ y, ¯ y, ¯ 12

12

i

..2

0, y, y y, ¯ 0, y

0, y, ¯y y, ¯ 0, y¯

0, y, y¯ y, y, 0

0, y, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ y, 0

y, 0, y y, y, ¯0

y, 0, y¯ y, ¯ y, ¯0

12

h

2..

x, 12 , 0 1 2 , x, 0

x, ¯ 12 , 0 1 ¯0 2 , x,

0, x, 12 x, 0, 12

0, x, ¯ 12 x, ¯ 0, 12

, 0, x 0, 12 , x¯

8

g

.3.

x, x, x x, x, x¯

x, ¯ x, ¯x x, ¯ x, ¯ x¯

x, ¯ x, x¯ x, x, ¯x

x, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ x, x

6

f

4..

x, 12 , 12

x, ¯ 12 , 12

1 2

6

e

4..

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

0, x, 0

3

d

4 2 .2

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

0, 0, 12

3

c

4 2 .2

0, 12 , 12

1

b

432

1 2

1

a

432

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 0, 12

1 2

, x, 12

1 2

1 2

, x, ¯ 12

1 2

0, x, ¯0

, 12 , x

0, 0, x

, 0, x¯ 0, 12 , x 1 2

1 2

, 12 , x¯

0, 0, x¯

, 12 , 0

, 12 , 12

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [111] p 3 m 1 a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

613

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 208, pp. 614–615.

P 42 3 2

O2

No. 208

P 42 3 2

432

Cubic Patterson symmetry P m 3¯ m

Origin at 2 3 Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; − 41 ≤ z ≤ 14 ; max(−x, x − 12 , −y, y − 12 ) ≤ z ≤ min(x, 12 − x, y, 12 − y) 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 12 , 12 , 0 0, 12 , 0 14 , 14 , 14 14 , 14 , − 41

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

614

No. 208

CONTINUED

P 42 3 2

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

1 3+ x, x, x 3− x, x, x 2( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x, 14 4− ( 21 , 0, 0) x, 12 , 0 4+ (0, 12 , 0) 12 , y, 0

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2 0, 0, z 3+ x, ¯ x, x¯ 3− x, x, ¯ x¯ 2 x, x¯ + 12 , 14 2(0, 12 , 12 ) 14 , y, y 2( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 14 , x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2 0, y, 0 3+ x, x, ¯ x¯ 3− x, ¯ x, ¯x 4− (0, 0, 12 ) 12 , 0, z 2 14 , y + 12 , y¯ 4− (0, 12 , 0) 0, y, 12

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2 x, 0, 0 3+ x, ¯ x, ¯x 3− x, ¯ x, x¯ 4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 12 , z 4+ ( 21 , 0, 0) x, 0, 12 2 x¯ + 12 , 14 , x

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

m

1

Reflection conditions h, k, l permutable General:

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , z + 12 , y¯ + 12 z + 12 , y + 12 , x¯ + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , z + 12 , y + 12 z + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , y + 12 , x + 12

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 x + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y + 12 z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12

h00: h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 12

l

..2

1 4

, y, y + 12 y + 12 , 14 , y y, y + 12 , 14

3 4

, y, ¯ y + 12 y + 12 , 34 , y¯ y, ¯ y + 12 , 34

3 4

, y, y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , 34 , y y, y¯ + 12 , 34

, y, ¯ y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , 14 , y¯ y, ¯ y¯ + 12 , 14

no extra conditions

12

k

..2

1 4

, y, y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , 14 , y y, y¯ + 12 , 14

3 4

, y, ¯ y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , 34 , y¯ y, ¯ y¯ + 12 , 34

, y, y + 12 y + 12 , 34 , y y, y + 12 , 34

, y, ¯ y + 12 y + 12 , 14 , y¯ y, ¯ y + 12 , 14

no extra conditions

12

j

2..

x, 12 , 0 0, x + 12 , 12

x, ¯ 12 , 0 0, x¯ + 12 , 12

0, x, 12 x + 12 , 12 , 0

0, x, ¯ 12 x¯ + 12 , 12 , 0

1 2 1 2

12

i

2..

x, 0, 12 1 1 2,x+ 2,0

x, ¯ 0, 12 1 ¯ + 12 , 0 2,x

1 2 , x, 0 x + 12 , 0, 12

1 ¯0 2 , x, x¯ + 12 , 0, 12

12

h

2..

x, 0, 0 1 1 1 2,x+ 2, 2

x, ¯ 0, 0 1 ¯ + 12 , 12 2,x

0, x, 0 x + 12 , 12 , 12

0, x, ¯0 x¯ + 12 , 12 , 12

8

g

.3.

x, x, x x, ¯ x, x¯ x + 12 , x + 12 , x¯ + 12 x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x + 12

6

f

2 . 22

1 4

, 12 , 0

3 4

, 12 , 0

0, 14 , 12

6

e

2 . 22

1 4

, 0, 12

3 4

, 0, 12

1 2

, 14 , 0

1 2

6

d

2 2 2..

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

0, 12 , 0

4

c

.32

3 4

, 34 , 34

1 4

, 14 , 34

1 4

, 34 , 14

3 4

, 14 , 14

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

4

b

.32

1 4

, 14 , 14

3 4

, 34 , 14

3 4

, 14 , 34

1 4

, 34 , 34

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

2

a

23.

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

3 4

1 4

1 4

, 0, x , 0, x¯ + 12

, 0, x¯ , 0, x + 12

hkl: h = 2n hhl: l = 2n

0, 12 , x 0, 12 , x¯ + 12

0, 12 , x¯ 0, 12 , x + 12

hkl: h = 2n hhl: l = 2n

0, 0, x 1 1 ¯ + 12 2, 2,x

0, 0, x¯ 1 1 1 2, 2,x+ 2

hkl: h + k + l = 2n 0kl: k + l = 2n

x, ¯ x, ¯x x, x, ¯ x¯ x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , x + 12 0, 34 , 12

, 0, 14

, 0, 34




0, 12 , 14

0, 12 , 34

hkl: h + k + l = 2n or h = 2n + 1, k = 4n and l = 4n + 2

, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

1 2

, 34 , 0

1 2 1 2

1 2

1 2

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 12 , z

Along [111] p 3 m 1 a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

615

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c 1 Origin at x, x, 4

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 209, pp. 616–617.

F432

O3

No. 209

F432

432

Cubic ¯ Patterson symmetry Fm3m

Origin at 4 3 2 Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ; − 41 ≤ z ≤ 14 ; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 14 , 14 , 14 41 , 14 , − 41

y ≤ min(x, 12 − x);

−y ≤ z ≤ y

Symmetry operations For (0,0,0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 3+ x, x, x (9) 3− x, x, x (13) 2 x, x,0 (17) 4− x,0,0 (21) 4+ 0,y,0

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2 3+ 3− 2 2 2

0,0,z x, ¯ x, x¯ x, x, ¯ x¯ x, x,0 ¯ 0,y,y x,0, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

2 3+ 3− 4− 2 4−

0,y,0 x, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ x, ¯x 0,0,z 0,y,y¯ 0,y,0 616

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2 3+ 3− 4+ 4+ 2

x,0,0 x, ¯ x, ¯x x, ¯ x, x¯ 0,0,z x,0,0 x,0, ¯ x

No. 209

CONTINUED

F 432

Symmetry operations (continued) For (0, 21 , 21 )+ set (1) t(0, 21 , 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 31 , x− 61 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 61 , x+ 61 , x (13) 2( 41 , 41 ,0) x, x+ 41 , 41 (17) 4− x, 21 ,0 (21) 4+ (0, 21 ,0) 14 ,y, 41

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2(0,0, 21 ) 0, 41 ,z 3+ x, ¯ x+ 21 , x¯ − 3 (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯ 2(− 41 , 41 ,0) x, x+ ¯ 41 , 41 2(0, 21 , 21 ) 0,y,y 2( 41 ,0, 41 ) x− 41 , 41 , x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2(0, 21 ,0) 0,y, 41 3+ (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 31 , x− ¯ 61 , x¯ 1 1 − 3 x+ ¯ 2 , x+ ¯ 2,x 4− (0,0, 21 ) 14 , 41 ,z 2 0,y+ 21 ,y¯ 4− (0, 21 ,0) − 41 ,y, 41

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2 x, 41 , 41 3+ x, ¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x − 3 x− ¯ 21 , x+ 21 , x¯ 4+ (0,0, 21 ) − 41 , 41 ,z 4+ x,0, 21 2(− 41 ,0, 41 ) x+ ¯ 41 , 41 , x

For ( 21 ,0, 21 )+ set (1) t( 21 ,0, 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x− 61 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 61 , x− 31 , x (13) 2( 41 , 41 ,0) x, x− 41 , 41 (17) 4− ( 21 ,0,0) x, 41 , 41 (21) 4+ 12 ,y,0

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2(0,0, 21 ) 14 ,0,z 3+ ( 31 ,− 31 , 31 ) x+ ¯ 61 , x+ 61 , x¯ 1 − 3 x+ 2 , x, ¯ x¯ 2( 41 ,− 41 ,0) x, x+ ¯ 41 , 41 2(0, 41 , 41 ) 14 ,y− 41 ,y 2( 21 ,0, 21 ) x,0, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2 14 ,y, 41 3+ x+ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x¯ 1 − 3 x+ ¯ 2 , x, ¯x 4− (0,0, 21 ) 14 ,− 41 ,z 2(0,− 41 , 41 ) 14 ,y+ 41 ,y¯ 4− 0,y, 21

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2( 21 ,0,0) x,0, 41 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x 1 1 − 1 3 ( 3 ,− 3 , 3 ) x− ¯ 61 , x+ 31 , x¯ 1 1 1 + 4 (0,0, 2 ) 4 , 4 ,z 4+ ( 21 ,0,0) x,− 41 , 41 2 x+ ¯ 21 ,0, x

For ( 21 , 21 ,0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 21 ,0) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ 31 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 31 , x+ 61 , x (13) 2( 21 , 21 ,0) x, x,0 (17) 4− ( 21 ,0,0) x, 41 ,− 41 (21) 4+ (0, 21 ,0) 14 ,y,− 41

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2 14 , 41 ,z 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x, x¯ 3− x, x+ ¯ 21 , x¯ 2 x, x+ ¯ 21 ,0 1 1 2(0, 4 , 4 ) 14 ,y+ 41 ,y 2( 41 ,0, 41 ) x+ 41 , 41 , x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2(0, 21 ,0) 14 ,y,0 3+ x+ 21 , x, ¯ x¯ 3− ( 31 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 61 , x − 1 4 2 ,0,z 2(0, 41 ,− 41 ) 14 ,y+ 41 ,y¯ 4− (0, 21 ,0) 14 ,y, 41

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2( 21 ,0,0) x, 41 ,0 3+ ( 31 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 61 , x+ ¯ 31 , x 3− x, ¯ x+ 21 , x¯ 4+ 0, 21 ,z 4+ ( 21 ,0,0) x, 41 , 41 2( 41 ,0,− 41 ) x+ ¯ 41 , 41 , x

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13) Positions

96

j

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 12 , 12 , 0)+

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y, x, z¯ x, z, y¯ z, y, x¯

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z, y z, y, ¯x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ y, x, ¯z x, ¯ z¯, y¯ z¯, y, x

h, k, l permutable General: (4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

hkl: 0kl: hhl: h00:

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x y, ¯ x, z x, z¯, y z¯, y, ¯ x¯

h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n k, l = 2n h + l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus i

2..

x, 14 , 14 1 3 4 , x, 4

x, ¯ 34 , 14 3 ¯ 34 4 , x,

, x, 14 x, 14 , 34

, x, ¯ 34 1 1 x, ¯ 4, 4

48

h

..2

1 2

, y, y y, ¯ 12 , y

1 2

, y, ¯y y, ¯ 12 , y¯

1 2

, y, y¯ y, y, 12

1 2

, y, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ y, 12

y, 12 , y y, y, ¯ 12

y, 12 , y¯ y, ¯ y, ¯ 12

no extra conditions

48

g

..2

0, y, y y, ¯ 0, y

0, y, ¯y y, ¯ 0, y¯

0, y, y¯ y, y, 0

0, y, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ y, 0

y, 0, y y, y, ¯0

y, 0, y¯ y, ¯ y, ¯0

no extra conditions

32

f

.3.

x, x, x x, x, x¯

x, ¯ x, ¯x x, ¯ x, ¯ x¯

x, ¯ x, x¯ x, x, ¯x

x, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ x, x

24

e

4..

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

0, x, 0

24

d

2 . 22

0, 14 , 14

0, 34 , 14

8

c

23.

1 4

, 14 , 14

4

b

432

1 2

, 12 , 12

no extra conditions

4

a

432

0, 0, 0

no extra conditions

1 4

1 4

1 4

, 0, 14

1 4

1 4 1 4

3 4 1 4

, 14 , x¯ , 34 , x

no extra conditions

0, x, ¯0 1 4

, 14 , x , 14 , x¯

hkl: h = 2n

48

0, 0, x

, 0, 34

1 4

, 14 , 0

, 14 , 34

0, 0, x¯ 3 4

, 14 , 0

no extra conditions hkl: h = 2n hkl: h = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [111] p 3 m 1 a = 16 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 16 (−a + 2b − c) 617

Along [110] c 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 210, pp. 618–619.

F4132

O4

No. 210

F4132

432

Cubic ¯ Patterson symmetry Fm3m

Origin at 2 3 Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ; − 81 ≤ y ≤ 18 ; − 81 ≤ z ≤ 18 ; 0, 0, 0 18 , 18 , 18 18 , 18 , − 81 81 , − 81 , 18 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 2 , 0, 0 8, 8, 8 8, 8,−8 8,−8, 8

y ≤ min(x, 12 − x);

−y ≤ z ≤ min(x, 12 − x)

Symmetry operations For (0,0,0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 3+ x, x, x (9) 3− x, x, x (13) 2( 21 , 21 ,0) x, x− 41 , 83 (17) 4− ( 43 ,0,0) x, 21 , 41 (21) 4+ (0, 41 ,0) 34 ,y,0

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2(0,0, 21 ) 0, 41 ,z 3+ ( 31 ,− 31 , 31 ) x+ ¯ 61 , x+ 61 , x¯ 1 − 3 x, x+ ¯ 2 , x¯ 2 x, x+ ¯ 41 , 81 2(0, 21 , 21 ) 38 ,y+ 41 ,y 2( 12 ,0, 21 ) x− 41 , 83 , x

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

(3) 2(0, 21 ,0) 14 ,y,0 (7) 3+ (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 31 , x− ¯ 61 , x¯ 1 − (11) 3 x+ ¯ 2 , x, ¯x (15) 4− (0,0, 43 ) 12 , 41 ,z (19) 2 18 ,y+ 41 ,y¯ (23) 4− (0, 43 ,0) 14 ,y, 21 618

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2( 21 ,0,0) x,0, 41 3+ ( 31 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 61 , x+ ¯ 31 , x 1 1 − 3 x− ¯ 2 , x+ 2 , x¯ 4+ (0,0, 41 ) 0, 43 ,z 4+ ( 41 ,0,0) x,0, 43 2 x+ ¯ 41 , 81 , x

No. 210

CONTINUED

F 41 3 2

Symmetry operations (continued) For (0, 21 , 21 )+ set (1) t(0, 21 , 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 31 , x− 61 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 61 , x+ 61 , x (13) 2( 43 , 43 ,0) x, x, 81 (17) 4− ( 43 ,0,0) x, 21 ,− 41 (21) 4+ (0, 43 ,0) 12 ,y,− 41

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2 0,0,z 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x, x¯ − 3 x+ 21 , x, ¯ x¯ 2(− 41 , 41 ,0) x, x+ ¯ 21 , 83 1 1 3 2(0, 2 , 2 ) 8 ,y− 41 ,y 2( 41 ,0, 41 ) x, 81 , x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2 14 ,y, 41 3+ x, x, ¯ x¯ 3− ( 31 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 61 , x 4− (0,0, 41 ) 14 ,0,z 2 18 ,y+ 43 ,y¯ 4− (0, 41 ,0) 0,y, 43

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2( 21 ,0,0) x, 41 ,0 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x − 3 x, ¯ x, x¯ 4+ (0,0, 43 ) 14 , 21 ,z 4+ ( 41 ,0,0) x,0, 41 2(− 41 ,0, 41 ) x+ ¯ 21 , 83 , x

For ( 21 ,0, 21 )+ set (1) t( 21 ,0, 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x− 61 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 61 , x− 31 , x (13) 2( 41 , 41 ,0) x, x, 81 (17) 4− ( 41 ,0,0) x, 41 ,0 (21) 4+ (0, 41 ,0) 14 ,y,0

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2 14 , 41 ,z 3+ x, ¯ x, x¯ 3− (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯ 1 1 1 3 2( 4 ,− 4 ,0) x, x+ ¯ 2,8 2(0, 43 , 43 ) 18 ,y,y 2( 21 ,0, 21 ) x+ 41 , 83 , x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2(0, 21 ,0) 0,y, 41 3+ x+ 21 , x, ¯ x¯ 3− x, ¯ x, ¯x 4− (0,0, 41 ) 34 ,0,z 2(0,− 41 , 41 ) 38 ,y+ 21 ,y¯ 4− (0, 43 ,0) − 41 ,y, 21

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2 x,0,0 3+ x, ¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x − 3 x, ¯ x+ 21 , x¯ + 4 (0,0, 43 ) − 41 , 21 ,z 4+ ( 43 ,0,0) x, 41 , 21 2 x+ ¯ 43 , 81 , x

For ( 21 , 21 ,0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 21 ,0) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ 31 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 31 , x+ 61 , x (13) 2( 21 , 21 ,0) x, x+ 41 , 83 (17) 4− ( 41 ,0,0) x, 43 ,0 (21) 4+ (0, 43 ,0) 12 ,y, 41

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2(0,0, 21 ) 14 ,0,z 3+ x, ¯ x+ 21 , x¯ 3− x, x, ¯ x¯ 2 x, x+ ¯ 43 , 81 1 1 2(0, 4 , 4 ) 18 ,y,y 2( 43 ,0, 43 ) x, 81 , x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2 0,y,0 3+ x+ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x¯ 3− x+ ¯ 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x 3 − 4 (0,0, 4 ) 12 ,− 41 ,z 2(0, 41 ,− 41 ) 38 ,y+ 21 ,y¯ 4− (0, 41 ,0) 0,y, 41

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2 x, 41 , 41 3+ x, ¯ x, ¯x 3− ( 31 ,− 31 , 31 ) x− ¯ 61 , x+ 31 , x¯ 1 + 4 (0,0, 4 ) 0, 41 ,z 4+ ( 43 ,0,0) x,− 41 , 21 2( 41 ,0,− 41 ) x+ ¯ 21 , 83 , x

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13) Positions

96

h

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 12 , 12 , 0)+

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 34 , x + 14 , z¯ + 34 x + 34 , z + 14 , y¯ + 34 z + 34 , y + 14 , x¯ + 34

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, ¯ y¯ + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x, ¯ y¯ + 12 1 y¯ + 2 , z + 12 , x¯ y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14 x¯ + 34 , z + 34 , y + 14 z + 14 , y¯ + 34 , x + 34

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

h, k, l permutable General:

x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ z¯, x¯ + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z¯, x¯ + 12 y + 14 , x¯ + 34 , z + 34 x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 14 z¯ + 34 , y + 34 , x + 14

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x + 12 , y, ¯ z¯ + 12 1 z¯ + 2 , x + 12 , y¯ y, ¯ z¯ + 12 , x + 12 y¯ + 34 , x + 34 , z + 14 x + 14 , z¯ + 34 , y + 34 z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14

hkl: h + k = 2n and h + l, k + l = 2n 0kl: k, l = 2n hhl: h + l = 2n h00: h = 4n

Special: as above, plus 48

g

..2

, y, y¯ + 14 y¯ + 14 , 18 , y y, y¯ + 14 , 18

, y¯ + 12 , y¯ + 34 y¯ + 34 , 78 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , y¯ + 34 , 78

48

f

2..

x, 0, 0 3 1 3 4,x+ 4, 4

x, ¯ 12 , 12 1 ¯ + 14 , 14 4,x

32

e

.3.

x, x, x x + 34 , x + 14 , x¯ + 34

16

d

.32

5 8

, 58 , 58

3 8

, 78 , 18

7 8

, 18 , 38

1 8

, 38 , 78

16

c

.32

1 8

, 18 , 18

7 8

, 38 , 58

3 8

, 58 , 78

5 8

, 78 , 38

8

b

23.

1 2

, 12 , 12

1 4

, 34 , 14

8

a

23.

0, 0, 0

3 4

, 14 , 34

1 8

7 8

, y + 12 , y + 34 y + 34 , 38 , y + 12 y + 12 , y + 34 , 38

, y, ¯ y + 14 y + 14 , 58 , y¯ y, ¯ y + 14 , 58

3 8

5 8

, x, ¯ 12 x¯ + 34 , 34 , 14 1 2

0, x, 0 x + 34 , 14 , 34

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , x + 12 x¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14

0, 0, x 3 1 ¯ + 34 4, 4,x

x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , x¯ x + 14 , x¯ + 34 , x + 34


no extra conditions

1 2 1 4

, 12 , x¯ hkl: h = 2n + 1 or h + k + l = 4n , 34 , x + 34

x + 12 , x, ¯ x¯ + 12 0kl: k + l = 4n 3 x¯ + 4 , x + 34 , x + 14 hkl: h = 2n + 1 or h, k, l = 4n + 2 or h, k, l = 4n




hkl: h = 2n + 1 or h + k + l = 4n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 b a = 12 a Origin at 14 , 0, z

Along [111] p 3 m 1 a = 16 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 16 (−a + 2b − c)

619

Along [110] c 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 18

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 211, pp. 620–621.

I 432

O5

No. 211

I 432

432

Patterson symmetry I m 3¯ m

Origin at 4 3 2 Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 14 ; z ≤ min(x, 12 − x, y, 12 − y) 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 12 , 12 , 0 0, 12 , 0 14 , 14 , 14

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Cubic

620

No. 211

CONTINUED

I 432

Symmetry operations For (0,0,0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 3+ x, x, x (9) 3− x, x, x (13) 2 x, x,0 (17) 4− x,0,0 (21) 4+ 0,y,0

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2 3+ 3− 2 2 2

For ( 21 , 21 , 21 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 21 , 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x, x, x (9) 3− ( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x, x, x (13) 2( 21 , 21 ,0) x, x, 41 (17) 4− ( 21 ,0,0) x, 21 ,0 (21) 4+ (0, 21 ,0) 12 ,y,0

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2(0,0, 21 ) 14 , 41 ,z 3+ ( 61 ,− 61 , 61 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ 31 , x¯ 1 1 1 − 3 (− 6 , 6 , 6 ) x+ 31 , x+ ¯ 31 , x¯ 2 x, x+ ¯ 21 , 41 2(0, 21 , 21 ) 14 ,y,y 2( 21 ,0, 21 ) x, 41 , x

0,0,z x, ¯ x, x¯ x, x, ¯ x¯ x, x,0 ¯ 0,y,y x,0, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2 3+ 3− 4− 2 4−

0,y,0 x, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ x, ¯x 0,0,z 0,y,y¯ 0,y,0

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2(0, 21 ,0) 14 ,y, 41 3+ (− 61 , 61 , 61 ) x+ 32 , x− ¯ 31 , x¯ 1 2 − 1 1 3 ( 6 , 6 ,− 6 ) x+ ¯ 3 , x+ ¯ 31 , x 4− (0,0, 21 ) 12 ,0,z 2 14 ,y+ 21 ,y¯ 4− (0, 21 ,0) 0,y, 21

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2 3+ 3− 4+ 4+ 2

x,0,0 x, ¯ x, ¯x x, ¯ x, x¯ 0,0,z x,0,0 x,0, ¯ x

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2( 21 ,0,0) x, 41 , 41 3+ ( 61 , 61 ,− 61 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 32 , x 1 1 1 − 1 3 ( 6 ,− 6 , 6 ) x− ¯ 3 , x+ 32 , x¯ 4+ (0,0, 21 ) 0, 21 ,z 4+ ( 21 ,0,0) x,0, 21 2 x+ ¯ 21 , 41 , x

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

48

j

1

Reflection conditions

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y, x, z¯ x, z, y¯ z, y, x¯

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z, y z, y, ¯x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

h, k, l permutable General: x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ y, x, ¯z x, ¯ z¯, y¯ z¯, y, x

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

hkl: 0kl: hhl: h00:

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x y, ¯ x, z x, z¯, y z¯, y, ¯ x¯

h + k + l = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 24

i

..2

, y, y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , 14 , y y, y¯ + 12 , 14

, y, ¯ y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , 34 , y¯ y, ¯ y¯ + 12 , 34

24

h

..2

0, y, y y, ¯ 0, y

0, y, ¯y y, ¯ 0, y¯

0, y, y¯ y, y, 0

0, y, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ y, 0

y, 0, y y, y, ¯0

24

g

2..

x, 12 , 0 1 2 , x, 0

x, ¯ 12 , 0 1 ¯0 2 , x,

0, x, 12 x, 0, 12

0, x, ¯ 12 x, ¯ 0, 12

, 0, x 0, 12 , x¯

16

f

.3.

x, x, x x, x, x¯

x, ¯ x, ¯x x, ¯ x, ¯ x¯

x, ¯ x, x¯ x, x, ¯x

x, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ x, x

12

e

4..

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

0, x, 0

0, x, ¯0

12

d

2 . 22

1 4

, 12 , 0

3 4

, 12 , 0

0, 14 , 12

0, 34 , 12

8

c

.32

1 4

, 14 , 14

3 4

, 34 , 14

3 4

, 14 , 34

6

b

4 2 .2

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

2

a

432

0, 0, 0

1 4

, y, y + 12 y + 12 , 34 , y y, y + 12 , 34

3 4

, y, ¯ y + 12 y + 12 , 14 , y¯ y, ¯ y + 12 , 14

3 4

1 4

1 4

1 2

no extra conditions

y, 0, y¯ y, ¯ y, ¯0 , 0, x¯ 0, 12 , x 1 2

no extra conditions no extra conditions no extra conditions

0, 0, x 1 2

, 0, 14

0, 0, x¯

no extra conditions

, 0, 34

no extra conditions

1 2

, 34 , 34

hkl: k, l = 2n no extra conditions no extra conditions

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [111] p 3 m 1 a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

621

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 212, pp. 622–623.

P 43 3 2

O6

No. 212

P 43 3 2

432

Cubic Patterson symmetry P m 3¯ m

Origin on 3[111] at midpoint of three non-intersecting pairs of parallel screw axes 43 and 21 Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 34 ; − 21 ≤ z ≤ 14 ; max(−y, x − 12 ) ≤ z ≤ min(−y + 12 , 2x − y, 2y − x, y − 2x + 12 ) 0, 0, 0 38 , 18 , − 81 12 , 12 , 0 14 , 34 , − 41 0, 12 , − 21 14 , 14 , 14

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

622

No. 212

CONTINUED

P 43 3 2

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

1 3+ x, x, x 3− x, x, x 2( 21 , 21 ,0) x, x+ 41 , 83 4− ( 41 ,0,0) x, 43 ,0 4+ (0, 43 ,0) 12 ,y, 41

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2(0,0, 21 ) 14 ,0,z 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x, x¯ − 3 (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯ 1 1 2 x, x+ ¯ 4,8 2(0, 21 , 21 ) 38 ,y− 41 ,y 2( 12 ,0, 21 ) x+ 41 , 83 , x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2(0, 21 ,0) 0,y, 41 3+ x+ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x¯ − 1 1 3 ( 3 , 3 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 61 , x 1 3 − 4 (0,0, 4 ) 4 ,0,z 2 18 ,y+ 41 ,y¯ 4− (0, 41 ,0) 0,y, 43

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2( 21 ,0,0) x, 41 ,0 3+ x, ¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x − 1 3 ( 3 ,− 31 , 31 ) x− ¯ 61 , x+ 31 , x¯ 3 1 1 + 4 (0,0, 4 ) 4 , 2 ,z 4+ ( 43 ,0,0) x, 41 , 21 2 x+ ¯ 41 , 81 , x

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

Reflection conditions h, k, l permutable General:

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 14 , x + 34 , z¯ + 34 x + 14 , z + 34 , y¯ + 34 z + 14 , y + 34 , x¯ + 34

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 1 z + 2 , x¯ + 12 , y¯ y, ¯ z + 12 , x¯ + 12 y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14 x¯ + 34 , z + 14 , y + 34 z + 34 , y¯ + 34 , x + 14

e

1

12

d

..2

, y, y¯ + y¯ + 14 , 18 , y y, y¯ + 14 , 18

8

c

.3.

x, x, x x + 14 , x + 34 , x¯ + 34

4

b

.32

5 8

, 58 , 58

7 8

, 38 , 18

3 8

, 18 , 78

1 8

, 78 , 38

4

a

.32

1 8

, 18 , 18

3 8

, 78 , 58

7 8

, 58 , 38

5 8

, 38 , 78

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x, ¯ y + 12 1 y + 2 , z¯ + 12 , x¯ y + 34 , x¯ + 34 , z + 14 x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 14 z¯ + 34 , y + 14 , x + 34

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ z¯, x + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z¯, x + 12 y¯ + 34 , x + 14 , z + 34 x + 34 , z¯ + 34 , y + 14 z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14

h00: h = 4n

Special: as above, plus 1 8

, y, ¯ y¯ + y¯ + 34 , 38 , y¯ y, ¯ y¯ + 34 , 38

1 4

3 8

3 4

,y+ ,y+ y + 14 , , y + y + 12 , y + 14 , 1 2 7 8

7 8

1 4 1 2 7 8

x¯ + 12 , x, ¯ x + 12 1 x¯ + 4 , x¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14

, y¯ + , y + y + 34 , , y¯ + y¯ + 12 , y + 34 , 5 8

1 2 5 8

3 4 1 2 5 8

x, ¯ x + 12 , x¯ + 12 x + 34 , x¯ + 34 , x + 14


no extra conditions

x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x¯ 0kl: k = 2n + 1 or l = 2n + 1 x¯ + 34 , x + 14 , x + 34 or k + l = 4n hkl: h, k = 2n + 1 or h = 2n + 1, k = 4n and l = 4n + 2 or h, k, l = 4n + 2 or h, k, l = 4n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 g m b = b a = a 1 1 Origin at 4 , 2 , z

Along [111] p 3 m 1 a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

623

Along [110] p 2 g m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c 1 3 Origin at x, x + 4 , 8

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 213, pp. 624–625.

P 41 3 2

O7

No. 213

P 41 3 2

432

Cubic Patterson symmetry P m 3¯ m

Origin on 3[111] at midpoint of three non-intersecting pairs of parallel screw axes 41 and 21 Asymmetric unit Vertices

− 41 ≤ x ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 34 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; x ≤ y ≤ x + 12 ; 0, 0, 0 12 , 12 , 0 14 , 34 , 14 − 41 , 14 , 14 0, 12 , 12 83 , 38 , 38

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

624

(y − x)/2 ≤ z ≤ min(y, (−4x − 2y + 3)/2, (3 − 2x − 2y)/4)

No. 213

CONTINUED

P 41 3 2

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

1 3+ x, x, x 3− x, x, x 2( 21 , 21 ,0) x, x− 41 , 81 4− ( 43 ,0,0) x, 41 ,0 4+ (0, 41 ,0) 12 ,y,− 41

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2(0,0, 21 ) 14 ,0,z 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x, x¯ − 3 (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯ 3 3 2 x, x+ ¯ 4,8 2(0, 21 , 21 ) 18 ,y+ 41 ,y 2( 12 ,0, 21 ) x− 41 , 81 , x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2(0, 21 ,0) 0,y, 41 3+ x+ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x¯ − 1 1 3 ( 3 , 3 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 61 , x 3 1 − 4 (0,0, 4 ) 4 ,0,z 2 38 ,y+ 43 ,y¯ 4− (0, 43 ,0) 0,y, 41

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2( 21 ,0,0) x, 41 ,0 3+ x, ¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x − 1 3 ( 3 ,− 31 , 31 ) x− ¯ 61 , x+ 31 , x¯ 1 + 4 (0,0, 4 ) − 41 , 21 ,z 4+ ( 41 ,0,0) x,− 41 , 21 2 x+ ¯ 43 , 83 , x

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

Reflection conditions h, k, l permutable General:

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 34 , x + 14 , z¯ + 14 x + 34 , z + 14 , y¯ + 14 z + 34 , y + 14 , x¯ + 14

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 1 z + 2 , x¯ + 12 , y¯ y, ¯ z + 12 , x¯ + 12 y¯ + 34 , x¯ + 34 , z¯ + 34 x¯ + 14 , z + 34 , y + 14 z + 14 , y¯ + 14 , x + 34

e

1

12

d

..2

, y, y + y + 14 , 18 , y y, y + 14 , 18

8

c

.3.

x, x, x x + 34 , x + 14 , x¯ + 14

4

b

.32

7 8

, 78 , 78

5 8

, 18 , 38

1 8

, 38 , 58

3 8

, 58 , 18

4

a

.32

3 8

, 38 , 38

1 8

, 58 , 78

5 8

, 78 , 18

7 8

, 18 , 58

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x, ¯ y + 12 1 y + 2 , z¯ + 12 , x¯ y + 14 , x¯ + 14 , z + 34 x¯ + 34 , z¯ + 34 , y¯ + 34 z¯ + 14 , y + 34 , x + 14

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ z¯, x + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z¯, x + 12 y¯ + 14 , x + 34 , z + 14 x + 14 , z¯ + 14 , y + 34 z¯ + 34 , y¯ + 34 , x¯ + 34

h00: h = 4n

Special: as above, plus 1 8

, y, ¯ y+ y + 34 , 38 , y¯ y, ¯ y + 34 , 38

1 4

3 8

3 4

, y + , y¯ + y¯ + 14 , , y + y + 12 , y¯ + 14 , 1 2 7 8

7 8

1 4 1 2 7 8

x¯ + 12 , x, ¯ x + 12 3 x¯ + 4 , x¯ + 34 , x¯ + 34

, y¯ + , y¯ + y¯ + 34 , , y¯ + y¯ + 12 , y¯ + 34 , 5 8

1 2 5 8

3 4 1 2 5 8

x, ¯ x + 12 , x¯ + 12 x + 14 , x¯ + 14 , x + 34


no extra conditions

x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x¯ 0kl: k = 2n + 1 or l = 2n + 1 x¯ + 14 , x + 34 , x + 14 or k + l = 4n hkl: h, k = 2n + 1 or h = 2n + 1, k = 4n and l = 4n + 2 or h, k, l = 4n + 2 or h, k, l = 4n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 g m b = b a = a 1 Origin at 4 , 0, z

Along [111] p 3 m 1 a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

625

Along [110] p 2 g m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c 1 1 Origin at x, x + 4 , 8

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 214, pp. 626–627.

I4132

O8

No. 214

I4132

432

Cubic ¯ Patterson symmetry Im3m

Origin on 3[111] at midpoint of three non-intersecting pairs of parallel screw axes 41 and 43 and of three non-intersecting pairs of parallel 2 axes

Asymmetric unit Vertices

− 83 ≤ x ≤ 18 ; − 81 ≤ y ≤ 18 ; − 81 ≤ z ≤ 38 ; max(x, y, y − x − 18 ) ≤ z ≤ y + 14 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 − 81 , 18 , 18 − 81 , − 81 , − 81 − 83 , 18 , 38 − 83 , − 81 , 18 8, 8, 8 8, 8, 8 8,−8, 8

Symmetry operations For (0,0,0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 3+ x, x, x (9) 3− x, x, x (13) 2( 21 , 21 ,0) x, x− 41 , 81 (17) 4− ( 43 ,0,0) x, 41 ,0 (21) 4+ (0, 41 ,0) 12 ,y,− 41

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2(0,0, 21 ) 14 ,0,z 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x, x¯ 3− (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯ 3 3 2 x, x+ ¯ 4,8 2(0, 21 , 21 ) 18 ,y+ 41 ,y 2( 12 ,0, 21 ) x− 41 , 81 , x

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

(3) 2(0, 21 ,0) 0,y, 41 (7) 3+ x+ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x¯ (11) 3− ( 31 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 61 , x 3 1 − (15) 4 (0,0, 4 ) 4 ,0,z (19) 2 38 ,y+ 43 ,y¯ (23) 4− (0, 43 ,0) 0,y, 41 626

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2( 21 ,0,0) x, 41 ,0 3+ x, ¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x 3− ( 31 ,− 31 , 31 ) x− ¯ 61 , x+ 31 , x¯ 1 + 4 (0,0, 4 ) − 41 , 21 ,z 4+ ( 41 ,0,0) x,− 41 , 21 2 x+ ¯ 43 , 83 , x

No. 214

CONTINUED

I 41 3 2

Symmetry operations (continued) For ( 21 , 21 , 21 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 21 , 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x, x, x (9) 3− ( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x, x, x (13) 2( 21 , 21 ,0) x, x+ 41 , 83 (17) 4− ( 41 ,0,0) x, 43 ,0 (21) 4+ (0, 43 ,0) 12 ,y, 41

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2 0, 41 ,z 3+ ( 61 ,− 61 , 61 ) x− ¯ 61 , x+ 31 , x¯ 1 1 − 1 3 ( 6 ,− 6 ,− 6 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯ 2 x, x+ ¯ 41 , 81 2(0, 21 , 21 ) 38 ,y− 41 ,y 2( 12 ,0, 21 ) x+ 41 , 83 , x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2 14 ,y,0 3+ (− 61 , 61 , 61 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯ 1 1 1 1 − 3 (− 6 ,− 6 , 6 ) x+ ¯ 3 , x+ ¯ 61 , x 4− (0,0, 41 ) 34 ,0,z 2 18 ,y+ 41 ,y¯ 4− (0, 41 ,0) 0,y, 43

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2 x,0, 41 3+ ( 61 , 61 ,− 61 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 61 , x 1 1 1 1 − 3 (− 6 , 6 ,− 6 ) x− ¯ 6 , x+ 31 , x¯ 4+ (0,0, 43 ) 14 , 21 ,z 4+ ( 43 ,0,0) x, 41 , 21 2 x+ ¯ 41 , 81 , x

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13) Positions

48

i

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 34 , x + 14 , z¯ + 14 x + 34 , z + 14 , y¯ + 14 z + 34 , y + 14 , x¯ + 14

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 1 z + 2 , x¯ + 12 , y¯ y, ¯ z + 12 , x¯ + 12 y¯ + 34 , x¯ + 34 , z¯ + 34 x¯ + 14 , z + 34 , y + 14 z + 14 , y¯ + 14 , x + 34

h, k, l permutable General: (3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x, ¯ y + 12 1 y + 2 , z¯ + 12 , x¯ y + 14 , x¯ + 14 , z + 34 x¯ + 34 , z¯ + 34 , y¯ + 34 z¯ + 14 , y + 34 , x + 14

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ z¯, x + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z¯, x + 12 y¯ + 14 , x + 34 , z + 14 x + 14 , z¯ + 14 , y + 34 z¯ + 34 , y¯ + 34 , x¯ + 34

hkl: 0kl: hhl: h00:

h + k + l = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n h = 4n

Special: as above, plus 24

h

..2

1 8

, y, y¯ + 14 y¯ + 14 , 18 , y y, y¯ + 14 , 18

3 8

, y, ¯ y¯ + 34 y¯ + 34 , 38 , y¯ y, ¯ y¯ + 34 , 38

7 8

, y + 12 , y + 14 y + 14 , 78 , y + 12 y + 12 , y + 14 , 78

, y¯ + 12 , y + 34 y + 34 , 58 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , y + 34 , 58

no extra conditions

24

g

..2

1 8

, y, y + 14 y + 14 , 18 , y y, y + 14 , 18

3 8

, y, ¯ y + 34 y + 34 , 38 , y¯ y, ¯ y + 34 , 38

, y + 12 , y¯ + 14 y¯ + 14 , 78 , y + 12 y + 12 , y¯ + 14 , 78

, y¯ + 12 , y¯ + 34 y¯ + 34 , 58 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , y¯ + 34 , 58

no extra conditions

24

f

2..

x, 0, 14 3 1 4,x+ 4,0

x¯ + 12 , 0, 34 3 ¯ + 34 , 12 4,x

, x, 0 x + 34 , 12 , 14

16

e

.3.

x, x, x x + 34 , x + 14 , x¯ + 14

12

d

2 . 22

5 8

, 0, 14

7 8

, 0, 34

1 4

, 58 , 0

3 4

, 78 , 0

x, ¯ x + 12 , x¯ + 12 x + 14 , x¯ + 14 , x + 34
0, 14 , 58 0, 34 , 78

12

c

2 . 22

1 8

, 0, 14

3 8

, 0, 34

1 4

, 18 , 0

3 4

, 38 , 0

0, 14 , 18

8

b

.32

7 8

, 78 , 78

5 8

, 18 , 38

1 8

, 38 , 58

3 8

, 58 , 18

8

a

.32

1 8

, 18 , 18

3 8

, 78 , 58

7 8

, 58 , 38

5 8

, 38 , 78

5 8

7 8

5 8

, x¯ + 12 , 0 x¯ + 14 , 0, 14 3 4

1 4

x¯ + 12 , x, ¯ x + 12 3 x¯ + 4 , x¯ + 34 , x¯ + 34

0, 14 , x 0, 14 , x¯ + 14

0, 34 , x¯ + 12 3 1 1 2, 4,x+ 4

x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x¯ x¯ + 14 , x + 34 , x + 14

0, 34 , 38




hkl: h = 2n + 1 or h = 4n hhl: h = 2n + 1 or h + k + l = 4n 0kl: k = 2n + 1 or k + l = 4n hkl: h, k = 2n, h + k + l = 4n or h, k = 2n + 1, l = 4n + 2 or h = 8n, k = 8n + 4 and h + k + l = 4n + 2 or h, k = 8n + 1, l = 4n or h = 8n + 1 and k = 8n − 1, l = 4n or h, k = 8n + 3, l = 4n or h = 8n + 3 and k = 8n − 3, l = 4n hkl: h = 2n + 1 or h, k, l = 4n + 2 or h, k, l = 4n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) 1 Origin at 4 , 0, z

Along [111] p 3 m 1 a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

627

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c 1 1 Origin at x, x + 4 , 8

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 215, pp. 628–629.

P 4¯ 3 m

Td1

No. 215

P 4¯ 3 m

4¯ 3 m

Patterson symmetry P m 3¯ m

Origin at 4¯ 3 m Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; 0, 0, 0 1, 0, 0 12 , 12 , 0 12 , 12 , 12

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Cubic

y ≤ min(x, 1 − x); 628

z≤y

P 4¯ 3 m

No. 215

CONTINUED Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

1 3+ 3− m m m

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, x, x x, x, x x, x, z x, y, y x, y, x

2 3+ 3− m 4¯ + 4¯ −

0, 0, z x, ¯ x, x¯ x, x, ¯ x¯ x, x, ¯z x, 0, 0; 0, 0, 0 0, y, 0; 0, 0, 0

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2 3+ 3− 4¯ + 4¯ − m

0, y, 0 x, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ x, ¯x 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 x, 0, 0; 0, 0, 0 x, ¯ y, x

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2 3+ 3− 4¯ − m 4¯ +

x, 0, 0 x, ¯ x, ¯x x, ¯ x, x¯ 0, 0, z; 0, 0, 0 x, y, y¯ 0, y, 0; 0, 0, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

j

1

Reflection conditions h, k, l permutable General:

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y, x, z x, z, y z, y, x

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ ¯ x, y, ¯z x, ¯ z, y¯ z, y, ¯ x¯

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ y, x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z¯, y z¯, y, x¯

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

no conditions

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x y, ¯ x, z¯ x, z¯, y¯ z¯, y, ¯x

Special: no extra conditions 12

i

..m

x, x, z z¯, x, ¯x

x, ¯ x, ¯z z¯, x, x¯

12

h

2..

x, 12 , 0 1 2 , x, 0

x, ¯ 12 , 0 1 ¯0 2 , x,

0, x, 12 x, 0, 12

6

g

2 . mm

x, 12 , 12

x, ¯ 12 , 12

1 2

6

f

2 . mm

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

0, x, 0

4

e

.3m

x, x, x

x, ¯ x, ¯x

x, ¯ x, x¯

3

d

4¯ 2 . m

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

0, 0, 12

3

c

4¯ 2 . m

0, 12 , 12

1

b

4¯ 3 m

1 2

1

a

4¯ 3 m

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 0, 12

x, ¯ x, z¯ x, z, x

1 2

, x, 12

x, x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z, x¯

z, x, x x, z¯, x¯

0, x, ¯ 12 x, ¯ 0, 12 1 2

, x, ¯ 12

, 0, x 0, 12 , x 1 2

1 2

0, x, ¯0

, 12 , x

0, 0, x

z, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ z¯, x , 0, x¯ 0, 12 , x¯ 1 2

1 2

, 12 , x¯

0, 0, x¯

x, x, ¯ x¯

, 12 , 0

, 12 , 12

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [111] p 3 1 m a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

629

Along [110] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 216, pp. 630–631.

¯ F 43m

Td2

No. 216

¯ F 43m

¯ 43m

¯ Patterson symmetry Fm3m

Origin at 4¯ 3 m 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ; − 41 ≤ z ≤ 14 ; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 14 , 14 , 14 41 , 14 , − 41

Asymmetric unit Vertices

y ≤ min(x, 12 − x);

−y ≤ z ≤ y

Symmetry operations For (0,0,0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 3+ x, x, x (9) 3− x, x, x (13) m x, x,z (17) m x,y,y (21) m x,y, x

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2 3+ 3− m 4¯ + 4¯ −

0,0,z x, ¯ x, x¯ x, x, ¯ x¯ x, x,z ¯ x,0,0; 0,0,0 0,y,0; 0,0,0

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2 3+ 3− 4¯ + 4¯ − m

Cubic

0,y,0 x, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ x, ¯x 0,0,z; 0,0,0 x,0,0; 0,0,0 x,y, ¯ x

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) 630

2 3+ 3− 4¯ − m 4¯ +

x,0,0 x, ¯ x, ¯x x, ¯ x, x¯ 0,0,z; 0,0,0 x,y,y¯ 0,y,0; 0,0,0

F 4¯ 3 m

No. 216

CONTINUED Symmetry operations (continued) For (0, 21 , 21 )+ set (1) t(0, 21 , 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 31 , x− 61 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 61 , x+ 61 , x (13) g( 41 , 41 , 21 ) x− 41 , x,z (17) g(0, 21 , 21 ) x,y,y (21) g( 41 , 21 , 41 ) x− 41 ,y, x

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2(0,0, 21 ) 0, 41 ,z 3+ x, ¯ x+ 21 , x¯ − 3 (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯ g(− 41 , 41 , 21 ) x+ 41 , x,z ¯ 4¯ + x, 21 ,0; 0, 21 ,0 4¯ − 14 ,y, 41 ; 14 , 41 , 41

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2(0, 21 ,0) 0,y, 41 3+ (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 31 , x− ¯ 61 , x¯ 1 1 − 3 x+ ¯ 2 , x+ ¯ 2,x 4¯ + 14 , 41 ,z; 14 , 41 , 41 4¯ − x,0, 21 ; 0,0, 21 g(− 41 , 21 , 41 ) x+ ¯ 41 ,y, x

For ( 21 ,0, 21 )+ set (1) t( 21 ,0, 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x− 61 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 61 , x− 31 , x (13) g( 41 , 41 , 21 ) x+ 41 , x,z (17) g( 21 , 41 , 41 ) x,y− 41 ,y (21) g( 21 ,0, 21 ) x,y, x

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2(0,0, 21 ) 14 ,0,z 3+ ( 31 ,− 31 , 31 ) x+ ¯ 61 , x+ 61 , x¯ 3− x+ 21 , x, ¯ x¯ g( 41 ,− 41 , 21 ) x+ 41 , x,z ¯ 4¯ + x, 41 , 41 ; 14 , 41 , 41 4¯ − 12 ,y,0; 12 ,0,0

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2 3+ 3− 4¯ + 4¯ − m

For ( 21 , 21 ,0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 21 ,0) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ 31 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 31 , x+ 61 , x (13) g( 21 , 21 ,0) x, x,z (17) g( 21 , 41 , 41 ) x,y+ 41 ,y (21) g( 41 , 21 , 41 ) x+ 41 ,y, x

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2 3+ 3− m 4¯ + 4¯ −

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2(0, 21 ,0) 14 ,y,0 3+ x+ 21 , x, ¯ x¯ 3− ( 31 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 61 , x ¯4+ 12 ,0,z; 12 ,0,0 4¯ − x, 41 , 41 ; 14 , 41 , 41 g( 41 , 21 ,− 41 ) x+ ¯ 41 ,y, x

1 1 4 , 4 ,z x+ ¯ 21 , x, x¯ x, x+ ¯ 21 , x¯ x+ 21 , x,z ¯ x, 41 ,− 41 ; 14 , 41 ,− 41 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,y,− 4 ; 4 , 4 ,− 4

,y, 41 x+ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x, ¯x 1 1 1 1 1 ,− ,z; 4 4 4 ,− 4 , 4 1 1 1 x,− 4 , 4 ; 4 ,− 41 , 41 x+ ¯ 21 ,y, x 1 4

x, 41 , 41 x, ¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x x− ¯ 21 , x+ 21 , x¯ − 41 , 41 ,z; − 41 , 41 , 41 x,y+ 21 ,y¯ − 41 ,y, 41 ; − 41 , 41 , 41

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2 3+ 3− 4¯ − m 4¯ +

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2( 21 ,0,0) x,0, 41 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x 3− ( 31 ,− 31 , 31 ) x− ¯ 61 , x+ 31 , x¯ 1 1 1 1 − 4¯ 4 , 4 ,z; 4 , 4 , 41 g( 21 ,− 41 , 41 ) x,y+ 41 ,y¯ 4¯ + 0,y, 21 ; 0,0, 21

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2( 21 ,0,0) x, 41 ,0 3+ ( 31 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 61 , x+ ¯ 31 , x 1 − 3 x, ¯ x+ 2 , x¯ 4¯ − 0, 21 ,z; 0, 21 ,0 g( 21 , 41 ,− 41 ) x,y+ 41 ,y¯ 4¯ + 14 ,y, 41 ; 14 , 41 , 41

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13) Positions

96

i

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 12 , 12 , 0)+

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y, x, z x, z, y z, y, x

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ y, ¯ x, ¯z x, ¯ z, y¯ z, y, ¯ x¯

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ y, x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z¯, y z¯, y, x¯

h, k, l permutable General: (4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

hkl: 0kl: hhl: h00:

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x y, ¯ x, z¯ x, z¯, y¯ z¯, y, ¯x

h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n k, l = 2n h + l = 2n h = 2n

Special: no extra conditions 48

h

..m

x, x, z z¯, x, ¯x

x, ¯ x, ¯z z¯, x, x¯

24

g

2 . mm

x, 14 , 14

x, ¯ 34 , 14

1 4

24

f

2 . mm

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

0, x, 0

16

e

.3m

x, x, x

x, ¯ x, ¯x

x, ¯ x, x¯

4

d

4¯ 3 m

3 4

, 34 , 34

4

c

4¯ 3 m

1 4

, 14 , 14

4

b

4¯ 3 m

1 2

, 12 , 12

4

a

4¯ 3 m

0, 0, 0

x, ¯ x, z¯ x, z, x , x, 14

x, x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z, x¯ 1 4

z, x, x x, z¯, x¯

, x, ¯ 34

1 4

0, x, ¯0

, 14 , x

0, 0, x

z, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ z¯, x 3 4

, 14 , x¯

0, 0, x¯

x, x, ¯ x¯

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [111] p 3 1 m a = 16 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 16 (−a + 2b − c)

631

Along [110] c 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 217, pp. 632–633.

I 4¯ 3 m

Td3

No. 217

I 4¯ 3 m

4¯ 3 m

Patterson symmetry I m 3¯ m

Origin at 4¯ 3 m Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 12 , 12 , 0 12 , 12 , 12

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Cubic

y ≤ x;

632

z≤y

I 4¯ 3 m

No. 217

CONTINUED Symmetry operations For (0,0,0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 3+ x, x, x (9) 3− x, x, x (13) m x, x,z (17) m x,y,y (21) m x,y, x

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2 3+ 3− m 4¯ + 4¯ −

For ( 21 , 21 , 21 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 21 , 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x, x, x (9) 3− ( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x, x, x (13) n( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x, x,z (17) n( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x,y,y (21) n( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x,y, x

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2(0,0, 21 ) 14 , 41 ,z 3+ ( 61 ,− 61 , 61 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ 31 , x¯ 1 1 1 − 3 (− 6 , 6 , 6 ) x+ 31 , x+ ¯ 31 , x¯ 1 c x+ 2 , x,z ¯ 4¯ + x, 21 ,0; 14 , 21 ,0 4¯ − 12 ,y,0; 12 , 41 ,0

0,0,z x, ¯ x, x¯ x, x, ¯ x¯ x, x,z ¯ x,0,0; 0,0,0 0,y,0; 0,0,0

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2 3+ 3− 4¯ + 4¯ − m

0,y,0 x, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ x, ¯x 0,0,z; 0,0,0 x,0,0; 0,0,0 x,y, ¯ x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2(0, 21 ,0) 14 ,y, 41 3+ (− 61 , 61 , 61 ) x+ 32 , x− ¯ 31 , x¯ 1 2 − 1 1 3 ( 6 , 6 ,− 6 ) x+ ¯ 3 , x+ ¯ 31 , x ¯4+ 12 ,0,z; 12 ,0, 41 4¯ − x,0, 21 ; 14 ,0, 21 b x+ ¯ 21 ,y, x

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2 3+ 3− 4¯ − m 4¯ +

x,0,0 x, ¯ x, ¯x x, ¯ x, x¯ 0,0,z; 0,0,0 x,y,y¯ 0,y,0; 0,0,0

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2( 21 ,0,0) x, 41 , 41 3+ ( 61 , 61 ,− 61 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 32 , x 1 1 1 − 1 3 ( 6 ,− 6 , 6 ) x− ¯ 3 , x+ 32 , x¯ ¯4− 0, 21 ,z; 0, 21 , 41 a x,y+ 21 ,y¯ 4¯ + 0,y, 21 ; 0, 41 , 21

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

48

h

1

Reflection conditions

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y, x, z x, z, y z, y, x

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ y, ¯ x, ¯z x, ¯ z, y¯ z, y, ¯ x¯

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

h, k, l permutable General: x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ y, x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z¯, y z¯, y, x¯

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

hkl: 0kl: hhl: h00:

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x y, ¯ x, z¯ x, z¯, y¯ z¯, y, ¯x

h + k + l = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: no extra conditions 24

g

..m

x, x, z z¯, x, ¯x

x, ¯ x, ¯z z¯, x, x¯

24

f

2..

x, 12 , 0 1 2 , x, 0

x, ¯ 12 , 0 1 ¯0 2 , x,

0, x, 12 x, 0, 12

0, x, ¯ 12 x, ¯ 0, 12

1 2

, 0, x 0, 12 , x

, 0, x¯ 0, 12 , x¯

12

e

2 . mm

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

0, x, 0

0, x, ¯0

0, 0, x

0, 0, x¯

12

d

4¯ . .

1 4

, 12 , 0

0, 14 , 12

0, 34 , 12

8

c

.3m

x, x, x

x, ¯ x, ¯x

x, ¯ x, x¯

6

b

4¯ 2 . m

0, 12 , 12

2

a

4¯ 3 m

0, 0, 0

, 12 , 0

3 4

1 2

, 0, 12

x, ¯ x, z¯ x, z, x

1 2

x, x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z, x¯

z, x, x x, z¯, x¯

1 2

z, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ z¯, x

, 0, 14

1 2

1 2

, 0, 34

x, x, ¯ x¯

, 12 , 0

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [111] p 3 1 m a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

633

Along [110] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 218, pp. 634–635.

P 4¯ 3 n

Td4

No. 218

P 4¯ 3 n

Origin at 2 3 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; z ≤ min(x, y) Vertices 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 12 , 12 , 0 0, 12 , 0 12 , 12 , 12 Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography 634

Asymmetric unit

4¯ 3 m

Cubic Patterson symmetry P m 3¯ m

P 4¯ 3 n

No. 218

CONTINUED Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

1 3+ x, x, x 3− x, x, x n( 21 , 12 , 12 ) x, x, z n( 21 , 12 , 12 ) x, y, y n( 21 , 12 , 12 ) x, y, x

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2 3+ 3− c 4¯ + 4¯ −

0, 0, z x, ¯ x, x¯ x, x, ¯ x¯ x + 12 , x, ¯z x, 12 , 0; 14 , 12 , 0 1 1 1 2 , y, 0; 2 , 4 , 0

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2 3+ 3− 4¯ + 4¯ − b

0, y, 0 x, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ x, ¯x 1 1 1 2 , 0, z; 2 , 0, 4 1 1 x, 0, 2 ; 4 , 0, 12 x¯ + 12 , y, x

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2 3+ 3− 4¯ − a 4¯ +

x, 0, 0 x, ¯ x, ¯x x, ¯ x, x¯ 0, 12 , z; 0, 12 , 14 x, y + 12 , y¯ 0, y, 12 ; 0, 14 , 12

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

i

1

12

h

12

Reflection conditions h, k, l permutable General:

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 x + 12 , z + 12 , y + 12 z + 12 , y + 12 , x + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 x¯ + 12 , z + 12 , y¯ + 12 z + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y + 12 z¯ + 12 , y + 12 , x¯ + 12

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x + 12

hhl: l = 2n h00: h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 2..

1 2

x, 0, 1 1 2,x+ 2,0

1 2

x, ¯ 0, 1 ¯ + 12 , 0 2,x

1 2

, x, 0 x + 12 , 0, 12

1 2

, x, ¯0 x¯ + 12 , 0, 12

0, , x 0, , x + 12

g

2..

x, 12 , 0 0, x + 12 , 12

x, ¯ 12 , 0 0, x¯ + 12 , 12

0, x, 12 x + 12 , 12 , 0

0, x, ¯ 12 x¯ + 12 , 12 , 0

1 2 1 2

12

f

2..

x, 0, 0 1 1 1 2,x+ 2, 2

x, ¯ 0, 0 1 ¯ + 12 , 12 2,x

0, x, 0 x + 12 , 12 , 12

0, x, ¯0 x¯ + 12 , 12 , 12

8

e

.3.

x, x, x x + 12 , x + 12 , x + 12

6

d

4¯ . .

1 4

, 0, 12

3 4

, 0, 12

1 2

6

c

4¯ . .

1 4

, 12 , 0

3 4

, 12 , 0

0, 14 , 12

0, 34 , 12

1 2

, 0, 14

1 2

6

b

2 2 2..

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

2

a

23.

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

x, ¯ x, ¯x x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , 14 , 0

1 2

, 34 , 0

1 2 1 2

, 0, x , 0, x + 12

0, 0, x 1 1 1 2, 2,x+ 2

x, ¯ x, x¯ x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 0, 12 , 14

0, 12 , 34 , 0, 34




0, , x¯ 0, , x¯ + 12

hkl: h = 2n

, 0, x¯ , 0, x¯ + 12

hkl: h = 2n

1 2 1 2

1 2 1 2

0, 0, x¯ 1 1 ¯ + 12 2, 2,x

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

x, x, ¯ x¯ hkl: h + k + l = 2n x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , x¯ + 12 hkl: h + k + l = 2n or h = 2n + 1, k = 4n and l = 4n + 2 hkl: h + k + l = 2n hkl: h + k + l = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = b a = a Origin at 12 , 0, z

Along [111] p 3 1 m a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

635

Along [110] p 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 219, pp. 636–637.

F 4¯ 3 c

Td5

No. 219

F 4¯ 3 c

4¯ 3 m

Patterson symmetry F m 3¯ m

Origin at 2 3 Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ; − 41 ≤ z ≤ 14 ; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 14 , 14 , 14 41 , 14 , − 41

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Cubic

y ≤ min(x, 12 − x); 636

−y ≤ z ≤ y

F 4¯ 3 c

No. 219

CONTINUED Symmetry operations For (0,0,0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 3+ x, x, x (9) 3− x, x, x (13) n( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x, x,z (17) n( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x,y,y (21) n( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x,y, x

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2 3+ 3− c 4¯ + 4¯ −

For (0, 21 , 21 )+ set (1) t(0, 21 , 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 31 , x− 61 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 61 , x+ 61 , x (13) g( 41 , 41 ,0) x+ 41 , x,z (17) a x,y,y (21) g( 41 ,0, 41 ) x+ 41 ,y, x

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

For ( 21 ,0, 21 )+ set (1) t( 21 ,0, 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x− 61 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 61 , x− 31 , x (13) g( 41 , 41 ,0) x− 41 , x,z (17) g(0, 41 , 41 ) x,y+ 41 ,y (21) b x,y, x For ( 21 , 21 ,0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 21 ,0) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ 31 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 31 , x+ 61 , x (13) c x, x,z (17) g(0, 41 , 41 ) x,y− 41 ,y (21) g( 41 ,0, 41 ) x− 41 ,y, x

0,0,z x, ¯ x, x¯ x, x, ¯ x¯ x+ 21 , x,z ¯ x, 21 ,0; 14 , 21 ,0 1 1 1 2 ,y,0; 2 , 4 ,0

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2 3+ 3− 4¯ + 4¯ − b

2(0,0, 21 ) 0, 41 ,z 3+ x, ¯ x+ 21 , x¯ − 3 (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯ 1 1 1 g( 4 ,− 4 ,0) x+ 4 , x,z ¯ 4¯ + x,0,0; 14 ,0,0 4¯ − 14 ,y,− 41 ; 14 ,0,− 41

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2(0, 21 ,0) 0,y, 41 3+ (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 31 , x− ¯ 61 , x¯ 1 1 − 3 x+ ¯ 2 , x+ ¯ 2,x 4¯ + 14 ,− 41 ,z; 14 ,− 41 ,0 4¯ − x,0,0; 14 ,0,0 g( 41 ,0,− 41 ) x+ ¯ 41 ,y, x

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2(0,0, 21 ) 14 ,0,z 3+ ( 31 ,− 31 , 31 ) x+ ¯ 61 , x+ 61 , x¯ 1 − 3 x+ 2 , x, ¯ x¯ g(− 41 , 41 ,0) x+ 41 , x,z ¯ 4¯ + x, 41 ,− 41 ; 0, 41 ,− 41 4¯ − 0,y,0; 0, 41 ,0

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2 3+ 3− 4¯ + 4¯ − b

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2 3+ 3− c 4¯ + 4¯ −

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2(0, 21 ,0) 14 ,y,0 3+ x+ 21 , x, ¯ x¯ 3− ( 31 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 61 , x ¯4+ 0,0,z; 0,0, 41 4¯ − x,− 41 , 41 ; 0,− 41 , 41 g(− 41 ,0, 41 ) x+ ¯ 41 ,y, x

, 41 ,z x+ ¯ 21 , x, x¯ x, x+ ¯ 21 , x¯ x, x,z ¯ x, 41 , 41 ; 0, 41 , 41 1 1 1 1 4 ,y, 4 ; 4 ,0, 4 1 4

0,y,0 x, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ x, ¯x 1 1 1 2 ,0,z; 2 ,0, 4 1 1 x,0, 2 ; 4 ,0, 21 x+ ¯ 21 ,y, x

,y, 41 x+ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x¯ 1 x+ ¯ 2 , x, ¯x 1 1 1 1 4 , 4 ,z; 4 , 4 ,0 1 1 x, 4 , 4 ; 0, 41 , 41 x,y, ¯ x 1 4

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2 3+ 3− 4¯ − a 4¯ +

x,0,0 x, ¯ x, ¯x x, ¯ x, x¯ 0, 21 ,z; 0, 21 , 41 x,y+ 21 ,y¯ 0,y, 21 ; 0, 41 , 21

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2 3+ 3− 4¯ − a 4¯ +

x, 41 , 41 x, ¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x x− ¯ 21 , x+ 21 , x¯ 1 1 1 1 4 , 4 ,z; 4 , 4 ,0 x,y,y¯ 1 1 1 1 4 ,y, 4 ; 4 ,0, 4

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2( 21 ,0,0) x,0, 41 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x 1 1 − 1 3 ( 3 ,− 3 , 3 ) x− ¯ 61 , x+ 31 , x¯ ¯4− − 41 , 41 ,z; − 41 , 41 ,0 g(0, 41 ,− 41 ) x,y+ 41 ,y¯ 4¯ + 0,y,0; 0, 41 ,0

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2( 21 ,0,0) x, 41 ,0 3+ ( 31 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 61 , x+ ¯ 31 , x 1 − 3 x, ¯ x+ 2 , x¯ 4¯ − 0,0,z; 0,0, 41 g(0,− 41 , 41 ) x,y+ 41 ,y¯ 4¯ + − 41 ,y, 41 ; − 41 ,0, 41

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13) Positions

96

h

1

48

g

48

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 12 , 12 , 0)+ (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 x + 12 , z + 12 , y + 12 z + 12 , y + 12 , x + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 x¯ + 12 , z + 12 , y¯ + 12 z + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

h, k, l permutable General:

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y + 12 z¯ + 12 , y + 12 , x¯ + 12

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x + 12

hkl: h + k = 2n and h + l, k + l = 2n 0kl: k, l = 2n hhl: h, l = 2n h00: h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 2..

1 4

x, , 3 1 3 4,x+ 2, 4

1 4

x, ¯ , 1 ¯ + 12 , 34 4,x

, x, x + , , 34

, x, ¯ x¯ + , , 14

1 4 3 4

f

2..

x, 0, 0 1 1 1 2,x+ 2, 2

x, ¯ 0, 0 1 ¯ + 12 , 12 2,x

0, x, 0 x + 12 , 12 , 12

0, x, ¯0 x¯ + 12 , 12 , 12

0, 0, x 1 1 1 2, 2,x+ 2

32

e

.3.

x, x, x x + 12 , x + 12 , x + 12

24

d

4¯ . .

1 4

24

c

4¯ . .

0, 14 , 14

8

b

23.

1 4

8

a

23.

0, 0, 0

1 4

, 0, 0

, 14 , 14

3 4

3 4

, 0, 0

0, 34 , 14

1 4

1 4 1 3 2 4

1 4

3 4 1 3 2 4

, ,x , , x + 12

x, ¯ x, ¯x x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x + 12

x, ¯ x, x¯ x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12

0, 14 , 0

0, 0, 14

1 4

, 0, 14

0, 34 , 0 1 4

, 0, 34

1 4

, 14 , 0

1 4 3 4

3 4 3 4

, , x¯ hkl: h = 2n , , x¯ + 12 1 4 1 4

hkl: h = 2n 0, 0, x¯ 1 1 1 , , x ¯ + 2 2 2

hkl: h = 2n x, x, ¯ x¯ x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , x¯ + 12

0, 0, 34

hkl: h = 2n

, 14 , 0

hkl: h = 2n

3 4

3 4

, 34 , 34

hkl: h = 2n

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h = 2n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [111] p 3 1 m a = 16 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 16 (−a + 2b − c) 637

Along [110] p 1 m 1 a = 14 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 220, pp. 638–639.

I 4¯ 3 d

Td6

No. 220

I 4¯ 3 d

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

4¯ 3 m

Cubic Patterson symmetry I m 3¯ m

638

I 4¯ 3 d

No. 220

CONTINUED

Origin on 3[111] at midpoint of three non-intersecting pairs of parallel 4¯ axes and of three non-intersecting pairs of parallel 21 axes ≤ x ≤ 12 ; 14 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; , 14 , 0 12 , 14 , 0 12 , 12 , 0 14 , 12 , 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4, 4, 4 2, 4, 4 2, 2, 2 4, 2, 4

Asymmetric unit

1 4

Vertices

1 4

z ≤ min(x, y)

Symmetry operations For (0,0,0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 3+ x, x, x (9) 3− x, x, x (13) d( 41 , 41 , 41 ) x, x,z (17) d( 41 , 41 , 41 ) x,y,y (21) d( 41 , 41 , 41 ) x,y, x

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2(0,0, 21 ) 14 ,0,z 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x, x¯ − 3 (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯ d(− 41 , 41 , 43 ) x+ 21 , x,z ¯ 4¯ + x, 21 ,− 41 ; 38 , 21 ,− 41 4¯ − 34 ,y,0; 34 , 81 ,0

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2(0, 21 ,0) 0,y, 41 3+ x+ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x¯ − 1 1 3 ( 3 , 3 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 61 , x 4¯ + 12 ,− 41 ,z; 12 ,− 41 , 83 4¯ − x,0, 43 ; 18 ,0, 43 d( 41 , 43 ,− 41 ) x+ ¯ 21 ,y, x

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2( 21 ,0,0) x, 41 ,0 3+ x, ¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x − 1 3 ( 3 ,− 31 , 31 ) x− ¯ 61 , x+ 31 , x¯ 4¯ − 0, 43 ,z; 0, 43 , 81 d( 43 ,− 41 , 41 ) x,y+ 21 ,y¯ 4¯ + − 41 ,y, 21 ; − 41 , 83 , 21

For ( 21 , 21 , 21 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 21 , 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x, x, x (9) 3− ( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x, x, x (13) d( 43 , 43 , 43 ) x, x,z (17) d( 43 , 43 , 43 ) x,y,y (21) d( 43 , 43 , 43 ) x,y, x

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

2 0, 41 ,z 3+ ( 61 ,− 61 , 61 ) x− ¯ 61 , x+ 31 , x¯ 3− ( 61 ,− 61 ,− 61 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯ 1 1 1 1 d( 4 ,− 4 , 4 ) x+ 2 , x,z ¯ 4¯ + x, 21 , 41 ; 18 , 21 , 41 4¯ − 14 ,y,0; 14 , 83 ,0

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

2 14 ,y,0 3+ (− 61 , 61 , 61 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯ 3− (− 61 ,− 61 , 61 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 61 , x 1 1 1 1 1 + 4¯ 2 , 4 ,z; 2 , 4 , 8 4¯ − x,0, 41 ; 38 ,0, 41 d(− 41 , 41 , 41 ) x+ ¯ 21 ,y, x

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

2 x,0, 41 3+ ( 61 , 61 ,− 61 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 61 , x 3− (− 61 , 61 ,− 61 ) x− ¯ 61 , x+ 31 , x¯ 4¯ − 0, 41 ,z; 0, 41 , 83 d( 41 , 41 ,− 41 ) x,y+ 21 ,y¯ 4¯ + 14 ,y, 21 ; 14 , 81 , 21

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13) Positions

48

e

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 14 , x + 14 , z + 14 x + 14 , z + 14 , y + 14 z + 14 , y + 14 , x + 14

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 1 z + 2 , x¯ + 12 , y¯ y, ¯ z + 12 , x¯ + 12 y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 34 , z + 34 x¯ + 34 , z + 34 , y¯ + 14 z + 34 , y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 34

h, k, l permutable General: (3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x, ¯ y + 12 1 y + 2 , z¯ + 12 , x¯ y + 34 , x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 34 x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 34 , y + 34 z¯ + 34 , y + 34 , x¯ + 14

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ z¯, x + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z¯, x + 12 y¯ + 34 , x + 34 , z¯ + 14 x + 34 , z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 34 z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 34 , x + 34

hkl: 0kl: hhl: h00:

h + k + l = 2n k + l = 2n 2h + l = 4n h = 4n

Special: as above, plus 24

d

2..

x, 0, 14 1 1 1 4,x+ 4, 2

16

c

.3.

x, x, x x + 14 , x + 14 , x + 14

12

b

4¯ . .

7 8

, 0, 14

5 8

, 0, 34

1 4

, 78 , 0

3 4

, 58 , 0

0, 14 , 78

0, 34 , 58

12

a

4¯ . .

3 8

, 0, 14

1 8

, 0, 34

1 4

, 38 , 0

3 4

, 18 , 0

0, 14 , 38

0, 34 , 18

x¯ + 12 , 0, 34 1 ¯ + 34 , 0 4,x

, x, 0 x + 14 , 12 , 14 1 4

x¯ + 12 , x, ¯ x + 12 1 x¯ + 4 , x¯ + 34 , x + 34

, x¯ + 12 , 0 x¯ + 34 , 0, 14 3 4

0, 14 , x 1 1 1 2, 4,x+ 4

x, ¯ x + 12 , x¯ + 12 x + 34 , x¯ + 14 , x¯ + 34

0, 34 , x¯ + 12 hkl: h = 2n + 1 or h = 4n 0, 14 , x¯ + 34

x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x¯ x¯ + 34 , x + 34 , x¯ + 14


hkl: h = 2n + 1 or h + k + l = 4n hkl: h, k = 2n, h + k + l = 4n or h, k = 2n + 1, l = 4n + 2 or h = 8n, k = 8n + 4 and h + k + l = 4n + 2 or h = 8n + 1 and k = 8n + 3, l = 4n or h = 8n + 1 and k = 8n + 5, l = 4n or h = 8n + 7 and k = 8n + 3, l = 4n or h = 8n + 7 and k = 8n + 5, l = 4n

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 g m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) 1 Origin at 0, 4 , z

Along [111] p 3 1 m a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

639

Along [110] c 1 m 1 a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c 1 Origin at x, x + 4 , 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 221, pp. 640–643.

P m 3¯ m

O1h

No. 221

P 4/m 3¯ 2/m

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

m 3¯ m

Cubic Patterson symmetry P m 3¯ m

640

P m 3¯ m

No. 221

CONTINUED

Origin at centre (m 3¯ m) Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 12 , 12 , 0 12 , 12 , 12

y ≤ x;

z≤y

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

1 3+ 3− 2 4− 4+ 1¯ 3¯ + 3¯ − m 4¯ − 4¯ +

x, x, x x, x, x x, x, 0 x, 0, 0 0, y, 0 0, 0, 0 x, x, x; x, x, x; x, x, ¯z x, 0, 0; 0, y, 0;

0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2 3+ 3− 2 2 2 m 3¯ + 3¯ − m m m

0, 0, z x, ¯ x, x¯ x, x, ¯ x¯ x, x, ¯0 0, y, y x, 0, x x, y, 0 x, ¯ x, x; ¯ 0, 0, 0 x, x, ¯ x; ¯ 0, 0, 0 x, x, z x, y, y¯ x, ¯ y, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2 3+ 3− 4− 2 4− m 3¯ + 3¯ − 4¯ − m 4¯ −

0, y, 0 x, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ x, ¯x 0, 0, z 0, y, y¯ 0, y, 0 x, 0, z x, x, ¯ x; ¯ x, ¯ x, ¯ x; 0, 0, z; x, y, y 0, y, 0;

641

0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2 3+ 3− 4+ 4+ 2 m 3¯ + 3¯ − 4¯ + 4¯ + m

x, 0, 0 x, ¯ x, ¯x x, ¯ x, x¯ 0, 0, z x, 0, 0 x, ¯ 0, x 0, y, z x, ¯ x, ¯ x; x, ¯ x, x; ¯ 0, 0, z; x, 0, 0; x, y, x

0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0

P m 3¯ m

No. 221

CONTINUED

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13); (25) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

48

n

1

Reflection conditions h, k, l permutable General:

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y, x, z¯ x, z, y¯ z, y, x¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯ y, ¯ x, ¯z x, ¯ z¯, y z¯, y, ¯x

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z, y z, y, ¯x x, y, z¯ z¯, x, y y, z¯, x y, x, z x, z¯, y¯ z¯, y, x¯

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ y, x, ¯z x, ¯ z¯, y¯ z¯, y, x x, y, ¯z z, x, y¯ y, ¯ z, x y, ¯ x, z¯ x, z, y z, y, ¯ x¯

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

no conditions

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x y, ¯ x, z x, z¯, y z¯, y, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ y, z z, x, ¯y y, z, x¯ y, x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z, y¯ z, y, x

Special: no extra conditions 24

m

..m

x, x, z z¯, x, ¯x x, x, z¯ x, ¯ z¯, x¯

x, ¯ x, ¯z z¯, x, x¯ x, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ x, z¯, x

x, ¯ x, z¯ x, z, x x, x, ¯z z, x, x¯

x, x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z, x¯ x, ¯ x, z z, x, ¯x

z, x, x x, z¯, x¯ x, z, x¯ z¯, x, x

z, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ z¯, x x, ¯ z, x z¯, x, ¯ x¯

24

l

m..

1 2

, y, z z¯, 12 , y y, 12 , z¯ 1 ¯, y¯ 2,z

1 2

, y, ¯z z¯, 12 , y¯ y, ¯ 12 , z¯ 1 ¯, y 2,z

1 2

, y, z¯ y, z, 12 y, 12 , z z, y, 12

1 2

, y, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ z, 12 y, ¯ 12 , z z, y, ¯ 12

z, 12 , y y, z¯, 12 1 ¯ 2 , z, y z¯, y, 12

z, 12 , y¯ y, ¯ z¯, 12 1 2 , z, y z¯, y, ¯ 12

24

k

m..

0, y, z z¯, 0, y y, 0, z¯ 0, z¯, y¯

0, y, ¯z z¯, 0, y¯ y, ¯ 0, z¯ 0, z¯, y

0, y, z¯ y, z, 0 y, 0, z z, y, 0

0, y, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ z, 0 y, ¯ 0, z z, y, ¯0

z, 0, y y, z¯, 0 0, z, y¯ z¯, y, 0

z, 0, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, 0 0, z, y z¯, y, ¯0

12

j

m . m2

1 2

, y, y y, ¯ 12 , y

1 2

, y, ¯y y, ¯ 12 , y¯

1 2

, y, y¯ y, y, 12

1 2

, y, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ y, 12

y, 12 , y y, y, ¯ 12

y, 12 , y¯ y, ¯ y, ¯ 12

12

i

m . m2

0, y, y y, ¯ 0, y

0, y, ¯y y, ¯ 0, y¯

0, y, y¯ y, y, 0

0, y, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ y, 0

y, 0, y y, y, ¯0

y, 0, y¯ y, ¯ y, ¯0

12

h

m m 2..

x, 12 , 0 1 2 , x, 0

x, ¯ 12 , 0 1 ¯0 2 , x,

0, x, 12 x, 0, 12

0, x, ¯ 12 x, ¯ 0, 12

, 0, x 0, 12 , x¯

8

g

.3m

x, x, x x, x, x¯

x, ¯ x, ¯x x, ¯ x, ¯ x¯

x, ¯ x, x¯ x, x, ¯x

x, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ x, x

6

f

4 m .m

x, 12 , 12

x, ¯ 12 , 12

1 2

6

e

4 m .m

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

0, x, 0

3

d

4/m m . m

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

0, 0, 12

3

c

4/m m . m

0, 12 , 12

1

b

m 3¯ m

1 2

1

a

m 3¯ m

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 0, 12

1 2

, x, 12

1 2

, x, ¯ 12

0, x, ¯0

, 12 , 0

, 12 , 12

642

1 2

1 2

, 12 , x

0, 0, x

, 0, x¯ 0, 12 , x 1 2

1 2

, 12 , x¯

0, 0, x¯

No. 221

CONTINUED

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [111] p 6 m m a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

643

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

P m 3¯ m

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 222, pp. 644–651.

P n 3¯ n

O2h

No. 222

P 4/n 3¯ 2/n

ORIGIN CHOICE

m 3¯ m

Patterson symmetry P m 3¯ m

1

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Cubic

644

P n 3¯ n

No. 222

CONTINUED

¯ Origin at 4 3 2, at − 41 , − 41 , − 41 from centre (3)

Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 12 , 12 , 0 12 , 12 , 12

y ≤ x;

z≤y

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

1 3+ 3− 2 4− 4+ 1¯ 3¯ + 3¯ − c 4¯ − 4¯ +

x, x, x x, x, x x, x, 0 x, 0, 0 0, y, 0 1 1 1 4, 4, 4 x, x, x; 14 , 14 , 14 x, x, x; 14 , 14 , 14 x + 12 , x, ¯z x, 0, 12 ; 14 , 0, 12 0, y, 12 ; 0, 14 , 12

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2 0, 0, z 3+ x, ¯ x, x¯ 3− x, x, ¯ x¯ 2 x, x, ¯0 2 0, y, y 2 x, 0, x n( 21 , 12 , 0) x, y, 14 3¯ + x¯ − 1, x + 1, x; ¯ − 41 , 14 , 34 3¯ − x + 1, x¯ − 1, x; ¯ 14 , − 41 , 34 n( 21 , 12 , 12 ) x, x, z a x, y + 12 , y¯ b x¯ + 12 , y, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

645

2 0, y, 0 3+ x, x, ¯ x¯ 3− x, ¯ x, ¯ x 4− 0, 0, z 2 0, y, y¯ 4− 0, y, 0 n( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 14 , z 3¯ + x, x¯ + 1, x; ¯ 14 , 34 , − 41 3¯ − x, ¯ x¯ + 1, x; − 41 , 34 , 14 4¯ − 0, 12 , z; 0, 12 , 14 n( 21 , 12 , 12 ) x, y, y 4¯ − 12 , y, 0; 12 , 14 , 0

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2 x, 0, 0 3+ x, ¯ x, ¯ x 3− x, ¯ x, x¯ 4+ 0, 0, z 4+ x, 0, 0 2 x, ¯ 0, x n(0, 12 , 12 ) 14 , y, z 3¯ + x¯ + 1, x, ¯ x; 34 , − 41 , 14 3¯ − x¯ + 1, x, x; ¯ 34 , 14 , − 41 4¯ + 12 , 0, z; 12 , 0, 14 4¯ + x, 12 , 0; 14 , 12 , 0 n( 21 , 12 , 12 ) x, y, x

P n 3¯ n

No. 222

ORIGIN CHOICE

CONTINUED

1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13); (25) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

48

i

1

Reflection conditions h, k, l permutable General:

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y, x, z¯ x, z, y¯ z, y, x¯ x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y + 12 z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z, y z, y, ¯x x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z¯ + 12 , x + 12 y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 x + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , y + 12 , x¯ + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ y, x, ¯z x, ¯ z¯, y¯ z¯, y, x x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z + 12 , x + 12 y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , z + 12 , y + 12 z + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x y, ¯ x, z x, z¯, y z¯, y, ¯ x¯ x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x¯ + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z + 12 , x¯ + 12 y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , z + 12 , y¯ + 12 z + 12 , y + 12 , x + 12

0kl: k + l = 2n hhl: l = 2n h00: h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 24

h

..2

0, y, y y, 0, y y, y, 0 1 ¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 2,y y¯ + 12 , 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , 12

24

g

2..

x, 0, 12 0, x, 12 x¯ + 12 , 12 , 0 1 ¯ + 12 , 0 2,x

16

f

.3.

x, x, x x, x, x¯ x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x + 12

12

e

4..

x, 0, 0 x¯ + 12 , 12 , 12

12

d

4¯ . .

, 0, 12 0, 14 , 12

8

c

. 3¯ .

1 4

, 14 , 14

6

b

4 2 .2

2

a

432

0, y, ¯y y, 0, y¯ y, ¯ y, 0 1 1 ¯ + 12 2,y+ 2,y 1 1 y¯ + 2 , 2 , y + 12 y + 12 , y¯ + 12 , 12 x, ¯ 0, 12 0, x, ¯ 12 x + 12 , 12 , 0 1 1 2,x+ 2,0

0, y, y¯ y, ¯ 0, y y, y, ¯0 1 1 1 , y 2 ¯+ 2,y+ 2 1 1 y + 2 , 2 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , y + 12 , 12

, x, 0 x, 12 , 0 0, x¯ + 12 , 12 x¯ + 12 , 0, 12 1 2

, x, ¯0 x, ¯ 12 , 0 0, x + 12 , 12 x + 12 , 0, 12

x, ¯ 0, 0 x + 12 , 12 , 12

0, x, 0 1 ¯ + 12 , 12 2,x

x, ¯ x, x¯ x, x, ¯x x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x + 12 x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , x¯ + 12 0, x, ¯0 1 1 1 2,x+ 2, 2

, 0, 12 0, 34 , 12

1 2 1 4

, 14 , 0 , 12 , 0

1 2 3 4

, 34 , 0 , 12 , 0

0, 12 , 14 1 3 2 , 0, 4

3 4

, 34 , 14

3 4

, 14 , 34

1 4

, 34 , 34

1 4

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 0

0, 12 , 0

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

1 4

3 4

0, 12 , x 1 ¯ 2 , 0, x 1 , 0, x ¯ + 12 2 1 0, 2 , x + 12

1 2

x, ¯ x, ¯x x, ¯ x, ¯ x¯ x + 12 , x + 12 , x¯ + 12 x + 12 , x + 12 , x + 12

, 14 , 34

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

0, y, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ 0, y¯ y, ¯ y, ¯0 1 , y + 12 , y + 12 2 y + 12 , 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , y + 12 , 12 0, 12 , x¯ 1 2 , 0, x 1 1 2 , 0, x + 2 1 0, 2 , x¯ + 12

x, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ x, x x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , x + 12 x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12

0, 0, x 1 1 ¯ + 12 2, 2,x

0, 0, x¯ 1 1 1 2, 2,x+ 2

0, 12 , 34 1 1 2 , 0, 4 3 4

, 34 , 34

0, 0, 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

hkl: h + k + l = 2n hkl: h + k + l = 2n

1 4

, 34 , 14

3 4

, 14 , 14

hkl: h, k, l = 2n hkl: h + k + l = 2n hkl: h + k + l = 2n

646

No. 222

CONTINUED

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [111] p 6 m m a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

647

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

P n 3¯ n

P n 3¯ n

O2h

No. 222

P 4/n 3¯ 2/n

ORIGIN CHOICE

m 3¯ m

Cubic Patterson symmetry P m 3¯ m

2

648

No. 222

CONTINUED

P n 3¯ n

¯ at 14 , 14 , 14 from 4 3 2 Origin at centre (3),

Asymmetric unit

1 4

Vertices

1 4

≤ x ≤ 34 ; 14 ≤ y ≤ 34 ; 14 ≤ z ≤ 34 ; , 14 , 14 34 , 14 , 14 34 , 34 , 14 43 , 34 , 34

y ≤ x;

z≤y

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

1 3+ 3− 2 4− 4+ 1¯ 3¯ + 3¯ − c 4¯ − 4¯ +

x, x, x x, x, x x, x, 41 x, 41 , 41 1 1 4 ,y, 4 0,0,0 x, x, x; 0,0,0 x, x, x; 0,0,0 x, x,z ¯ x,− 41 , 41 ; 0,− 41 , 41 − 41 ,y, 41 ; − 41 ,0, 41

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2 14 , 41 ,z 3+ x, ¯ x+ 21 , x¯ − 3 x+ 21 , x, ¯ x¯ 2 x, x+ ¯ 21 , 41 2 14 ,y,y 2 x, 41 , x n( 21 , 21 ,0) x,y,0 3¯ + x−1, ¯ x+ 21 , x; ¯ − 21 ,0, 21 3¯ − x+ 21 , x−1, ¯ x; ¯ 0,− 21 , 21 n( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x, x,z a x,y,y¯ b x,y, ¯ x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2 14 ,y, 41 3+ x+ 21 , x, ¯ x¯ 3− x+ ¯ 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x 4− 14 , 41 ,z 2 14 ,y+ 21 ,y¯ 4− 14 ,y, 41 n( 12 ,0, 21 ) x,0,z 3¯ + x− 21 , x+1, ¯ x; ¯ 0, 21 ,− 21 3¯ − x− ¯ 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x; − 21 , 21 ,0 4¯ − − 41 , 41 ,z; − 41 , 41 ,0 n( 12 , 21 , 21 ) x,y,y 4¯ − 14 ,y,− 41 ; 14 ,0,− 41

649

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2 x, 41 , 41 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x 1 − 3 x, ¯ x+ 2 , x¯ 4+ 14 , 41 ,z 4+ x, 41 , 41 2 x+ ¯ 21 , 41 , x n(0, 21 , 21 ) 0,y,z 3¯ + x+ ¯ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x; 12 ,− 21 ,0 3¯ − x+1, ¯ x− 21 , x; ¯ 12 ,0,− 21 4¯ + 14 ,− 41 ,z; 14 ,− 41 ,0 4¯ + x, 41 ,− 41 ; 0, 41 ,− 41 n( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x,y, x

P n 3¯ n

No. 222

ORIGIN CHOICE

CONTINUED

2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13); (25) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

48

i

1

Reflection conditions h, k, l permutable General:

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y, x, z¯ + 12 x, z, y¯ + 12 z, y, x¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12 x, ¯ z¯, y + 12 z¯, y, ¯ x + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z z, x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z, x¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , z, y z, y¯ + 12 , x x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ z¯, x + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z¯, x + 12 y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 x + 12 , z¯, y¯ z¯, y + 12 , x¯

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , y y, z¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 y, x¯ + 12 , z x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , y, x x + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 1 z + 2 , x + 12 , y¯ y, ¯ z + 12 , x + 12 y, ¯ x + 12 , z¯ x + 12 , z + 12 , y + 12 z + 12 , y, ¯ x¯

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

x, y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x, y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , x y¯ + 12 , x, z x, z¯ + 12 , y z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 x, ¯ y + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x, ¯ y + 12 1 y + 2 , z + 12 , x¯ y + 12 , x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z + 12 , y¯ z + 12 , y + 12 , x + 12

0kl: k + l = 2n hhl: l = 2n h00: h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 24

h

..2

1 4

, y, y y, 14 , y y, y, 14 3 ¯ y¯ 4 , y, y, ¯ 34 , y¯ y, ¯ y, ¯ 34

1 4

, y¯ + 12 , y y, 14 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , y, 14 3 1 ¯ 4,y+ 2,y y, ¯ 34 , y + 12 y + 12 , y, ¯ 34

, y, y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , 14 , y y, y¯ + 12 , 14 3 ¯ y + 12 4 , y, y + 12 , 34 , y¯ y, ¯ y + 12 , 34

24

g

2..

x, 34 , 14 3 1 4 , x, 4 1 3 x, ¯ 4, 4 1 ¯ 34 4 , x,

x¯ + 12 , 34 , 14 3 ¯ + 12 , 14 4,x x + 12 , 14 , 34 1 3 1 4,x+ 2, 4

, x, 34 x, 14 , 34 3 ¯ 14 4 , x, 3 1 x, ¯ 4, 4

16

f

.3.

x, x, x x, x, x¯ + 12 x, ¯ x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ x, ¯ x + 12

12

e

4..

x, 14 , 14 x, ¯ 34 , 34

12

d

4¯ . .

0, 34 , 14 3 1 4 , 0, 4

1 2 3 4

, 34 , 14 , 12 , 14

8

c

. 3¯ .

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

6

b

4 2 .2

3 4

, 14 , 14

1 4

, 34 , 14

1 4

, 14 , 34

1 4

2

a

432

1 4

, 14 , 14

3 4

, 34 , 34

, y¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , 14 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , 14 1 1 3 4,y+ 2,y+ 2 y + 12 , 34 , y + 12 y + 12 , y + 12 , 34 , x¯ + 12 , 34 x¯ + 12 , 14 , 34 1 1 3 4,x+ 2, 4 1 3 1 x+ 2, 4, 4

1 4

1 4

x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 x + 12 , x + 12 , x¯ x + 12 , x + 12 , x + 12 x¯ + 12 , 14 , 14 x + 12 , 34 , 34

1 4 3 4

, 0, 34 0, 14 , 34

3 4 1 4 1 4 3 4

, 14 , x , 34 , x¯ + 12 , 34 , x¯ , 14 , x + 12

x¯ + 12 , x, x¯ + 12 x, x¯ + 12 , x x + 12 , x, ¯ x + 12 1 x, ¯ x + 2 , x¯

, x, 14 , x, ¯ 34

1 4

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

1 4

1 4

1 4 3 4 1 4 1 2

, x¯ + 12 , 14 , x + 12 , 34

, 12 , 34 , 14 , 34

, 34 , 34

1 4 3 4

, 14 , x , 34 , x¯ 3 4 1 4

, 14 , 12 , 34 , 0

0, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 12

, 14 , 34

3 4

, 34 , 14

3 4

, 14 , x¯ + 12 , 34 , x , 34 , x + 12 , 14 , x¯

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

x, x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , x, x x, ¯ x + 12 , x + 12 x + 12 , x, ¯ x¯

, 14 , 0 , 34 , 12

3 4 1 4

3 4 1 4 1 4 3 4

1 4 3 4

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

, 14 , x¯ + 12 , 34 , x + 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n hkl: h + k + l = 2n

0, 12 , 0

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: h, k, l = 2n hkl: h + k + l = 2n hkl: h + k + l = 2n

650

No. 222

CONTINUED

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 14 , 14 , z

Along [111] p 6 m m a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

651

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

P n 3¯ n

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 223, pp. 652–655.

P m 3¯ n

O3h

No. 223

P 42/m 3¯ 2/n

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

m 3¯ m

Cubic Patterson symmetry P m 3¯ m

652

No. 223

CONTINUED

¯ Origin at centre (m 3)

Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 14 ; z ≤ min(x, 12 − x, y, 12 − y) 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 12 , 12 , 0 0, 12 , 0 14 , 14 , 14

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

1 3+ x, x, x 3− x, x, x 2( 21 , 12 , 0) x, x, 14 4− ( 21 , 0, 0) x, 12 , 0 4+ (0, 12 , 0) 12 , y, 0 1¯ 0, 0, 0 3¯ + x, x, x; 0, 0, 0 3¯ − x, x, x; 0, 0, 0 c x + 12 , x, ¯z 4¯ − x, 0, 12 ; 14 , 0, 12 4¯ + 0, y, 12 ; 0, 14 , 12

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2 0, 0, z 3+ x, ¯ x, x¯ 3− x, x, ¯ x¯ 2 x, x¯ + 12 , 14 2(0, 12 , 12 ) 14 , y, y 2( 21 , 0, 12 ) x, 14 , x m x, y, 0 3¯ + x, ¯ x, x; ¯ 0, 0, 0 3¯ − x, x, ¯ x; ¯ 0, 0, 0 n( 21 , 12 , 12 ) x, x, z a x, y + 12 , y¯ b x¯ + 12 , y, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2 0, y, 0 3+ x, x, ¯ x¯ 3− x, ¯ x, ¯x 4− (0, 0, 12 ) 12 , 0, z 2 14 , y + 12 , y¯ 4− (0, 12 , 0) 0, y, 12 m x, 0, z 3¯ + x, x, ¯ x; ¯ 0, 0, 0 3¯ − x, ¯ x, ¯ x; 0, 0, 0 4¯ − 0, 12 , z; 0, 12 , 14 n( 21 , 12 , 12 ) x, y, y 4¯ − 12 , y, 0; 12 , 14 , 0

653

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2 x, 0, 0 3+ x, ¯ x, ¯x 3− x, ¯ x, x¯ 4+ (0, 0, 12 ) 0, 12 , z 4+ ( 21 , 0, 0) x, 0, 12 2 x¯ + 12 , 14 , x m 0, y, z 3¯ + x, ¯ x, ¯ x; 0, 0, 0 3¯ − x, ¯ x, x; ¯ 0, 0, 0 4¯ + 12 , 0, z; 12 , 0, 14 4¯ + x, 12 , 0; 14 , 12 , 0 n( 21 , 12 , 12 ) x, y, x

P m 3¯ n

P m 3¯ n

No. 223

CONTINUED

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13); (25) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

48

l

1

Reflection conditions h, k, l permutable General:

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , z + 12 , y¯ + 12 z + 12 , y + 12 , x¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y + 12 z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , z + 12 , y + 12 z + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x + 12 x, y, z¯ z¯, x, y y, z¯, x y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 x + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , y + 12 , x¯ + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , y + 12 , x + 12 x, y, ¯z z, x, y¯ y, ¯ z, x y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , z + 12 , y + 12 z + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 x + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y + 12 z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, z z, x, ¯y y, z, x¯ y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , z + 12 , y¯ + 12 z + 12 , y + 12 , x + 12

hhl: l = 2n h00: h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 24

k

m..

0, y, z z, 0, y y, z, 0 y + 12 , 12 , z¯ + 12 1 1 ¯ + 12 2,z+ 2,y 1 z + 2 , y + 12 , 12

24

j

..2

, y, y + 12 y + 12 , 14 , y y, y + 12 , 14 3 ¯ y¯ + 12 4 , y, y¯ + 12 , 34 , y¯ y, ¯ y¯ + 12 , 34

16

i

.3.

x, x, x x, ¯ x, x¯ x + 12 , x + 12 , x¯ + 12 x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x + 12 x, ¯ x, ¯ x¯ x, x, ¯x x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x + 12 x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , x¯ + 12

12

h

m m 2..

x, 12 , 0 1 2 , 0, x x + 12 , 12 , 0

x, ¯ 12 , 0 1 ¯ 2 , 0, x x¯ + 12 , 12 , 0

0, x, 12 0, x + 12 , 12 1 ¯ + 12 2 , 0, x

0, x, ¯ 12 0, x¯ + 12 , 12 1 1 2 , 0, x + 2

hkl: h = 2n

12

g

m m 2..

x, 0, 12 0, 12 , x x + 12 , 0, 12

x, ¯ 0, 12 0, 12 , x¯ x¯ + 12 , 0, 12

1 2 1 2

, x, 0 , x + 12 , 0 0, 12 , x¯ + 12

, x, ¯0 , x¯ + 12 , 0 0, 12 , x + 12

hkl: h = 2n

12

f

m m 2..

x, 0, 0 0, 0, x x + 12 , 12 , 12

x, ¯ 0, 0 0, 0, x¯ x¯ + 12 , 12 , 12

0, x, 0 1 1 1 2,x+ 2, 2 1 1 ¯ + 12 2, 2,x

0, x, ¯0 1 ¯ + 12 , 12 2,x 1 1 1 2, 2,x+ 2

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

8

e

.32

1 4 3 4

, 14 , 14 , 34 , 34

3 4 1 4

, 34 , 14 , 14 , 34

3 4 1 4

6

d

4¯ m . 2

1 4

, 12 , 0

3 4

, 12 , 0

0, 14 , 12

6

c

4¯ m . 2

1 4

, 0, 12

3 4

, 0, 12

1 2

, 14 , 0

1 2

6

b

m m m..

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

0, 12 , 0

2

a

m 3¯ .

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

0, y, ¯z z, 0, y¯ y, ¯ z, 0 y¯ + 12 , 12 , z¯ + 12 1 1 1 2,z+ 2,y+ 2 1 1 1 z + 2 , y¯ + 2 , 2 , y, ¯ y + 12 y + 12 , 34 , y¯ y, ¯ y + 12 , 34 1 ¯ + 12 4 , y, y 1 1 y¯ + 2 , 4 , y y, y¯ + 12 , 14

1 4

0, y, z¯ z¯, 0, y y, z¯, 0 y + 12 , 12 , z + 12 1 ¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 2,z z¯ + 12 , y + 12 , 12

, y, y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , 34 , y y, y¯ + 12 , 34 1 ¯ y + 12 4 , y, y + 12 , 14 , y¯ y, ¯ y + 12 , 14

3 4

3 4

0, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, 0, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, 0 y¯ + 12 , 12 , z + 12 1 ¯ + 12 , y + 12 2,z z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , 12

, y, ¯ y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , 14 , y¯ y, ¯ y¯ + 12 , 14 1 3 4 , y, y + 2 1 3 y+ 2, 4,y y, y + 12 , 34

hkl: h = 2n

1 4

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

x, ¯ x, ¯x x, x, ¯ x¯ x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , x + 12 x, x, x¯ x, ¯ x, x x + 12 , x + 12 , x + 12 x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12

, 14 , 34 , 34 , 14

1 4 3 4

no extra conditions

1 2 1 2

, 34 , 34 , 14 , 14

0, 34 , 12 , 34 , 0

654

hkl: h, k, l = 2n


0, 12 , 14

0, 12 , 34

hkl: h + k + l = 2n or h = 2n + 1, k = 4n and l = 4n + 2

, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

1 2

1 2

, 0, 14

1 2

, 0, 34

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

No. 223

CONTINUED

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = b a = a Origin at 0, 12 , z

Along [111] p 6 m m a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

655

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

P m 3¯ n

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 224, pp. 656–663.

P n 3¯ m

O4h

No. 224

P 42/n 3¯ 2/m

ORIGIN CHOICE

m 3¯ m

Patterson symmetry P m 3¯ m

1

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Cubic

656

No. 224

CONTINUED

Origin at 4¯ 3 m, at − 41 , − 41 , − 41 from centre (3¯ m) Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; − 41 ≤ z ≤ 14 ; y ≤ x; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 12 , 12 , 0 14 , 14 , 14 14 , 14 , − 41

max(x − 12 , −y) ≤ z ≤min( 21 − x, y)

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

1 3+ x,x,x 3− x,x,x 2( 21 , 21 ,0) x,x, 41 4− ( 21 ,0,0) x, 21 ,0 4+ (0, 21 ,0) 12 ,y,0 1¯ 14 , 41 , 41 3¯ + x,x,x; 14 , 41 , 41 3¯ − x,x,x; 14 , 41 , 41 m x,x,z ¯ 4¯ − x,0,0; 0,0,0 4¯ + 0,y,0; 0,0,0

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2 0,0,z 3+ x,x, ¯ x¯ 3− x,x, ¯ x¯ 2 x,x+ ¯ 21 , 41 2(0, 21 , 21 ) 14 ,y,y 2( 21 ,0, 21 ) x, 41 ,x n( 21 , 21 ,0) x,y, 41 3¯ + x−1,x+1, ¯ x; ¯ − 41 , 41 , 43 3¯ − x+1,x−1, ¯ x; ¯ 14 ,− 41 , 43 m x,x,z m x,y,y¯ m x,y,x ¯

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2 0,y,0 3+ x,x, ¯ x¯ 3− x, ¯ x,x ¯ 4− (0,0, 21 ) 12 ,0,z 2 14 ,y+ 21 ,y¯ 4− (0, 21 ,0) 0,y, 21 n( 21 ,0, 21 ) x, 41 ,z 3¯ + x,x+1, ¯ x; ¯ 14 , 43 ,− 41 3¯ − x, ¯ x+1,x; ¯ − 41 , 43 , 41 4¯ − 0,0,z; 0,0,0 m x,y,y 4¯ − 0,y,0; 0,0,0

657

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2 x,0,0 3+ x, ¯ x,x ¯ 3− x,x, ¯ x¯ 4+ (0,0, 21 ) 0, 21 ,z 4+ ( 21 ,0,0) x,0, 21 2 x+ ¯ 21 , 41 ,x n(0, 21 , 21 ) 14 ,y,z 3¯ + x+1, ¯ x,x; ¯ 34 ,− 41 , 41 3¯ − x+1,x, ¯ x; ¯ 34 , 41 ,− 41 4¯ + 0,0,z; 0,0,0 4¯ + x,0,0; 0,0,0 m x,y,x

P n 3¯ m

P n 3¯ m

No. 224

ORIGIN CHOICE

CONTINUED

1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13); (25) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

48

l

1

Reflection conditions h, k, l permutable General:

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , z + 12 , y¯ + 12 z + 12 , y + 12 , x¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯z x, ¯ z¯, y z¯, y, ¯x

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , z + 12 , y + 12 z + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x + 12 x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z¯ + 12 , x + 12 y, x, z x, z¯, y¯ z¯, y, x¯

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , y + 12 , x + 12 x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z + 12 , x + 12 y, ¯ x, z¯ x, z, y z, y, ¯ x¯

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 x + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y + 12 z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x¯ + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z + 12 , x¯ + 12 y, x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z, y¯ z, y, x

0kl: k + l = 2n h00: h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 24

k

..m

x, x, z z, x, x x, z, x x + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , z + 12 , x¯ + 12 z + 12 , x + 12 , x¯ + 12

24

j

..2

1 4

, y, y + 12 y¯ + 12 , 34 , y 1 ¯ + 12 , y¯ 4,y 3 y, 4 , y¯ + 12

3 4

, y, ¯ y + 12 y¯ + 12 , 14 , y¯ 3 1 ¯ 4,y+ 2,y 1 y, 4 , y + 12

3 4

, y, y¯ + 12 y, y + 12 , 14 3 ¯ + 12 , y 4,y y¯ + 12 , y, ¯ 14

1 4

, y, ¯ y¯ + 12 y, ¯ y + 12 , 34 1 1 4,y+ 2,y 1 y + 2 , y, ¯ 34

y + 12 , 14 , y y, y¯ + 12 , 34 y, ¯ 14 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , y, 34

y + 12 , 34 , y¯ y, ¯ y¯ + 12 , 14 y, ¯ 34 , y + 12 y + 12 , y, 14

no extra conditions

24

i

..2

1 4

, y, y¯ + 12 y + 12 , 34 , y 1 ¯ + 12 , y 4,y 3 y, ¯ 4 , y¯ + 12

3 4

, y, ¯ y¯ + 12 y + 12 , 14 , y¯ 3 1 4,y+ 2,y 1 y, ¯ 4 , y + 12

, y, y + 12 y, y¯ + 12 , 14 3 ¯ + 12 , y¯ 4,y y¯ + 12 , y, 14

, y, ¯ y + 12 y, ¯ y¯ + 12 , 34 1 1 ¯ 4,y+ 2,y 1 y + 2 , y, 34

y¯ + 12 , 14 , y y, y + 12 , 34 y, 14 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , y, ¯ 34

y¯ + 12 , 34 , y¯ y, ¯ y + 12 , 14 y, 34 , y + 12 y + 12 , y, ¯ 14

no extra conditions

24

h

2..

x, 0, 12 1 1 2,x+ 2,0 x¯ + 12 , 12 , 0 0, x, ¯ 12

x, ¯ 0, 12 1 ¯ + 12 , 0 2,x x + 12 , 12 , 0 0, x, 12

1 2 , x, 0 x + 12 , 0, 12 0, x¯ + 12 , 12 x, ¯ 12 , 0

1 ¯0 2 , x, x¯ + 12 , 0, 12 0, x + 12 , 12 x, 12 , 0

0, 12 , x 0, 12 , x¯ + 12 1 ¯ + 12 2 , 0, x 1 2 , 0, x

0, 12 , x¯ 0, 12 , x + 12 1 1 2 , 0, x + 2 1 ¯ 2 , 0, x

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

12

g

2 . mm

x, 0, 0 1 1 1 2,x+ 2, 2

x, ¯ 0, 0 1 ¯ + 12 , 12 2,x

0, x, 0 x + 12 , 12 , 12

0, x, ¯0 x¯ + 12 , 12 , 12

0, 0, x 1 1 ¯ + 12 2, 2,x

0, 0, x¯ 1 1 1 2, 2,x+ 2

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

12

f

2 . 22

8

e

.3m

x, x, x x + 12 , x + 12 , x¯ + 12

x, ¯ x, ¯x x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12

6

d

4¯ 2 . m

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

0, 12 , 0

4

c

. 3¯ m

3 4

, 34 , 34

1 4

, 14 , 34

1 4

, 34 , 14

3 4

, 14 , 14

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

4

b

. 3¯ m

1 4

, 14 , 14

3 4

, 34 , 14

3 4

, 14 , 34

1 4

, 34 , 34

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

2

a

4¯ 3 m

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

1 4 1 4

, 0, 12 , 12 , 0

3 4 3 4

, 0, 12 , 12 , 0

x, ¯ x, ¯z z, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ z, x¯ x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , z + 12 , x + 12 z + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x + 12

, 14 , 0 0, 14 , 12 1 2

3 4

, 34 , 0 0, 34 , 12 1 2

x, ¯ x, z¯ z¯, x, ¯x x, z¯, x¯ x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x + 12 , x + 12

1 4

0, 12 , 14 1 1 2 , 0, 4

0, 12 , 34 3 1 2 , 0, 4

x, ¯ x, x¯ x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x + 12 1 2

, 0, 0

0, 0, 12

x, x, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, x¯ x, ¯ z¯, x x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 x + 12 , z¯ + 12 , x + 12 z¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12

no extra conditions

hkl: h + k + l = 2n no extra conditions x, x, ¯ x¯ x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , x + 12 hkl: h + k + l = 2n

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

658

No. 224

CONTINUED

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [111] p 6 m m a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

659

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 14

P n 3¯ m

P n 3¯ m

O4h

No. 224

P 42/n 3¯ 2/m

ORIGIN CHOICE

m 3¯ m

Cubic Patterson symmetry P m 3¯ m

2

660

P n 3¯ m

No. 224

CONTINUED

Origin at centre (3¯ m), at 14 , 14 , 14 from 4¯ 3 m Asymmetric unit

1 4

Vertices

1 4

≤ x ≤ 34 ; 14 ≤ y ≤ 34 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 12 ; y ≤ x; , 14 , 14 34 , 14 , 14 34 , 34 , 14 21 , 12 , 12 21 , 12 , 0

max(x − 12 , 12 − y) ≤ z ≤ min(y, 1 − x)

Symmetry operations (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

1 3+ x, x, x 3− x, x, x 2( 21 , 21 ,0) x, x,0 4− ( 21 ,0,0) x, 41 ,− 41 4+ (0, 21 ,0) 14 ,y,− 41 1¯ 0,0,0 3¯ + x, x, x; 0,0,0 3¯ − x, x, x; 0,0,0 m x+ 21 , x,z ¯ 4¯ − x, 41 , 41 ; 14 , 41 , 41 4¯ + 14 ,y, 41 ; 14 , 41 , 41

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2 14 , 41 ,z 3+ x, ¯ x+ 21 , x¯ − 3 x+ 21 , x, ¯ x¯ 2 x, x,0 ¯ 2(0, 21 , 21 ) 0,y,y 2( 21 ,0, 21 ) x,0, x n( 21 , 21 ,0) x,y,0 3¯ + x−1, ¯ x+ 21 , x; ¯ − 21 ,0, 21 3¯ − x+ 21 , x−1, ¯ x; ¯ 0,− 21 , 21 m x, x,z m x,y+ 21 ,y¯ m x+ ¯ 21 ,y, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2 14 ,y, 41 3+ x+ 21 , x, ¯ x¯ 3− x+ ¯ 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x 4− (0,0, 21 ) 14 ,− 41 ,z 2 0,y,y¯ 4− (0, 21 ,0) − 41 ,y, 41 n( 21 ,0, 21 ) x,0,z 3¯ + x− 21 , x+1, ¯ x; ¯ 0, 21 ,− 21 3¯ − x− ¯ 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x; − 21 , 21 ,0 4¯ − 14 , 41 ,z; 14 , 41 , 41 m x,y,y 4¯ − 14 ,y, 41 ; 14 , 41 , 41

661

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2 x, 41 , 41 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x 1 − 3 x, ¯ x+ 2 , x¯ 4+ (0,0, 21 ) − 41 , 41 ,z 4+ ( 21 ,0,0) x,− 41 , 41 2 x,0, ¯ x n(0, 21 , 21 ) 0,y,z 3¯ + x+ ¯ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x; 12 ,− 21 ,0 3¯ − x+1, ¯ x− 21 , x; ¯ 12 ,0,− 21 4¯ + 14 , 41 ,z; 14 , 41 , 41 4¯ + x, 41 , 41 ; 14 , 41 , 41 m x,y, x

P n 3¯ m

No. 224

ORIGIN CHOICE

CONTINUED

2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13); (25) Positions Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

48

l

1

Reflection conditions h, k, l permutable General:

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ x + 12 , z + 12 , y¯ z + 12 , y + 12 , x¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z z, x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z, x¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z + 12 , y + 12 z + 12 , y, ¯ x + 12 1 x + 2 , y + 12 , z¯ z¯, x + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z¯, x + 12 y, x, z x, z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , y, x¯ + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , y y, z¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 y + 12 , x, ¯ z + 12 x, ¯ z¯, y¯ z¯, y + 12 , x + 12 x + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 1 z + 2 , x + 12 , y¯ y, ¯ z + 12 , x + 12 y¯ + 12 , x, z¯ + 12 x, z, y z, y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

x, y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x, y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , x y, ¯ x + 12 , z + 12 x + 12 , z¯, y + 12 z¯, y, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ y + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x, ¯ y + 12 1 y + 2 , z + 12 , x¯ y, x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , z, y¯ + 12 z, y, x

0kl: k + l = 2n h00: h = 2n

Special: as above, plus x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z z, x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , z, x¯ + 12 x, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z + 12 , x + 12 z + 12 , x, ¯ x + 12

24

k

..m

x, x, z z, x, x x, z, x x + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ x + 12 , z + 12 , x¯ z + 12 , x + 12 , x¯

24

j

..2

, y, y¯ y, ¯ 12 , y y, y, ¯ 12 1 ¯y 2 , y, y, 12 , y¯ y, ¯ y, 12

24

i

..2

1 2

, y, y + 12 y + 12 , 12 , y y, y + 12 , 12 1 ¯ y¯ + 12 2 , y, y¯ + 12 , 12 , y¯ y, ¯ y¯ + 12 , 12

0, y¯ + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , 0, y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , y + 12 , 0 0, y + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , 0, y + 12 y + 12 , y¯ + 12 , 0

24

h

2..

x, 14 , 34 3 1 1 4,x+ 2, 4 3 1 x, ¯ 4, 4 1 ¯ + 12 , 34 4,x

12

g

2 . mm

x, 14 , 14 3 1 3 4,x+ 2, 4

12

f

2 . 22

1 2 1 2

8

e

.3m

6

d

4¯ 2 . m

1 4

, 34 , 34

3 4

4

c

. 3¯ m

1 2

, 12 , 12

0, 0, 12

4

b

. 3¯ m

0, 0, 0

2

a

4¯ 3 m

1 4

1 2

, 14 , 34 , 34 , 14

0, y¯ + 12 , y¯ y, ¯ 0, y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , y, ¯0 0, y + 12 , y y, 0, y + 12 y + 12 , y, 0

no extra conditions

no extra conditions

0, y, y¯ y, ¯ 0, y y, y, ¯0 0, y, ¯y y, 0, y¯ y, ¯ y, 0

, y¯ + 12 , y¯ y, ¯ 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , y, ¯ 12 1 1 2,y+ 2,y y, 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , y, 12

no extra conditions

x¯ + 12 , 14 , 34 3 ¯ 14 4 , x, x + 12 , 34 , 14 3 1 4 , x, 4

3 4

, x, 14 x + 12 , 14 , 34 1 ¯ 34 4 , x, x¯ + 12 , 34 , 14

3 4

, x¯ + 12 , 14 x, ¯ 14 , 34 1 3 1 4,x+ 2, 4 3 1 x, 4 , 4

1 4 1 4 3 4 3 4

, 34 , x , 34 , x¯ , 14 , x¯ , 14 , x

1 4 1 4 3 4 3 4

, 34 , x¯ + 12 , 34 , x + 12 , 14 , x + 12 , 14 , x¯ + 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

x¯ + 12 , 14 , 14 3 ¯ 34 4 , x,

, x, 14 x + 12 , 34 , 34

, x¯ + 12 , 14 x, ¯ 34 , 34

1 4 3 4

, 14 , x , 34 , x¯

1 4 3 4

, 14 , x¯ + 12 , 34 , x + 12

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

0, 14 , 34 0, 34 , 14

, 14 , 34

1 2

, 12 , 0

3 4

, 34 , 34

0, y, y + 12 y + 12 , 0, y y, y + 12 , 0 0, y, ¯ y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , 0, y¯ y, ¯ y¯ + 12 , 0

x, x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x, x¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , x x, ¯ x + 12 , z + 12 x + 12 , z¯, x + 12 z¯, x, ¯ x¯

, y¯ + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , y + 12 , 12 1 1 ¯ + 12 2,y+ 2,y 1 1 y¯ + 2 , 2 , y + 12 y + 12 , y¯ + 12 , 12

x, x, x x + 12 , x + 12 , x¯

, 14 , 14

x¯ + 12 , x, z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x x, z¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 x + 12 , x, ¯ z + 12 x, ¯ z¯, x¯ z¯, x + 12 , x + 12

3 4 1 4

1 4

, 12 , 14 , 12 , 34

3 4 1 4

x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x x, ¯ x, ¯ x¯ 3 4

, 34 , 14

0, 12 , 0 1 2

, 0, 12

1 2

, 0, 14 , 0, 34

1 2

1 4

1 4 3 4

, 34 , 12 , 14 , 12

x¯ + 12 , x, x¯ + 12 x + 12 , x, ¯ x + 12

, 34 , 0 , 14 , 0

x, x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 x, ¯ x + 12 , x + 12

no extra conditions

, 34 , 14

1 2

, 0, 0

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

0, 12 , 12

hkl: h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n

1 4

, 14 , 34

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

1 4

3 4

, 14 , 14

1 4 3 4

hkl: h + k + l = 2n

hkl: h + k + l = 2n 662

No. 224

CONTINUED

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) 1 1 Origin at 4 , 4 , z

Along [111] p 6 m m a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

663

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

P n 3¯ m

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 225, pp. 664–667.

F m 3¯ m

O5h

No. 225

F 4/m 3¯ 2/m

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

m 3¯ m

Cubic Patterson symmetry F m 3¯ m

664

F m 3¯ m

No. 225

CONTINUED Origin at centre (m 3¯ m) Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 14 ; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 14 , 14 , 0 14 , 14 , 14

y ≤ min(x, 12 − x);

z≤y

Symmetry operations For (0,0,0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 3+ x, x, x (9) 3− x, x, x (13) 2 x, x,0 (17) 4− x,0,0 (21) 4+ 0,y,0 (25) 1¯ 0,0,0 (29) 3¯ + x, x, x; 0,0,0 (33) 3¯ − x, x, x; 0,0,0 (37) m x, x,z ¯ (41) 4¯ − x,0,0; 0,0,0 (45) 4¯ + 0,y,0; 0,0,0

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2 3+ 3− 2 2 2 m 3¯ + 3¯ − m m m

For (0, 21 , 21 )+ set (1) t(0, 21 , 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 31 , x− 61 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 61 , x+ 61 , x (13) 2( 41 , 41 ,0) x, x+ 41 , 41 (17) 4− x, 21 ,0 (21) 4+ (0, 21 ,0) 14 ,y, 41 (25) 1¯ 0, 41 , 41 (29) 3¯ + x, x+ 21 , x; 0, 21 ,0 (33) 3¯ − x− 21 , x− 21 , x; 0,0, 21 (37) g(− 41 , 41 , 21 ) x+ 41 , x,z ¯ (41) 4¯ − x,0, 21 ; 0,0, 21 (45) 4¯ + − 41 ,y, 41 ; − 41 , 41 , 41

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

For ( 21 ,0, 21 )+ set (1) t( 21 ,0, 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x− 61 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 61 , x− 31 , x (13) 2( 41 , 41 ,0) x, x− 41 , 41 (17) 4− ( 21 ,0,0) x, 41 , 41 (21) 4+ 12 ,y,0 (25) 1¯ 14 ,0, 41 (29) 3¯ + x− 21 , x− 21 , x; 0,0, 21 (33) 3¯ − x+ 21 , x, x; 12 ,0,0 (37) g( 41 ,− 41 , 21 ) x+ 41 , x,z ¯ (41) 4¯ − x,− 41 , 41 ; 14 ,− 41 , 41 (45) 4¯ + 0,y, 21 ; 0,0, 21 For ( 21 , 21 ,0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 21 ,0) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ 31 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 31 , x+ 61 , x (13) 2( 21 , 21 ,0) x, x,0 (17) 4− ( 21 ,0,0) x, 41 ,− 41 (21) 4+ (0, 21 ,0) 14 ,y,− 41 (25) 1¯ 14 , 41 ,0 (29) 3¯ + x+ 21 , x, x; 12 ,0,0 (33) 3¯ − x, x+ 21 , x; 0, 21 ,0 (37) m x+ 21 , x,z ¯ (41) 4¯ − x, 41 , 41 ; 14 , 41 , 41 (45) 4¯ + 14 ,y, 41 ; 14 , 41 , 41

0,0,z x, ¯ x, x¯ x, x, ¯ x¯ x, x,0 ¯ 0,y,y x,0, x x,y,0 x, ¯ x, x; ¯ 0,0,0 x, x, ¯ x; ¯ 0,0,0 x, x,z x,y,y¯ x,y, ¯ x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2 3+ 3− 4− 2 4− m 3¯ + 3¯ − 4¯ − m 4¯ −

2(0,0, 21 ) 0, 41 ,z 3+ x, ¯ x+ 21 , x¯ − 3 (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯ 2(− 41 , 41 ,0) x, x+ ¯ 41 , 41 2(0, 21 , 21 ) 0,y,y 2( 41 ,0, 41 ) x− 41 , 41 , x b x,y, 41 3¯ + x−1, ¯ x+ 21 , x; ¯ − 21 ,0, 21 3¯ − x+ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x; ¯ 0,0, 21 g( 41 , 41 , 21 ) x− 41 , x,z m x,y+ 21 ,y¯ g(− 41 , 21 , 41 ) x+ ¯ 41 ,y, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2(0,0, 21 ) 14 ,0,z 3+ ( 31 ,− 31 , 31 ) x+ ¯ 61 , x+ 61 , x¯ 1 − 3 x+ 2 , x, ¯ x¯ 2( 41 ,− 41 ,0) x, x+ ¯ 41 , 41 1 1 1 2(0, 4 , 4 ) 4 ,y− 41 ,y 2( 21 ,0, 21 ) x,0, x a x,y, 41 3¯ + x− ¯ 21 , x+ 21 , x; ¯ 0,0, 21 ¯3− x+ 21 , x−1, ¯ x; ¯ 0,− 21 , 21 1 1 1 1 g( 4 , 4 , 2 ) x+ 4 , x,z g( 21 ,− 41 , 41 ) x,y+ 41 ,y¯ m x+ ¯ 21 ,y, x

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2 14 , 41 ,z 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x, x¯ − 3 x, x+ ¯ 21 , x¯ 2 x, x+ ¯ 21 ,0 1 1 2(0, 4 , 4 ) 14 ,y+ 41 ,y 2( 41 ,0, 41 ) x+ 41 , 41 , x n( 21 , 21 ,0) x,y,0 3¯ + x− ¯ 21 , x+1, x; ¯ 0, 21 , 21 3¯ − x+1, x− ¯ 21 , x; ¯ 12 ,0, 21 g( 21 , 21 ,0) x, x,z g( 21 , 41 ,− 41 ) x,y+ 41 ,y¯ g( 41 , 21 ,− 41 ) x+ ¯ 41 ,y, x

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2 3+ 3− 4+ 4+ 2 m 3¯ + 3¯ − 4¯ + 4¯ + m

2(0, 21 ,0) 0,y, 41 3+ (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 31 , x− ¯ 61 , x¯ 1 1 − 3 x+ ¯ 2 , x+ ¯ 2,x 4− (0,0, 21 ) 14 , 41 ,z 2 0,y+ 21 ,y¯ 4− (0, 21 ,0) − 41 ,y, 41 c x, 41 ,z 3¯ + x, x+ ¯ 21 , x; ¯ 0, 21 ,0 3¯ − x− ¯ 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x; − 21 , 21 ,0 4¯ − − 41 , 41 ,z; − 41 , 41 , 41 g(0, 21 , 21 ) x,y,y 4¯ − 14 ,y, 41 ; 14 , 41 , 41

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2 x, 41 , 41 3+ x, ¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x − 3 x− ¯ 21 , x+ 21 , x¯ 4+ (0,0, 21 ) − 41 , 41 ,z 4+ x,0, 21 2(− 41 ,0, 41 ) x+ ¯ 41 , 41 , x 1 1 n(0, 2 , 2 ) 0,y,z 3¯ + x+1, ¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x; 12 ,0, 21 3¯ − x+ ¯ 21 , x+ 21 , x; ¯ 12 , 21 ,0 1 1 1 1 1 + 4¯ 4 , 4 ,z; 4 , 4 , 4 4¯ + x, 21 ,0; 0, 21 ,0 g( 41 , 21 , 41 ) x− 41 ,y, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2 14 ,y, 41 3+ x+ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x¯ 1 − 3 x+ ¯ 2 , x, ¯x 4− (0,0, 21 ) 14 ,− 41 ,z 2(0,− 41 , 41 ) 14 ,y+ 41 ,y¯ 4− 0,y, 21 n( 21 ,0, 21 ) x,0,z 3¯ + x+ 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x; ¯ 12 , 21 ,0 1 ¯3− x+ ¯ 2 , x+1, ¯ x; 0, 21 , 21 ¯4− 14 , 41 ,z; 14 , 41 , 41 g( 21 , 41 , 41 ) x,y− 41 ,y 4¯ − 12 ,y,0; 12 ,0,0

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2( 21 ,0,0) x,0, 41 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x 1 1 − 1 3 ( 3 ,− 3 , 3 ) x− ¯ 61 , x+ 31 , x¯ 1 1 1 + 4 (0,0, 2 ) 4 , 4 ,z 4+ ( 21 ,0,0) x,− 41 , 41 2 x+ ¯ 21 ,0, x 1 c 4 ,y,z 3¯ + x+ ¯ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x; 12 ,− 21 ,0 1 ¯3− x+ ¯ 2 , x, x; ¯ 12 ,0,0 ¯4+ 14 ,− 41 ,z; 14 ,− 41 , 41 4¯ + x, 41 , 41 ; 14 , 41 , 41 g( 21 ,0, 21 ) x,y, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2(0, 21 ,0) 14 ,y,0 3+ x+ 21 , x, ¯ x¯ 3− ( 31 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 61 , x 4− 12 ,0,z 2(0, 41 ,− 41 ) 14 ,y+ 41 ,y¯ 4− (0, 21 ,0) 14 ,y, 41 a x, 41 ,z 3¯ + x− 21 , x+1, ¯ x; ¯ 0, 21 ,− 21 3¯ − x, ¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x; 0, 21 ,0 4¯ − 0, 21 ,z; 0, 21 ,0 g( 21 , 41 , 41 ) x,y+ 41 ,y 4¯ − 14 ,y,− 41 ; 14 , 41 ,− 41

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2( 21 ,0,0) x, 41 ,0 3+ ( 31 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 61 , x+ ¯ 31 , x 1 − 3 x, ¯ x+ 2 , x¯ 4+ 0, 21 ,z 4+ ( 21 ,0,0) x, 41 , 41 2( 41 ,0,− 41 ) x+ ¯ 41 , 41 , x 1 b 4 ,y,z 3¯ + x+ ¯ 21 , x, ¯ x; 12 ,0,0 3¯ − x+1, ¯ x− 21 , x; ¯ 12 ,0,− 21 1 1 + 4¯ 2 ,0,z; 2 ,0,0 4¯ + x, 41 ,− 41 ; 14 , 41 ,− 41 g( 41 , 21 , 41 ) x+ 41 ,y, x

665

0,y,0 x, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ x, ¯x 0,0,z 0,y,y¯ 0,y,0 x,0,z x, x, ¯ x; ¯ 0,0,0 x, ¯ x, ¯ x; 0,0,0 0,0,z; 0,0,0 x,y,y 0,y,0; 0,0,0

x,0,0 x, ¯ x, ¯x x, ¯ x, x¯ 0,0,z x,0,0 x,0, ¯ x 0,y,z x, ¯ x, ¯ x; 0,0,0 x, ¯ x, x; ¯ 0,0,0 0,0,z; 0,0,0 x,0,0; 0,0,0 x,y, x

F m 3¯ m

No. 225

CONTINUED

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13); (25) Positions Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

192

l

1

Coordinates

Reflection conditions

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 12 , 12 , 0)+

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y, x, z¯ x, z, y¯ z, y, x¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯ y, ¯ x, ¯z x, ¯ z¯, y z¯, y, ¯x

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z, y z, y, ¯x x, y, z¯ z¯, x, y y, z¯, x y, x, z x, z¯, y¯ z¯, y, x¯

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ y, x, ¯z x, ¯ z¯, y¯ z¯, y, x x, y, ¯z z, x, y¯ y, ¯ z, x y, ¯ x, z¯ x, z, y z, y, ¯ x¯

h, k, l permutable General: (4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

hkl: 0kl: hhl: h00:

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x y, ¯ x, z x, z¯, y z¯, y, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ y, z z, x, ¯y y, z, x¯ y, x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z, y¯ z, y, x

h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n k, l = 2n h + l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 96

k

..m

x, x, z z¯, x, ¯x x, x, z¯ x, ¯ z¯, x¯

x, ¯ x, ¯z z¯, x, x¯ x, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ x, z¯, x

x, ¯ x, z¯ x, z, x x, x, ¯z z, x, x¯

x, x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z, x¯ x, ¯ x, z z, x, ¯x

z, x, x x, z¯, x¯ x, z, x¯ z¯, x, x

z, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ z¯, x x, ¯ z, x z¯, x, ¯ x¯

no extra conditions

96

j

m..

0, y, z z¯, 0, y y, 0, z¯ 0, z¯, y¯

0, y, ¯z z¯, 0, y¯ y, ¯ 0, z¯ 0, z¯, y

0, y, z¯ y, z, 0 y, 0, z z, y, 0

0, y, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ z, 0 y, ¯ 0, z z, y, ¯0

z, 0, y y, z¯, 0 0, z, y¯ z¯, y, 0

z, 0, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, 0 0, z, y z¯, y, ¯0

no extra conditions

48

i

m . m2

1 2

, y, y y, ¯ 12 , y

1 2

, y, ¯y y, ¯ 12 , y¯

1 2

, y, y¯ y, y, 12

1 2

, y, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ y, 12

y, 12 , y y, y, ¯ 12

y, 12 , y¯ y, ¯ y, ¯ 12

no extra conditions

48

h

m . m2

0, y, y y, ¯ 0, y

0, y, ¯y y, ¯ 0, y¯

0, y, y¯ y, y, 0

0, y, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ y, 0

y, 0, y y, y, ¯0

y, 0, y¯ y, ¯ y, ¯0

no extra conditions

48

g

2 . mm

x, 14 , 14 1 3 4 , x, 4

x, ¯ 34 , 14 3 ¯ 34 4 , x,

, x, 14 x, 14 , 34

, x, ¯ 34 1 1 x, ¯ 4, 4

32

f

.3m

x, x, x x, x, x¯

x, ¯ x, ¯x x, ¯ x, ¯ x¯

x, ¯ x, x¯ x, x, ¯x

x, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ x, x

24

e

4 m .m

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

0, x, 0

24

d

m . mm

0, 14 , 14

0, 34 , 14

8

c

4¯ 3 m

1 4

, 14 , 14

4

b

m 3¯ m

1 2

, 12 , 12

no extra conditions

4

a

m 3¯ m

0, 0, 0

no extra conditions

1 4

1 4

1 4

, 0, 14

1 4

0, x, ¯0 1 4

, 0, 34

, 14 , 34

1 4 1 4

, 14 , x , 14 , x¯

3 4 1 4

, 14 , x¯ , 34 , x

hkl: h = 2n no extra conditions

0, 0, x 1 4

, 14 , 0

0, 0, x¯ 3 4

, 14 , 0

no extra conditions hkl: h = 2n hkl: h = 2n

666

No. 225

CONTINUED

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [111] p 6 m m a = 16 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 16 (−a + 2b − c)

667

Along [110] c 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

F m 3¯ m

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 226, pp. 668–671.

F m 3¯ c

O6h

No. 226

F 4/m 3¯ 2/c

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

m 3¯ m

Cubic Patterson symmetry F m 3¯ m

668

F m 3¯ c

No. 226

CONTINUED ¯ Origin at centre (m 3)

Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 14 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 14 ; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 14 , 14 , 0 14 , 14 , 14

y ≤ min(x, 12 − x);

z≤y

Symmetry operations For (0,0,0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 3+ x, x, x (9) 3− x, x, x (13) 2( 21 , 21 ,0) x, x, 41 (17) 4− ( 21 ,0,0) x, 21 ,0 (21) 4+ (0, 21 ,0) 12 ,y,0 (25) 1¯ 0,0,0 (29) 3¯ + x, x, x; 0,0,0 (33) 3¯ − x, x, x; 0,0,0 (37) c x+ 21 , x,z ¯ (41) 4¯ − x,0, 21 ; 14 ,0, 21 (45) 4¯ + 0,y, 21 ; 0, 41 , 21

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2 0,0,z 3+ x, ¯ x, x¯ 3− x, x, ¯ x¯ 2 x, x+ ¯ 21 , 41 1 1 2(0, 2 , 2 ) 14 ,y,y 2( 21 ,0, 21 ) x, 41 , x m x,y,0 3¯ + x, ¯ x, x; ¯ 0,0,0 3¯ − x, x, ¯ x; ¯ 0,0,0 n( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x, x,z a x,y+ 21 ,y¯ b x+ ¯ 21 ,y, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2 0,y,0 3+ x, x, ¯ x¯ 3− x, ¯ x, ¯x 4− (0,0, 21 ) 12 ,0,z 2 14 ,y+ 21 ,y¯ 4− (0, 21 ,0) 0,y, 21 m x,0,z 3¯ + x, x, ¯ x; ¯ 0,0,0 3¯ − x, ¯ x, ¯ x; 0,0,0 4¯ − 0, 21 ,z; 0, 21 , 41 n( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x,y,y 4¯ − 12 ,y,0; 12 , 41 ,0

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2 x,0,0 3+ x, ¯ x, ¯x 3− x, ¯ x, x¯ 4+ (0,0, 21 ) 0, 21 ,z 4+ ( 21 ,0,0) x,0, 21 2 x+ ¯ 21 , 41 , x m 0,y,z 3¯ + x, ¯ x, ¯ x; 0,0,0 3¯ − x, ¯ x, x; ¯ 0,0,0 4¯ + 12 ,0,z; 12 ,0, 41 4¯ + x, 21 ,0; 14 , 21 ,0 n( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x,y, x

For (0, 21 , 21 )+ set (1) t(0, 21 , 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 31 , x− 61 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 61 , x+ 61 , x (13) 2( 41 , 41 ,0) x, x− 41 ,0 (17) 4− ( 21 ,0,0) x,0,0 (21) 4+ 14 ,y,− 41 (25) 1¯ 0, 41 , 41 (29) 3¯ + x, x+ 21 , x; 0, 21 ,0 (33) 3¯ − x− 21 , x− 21 , x; 0,0, 21 (37) g( 41 ,− 41 ,0) x+ 41 , x,z ¯ (41) 4¯ − x,0,0; 14 ,0,0 (45) 4¯ + 14 ,y, 41 ; 14 ,0, 41

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2(0,0, 21 ) 0, 41 ,z 3+ x, ¯ x+ 21 , x¯ − 3 (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯ 2( 41 ,− 41 ,0) x, x+ ¯ 41 ,0 2 14 ,y,y 2( 41 ,0, 41 ) x+ 41 ,0, x b x,y, 41 3¯ + x−1, ¯ x+ 21 , x; ¯ − 21 ,0, 21 3¯ − x+ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x; ¯ 0,0, 21 g( 41 , 41 ,0) x+ 41 , x,z a x,y,y¯ g( 41 ,0,− 41 ) x+ ¯ 41 ,y, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2(0, 21 ,0) 0,y, 41 3+ (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 31 , x− ¯ 61 , x¯ 1 1 − 3 x+ ¯ 2 , x+ ¯ 2,x 4− 14 ,− 41 ,z 2 14 ,y,y¯ 4− 14 ,y, 41 c x, 41 ,z 3¯ + x, x+ ¯ 21 , x; ¯ 0, 21 ,0 3¯ − x− ¯ 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x; − 21 , 21 ,0 4¯ − 14 , 41 ,z; 14 , 41 ,0 a x,y,y 4¯ − 14 ,y,− 41 ; 14 ,0,− 41

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2 x, 41 , 41 3+ x, ¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x − 3 x− ¯ 21 , x+ 21 , x¯ 4+ 14 , 41 ,z 4+ ( 21 ,0,0) x,0,0 2( 41 ,0,− 41 ) x+ ¯ 41 ,0, x 1 1 n(0, 2 , 2 ) 0,y,z 3¯ + x+1, ¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x; 12 ,0, 21 3¯ − x+ ¯ 21 , x+ 21 , x; ¯ 12 , 21 ,0 1 1 1 + 4¯ 4 ,− 4 ,z; 4 ,− 41 ,0 4¯ + x,0,0; 14 ,0,0 g( 41 ,0, 41 ) x+ 41 ,y, x

For ( 21 ,0, 21 )+ set (1) t( 21 ,0, 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x− 61 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 61 , x− 31 , x (13) 2( 41 , 41 ,0) x, x+ 41 ,0 (17) 4− x, 41 ,− 41 (21) 4+ (0, 21 ,0) 0,y,0 (25) 1¯ 14 ,0, 41 (29) 3¯ + x− 21 , x− 21 , x; 0,0, 21 (33) 3¯ − x+ 21 , x, x; 12 ,0,0 (37) g(− 41 , 41 ,0) x+ 41 , x,z ¯ (41) 4¯ − x, 41 , 41 ; 0, 41 , 41 (45) 4¯ + 0,y,0; 0, 41 ,0

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2(0,0, 21 ) 14 ,0,z 3+ ( 31 ,− 31 , 31 ) x+ ¯ 61 , x+ 61 , x¯ 1 − 3 x+ 2 , x, ¯ x¯ 2(− 41 , 41 ,0) x, x+ ¯ 41 ,0 1 1 2(0, 4 , 4 ) 0,y+ 41 ,y 2 x, 41 , x a x,y, 41 3¯ + x− ¯ 21 , x+ 21 , x; ¯ 0,0, 21 ¯3− x+ 21 , x−1, ¯ x; ¯ 0,− 21 , 21 1 1 1 g( 4 , 4 ,0) x− 4 , x,z g(0, 41 ,− 41 ) x,y+ 41 ,y¯ b x,y, ¯ x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2 14 ,y, 41 3+ x+ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x¯ 1 − 3 x+ ¯ 2 , x, ¯x 4− 14 , 41 ,z 2(0, 41 ,− 41 ) 0,y+ 41 ,y¯ 4− (0, 21 ,0) 0,y,0 n( 21 ,0, 21 ) x,0,z 3¯ + x+ 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x; ¯ 12 , 21 ,0 1 ¯3− x+ ¯ 2 , x+1, ¯ x; 0, 21 , 21 ¯4− − 41 , 41 ,z; − 41 , 41 ,0 g(0, 41 , 41 ) x,y+ 41 ,y 4¯ − 0,y,0; 0, 41 ,0

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2( 21 ,0,0) x,0, 41 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x 1 1 − 1 3 ( 3 ,− 3 , 3 ) x− ¯ 61 , x+ 31 , x¯ 1 1 + 4 − 4 , 4 ,z 4+ x, 41 , 41 2 x, ¯ 41 , x 1 c 4 ,y,z 3¯ + x+ ¯ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x; 12 ,− 21 ,0 1 ¯3− x+ ¯ 2 , x, x; ¯ 12 ,0,0 ¯4+ 14 , 41 ,z; 14 , 41 ,0 4¯ + x, 41 ,− 41 ; 0, 41 ,− 41 b x,y, x

For ( 21 , 21 ,0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 21 ,0) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ 31 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 31 , x+ 61 , x (13) 2 x, x, 41 (17) 4− x, 41 , 41 (21) 4+ 14 ,y, 41 (25) 1¯ 14 , 41 ,0 (29) 3¯ + x+ 21 , x, x; 12 ,0,0 (33) 3¯ − x, x+ 21 , x; 0, 21 ,0 (37) c x, x,z ¯ (41) 4¯ − x,− 41 , 41 ; 0,− 41 , 41 (45) 4¯ + − 41 ,y, 41 ; − 41 ,0, 41

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2 14 , 41 ,z 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x, x¯ − 3 x, x+ ¯ 21 , x¯ 2 x, x, ¯ 41 1 1 2(0, 4 , 4 ) 0,y− 41 ,y 2( 41 ,0, 41 ) x− 41 ,0, x n( 21 , 21 ,0) x,y,0 3¯ + x− ¯ 21 , x+1, x; ¯ 0, 21 , 21 3¯ − x+1, x− ¯ 21 , x; ¯ 12 ,0, 21 c x, x,z g(0,− 41 , 41 ) x,y+ 41 ,y¯ g(− 41 ,0, 41 ) x+ ¯ 41 ,y, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2(0, 21 ,0) 14 ,y,0 3+ x+ 21 , x, ¯ x¯ 3− ( 31 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 61 , x 4− (0,0, 21 ) 0,0,z 2(0,− 41 , 41 ) 0,y+ 41 ,y¯ 4− − 41 ,y, 41 a x, 41 ,z 3¯ + x− 21 , x+1, ¯ x; ¯ 0, 21 ,− 21 3¯ − x, ¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x; 0, 21 ,0 4¯ − 0,0,z; 0,0, 41 g(0, 41 , 41 ) x,y− 41 ,y 4¯ − 14 ,y, 41 ; 14 ,0, 41

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2( 21 ,0,0) x, 41 ,0 3+ ( 31 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 61 , x+ ¯ 31 , x 1 − 3 x, ¯ x+ 2 , x¯ 4+ (0,0, 21 ) 0,0,z 4+ x,− 41 , 41 2(− 41 ,0, 41 ) x+ ¯ 41 ,0, x 1 b 4 ,y,z 3¯ + x+ ¯ 21 , x, ¯ x; 12 ,0,0 3¯ − x+1, ¯ x− 21 , x; ¯ 12 ,0,− 21 1 + 4¯ 0,0,z; 0,0, 4 4¯ + x, 41 , 41 ; 0, 41 , 41 g( 41 ,0, 41 ) x− 41 ,y, x

669

F m 3¯ c

No. 226

CONTINUED

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13); (25) Positions

192

j

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 12 , 12 , 0)+

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , z + 12 , y¯ + 12 z + 12 , y + 12 , x¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y + 12 z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , z + 12 , y + 12 z + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x + 12 x, y, z¯ z¯, x, y y, z¯, x y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 x + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , y + 12 , x¯ + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

h, k, l permutable General:

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , y + 12 , x + 12 x, y, ¯z z, x, y¯ y, ¯ z, x y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , z + 12 , y + 12 z + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 x + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y + 12 z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, z z, x, ¯y y, z, x¯ y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , z + 12 , y¯ + 12 z + 12 , y + 12 , x + 12

hkl: h + k = 2n and h + l, k + l = 2n 0kl: k, l = 2n hhl: h, l = 2n h00: h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 96

i

m..

0, y, z z, 0, y y, z, 0 y + 12 , 12 , z¯ + 12 1 1 ¯ + 12 2,z+ 2,y 1 z + 2 , y + 12 , 12

96

h

..2

, y, y y, ¯ 34 , y 3 ¯ y¯ 4 , y, y, 14 , y¯

64

g

.3.

x, x, x x, ¯ x, x¯ x + 12 , x + 12 , x¯ + 12 x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x + 12 x, ¯ x, ¯ x¯ x, x, ¯x x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x + 12 x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , x¯ + 12

48

f

4..

x, 14 , 14 x, ¯ 34 , 34

48

e

m m 2..

x, 0, 0 0, 0, x x + 12 , 12 , 12

24

d

4/m . .

0, 14 , 14

24

c

4¯ m . 2

1 4

, 0, 0

3 4

, 0, 0

8

b

m 3¯ .

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

hkl: h = 2n

8

a

432

1 4

3 4

, 34 , 34

hkl: h = 2n

1 4

, 14 , 14

0, y, ¯z z, 0, y¯ y, ¯ z, 0 y¯ + 12 , 12 , z¯ + 12 1 1 1 2,z+ 2,y+ 2 1 1 1 z + 2 , y¯ + 2 , 2

, y, ¯y y, ¯ 14 , y¯ 1 ¯ 4 , y, y y, 34 , y 3 4

x, ¯ 34 , 14 x, 14 , 34

, y, y¯ y, y, 14 1 ¯y 4 , y, y, ¯ y, ¯ 34 3 4

, y, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ y, 34 3 4 , y, y y, y, ¯ 14 1 4

y, 14 , y y, y, ¯ 34 y, ¯ 34 , y¯ y, ¯ y, 14

0, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, 0, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, 0 y¯ + 12 , 12 , z + 12 1 ¯ + 12 , y + 12 2,z z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , 12 y, 34 , y¯ y, ¯ y, ¯ 14 1 y, ¯ 4,y y, y, 34

1 4 3 4

, x, 14 , x, ¯ 34

1 4 3 4

, x, ¯ 34 , x, 14

0, x, 0 1 1 1 2,x+ 2, 2 1 1 ¯ + 12 2, 2,x 1 4

, 0, 14

0, 14 , 0

1 4

no extra conditions

hkl: h = 2n

hkl: h = 2n

x, ¯ x, ¯x x, x, ¯ x¯ x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , x + 12 x, x, x¯ x, ¯ x, x x + 12 , x + 12 , x + 12 x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12

x, ¯ 0, 0 0, 0, x¯ x¯ + 12 , 12 , 12 0, 34 , 14

0, y, z¯ z¯, 0, y y, z¯, 0 y + 12 , 12 , z + 12 1 ¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 2,z z¯ + 12 , y + 12 , 12

, 0, 34

0, 34 , 0

670

1 4 3 4

, 14 , x , 34 , x¯

3 4 1 4

, 14 , x¯ , 34 , x

hkl: h = 2n

0, x, ¯0 1 , x ¯ + 12 , 12 2 1 1 1 2, 2,x+ 2 1 4

, 14 , 0

0, 0, 14

hkl: h = 2n

, 14 , 0

hkl: h = 2n

0, 0, 34

hkl: h = 2n

3 4

No. 226

CONTINUED

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 b a = 12 a Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [111] p 6 m m a = 16 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 16 (−a + 2b − c)

671

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 14 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

F m 3¯ c

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 227, pp. 672–679.

F d 3¯ m

O7h

No. 227

F 41/d 3¯ 2/m

ORIGIN CHOICE

m 3¯ m

1

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

672

Cubic Patterson symmetry F m 3¯ m

F d 3¯ m

No. 227

CONTINUED Origin at 4¯ 3 m, at − 81 , − 81 , − 81 from centre (3¯ m) Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 18 ; − 81 ≤ z ≤ 18 ; y ≤ min( 21 − x, x); 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 38 , 18 , 18 81 , 18 , 18 38 , 18 , − 81 81 , 18 , − 81

−y ≤ z ≤ y

Symmetry operations For (0,0,0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 3+ x, x, x (9) 3− x, x, x (13) 2( 21 , 21 ,0) x, x− 41 , 83 (17) 4− ( 43 ,0,0) x, 21 , 41 (21) 4+ (0, 41 ,0) 34 ,y,0 (25) 1¯ 18 , 81 , 81 (29) 3¯ + x, x, x; 18 , 81 , 81 (33) 3¯ − x, x, x; 18 , 81 , 81 (37) g( 41 ,− 41 , 21 ) x+ 41 , x,z ¯ (41) 4¯ − x,− 41 , 41 ; 14 ,− 41 , 41 (45) 4¯ + 0,y, 21 ; 0,0, 21

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2(0,0, 21 ) 0, 41 ,z 3+ ( 31 ,− 31 , 31 ) x+ ¯ 61 , x+ 61 , x¯ 1 − 3 x, x+ ¯ 2 , x¯ 2 x, x+ ¯ 41 , 81 1 1 2(0, 2 , 2 ) 38 ,y+ 41 ,y 2( 21 ,0, 21 ) x− 41 , 83 , x d( 41 , 43 ,0) x,y, 83 3¯ + x−1, ¯ x+1, x; ¯ − 81 , 81 , 87 ¯3− x+ 23 , x−1, ¯ x; ¯ 58 ,− 81 , 87 m x, x,z g( 21 , 41 ,− 41 ) x,y+ 41 ,y¯ g(− 41 , 21 , 41 ) x+ ¯ 41 ,y, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2(0, 21 ,0) 14 ,y,0 3+ (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 31 , x− ¯ 61 , x¯ 1 − 3 x+ ¯ 2 , x, ¯x 4− (0,0, 43 ) 12 , 41 ,z 2 18 ,y+ 41 ,y¯ 4− (0, 43 ,0) 14 ,y, 21 d( 43 ,0, 41 ) x, 83 ,z 3¯ + x, x+1, ¯ x; ¯ 18 , 87 ,− 81 1 ¯3− x+ ¯ 2 , x+ ¯ 23 , x; − 81 , 87 , 85 ¯4− − 41 , 41 ,z; − 41 , 41 , 41 m x,y,y 4¯ − 14 ,y,− 41 ; 14 , 41 ,− 41

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2( 21 ,0,0) x,0, 41 3+ ( 31 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 61 , x+ ¯ 31 , x 1 1 − 3 x− ¯ 2 , x+ 2 , x¯ 4+ (0,0, 41 ) 0, 43 ,z 4+ ( 41 ,0,0) x,0, 43 2 x+ ¯ 41 , 81 , x d(0, 41 , 43 ) 38 ,y,z 3¯ + x+1, ¯ x, ¯ x; 78 ,− 81 , 81 ¯3− x+1, ¯ x+ 21 , x; ¯ 78 , 85 ,− 81 ¯4+ 12 ,0,z; 12 ,0,0 4¯ + x, 21 ,0; 0, 21 ,0 m x,y, x

For (0, 21 , 21 )+ set (1) t(0, 21 , 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 31 , x− 61 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 61 , x+ 61 , x (13) 2( 43 , 43 ,0) x, x, 81 (17) 4− ( 43 ,0,0) x, 21 ,− 41 (21) 4+ (0, 43 ,0) 12 ,y,− 41 (25) 1¯ 18 , 83 , 83 (29) 3¯ + x, x+ 21 , x; 18 , 85 , 81 (33) 3¯ − x− 21 , x− 21 , x; 18 , 81 , 85 (37) m x+ 21 , x,z ¯ (41) 4¯ − x, 41 , 41 ; 14 , 41 , 41 (45) 4¯ + 14 ,y, 41 ; 14 , 41 , 41

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2 0,0,z 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x, x¯ − 3 x+ 21 , x, ¯ x¯ 2(− 41 , 41 ,0) x, x+ ¯ 21 , 83 1 1 3 2(0, 2 , 2 ) 8 ,y− 41 ,y 2( 41 ,0, 41 ) x, 81 , x d( 41 , 41 ,0) x,y, 81 3¯ + x−1, ¯ x+ 23 , x; ¯ − 81 , 85 , 87 3¯ − x+1, x− ¯ 23 , x; ¯ 18 ,− 85 , 87 1 1 1 1 g( 4 , 4 , 2 ) x− 4 , x,z g( 21 ,− 41 , 41 ) x,y+ 41 ,y¯ m x,y, ¯ x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2 14 ,y, 41 3+ x, x, ¯ x¯ 3− ( 31 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 61 , x 4− (0,0, 41 ) 14 ,0,z 2 18 ,y+ 43 ,y¯ 4− (0, 41 ,0) 0,y, 43 d( 43 ,0, 43 ) x, 81 ,z 3¯ + x, x+ ¯ 21 , x; ¯ 18 , 83 ,− 81 3¯ − x, ¯ x+1, ¯ x; − 81 , 87 , 81 4¯ − 0,0,z; 0,0,0 g(0, 21 , 21 ) x,y,y 4¯ − 12 ,y,0; 12 ,0,0

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2( 21 ,0,0) x, 41 ,0 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x − 3 x, ¯ x, x¯ 4+ (0,0, 43 ) 14 , 21 ,z 4+ ( 41 ,0,0) x,0, 41 2(− 41 ,0, 41 ) x+ ¯ 21 , 83 , x 3 1 3 d(0, 4 , 4 ) 8 ,y,z 3¯ + x+1, ¯ x− ¯ 21 , x; 78 ,− 85 , 81 3¯ − x+ ¯ 21 , x, x; ¯ 38 , 81 ,− 81 1 1 + 4¯ 4 ,− 4 ,z; 14 ,− 41 , 41 4¯ + x,0,0; 0,0,0 g( 41 , 21 , 41 ) x− 41 ,y, x

For ( 21 ,0, 21 )+ set (1) t( 21 ,0, 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x− 61 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 61 , x− 31 , x (13) 2( 41 , 41 ,0) x, x, 81 (17) 4− ( 41 ,0,0) x, 41 ,0 (21) 4+ (0, 41 ,0) 14 ,y,0 (25) 1¯ 38 , 81 , 83 (29) 3¯ + x− 21 , x− 21 , x; 18 , 81 , 85 (33) 3¯ − x+ 21 , x, x; 58 , 81 , 81 (37) m x, x,z ¯ (41) 4¯ − x,0,0; 0,0,0 (45) 4¯ + 0,y,0; 0,0,0

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2 14 , 41 ,z 3+ x, ¯ x, x¯ 3− (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯ 1 1 1 3 2( 4 ,− 4 ,0) x, x+ ¯ 2,8 2(0, 43 , 43 ) 18 ,y,y 2( 21 ,0, 21 ) x+ 41 , 83 , x d( 43 , 43 ,0) x,y, 81 3¯ + x− ¯ 21 , x+ 21 , x; ¯ − 81 , 81 , 83 ¯3− x+1, x−1, ¯ x; ¯ 18 ,− 81 , 87 1 1 1 1 g( 4 , 4 , 2 ) x+ 4 , x,z m x,y+ 21 ,y¯ g( 41 , 21 ,− 41 ) x+ ¯ 41 ,y, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2(0, 21 ,0) 0,y, 41 3+ x+ 21 , x, ¯ x¯ 3− x, ¯ x, ¯x 4− (0,0, 41 ) 34 ,0,z 2(0,− 41 , 41 ) 38 ,y+ 21 ,y¯ 4− (0, 43 ,0) − 41 ,y, 21 d( 41 ,0, 43 ) x, 83 ,z 3¯ + x− 21 , x+ ¯ 23 , x; ¯ 18 , 87 ,− 85 1 ¯3− x, ¯ x+ ¯ 2 , x; − 81 , 83 , 81 ¯4− 0, 21 ,z; 0, 21 ,0 g( 21 , 41 , 41 ) x,y− 41 ,y 4¯ − 14 ,y, 41 ; 14 , 41 , 41

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2 x,0,0 3+ x, ¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x − 3 x, ¯ x+ 21 , x¯ + 4 (0,0, 43 ) − 41 , 21 ,z 4+ ( 43 ,0,0) x, 41 , 21 2 x+ ¯ 43 , 81 , x d(0, 41 , 41 ) 18 ,y,z 3¯ + x+ ¯ 23 , x+ ¯ 21 , x; 78 ,− 81 , 85 3 ¯3− x+ ¯ 2 , x− 21 , x; ¯ 78 , 81 ,− 85 ¯4+ 14 , 41 ,z; 14 , 41 , 41 4¯ + x, 41 ,− 41 ; 14 , 41 ,− 41 g( 21 ,0, 21 ) x,y, x

For ( 21 , 21 ,0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 21 ,0) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ 31 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 31 , x+ 61 , x (13) 2( 21 , 21 ,0) x, x+ 41 , 83 (17) 4− ( 41 ,0,0) x, 43 ,0 (21) 4+ (0, 43 ,0) 12 ,y, 41 (25) 1¯ 38 , 83 , 81 (29) 3¯ + x+ 21 , x, x; 58 , 81 , 81 (33) 3¯ − x, x+ 21 , x; 18 , 85 , 81 (37) g(− 41 , 41 , 21 ) x+ 41 , x,z ¯ (41) 4¯ − x,0, 21 ; 0,0, 21 (45) 4¯ + − 41 ,y, 41 ; − 41 , 41 , 41

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2(0,0, 21 ) 14 ,0,z 3+ x, ¯ x+ 21 , x¯ − 3 x, x, ¯ x¯ 2 x, x+ ¯ 43 , 81 1 1 2(0, 4 , 4 ) 18 ,y,y 2( 43 ,0, 43 ) x, 81 , x d( 43 , 41 ,0) x,y, 83 3¯ + x− ¯ 23 , x+1, x; ¯ − 85 , 81 , 87 3¯ − x+ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x; ¯ 18 ,− 81 , 83 g( 21 , 21 ,0) x, x,z m x,y,y¯ m x+ ¯ 21 ,y, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2 0,y,0 3+ x+ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x¯ 1 − 3 x+ ¯ 2 , x+ ¯ 21 , x 4− (0,0, 43 ) 12 ,− 41 ,z 2(0, 41 ,− 41 ) 38 ,y+ 21 ,y¯ 4− (0, 41 ,0) 0,y, 41 d( 41 ,0, 41 ) x, 81 ,z 3¯ + x+ 21 , x+1, ¯ x; ¯ 58 , 87 ,− 81 3¯ − x− ¯ 21 , x+1, ¯ x; − 85 , 87 , 81 4¯ − 14 , 41 ,z; 14 , 41 , 41 g( 21 , 41 , 41 ) x,y+ 41 ,y 4¯ − 0,y,0; 0,0,0

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2 x, 41 , 41 3+ x, ¯ x, ¯x 3− ( 31 ,− 31 , 31 ) x− ¯ 61 , x+ 31 , x¯ 4+ (0,0, 41 ) 0, 41 ,z 4+ ( 43 ,0,0) x,− 41 , 21 2( 41 ,0,− 41 ) x+ ¯ 21 , 83 , x 3 3 1 d(0, 4 , 4 ) 8 ,y,z 3¯ + x+ ¯ 21 , x, ¯ x; 38 ,− 81 , 81 3¯ − x+1, ¯ x, x; ¯ 78 , 81 ,− 81 + 4¯ 0,0,z; 0,0,0 4¯ + x, 41 , 41 ; 14 , 41 , 41 g( 41 , 21 , 41 ) x+ 41 ,y, x

673

F d 3¯ m

No. 227

ORIGIN CHOICE

CONTINUED

1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13); (25) Positions

192

i

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 12 , 12 , 0)+

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 34 , x + 14 , z¯ + 34 x + 34 , z + 14 , y¯ + 34 z + 34 , y + 14 , x¯ + 34 x¯ + 14 , y¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14 z¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 , y¯ + 14 y¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 y¯ + 12 , x, ¯ z + 12 1 x¯ + 2 , z¯, y + 12 z¯ + 12 , y, ¯ x + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

x, ¯ y¯ + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x, ¯ y¯ + 12 1 y¯ + 2 , z + 12 , x¯ y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14 x¯ + 34 , z + 34 , y + 14 z + 14 , y¯ + 34 , x + 34 x + 14 , y + 34 , z¯ + 34 z¯ + 34 , x + 14 , y + 34 y + 34 , z¯ + 34 , x + 14 y, x, z x + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y¯ z¯, y + 12 , x¯ + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

h, k, l permutable General:

x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ z¯, x¯ + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z¯, x¯ + 12 y + 14 , x¯ + 34 , z + 34 x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 14 z¯ + 34 , y + 34 , x + 14 x + 34 , y¯ + 34 , z + 14 z + 14 , x + 34 , y¯ + 34 y¯ + 34 , z + 14 , x + 34 y, ¯ x + 12 , z¯ + 12 x, z, y z + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x¯

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

x + 12 , y, ¯ z¯ + 12 1 z¯ + 2 , x + 12 , y¯ y, ¯ z¯ + 12 , x + 12 y¯ + 34 , x + 34 , z + 14 x + 14 , z¯ + 34 , y + 34 z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 x¯ + 34 , y + 14 , z + 34 z + 34 , x¯ + 34 , y + 14 y + 14 , z + 34 , x¯ + 34 y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ x, ¯ z + 12 , y¯ + 12 z, y, x

hkl: h + k = 2n and h + l, k + l = 2n 0kl: k + l = 4n and k, l = 2n hhl: h + l = 2n h00: h = 4n

Special: as above, plus 96

h

..2

, y, y¯ + 14 y¯ + 14 , 18 , y y, y¯ + 14 , 18 1 ¯ + 14 , y 8,y 1 y, 8 , y¯ + 14 y¯ + 14 , y, 18

, y¯ + 12 , y¯ + 34 y¯ + 34 , 78 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , y¯ + 34 , 78 3 3 1 8,y+ 4,y+ 2 1 3 y + 2 , 8 , y + 34 y + 34 , y + 12 , 38

96

g

..m

x, x, z z, x, x x, z, x x + 34 , x + 14 , z¯ + 34 x + 34 , z + 14 , x¯ + 34 z + 34 , x + 14 , x¯ + 34

48

f

2 . mm

x, 0, 0 3 1 3 4,x+ 4, 4

32

e

.3m

x, x, x x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , x¯ x + 34 , x + 14 , x¯ + 34 x + 14 , x¯ + 34 , x + 34

16

d

. 3¯ m

5 8

, 58 , 58

3 8

, 78 , 18

7 8

, 18 , 38

1 8

, 38 , 78

16

c

. 3¯ m

1 8

, 18 , 18

7 8

, 38 , 58

3 8

, 58 , 78

5 8

, 78 , 38

8

b

4¯ 3 m

1 2

, 12 , 12

1 4

, 34 , 14

8

a

4¯ 3 m

0, 0, 0

3 4

, 14 , 34

1 8

, y + 12 , y + 34 y + 34 , 38 , y + 12 y + 12 , y + 34 , 38 7 ¯ + 34 , y¯ + 12 8,y y¯ + 12 , 78 , y¯ + 34 y¯ + 34 , y¯ + 12 , 78

7 8

3 8

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x, ¯ x¯ + 12 1 x¯ + 2 , z + 12 , x¯ x¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14 x¯ + 34 , z + 34 , x + 14 z + 14 , x¯ + 34 , x + 34

x, ¯ 12 , 12 1 ¯ + 14 , 14 4,x

, y, ¯ y + 14 y + 14 , 58 , y¯ y, ¯ y + 14 , 58 1 5 ¯ 8,y+ 4,y 5 y, ¯ 8 , y + 14 y + 14 , y, ¯ 58 5 8

x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ z¯, x¯ + 12 , x + 12 x + 12 , z¯, x¯ + 12 x + 14 , x¯ + 34 , z + 34 x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 z¯ + 34 , x + 34 , x + 14 , x, ¯ 12 x¯ + 34 , 34 , 14 1 2

0, x, 0 x + 34 , 14 , 34

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , x + 12 x + 12 , x, ¯ x¯ + 12 1 x¯ + 4 , x¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 x¯ + 34 , x + 34 , x + 14

no extra conditions

x + 12 , x, ¯ z¯ + 12 1 z¯ + 2 , x + 12 , x¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12 , x + 12 x¯ + 34 , x + 34 , z + 14 x + 14 , z¯ + 34 , x + 34 z¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14

0, 0, x 3 1 ¯ + 34 4, 4,x

1 2 1 4

, 12 , x¯ , 34 , x + 34

no extra conditions

hkl: h = 2n + 1 or h + k + l = 4n no extra conditions




hkl: h = 2n + 1 or h, k, l = 4n + 2 or h, k, l = 4n




hkl: h = 2n + 1 or h + k + l = 4n

674

No. 227

CONTINUED

F d 3¯ m

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 14 (a + b) a = 14 (a − b) Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [111] p 6 m m a = 16 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 16 (−a + 2b − c)

675

Along [110] c 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 18

F d 3¯ m

O7h

No. 227

F 41/d 3¯ 2/m

ORIGIN CHOICE

m 3¯ m

2

676

Cubic Patterson symmetry F m 3¯ m

F d 3¯ m

No. 227

CONTINUED Origin at centre (3¯ m), at 18 , 18 , 18 from 4¯ 3 m Asymmetric unit Vertices

− 81 ≤ x ≤ 38 ; − 81 , − 81 , − 81

3 8

− 81 ≤ y ≤ 0; − 41 ≤ z ≤ 0; y ≤ min( 41 − x, x); , − 81 , − 81 41 , 0, 0 0, 0, 0 14 , 0, − 41 0, 0, − 41

−y − 14 ≤ z ≤ y

Symmetry operations For (0,0,0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 3+ x, x, x (9) 3− x, x, x (13) 2( 21 , 21 ,0) x, x− 41 , 41 (17) 4− ( 43 ,0,0) x, 83 , 81 (21) 4+ (0, 41 ,0) 58 ,y,− 81 (25) 1¯ 0,0,0 (29) 3¯ + x, x, x; 0,0,0 (33) 3¯ − x, x, x; 0,0,0 (37) g(− 41 , 41 , 21 ) x+ 21 , x,z ¯ (41) 4¯ − x, 81 , 85 ; 18 , 81 , 85 (45) 4¯ + − 81 ,y, 83 ; − 81 , 83 , 83

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2(0,0, 21 ) 38 , 81 ,z 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x+ 41 , x¯ − 3 (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 125 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯ 2 x, x,0 ¯ 2(0, 21 , 21 ) 14 ,y+ 41 ,y 2( 21 ,0, 21 ) x− 41 , 41 , x d( 41 , 43 ,0) x,y, 41 3¯ + x−1, ¯ x+ 43 , x; ¯ − 41 ,0, 43 ¯3− x+ 45 , x−1, ¯ x; ¯ 12 ,− 41 , 43 m x, x,z g( 21 ,− 41 , 41 ) x,y+ 21 ,y¯ g( 41 , 21 ,− 41 ) x+ ¯ 21 ,y, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2(0, 21 ,0) 18 ,y, 83 3+ x+ 43 , x− ¯ 21 , x¯ − 1 1 3 ( 3 , 3 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 127 , x+ ¯ 125 , x 3 3 1 − 4 (0,0, 4 ) 8 , 8 ,z 2 0,y,y¯ 4− (0, 43 ,0) 18 ,y, 83 d( 43 ,0, 41 ) x, 41 ,z 3¯ + x− 41 , x+1, ¯ x; ¯ 0, 43 ,− 41 1 5 ¯3− x+ ¯ 4 , x+ ¯ 4 , x; − 41 , 43 , 21 ¯4− 18 , 85 ,z; 18 , 85 , 81 m x,y,y 4¯ − 58 ,y, 81 ; 58 , 81 , 81

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2( 21 ,0,0) x, 83 , 81 3+ x+ ¯ 41 , x+ ¯ 43 , x 1 1 − 1 3 ( 3 ,− 3 , 3 ) x− ¯ 61 , x+ 127 , x¯ 1 + 4 (0,0, 4 ) − 81 , 85 ,z 4+ ( 41 ,0,0) x,− 81 , 85 2 x,0, ¯ x d(0, 41 , 43 ) 14 ,y,z 3¯ + x+ ¯ 43 , x− ¯ 41 , x; 34 ,− 41 ,0 ¯3− x+1, ¯ x+ 41 , x; ¯ 34 , 21 ,− 41 ¯4+ 38 ,− 81 ,z; 38 ,− 81 , 83 4¯ + x, 83 ,− 81 ; 38 , 83 ,− 81 m x,y, x

For (0, 21 , 21 )+ set (1) t(0, 21 , 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 31 , x− 61 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 61 , x+ 61 , x (13) 2( 43 , 43 ,0) x, x,0 (17) 4− ( 43 ,0,0) x, 83 ,− 83 (21) 4+ (0, 43 ,0) 38 ,y,− 83 (25) 1¯ 0, 41 , 41 (29) 3¯ + x, x+ 21 , x; 0, 21 ,0 (33) 3¯ − x− 21 , x− 21 , x; 0,0, 21 (37) m x+ 41 , x,z ¯ (41) 4¯ − x, 81 , 81 ; 18 , 81 , 81 (45) 4¯ + 18 ,y, 81 ; 18 , 81 , 81

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2 38 , 83 ,z 3+ ( 31 ,− 31 , 31 ) x+ ¯ 61 , x+ 125 , x¯ 1 − 3 x+ 4 , x, ¯ x¯ 2(− 41 , 41 ,0) x, x+ ¯ 41 , 41 1 1 1 2(0, 2 , 2 ) 4 ,y− 41 ,y 2( 41 ,0, 41 ) x,0, x d( 41 , 41 ,0) x,y,0 3¯ + x−1, ¯ x+ 45 , x; ¯ − 41 , 21 , 43 3¯ − x+ 43 , x− ¯ 23 , x; ¯ 0,− 43 , 43 g( 41 , 41 , 21 ) x− 41 , x,z g( 21 , 41 ,− 41 ) x,y+ 21 ,y¯ m x+ ¯ 43 ,y, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2 18 ,y, 81 3+ x+ 43 , x, ¯ x¯ 3− x+ ¯ 43 , x+ ¯ 41 , x 4− (0,0, 41 ) 18 ,− 81 ,z 2 0,y+ 21 ,y¯ 4− (0, 41 ,0) − 81 ,y, 85 d( 43 ,0, 43 ) x,0,z 3¯ + x− 41 , x+ ¯ 21 , x; ¯ 0, 41 ,− 41 3¯ − x− ¯ 41 , x+ ¯ 43 , x; − 41 , 43 ,0 4¯ − 38 , 83 ,z; 38 , 83 , 83 g(0, 21 , 21 ) x,y,y 4¯ − 38 ,y,− 81 ; 38 , 83 ,− 81

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2( 21 ,0,0) x, 81 , 83 3+ x+ ¯ 41 , x+ ¯ 41 , x 3 − 3 x, ¯ x+ 4 , x¯ 4+ (0,0, 43 ) 18 , 83 ,z 4+ ( 41 ,0,0) x,− 81 , 81 2(− 41 ,0, 41 ) x+ ¯ 41 , 41 , x 3 1 1 d(0, 4 , 4 ) 4 ,y,z 3¯ + x+ ¯ 43 , x− ¯ 43 , x; 34 ,− 43 ,0 3¯ − x+ ¯ 21 , x− 41 , x; ¯ 14 ,0,− 41 1 5 1 1 5 + 4¯ 8 , 8 ,z; 8 , 8 , 8 4¯ + x, 83 , 83 ; 38 , 83 , 83 g( 41 , 21 , 41 ) x− 41 ,y, x

For ( 21 ,0, 21 )+ set (1) t( 21 ,0, 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x− 61 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 61 , x− 31 , x (13) 2( 41 , 41 ,0) x, x,0 (17) 4− ( 41 ,0,0) x, 81 ,− 81 (21) 4+ (0, 41 ,0) 18 ,y,− 81 (25) 1¯ 14 ,0, 41 (29) 3¯ + x− 21 , x− 21 , x; 0,0, 21 (33) 3¯ − x+ 21 , x, x; 12 ,0,0 (37) m x+ 43 , x,z ¯ (41) 4¯ − x, 83 , 83 ; 38 , 83 , 83 (45) 4¯ + 38 ,y, 83 ; 38 , 83 , 83

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2 18 , 81 ,z 3+ x, ¯ x+ 43 , x¯ − 3 x+ 41 , x+ ¯ 21 , x¯ 1 1 2( 4 ,− 4 ,0) x, x+ ¯ 41 , 41 3 3 2(0, 4 , 4 ) 0,y,y 2( 21 ,0, 21 ) x+ 41 , 41 , x d( 43 , 43 ,0) x,y,0 3¯ + x− ¯ 21 , x+ 41 , x; ¯ − 41 ,0, 41 ¯3− x+ 43 , x−1, ¯ x; ¯ 0,− 41 , 43 1 1 1 1 g( 4 , 4 , 2 ) x+ 4 , x,z m x,y+ 41 ,y¯ g(− 41 , 21 , 41 ) x+ ¯ 21 ,y, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2(0, 21 ,0) 38 ,y, 81 3+ x+ 41 , x, ¯ x¯ 3− x+ ¯ 43 , x+ ¯ 43 , x 1 − 4 (0,0, 4 ) 58 ,− 81 ,z 2(0,− 41 , 41 ) 14 ,y+ 41 ,y¯ 4− (0, 43 ,0) − 83 ,y, 83 d( 41 ,0, 43 ) x, 41 ,z 3¯ + x− 43 , x+ ¯ 23 , x; ¯ 0, 43 ,− 43 1 1 ¯3− x− ¯ 4 , x+ ¯ 4 , x; − 41 , 41 ,0 ¯4− − 81 , 83 ,z; − 81 , 83 , 83 g( 21 , 41 , 41 ) x,y− 41 ,y 4¯ − 18 ,y, 81 ; 18 , 81 , 81

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2 x, 83 , 83 3+ ( 31 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 125 , x+ ¯ 127 , x 1 − 3 x, ¯ x+ 4 , x¯ 4+ (0,0, 43 ) − 83 , 83 ,z 4+ ( 43 ,0,0) x, 81 , 83 2 x+ ¯ 21 ,0, x d(0, 41 , 41 ) 0,y,z 3¯ + x+ ¯ 45 , x+ ¯ 41 , x; 34 ,− 41 , 21 3 ¯3− x+ ¯ 2 , x− 43 , x; ¯ 34 ,0,− 43 ¯4+ 18 , 81 ,z; 18 , 81 , 81 4¯ + x, 85 , 81 ; 18 , 85 , 81 g( 21 ,0, 21 ) x,y, x

For ( 21 , 21 ,0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 21 ,0) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ 31 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 31 , x+ 61 , x (13) 2( 21 , 21 ,0) x, x+ 41 , 41 (17) 4− ( 41 ,0,0) x, 85 ,− 81 (21) 4+ (0, 43 ,0) 38 ,y, 81 (25) 1¯ 14 , 41 ,0 (29) 3¯ + x+ 21 , x, x; 12 ,0,0 (33) 3¯ − x, x+ 21 , x; 0, 21 ,0 (37) g( 41 ,− 41 , 21 ) x+ 21 , x,z ¯ (41) 4¯ − x,− 81 , 83 ; 38 ,− 81 , 83 (45) 4¯ + 18 ,y, 85 ; 18 , 81 , 85

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2(0,0, 21 ) 18 , 83 ,z 3+ x, ¯ x+ 41 , x¯ − 3 x+ 43 , x, ¯ x¯ 2 x, x+ ¯ 21 ,0 2(0, 41 , 41 ) 0,y,y 2( 43 ,0, 43 ) x,0, x d( 43 , 41 ,0) x,y, 41 3¯ + x− ¯ 23 , x+ 43 , x; ¯ − 43 ,0, 43 3¯ − x+ 41 , x− ¯ 21 , x; ¯ 0,− 41 , 41 1 1 g( 2 , 2 ,0) x, x,z m x,y+ 43 ,y¯ m x+ ¯ 41 ,y, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2 38 ,y, 83 3+ (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 127 , x− ¯ 61 , x¯ 1 1 − 3 x+ ¯ 4 , x+ ¯ 4,x 4− (0,0, 43 ) 38 ,− 83 ,z 2(0, 41 ,− 41 ) 14 ,y+ 41 ,y¯ 4− (0, 41 ,0) − 81 ,y, 81 d( 41 ,0, 41 ) x,0,z 3¯ + x+ 41 , x+1, ¯ x; ¯ 12 , 43 ,− 41 3¯ − x− ¯ 43 , x+ ¯ 43 , x; − 43 , 43 ,0 4¯ − 18 , 81 ,z; 18 , 81 , 81 g( 21 , 41 , 41 ) x,y+ 41 ,y 4¯ − 38 ,y, 83 ; 38 , 83 , 83

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2 x, 81 , 81 3+ x+ ¯ 43 , x+ ¯ 43 , x 1 − 3 x− ¯ 2 , x+ 43 , x¯ 4+ (0,0, 41 ) − 81 , 81 ,z 4+ ( 43 ,0,0) x,− 83 , 83 2( 41 ,0,− 41 ) x+ ¯ 41 , 41 , x 3 3 d(0, 4 , 4 ) 0,y,z 3¯ + x+ ¯ 41 , x− ¯ 41 , x; 14 ,− 41 ,0 3¯ − x+1, ¯ x− 41 , x; ¯ 34 ,0,− 41 3 3 3 3 3 + 4¯ 8 , 8 ,z; 8 , 8 , 8 4¯ + x, 81 , 81 ; 18 , 81 , 81 g( 41 , 21 , 41 ) x+ 41 ,y, x

677

F d 3¯ m

No. 227

ORIGIN CHOICE

CONTINUED

2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13); (25) Positions

192

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 12 , 12 , 0)+

i

1

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 34 , x + 14 , z¯ + 12 x + 34 , z + 14 , y¯ + 12 z + 34 , y + 14 , x¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯ y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 34 , z + 12 x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 34 , y + 12 z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 34 , x + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

96

h

..2

0, y, y¯ y, ¯ 0, y y, y, ¯0 0, y, ¯y y, 0, y¯ y, ¯ y, 0

96

g

..m

x, x, z z, x, x x, z, x x + 34 , x + 14 , z¯ + 12 x + 34 , z + 14 , x¯ + 12 z + 34 , x + 14 , x¯ + 12

48

f

2 . mm

x, 18 , 18 7 1 3 8,x+ 4, 8

32

e

.3m

x, x, x x¯ + 14 , x + 12 , x¯ + 34 x + 34 , x + 14 , x¯ + 12 x + 14 , x¯ + 12 , x + 34

16

d

. 3¯ m

1 2

16

c

. 3¯ m

0, 0, 0

8

b

4¯ 3 m

3 8

8

a

4¯ 3 m

1 8

x¯ + 34 , y¯ + 14 , z + 12 z + 12 , x¯ + 34 , y¯ + 14 y¯ + 14 , z + 12 , x¯ + 34 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ x¯ + 12 , z + 34 , y + 14 z + 14 , y¯ + 12 , x + 34 x + 14 , y + 34 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x + 14 , y + 34 y + 34 , z¯ + 12 , x + 14 y, x, z x + 12 , z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 34 z¯ + 34 , y + 12 , x¯ + 14

h, k, l permutable General:

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

x¯ + 14 , y + 12 , z¯ + 34 z¯ + 34 , x¯ + 14 , y + 12 y + 12 , z¯ + 34 , x¯ + 14 y + 14 , x¯ + 12 , z + 34 x, ¯ z¯, y¯ z¯ + 12 , y + 34 , x + 14 x + 34 , y¯ + 12 , z + 14 z + 14 , x + 34 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z + 14 , x + 34 y¯ + 34 , x + 12 , z¯ + 14 x, z, y z + 12 , y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 34

3 4 1 2 1 4 1 4 1 2 3 4

, y¯ + , y + y + 14 , , y¯ + y¯ + 34 , y + 14 , 1 1 ¯+ 2,y+ 4,y 3 1 y¯ + 4 , 2 , y + y + 14 , y¯ + 34 ,

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

x + 12 , y¯ + 34 , z¯ + 14 z¯ + 14 , x + 12 , y¯ + 34 y¯ + 34 , z¯ + 14 , x + 12 y¯ + 12 , x + 34 , z + 14 x + 14 , z¯ + 12 , y + 34 z¯, y, ¯ x¯ x¯ + 12 , y + 14 , z + 34 z + 34 , x¯ + 12 , y + 14 y + 14 , z + 34 , x¯ + 12 y + 12 , x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 34 x¯ + 34 , z + 12 , y¯ + 14 z, y, x

hkl: h + k = 2n and h + l, k + l = 2n 0kl: k + l = 4n and k, l = 2n hhl: h + l = 2n h00: h = 4n

Special: as above, plus

, 12 , 12

, y¯ + , y¯ + y¯ + 12 , , y¯ + y¯ + 14 , y¯ + 12 , 1 3 4,y+ 4,y+ 1 1 y+ 2, 4,y+ y + 34 , y + 12 , 3 4

1 4 3 4

1 2 1 4 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 4

,y+ ,y+ y + 34 , , y + y + 12 , y + 34 , 3 ¯ + 12 , y¯ + 4,y y¯ + 14 , 34 , y¯ + y¯ + 12 , y¯ + 14 , 1 2 1 4

1 4

1 2

x¯ + 34 , x¯ + 14 , z + 12 z + 12 , x¯ + 34 , x¯ + 14 x¯ + 14 , z + 12 , x¯ + 34 x, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ x¯ + 12 , z + 34 , x + 14 z + 14 , x¯ + 12 , x + 34

x¯ + 34 , 18 , 58 7 ¯ 78 8 , x,

, x, 18 x + 34 , 38 , 38

5 8

x¯ + 34 , x¯ + 14 , x + 12 x + 12 , x¯ + 34 , x¯ + 14 x, ¯ x, ¯ x¯ x¯ + 12 , x + 34 , x + 14

1 4

, 34 , 0

3 4

, 0, 14

0, 14 , 34

3 4

, 14 , 12

1 4

, 12 , 34

1 2

, 38 , 38

1 8

, 58 , 18

, 18 , 18

7 8

, 38 , 38

1 4 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 4 1 2

x¯ + 14 , x + 12 , z¯ + 34 z¯ + 34 , x¯ + 14 , x + 12 x + 12 , z¯ + 34 , x¯ + 14 x + 14 , x¯ + 12 , z + 34 x, ¯ z¯, x¯ z¯ + 12 , x + 34 , x + 14 , x¯ + 34 , 18 x¯ + 12 , 78 , 38

1 8

3 4 1 2

1 8 7 8

no extra conditions

x + 12 , x¯ + 34 , z¯ + 14 z¯ + 14 , x + 12 , x¯ + 34 x¯ + 34 , z¯ + 14 , x + 12 x¯ + 12 , x + 34 , z + 14 x + 14 , z¯ + 12 , x + 34 z¯, x, ¯ x¯

, 18 , x , 38 , x¯ + 12

1 8 3 8

, 58 , x¯ + 34 , 38 , x + 34

no extra conditions

hkl: h = 2n + 1 or h + k + l = 4n no extra conditions




hkl: h = 2n + 1 or h, k, l = 4n + 2 or h, k, l = 4n

, 34 , 14




hkl: h = 2n + 1 or h + k + l = 4n

678

No. 227

CONTINUED

F d 3¯ m

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 14 (a + b) a = 14 (a − b) 1 3 Origin at 8 , 8 , z

Along [111] p 6 m m a = 16 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 16 (−a + 2b − c)

679

Along [110] c 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 228, pp. 680–687.

F d 3¯ c

O8h

No. 228

F 41/d 3¯ 2/c

ORIGIN CHOICE

m 3¯ m

Patterson symmetry F m 3¯ m

1

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Cubic

680

F d 3¯ c

No. 228

CONTINUED ¯ Origin at 2 3, at − 83 , − 83 , − 83 from centre (3)

Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 18 ; − 81 ≤ z ≤ 18 ; y ≤ min( 21 − x, x); 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 38 , 18 , 18 81 , 18 , 18 38 , 18 , − 81 81 , 18 , − 81

−y ≤ z ≤ y

Symmetry operations For (0,0,0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 3+ x, x, x (9) 3− x, x, x (13) 2( 21 , 21 ,0) x, x− 41 , 83 (17) 4− ( 43 ,0,0) x, 21 , 41 (21) 4+ (0, 41 ,0) 34 ,y,0 (25) 1¯ 38 , 83 , 83 (29) 3¯ + x, x, x; 38 , 83 , 83 (33) 3¯ − x, x, x; 38 , 83 , 83 (37) g(− 41 , 41 ,0) x+ 41 , x,z ¯ (41) 4¯ − x, 41 , 41 ; 0, 41 , 41 (45) 4¯ + 0,y,0; 0, 41 ,0

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2(0,0, 21 ) 0, 41 ,z 3+ ( 31 ,− 31 , 31 ) x+ ¯ 61 , x+ 61 , x¯ 1 − 3 x, x+ ¯ 2 , x¯ 2 x, x+ ¯ 41 , 81 2(0, 21 , 21 ) 38 ,y+ 41 ,y 2( 21 ,0, 21 ) x− 41 , 83 , x d( 43 , 41 ,0) x,y, 81 3¯ + x−1, ¯ x+1, x; ¯ − 83 , 83 , 85 ¯3− x+ 21 , x−1, ¯ x; ¯ − 81 ,− 83 , 85 1 1 1 n( 2 , 2 , 2 ) x, x,z g(0,− 41 , 41 ) x,y+ 41 ,y¯ g( 41 ,0,− 41 ) x+ ¯ 41 ,y, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2(0, 21 ,0) 14 ,y,0 3+ (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 31 , x− ¯ 61 , x¯ 1 − 3 x+ ¯ 2 , x, ¯x 4− (0,0, 43 ) 12 , 41 ,z 2 18 ,y+ 41 ,y¯ 4− (0, 43 ,0) 14 ,y, 21 d( 41 ,0, 43 ) x, 81 ,z 3¯ + x, x+1, ¯ x; ¯ 38 , 85 ,− 83 1 ¯3− x− ¯ 2 , x+ ¯ 21 , x; − 83 , 85 ,− 81 ¯4− 14 , 41 ,z; 14 , 41 ,0 n( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x,y,y 4¯ − 14 ,y, 41 ; 14 ,0, 41

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2( 12 ,0,0) x,0, 41 3+ ( 13 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 61 , x+ ¯ 31 , x 1 1 − 3 x− ¯ 2 , x+ 2 , x¯ 4+ (0,0, 41 ) 0, 43 ,z 4+ ( 14 ,0,0) x,0, 43 2 x+ ¯ 41 , 81 , x d(0, 43 , 41 ) 18 ,y,z 3¯ + x+1, ¯ x, ¯ x; 58 ,− 83 , 83 ¯3− x+1, ¯ x− 21 , x; ¯ 58 ,− 81 ,− 83 ¯4+ 0,0,z; 0,0, 41 4¯ + x,0,0; 14 ,0,0 n( 12 , 21 , 21 ) x,y, x

For (0, 21 , 21 )+ set (1) t(0, 21 , 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 31 , x− 61 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 61 , x+ 61 , x (13) 2( 43 , 43 ,0) x, x, 81 (17) 4− ( 43 ,0,0) x, 21 ,− 41 (21) 4+ (0, 43 ,0) 12 ,y,− 41 (25) 1¯ 38 , 81 , 81 (29) 3¯ + x, x− 21 , x; 38 ,− 81 , 83 (33) 3¯ − x+ 21 , x+ 21 , x; 38 , 83 ,− 81 (37) c x, x,z ¯ (41) 4¯ − x,− 41 , 41 ; 0,− 41 , 41 (45) 4¯ + − 41 ,y, 41 ; − 41 ,0, 41

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2 0,0,z 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x, x¯ − 3 x+ 21 , x, ¯ x¯ 2(− 41 , 41 ,0) x, x+ ¯ 21 , 83 1 1 3 2(0, 2 , 2 ) 8 ,y− 41 ,y 2( 41 ,0, 41 ) x, 81 , x d( 43 , 43 ,0) x,y, 83 3¯ + x−1, ¯ x+ 21 , x; ¯ − 83 ,− 81 , 85 3¯ − x+1, x− ¯ 21 , x; ¯ 38 , 81 , 85 1 1 1 g( 4 , 4 ,0) x+ 4 , x,z g(0, 41 ,− 41 ) x,y+ 41 ,y¯ b x+ ¯ 21 ,y, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2 14 ,y, 41 3+ x, x, ¯ x¯ 3− ( 13 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 61 , x 4− (0,0, 41 ) 14 ,0,z 2 18 ,y+ 43 ,y¯ 4− (0, 41 ,0) 0,y, 43 d( 41 ,0, 41 ) x, 83 ,z 3¯ + x, x+ ¯ 23 , x; ¯ 38 , 89 ,− 83 3¯ − x, ¯ x+1, ¯ x; − 83 , 85 , 83 4¯ − 0, 21 ,z; 0, 21 , 41 a x,y,y 4¯ − 0,y,0; 0, 41 ,0

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2( 12 ,0,0) x, 41 ,0 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x − 3 x, ¯ x, x¯ 4+ (0,0, 43 ) 14 , 21 ,z 4+ ( 14 ,0,0) x,0, 41 2(− 41 ,0, 41 ) x+ ¯ 21 , 83 , x 1 3 1 d(0, 4 , 4 ) 8 ,y,z 3¯ + x+1, ¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x; 58 , 81 , 83 3¯ − x+ ¯ 23 , x, x; ¯ 98 , 83 ,− 83 1 1 1 + 4¯ 4 , 4 ,z; 4 , 41 ,0 4¯ + x, 21 ,0; 14 , 21 ,0 g( 14 ,0, 41 ) x+ 41 ,y, x

For ( 21 ,0, 21 )+ set (1) t( 21 ,0, 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x− 61 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 61 , x− 31 , x (13) 2( 41 , 41 ,0) x, x, 81 (17) 4− ( 41 ,0,0) x, 41 ,0 (21) 4+ (0, 41 ,0) 14 ,y,0 (25) 1¯ 18 , 83 , 81 (29) 3¯ + x+ 21 , x+ 21 , x; 38 , 83 ,− 81 (33) 3¯ − x− 21 , x, x; − 81 , 83 , 83 (37) c x+ 21 , x,z ¯ (41) 4¯ − x,0, 21 ; 14 ,0, 21 (45) 4¯ + 0,y, 21 ; 0, 41 , 21

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2 14 , 41 ,z 3+ x, ¯ x, x¯ 3− (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯ 1 1 1 3 2( 4 ,− 4 ,0) x, x+ ¯ 2,8 2(0, 43 , 43 ) 18 ,y,y 2( 21 ,0, 21 ) x+ 41 , 83 , x d( 41 , 41 ,0) x,y, 83 3¯ + x− ¯ 23 , x+ 23 , x; ¯ − 83 , 83 , 89 ¯3− x+1, x−1, ¯ x; ¯ 38 ,− 83 , 85 1 1 1 g( 4 , 4 ,0) x− 4 , x,z a x,y,y¯ g(− 41 ,0, 41 ) x+ ¯ 41 ,y, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2(0, 21 ,0) 0,y, 41 3+ x+ 21 , x, ¯ x¯ 3− x, ¯ x, ¯x 4− (0,0, 41 ) 34 ,0,z 2(0,− 41 , 41 ) 38 ,y+ 21 ,y¯ 4− (0, 43 ,0) − 41 ,y, 21 d( 43 ,0, 41 ) x, 81 ,z 3¯ + x+ 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x; ¯ 38 , 85 , 81 3 ¯3− x, ¯ x+ ¯ 2 , x; − 83 , 89 , 83 ¯4− 0,0,z; 0,0, 41 g(0, 41 , 41 ) x,y+ 41 ,y 4¯ − 14 ,y,− 41 ; 14 ,0,− 41

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2 x,0,0 3+ x, ¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x − 3 x, ¯ x+ 21 , x¯ + 4 (0,0, 43 ) − 41 , 21 ,z 4+ ( 34 ,0,0) x, 41 , 21 2 x+ ¯ 43 , 81 , x d(0, 43 , 43 ) 38 ,y,z 3¯ + x+ ¯ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x; 58 ,− 83 ,− 81 1 ¯3− x+ ¯ 2 , x+ 21 , x; ¯ 58 , 83 , 81 ¯4+ 14 ,− 41 ,z; 14 ,− 41 ,0 4¯ + x, 41 , 41 ; 0, 41 , 41 b x,y, x

For ( 21 , 21 ,0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 21 ,0) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ 31 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 31 , x+ 61 , x (13) 2( 21 , 21 ,0) x, x+ 41 , 83 (17) 4− ( 41 ,0,0) x, 43 ,0 (21) 4+ (0, 43 ,0) 12 ,y, 41 (25) 1¯ 18 , 81 , 83 (29) 3¯ + x− 21 , x, x; − 81 , 83 , 83 (33) 3¯ − x, x− 21 , x; 38 ,− 81 , 83 (37) g( 41 ,− 41 ,0) x+ 41 , x,z ¯ (41) 4¯ − x,0,0; 14 ,0,0 (45) 4¯ + 14 ,y, 41 ; 14 ,0, 41

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2(0,0, 21 ) 14 ,0,z 3+ x, ¯ x+ 21 , x¯ − 3 x, x, ¯ x¯ 2 x, x+ ¯ 43 , 81 2(0, 41 , 41 ) 18 ,y,y 2( 43 ,0, 43 ) x, 81 , x d( 41 , 43 ,0) x,y, 81 3¯ + x− ¯ 21 , x+1, x; ¯ 18 , 83 , 85 3¯ − x+ 23 , x− ¯ 23 , x; ¯ 38 ,− 83 , 89 c x, x,z a x,y+ 21 ,y¯ b x,y, ¯ x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2 0,y,0 3+ x+ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x¯ 1 − 3 x+ ¯ 2 , x+ ¯ 21 , x 4− (0,0, 43 ) 12 ,− 41 ,z 2(0, 41 ,− 41 ) 38 ,y+ 21 ,y¯ 4− (0, 41 ,0) 0,y, 41 d( 43 ,0, 43 ) x, 83 ,z 3¯ + x− 21 , x+1, ¯ x; ¯ − 81 , 85 ,− 83 3¯ − x+ ¯ 21 , x+1, ¯ x; 18 , 85 , 83 4¯ − − 41 , 41 ,z; − 41 , 41 ,0 g(0, 41 , 41 ) x,y− 41 ,y 4¯ − 12 ,y,0; 12 , 41 ,0

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2 x, 41 , 41 3+ x, ¯ x, ¯x 3− ( 13 ,− 31 , 31 ) x− ¯ 61 , x+ 31 , x¯ 4+ (0,0, 41 ) 0, 41 ,z 4+ ( 34 ,0,0) x,− 41 , 21 2( 14 ,0,− 41 ) x+ ¯ 21 , 83 , x 1 1 3 d(0, 4 , 4 ) 8 ,y,z 3¯ + x+ ¯ 23 , x, ¯ x; 98 ,− 83 , 83 3¯ − x+1, ¯ x, x; ¯ 58 , 83 ,− 83 1 1 + 4¯ 2 ,0,z; 2 ,0, 41 4¯ + x, 41 ,− 41 ; 0, 41 ,− 41 g( 14 ,0, 41 ) x− 41 ,y, x

681

F d 3¯ c

No. 228

ORIGIN CHOICE

CONTINUED

1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13); (25) Positions

192

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 12 , 12 , 0)+

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 34 , x + 14 , z¯ + 34 x + 34 , z + 14 , y¯ + 34 z + 34 , y + 14 , x¯ + 34 x¯ + 34 , y¯ + 34 , z¯ + 34 z¯ + 34 , x¯ + 34 , y¯ + 34 y¯ + 34 , z¯ + 34 , x¯ + 34 y, ¯ x¯ + 12 , z x, ¯ z¯ + 12 , y z¯, y¯ + 12 , x

x, ¯ y¯ + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x, ¯ y¯ + 12 1 y¯ + 2 , z + 12 , x¯ y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14 x¯ + 34 , z + 34 , y + 14 z + 14 , y¯ + 34 , x + 34 x + 34 , y + 14 , z¯ + 14 z¯ + 14 , x + 34 , y + 14 y + 14 , z¯ + 14 , x + 34 y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 x, z¯, y¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , y, x¯

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

h, k, l permutable General:

x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ z¯, x¯ + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z¯, x¯ + 12 y + 14 , x¯ + 34 , z + 34 x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 14 z¯ + 34 , y + 34 , x + 14 x + 14 , y¯ + 14 , z + 34 z + 34 , x + 14 , y¯ + 14 y¯ + 14 , z + 34 , x + 14 y¯ + 12 , x, z¯ x + 12 , z + 12 , y + 12 z, y, ¯ x¯ + 12

x + 12 , y, ¯ z¯ + 12 1 z¯ + 2 , x + 12 , y¯ y, ¯ z¯ + 12 , x + 12 y¯ + 34 , x + 34 , z + 14 x + 14 , z¯ + 34 , y + 34 z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 x¯ + 14 , y + 34 , z + 14 z + 14 , x¯ + 14 , y + 34 y + 34 , z + 14 , x¯ + 14 y, x, ¯ z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , z, y¯ z + 12 , y + 12 , x + 12

hkl: h + k = 2n and h + l, k + l = 2n 0kl: k + l = 4n and k, l = 2n hhl: h, l = 2n h00: h = 4n

h

1

96

g

..2

, y, y¯ + y¯ + 14 , 18 , y y, y¯ + 14 , 18 5 ¯ + 34 , y + 12 8,y y + 12 , 58 , y¯ + 34 y¯ + 34 , y + 12 , 58

96

f

2..

x, 0, 0 3 1 3 4,x+ 4, 4 3 3 3 x¯ + 4 , 4 , 4 0, x¯ + 12 , 0

64

e

.3.

x, x, x x + 34 , x + 14 , x¯ + 34 x¯ + 34 , x¯ + 34 , x¯ + 34 x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , x

48

d

4¯ . .

1 4 3 4

, 0, 0 , 12 , 34

3 4 1 4

, 12 , 12 , 0, 14

0, 14 , 0 0, 14 , 34

1 2 1 2

, 34 , 12 , 34 , 14

0, 0, 14 3 1 1 4, 4, 2

1 2 1 4

, 12 , 34 , 34 , 0

32

c

. 3¯ .

3 8

, 38 , 38

5 8

, 18 , 78

1 8

, 78 , 58

7 8

, 58 , 18

1 8

, 58 , 38

7 8

, 78 , 78

5 8

, 38 , 18

3 8

, 18 , 58

hkl: h, k, l = 4n + 2 or h, k, l = 4n

32

b

.32

1 8

, 18 , 18

7 8

, 38 , 58

3 8

, 58 , 78

5 8

, 78 , 38

5 8

, 58 , 58

7 8

, 38 , 18

3 8

, 18 , 78

1 8

, 78 , 38

hkl: h, k, l = 4n + 2 or h, k, l = 4n

16

a

23.

0, 0, 0

3 4

, 14 , 34

3 4

, 34 , 34

0, 12 , 0

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

Special: as above, plus 1 8

, y¯ + , y¯ + y¯ + 34 , , y¯ + y¯ + 12 , y¯ + 34 , 1 7 8,y+ 4,y 7 y, 8 , y + 14 y + 14 , y, 78 7 8

1 4

1 2 7 8

x, ¯ 12 , 12 1 ¯ + 14 , 14 4,x x + 34 , 14 , 14 1 1 1 2,x+ 2, 2

,y+ ,y+ y + 34 , , y + y + 12 , y + 34 , 3 ¯ + 14 , y¯ 8,y 3 y, ¯ 8 , y¯ + 14 y¯ + 14 , y, ¯ 38 3 8

3 4 1 2 7 8

0, x, 0 x + 34 , 14 , 34 3 ¯ + 34 , 34 4,x 1 x, ¯ 2,0

1 2 3 8

, y, ¯ y+ y + 14 , 58 , y¯ y, ¯ y + 14 , 58 1 3 ¯ + 12 8,y+ 4,y 1 1 y¯ + 2 , 8 , y + 34 y + 34 , y¯ + 12 , 18 5 8

3 4 1 2 3 8

, x, ¯ 12 x¯ + 34 , 34 , 14 3 1 1 4,x+ 4, 4 1 x, 0, 2 1 2

x, ¯ x¯ + 12 , x + 12 x¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 x + 34 , x + 14 , x¯ + 14 x + 12 , x + 12 , x + 12

1 4

0, 0, x 3 1 ¯ + 34 4, 4,x 3 3 ¯ + 34 4, 4,x 1 0, 2 , x

x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , x¯ x + 14 , x¯ + 34 , x + 34 x + 14 , x¯ + 14 , x + 34 x¯ + 12 , x, x¯

no extra conditions

1 2 1 4 1 4 1 2

, 12 , x¯ , 34 , x + 34 , 14 , x + 34 , 0, x¯

x + 12 , x, ¯ x¯ + 12 3 x¯ + 4 , x + 34 , x + 14 x¯ + 14 , x + 34 , x + 14 x, x, ¯ x¯ + 12

hkl: h + k + l = 4n

hkl: h = 2n

hkl: h + k + l = 4n

hkl: h + k + l = 4n

682

No. 228

CONTINUED

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 14 (a + b) a = 14 (a − b) Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [111] p 6 m m a = 16 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 16 (−a + 2b − c)

683

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 14 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 18

F d 3¯ c

F d 3¯ c

O8h

No. 228

F 41/d 3¯ 2/c

ORIGIN CHOICE

m 3¯ m

Cubic Patterson symmetry F m 3¯ m

2

684

F d 3¯ c

No. 228

CONTINUED ¯ at 38 , 38 , 38 from 2 3 Origin at centre (3),

Asymmetric unit Vertices

− 81 ≤ x ≤ 38 ; − 81 , − 81 , − 81

3 8

− 81 ≤ y ≤ 0; − 41 ≤ z ≤ 0; y ≤ min( 41 − x, x); , − 81 , − 81 41 , 0, 0 0, 0, 0 14 , 0, − 41 0, 0, − 41

−y − 14 ≤ z ≤ y

Symmetry operations For (0,0,0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 3+ x, x, x (9) 3− x, x, x (13) 2( 21 , 21 ,0) x, x− 41 ,0 (17) 4− ( 43 ,0,0) x, 81 ,− 81 (21) 4+ (0, 41 ,0) 38 ,y,− 83 (25) 1¯ 0,0,0 (29) 3¯ + x, x, x; 0,0,0 (33) 3¯ − x, x, x; 0,0,0 (37) g(− 41 , 41 ,0) x+ 21 , x,z ¯ (41) 4¯ − x, 83 , 83 ; 18 , 83 , 83 (45) 4¯ + 18 ,y, 81 ; 18 , 83 , 81

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2(0,0, 21 ) 18 , 83 ,z 3+ ( 31 ,− 31 , 31 ) x+ ¯ 61 , x+ 125 , x¯ 1 1 − 3 x+ 4 , x+ ¯ 2 , x¯ 2 x, x+ ¯ 21 , 41 2(0, 21 , 21 ) 0,y+ 41 ,y 2( 21 ,0, 21 ) x− 41 ,0, x d( 43 , 41 ,0) x,y, 41 3¯ + x−1, ¯ x+ 45 , x; ¯ − 41 , 21 , 43 ¯3− x+ 43 , x−1, ¯ x; ¯ 0,− 41 , 43 1 1 1 n( 2 , 2 , 2 ) x, x,z g(0,− 41 , 41 ) x,y+ 21 ,y¯ g( 41 ,0,− 41 ) x+ ¯ 21 ,y, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2(0, 21 ,0) 38 ,y, 81 3+ (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 127 , x− ¯ 61 , x¯ 3 1 − 3 x+ ¯ 4 , x+ ¯ 4,x 4− (0,0, 43 ) 18 ,− 81 ,z 2 14 ,y+ 21 ,y¯ 4− (0, 43 ,0) − 81 ,y, 81 d( 41 ,0, 43 ) x, 41 ,z 3¯ + x+ 41 , x+1, ¯ x; ¯ 12 , 43 ,− 41 1 3 ¯3− x− ¯ 4 , x+ ¯ 4 , x; − 41 , 43 ,0 ¯4− 38 , 83 ,z; 38 , 83 , 81 n( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x,y,y 4¯ − 38 ,y, 83 ; 38 , 81 , 83

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2( 21 ,0,0) x, 81 , 83 3+ ( 31 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 125 , x+ ¯ 127 , x 1 3 − 3 x− ¯ 2 , x+ 4 , x¯ 4+ (0,0, 41 ) − 83 , 83 ,z 4+ ( 41 ,0,0) x,− 83 , 83 2 x+ ¯ 21 , 41 , x d(0, 43 , 41 ) 14 ,y,z 3¯ + x+ ¯ 45 , x+ ¯ 41 , x; 34 ,− 41 , 21 ¯3− x+1, ¯ x− 41 , x; ¯ 34 ,0,− 41 ¯4+ 18 , 81 ,z; 18 , 81 , 83 4¯ + x, 81 , 81 ; 38 , 81 , 81 n( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x,y, x

For (0, 21 , 21 )+ set (1) t(0, 21 , 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 31 , x− 61 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 61 , x+ 61 , x (13) 2( 43 , 43 ,0) x, x, 41 (17) 4− ( 43 ,0,0) x, 85 ,− 81 (21) 4+ (0, 43 ,0) 58 ,y,− 81 (25) 1¯ 0, 41 , 41 (29) 3¯ + x, x+ 21 , x; 0, 21 ,0 (33) 3¯ − x− 21 , x− 21 , x; 0,0, 21 (37) c x+ 41 , x,z ¯ (41) 4¯ − x,− 81 , 83 ; 18 ,− 81 , 83 (45) 4¯ + − 81 ,y, 83 ; − 81 , 81 , 83

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2 18 , 81 ,z 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x+ 41 , x¯ − 3 x+ 43 , x, ¯ x¯ 2( 41 ,− 41 ,0) x, x+ ¯ 41 ,0 1 1 2(0, 2 , 2 ) 0,y− 41 ,y 2( 41 ,0, 41 ) x, 41 , x d( 43 , 43 ,0) x,y,0 3¯ + x−1, ¯ x+ 43 , x; ¯ − 41 ,0, 43 3¯ − x+ 41 , x− ¯ 21 , x; ¯ 0,− 41 , 41 g( 41 , 41 ,0) x+ 41 , x,z g(0, 41 ,− 41 ) x,y+ 21 ,y¯ b x+ ¯ 43 ,y, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2 38 ,y, 83 3+ x+ 41 , x, ¯ x¯ 3− ( 31 , 31 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 127 , x+ ¯ 125 , x 4− (0,0, 41 ) 38 , 81 ,z 2 14 ,y,y¯ 4− (0, 41 ,0) − 83 ,y, 83 d( 41 ,0, 41 ) x,0,z 3¯ + x− 43 , x+ ¯ 23 , x; ¯ 0, 43 ,− 43 3¯ − x+ ¯ 41 , x+ ¯ 45 , x; − 41 , 43 , 21 4¯ − 18 , 85 ,z; 18 , 85 , 83 a x,y,y 4¯ − 18 ,y, 81 ; 18 , 83 , 81

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2( 21 ,0,0) x, 83 , 81 3+ x+ ¯ 43 , x+ ¯ 43 , x 1 − 3 x, ¯ x+ 4 , x¯ 4+ (0,0, 43 ) − 81 , 81 ,z 4+ ( 41 ,0,0) x, 81 , 83 2( 41 ,0,− 41 ) x+ ¯ 41 ,0, x 1 3 1 d(0, 4 , 4 ) 4 ,y,z 3¯ + x+ ¯ 41 , x− ¯ 41 , x; 14 ,− 41 ,0 3¯ − x+ ¯ 23 , x− 43 , x; ¯ 34 ,0,− 43 3 3 3 1 3 + 4¯ 8 , 8 ,z; 8 , 8 , 8 4¯ + x, 85 , 81 ; 38 , 85 , 81 g( 41 ,0, 41 ) x+ 41 ,y, x

For ( 21 ,0, 21 )+ set (1) t( 21 ,0, 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x− 61 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x− 61 , x− 31 , x (13) 2( 41 , 41 ,0) x, x, 41 (17) 4− ( 41 ,0,0) x, 83 , 81 (21) 4+ (0, 41 ,0) 38 ,y, 81 (25) 1¯ 14 ,0, 41 (29) 3¯ + x− 21 , x− 21 , x; 0,0, 21 (33) 3¯ − x+ 21 , x, x; 12 ,0,0 (37) c x+ 43 , x,z ¯ (41) 4¯ − x, 81 , 85 ; 38 , 81 , 85 (45) 4¯ + 18 ,y, 85 ; 18 , 83 , 85

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2 38 , 83 ,z 3+ x, ¯ x+ 41 , x¯ − 3 (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 125 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯ 1 1 1 2(− 4 , 4 ,0) x, x+ ¯ 4 ,0 2(0, 43 , 43 ) 14 ,y,y 2( 21 ,0, 21 ) x+ 41 ,0, x d( 41 , 41 ,0) x,y,0 3¯ + x− ¯ 23 , x+ 43 , x; ¯ − 43 ,0, 43 ¯3− x+ 45 , x−1, ¯ x; ¯ 12 ,− 41 , 43 1 1 1 g( 4 , 4 ,0) x− 4 , x,z a x,y+ 41 ,y¯ g(− 41 ,0, 41 ) x+ ¯ 21 ,y, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2(0, 21 ,0) 18 ,y, 83 3+ x+ 43 , x, ¯ x¯ 3− x+ ¯ 41 , x+ ¯ 41 , x 1 − 4 (0,0, 4 ) 38 ,− 83 ,z 2(0, 41 ,− 41 ) 0,y+ 41 ,y¯ 4− (0, 43 ,0) − 81 ,y, 85 d( 43 ,0, 41 ) x, 41 ,z 3¯ + x− 41 , x+ ¯ 21 , x; ¯ 0, 41 ,− 41 3 3 ¯3− x− ¯ 4 , x+ ¯ 4 , x; − 43 , 43 ,0 ¯4− 18 , 81 ,z; 18 , 81 , 83 g(0, 41 , 41 ) x,y+ 41 ,y 4¯ − 38 ,y,− 81 ; 38 , 81 ,− 81

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2 x, 81 , 81 3+ x+ ¯ 41 , x+ ¯ 43 , x 3 − 3 x, ¯ x+ 4 , x¯ 4+ (0,0, 43 ) − 81 , 85 ,z 4+ ( 43 ,0,0) x,− 81 , 81 2 x, ¯ 41 , x d(0, 43 , 43 ) 0,y,z 3¯ + x+ ¯ 43 , x− ¯ 41 , x; 34 ,− 41 ,0 1 ¯3− x+ ¯ 2 , x− 41 , x; ¯ 14 ,0,− 41 ¯4+ 38 ,− 81 ,z; 38 ,− 81 , 81 4¯ + x, 83 , 83 ; 18 , 83 , 83 b x,y, x

For ( 21 , 21 ,0)+ set (1) t( 21 , 21 ,0) (5) 3+ ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ 31 , x (9) 3− ( 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 31 , x+ 61 , x (13) 2( 21 , 21 ,0) x, x+ 41 ,0 (17) 4− ( 41 ,0,0) x, 83 ,− 83 (21) 4+ (0, 43 ,0) 18 ,y,− 81 (25) 1¯ 14 , 41 ,0 (29) 3¯ + x+ 21 , x, x; 12 ,0,0 (33) 3¯ − x, x+ 21 , x; 0, 21 ,0 (37) g( 41 ,− 41 ,0) x+ 21 , x,z ¯ (41) 4¯ − x, 81 , 81 ; 38 , 81 , 81 (45) 4¯ + 38 ,y, 83 ; 38 , 81 , 83

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2(0,0, 21 ) 38 , 81 ,z 3+ x, ¯ x+ 43 , x¯ − 3 x+ 41 , x, ¯ x¯ 2 x, x, ¯ 41 2(0, 41 , 41 ) 14 ,y,y 2( 43 ,0, 43 ) x, 41 , x d( 41 , 43 ,0) x,y, 41 3¯ + x− ¯ 21 , x+ 41 , x; ¯ − 41 ,0, 41 3¯ − x+ 43 , x− ¯ 23 , x; ¯ 0,− 43 , 43 c x, x,z a x,y+ 43 ,y¯ b x+ ¯ 41 ,y, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2 18 ,y, 81 3+ x+ 43 , x− ¯ 21 , x¯ 3 − 3 x+ ¯ 4 , x+ ¯ 43 , x 4− (0,0, 43 ) 58 ,− 81 ,z 2(0,− 41 , 41 ) 0,y+ 41 ,y¯ 4− (0, 41 ,0) 18 ,y, 83 d( 43 ,0, 43 ) x,0,z 3¯ + x− 41 , x+1, ¯ x; ¯ 0, 43 ,− 41 3¯ − x− ¯ 41 , x+ ¯ 41 , x; − 41 , 41 ,0 4¯ − − 81 , 83 ,z; − 81 , 83 , 81 g(0, 41 , 41 ) x,y− 41 ,y 4¯ − 58 ,y, 81 ; 58 , 83 , 81

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2 x, 83 , 83 3+ x+ ¯ 41 , x+ ¯ 41 , x 1 1 − 1 3 ( 3 ,− 3 , 3 ) x− ¯ 61 , x+ 127 , x¯ 4+ (0,0, 41 ) 18 , 83 ,z 4+ ( 43 ,0,0) x,− 81 , 85 2(− 41 ,0, 41 ) x+ ¯ 41 ,0, x 1 1 d(0, 4 , 4 ) 0,y,z 3¯ + x+ ¯ 43 , x− ¯ 43 , x; 34 ,− 43 ,0 3¯ − x+1, ¯ x+ 41 , x; ¯ 34 , 21 ,− 41 1 5 1 3 5 + 4¯ 8 , 8 ,z; 8 , 8 , 8 4¯ + x, 83 ,− 81 ; 18 , 83 ,− 81 g( 41 ,0, 41 ) x− 41 ,y, x

685

F d 3¯ c

No. 228

ORIGIN CHOICE

CONTINUED

2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13); (25) Positions

192

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 12 , 12 , 0)+

h

1

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 34 , x + 14 , z¯ x + 34 , z + 14 , y¯ z + 34 , y + 14 , x¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯ y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 34 , z x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 34 , y z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 34 , x

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

96

g

..2

, y, y¯ y, ¯ 14 , y y, y, ¯ 14 3 ¯y 4 , y, y, 34 , y¯ y, ¯ y, 34

96

f

2..

x, 18 , 18 7 1 7 8,x+ 4, 8 x, ¯ 78 , 78 1 ¯ + 34 , 18 8,x

64

e

.3.

x, x, x x + 34 , x + 14 , x¯ x, ¯ x, ¯ x¯ x¯ + 14 , x¯ + 34 , x

48

d

4¯ . .

32

c

. 3¯ .

0, 0, 0

32

b

.32

1 4

16

a

23.

1 8

x¯ + 14 , y¯ + 34 , z + 12 z + 12 , x¯ + 14 , y¯ + 34 y¯ + 34 , z + 12 , x¯ + 14 y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x, ¯ z + 34 , y + 14 z + 14 , y, ¯ x + 34 3 x + 4 , y + 14 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x + 34 , y + 14 y + 14 , z¯ + 12 , x + 34 y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 x, z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 34 z¯ + 34 , y, x¯ + 14

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

h, k, l permutable General:

x¯ + 34 , y + 12 , z¯ + 14 z¯ + 14 , x¯ + 34 , y + 12 y + 12 , z¯ + 14 , x¯ + 34 y + 14 , x, ¯ z + 34 1 x¯ + 2 , z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 z¯, y + 34 , x + 14 x + 14 , y¯ + 12 , z + 34 z + 34 , x + 14 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z + 34 , x + 14 y¯ + 34 , x, z¯ + 14 x + 12 , z + 12 , y + 12 z, y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 34

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

x + 12 , y¯ + 14 , z¯ + 34 z¯ + 34 , x + 12 , y¯ + 14 y¯ + 14 , z¯ + 34 , x + 12 y, ¯ x + 34 , z + 14 x + 14 , z¯, y + 34 z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , y + 34 , z + 14 z + 14 , x¯ + 12 , y + 34 y + 34 , z + 14 , x¯ + 12 y, x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 34 x¯ + 34 , z, y¯ + 14 z + 12 , y + 12 , x + 12

hkl: h + k = 2n and h + l, k + l = 2n 0kl: k + l = 4n and k, l = 2n hhl: h, l = 2n h00: h = 4n

Special: as above, plus 1 4

7 8 7 8

, 18 , 18 , 18 , 78

0, y¯ + , y¯ + y¯ + 12 , 0, y¯ + y¯ + 34 , y¯ + 12 , 0 0, y + 14 , y + 12 y + 12 , 0, y + 14 y + 14 , y + 12 , 0 3 4

1 2 3 4

x¯ + 14 , 58 , 58 3 ¯ + 12 , 38 8,x x + 34 , 38 , 38 5 1 5 8,x+ 2, 8

,y+ ,y+ y + 14 , , y + y + 12 , y + 14 , 1 ¯ + 12 , y¯ + 2,y y¯ + 34 , 12 , y¯ + y¯ + 12 , y¯ + 34 , 1 2 1 2

1 2

1 1 8 , x, 8 x + 34 , 38 , 78 7 ¯ 78 8 , x, x¯ + 14 , 58 , 18

x¯ + 14 , x¯ + 34 , x + 12 x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 x + 34 , x + 14 , x¯ + 12 x + 12 , x + 12 , x + 12

, y¯ + , y + y + 34 , , y¯ + y¯ + 14 , y + 34 , 3 1 ¯+ 4,y+ 4,y 1 1 y¯ + 4 , 4 , y + y + 34 , y¯ + 14 ,

1 4 1 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 1 2

3 4

1 4 3 4

5 ¯ + 14 , 58 8,x x, ¯ 78 , 38 3 3 3 8,x+ 4, 8 x, 18 , 58

1 8 7 8 7 8 1 8

x¯ + 34 , x + 12 , x¯ + 14 x + 14 , x, ¯ x + 34 1 x + 4 , x¯ + 12 , x + 34 x¯ + 34 , x, x¯ + 14

3 4 1 4 3 4 1 4 3 4 1 4

no extra conditions

, 18 , x , 38 , x¯ , 78 , x¯ , 58 , x

5 8 3 8 3 8 5 8

, 58 , x¯ + 14 , 78 , x + 34 , 38 , x + 34 , 18 , x¯ + 14

x + 12 , x¯ + 14 , x¯ + 34 x, ¯ x + 34 , x + 14 x¯ + 12 , x + 34 , x + 14 x, x¯ + 14 , x¯ + 34

hkl: h + k + l = 4n

hkl: h = 2n

3 8 3 8

, 58 , 58 , 58 , 38

1 8 5 8

, 78 , 18 , 38 , 78

5 8 1 8

, 38 , 58 , 78 , 38

1 8 7 8

, 18 , 78 , 38 , 18

5 8 3 8

, 58 , 38 , 78 , 58

hkl: h + k + l = 4n

1 4

, 34 , 12

3 4

, 12 , 14

1 2

, 14 , 34

3 4

, 14 , 0

1 2

, 12 , 12

1 4

, 0, 34

0, 34 , 14

hkl: h, k, l = 4n + 2 or h, k, l = 4n

, 14 , 14

0, 12 , 34

1 2

, 34 , 0

3 4

, 0, 12

3 4

, 34 , 34

0, 12 , 14

1 2

, 14 , 0

1 4

, 0, 12

hkl: h, k, l = 4n + 2 or h, k, l = 4n

, 18 , 18

7 8

, 38 , 78

7 8

, 78 , 78

1 8

, 58 , 18

hkl: h + k + l = 4n

686

No. 228

CONTINUED

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 14 (a + b) a = 14 (a − b) 1 3 Origin at 8 , 8 , z

Along [111] p 6 m m a = 16 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 16 (−a + 2b − c)

687

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 14 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

F d 3¯ c

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 229, pp. 688–691.

I m 3¯ m

O9h

No. 229

I 4/m 3¯ 2/m

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

m 3¯ m

Cubic Patterson symmetry I m 3¯ m

688

I m 3¯ m

No. 229

CONTINUED

Origin at centre (m 3¯ m) Asymmetric unit Vertices

0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ y ≤ 12 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 14 ; 0, 0, 0 12 , 0, 0 12 , 12 , 0 14 , 14 , 14

y ≤ x;

z ≤ min( 21 − x, y)

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2 3+ 3− 4− 2 4− m 3¯ + 3¯ − 4¯ − m 4¯ −

0,y,0 x, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ x, ¯x 0,0,z 0,y,y¯ 0,y,0 x,0,z x, x, ¯ x; ¯ 0,0,0 x, ¯ x, ¯ x; 0,0,0 0,0,z; 0,0,0 x,y,y 0,y,0; 0,0,0

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2(0, 21 ,0) 14 ,y, 41 3+ (− 61 , 61 , 61 ) x+ 32 , x− ¯ 31 , x¯ 3− ( 61 , 61 ,− 61 ) x+ ¯ 32 , x+ ¯ 31 , x 1 1 − 4 (0,0, 2 ) 2 ,0,z 2 14 ,y+ 21 ,y¯ 4− (0, 21 ,0) 0,y, 21 n( 12 ,0, 21 ) x, 41 ,z 3¯ + x, x+1, ¯ x; ¯ 14 , 43 ,− 41 − 3¯ x, ¯ x+1, ¯ x; − 41 , 43 , 41 1 − 4¯ 0, 2 ,z; 0, 21 , 41 n( 12 , 21 , 21 ) x,y,y 4¯ − 12 ,y,0; 12 , 41 ,0

Symmetry operations For (0,0,0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 3+ x, x, x (9) 3− x, x, x (13) 2 x, x,0 (17) 4− x,0,0 (21) 4+ 0,y,0 (25) 1¯ 0,0,0 (29) 3¯ + x, x, x; 0,0,0 (33) 3¯ − x, x, x; 0,0,0 (37) m x, x,z ¯ (41) 4¯ − x,0,0; 0,0,0 (45) 4¯ + 0,y,0; 0,0,0

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2 3+ 3− 2 2 2 m 3¯ + 3¯ − m m m

For ( 21 , 21 , 21 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 21 , 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x, x, x (9) 3− ( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x, x, x (13) 2( 21 , 21 ,0) x, x, 41 (17) 4− ( 21 ,0,0) x, 21 ,0 (21) 4+ (0, 21 ,0) 12 ,y,0 (25) 1¯ 14 , 41 , 41 (29) 3¯ + x, x, x; 14 , 41 , 41 (33) 3¯ − x, x, x; 14 , 41 , 41 (37) c x+ 21 , x,z ¯ (41) 4¯ − x,0, 21 ; 14 ,0, 21 (45) 4¯ + 0,y, 21 ; 0, 41 , 21

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2(0,0, 21 ) 14 , 41 ,z 3+ ( 61 ,− 61 , 61 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ 31 , x¯ 3− (− 61 , 61 , 61 ) x+ 31 , x+ ¯ 31 , x¯ 1 1 2 x, x+ ¯ 2,4 2(0, 21 , 21 ) 14 ,y,y 2( 21 ,0, 21 ) x, 41 , x n( 21 , 21 ,0) x,y, 41 3¯ + x−1, ¯ x+1, x; ¯ − 41 , 41 , 43 − 3¯ x+1, x−1, ¯ x; ¯ 14 ,− 41 , 43 1 1 1 n( 2 , 2 , 2 ) x, x,z a x,y+ 21 ,y¯ b x+ ¯ 21 ,y, x

0,0,z x, ¯ x, x¯ x, x, ¯ x¯ x, x,0 ¯ 0,y,y x,0, x x,y,0 x, ¯ x, x; ¯ 0,0,0 x, x, ¯ x; ¯ 0,0,0 x, x,z x,y,y¯ x,y, ¯ x

689

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2 3+ 3− 4+ 4+ 2 m 3¯ + 3¯ − 4¯ + 4¯ + m

x,0,0 x, ¯ x, ¯x x, ¯ x, x¯ 0,0,z x,0,0 x,0, ¯ x 0,y,z x, ¯ x, ¯ x; 0,0,0 x, ¯ x, x; ¯ 0,0,0 0,0,z; 0,0,0 x,0,0; 0,0,0 x,y, x

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2( 21 ,0,0) x, 41 , 41 3+ ( 61 , 61 ,− 61 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 32 , x 3− ( 61 ,− 61 , 61 ) x− ¯ 31 , x+ 32 , x¯ 4+ (0,0, 21 ) 0, 21 ,z 4+ ( 21 ,0,0) x,0, 21 2 x+ ¯ 21 , 41 , x n(0, 21 , 21 ) 14 ,y,z 3¯ + x+1, ¯ x, ¯ x; 34 ,− 41 , 41 − 3¯ x+1, ¯ x, x; ¯ 34 , 41 ,− 41 1 1 + 4¯ 2 ,0,z; 2 ,0, 41 4¯ + x, 21 ,0; 14 , 21 ,0 n( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x,y, x

I m 3¯ m

No. 229

CONTINUED

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13); (25) Positions

96

l

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y, x, z¯ x, z, y¯ z, y, x¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯ y, ¯ x, ¯z x, ¯ z¯, y z¯, y, ¯x

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z, y z, y, ¯x x, y, z¯ z¯, x, y y, z¯, x y, x, z x, z¯, y¯ z¯, y, x¯

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

h, k, l permutable General: x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ y, x, ¯z x, ¯ z¯, y¯ z¯, y, x x, y, ¯z z, x, y¯ y, ¯ z, x y, ¯ x, z¯ x, z, y z, y, ¯ x¯

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x y, ¯ x, z x, z¯, y z¯, y, ¯ x¯ ¯ y, z x, z, x, ¯y y, z, x¯ y, x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z, y¯ z, y, x

hkl: 0kl: hhl: h00:

h + k + l = 2n k + l = 2n l = 2n h = 2n

Special: as above, plus 48

k

..m

x, x, z z¯, x, ¯x x, x, z¯ x, ¯ z¯, x¯

x, ¯ x, ¯z z¯, x, x¯ x, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ x, z¯, x

x, ¯ x, z¯ x, z, x x, x, ¯z z, x, x¯

x, x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z, x¯ x, ¯ x, z z, x, ¯x

z, x, x x, z¯, x¯ x, z, x¯ z¯, x, x

z, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ z¯, x x, ¯ z, x z¯, x, ¯ x¯

no extra conditions

48

j

m..

0, y, z z¯, 0, y y, 0, z¯ 0, z¯, y¯

0, y, ¯z z¯, 0, y¯ y, ¯ 0, z¯ 0, z¯, y

0, y, z¯ y, z, 0 y, 0, z z, y, 0

0, y, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ z, 0 y, ¯ 0, z z, y, ¯0

z, 0, y y, z¯, 0 0, z, y¯ z¯, y, 0

z, 0, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, 0 0, z, y z¯, y, ¯0

no extra conditions

48

i

..2

, y, y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , 14 , y y, y¯ + 12 , 14 3 ¯ y + 12 4 , y, y + 12 , 34 , y¯ y, ¯ y + 12 , 34

24

h

m . m2

0, y, y y, ¯ 0, y

0, y, ¯y y, ¯ 0, y¯

0, y, y¯ y, y, 0

0, y, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ y, 0

y, 0, y y, y, ¯0

24

g

m m 2..

x, 0, 12 0, x, 12

x, ¯ 0, 12 0, x, ¯ 12

, x, 0 x, 12 , 0

, x, ¯0 x, ¯ 12 , 0

0, 12 , x 1 ¯ 2 , 0, x

16

f

.3m

x, x, x x, x, x¯

x, ¯ x, ¯x x, ¯ x, ¯ x¯

x, ¯ x, x¯ x, x, ¯x

x, x, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ x, x

12

e

4 m .m

x, 0, 0

x, ¯ 0, 0

0, x, 0

12

d

4¯ m . 2

1 4

, 0, 12

3 4

, 0, 12

1 2

, 14 , 0

8

c

. 3¯ m

1 4

, 14 , 14

3 4

, 34 , 14

3 4

, 14 , 34

6

b

4/m m . m

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 0, 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

2

a

m 3¯ m

0, 0, 0

, y, ¯ y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , 34 , y¯ y, ¯ y¯ + 12 , 34 1 1 4 , y, y + 2 1 1 y+ 2, 4,y y, y + 12 , 14

, y, y + 12 y + 12 , 34 , y y, y + 12 , 34 1 ¯ y¯ + 12 4 , y, y¯ + 12 , 14 , y¯ y, ¯ y¯ + 12 , 14

3 4

1 4

3 4

1 2

1 2

, y, ¯ y + 12 y + 12 , 14 , y¯ y, ¯ y + 12 , 14 3 ¯ + 12 4 , y, y 1 3 y¯ + 2 , 4 , y y, y¯ + 12 , 34 1 4

no extra conditions

y, 0, y¯ y, ¯ y, ¯0 0, 12 , x¯ 1 2 , 0, x

no extra conditions no extra conditions no extra conditions

0, x, ¯0

0, 0, x

0, 0, x¯

no extra conditions

1 2

, 34 , 0

0, 12 , 14

0, 12 , 34

no extra conditions

1 4

, 34 , 34

hkl: k, l = 2n no extra conditions no extra conditions

690

No. 229

CONTINUED

I m 3¯ m

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 (a + b) a = 12 (a − b) Origin at 0, 0, z

Along [111] p 6 m m a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

691

Along [110] p 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c Origin at x, x, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Space group 230, pp. 692–695.

I a 3¯ d

O10h

No. 230

I 41/a 3¯ 2/d

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

m 3¯ m

Cubic Patterson symmetry I m 3¯ m

692

I a 3¯ d

No. 230

CONTINUED

¯ Origin at centre (3)

Asymmetric unit Vertices

− 81 ≤ x ≤ 18 ; − 81 ≤ y ≤ 18 ; 0, 0, 0 18 , 18 , 18 − 81 , 18 , 18 1 1 1 − 81 , 18 , 14 − 81 , − 81 , 14 8, 8, 4

0 ≤ z ≤ 14 ; max(x, −x, y, −y) ≤ z − 81 , − 81 , 18 81 , − 81 , 18 1 1 1 8,−8, 4

Symmetry operations For (0,0,0)+ set (1) 1 (5) 3+ x, x, x (9) 3− x, x, x (13) 2( 21 , 21 ,0) x, x− 41 , 81 (17) 4− ( 43 ,0,0) x, 41 ,0 (21) 4+ (0, 41 ,0) 12 ,y,− 41 (25) 1¯ 0,0,0 (29) 3¯ + x, x, x; 0,0,0 (33) 3¯ − x, x, x; 0,0,0 ¯ (37) d(− 41 , 41 , 43 ) x+ 21 , x,z (41) 4¯ − x,0, 43 ; 18 ,0, 43 (45) 4¯ + − 41 ,y, 21 ; − 41 , 83 , 21

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2(0,0, 21 ) 14 ,0,z 3+ x+ ¯ 21 , x, x¯ − 3 (− 31 , 31 , 31 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯ 3 3 2 x, x+ ¯ 4,8 2(0, 21 , 21 ) 18 ,y+ 41 ,y 2( 21 ,0, 21 ) x− 41 , 81 , x a x,y, 41 3¯ + x− ¯ 21 , x+1, x; ¯ 0, 21 , 21 1 ¯3− x+ 21 , x− ¯ 2 , x; ¯ 0,0, 21 d( 41 , 41 , 41 ) x, x,z d( 43 ,− 41 , 41 ) x,y+ 21 ,y¯ d( 41 , 43 ,− 41 ) x+ ¯ 21 ,y, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2(0, 21 ,0) 0,y, 41 3+ x+ 21 , x− ¯ 21 , x¯ − 1 1 3 ( 3 , 3 ,− 31 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 61 , x 3 1 − 4 (0,0, 4 ) 4 ,0,z 2 38 ,y+ 43 ,y¯ 4− (0, 43 ,0) 0,y, 41 c x, 41 ,z 3¯ + x+ 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x; ¯ 12 , 21 ,0 1 ¯3− x, ¯ x+ ¯ 2 , x; 0, 21 ,0 4¯ − 0, 43 ,z; 0, 43 , 81 d( 41 , 41 , 41 ) x,y,y 4¯ − 34 ,y,0; 34 , 81 ,0

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2( 21 ,0,0) x, 41 ,0 3+ x, ¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x − 1 3 ( 3 ,− 31 , 31 ) x− ¯ 61 , x+ 31 , x¯ 1 + 4 (0,0, 4 ) − 41 , 21 ,z 4+ ( 41 ,0,0) x,− 41 , 21 2 x+ ¯ 43 , 83 , x 1 b 4 ,y,z 3¯ + x+1, ¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x; 12 ,0, 21 1 ¯3− x+ ¯ 2 , x, x; ¯ 12 ,0,0 4¯ + 12 ,− 41 ,z; 12 ,− 41 , 83 4¯ + x, 21 ,− 41 ; 38 , 21 ,− 41 d( 41 , 41 , 41 ) x,y, x

For ( 21 , 21 , 21 )+ set (1) t( 21 , 21 , 21 ) (5) 3+ ( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x, x, x (9) 3− ( 21 , 21 , 21 ) x, x, x (13) 2( 21 , 21 ,0) x, x+ 41 , 83 (17) 4− ( 41 ,0,0) x, 43 ,0 (21) 4+ (0, 43 ,0) 12 ,y, 41 (25) 1¯ 14 , 41 , 41 (29) 3¯ + x, x, x; 14 , 41 , 41 (33) 3¯ − x, x, x; 14 , 41 , 41 (37) d( 41 ,− 41 , 41 ) x+ 21 , x,z ¯ (41) 4¯ − x,0, 41 ; 38 ,0, 41 (45) 4¯ + 14 ,y, 21 ; 14 , 81 , 21

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

2 0, 41 ,z 3+ ( 61 ,− 61 , 61 ) x− ¯ 61 , x+ 31 , x¯ 3− ( 61 ,− 61 ,− 61 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯ 1 1 2 x, x+ ¯ 4,8 2(0, 21 , 21 ) 38 ,y− 41 ,y 2( 21 ,0, 21 ) x+ 41 , 83 , x b x,y,0 3¯ + x− ¯ 21 , x, x; ¯ − 41 ,− 41 , 41 1 − 3¯ x+ 2 , x− ¯ 21 , x; ¯ 14 ,− 41 , 41 3 3 3 d( 4 , 4 , 4 ) x, x,z d( 41 , 41 ,− 41 ) x,y+ 21 ,y¯ d(− 41 , 41 , 41 ) x+ ¯ 21 ,y, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

2 14 ,y,0 3+ (− 61 , 61 , 61 ) x+ 61 , x+ ¯ 61 , x¯ 3− (− 61 ,− 61 , 61 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 61 , x 1 3 − 4 (0,0, 4 ) 4 ,0,z 2 18 ,y+ 41 ,y¯ 4− (0, 41 ,0) 0,y, 43 a x,0,z 3¯ + x− 21 , x+ ¯ 21 , x; ¯ − 41 , 41 ,− 41 1 − 3¯ x, ¯ x+ ¯ 2 , x; − 41 , 41 , 41 ¯4− 0, 41 ,z; 0, 41 , 83 d( 43 , 43 , 43 ) x,y,y 4¯ − 14 ,y,0; 14 , 83 ,0

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

2 x,0, 41 3+ ( 61 , 61 ,− 61 ) x+ ¯ 31 , x+ ¯ 61 , x 3− (− 61 , 61 ,− 61 ) x− ¯ 61 , x+ 31 , x¯ 4+ (0,0, 43 ) 14 , 21 ,z 4+ ( 43 ,0,0) x, 41 , 21 2 x+ ¯ 41 , 81 , x c 0,y,z 3¯ + x, ¯ x− ¯ 21 , x; 14 ,− 41 ,− 41 − 3¯ x+ ¯ 21 , x, x; ¯ 14 , 41 ,− 41 ¯4+ 12 , 41 ,z; 12 , 41 , 81 4¯ + x, 21 , 41 ; 18 , 21 , 41 d( 43 , 43 , 43 ) x,y, x

693

I a 3¯ d

No. 230

CONTINUED

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13); (25) Positions

96

h

1

Reflection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 34 , x + 14 , z¯ + 14 x + 34 , z + 14 , y¯ + 14 z + 34 , y + 14 , x¯ + 14 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯ y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 34 , z + 34 x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 34 , y + 34 z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 34 , x + 34

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 1 z + 2 , x¯ + 12 , y¯ y, ¯ z + 12 , x¯ + 12 y¯ + 34 , x¯ + 34 , z¯ + 34 x¯ + 14 , z + 34 , y + 14 z + 14 , y¯ + 14 , x + 34 x + 12 , y, z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x + 12 , y y, z¯ + 12 , x + 12 y + 14 , x + 14 , z + 14 x + 34 , z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 34 z¯ + 34 , y + 34 , x¯ + 14

h, k, l permutable General: (3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x, ¯ y + 12 1 y + 2 , z¯ + 12 , x¯ y + 14 , x¯ + 14 , z + 34 x¯ + 34 , z¯ + 34 , y¯ + 34 z¯ + 14 , y + 34 , x + 14 x, y¯ + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x, y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z + 12 , x y¯ + 34 , x + 34 , z¯ + 14 x + 14 , z + 14 , y + 14 z + 34 , y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 34

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ z¯, x + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z¯, x + 12 y¯ + 14 , x + 34 , z + 14 x + 14 , z¯ + 14 , y + 34 z¯ + 34 , y¯ + 34 , x¯ + 34 x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z z, x¯ + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z, x¯ + 12 y + 34 , x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 34 x¯ + 34 , z + 34 , y¯ + 14 z + 14 , y + 14 , x + 14

hkl: 0kl: hhl: h00:

h + k + l = 2n k, l = 2n 2h + l = 4n h = 4n

Special: as above, plus 48

g

..2

1 8

, y, y¯ + 14 y¯ + 14 , 18 , y y, y¯ + 14 , 18 7 ¯ y + 34 8 , y, y + 34 , 78 , y¯ y, ¯ y + 34 , 78

3 8

, y, ¯ y¯ + 34 y¯ + 34 , 38 , y¯ y, ¯ y¯ + 34 , 38 1 5 8 , y, y + 4 1 5 y+ 4, 8,y y, y + 14 , 58

, y + 12 , y + 14 y + 14 , 78 , y + 12 y + 12 , y + 14 , 78 1 ¯ + 12 , y¯ + 34 8,y y¯ + 34 , 18 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , y¯ + 34 , 18

48

f

2..

x, 0, 14 3 1 4,x+ 4,0 3 x, ¯ 0, 4 1 ¯ + 34 , 0 4,x

x¯ + 12 , 0, 34 3 ¯ + 34 , 12 4,x x + 12 , 0, 14 1 1 1 4,x+ 4, 2

, x, 0 x + 34 , 12 , 14 3 ¯0 4 , x, x¯ + 14 , 12 , 34

32

e

.3.

x, x, x x + 34 , x + 14 , x¯ + 14 x, ¯ x, ¯ x¯ x¯ + 14 , x¯ + 34 , x + 34

24

d

4¯ . .

3 8 3 4

, 0, 14 , 58 , 0

1 8 3 4

, 0, 34 , 38 , 12

1 4 1 8

, 38 , 0 , 12 , 14

3 4 7 8

, 18 , 0 , 0, 14

x, ¯ x + 12 , x¯ + 12 x + 14 , x¯ + 14 , x + 34 x, x¯ + 12 , x + 12 x¯ + 34 , x + 34 , x¯ + 14 ⎫ 0, 14 , 38 0, 34 , 18 ⎪ ⎪ 1 1 1 ⎪ ⎬ 0, 14 , 78 2, 4, 8

24

c

2 . 22

1 8 7 8

, 0, 14 , 0, 34

3 8 5 8

, 0, 34 , 0, 14

1 4 3 4

, 18 , 0 , 78 , 0

3 4 1 4

, 38 , 0 , 58 , 0

0, 14 , 18 0, 34 , 78

16

b

.32

1 8

, 18 , 18

3 8

, 78 , 58

7 8

, 58 , 38

5 8

, 38 , 78

7 8

, 78 , 78

5 8

, 18 , 38

1 8

, 38 , 58

3 8

, 58 , 18

hkl: h, k = 2n + 1, l = 4n + 2 or h, k, l = 4n

16

a

. 3¯ .

0, 0, 0

1 2

, 0, 12

0, 12 , 12

1 2

, 12 , 0

3 4

, 14 , 14

3 4

, 34 , 34

1 4

, 14 , 34

1 4

, 34 , 14

hkl: h, k = 2n, h + k + l = 4n

, y¯ + 12 , y + 34 y + 34 , 58 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , y + 34 , 58 1 3 ¯ + 14 8,y+ 2,y 1 3 y¯ + 4 , 8 , y + 12 y + 12 , y¯ + 14 , 38

7 8

1 4

x¯ + 12 , x, ¯ x + 12 3 x¯ + 4 , x¯ + 34 , x¯ + 34 x + 12 , x, x¯ + 12 x + 14 , x + 14 , x + 14

hkl: h = 2n + 1 or h = 4n

5 8

, x¯ + 12 , 0 x¯ + 14 , 0, 14 1 1 4,x+ 2,0 3 x + 4 , 0, 34

0, 14 , x 0, 14 , x¯ + 14 0, 34 , x¯ 0, 34 , x + 34

3 4

694

0, 34 , x¯ + 12 3 1 1 2, 4,x+ 4 1 0, 4 , x + 12 1 3 ¯ + 14 2, 4,x

x + 12 , x¯ + 12 , x¯ x¯ + 14 , x + 34 , x + 14 x¯ + 12 , x + 12 , x x + 34 , x¯ + 14 , x¯ + 34

hkl: 2h + l = 4n

hkl: h = 2n + 1 or h + k + l = 4n

hkl: h, k = 2n, h + k + l = 4n or h, k = 2n + 1, l = 4n + 2 or h = 8n, k = 8n + 4 and h + k + l = 4n + 2

⎪ 0, 34 , 38 ⎪ ⎪ ⎭ 0, 14 , 58

No. 230

CONTINUED

Symmetry of special projections Along [001] p 4 m m b = 12 b a = 12 a 1 Origin at 4 , 0, z

Along [111] p 6 m m a = 13 (2a − b − c) Origin at x, x, x

b = 13 (−a + 2b − c)

695

Along [110] c 2 m m a = 12 (−a + b) b = 12 c 1 1 Origin at x, x + 4 , 8

I a 3¯ d

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Chapter 3.1, pp. 698–719.

3.1. Crystal lattices H. Burzlaff, H. Grimmer, B. Gruber, P. M. de Wolff and H. Zimmermann 3.1.1. Bases and lattices By H. Burzlaff and H. Zimmermann

domain, the selected lattice point is connected to all other lattice points. The set of planes perpendicular to these connecting lines and passing through their midpoints contains the boundary planes of the domain of influence, which is thus a convex polyhedron. (Niggli and Delaunay used the term ‘domain of influence’ for the interior of the convex polyhedron only.) Without the use of metrical properties, Minkowski (1897) proved that the maximal number of boundary planes resulting from this construction is equal to 2ð2n  1Þ, where n is the dimension of the space. The minimal number of boundary planes is 2n. Each face of the polyhedron represents a lattice vector. Thus, the topological, metrical and symmetry properties of infinite lattices can be discussed with the aid of a single finite polyhedron, namely the domain of influence (cf. Burzlaff & Zimmermann, 1977).

3.1.1.1. Description and transformation of bases In three dimensions, a coordinate system is defined by an origin and a basis consisting of three non-coplanar vectors. The lengths a, b, c of the basis vectors a, b, c and the intervector angles
¼ ffðb; cÞ,  ¼ ffðc; aÞ,  ¼ ffða; bÞ are called the metric parameters. In n dimensions, the lengths are designated ai and the angles
ik, where 1  i < k  n. Another description of the basis consists of the scalar products of all pairs of basis vectors. The set of these scalar products obeys the rules of covariant tensors of the second rank (see Section 1.5.2). The scalar products may be written in the form of a ð3  3Þ matrix ðai  ak Þ ¼ ðgik Þ ¼ G;

3.1.1.4. Special bases for lattices Different procedures are in use to select special bases of lattices. The reduction procedures employ metrical properties to develop a sequence of basis transformations which lead to a reduced basis and reduced cell (see Section 3.1.4). Another possibility is to make use of the symmetry properties of lattices. This procedure, with the additional aid of standardization rules, leads to the conventional crystallographic basis and cell. In addition to translational symmetry, a lattice possesses point-group symmetry. No crystal can have higher point-group symmetry than the point group of its lattice, which is called its holohedry. (Detailed treatment of the symmetry properties of lattices and their classification is given in Chapter 1.3. Following the terminology introduced there, the lattice point groups are the geometric classes to which the Bravais groups of the lattices belong.) The seven holohedries in three dimensions and the four in two dimensions form the basis for the classification of lattices (Table 3.1.1.1). It may be shown by an algebraic approach (Burckhardt, 1966) or a topological one (Delaunay, 1933) that the arrangement of the symmetry elements with respect to the lattice vectors is not arbitrary but well determined. Taking as basis vectors lattice vectors along important symmetry directions and choosing the origin in a lattice point simplifies the description of the lattice symmetry operations (cf. Section 3.3.1). Note that such a basis is not necessarily a (primitive) basis of the lattice (see below). The choice of a basis controlled by symmetry is not always unique; in the monoclinic system, for example, one vector can be taken parallel to the symmetry direction but the other two vectors, perpendicular to it, are not uniquely determined by symmetry. The choice of conventions for standardizing the setting of a lattice depends on the purpose for which it is used. The several sets of conventions rest on two conflicting principles: symmetry considerations and metric considerations. The following rules (i) to (vii) defining a conventional basis are taken from Donnay (1943; Donnay & Ondik, 1973); they deal with the conventions based on symmetry: (i) Each basis vector is a lattice vector from the origin to the nearest node on the related row. The basis must define a right-handed coordinate system.

i; k ¼ 1; 2; 3;

which is called the matrix of the metric coefficients or the metric tensor. The change from one basis to another is described by a transformation matrix P. The transformation of the old basis (a, b, c) to the new basis ða0 ; b0 ; c0 Þ is given by ða0 ; b0 ; c0 Þ ¼ ða; b; cÞ  P:

ð3:1:1:1Þ

G0 ¼ P T  G  P

ð3:1:1:2Þ

The relation

0

holds for the metric tensors G and G . 3.1.1.2. Lattices A three-dimensional lattice can be visualized best as an infinite periodic array of points, which are the termini of the vectors luvw ¼ ua þ vb þ wc;

u; v; w all integers:

The parallelepiped determined by the basis vectors a, b, c is called a (primitive) unit cell of the lattice (cf. Section 1.3.2.3), a, b and c are a primitive basis of the lattice. The number of possible lattice bases is infinite. For the investigation of the properties of lattices, appropriate bases are required. In order to select suitable bases (see below), transformations may be necessary (Chapter 1.5). Of the several properties of lattices, only symmetry and some topological aspects are considered in this section. Some further properties of lattices are given in Section 3.1.4. 3.1.1.3. Topological properties of lattices The treatment of the topological properties is restricted here to the consideration of the neighbourhood of a lattice point. For this purpose, the domain of influence (Wirkungsbereich, Dirichlet domain, Voronoi domain, Wigner–Seitz cell) (Delaunay, 1933) is introduced. The domain of a particular lattice point consists of all points in space that are closer to this lattice point than to any other lattice point or at most equidistant to it. To construct the Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

698

3.1. CRYSTAL LATTICES Table 3.1.1.1 Lattice point-group symmetries (a) Two dimensions.

Lattice point group

2

2mm

4mm

6mm

Crystal family†

m

o

t

h

monoclinic (oblique)

orthorhombic (rectangular)

tetragonal (square)

hexagonal

(b) Three dimensions.

Lattice point group

Ci  1


C2h  2=m

Crystal family†

a

m

o

t

h

c

anorthic (triclinic)

monoclinic

orthorhombic

tetragonal

hexagonal

cubic

D2h  mmm

D4h  4=mmm


D3d  3m

D6h  6=mmm


Oh  m3m

† The symbols for crystal families were adopted by the International Union of Crystallography in 1985; cf. de Wolff et al. (1985).

(ii) The basis vectors for a cubic lattice are parallel to the fourfold axes. (iiia) In a hexagonal lattice, the basis vector parallel to the sixfold axis is labelled c. The remaining two basis vectors are taken along equivalent twofold axes and they must include an angle of 120 ; from the two possible sets, the shorter vectors are chosen. (iiib) For rhombohedral lattices, two descriptions are given in the present edition, as in earlier ones. The first description which results in the conventional cell uses ‘hexagonal axes’. In this case, c is taken along the threefold axis. The remaining two vectors are chosen along equivalent twofold axes, which include an angle of 120 ; they are oriented so that lattice points occur at 2=3; 1=3; 1=3 and 1=3; 2=3; 2=3 (obverse setting). The reverse setting ð0; 0; 0; 1=3; 2=3; 1=3; 2=3; 1=3; 2=3Þ is not used in the space-group tables (cf. the second footnote to Table 2.1.1.2). The second description uses ‘rhombohedral axes’: a, b and c are the shortest three non-coplanar lattice vectors symmetry-equivalent with respect to the threefold axis. (iv) In a tetragonal lattice, the vector c is along the fourfold axis, and a and b are chosen along equivalent twofold axes perpendicular to each other. From the two possible sets, the shorter vectors are chosen. (v) In an orthorhombic lattice, a, b and c must be taken along the three twofold axes. (vi) For monoclinic lattices, two ‘settings’ are given in the present edition. In one setting, the only symmetry direction is labelled b (b-unique setting). The basis vectors a and c are chosen to be the shortest two vectors in the net plane perpendicular to b, the angle  should be non-acute. This occurs if 0  2a  c  minða2 ; c2 Þ:

When the above rules have been applied, it may occur that not all lattice points can be described by integral coordinates. In such cases, the unit cell contains two, three or four lattice points. The additional points may be regarded as centrings of the conventional cell. They have simple rational coordinates. For a conventional basis, the number of lattice points per cell is 1, 2, 3 or 4 (see Tables 3.1.2.1 and 3.1.2.2). In two dimensions, only two centring types are needed: p: no centring (primitive); c: face centred. In three dimensions, the following centring types are used: P: no centring (primitive); I: body centred (innenzentriert); F: all-face centred; A; B; C: one-face centred, either ðb; cÞ or ðc; aÞ or ða; bÞ; R: hexagonal cell rhombohedrally centred [see rule (iiib) above]. In orthorhombic and monoclinic lattices, some differently centred cells can be transformed into each other without violating the symmetry conditions for the choice of the basis vectors. In these cases, the different centred cells belong to the same centring mode. In the orthorhombic case, the three types of one-face-centred cells belong to the same centring mode because the symbol of the cell depends only on the labelling of the basis vectors; C is usually preferred to A and B as the standard setting; the centring mode is designated S (seitenfla¨chenzentriert). In the monoclinic case (b-unique setting), A, I and C may occur if the basis is chosen according to rule (vi). They can be transformed into each other without changing the symmetry direction. C is used for the standard setting (cf. Section 2.1.1.2); it represents the centring mode S. The vectors a, c are conventionally chosen as short as the C-centring allows so that they need not be the shortest two vectors in their net plane and need not fulfil the inequalities (3.1.1.3).

ð3:1:1:3Þ

In the other setting, the symmetry direction is labelled c [c-unique setting; first introduced in International Tables for X-ray Crystallography (1952)]. In this case, a and b are the shortest two vectors in the net plane perpendicular to c and the angle  should be non-acute. The b-unique setting is considered to be the standard setting. (vii) The reduced basis is used to describe a triclinic (= anorthic) lattice (cf. Section 3.1.4). The metric parameters of the conventional basis are called lattice parameters. For the purpose of identification, additional metric rules are to be applied to make the labelling unique; they can be found in the introduction to Crystal Data (Donnay & Ondik, 1973).

3.1.1.5. Remarks (i) For the handling of special problems such as subgroup relations, it may be convenient to use additional types of centred cells, e.g. a hexagonal cell centred at 2=3; 1=3; 0 and 1=3; 2=3; 0; which is called H. In this case, rule (iiia) above is violated as vectors a and b are now directed along the second set of equivalent twofold axes. Similarly, for tetragonal

699

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY lattices, C may be used instead of P, or F instead of I; cf. Sections 1.5.4 and 2.1.1.2. (ii) Readers who have studied Chapter 1.3 may realize that the ‘lattice bases’ defined here are also called ‘primitive bases’ and that both ‘primitive bases’ and ‘conventional bases’ are special cases of bases used in crystallography.

3.1.2. Bravais types of lattices and other classifications By H. Burzlaff and H. Zimmermann

3.1.2.1. Classifications By means of the above-mentioned lattice properties, it is possible to classify lattices according to various criteria. Lattices can be subdivided with respect to their topological types of domains, resulting in two classes in two dimensions and five classes in three dimensions. They are called Voronoi types. If the classification involves topological and symmetry properties of the domains, 24 Symmetrische Sorten (Delaunay, 1933) are obtained in three dimensions and 5 in two dimensions. Other classifications consider either the centring type or the point group of the lattice. The most important classification takes into account both the lattice point-group symmetry and the centring mode (Bravais, 1866). The resulting classes are called Bravais types of lattices or, for short, Bravais lattices. Two lattices belong to the same Bravais type if and Figure 3.1.2.1 only if they coincide both in their point-group Conventional cells of the three-dimensional Bravais types of lattices (for symbols see Table 3.1.2.2). symmetry and in the centring mode of their conventional cells. The Bravais lattice charIn Tables 3.1.2.1 and 3.1.2.2, the two- and three-dimensional acterizes the translational subgroup of a space group. The Bravais types of lattices are described in detail. For each entry, number of Bravais lattices is 1 in one dimension, 5 in two the tables contain conditions that must be fulfilled by the lattice dimensions, 14 in three dimensions and 64 in four dimensions. parameters and the metric tensor. These conditions are given The Bravais lattices may be derived by topological (Delaunay, with respect to two different basis systems, first the conventional 1933) or algebraic procedures (Burckhardt, 1966; Neubu¨ser et al., basis related to symmetry, second a special primitive basis (see 1971). It can be shown (Wondratschek et al., 1971) that ‘all below). In columns 2 and 3, basis vectors not required by Bravais types of the same [crystal] family can be obtained from symmetry to be of the same length are designated by different each other by the process of centring’. As a consequence, letters. Columns 4 and 5 contain the metric tensors for the two different Bravais types of the same crystal family (cf. Section related bases. Column 6 shows the relations between the 1.3.4) differ in their centring mode. Thus, the Bravais types may components of the two tensors. be described by a lower-case letter designating the crystal family The last columns of Tables 3.1.2.1 and 3.1.2.2 show parallel and an upper-case letter designating the centring mode. The projections of the appropriate conventional unit cells. Among the relations between the point groups of the lattices and the crystal different possible choices of the primitive basis, as discussed in families are shown in Table 3.1.1.1. Since the hexagonal and Section 3.1.1, the special primitive basis mentioned above is rhombohedral Bravais types belong to the same crystal family, obtained according to the following rules: the rhombohedral lattice is described by hR, h indicating the family and R the centring type. This nomenclature was adopted (i) For each type of centring, only one transformation matrix for the 1969 reprint of International Tables for X-ray CrystalP is used to obtain the primitive cell as given in Tables lography (1952) and for Structure Reports since 1975 (cf. Trotter, 3.1.2.1 and 3.1.2.2. The transformation obeys equation 1975). (3.1.1.2). (ii) Among the different possible transformations, those are 3.1.2.2. Description of Bravais types of lattices preferred which result in a metric tensor with simple relations among its components, as defined in Tables 3.1.2.1 In Fig. 3.1.2.1, conventional cells for the 14 three-dimensional and 3.1.2.2. Bravais types of lattices are illustrated.

700

3.1. CRYSTAL LATTICES Table 3.1.2.1 Two-dimensional Bravais types of lattices Lattice parameters Bravais type of lattice†

Metric tensor

Conventional

Primitive/ transformation to primitive cell

Conventional

Primitive

mp

a, b 

a, b 

g11

g12 g22

g11

g12 g22

op

a, b  = 90

a, b  = 90

g11

0 g22

g11

0 g22

g011

g012 g011

g11

0 g11

a1 = a2, 

oc

tp

a1 = a 2  = 90

a1 = a2  = 90

hp

a1 = a2  = 120

a1 = a2  = 120

P(c)‡

g11

g11

0 g11

12 g11 g11

g11

Relations of the components

g011 g012 g11 g12

¼ 14ðg11 þ g22 Þ ¼ 14ðg11  g22 Þ ¼ 2ðg011 þ g012 Þ ¼ 2ðg011  g012 Þ

12 g11 g11


‡ PðcÞ ¼ 12 ð11=11Þ:

† The symbols for Bravais types of lattices were adopted by the International Union of Crystallography in 1985; cf. de Wolff et al. (1985).

formed b02i is smaller than

If a primitive basis is chosen according to these rules, basis vectors of the conventional cell have parallel face-diagonal or body-diagonal orientation with respect to the basis vectors of the primitive cell. For cubic and rhombohedral lattices, the primitive basis vectors are selected such that they are symmetry-equivalent with respect to a threefold axis. In all cases, a face of the ‘domain of influence’ is perpendicular to each basis vector of these primitive cells.

Projections

P

:

b01 ¼ b1 ; b02 ¼ b2 ; b03 ¼ b1 þ b3 and b04 ¼ b1 þ b4 : In the two-dimensional case, b03 ¼ 2b1 þ b3 holds. If all the scalar products are less than or equal to zero, the three shortest vectors of the reduced basis are contained in the set fb1 ; b2 ; b3 ; b4 ; b1 þ b2 ; b2 þ b3 ; b3 þ b1 g, called the Delaunay set, which corresponds to the maximal set of faces of the Dirichlet domain (at most 14 faces). The result of a reduction can be presented by a graphical symbol, the Selling tetrahedron. The four corners of the tetrahedron correspond to the vectors b1, b2, b3, b4, the mutual scalar products are attached to the edges. A scalar product that is zero is indicated by ‘0’; equal scalar products are designated by the same graphical symbol (cf. Table 3.1.2.3). Delaunay’s classification is based on Voronoi types. Voronoi distinguishes five classes of Dirichlet domains. To describe these, the following symbols are used to represent particular topological features: s is used for a hexagon and for v for a quadrangle, s2 indicates an edge between two hexagons and v2 an edge between two quadrangles, v4 is a vertex where four quadrangles meet and v3 is a vertex where three quadrangles meet. The five types are topologically characterized by: V1 (8s, 6v, 12s2), V2 (4s, 8v, 4s2), V3 (12v, 24v2, 8v3, 6v4), V4 (2s, 6v, 6v2) and V5 (6v, 12v2, 8v3). The numbers give the multiplicities of each feature. Delaunay combined the topological description with the rotation groups of the crystallographic holohedries. He used upper-case letters for these groups (K – cubic, H – hexagonal, R – rhombohedral, Q – tetragonal, O – orthorhombic, M – monoclinic, T – triclinic) followed by a incremental number if more than one Voronoi type with the same symmetry exists. The results are presented in Table 3.1.2.3. In each row a ‘Symmetrische Sorte’ is described.

3.1.2.3. Delaunay reduction and standardization Further classifications use reduction theory. There are different approaches to the reduction of quadratic forms in mathematics. The two most important in our context are (i) the Selling–Delaunay reduction (Selling, 1874), (ii) the Eisenstein–Niggli reduction. The investigations by Gruber (cf. Section 3.1.4) have shown the common root of both crystallographic approaches. As the Niggli reduction will be discussed in detail in Sections 3.1.3 and 3.1.4, we shall discuss the Delaunay reduction here. We start with a lattice basis ðbi Þ1in ðn ¼ 2; 3Þ. This basis is extended by a vector bnþ1 ¼ ðb1 þ . . . þ bn Þ: All scalar products bi  bk ð1  i 3a2

—

Q1 V1 tI 4 2 2 mmm v v s2

c2 < 2a2

1 @0 0

0

1 @ 1 0

1 0 1 1 1A 1 1

0

1 0 1 0 3A 1 2

0

1 1 1 0 1A 1 0

1 @0 0

0 @1 1

704

1 1 1A 2

3.1. CRYSTAL LATTICES Table 3.1.2.3 (continued) Delaunay– Voronoi type

Metric conditions

Q2 V2 tI 4 2 2 mmm v4 s s2

c2 > 2a2

Q3 V5 tP 4 2 2 mmm v v v2

—

Selling tetrahedron

Projections along symmetry directions

Dirichlet domain in the unit cell

Transformation to the conventional cell 0 1 1 0 1 @0 1 1A 0 0 2

0

1 0 0 1 0A 0 1

0

1 0 0 0 1A 1 1

0

1 0 1 1 0A 1 0

1 @0 0

1 @0 0

0 @1 0 0

1 1 1A 2

O1 V1 oF 2 2 2 mmm s2 v s2

—

O2 V1 oI 2 2 2 mmm vvv

a2 þ b2 > c2

0

1 1 1 0 1A 1 0

O3 V2 oI 2 2 2 mmm s s v4

a2 þ b2 < c2

0

1 0 1 1 1A 0 2

O4 V3 oI 2 2 2 mmm v v v4

a2 þ b2 ¼ c2

0

1 1 1 0 1A 1 0

0

1 0 1 1 1A 0 2

1 1 @1 1 0 0

0 @1 1

1 @0 0

0 @1 1

1 @0 0

705

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 3.1.2.3 (continued) Delaunay– Voronoi type O5 V4 o(AB)C 2 2 2 mmm s v2 v

Metric conditions

Selling tetrahedron

Dirichlet domain in the unit cell

Projections along symmetry directions

—

Transformation to the conventional cell 0 1 2 0 0 @1 1 0A 0 0 1 0

1 1 @ 1 1 0 0

O6 V5 oP 2 2 2 mmm vvv

—

1 0 0A 1

0

1 0 0 1 0A 0 1

0

1 0 0 0 1A 1 1

1 @0 0

1 @0 0

Table 3.1.2.3 (continued) Delaunay– Voronoi type M1 V1 m(AC)I 2 m s2

Metric conditions

Selling tetrahedron

Projections along symmetry directions

Dirichlet domain in the unit cell

b2 > p2

A: b2 > c2 M2 V1 m(AC)I 2 m v

2

I: b2 > f 2

p >b , b2 > r2  q2

0

1 1 0 A 1

0

1 0 1 1 0A 0 0

0

1 1 0 A 1

0 1 @1 1 1 0

C: a2 > b2 > f 2  c2

I: f 2 > b2 > c2  a2

r2  q2 > b2

1 @ 1 2

A: f 2  a2 > b2 M4 V4 m(AC)I 2 m s2

C: b2 > a2

2

A: c2 > b2 > f 2  a2 M3 V2 m(AC)I 2 m s

Transformation to the conventional cell 0 1 1 1 0 @ 1 1 0 A 1 0 1

C: f 2  c2 > b2

I: c2  a2 > b2

b2 ¼ p2

0 1 @1 1 1 0

A: b2 ¼ c2

706

C: b2 ¼ a2

I: b2 ¼ f 2

0

1 1 1 0 @ 1 1 0 A 1 0 1

3.1. CRYSTAL LATTICES Table 3.1.2.3 (continued) Delaunay– Voronoi type M5 V3 m(AC)I 2 m v

Metric conditions

Selling tetrahedron

Projections along symmetry directions

Transformation to the conventional cell 0 1 1 0 1 @ 1 1 0 A 2 0 0

Dirichlet domain in the unit cell

b2 ¼ r2  q2

A: b2 ¼ f 2  a2

C: b2 ¼ f 2  c2

I: b2 ¼ c2  a2

0

1 @1 0

M6 V4 mP 2 m s

—

0

T1 V1 aP 1

—

0

T2 V2 aP 1

ab¼0

0

T3 V3 aP 1

ab¼0 ða þ b þ cÞ  c =0

0

1 0 1 1 0 A 1 1

1 1 0 0 @0 1 0A 0 0 1

1 1 0 0 @0 1 0A 0 0 1

1 1 0 0 @0 1 0A 0 0 1

1 1 0 0 @0 1 0A 0 0 1

pffiffiffi 1   = 60 (cos p 23 ffiffiffi = 2), 13 = 73.22 (cos 13 ¼ 3=6), 12 = 64.34 (cos 12 ¼ 3=4). The aim is to find a standardized basis of shortest lattice vectors using Delaunay reduction. This example, given by B. Gruber (cf. Burzlaff & Zimmermann, 1985), shows the standardization problems remaining after the reduction. The general reduction step can be described using Selling four flats. The corners are designated by the vectors a, b, c, d = a  b  c. The edges are marked by the scalar products among these vectors. If positive scalar products can be found, choose the largest: a  b (indicated as ab in Fig. 3.1.2.2a). The reduction transformation is: aD = a, bD = b, cD = c + b, dD = d + b (see Fig. 3.1.2.2a). In this example, this results in the Selling four flat shown in Fig. 3.1.2.2(b). The next step, shown in Fig. 3.1.2.2(c), uses the (maximal) positive scalar product for further reduction. Finally, using b2 + b3 + b4 = b1 we get the result shown in Fig. 3.1.2.2(d). The complete procedure can be expressed in a table, as shown in Table 3.1.2.4. Each pair of lines contains the starting basis and

In some cases, different Selling patterns are given for one ‘Symmetrische Sorte’. This procedure avoids a final reduction step (cf. Patterson & Love, 1957) and simplifies the computational treatment significantly. The number of ‘Symmetrische Sorten’, and thus the number of transformations which have to be applied, is smaller than the number of lattice characters according to Niggli. Note that the introduction of reduced bases using shortest lattice vectors causes complications in more than three dimensions (cf. Schwarzenberger, 1980).

3.1.2.4. Example of Delaunay reduction and standardization of the basis Let the basis B = (b1, b2, b3) given by the scalar products

 g11 g22 g33 6 8 8 ¼ 4 2 3 g23 g31 g12 pffiffiffi pffiffiffi or by b1 = 2.449 ( 6), b2 = b3 = 2.828 ( 8) (in arbitrary units), 23

707

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 3.1.2.5 Discussion of Gruber’s example using the cell surface No.

ðbs1 ; bs2 ; bs3 Þ

Homogenous corner

Surface (surface units)

1 2 3 4 5

(+bD, +aD, +cD) (+bD, +aD, +dD) (+bD, aD, bD + cD) (+bD, +cD, +dD) (+bD, dD, bD + cD)

Non-acute Non-acute Acute Non-acute Acute

41.25 40.83 39.61 41.03 40.06

its scalar products before transformation as the first line, and then the transformed scalar products and the Delaunay basis after transformation below. In our case, four transformation steps are necessary. The result is aD ¼ b3 ;

bD ¼ b1 ;

cD ¼ b2  b1 ;

dD ¼ b3  b1 :

The final Selling tetrahedron shows that the Dirichlet domain belongs to Voronoi type 1. It fulfils no symmetry condition and thus corresponds to an anorthic (triclinic) lattice. For further standardization we consider the Delaunay set faD ; bD ; cD ; dD ¼ ðaD þ bD þ cD Þ; ðbD þ cD Þ; ðaD þ cD Þ; ðaD þ bD Þg: All bases of shortest lattice vectors (bs1 ; bs2 ; bs3 ) can be found: jaD j2 ¼ 8; jbD þ cD j2 ¼ 8;

jbD j2 ¼ 6;

jcD j2 ¼ 8;

jaD þ cD j2 ¼ 12;

jdD j2 ¼ 8;

jaD þ bD j2 ¼ 10:

Any basis of shortest lattice vectors contains bs1 ¼ bD ¼ b1. For bs2 the vectors aD ¼ b3, cD ¼ b2  b1 , dD ¼ b3  b1 and ðbD þ cD Þ ¼ b2 are possible. bs3 can only be chosen from these vectors such that a linear independent triplet results. The resulting five choices are given in Table 3.1.2.5. Any case corresponds to eight combinations of signs for the three basis vectors. The principle of the ‘homogenous corner’ (i.e., there is always a pair of opposite corners of the corresponding cell where all angles are either non-acute or all three are acute) selects one of the bases in each case, thus five different bases remain. For the final choice the surfaces of the corresponding cells are given. The maximal surface has cell No. 1 with the metrical parameters ˚ ;
¼ 104:47;  ¼ 115:66;  ¼ 106:78 : a ¼ 2:449; b ¼ c ¼ 2:828 A Figure 3.1.2.2

A last possibility for the standardization is the interchange of b and c with inversion of all basis vectors. In this way the sequence of  and  can be interchanged:

Delaunay reduction of Gruber’s example (cf. Section 3.1.2.4). The edges of Selling tetrahedra are labelled by the scalar products of the vectors which designate the corners of the tetrahedra.

˚ ;
¼ 104:47;  ¼ 106:78;  ¼ 115:66 : a ¼ 2:449; b ¼ c ¼ 2:828 A Table 3.1.2.4 Delaunay reduction for Gruber’s example ab, aD b D

ac, aDcD

ad, aD d D

bc, bDcD

bd, b Dd D

cd, cDdD

aD

bD

cD

dD

b4

+4 4

+3 +7

15 11

+2 10

14 +6

11 15

b2

b3

b1 + b3

b4 + b3

b3

b3 + b4

+7 7

10 3

15 8

4 4

11 +3

+6 1

b1 + b3

b2

b2  b3

b2 + b3 + b4

b2

b2  b3

b1 + b3

+3 3

1 +2

8 5

4 4

7 1

3 6

b1

b2

b3

b1  b2 + b3

b1

b2

b1  b2 + b3

+2 2

4 2

6 4

3 3

5 1

1 3

b3

b1

b2  b1

b3  b1

a

b

c

d

b2

b3

b1

b1 + b3

b2

b1 b3

708

3.1. CRYSTAL LATTICES (a) Type-I cell Main conditions:

3.1.3. Reduced bases By P. M. de Wolff

a  a  b  b  c  c; 3.1.3.1. Introduction

b  c > 0;

Unit cells are usually chosen according to the conventions mentioned in Section 3.1.1, so one might think that there is no need for another standard choice. This is not true, however; conventions based on symmetry do not always permit unambiguous choice of the unit cell, and unconventional descriptions of a lattice do occur. They are often chosen for good reasons or they may arise from experimental limitations such as may occur, for example, in high-pressure work. So there is a need for normalized descriptions of crystal lattices. Accordingly, the reduced basis1 (Eisenstein, 1851; Niggli, 1928), which is a primitive basis unique (apart from orientation) for any given lattice, is at present widely used as a means of classifying and identifying crystalline materials. A comprehensive survey of the principles, the techniques and the scope of such applications is given by Mighell (1976). The present contribution merely aims at an exposition of the basic concepts and a brief account of some applications. The main criterion for the reduced basis is a metric one: choice of the shortest three non-coplanar lattice vectors as basis vectors. Therefore, the resulting bases are, in general, widely different from any symmetry-controlled basis, cf. Section 3.1.1.

ja  bj  12a  a a  c > 0; a  b > 0:

ð3:1:3:2aÞ ð3:1:3:2bÞ

if a  a ¼ b  b then b  c  a  c if b  b ¼ c  c then a  c  a  b

ð3:1:3:3aÞ ð3:1:3:3bÞ

if b  c ¼ 12b  b then a  b  2a  c if a  c ¼ 12a  a then a  b  2b  c

ð3:1:3:3cÞ ð3:1:3:3dÞ

if a  b ¼ 12a  a

ð3:1:3:3eÞ

then

a  c  2b  c:

(b) Type-II cell Main conditions: as ð3:1:3:2aÞ ðjb  cj þ ja  cj þ ja  bjÞ  b  c  0; a  c  0;

ð3:1:3:4aÞ 1 2ða

 a þ b  bÞ a  b  0:

ð3:1:3:4bÞ ð3:1:3:4cÞ

Special conditions:

A primitive basis a, b, c is called a ‘reduced basis’ if it is righthanded and if the components of the metric tensor G (cf. Section 3.1.1) bb cc ca ab

ja  cj  12a  a;

Special conditions:

3.1.3.2. Definition

aa bc

jb  cj  12b  b;

if a  a ¼ b  b then jb  cj  ja  cj if b  b ¼ c  c then ja  cj  ja  bj

ð3:1:3:5aÞ ð3:1:3:5bÞ

if jb  cj ¼ 12b  b then a  b ¼ 0 if ja  cj ¼ 12a  a then a  b ¼ 0

ð3:1:3:5cÞ ð3:1:3:5dÞ

if ja  bj ¼ 12a  a

ð3:1:3:5eÞ

then

ac¼0 1 2ða

if ðjb  cj þ ja  cj þ ja  bjÞ ¼  a þ b  bÞ then a  a  2ja  cj þ ja  bj:

ð3:1:3:5f Þ

ð3:1:3:1Þ The geometrical interpretation in the following sections is given in order to make the above conditions more explicit rather than to replace them, since the analytical form is obviously the most suitable one for actual verification.

satisfy the conditions shown below. The matrix (3.1.3.1) for the reduced basis is called the reduced form. Because of lattice symmetry there can be two or more possible orientations of the reduced basis in a given lattice but, apart from orientation, the reduced basis is unique. Any basis, reduced or not, determines a unit cell – that is, the parallelepiped of which the basis vectors are edges. In order to test whether a given basis is the reduced one, it is convenient first to find the ‘type’ of the corresponding unit cell. The type of a cell depends on the sign of

3.1.3.3. Main conditions The main conditions2 express the following two requirements: (i) Of all lattice vectors, none is shorter than a; of those not directed along a, none is shorter than b; of those not lying in the ab plane, none is shorter than c. This requirement is expressed analytically by (3.1.3.2a), and for type-II cells by (3.1.3.4b), which for type-I cells is redundant. (ii) The three angles between basis vectors are either all acute or all non-acute, conditions (3.1.3.2b) and (3.1.3.4c). As shown in Section 3.1.3.2 for a given unit cell, the origin corner can always be chosen so as to satisfy either the first alternative of this condition (if the cell is of type I) or the second (if the cell is of type II).

T ¼ ða  bÞðb  cÞðc  aÞ: If T > 0, the cell is of type I, if T  0 it is of type II. ‘Type’ is a property of the cell since T keeps its value when a, b or c is inverted. Geometrically speaking, such an inversion corresponds to moving the origin of the basis towards another corner of the cell. Corners with all three angles acute occur for cells of type I (one opposite pair, the remaining six corners having one acute and two obtuse angles). The other alternative, specified by main condition (ii) of Section 3.1.3.3, viz all three angles non-acute, occurs for cells of type II (one or more opposite pairs, the remaining corners having either one or two acute angles). The conditions can all be stated analytically in terms of the components (3.1.3.1), as follows:

2 In a book on reduced cells and on retrieval of symmetry information from lattice parameters, Gruber (1978) reformulated the main condition (i) as a minimum condition on the sum s ¼ a þ b þ c. He also examined the surface areas of primitive unit cells in a given lattice, which are easily shown to be proportional to the corresponding sums s ¼ a þ b þ c for the reciprocal bases. He finds that if there are two or more non-congruent cells with minimum s (‘Buerger cells’), these cells always have different values of s . Gruber (1989) proposes a new criterion to replace the conditions (3.1.3.2a)–(3.1.3.5f), viz that, among the cells with the minimum s value, the one with the smallest value of s be chosen (which need not be the absolute minimum of s since that may occur for cells that are not Buerger cells). The analytic form of this criterion is identical to (3.1.3.2a)–(3.1.3.5e); only (3.1.3.5f) is altered. For further details, see Section 3.1.4.

1 Very often, the term ‘reduced cell’ is used to indicate this normalized lattice description. To avoid confusion, we shall use ‘reduced basis’, since it is actually a basis and some of the criteria are related precisely to the difference between unit cells and vector bases.

709

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY

Figure 3.1.3.2 The effect of the special conditions. Border lines of type-I and type-II regions are drawn as heavy lines if included. The type-I and type-II regions are marked as in Fig. 3.1.3.1. A heavy border line of a region stops short of an end point if the latter is not included in the region to which the border belongs. a, b net primitive orthogonal; special conditions (3.1.3.5c), (3.1.3.5d).

Figure 3.1.3.1

and c whenever either (3.1.3.3b) or (3.1.3.5b) is not fulfilled. All the other conditions can be conveniently illustrated by projections of part of the lattice onto the ab plane as shown in Figs. 3.1.3.1 to 3.1.3.5. Let us represent the vector lattice by a point lattice. In Fig. 3.1.3.1, the net in the ab plane (of which OBAD is a primitive mesh; OA ¼ a, OB ¼ b) is shown as well as the projection (normal to that plane) of the adjoining layer which is assumed to lie above the paper. In general, just one lattice node P0 of that layer, projected in Fig. 3.1.3.1 as P, will be closer to the ! origin than all others. Then the vector OP0 is c according to condition (i). It should be stressed that, though the ab plane is most often (see above) correctly established by (i), the vectors a, b and c still have to be chosen so as to comply with (ii), with the special conditions, and with right-handedness. The result will depend on the position of P with respect to the net. This dependence will now be investigated. The inner hexagon shown, which is the two-dimensional Voronoi domain around O, limits the possible projected positions P of P0. Its short edges, normal to OD, result from (3.1.3.4b); the other edges from (3.1.3.2a). If the spacing d between ab net planes is smaller than b, the region allowed for P is moreover limited inwardly by the circle around O with radius ðb2  d2 Þ1=2, corresponding to the projection of points P0 for which OP0 ¼ c ¼ b. The case c ¼ b has been dealt with, so in order to simplify the drawings we shall assume d > b. Then, for a given value of d, each point within the above-mentioned hexagonal domain, regarded as the projection of a lattice node P0 in the next ! ! ! layer, completely defines a lattice based on OA , OB and OP 0 . Diametrically opposite points like P and P0 represent the same lattice in two orientations differing by a rotation of 180 in the plane of the figure. Therefore, the systematics of reduced bases can be shown completely in just half the domain. As a halving line, the na normal to OA is chosen. This is an important boundary in view of condition (ii), since it separates points P for which the angle between OP0 and OA is acute from those for which it is obtuse. Similarly, nb , normal to OB, separates the sharp and obtuse values of the angles P0 OB. It follows that if P lies in the obtuse sector (cross-hatched area) between na and nb , the reduced cell is

The net of lattice points in the plane of the reduced basis vectors a and b; OBAD is a primitive mesh. The actual choice of a and b depends on the position of the point P, which is the projection of the point P0 in the next layer (supposed to lie above the paper, thin dashed lines) closest to O. Hence, P is confined to the Voronoi domain (dashed hexagon) around O. For a given interlayer distance, P defines the complete lattice. In that sense, P and P0 represent identical lattices; so do Q, Q0 and Q00 , and also R and R0 . When P lies in a region marked cII (hatched), the reduced ! type-II basis is formed by aII, bII and c ¼  OP 0 . Regions marked cI ! (cross-hatched) have the reduced type-I basis aI ; bI and c ¼ þ OP 0 . Small circles in O, M etc. indicate twofold rotation points lying on the region borders (see text).

Condition (i) is by far the most essential one. It uniquely defines the lengths a, b and c, and limits the angles to the range 60 
; ;   120 . However, there are often different unit cells satisfying (i), cf. Gruber (1973). In order to find the reduced basis, starting from an arbitrary one given by its matrix (3.1.3.1), one can: (a) find some basis satisfying (i) and (ii) and if necessary modify it so as to fulfil the special conditions as well; (b) find all bases satisfying (i) and (ii) and test them one by one with regard to the special conditions until the reduced form is found. Method (a) relies mainly on an algorithm by Buerger (1957, 1960), cf. also Mighell (1976). Method (b) stems from a theorem and an algorithm, both derived by Delaunay (1933); the theorem states that the desired basis vectors a, b and c are among seven (or fewer) vectors – the distance vectors between parallel faces of the Voronoi domain – which follow directly from the algorithm. The method has been established and an example is given by Delaunay et al. (1973), cf. Section 3.1.2.3 where this method is described. 3.1.3.4. Special conditions For a given lattice, the main condition (i) defines not only the lengths a, b, c of the reduced basis vectors but also the plane containing a and b, in the sense that departures from special conditions can be repaired by transformations which do not change this plane. An exception can occur when b ¼ c; then such transformations must be supplemented by interchange(s) of b

710

3.1. CRYSTAL LATTICES

Figure 3.1.3.4 The effect of the special conditions. Border lines of type-I and type-II regions are drawn as heavy lines if included. The type-I region is crosshatched; the type-II region is a mere line. A heavy border line of a region stops short of an end point if the latter is not included in the region to which the border belongs. a, b net centred orthogonal (elongated); special conditions (3.1.3.3e), (3.1.3.5e).

Figure 3.1.3.3 The effect of the special conditions. Border lines of type-I and type-II regions are drawn as heavy lines if included. Type-I and type-II regions are marked as in Fig. 3.1.3.1. nb belongs to the type-II region. A heavy border line of a region stops short of an end point if the latter is not included in the region to which the border belongs. a, b net oblique; special conditions (3.1.3.3c), (3.1.3.3d), (3.1.3.5f).

of type I, with basis vectors aI, bI , and OP0 ¼ þc. Otherwise (hatched area), we have a type-II reduced cell, with OP0 ¼ c and þa and þb as shown by aII and bII . Since type II includes the case of right angles, the borders of this region on na and nb are inclusive. Other borderline cases are points like R and R0 , separated by b and thus describing the same lattice. By condition (3.1.3.5c) the reduced cell for such cases is excluded from type II (except for rectangular a, b nets, cf. Fig. 3.1.3.2); so the projection of c points to R, not R0 . Accordingly, this part of the border is inclusive for the type-I region and exclusive (at R0 ) for the type-II region as indicated in Fig. 3.1.3.3. Similarly, (3.1.3.5d) defines which part of the border normal to OA is inclusive. The inclusive border is seen to end where it crosses OA, OB or OD. This is prescribed by the conditions (3.1.3.3d), (3.1.3.3c) and (3.1.3.5f), respectively. The explanation is given in Fig. 3.1.3.1 for (3.1.3.3c): The points Q and Q00 represent the same lattice because Q0 (diametrically equivalent to Q as shown before) is separated from Q00 by the vector b. Hence, the point M halfway between O and B is a twofold rotation point just like O. For a primitive orthogonal a, b net, only type II occurs according to (3.1.3.5c) and (3.1.3.5d), cf. Fig. 3.1.3.2. A centred orthogonal a, b net of elongated character (shortest net vector in a symmetry direction, cf. Section 3.1.3.5) is depicted in Fig. 3.1.3.4. It yields type-I cells except when  ¼ 90 [condition (3.1.3.5c)]. Moreover, (3.1.3.3c) eliminates part of the type-I region as compared to Fig.

Figure 3.1.3.5 The effect of the special conditions. Border lines of type-I and type-II regions are drawn as heavy lines if included. Type-I and type-II regions are marked as in Fig. 3.1.3.1. nb belongs to the type-II region. A heavy border line of a region stops short of an end point if the latter is not included in the region to which the border belongs. a, b net centred orthogonal (compressed); special conditions (3.1.3.3a), (3.1.3.5a).

3.1.3.3. Finally, a centred net with compressed character (shortest two net vectors equal in length) requires criteria allowing unambiguous designation of a and b. These are conditions (3.1.3.3a) and (3.1.3.5a), cf. Fig. 3.1.3.5. The simplicity of these bisecting conditions, similar to those for the case b ¼ c mentioned initially, is apparent from that figure when compared

711

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 3.1.3.1 The parameters D ¼ b  c, E ¼ a  c and F ¼ a  b of the 44 lattice characters (A ¼ a  a; B ¼ b  b; C ¼ c  c) The character of a lattice given by its reduced form (3.1.3.1) is the first one that agrees when the 44 entries are compared with that reduced form in the sequence given below (suggested by Gruber). Such a logical order is not always obeyed by the widely used character numbers (first column), which therefore show some reversals, e.g. 4 and 5.

No.

Type

D

E

F

Lattice symmetry

Bravais type of lattice†

I I II II II II II II

A=2 D 0 A=3 D D‡ D‡ D‡

A=2 D 0 A=3 D D E E

A=2 D 0 A=3 D F E F

Cubic Rhombohedral Cubic Cubic Rhombohedral Tetragonal Tetragonal Orthorhombic

cF hR cP cI hR tI tI oI



111
111=11 1=
101=
1
1
1
110= 100=010=001 101=110=011
101=
1
1
1
110= 011=101=110 101=110=011
10
1=0
1
1
1
10=

A=2 D 0 0 0 A=2 D D E

A=2 F 0 A=2 F 0 F F F

Rhombohedral Monoclinic Tetragonal Hexagonal Orthorhombic Tetragonal Orthorhombic Monoclinic Monoclinic

hR mC tP hP oC tI oF mC mC


1
13
100=110=
110=110=00 1
100=010=001 100=010=001
110=110=001 100=010=112
10=112
1
10=1
110=110=001

1
110=110= 10

A=2 A/2 E 0 0 0 A=3 E

A=2 A/2 E 0 0 0 A=3 E

Tetragonal Orthorhombic Monoclinic Tetragonal Hexagonal Orthorhombic Rhombohedral Monoclinic

tI oI mC tP hP oC hR mC


1
1=100
011=1


111 11= 100=0
100
011=011= 010=001=100 010=001=100
011=011=100
121=011=100
011=011=100

A=2 A=2 A=2 2D E E 0 0 0 A=2 E 0 0 A=2 E A=2 0 E E

A=2 A=2 2D A=2 2E F 0 0 0 0 0 A=2 F 0 0 0 A=2 F F

Orthorhombic Monoclinic Monoclinic Monoclinic Monoclinic Triclinic Orthorhombic Orthorhombic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Monoclinic Monoclinic Monoclinic Monoclinic Triclinic

oF mC mC mC mC aP oP oC mP oC mP oC mP oI mC mC mC mI aP


102
100=120=
100=0

120= 11
102=010
100=
100=120=00 1


100 010=012= 100=010=001 100=010=001

010=012= 100

100=00 010= 1

2=010
100=10 100=010=001
100=120=00 1


10
100=00 1=0

100=0 10=112
100

10= 01
2=0 102=100=010

100=00 1
20= 1

1
1
2=0

10 100= 100=010=001

Transformation to a conventional basis (cf. footnote z to Table 3.1.3.2)

A¼B¼C 1 2 3 5 4 6 7 8

A ¼ B, no conditions on C 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 14 17

I I II II II II II II II

A=2 D 0 0 0 A=2 D‡ D D‡

B ¼ C, no conditions on A 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

I I I II II II II II

A=4 D D 0 B=2 D D‡ D

No conditions on A, B, C 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 40 35 36 33 38 34 42 41 37 39 43 44

I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II

A=4 D D D B=2 D 0 B=2 D 0 0 0 0 B=2 B=2 D D D§ D

† The symbols for Bravais types of lattices were adopted by the International Union of Crystallography in 1985; cf. de Wolff et al. (1985). The capital letter of the symbols in this column indicates the centring type of the cell as obtained by the transformation in the last column. For this reason, the standard symbols mS and oS are not used here. ‡ 2jD þ E þ Fj ¼ A þ B. § 2jD þ E þ Fj ¼ A þ B plus j2D þ Fj ¼ B.

with Fig. 3.1.3.3. This compressed type of centred orthogonal a, b net is limited by the case of a hexagonal net (where it merges with the elongated type, Fig. 3.1.3.4) and by the centred quadratic net (where it merges with the primitive orthogonal net, Fig. 3.1.3.2). In the limit of the hexagonal net, the triangle Ohh in Figs. 3.1.3.4 and 3.1.3.5 is all that remains, it is of type I except for the point O. For the quadratic net, only the type-II region in Fig. 3.1.3.5, then a triangle with all edges inclusive, is left. It corresponds to the triangle Oqq in Fig. 3.1.3.2.

3.1.3.5. Lattice characters Apart from being unique, the reduced cell has the further advantage of allowing a much finer differentiation between types of lattices than is given by the Bravais types. For two-dimensional lattices, this is apparent already in the last section where the centred orthogonal class is subdivided into nets with elongated character and those with compressed character, depending on whether the shortest net vector is, or is not, a symmetry direction.

712

3.1. CRYSTAL LATTICES Table 3.1.3.2 Lattice characters described by relations between conventional cell parameters Under each of the roman numerals below ‘Lattice characters in’, numbers of characters (cf. Table 3.1.3.1, first column) are listed for which the key parameter p lies in the interval defined by the same roman numeral below ‘Intervals of p’. For instance, a lattice with character No. 15 under IV has p ¼ c=a; so it falls in the interval IV with 21=2 < c=a ð< 1Þ; No. 33 under II has p ¼ b; therefore the interval a  c for II yields the relation a < b < c.

Lattice symmetry

Bravais type of lattice†

p = key parameter

I

II

III

IV

Tetragonal Tetragonal Hexagonal Rhombohedral

tP tI hP hR

c=a c=a c=a c=a

21 18 22 24

11 6 12 4

– 7 – 2

– 15 – 9

Orthorhombic Orthorhombic pffiffiffi b < ap3ffiffiffi b>a 3 Orthorhombic Orthorhombic Monoclinic Monoclinic 8 > > = 1‡‡ > > > > > > =2 > > < Centred = 2, 3 net > > > > > > = 1, 2, 3 > > > > : =3 Triclinic Cubic

oP oS

–

oI oF mP mS

Lattice characters in I

32 no relations

c c r} b=a b

23 40 8 16 35

13 36 19 26 33

– 38 42 – 34

– – – – –

b=a

–

–

–

b=a

– n

–

–

9 28 > > > 29 > > > = 30 >

20

25

–

10 17

14

–

b=a b=a

aP cP cI cF

Intervals of p

b=a
; ;  – – –

37 41 n 27 39 43 31

n

II

III

IV

Conventions‡

0 0 0 0

1 ð2=3Þ1=2 1 ð3=8Þ1=2

1 1 1 ð3=2Þ1=2

– 21=2 – 61=2

– 1 – 1

–

–

–

–

–

0 0 0 1 0

d§ a a 31=2 a

1 d§ b 1 c

– 1 1 – 1

– – – – –

a c for C cells. ‡‡ This number specifies the centred net among the three orthogonal nets parallel to the twofold axis and passing through (1) the shortest, (2) the second shortest, and (3) the third shortest lattice vector perpendicular to the axis. For example, ‘2, 3’ means that either net (2) or net (3) is the centred one.

It is impossible to perform a continuous deformation – within the centred orthogonal type – of an elongated net into a compressed one, since one has to pass through either a hexagonal or a quadratic net. In three dimensions, lattices are of the same character if, first, a continuous deformation of one into the other is possible without leaving the Bravais type. Secondly, it is required that all matrix elements of the reduced form (3.1.3.1) change continuously during such a deformation. These criteria lead to 44 different lattice characters (Niggli, 1928; Buerger, 1957). Each of them can be recognized easily from the relations between the elements of the reduced form given in Table 3.1.3.1 [adapted from Table 5.1.3.1 in International Tables for X-ray Crystallography (1969), which was improved by Mighell & Rodgers (1980)]. The numbers in column 1 of this table are at the same time used as a general notation of the lattice characters themselves. We speak, for example, about the lattice character No. 7 (which is part of the Bravais type tI) etc. In Table 3.1.3.2, another description of lattice characters is given by grouping together all characters of a given Bravais type and by indicating for each character the corresponding interval of values of a suitable parameter p, expressed in the usual parameters of a conventional cell. In systems where no generally accepted convention exists, the choice of this cell has been made for convenience in the last column of this table. The subdistinctions ‘centred net = 1, 2 or 3’ for the monoclinic centred type are closely related to the description in other conventions. For instance, they correspond to C-, A- or I-centred cells, respectively, if b is the unique axis and a and c are the shortest vectors ða < cÞ perpendicular to b; note that in Table

3.1.3.2 only C and I, not A, cells are listed. From the multiple entries in Table 3.1.3.2 for this type, it follows that the description in terms of b/a is not exhaustive; the distinctions depend upon rather intricate relations (cf. Mighell et al., 1975; Mighell & Rodgers, 1980). No attempt has been made in Table 3.1.3.2 to specify whether the end points of p intervals are inclusive or not. For practical purposes, they can always be taken to be non-inclusive. Indeed, the end points correspond either to a different Bravais type or to a purely geometric singularity without physical significance. If p is very close to an interval limit of the latter kind, one should be aware of the fact that different measurements of such a lattice may yield different characters, with totally differing aspects of the reduced form.

3.1.3.6. Applications Classification. The reduced basis can be used to derive the Bravais-lattice type and the conventional cell parameters, starting from an arbitrary description of the lattice. For this purpose, the reduced form is first derived from the given description, e.g. by means of the algorithm of Krˇivy´ & Gruber (1976). Subsequently it is compared with the reduced forms (Table 3.1.3.1) for the 44 lattice characters and transformed to the appropriate conventional cell. Thus the reduced cell is helpful as an accessory in classifications based on conventional cells. Alternatively, the parameters of the reduced form itself (either of the direct lattice or of the reciprocal lattice) can be used as a basis for determinative classification.

713

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Comparison of lattices. Two lattices, defined by their reduced cells, can be compared on a rigorous basis to find out whether they are identical lattices or are related by one cell being a subcell of the other (Santoro et al., 1980). Further properties of lattices are discussed in Section 3.1.4. P. M. de Wolff wishes to thank Dr B. Gruber (Prague) and Dr A. Santoro (Washington) for reading the manuscript for Section 3.1.3 and for suggesting several improvements as well as pointing out errors, especially in Tables 3.1.3.1 and 3.1.3.2.

Figure 3.1.4.1

A set M in E2 consisting of three components.

For example, if a lattice has only one Buerger cell, then this cell agrees with all the definitions in (3.1.4.1). However, there exist also Buerger cells that are in agreement with none of them. Thus, the definitions (3.1.4.1) do not imply a partition of Buerger cells into classes. It appears that case (iv) coincides with the Niggli cell. This is important because this cell can now be defined by a simple geometrical property instead of a complicated system of conditions. Further reduced cells can be obtained by applying the definitions (3.1.4.1) to the reciprocal lattice. Then, to a Buerger cell in the reciprocal lattice, there corresponds a primitive cell with absolute minimum surface6 in the direct lattice. The reduced cells according to the definitions (3.1.4.1) can be recognized by means of a table and found in the lattice by means of algorithms. Detailed mutual relationships between them have been ascertained.

3.1.4. Further properties of lattices By B. Gruber and H. Grimmer

3.1.4.1. Further kinds of reduced cells In Section 3.1.3.2, a ‘reduced basis’ of a lattice is defined which permits a unique representation of this lattice. It was introduced into crystallography by Niggli (1928) and incorporated into International Tables for X-ray Crystallography (1969), Vol. I. Originating from algebra (Eisenstein, 1851), a reduced basis is defined in a rather complicated manner [conditions (3.1.3.2a) to (3.1.3.5f) in Section 3.1.3.2] and lacks any geometrical meaning. A cell spanned by a reduced basis is called the Niggli cell. However, unique primitive cells may be introduced also in other ways that – unlike the Niggli cell3 – have significant geometrical features based mainly on extremal principles (Gruber, 1989). We shall describe some of them below. If a (primitive) cell of the lattice L fulfils the condition

3.1.4.2. Topological characterization of lattice characters In his thorough analysis of lattice characters, de Wolff (1988) remarks that so far they have not been defined as clearly as the Bravais types and that an exact general definition does not exist. Gruber (1992) tried to base such a definition on topological concepts. The crucial notion is the decomposition of a set M of points of the n-dimensional Euclidean space En into equivalence classes called components of the set M. They can be defined as follows: Two points X, Y of the set M belong to the same component if they can be connected by a continuous path which lies entirely in the set M (Fig. 3.1.4.1). This partition of the set M into components is unique and is determined solely by the set M. Now let us return to lattices. To any lattice L there is attached a point in E5 called the Niggli point of L. It is the point   a  a b  b 2b  c 2a  c 2a  b ; ; ; ; ð3:1:4:2Þ cc cc cc cc cc

a þ b þ c ¼ min on the set of all primitive cells of L, we call it a Buerger cell. This cell need not be unique with regard to its shape in the lattice. There exist lattices with 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 (but not more) Buerger cells differing in shape. The uniqueness can be achieved by various additional conditions. In this way, we can arrive at the following four reduced cells: (i) the Buerger cell with minimum surface;4 (ii) the Buerger cell with maximum surface; (iii) the Buerger cell with minimum deviation;5 (iv) the Buerger cell with maximum deviation. Equivalent definitions can be obtained by replacing the term ‘surface’ in (i) and (ii) by the expression sin
þ sin  þ sin  or

provided that the vectors a, b, c describe the Niggli cell of L and fulfil the conditions (3.1.3.2a) to (3.1.3.5f) of Section 3.1.3.2. If L is a set of lattices then the set of Niggli points of all lattices of L is called the Niggli image of L . Thus we can speak about the Niggli image of a Bravais type T . This Niggli image is a part of E5 and so can be partitioned into components. This division of Niggli points induces back a division of lattices of the Bravais type T . It turns out that this division is identical with the division of T into lattice characters as introduced in Section 3.1.3.5. This fact, used conversely, can be considered an exact definition of the lattice characters: Two lattices of Bravais type T are said to be of the same lattice

sin
sin  sin ; and by replacing the ‘deviation’ in (iii) and (iv) by j cos
j þ j cos j þ j cos j or j cos
cos  cos j: A Buerger cell can agree with more than one of the definitions ðiÞ; ðiiÞ; ðiiiÞ; ðivÞ:

ð3:1:4:1Þ

3

See, however, later parts of this section. Meaning that this cell has the smallest surface of all Buerger cells of the lattice. 5 The deviation of a cell is the number j90 
j þ j90  j þ j90  j. 4

6

714

This cell need not be a Buerger cell.

3.1. CRYSTAL LATTICES point) and the addition of two minor conditions. One of them concerns the diagonals of the Niggli cell and the other the bases of L which describe the Niggli cell. Though these conditions are of little importance in themselves, they lead to a very useful notion, viz the division of all lattices into 127 classes which is a subdivision of both the lattice characters and the Delaunay sorts. The equivalence classes of this division are called genera. They form, in a certain sense, building blocks of both lattice characters and Delaunay sorts and show their mutual relationship. The distribution of genera along the Bravais types is the following (the number of genera is given in parentheses): cP (1), cI (1), cF (1), tP (2), tI (5), oP (1), oC (8), oI (7), oF (3), hP (3), hR (4), mP (5), mC (43), aP (43). Thus, genera seem to be especially suitable for a finer classification of lattices of low symmetry. The genus of a given lattice L can be determined – provided that the Niggli point of L is known – by means of a table containing explicit descriptions of all genera. These descriptions are formed by open linear systems of inequalities. Consequently, the ranges of conventional parameters of genera are open unlike those concerning the lattice characters. Genera are denoted by symbols derived from the geometrical shape of þ and  . They can be visualized in the threedimensional cross sections of these bodies. This gives a fairly good illustration of the relationships between genera. However, the most important feature of genera seems to be the fact that lattices of the same genus agree in a surprisingly great number of crystallographically significant properties, such as the number of Buerger cells, the densest directions and planes, the symmetry of these planes etc. Even the formulae for the conventional cells are the same. The genus appears to be a remarkably strong bond between lattices.

Figure 3.1.4.2

A convex set in E2 .

character if their Niggli points lie in the same component of the Niggli image of T . We can, of course, also speak about Niggli images of particular lattice characters. According to their definition, these images are connected sets. However, much more can be stated about them: these sets are even convex (Fig. 3.1.4.2). This means that any two points of the Niggli image of a lattice character can be connected by a straight segment lying totally in this Niggli image. From this property, it follows that the lattice characters may be defined also in the following equivalent way: We say that two lattices of the same Bravais type belong to the same lattice character if one of them can be deformed into the other in such a way that the Niggli point of the deformed lattice moves linearly from the initial to the final position while the Bravais type of the lattice remains unchanged. Unlike convexity, nothing can be said about whether the Niggli images of lattice characters are open sets (with regard to their dimension) or not. Both cases occur. The lattice character of a lattice L can also be recognized [instead of by means of Table 3.1.3.1 or by Tables 1 and 3 in Gruber (1992)] by perpendicular projection of the c vector onto the ab plane provided the vectors a, b, c describe the Niggli cell of L and fulfil the conditions (3.1.3.2a) to (3.1.3.5f) in Section 3.1.3.2 (de Wolff & Gruber, 1991). See also Figs. 3.1.3.1 to 3.1.3.5.

3.1.4.4. Conventional cells Conventional cells are dealt with in Section 3.1.1. They are illustrated in Fig. 3.1.2.1 and described in Table 3.1.2.2. This description, however, is not exhaustive enough for determining the Bravais type. In mathematical terms, the conditions in Table 3.1.2.2 are necessary but not sufficient. For example, the C-centred cell with

3.1.4.3. A finer division of lattices The 44 lattice characters form a subdivision of the 14 Bravais types. There is another commonly known subdivision of the Bravais types, namely the 24 Delaunay sorts (Symmetrische Sorten) (Delaunay, 1933; International Tables for X-ray Crystallography, 1952, Vol. I; cf. Section 3.1.2.3). However, the two divisions, being based on quite different principles, are incompatible: the 44 lattice characters do not form a subdivision of the 24 Delaunay sorts. A natural problem arises to construct a division of lattices which would be a subdivision of both the lattice characters and the Delaunay sorts. However, we do not admit a purely mechanical intersection of both these divisions; we insist that their common subdivision be crystallographically meaningful. Such a division was proposed by Gruber (1997a). It uses the fact that the Niggli points of all lattices lie in two five-dimensional polyhedra, say þ and  . The underlying idea, originating from H. Wondratschek, is based on the distribution of Niggli points among the vertices, edges, faces, three- and four-dimensional hyperfaces, and the interior of þ and  . This leads to a natural division of Niggli points and further to a division of lattices. This division has 67 classes, but is not suitable for crystallography because it does not constitute a subdivision of the Bravais types. A modification of the idea is necessary. It consists of representing a lattice L by several points (instead of by one Niggli

a ¼ 6;

b ¼ 8;

c ¼ 5;

cos  ¼ 7=15;


¼  ¼ 90 ð3:1:4:3Þ

has the typical shape of a conventional cell of an mC lattice. But the lattice generated by the C-centred cell (3.1.4.3) is actually hR with the conventional rhombohedral basis vectors c;

ða þ bÞ=2;

ða  bÞ=2:

It is a natural goal to establish a system of conditions for the conventional cells which would be not only necessary but also sufficient. This is done in Table 3.1.4.1. In order to make the conditions as simple as possible, the usual mC description of the monoclinic centred lattices is replaced by the mI description. The relation between the two descriptions is simple: aI ¼ cC ;

bI ¼ bC ;

cI ¼ aC þ cC :

The exact meaning of Table 3.1.4.1 is as follows: Suppose that a Bravais type different from aP is given and that its symbol appears in column 1 in the ith entry of Table 3.1.4.1. Then a lattice L is of this Bravais type if and only if there exists a cell (a, b, c) in L such that

715

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 3.1.4.1 Conventional cells for the three-dimensional Bravais types of lattices and their limiting cases All remaining lattices are covered by the anorthic (triclinic) Bravais type aP.

Bravais type of lattice

Centring mode of the cell (a, b, c)

cP

P

a = b = c,
=  =  = 90

cI

I

a = b = c,
=  =  = 90

cF

F

a = b = c,
=  =  = 90

tP

P

tI

I

a ¼ b 6¼ c
=  =  = 90 pffiffiffi c= 2 6¼ a ¼ b 6¼ c,
=  =  = 90

oP

P

oI

Limiting cases

Conventional basis (a0 , b0, c0 ) for limiting case

b ¼ c ! cP

a, b, c

pffiffiffi c= 2 ¼ a ! cF b ¼ c ! cI

a + b, b  a, c a, b, c

a < b < c,†
=  =  = 90

a ¼ b ! tP b ¼ c ! tP

a, b, c (c0 /a0 > 1) b, c, a (c0 /a0 < 1)

I

a < b < c,
=  =  = 90

a ¼ b ! tI b ¼ c ! tI

a, b, c (c0 /a0 > 1) b, c, a (c0 /a0 < 1)

oF

F

a ¼ b ! tI b ¼ c ! tI

(a + b)/2, (b  a)/2, c (c0 /a0 > 1) (b + c)/2, (c  b)/2, a (c0 /a0 < 1)

oC

C

a < b < c,
=  =  = 90 pffiffiffi a < b 6¼ a 3,
=  =  = 90

a ¼ bp ! ffiffiffi tP b ¼ a 3 ! hP

(a + b)/2, (b  a)/2, c a, (b  a)/2, c

hP

P

a=b
=  = 90 ,  = 120

hR

P

a = b = c,
==
6¼ 60 ;
6¼ 90 ;
6¼ !‡


¼ 60 ! cF
¼ 90 ! cP
= ! ! cI

a + b + c, a  b + c, a + b  c a, b, c b + c, c + a, a + b

mP

P

2c cos  < a < c,§
=  = 90 < 

 ¼ 90 ! oP

b, a, c if a > b a, b, c if a < b < c a, c, b if b > c pffiffiffi a, 2c  a, b ða0 p3ffiffiffi< b0 Þ a + c, a  c, b ða0 3 > b0 Þ

Conditions

2c cos  ¼ a ! oC a ¼ c ! oC mI

I

c cos  < a < c,}
=  = 90 < 

 ¼ 90 ! oI c cos  ¼ a ! oC a ¼ c ! oF

b, a, c if a > b a, b, c if a < b < c a, c, b if b > c b, c + a, a if b < |c + a| c + a, b, a if b > |c + a| b, a + c, a  c if |a + c| > b a + c, b, c  a if |a + c| < b < |a  c| a + c, a  c, b if b > |a  c|

but not††

a2 + b2 = c2, a2 + ac cos  = b2 ! hR

a, (a  b  c)/2, (a + b  c)/2 (
0 < 60 )

nor

a2 + b2 = c2, b2 + ac cos  = a2 ! hR

a, (a + b + c)/2, (a  b + c)/2 (60 <
0 < 90 )

nor nor

c2 + 3b2 = 9a2, c = 3a cos  ! hR a2 + 3b2 = 9c2, a = 3c cos  ! hR

a, (a  b + c)/2, (a + b + c)/2 (90 <
0 < !)‡ c, (a + b + c)/2, (a  b + c)/2 (! <
0 )‡

† The labelling of the basis vectors according to their length is the reason for unconventional Hermann–Mauguin symbols: for example, the Hermann–Mauguin symbol Pmna may be changed to Pncm, Pbmn, Pman, Pcnm or Pnmb. Analogous facts apply to the oI, oC, oF, mP and mI Bravais types of lattices. ‡ ! ¼ arccosð1=3Þ ¼ 109 280 1600 . § This means that a, c are the shortest non-coplanar lattice vectors in their plane. } This means that a, c are the shortest non-coplanar lattice vectors in their plane on condition that the cell (a, b, c) is body-centred. †† The reason that the limiting cases of hR lattices require two additional equalities is that hR lattices have only two independent parameters (a,
), whereas mI lattices have four (a, b, c, ). A similar situation holds for the transition from anorthic (triclinic) to monoclinic lattices. See Fig. 3.1.4.3.

In the present section a cell of an oP, oI or oF lattice is considered conventional if it satisfies not only the conditions given in column 2 of Table 3.1.2.2 but also a < b < c. Similarly, the additional requirement a < b is made for oC and the additional requirements a < c and  > 90 for mP and mI. Column 5 gives a conventional basis (a0 , b0, c0 ) for the limiting case expressed in terms of the conventional basis (a, b, c) for the original Bravais type. The basis is chosen such that handedness is conserved, i.e. all bases considered in this section may be regarded as righthanded. Lattices of the same type obtained from a given original Bravais type by a different limit condition differ in the shape of their conventional cell. For example, both limit conditions for the

(i) the centring of (a, b, c) agrees with the centring mode given in column 2 in the ith entry, and (ii) the parameters of the cell (a, b, c) fulfil the conditions listed in column 3 in the ith entry of Table 3.1.4.1. For most entries the conditions contain one or more signs of type < or 6¼. If one of these signs is replaced by the equality sign, a Bravais type of higher symmetry is obtained. These limiting cases are listed in column 4. A particular situation occurs for the Bravais type mI. The conditions given for this type in the first two lines of column 3 exclude the limiting cases oI, oC and oF but not hR. The latter case is excluded if none of the four pairs of equalities listed in column 4 is satisfied.

716

3.1. CRYSTAL LATTICES Table 3.1.4.2 original type oP lead to lattices of type tP with axial Conventional cells for the five two-dimensional Bravais types of lattices and their ratios c0 /a0 > 1 and < 1, respectively, as shown in limiting cases column 5. The centring mode of the cell, p or c, is indicated in the symbol of the Bravais type. The following examples illustrate the meaning of the information on limiting cases given in Table Bravais type of Conventional basis (a0 , b0 ) 3.1.4.1. for limiting case lattice Conditions Limiting cases (1) Consider the original Bravais type oF. If a face hp a = b, centred cell satisfies
=  =  = 90 and a < b =  = 120 c, the lattice will be of type tI with conventional tp a = b, basis (a0 , b0, c0 ) = [(b + c)/2, (c  b)/2, a] and  = 90 axial ratio c0 /a0 < 1. pffiffiffi oc a < b 6¼ a 3, ap ¼ffiffiffib ! tp (a + b)/2, (b  a)/2 (2) Consider the original Bravais type mI. If a   = 90 a 3 ¼ b ! hp a, (b  a)/2 body-centred cell satisfies c cos  < a < c,
= 2 2 2 2 2  op a < b, a = b ! tp a, b  = 90 < , a + b = c and a + ac cos  = b ,  = 90 the lattice will be of type hR with conventional mp 2b cos  < a < b,  ¼ 90 ! op a, b pffiffiffi basis (a0 , b0, c0 ) = [a, (a  b  c)/2, (a + b - c)/2]  b0 Þ The limiting cases given in Table 3.1.4.1 are illustrated in Fig. 3.1.4.3. Conventional cells for the five Bravais types of twoFigures similar to Fig. 3.1.4.3 were first published dimensional lattices are described and illustrated in Table 3.1.2.1. by Hosoya (1979) and, independently, by Klemm (1982). The The conditions given in column 2 of this table are necessary but additions made to this section in this present edition are based on not always sufficient. Consider the Bravais type whose symbol Grimmer (2015). appears in Table 3.1.4.2 in the ith entry of column 1. A twodimensional lattice L is of this Bravais type if and only if there exists a cell (a, b) with centring mode indicated by the second letter of the Bravais-type symbol and which satisfies the conditions given in the ith entry of column 2. The conditions in the last three entries of column 2 contain one or more signs of type < or 6¼. If one of these signs is replaced by the equality sign, a Bravais type of higher symmetry is obtained. These limiting cases are listed in column 3 of Table 3.1.4.2. Column 4 gives a conventional basis for the limiting case expressed in terms of the conventional basis for the original Bravais type. Consider, for example, the original Bravais type mp. If a primitive cell satisfies 2b cos  = a < b and  > 90 , the lattice will be of type oc with conventional basis (a0 , b0 ) = (a, 2b + a) and pffiffiffi 0 0 cell parameters satisfying a 3 < b . The limiting cases given in Table 3.1.4.2 are illustrated in Fig. 3.1.4.4. Figure 3.1.4.3

3.1.4.5. Conventional characters

The Bravais-lattice type of the three-dimensional lattice at the upper end of a line is a limiting case of the type at the lower end.

Lattice characters were defined in Section 3.1.4.2 by dividing the Niggli image of a certain Bravais type T into components. Doing the same – instead of with the Niggli points – with the parameters of conventional cells7 of lattices of the Bravais type T we obtain a division of the range8 of these parameters into components. This leads to a further division of lattices of the Bravais type T into equivalence classes. We call these classes – in analogy to the Niggli characters – conventional characters. There are 22 of them. Two lattices of the same Bravais type belong to the same conventional character if and only if one lattice can be deformed into the other in such a way that the conventional parameters of the deformed lattice change continuously from the initial to the final position without change of the Bravais type. The word ‘continuously’ cannot be replaced by the stronger term ‘linearly’ because the range of conventional parameters of the monoclinic centred lattices is not convex.

Figure 3.1.4.4 The Bravais-lattice type of the two-dimensional lattice at the upper end of a line is a limiting case of the type at the lower end.

7 8

717

For aP lattices, these parameters are derived from the Niggli point [see (3.1.4.2)]. This range is a subset of Ek, where k  6.

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 3.1.4.3 Conventional characters Bravais type of lattice cP cI cF tP tI

oP oI oF oC hP hR†

mP mC aP

Conditions

a > > > > > or tristetrahedron (for jhj < jlj) > > > > > > > > > > Tetrahedron truncated by tetrahedron > > > > = < ðfor jxj < jzjÞ > > > > > > > Tetragon-tritetrahedron or deltohedron > > > > > > > > > > > or deltoid-dodecahedron (for jhj > jlj) > > : ; Cube & two tetrahedra ðfor jxj > jzjÞ

6

b

2..

x; 0; 0 x
; 0; 0 0; x; 0 0; x
; 0 0; 0; x 0; 0; x


4

a

.3.

x; x; x x
; x
; x x
; x; x


1

o

23.

0; 0; 0

x; x
; x



ðhklÞ ðh
klÞ
ðlhkÞ ðlh
kÞ

ðklhÞ ðklhÞ



lÞ ðhk

lÞ ðhk

ð
lhkÞ ð
lhkÞ



ðklhÞ ðklhÞ


ðhhlÞ ðh
hlÞ
ðlhhÞ ðlh
hÞ
hÞ
ðhlhÞ ðhl



lÞ ðhh

lÞ ðhh

ð
lhhÞ ð
lhhÞ
ðh

lhÞ ðh
lhÞ

Pentagon-dodecahedron or dihexahedron or pyritohedron Irregular icosahedron ð¼ pentagon-dodecahedron þ octahedronÞ


ð0k
lÞ ð0k

lÞ ð0klÞ ð0klÞ
ð
l0kÞ ð
l0kÞ
ðl0kÞ ðl0kÞ
ðkl0Þ ðkl0Þ ðk
l0Þ ðk

l0Þ

Rhomb-dodecahedron Cuboctahedron

ð011Þ ð101Þ ð110Þ


ð011Þ
ð101Þ
ð110Þ

Cube or hexahedron Octahedron

ð100Þ ð010Þ ð001Þ


ð100Þ
ð010Þ
ð001Þ


ð01
1Þ
ð011Þ

1Þ
ð101Þ ð10

ð110Þ ð1
10Þ




1Þ
ð11
1Þ ð111Þ ð1
11Þ ð11
ð111Þ
ð111Þ

or ð1
1
1Þ ð111Þ

Tetrahedron Tetrahedron Point in origin Symmetry of special projections Along ½001 Along ½111 Along ½110 2mm 3 m

765

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 3.2.3.2 (continued) CUBIC SYSTEM (cont.)

m3
2
3 m 24

d

Th 1

x; y; z x
; y
; z x
; y; z
z; x; y z; x
; y
z
; x
; y y; z; x y
; z; x
y; z
; x


x; y
; z
z
; x; y
y
; z
; x

x
; y
; z
x; y; z
x; y
; z z
; x
; y
z
; x; y z; x; y
y
; z
; x
y; z
; x y
; z; x

x
; y; z z; x
; y y; z; x


Didodecahedron or diploid or dyakisdodecahedron Cube & octahedron & pentagon-dodecahedron

8 9 Tetragon-trioctahedron or trapezohedron > > > > > or deltoid-icositetrahedron > > > > > > > > > (for jhj < jlj) > > > > > > > > Cube & octahedron & rhomb> > > > > > = < dodecahedron ðfor jxj < jzjÞ > > > > > > > > > > > > Trigon-trioctahedron or trisoctahedron > > > > > > > > (for jhj > jlj) > > > > > > Cube truncated by octahedron > > ; : ðfor jxj > jzjÞ 12

c

m..

0; y; z 0; y
; z 0; y; z
z; 0; y z; 0; y
z
; 0; y y; z; 0 y
; z; 0 y; z
; 0

0; y
; z
z
; 0; y
y
; z
; 0

x; x
; x
x
; x; x


ðhklÞ ðh
klÞ
ðlhkÞ ðlh
kÞ
hÞ
ðklhÞ ðkl



lÞ ðhk

lÞ ðhk

ð
lhkÞ ð
lhkÞ
ðk

lhÞ ðk
lhÞ

ðh
k

lÞ ðhk
lÞ
ð
lhkÞ ð
lh
kÞ
ðk
lhÞ ðk

lhÞ



ðhklÞ ðhklÞ
ðlhkÞ
ðlhkÞ

ðklhÞ ðklhÞ


ðhhlÞ ðh
hlÞ
ðlhhÞ ðlh
hÞ
hÞ
ðhlhÞ ðhl



lÞ ðhh

lÞ ðhh

ð
lhhÞ ð
lhhÞ
ðh

lhÞ ðh
lhÞ

ðh
h

lÞ ðhh
lÞ
ð
lhhÞ ð
lh
hÞ
ðh
lhÞ ðh

lhÞ



ðhhlÞ ðhhlÞ
ðlhhÞ
ðlhhÞ

ðhlhÞ ðhlhÞ

Pentagon-dodecahedron or dihexahedron or pyritohedron Irregular icosahedron ð¼ pentagon-dodecahedron þ octahedronÞ


ð0klÞ ð0klÞ ð0k
lÞ ð0k

lÞ

ð
l0kÞ ð
l0kÞ ðl0kÞ ðl0kÞ
ðkl0Þ ðkl0Þ ðk
l0Þ ðk

l0Þ

Rhomb-dodecahedron Cuboctahedron

ð011Þ ð101Þ ð110Þ


ð011Þ
ð101Þ
ð110Þ


ð01
1Þ
ð011Þ

1Þ
ð101Þ ð10

ð110Þ ð1
10Þ

Octahedron Cube

ð111Þ
ð1
1
1Þ


ð1
11Þ
ð111Þ


1Þ
ð11
1Þ
ð11

ð111Þ ð111Þ

ð100Þ ð010Þ ð001Þ


ð100Þ
ð010Þ
ð001Þ

8

b

.3.

x; x; x x
; x
; x x
; x; x
x
; x
; x
x; x; x
x; x
; x

6

a

2mm..

x; 0; 0 x
; 0; 0 0; x; 0 0; x
; 0 0; 0; x 0; 0; x


Cube or hexahedron Octahedron

1

o


m3:

0; 0; 0

Point in origin Symmetry of special projections Along ½001 Along ½111 Along ½110 2mm 6 2mm

766

3.2. POINT GROUPS AND CRYSTAL CLASSES Table 3.2.3.2 (continued) CUBIC SYSTEM (cont.)

432 24

O d

1

x; y; z x
; y
; z x
; y; z
z; x; y z; x
; y
z
; x
; y y; z; x y
; z; x
y; z
; x


x; y
; z
z
; x; y
y
; z
; x

y; x; z
y
; x
; z
y; x
; z x; z; y
x
; z; y x
; z
; y
z; y; x
z; y
; x z
; y; x

y
; x; z x; z
; y z
; y
; x


Pentagon-trioctahedron or gyroid or pentagon-icositetrahedron Snub cube ð¼ cube þ octahedron þ pentagontrioctahedronÞ 8 9 Tetragon-trioctahedron > > > > > or trapezohedron > > > > > > > > > > > or deltoid-icositetrahedron > > > > > > > > (for jhj < jlj) > > > > > > > > Cube & octahedron & > > > > > > > > < rhomb-dodecahedron = ðfor jxj < jzjÞ > > > > > > > > > > > > > > Trigon-trioctahedron > > > > > > > > or trisoctahedron > > > > > > > > (for jhj > jljÞ > > > > > > > > Cube truncated by octahedron > > ; : ðfor jxj > jzjÞ

Tetrahexahedron or tetrakishexahedron Octahedron truncated by cube


ðhklÞ ðh
klÞ
ðlhkÞ ðlh
kÞ
hÞ
ðklhÞ ðkl



lÞ ðhk

lÞ ðhk

ð
lhkÞ ð
lhkÞ
ðk

lhÞ ðk
lhÞ

ðkh
lÞ ðk
h

lÞ
ðhlkÞ
ðhlkÞ
ðlkhÞ
ðlkhÞ



ðkhlÞ ðkhlÞ
ðh
lkÞ ðh

lkÞ
ð
lkhÞ ð
lk
hÞ


ðhhlÞ ðh
hlÞ
ðlhhÞ ðlh
hÞ
hÞ
ðhlhÞ ðhl



lÞ ðhh

lÞ ðhh

ð
lhhÞ ð
lhhÞ
ðh

lhÞ ðh
lhÞ

ðhh
lÞ ðh
h

lÞ
ðhlhÞ
ðhlhÞ

ðlhhÞ ðlhhÞ



ðhhlÞ ðhhlÞ
ðh
lhÞ ðh

lhÞ
ð
lhhÞ ð
lh
hÞ


ð0klÞ ð0klÞ ð0k
lÞ ð0k

lÞ
ð
l0kÞ ð
l0kÞ
ðl0kÞ ðl0kÞ
ðkl0Þ ðkl0Þ ðk
l0Þ ðk

l0Þ

lÞ ðk0lÞ ðk0lÞ
ðk0
lÞ ðk0
ð0lkÞ ð0
lkÞ
ð0
lkÞ ð0lkÞ

ðlk0Þ ðlk0Þ ð
lk0Þ ð
lk0Þ

12

c

..2

0; y; y 0; y
; y 0; y; y
y; 0; y y; 0; y
y
; 0; y y; y; 0 y
; y; 0 y; y
; 0

0; y
; y
y
; 0; y
y
; y
; 0

Rhomb-dodecahedron Cuboctahedron

ð011Þ ð101Þ ð110Þ


ð011Þ
ð101Þ
ð110Þ


ð01
1Þ
ð011Þ

1Þ
ð101Þ ð10

ð110Þ ð1
10Þ

8

b

.3.

x; x; x x
; x
; x x
; x; x
x; x; x
x
; x
; x
x; x
; x

x; x
; x
x
; x; x

Octahedron Cube

ð111Þ
ð111Þ


ð1
11Þ
ð1
1
1Þ


1Þ
ð11
1Þ
ð11

ð111Þ ð111Þ

6

a

4..

x; 0; 0 x
; 0; 0 0; x; 0 0; x
; 0 0; 0; x 0; 0; x


Cube or hexahedron Octahedron

ð100Þ ð010Þ ð001Þ


ð100Þ
ð010Þ
ð001Þ

1

o

432

0; 0; 0

Point in origin Symmetry of special projections Along ½001 Along ½111 Along ½110 4mm 3m 2mm

767

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 3.2.3.2 (continued) CUBIC SYSTEM (cont.)


43m 24

d

Td 1

x; y; z x
; y
; z x
; y; z
z; x; y z; x
; y
z
; x
; y y; z; x y
; z; x
y; z
; x


x; y
; z
z
; x; y
y
; z
; x

y; x; z y
; x
; z y; x
; z
x; z; y x
; z; y
x
; z
; y z; y; x z; y
; x
z
; y; x


y
; x; z
x; z
; y
z
; y
; x

Hexatetrahedron or hexakistetrahedron Cube truncated by two tetrahedra

Tetrahexahedron or tetrakishexahedron Octahedron truncated by cube

12

c

..m

x; x; z x
; x
; z x
; x; z
z; x; x z; x
; x
z
; x
; x x; z; x x
; z; x
x; z
; x


6

b

2.mm

x; 0; 0 x
; 0; 0 0; x; 0 0; x
; 0 0; 0; x 0; 0; x


4

a

.3m

x; x; x x
; x
; x x
; x; x


1

o


43m

0; 0; 0

x; x
; z
z
; x; x
x
; z
; x

x; x
; x


8 Trigon-tritetrahedron > > > or tristetrahedron > > > > > (for jhj < jlj) > > > > > Tetrahedron truncated > > > by tetrahedron > > > > < ðfor jxj < jzjÞ

9 > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > =

> > > Tetragon-tritetrahedron > > > > > > > > > or deltohedron > > > > > > > > or deltoid-dodecahedron > > > > > > > > > > (for jhj > jlj) > > > > > > > > two tetrahedra Cube & > > : ; ðfor jxj > jzjÞ


ðhklÞ ðh
klÞ
ðlhkÞ ðlh
kÞ
hÞ
ðklhÞ ðkl



lÞ ðhk

lÞ ðhk

ð
lhkÞ ð
lhkÞ
ðk

lhÞ ðk
lhÞ


ðkhlÞ ðk
hlÞ
kÞ
ðhlkÞ ðhl
ðlkhÞ ðlk
hÞ



lÞ ðkh

lÞ ðkh
ðh

lkÞ ðh
lkÞ
ð
lkhÞ
ð
lkhÞ


ð0klÞ ð0klÞ ð0k
lÞ ð0k

lÞ

ð
l0kÞ ð
l0kÞ ðl0kÞ ðl0kÞ
ðkl0Þ ðkl0Þ ðk
l0Þ ðk

l0Þ


lÞ ðk0lÞ ðk0lÞ ðk0
lÞ ðk0
ð0
lkÞ ð0
lkÞ
ð0lkÞ ð0lkÞ

ðlk0Þ ðlk0Þ ð
lk0Þ ð
lk0Þ


ðhhlÞ ðh
hlÞ
ðlhhÞ ðlh
hÞ
hÞ
ðhlhÞ ðhl

Rhomb-dodecahedron Cuboctahedron

ð110Þ ð011Þ ð101Þ


ð1
10Þ
ð01
1Þ
1Þ
ð10

Cube or hexahedron Octahedron

ð100Þ ð010Þ ð001Þ


ð100Þ
ð010Þ
ð001Þ



lÞ ðhh

lÞ ðhh

ð
lhhÞ ð
lhhÞ
ðh

lhÞ ðh
lhÞ



ð110Þ ð110Þ

ð011Þ ð011Þ
ð101Þ
ð101Þ




1Þ
ð11
1Þ ð111Þ ð1
11Þ ð11
ð111Þ
ð111Þ

ð111Þ or ð1
1
1Þ

Tetrahedron Tetrahedron Point in origin Symmetry of special projections Along ½001 Along ½111 Along ½110 4mm 3m m

768

3.2. POINT GROUPS AND CRYSTAL CLASSES Table 3.2.3.2 (continued) CUBIC SYSTEM (cont.)


m3m 4
2 3 m m 48

24

24

f

e

d

Oh 1

..m

m..


ðhklÞ ðh
klÞ
ðlhkÞ ðlh
kÞ
hÞ
ðklhÞ ðkl



lÞ ðhk

lÞ ðhk

ð
lhkÞ ð
lhkÞ
ðk

lhÞ ðk
lhÞ

ðkh
lÞ ðk
h

lÞ
ðhlkÞ
ðhlkÞ

ðlkhÞ ðlkhÞ



ðkhlÞ ðkhlÞ
ðh
lkÞ ðh

lkÞ
ð
lkhÞ ð
lk
hÞ

x
; y; z z; x
; y y; z; x


ðh
k

lÞ ðhk
lÞ
ð
lhkÞ ð
lh
kÞ
ðk
lhÞ ðk

lhÞ



ðhklÞ ðhklÞ
ðlhkÞ
ðlhkÞ

ðklhÞ ðklhÞ

y; x
; z
x
; z; y
z; y; x


ðk
hlÞ ðkhlÞ
ðh

lkÞ ðh
lkÞ

ð
lkhÞ ð
lkhÞ



lÞ ðkh

lÞ ðkh
kÞ
ðhlkÞ ðhl
ðlkhÞ ðlk
hÞ


ðhhlÞ ðh
hlÞ
ðlhhÞ ðlh
hÞ
hÞ
ðhlhÞ ðhl



lÞ ðhh

lÞ ðhh

ð
lhhÞ ð
lhhÞ
ðh

lhÞ ðh
lhÞ

ðhh
lÞ ðh
h

lÞ
ðhlhÞ
ðhlhÞ
ðlhhÞ
ðlhhÞ



ðhhlÞ ðhhlÞ
ðh
lhÞ ðh

lhÞ
ð
lhhÞ ð
lh
hÞ

x; y; z x
; y
; z x
; y; z
z; x; y z; x
; y
z
; x
; y y; z; x y
; z; x
y; z
; x


x; y
; z
z
; x; y
y
; z
; x

y; x; z
y
; x
; z
y; x
; z x; z; y
x
; z; y x
; z
; y
z; y; x
z; y
; x z
; y; x

y
; x; z x; z
; y z
; y
; x


x
; y
; z
x; y; z
x; y
; z z
; x
; y
z
; x; y z; x; y
y
; z
; x
y; z
; x y
; z; x y
; x
; z y; x; z y
; x; z
x
; z
; y x; z
; y
x; z; y z
; y
; x z
; y; x
z; y
; x


x; x; z x
; x
; z x
; x; z
z; x; x z; x
; x
z
; x
; x x; z; x x
; z; x
x; z
; x


x; x
; z
z
; x; x
x
; z
; x

x; x; z
x
; x
; z
x; x
; z x; z; x
x
; z; x x
; z
; x
z; x; x
z; x
; x z
; x; x

x
; x; z x; z
; x z
; x
; x


0; y; z 0; y
; z 0; y; z
z; 0; y z; 0; y
z
; 0; y y; z; 0 y
; z; 0 y; z
; 0

0; y
; z
z
; 0; y
y
; z
; 0

y; 0; z
y
; 0; z
y; 0; z 0; z; y
0; z; y 0; z
; y
z; y; 0 z; y
; 0 z
; y; 0

y
; 0; z 0; z
; y z
; y
; 0

Hexaoctahedron or hexakisoctahedron Cube truncated by octahedron and by rhombdodecahedron

8 9 Tetragon-trioctahedron > > > > > > > > or trapezohedron > > > > > > > > or deltoid-icositetrahedron > > > > > > > > (for jhj < jlj) > > > > > > > > Cube & octahedron & rhomb> > > > > > > > dodecahedron > > > > < = ðfor jxj < jzjÞ > > > > > > > > > > > Trigon-trioctahedron > > > > > > > or trisoctahedron > > > > > > > > (for jhj > jljÞ > > > > > > Cube truncated by > > > > > > > > > > octahedron > > ; : ðfor jxj > jzjÞ

Tetrahexahedron or tetrakishexahedron Octahedron truncated by cube


ð0klÞ ð0klÞ ð0k
lÞ ð0k

lÞ

ð
l0kÞ ð
l0kÞ ðl0kÞ ðl0kÞ
ðkl0Þ ðkl0Þ ðk
l0Þ ðk

l0Þ

lÞ ðk0lÞ ðk0lÞ
ðk0
lÞ ðk0
ð0lkÞ ð0
lkÞ
ð0
lkÞ ð0lkÞ

ðlk0Þ ðlk0Þ ð
lk0Þ ð
lk0Þ

12

c

m.m2

0; y; y 0; y
; y 0; y; y
y; 0; y y; 0; y
y
; 0; y y; y; 0 y
; y; 0 y; y
; 0

0; y
; y
y
; 0; y
y
; y
; 0

Rhomb-dodecahedron Cuboctahedron

ð011Þ ð101Þ ð110Þ


ð011Þ
ð101Þ
ð110Þ


ð01
1Þ
ð011Þ

1Þ
ð101Þ ð10

ð1
10Þ ð110Þ

8

b

.3m

x; x; x x
; x
; x x
; x; x
x; x; x
x
; x
; x
x; x
; x

x; x
; x
x
; x; x

Octahedron Cube

ð111Þ
ð111Þ


ð1
11Þ
ð1
1
1Þ


1Þ
ð11
1Þ
ð11

ð111Þ ð111Þ

6

a

4m.m

x; 0; 0 x
; 0; 0 0; x; 0 0; x
; 0 0; 0; x 0; 0; x


Cube or hexahedron Octahedron

ð100Þ ð010Þ ð001Þ


ð100Þ
ð010Þ
ð001Þ

1

o


m3m

0; 0; 0

Point in origin Symmetry of special projections Along ½001 Along ½111 Along ½110 4mm 6mm 2mm

769

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 3.2.3.3 The two icosahedral point groups Each point group is specified by its Hermann–Mauguin and Schoenflies symbol. For each point group, the stereographic projections show (on the left) the general position and (on the right) the symmetry elements. The list of the Wyckoff positions includes: Columns 1 to 3: multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, oriented site-symmetry symbol; Under the left stereographic projection: face forms (in roman type) and point forms (in italics), corresponding to the values for the Miller indices and coordinates listed in the last column; only ‘initial’ Miller indices and coordinates are given (see text).

235

I

60

d

1

Pentagon-hexecontahedron Snub pentagon-dodecahedron (= pentagondodecahedron + icosahedron + pentagonhexecontahedron) 8 Trisicosahedron > > > > Pentagon-dodecahedron truncated by icosahedron > > > > ðpoles between axes 2 and 3Þ > > > > > > > > Deltoid-hexecontahedron > > > > < Rhomb-triacontahedron & pentagon-dodecahedron & icosahedron > > ðpoles between axes 3 and 5Þ > > > > > > > > > Pentakisdodecahedron > > > > Icosahedron truncated by > > > > > : pentagon-dodecahedron ðpoles between axes 5 and 2)

(hkl) x, y, z

ð0klÞ with jlj < 0:382jkj 0; y; z with jzj < 0:382jyj

ð0klÞ with 0:382jkj < jlj < 1:618jkj 0; y; z with 0:382jyj < jzj < 1:618jyj

ð0klÞ with jlj > 1:618jkj 0; y; z with jzj > 1:618jyj

30

c

2..

Rhomb-triacontahedron Icosadodecahedron (= pentagondodecahedron & icosahedron)

(100) x, 0, 0

20

b

.3.

Regular icosahedron Regular pentagon-dodecahedron

(111) x, x, x

12

a

..5

Regular pentagon-dodecahedron Regular icosahedron

ð01Þ 0; y; y

1

o

235

Point in origin

0, 0, 0



pffiffiffi with  ¼ 12ð 5 þ 1Þ ¼ 1:618

Symmetry of special projections Along ½001 Along ½111 Along ½10 2mm 3m 5m

770

3.2. POINT GROUPS AND CRYSTAL CLASSES Table 3.2.3.3 (continued)

m3
5
2

35 m

Ih

120

e

l

60

d

m..

Hecatonicosahedron or hexaicosahedron Pentagon-dodecahedron truncated by icosahedron and by rhomb-triacontahedron 8 Trisicosahedron > > > > Pentagon-dodecahedron truncated by > > > > icosahedron (poles between axes 2 and 3Þ > > > > > > > > Deltoid-hexecontahedron > > < Rhomb-triacontahedron & pentagondodecahedron & icosahedron > > > > (poles between axes 3 and 5Þ > > > > > > > > > Pentakisdodecahedron > > > > > : Icosahedron truncated by pentagondodecahedron (poles between axes 5 and 2Þ

(hkl) x, y, z ð0klÞ with jlj < 0:382jkj 0; y; z with jzj < 0:382jyj

ð0klÞ with 0:382jkj < jlj < 1:618jkj 0; y; z with 0:382jyj < jzj < 1:618jyj

ð0klÞ with jlj > 1:618jkj 0; y; z with jzj > 1:618jyj

30

c

2mm..

Rhomb-triacontahedron Icosadodecahedron (= pentagon-dodecahedron & icosahedron)

(100) x, 0, 0

20

b

3m (m3.)

Regular icosahedron Regular pentagon-dodecahedron

(111) x, x, x

12

a

5m (m.5)

Regular pentagon-dodecahedron Regular icosahedron

ð01Þ 0; y; y

1

o

2=m 3 5

Point in origin

0, 0, 0



pffiffiffi with  ¼ 12 ð 5 þ 1Þ ¼ 1:618

Symmetry of special projections Along ½001 Along ½111 Along ½10 2mm 6mm 10mm

771

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY most molecules the distinction is usually of only minor importance. In Section 1.1.7 a general definition is given for an orbit under the action of a group. Applied to molecules, we formulate this definition in the following way: The set of points symmetry-equivalent to a point X of a molecule is the orbit of X under P M . A point X in a molecule has a definite site symmetry S X (sitesymmetry group). It consists of all those symmetry operations of the point group P M which leave the point fixed. The sitesymmetry group S X is always a subgroup of the point group of the molecule: S X P M . A point X is on a general position if its site symmetry S X consists of nothing more than the identity, S X ¼ I . Otherwise, if S X > I , the point is on a special position. The multiplicity of a point X in a molecule is equal to the number of points which are symmetry-equivalent to this point, i.e. the number of points in its orbit. If the point is on a general position, its multiplicity is equal to the group order jP M j. If jS X j is the order of the site symmetry of a point on a special position, the multiplicity of X is jP M j=jS X j. Two points X and Y of a molecule belong to the same Wyckoff position if the site-symmetry groups S X and S Y are conjugate subgroups of P M, i.e. if S X and S Y are symmetry-equivalent under a symmetry operation of P M ; expressed mathematically, this is S Y ¼ g S X g 1 with g 2 P M . The special case S X ¼ S Y is included.

3.2.4. Molecular symmetry By U. Mu¨ller

3.2.4.1. Introduction In this section, by ‘molecule’ we mean a separate set of closely bonded atoms; this definition includes molecular ions. The term ‘molecule’ as used here also includes molecular aggregates held together by hydrogen bonds or other important molecular interactions. We consider only the symmetry of isolated molecules, i.e. we act as if the molecule had no surroundings or a completely isotropic surrounding (even if it is a molecular ion that in reality has nearby counter ions), and we do not consider any vibrational distortions. Of course, in crystals the surroundings are not isotropic; their anisotropy is reflected in the site symmetry of the molecule. The site symmetry of the molecule in the crystal may not be higher than the molecular symmetry, and, in most cases, it is lower, i.e. it is a subgroup of the point group of the isolated molecule. From experience we know that the actual deviation of the molecular symmetry in crystals as compared to the symmetry in an isotropic surrounding is usually unimportant; generally, only conformation angles are affected significantly. According to the statistical data for organic molecules (molecules having C—C or C—H bonds), the point group 1 is the most frequent (70.9%), followed by 1 (8.1%), 2 (7.5%), m (6.5%), 2/m (2.1%) and mm2 (1.7%); all others are 1 and no reflection plane perpendicular to it. The polar point groups are N (N ¼ 1; 2; . . .), m, Nm (N odd) and Nmm (N even). The corresponding crystallographic point groups are those marked with a + sign under the heading ‘First-rank tensor’ in Table 3.2.2.1. Examples For the example of metaldehyde mentioned in the preceding section, we find in Table 3.2.3.2, point group 4mm, the Wyckoff positions 8d, 4c, 4b and 1a. Looking at the image of the molecule, we choose a coordinate system with z along the fourfold axis and x and y perpendicular to the mirror planes marked m10 and m01 . Some value has to be assigned to the unit ˚ . The origin must of the (Cartesian) coordinate system, say 1 A be chosen at some arbitrary site on the Wyckoff position 1a, say such that z = 0 for the C1 atoms. There is no atom on the Wyckoff position 1a ð0; 0; zÞ. The orbit consisting of the four oxygen atoms is on position 4b ðx; x; zÞ, ðx; x; zÞ, ðx; x; zÞ, ðx; x; zÞ, with x = 0.831, z = 0.586; these atoms form a square and have the site symmetry ..m, which in the image is on the mirror planes m11 and m11
. Position 4c ðx; 0; zÞ, ðx; 0; zÞ, ð0; x; zÞ, ð0; x; zÞ has three occupied orbits: C1 with x =1.710 and (the arbitrary) z = 0, C2 with x = 3.194, z = 0.294 and H2; each of these orbits again forms a square and their site symmetry is .m . on the mirror planes m01 and m10 . The orbit of the eight H3 atoms is on the general position 8d; they form a truncated square. (The numerical values have been adapted from the coordinates of Barnett et al., 2005). The fullerene C70 is an example of a molecule with noncrystallographic symmetry, 10 2 m (D5h ). This point-group type is not listed in Table 3.2.3.2, but it can be found in Table 3.2.1.6.

Figure 3.2.4.1 P-helix of isotactic poly-4-methyl-1-pentene (form I) with a 7/2 helix which corresponds to a 74 helix in Hermann–Mauguin notation. Large circles represent isobutyl groups (adapted from Natta & Corradini, 1960).

Molecules of chain polymers tend to be entangled, in which case they have no overall symmetry; symmetry is then restricted to the local symmetry in the immediate surrounding of an atom. In crystalline polymers the chains are forced to align themselves and to adopt a symmetric conformation. This symmetry can be crystallographic, but often the symmetry of the single molecule within the crystal matrix is noncrystallographic. Crystalline chain polymers often adopt helical molecular structures. In polymer science helices are designated according to the ‘helical point net system’ by N/r (‘N/r helix’) where N is the number of repeating units within one translation period and r is the corresponding number of helical coil turns along the molecular chain (Alexander, 1969; Compendium of Polymer Terminology and Nomenclature (2008); Spruiell & Clark, 1980).25 Provided that all repeating units in the chain are symmetryequivalent, the corresponding Hermann–Mauguin screw axis symbol Nq can be calculated from

3.2.4.4. Polymeric molecules Polymeric molecules actually consist of a finite number of atoms, but it is more practical to treat them as parts of infinitely extended molecules in the same way as crystals are treated as parts of ideal infinite crystals. If an infinitely long ideal molecule has translational symmetry in one direction, then its symmetry group is a rod group. If the molecule forms a layer with translational symmetry in two dimensions, its symmetry group is a layer group (not to be confused with a plane group, where space is restricted to two dimensions, i.e. to an infinitely thin plane). Rod groups can have noncrystallographic symmetries, with axes of any order, such as the 103 screw axes in polymeric sulfur or the 299 axes in polyoxymethylene. Symbols for rod groups correspond to Hermann–Mauguin space-group symbols, but begin with a script style . The unique direction c is the direction with the translational symmetry; lattice vectors exist in this direction only and are integral multiples of c. This is also the direction of any rotation or screw axis with order N > 2. There is no natural length for the a and b vectors. If there are (twofold) rotation axes perpendicular to c or normals of mirror or glide planes perpendicular to c, these directions serve to determine the directions of a and b; otherwise, their directions are arbitrary.

Nn 1 ¼ rq; where n (¼ 0; 1; 2; . . .) and q (0 < q < N) are integers to be chosen such that the equation is satisfied. The chemical handedness of the helix does not follow from the N/r symbol, but is specified by the letters M (minus; or L) and P (or R) for left and right, respectively.

p

Example Isotactic poly-4-methyl-1-pentene (form I) consists of helical 7/2 chains (7 monomers per two chain windings). The equation 25

In the IUPAC Recommendations 2011, a different notation for polymeric helices is recommended, in that a 7/2 helix be named 72 helix (Meille et al., 2011). This is very unfortunate because it causes confusion with the Hermann–Mauguin symbols: the Hermann–Mauguin symbol of the 7/2 helix is not 72, but 74 or 73.

774

3.2. POINT GROUPS AND CRYSTAL CLASSES Table 3.2.4.1

above is fulfilled either as 7  1 + 1 = 2  4 or 7  1  1 = 2  3, i.e. q = 4 or q = 3, and the corresponding Hermann– Mauguin screw operation symbol is either 74 or 73, depending on chirality. The helix is shown in Fig. 3.2.4.1. The N/r symbol cannot be deduced uniquely from the Hermann–Mauguin symbol, because a 7/9 or any other 7/(2 modulo 7) P-helix and any 7/(5 modulo 7) M-helix also has 74 symmetry.

Classes of rod groups If N = 2, the conventional symbols differ (the symmetry direction with the N must by shifted to the last position of the symbol and 2 is to be replaced by m). n is an arbitrary positive integer.

Short symbol

pN pN pN pN=m pN =m pN2 pN22 pN 2 pN 22 pNm pNmm pNc pNcc pN mc pNm pN2m pNc pN2c pN=mmm pN=mcc pN =mmc

p

Full symbol

N

q

Layer groups can have axes of orders of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 only. There exist 80 layer-group types. Layer-group symbols refer to a crystallographic coordinate system with c (of arbitrary length) perpendicular to the layer defined by the basis vectors a and b. Layer-group symbols are like space-group symbols, but begin with a lower-case p or c specifying the centring. Since planegroup symbols also begin by p or c and can therefore be confused with layer-group symbols, it is advisable to always mention what kind of group is meant. Rod and layer groups with axis orders of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 are the subject of International Tables for Crystallography (2010), Volume E, cf. Section 1.7.3. Table 3.2.4.1 lists the rod-group types for any axis order.

q

q q

q

3.2.4.5. Enantiomorphism and chirality Definition: An object is chiral if it cannot be superposed by pure rotation and translation on its image formed by inversion through a point. The symmetry group of a chiral object contains no symmetry operations of the second kind, i.e. no inversion, rotoinversion, reflection or glide reflection. As a consequence, a chiral object can occur in two different forms, which are related in the same way as are a right and a left hand. Further terms in this context are (Flack, 2003; Moss, 1996):

q

pN2=m pN2=c pN=m2=m2=m pN=m2=c2=c pN =m2=m2=c q

N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N

q ¼n ¼n
2 ¼n ¼ 2n ¼ 2n ¼ 2n þ 1 ¼ 2n ¼ 2n þ 1 ¼ 2n ¼ 2n þ 1 ¼ 2n ¼ 2n þ 1 ¼ 2n ¼ 2n ¼ 2n þ 1 ¼ 2n ¼ 2n þ 1 ¼ 2n ¼ 2n ¼ 2n ¼ 2n

q ¼ 1; . . . ; N  1

q ¼ 12 N

q ¼ 1; . . . ; N  1 q ¼ 1; . . . ; N  1

q ¼ 12 N

q ¼ 12 N

crystals belong to one of the 11 crystal classes allowing enantiomorphism (Table 3.2.2.1); they can adopt one out of 65 spacegroup types. These are called the 65 Sohncke space-group types [after L. Sohncke who was the first to derive them; Flack (2003). Julian (2015) calls them ‘proper space groups’]. The Sohncke space-group types comprise the eleven pairs of enantiomorphic space-group types (cf. Section 1.3.4.1) and further 43 nonenantiomorphic space-group types. Whereas an enantiomorphic space group (e.g. P31 or P41 22) is chiral in itself, which means that its Euclidean normalizer is noncentrosymmetric, the space groups of the other 43 Sohncke space-group types (e.g. P21 21 21 ) are not chiral themselves; they have centrosymmetric Euclidean normalizers. Keep in mind that the symmetry of a molecule is specified by its point group; the symmetry of a crystal by its space group; and the symmetry of a space group by its Euclidean normalizer (cf. Section 3.5.1.2).26 However, the arrangement of the atoms in any Sohncke space group is always chiral. In other words, an enantiomorphic space group is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for a chiral crystal structure. Chirality in a non-chiral space group results if the molecules or other building blocks of the crystal consist of only one kind of enantiomers or because the molecules or building blocks, without having to be chiral themselves, are arranged in a chiral manner in the crystal.

Absolute configuration

Spatial arrangement of atoms in a chiral molecule and its appropriate designation [e.g. by (R), (S) etc.] Absolute (crystal) Spatial arrangement of atoms in a chiral structure crystal and its description (lattice parameters, space group, atomic coordinates) Enantiomorph One out of a pair of objects of opposite chirality Enantiomer One molecule out of a pair of opposite chirality (special designation for enantiomorphic molecules) Racemate Equimolar mixture of a pair of enantiomers Chirality sense Property which distinguishes (chirality) enantiomorphs from one another; the two enantiomorphs of a pair have opposite chirality Achiral Refers to an object that is not chiral

Examples Trigonal selenium exhibits two enantiomorphic forms that consist of either right-handed or left-handed helical chain molecules (rod groups 31 2 and 32 2, respectively). The molecules as well as the space groups P31 21 and P32 21 are enantiomorphic and the helical molecules of right-handed

Possible point groups for chiral molecules correspond to the crystal classes marked in Table 3.2.2.1 with a + sign under the heading ‘Enantiomorphism’. In addition, the noncrystallographic point groups N, N2 (N odd, N
5), N22 (N even, N
8) and 235 are possible. Chiral crystal structures are compatible only with space groups that have no inversion centres, rotoinversion axes, reflection or glide-reflection planes. For a chiral molecular compound, these symmetry elements would generate the opposite enantiomer and the compound would be a racemate. Chiral

p

26

p

Many structural researchers are not aware of the difference between chiral (enantiomorphic) space groups and Sohncke space groups; frequently, even in textbooks, the term ‘chiral space group’ is used although an achiral Sohncke space group is meant.

775

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY selenium are incompatible with the space group of left-handed selenium. The case of selenium can be contrasted to that of NaP (details for NaP are given at the end of Section 3.5.3.2 in the Example for case 1). Crystalline NaP contains one kind of enantiomeric, helical ðP Þ1 ions that are either 41 or 43 helices (rod groups 41 22 and 43 22, respectively). In this case the space group P21 21 21 is a non-enantiomorphic (achiral) Sohncke space group. It is therefore compatible with either of the two different NaP enantiomorphs. The building blocks of NaClO3, namely spherical Na+ ions and pyramidal ClO 3 ions (point group 3m), are not chiral, but their arrangement in the crystal is chiral. Both enantiomorphs adopt the same non-enantiomorphic Sohncke space group P21 3 (Abrahams & Bernstein, 1977; Bruke-Laing & Trueblood, 1977).

p

International Tables for Crystallography (2010). Vol. E, Subperiodic Groups, 2nd ed., edited by V. Kopsky´ & D. B. Litvin. Chichester: Wiley. International Tables for Crystallography (2014). Vol. D, Physical Properties of Crystals, 2nd ed., edited by A. Authier. Chichester: Wiley. International Tables for the Determination of Crystal Structures (1935). First Volume. Tables on the Theory of Groups, edited by C. Hermann. Berlin: Gebru¨der Borntraeger. International Tables for X-ray Crystallography (1952). Vol. I. Symmetry Groups, edited by N. F. M. Henry & K. Lonsdale. Birmingham: The Kynoch Press. Joint Commission for Spectroscopy (1955). Report on notation for the spectra of polyatomic molecules. J. Chem. Phys. 23, 1997–2011. Julian, M. M. (2015). Foundations of Crystallography, 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Klapper, H. & Hahn, Th. (2005). Point groups. In Encyclopedia of Condensed Matter Physics, Vol. 4, pp. 323–334. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. Klapper, H. & Hahn, Th. (2010). The application of eigensymmetries of face forms to anomalous scattering and twinning by merohedry in X-ray diffraction. Acta Cryst. A66, 327–346. Meille, S. V., Allegra, G., Geil, P. H., He, J., Hess, M., Jin, J.-I., Kratochvil, P., Mornmann, W. & Stepto, R. (2011). Definitions and terms relating to crystalline polymers (IUPAC Recommendations 2011). Pure Appl. Chem. 83, 1831–1871. Melcher, R. L. & Shiren, N. S. (1976). Polarization echoes and long-time storage in piezoelectric powders. Phys. Rev. Lett. 36, 888–891. Moss, G. P. (1996). Basic terminology of stereochemistry. Pure Appl. Chem. 68, 2193–2222. (IUPAC Recommendations for the Basic Terminology of Stereochemistry, http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/ stereo/.) Mu¨ller, U. (1978). Kristallisieren zentrosymmetrische Moleku¨le immer in ¨ bersicht. Acta zentrosymmetrischen Raumgruppen? – Eine statistische U Cryst. B34, 1044–1046. Natta, G. & Corradini, P. (1960). General consideration on the structure of crystalline polyhydrocarbons. Nuovo Cimento, Suppl. 15, 9–39. Neumann, F. (1885). Vorlesungen u¨ber die Theorie der Elastizita¨t der festen Ko¨rper und des Lichta¨thers, edited by O. E. Meyer. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner Verlag. Niggli, P. (1941). Lehrbuch der Mineralogie und Kristallchemie, 3rd ed. Berlin: Borntraeger. Niggli, A. (1963). Zur Topologie, Metrik und Symmetrie der einfachen Kristallformen. Schweiz. Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt. 43, 49–58. Nowacki, W. (1933). Die nichtkristallographischen Punktgruppen. Z. Kristallogr. 86, 19–31. Nye, J. F. (1957). Physical Properties of Crystals. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [Revised edition (1985).] Paufler, P. (1986). Physikalische Kristallographie. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, and Weinheim: Verlag Chemie (VCH). Phillips, F. C. (1971). An Introduction to Crystallography, 4th ed., chs. 3, 4, 6 and 13. London: Longman. Pidcock, E., Motherwell, W. D. S. & Cole, J. C. (2003). A database survey of molecular and crystallographic symmetry. Acta Cryst. B59, 634–640. Rogers, D. (1975). Some fundamental problems of relating tensorial properties to the chirality or polarity of crystals. In Anomalous Scattering, edited by S. Ramaseshan & S. C. Abrahams, pp. 231–250. Copenhagen: Munksgaard. Schwarzenbach, D. & Chapuis, G. (2006). Cristallographie, 2nd ed. Lausanne: Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes. (In French.) [1st ed. in English (1996), Chichester: Wiley; in German (2001), Berlin: Springer]. Shubnikov, A. V. & Koptsik, V. A. (1974). Symmetry in Science and Art, especially chs. 2 and 3. New York: Plenum. Shuvalov, L. A. (1988). Editor. Modern Crystallography IV: Physical Properties of Crystals. Berlin: Springer. Spruiell, J. E. & Clark, E. S. (1980). Methods in Experimetal Physics, Vol. 16, Polymers, edited by R. A. Fava, Part B, ch. 6, pp. 19–22. New York: Academic Press. Vainshtein, B. K. (1994). Fundamentals of Crystals. Symmetry, and Methods of Structural Crystallography, 2nd ed., especially ch. 2.6 and 3. Berlin: Springer. Wooster, W. A. (1973). Tensors and Group Theory for the Physical Properties of Crystals. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Wooster, W. A. & Brenton, A. (1970). Experimental Crystal Physics, especially ch. 6. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

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Th. Hahn and H. Klapper are indebted to A. Niggli (Zu¨rich) for valuable suggestions on Section 3.2.1.4, in particular for providing a sketch of Fig. 3.2.1.6. They are also are grateful to R. A. Becker (Aachen) for the careful preparation of the diagrams. All the authors thank H. Wondratschek (Karlsruhe) for stimulating and constructive discussions. References Abrahams, S. C. & Bernstein, J. L. (1977). Remeasurement of optically active NaClO3 and NaBrO3. Acta Cryst. B33, 3601–3604. Alexander, L. E. (1969). X-ray Diffraction Methods in Polymer Science, pp. 19–22. New York: Wiley. Authier, A. (2014). Introduction to the properties of tensors. In International Tables for Crystallography, Vol. D, 2nd ed., edited by A. Authier, ch. 1.1, pp. 3–33. Chichester: Wiley. Barnett, S. A., Hulme, A. T. & Tocher, D. A. (2005). A low-temperature redetermination of metaldehyde. Acta Cryst. E61, o857–o859. Bhagavantam, S. (1966). Crystal Symmetry and Physical Properties. London: Academic Press. Bruke-Laing, M. E. & Trueblood, K. N. (1977). Sodium chlorate. Precise dimensions for the ClO3 ion. Acta Cryst. B33, 2698–2699. Buerger, M. J. (1956). Elementary Crystallography, especially chs. 10 and 11. New York: Wiley. Burzlaff, H. & Zimmermann, H. (1977). Symmetrielehre, especially ch. II.3. Stuttgart: Thieme. Compendium of Polymer Terminology and Nomenclature (2008). IUPAC Recommendations 2008, 2nd ed., edited by R. G. Jones, J. Kahovec, R. Stepto, E. S. Wilks, M. Hess, T. Kitayama & W. V. Metanomski, ch. 2. Cambridge: RSC Publications. Coxeter, H. S. M. (1973). Regular Polytopes, 3rd ed. New York: Dover. Curie, P. (1894). Sur la syme´trie dans les phe´nome`nes physiques, syme´trie d’un champ e´lectrique et d’un champ magne´tique. J. Phys. (Paris), 3, 393–415. Dougherty, J. P. & Kurtz, S. K. (1976). A second harmonic analyzer for the detection of non-centrosymmetry. J. Appl. Cryst. 9, 145–158. Fischer, W., Burzlaff, H., Hellner, E. & Donnay, J. D. H. (1973). Space Groups and Lattice Complexes. NBS Monograph No. 134, especially pp. 28–33. Washington, DC: National Bureau of Standards. Flack, H. D. (2003). Chiral and achiral crystal structures. Helv. Chim. Acta, 86, 905–921. Friedel, G. (1926). Lec¸ons de cristallographie. Nancy/Paris/Strasbourg: Berger-Levrault. [Reprinted (1964). Paris: Blanchard.] Groth, P. (1921). Elemente der physikalischen und chemischen Kristallographie. Mu¨nchen: Oldenbourg. Hahn, Th. & Klapper, H. (2005). Crystal symmetry. In Encyclopedia of Condensed Matter Physics, Vol. 1, pp. 312–323. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. International Tables for Crystallography (2010). Vol. A1, Symmetry Relations Between Space Groups, 2nd ed., edited by H. Wondratschek & U. Mu¨ller. Chichester: Wiley.

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references

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Chapter 3.3, pp. 777–791.

3.3. Space-group symbols and their use H. Burzlaff and H. Zimmermann

3.3.1. Point-group symbols

orientations must be symbolized too. In the Shubnikov symbol, a dot (), a colon (:) or a slash (/) is used to designate parallel, perpendicular or oblique arrangement of the symmetry elements. For a reflection, the orientation of the actual mirror plane is considered, not that of its normal. The exception mentioned above is the use of 3 : m instead of 3~ in the description of point groups.

3.3.1.1. Introduction For symbolizing space groups, or more correctly types of space groups, different notations have been proposed. The following three are the main ones in use today: (i) the notation of Schoenflies (1891, 1923); (ii) the notation of Shubnikov (Shubnikov & Koptsik, 1972), which is frequently used in the Russian literature; (iii) the international notation of Hermann (1928a) and Mauguin (1931). This was used in Internationale Tabellen zur Bestimmung von Kristallstrukturen (IT 1935) and was somewhat modified in International Tables for X-ray Crystallography (IT 1952). In all three notations, the space-group symbol is a modification of a point-group symbol. Symmetry elements occur in lattices, and thus in crystals, only in distinct directions. Point-group symbols make use of these discrete directions and their mutual relations.

3.3.1.4. Hermann–Mauguin symbols 3.3.1.4.1. Symmetry directions The Hermann–Mauguin symbols for finite point groups make use of the fact that the symmetry elements, i.e. proper and improper rotation axes, have definite mutual orientations. If for each point group the symmetry directions are grouped into classes of symmetry equivalence, at most three classes are obtained. These classes were called Blickrichtungssysteme (Heesch, 1929). If a class contains more than one direction, one of them is chosen as representative. The Hermann–Mauguin symbols for the crystallographic point groups refer to the symmetry directions of the lattice point groups (holohedries, cf. Sections 1.3.4.3 and 3.1.1.4) and use other representatives than chosen by Heesch [IT (1935), p. 13]. For instance, in the hexagonal case, the primary set of lattice symmetry directions consists of f[001]; [001]g, representative is [001]; the secondary set of lattice symmetry directions consists of [100], [010], [110] and their counter-directions, representative is [100]; the tertiary set of lattice symmetry directions consists of [110]; [120; [210] and their counter-directions, representative is [110]. The representatives for the sets of lattice symmetry directions for all lattice point groups are listed in Table 3.3.1.2. The directions are related to the conventional crystallographic basis of each lattice point group (cf. Section 3.1.1.4). The relation between the concept of lattice symmetry directions and group theory is evident. The maximal cyclic subgroups of the maximal rotation group contained in a lattice point group can be divided into, at most, three sets of conjugate subgroups. Each of these sets corresponds to one set of lattice symmetry directions.

3.3.1.2. Schoenflies symbols Most Schoenflies symbols (Table 3.3.1.3, column 1) consist of the basic parts Cn, Dn,1 T or O, designating cyclic, dihedral, tetrahedral and octahedral rotation groups, respectively, with n ¼ 1; 2; 3; 4; 6. The remaining point groups are described by additional symbols for mirror planes, if present. The subscripts h and v indicate mirror planes perpendicular and parallel to a main axis taken as vertical. For T, the three mutually perpendicular twofold axes and, for O, the three fourfold axes are considered to be the main axes. The index d is used for mirror planes that bisect the angle between two consecutive equivalent rotation axes, i.e. which are diagonal with respect to these axes. For the rotoinversion axes 1; 2
m; 3 and 4, which do not fit into the general Schoenflies concept of symbols, other symbols Ci ; Cs ; C3i and S4 are in use. The rotoinversion axis 6 is equivalent to 3=m and thus designated as C3h. A detailed introduction to Schoenflies symbols of crystallographic point groups is given in Section 1.4.1.3.

3.3.1.3. Shubnikov symbols

Table 3.3.1.1

The Shubnikov symbol is constructed from a minimal set of generators of a point group (for exceptions, see below). Thus, strictly speaking, the symbols represent types of symmetry operations. Since each symmetry operation is related to a symmetry element, the symbols also have a geometrical meaning. The Shubnikov symbols for symmetry operations differ slightly from the international symbols (Table 3.3.1.1). Note that Shubnikov, like Schoenflies, regards symmetry operations of the second kind as rotoreflections rather than as rotoinversions. If more than one generator is required, it is not sufficient to give only the types of the symmetry elements; their mutual 1

International (Hermann–Mauguin) and Shubnikov symbols for symmetry elements The first power of a symmetry operation is often designated by the symmetryelement symbol without exponent 1, the other powers of the operation carry the appropriate exponent.

Symmetry elements of the first kind 1 2 3 4 6

Shubnikov†

1 2 3 4 6

of the second kind 1
m 3
4
6
2~ m 6~ 4~ 3~

† According to a private communication from J. D. H. Donnay, the symbols for elements of the second kind were proposed by M. J. Buerger. Koptsik (1966) used them for the Shubnikov method.

Instead of D2, in older papers V (from Vierergruppe) is used.

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

Hermann–Mauguin

777

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 3.3.1.2 Representatives for the sets of lattice symmetry directions in the various crystal families Crystal family

Lattice point group Set of lattice symmetry directions

Anorthic (triclinic)

Monoclinic

Orthorhombic

Tetragonal

Hexagonal

Schoenflies

Ci

C2h

D2h

D4h

D6h

D3d

Oh

Hermann–Mauguin

1


2 m

2 2 2 mmm

4 2 2 mmm

6 2 2 mmm

2 3
† m

4
2 3 m m

[100]

[001]

[001]

[001]

[001]

[010] [001]

[100]
[110]

[100]
[110]

[100] –

[111]
[110]

Primary – Secondary Tertiary

– –

[010] b unique [001] c unique – –

Cubic

[110]‡ † In this table, the directions refer to the hexagonal description. The use of the primitive rhombohedral cell brings out the relations between cubic and rhombohedral groups: the primary set

is represented by [111] and the secondary by [110]. ‡ Only for 43m and 432 [for reasons see text].

3.3.1.4.2. Full Hermann–Mauguin symbols After the classification of the directions of rotation axes, the description of the seven maximal rotation subgroups of the lattice point groups is rather simple. For each representative direction, the rotational symmetry element is symbolized by an integer n for an n-fold axis, resulting in the symbols of the maximal rotation subgroups 1, 2, 222, 32, 422, 622, 432. The symbol 1 is used for the triclinic case. The complete lattice point group is constructed by multiplying the rotation group by the inversion 1. For the evenfold axes, 2, 4 and 6, this multiplication results in a mirror plane perpendicular to the rotation axis yielding the symbols (2n)/m (n = 1, 2, 3). For the odd-fold axes 1 and 3, this product leads to the rotoinversion axes 1 and 3. Thus, for each representative of a set of lattice symmetry directions, the symmetry forms a point group that can be generated by one, or at most two, symmetry operations. The resulting symbols are called full Hermann– Mauguin (or international) symbols. For the lattice point groups they are shown in Table 3.3.1.2. For the description of a point group of a crystal, we use its lattice symmetry directions. For the representative of each set of lattice symmetry directions, the remaining subgroup is symbolized; if only the primary symmetry direction contains symmetry higher than 1, the symbols ‘1’ for the secondary and tertiary set (if present) can be omitted. For the cubic point groups T and Th, the representative of the tertiary set would be ‘1’, which is omitted. For the rotoinversion groups 1 and 3, the remaining subgroups can only be 1 and 3. If the supergroup is (2n)/m, five different types of subgroups can be derived: n/m, 2n, 2n, n and m. In the
4 or 2 may occur in the cubic system, for instance, 4/m, 2/m, 4, primary set. In this case, the symbol m can only occur in the combinations 2/m or 4/m as can be seen from Table 3.3.1.3.

column 3). This selection makes the transition from the short point-group symbols to the space-group symbols fairly simple. These short symbols contain two kinds of notation components: Table 3.3.1.3 Point-group symbols

3.3.1.4.3. Short symbols and generators If the symbols are not only used for the identification of a group but also for its construction, the symbol must contain a list of generating operations and additional relations, if necessary. Following this aspect, the Hermann–Mauguin symbols can be shortened. The choice of generators is not unique; two proposals were presented by Mauguin (1931). In the first proposal, in almost all cases the generators are the same as those of the Shubnikov symbols. In the second proposal, which, apart from some exceptions (see Section 3.3.4), is used for the international symbols, Mauguin selected a set of generators and thus a list of short symbols in which reflections have priority (Table 3.3.1.3,

778

Schoenflies

Shubnikov

International Tables, short symbol

International Tables, full symbol

C1 Ci

1 2~

1 1


1 1


C2 Cs C2h

2 m 2:m

2 m 2=m

2 m 2=m

D2 C2v D2h

2:2 2m m2:m

222 mm2 mmm

222 mm2 2=m 2=m 2=m

C4 S4 C4h D4 C4v D2d D4h

4 e 4 4:m 4:2 4m e 4:2 m4:m

4 4
4=m 422 4mm

42m or 4m2 4=mmm

4 4
4=m 422 4mm

42m or 4m2 4=m 2=m 2=m

C3 C3i D3 C3v D3d

3 e 6 3:2 3m e 6m

3 3
32 or 321 or 312 3m or 3m1 or 31m
or 3m1

3m or 31m

3 3
32 or 321 or 312 3m or 3m1 or 31m 3
2=m or 3
2=m1
or 312=m

C6 C3h C6h D6 C6v D3h D6h

6 3:m 6:m 6:2 6m m3:m m6:m

6 6
6=m 622 6mm

6m2 or 62m 6=mmm

6 6
6=m 622 6mm

6m2 or 62m 6=m 2=m 2=m

T Th O Td Oh

3=2 e 6=2 3=4 3=e 4 e 6=4

23 m3


23 2=m3


432
43m
m3m

432
43m 4=m 3
2=m

3.3. SPACE-GROUP SYMBOLS AND THEIR USE (i) components that represent the type of the generating operation, which are called generators; (ii) components that are not used as generators but that serve to fix the directions of other symmetry elements (Hermann, 1931), and which are called indicators. The generating matrices are uniquely defined by (i) and (ii) if it is assumed that they describe motions with counterclockwise rotational sense about the representative direction looked at end
6 and 6
referring to on by the observer. The symbols 2, 4, 4, direction [001] are indicators when the point-group symbol uses three sets of lattice symmetry directions. For instance, in 4mm the indicator 4 fixes the directions of the mirrors normal to [100] and
[110]. Note: The generation of (a) point group 432 by a rotation 3
around [111] and a rotation 2 and (b) point group 43m by 3 around [111] and a reflection m is only possible if the repre
to sentative direction of the tertiary set is changed from [110]
[110]; otherwise only the subgroup 32 or 3m of 432 or 43m will be generated.

Table 3.3.2.1 Symbols of glide planes in the Shubnikov and Hermann–Mauguin spacegroup symbols Glide plane perpendicular to

Glide vector

b or c a or c a or b or a  b c a b ab c a b ab a+b

1 2a 1 2b 1 2c 1 2 ða þ bÞ 1 2 ðb þ cÞ 1 2 ðc þ aÞ 1 2 ða þ b þ cÞ 1 4 ða þ bÞ 1 4 ðb þ cÞ 1 4 ðc þ aÞ 1 4 ða þ b þ cÞ 1 4 ða þ b þ cÞ

Shubnikov symbol a~ b~ c~ e ab e bc aec g abc 1 e 2 ab 1 e 2 bc 1 ec 2a 1g abc 2

Hermann– Mauguin symbol a b c n n n n d d d d d

direction of t (for details, cf. Sections 1.2.2.4 and 1.5.4.1). Space groups contain sets of screw and rotation axes or glide and mirror planes. A screw rotation is symbolized by km. The Shubnikov notation and the international notation use the same symbols for screw rotations. The symbols for glide reflections in both notations are listed in Table 3.3.2.1. If the point-group symbol contains only one generator, the related space group is described completely by the Bravais lattice and a symbol corresponding to that of the point group in which rotations and reflections are replaced by screw rotations or glide reflections, if necessary. If, however, two or more operations generate the point group, it is necessary to have information on the mutual orientations and locations of the corresponding spacegroup symmetry elements, i.e. information on the location components wl. This is described in the following sections.

3.3.2. Space-group symbols 3.3.2.1. Introduction Each space group is related to a crystallographic point group. Space-group symbols, therefore, can be obtained by a modification of point-group symbols. The simplest modification which merely gives an enumeration of the space-group types (cf. Section 1.3.4.1) has been used by Schoenflies. The Shubnikov and Hermann–Mauguin symbols, however, reveal the glide or screw components of the symmetry operations and are designed in such a way that the nature of the symmetry elements and their relative locations can be deduced from the symbol. [A detailed discussion and listings of computer-adapted space-group symbols implemented in crystallographic software, such as the so-called Hall symbols (Hall, 1981a,b) or explicit symbols (Shmueli, 1984), can be found in Chapter 1.4 of International Tables for Crystallography, Volume B (2008).]

3.3.2.4. Shubnikov symbols For the description of the mutual orientation of symmetry elements, the same symbols as for point groups are applied. In space groups, however, the symmetry elements need not intersect. In this case, the orientational symbols  (dot), : (colon), / J : ; ==. The space-group symbol starts (slash) are modified to ;  with a description of the lattice defined by the basis a, b, c. For centred cells, the vectors to the centring points are given first. The same letters are used for basis vectors related by symmetry. The relative orientations of the vectors are denoted by the orientational symbols introduced above. The description of the lattice given in parentheses is followed by symbols of the generating elements of the related point group. If necessary, the symbols of the symmetry operations are modified to indicate their glide/ screw parts. The first generator is separated from the lattice description by an orientation symbol. If this generator represents a mirror or glide plane, the dot connects the plane with the last two vectors whereas the colon refers only to the last vector. If the generator represents a rotation or a rotoreflection, the colon orients the related axis perpendicular to the plane given by the last two vectors whereas the dot refers only to the last vector. Two generators are separated by the symbols mentioned above to denote their relative orientations and sites. To make this description unique for space groups related to point group ~ with Bravais lattices cP and cF, it is necessary to use Oh
6=4 three generators instead of two: 4=6~  m. For the sake of unifi-

3.3.2.2. Schoenflies symbols Space groups related to one point group are distinguished by adding a numerical superscript to the point-group symbol. Thus, the space groups related to the point group C2 are called C21 , C22 , C23 . 3.3.2.3. The role of translation parts in the Shubnikov and Hermann–Mauguin symbols A crystallographic symmetry operation W (cf. Chapter 1.2) is described by a pair of matrices ðW ; wÞ ¼ ðI; wÞðW ; oÞ: W is called the rotation part, w describes the translation part and determines the translation vector w of the operation. The translation part w can be decomposed into a glide/screw part wg and a location part wl : w ¼ wg þ wl ; here, wl determines the location of the corresponding symmetry element with respect to the origin. The glide/screw part wg may be derived by projecting w on the space invariant under W, i.e. for rotations and reflections w is projected on the corresponding rotation axis or mirror plane. With matrix notation, wg is determined by ðW ; wÞk ¼ ðI; tÞ and wg ¼ ðm=kÞt 1 , where k is the order of W, the integers m are restricted by 0  m < k and t1 is the shortest lattice vector in the

779

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY cation, this kind of description is extended to the remaining two space groups having Bravais lattice cI.

c and a normal to the secondary set of symmetry directions and m and n perpendicular to the tertiary set. To determine the short symbol, one generator must be chosen from each pair. The standardization rules (see the following section) lead to the symbol Ibam.

Example: Shubnikov symbol for the space group with Schoenflies symbol D26 2h ð72Þ The Bravais lattice is oI (orthorhombic, body-centred). Therefore, the symbol for the lattice basis is 
 aþbþc c : ða : bÞ ; 2

3.3.3. Properties of the international symbols 3.3.3.1. Derivation of the space group from the short symbol

indicating that there is a centring vector 1=2ða þ b þ cÞ relative to the conventional orthorhombic cell. This vector is oblique with respect to the basis vector c, which is orthogonal to the perpendicular pair a and b. The basis vectors have independent lengths and are thus indicated by different letters a, b and c in arbitrary sequence. To complete the symbol of the space group, we consider the point group D2h. Its Shubnikov symbol is m : 2  m. Parallel to e and a mirror plane the (a, b) plane, there is a glide plane ab m. The latter is chosen as generator. From the screw axis 21 and the rotation axis 2, both parallel to c, the latter is chosen as generator. The third generator can be a glide plane c perpendicular to b. Thus the Shubnikov symbol of D26 2h is 
 aþbþc c : ða : bÞ  m : 2  c~ : 2

Because the short international symbol contains a set of generators, it is possible to deduce the space group from it. With the same distinction between generators and indicators as for point groups, the modified point-group symbol directly gives the rotation parts W of the generating operations (W, w). The modified symbols of the generators determine the glide/ screw parts wg of w. To find the location parts wl of w, it is necessary to inspect the product relations of the group. The deduction of the set of complete generating operations can be summarized in the following rules: (i) The integral translations are included in the set of generators. If the unit cell has centring points, the centring operations are generators. (ii) The location parts of the generators can be set to zero except for the two cases noted under (iii) and (iv). (iii) For non-cubic rotation groups with indicators in the symbol, the location part of the first generator can be 0 set to zero. 1 The 0 location part of the second generator is wl ¼ @ 0 A; the m=n intersection parameter m=n is derived from the indicator nm in the [001] direction [cf. example (3) below]. (iv) For cubic rotation groups, the location part of the threefold rotation can be set to zero. For space groups related to the point 0 group 23,1 the location part of the twofold rotation is m=n wl ¼ @ 0 A derived from the symbol nm of the twofold 0 operation itself. For space groups related to the point group 432, the 0 location 1 part of the twofold generating rotation is m=n wl ¼ @ m=n A derived from the indicator nm in the [001] m=n direction [cf. examples (4) and (5) below]. The origin that is selected by these rules is called the ‘origin of the symbol’ (Burzlaff & Zimmermann, 1980). It is evident that the reference to the origin of the symbol allows a very short and unique notation of all desirable origins by appending the components of the origin of the symbol q ¼ ðq1 ; q2 ; q3 Þ to the short space-group symbol, thus yielding the so-called expanded Hermann–Mauguin symbol. The shift of origin can be performed easily, for only the translation parts have to be changed. The components of the transformed translation part can be obtained by [cf. Section 1.5.2.3 and equation (1.5.2.13)]

The list of all Shubnikov symbols is given in column 3 of Table 3.3.3.1. 3.3.2.5. International short symbols The international symbol of a space group consists of two parts, just like the Shubnikov symbol. The first part is a capital letter that describes the type of centring of the conventional cell. It is followed by a modified point-group symbol that refers to the lattice symmetry directions. Centring type and point-group symbol determine the Bravais type of the translation group (cf. Section 3.1.1) and thus the point group of the lattice and the appropriate lattice symmetry directions. To derive the short international symbol of a given space group, the short symbol of the related point group must be modified in such a way that not only the rotation parts of the generating operations but also their translation parts can be constructed. This can be done by the following procedure: (i) The glide/screw parts of generators and indicators are symbolized by applying the symbols for glide planes in Table 3.3.2.1 and the appropriate rules for screw rotations. (ii) The generators are chosen in such a way that the related symmetry elements do intersect as far as possible. Exceptions may occur for space groups related to the pure rotation point groups 222, 422, 622, 23 and 432. In these cases, the axes of the generators may or may not intersect. (iii) Subgroups of lattice point groups may have lattice symmetry directions with which no symmetry elements are associated. Such symmetry directions are symbolized by ‘1’. This symbol can only be omitted if no ambiguity arises, e.g. P4=m11 is reduced to P4=m. P31m and P3m1, however, cannot be reduced. The use of the symbol ‘1’ is discussed by Buerger (1967) and Donnay (1969, 1977).

w0 ¼ w þ ðW  IÞq: Applications can be found in Burzlaff & Zimmermann (2002). Examples: Deduction of the generating operations from the short symbol Some examples for the use of these rules are now described in detail. It is convenient to describe the symmetry operation

Example Again consider space group D26 2h ð72Þ. The space group contains glide planes c and b perpendicular to the primary set,

780

3.3. SPACE-GROUP SYMBOLS AND THEIR USE (5) P41 32 ¼ O7 ð213Þ Besides the integral translations, the generators given by the symbol are:

(W, w) by the corresponding coordinate triplets, i.e. using the so-called shorthand notation, cf. Section 1.2.2. The coordinate triplets can be interpreted as combinations of two constituents: the first one consists of the coordinates of a point in general position after the application of W on x, y, z, while the second corresponds to the translation part w of the symmetry operation. The coordinate triplets of the symmetry operations are tabulated as the general position in the space-group tables (in some cases a shift of origin is necessary). If preference is given to full matrix notation, Table 1.2.2.1 may be used. The following examples contain, besides the description of the symmetry operations, references to the numbering of the general positions in the space-group tables of this volume; cf. Sections 2.1.3.9 and 2.1.3.11. Centring translations are written after the numbers, if necessary. (1) Pccm ¼ D32h ð49Þ Besides the integral translations, the generators, as given in the symbol, are according to rule (ii): glide reflection c100 : x; y; z þ 12 glide reflection c010 : x; y; z þ 12 m001 :

reflection

x; y; z

rotation 3 in ½111: z; x; y

The screw part of the twofold axis0is zero. 1 According to  14 B C rule (iv), the location part is wl ¼ @ 14 A. No origin shift 1 4

is necessary. The expanded symbol is P41 32h000i.

3.3.3.2. Derivation of the full symbol from the short symbol If the geometrical point of view is again considered, it is possible to derive the full international symbol for a space group. This full symbol can be interpreted as consisting of symmetry elements. It can be generated from the short symbol with the aid of products between symmetry operations. It is possible, however, to derive the glide/screw parts of the elements in the full symbol directly from the glide/screw parts of the short symbol. The product of operations corresponding to non-parallel glide or mirror planes generates a rotation or screw axis parallel to the intersection line. The screw part of the rotation is equal to the sum of the projections of the glide components of the planes on the axis. The angle between the planes determines the rotation part of the axis. For 90 , we obtain a twofold, for 60 a threefold, for 45 a fourfold and for 30 a sixfold axis.

ð8Þ ð7Þ ð6Þ:

No shift of origin is necessary. The expanded symbol is Pccmh000i. (2) Ibam ¼ D26 2h ð72Þ According to rule (i), the I centring is an additional generating translation. Thus, the generators are: I centring:

x þ 12 ; y þ 12 ; z þ 12 ð1Þ þ ð12 ; 12 ; 12Þ

glide reflection b100 : glide reflection a010 :

x; y þ 12 ; z x þ 12 ; y; z

reflection

ð8Þ ð7Þ

m001 : x; y; z

Example: Pbcn ¼ D14 2h ð60Þ The product of b and c generates a screw axis 21 in the z direction because the sum of the glide components in the z direction is 12 . The product of c and n generates a screw axis 21 in the x direction and the product between b and n produces a rotation axis 2 in the y direction because the y components for b and n add up to 1
0 modulo integers. Thus, the full symbol is

ð6Þ:

To obtain the tabulated general position, a shift of origin by ð14;14; 0Þ is necessary, the expanded symbol is Ibamh 14  14 0i. (3) P41 21 2 ¼ D44 ð92Þ Apart from the translations, the generating elements are: x þ 12 ; y; z

ð6Þ

2 in ½110: y; x; z þ 14

ð8Þ:

screw rotation 21 in ½100: rotation

P

to rule (iii), the location part of the first referring to the secondary set of symmetry is equal to zero. For the second generator, part 1 is equal to zero. The location part 0 is wl ¼ @ 0 A. The expanded symbol P41 21 2h14  14  38i  14 gives the tabulated setting. (4) P21 3 ¼ T 4 ð198Þ According to rule (iv), the generators are ð5Þ

z; x; y

screw rotation 21 in ½001: x þ

1 2 ; y; z

21 2 21 : bcn

In most cases, the full symbol is identical with the short symbol; differences between full and short symbols can only occur for space groups corresponding to lattice point groups (holohedries) and to the point group m3. In all these cases, the short symbol is extended to the full symbol by adding the symbol for the maximal purely rotational subgroup. A special procedure is in use for monoclinic space groups. To indicate the choice of coordinate axes, the full symbol is treated like an orthorhombic symbol, in which the directions without symmetry are indicated by ‘1’, even though they do not correspond to lattice symmetry directions in the monoclinic case.

According generator, directions, the screw 0

rotation 3 in ½111:

ð5Þ

rotation 2 in ½110: y  14 ; x þ 14 ; z þ 14 ð13Þ:

þ

1 2

ð2Þ: 3.3.3.3. Non-symbolized symmetry elements

Following rule (iv), the location part of the threefold axis must be 0 set 1 to zero. The screw part of the in 0 twofold 1 axis 011 1 0 2 2 [001] is @ 0 A, the location part is wl ¼ @ 0 A
@ 0 A. 1 0 0 2 No origin shift is necessary. The expanded symbol is P21 3h000i.

Certain symmetry elements are not given explicitly in the full symbol because they can easily be derived. They are: (i) Rotoinversion axes that are not used to indicate the lattice symmetry directions. (ii) Rotation axes 2 included in the axes 4, 4 and 6 and rotation axes 3 included in the axes 3, 6 and 6.

781

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY (iii) Additional symmetry elements occurring in space groups with centred unit cells, cf. Sections 1.4.2.4 and 1.5.4.1. These types of operation can be deduced from the product of the centring translation (I, g) with a symmetry operation (W, w). The new symmetry operation ðW ; g þ wÞ again has W as rotation part but a different glide/screw part if the component of g parallel to the symmetry element corresponding to W is not a lattice vector; cf. Section 1.5.4.1.

The I-centring operation introduces additional rotation axes and glide planes for all three sets of lattice symmetry directions. The extended Hermann–Mauguin symbol is 2; 21 2; 21 2; 21 I m; n m; n a; b

21 m 2 n

21 a: 2 b

This symbol shows immediately the eight subgroups with a P lattice corresponding to point group mmm:

Example Space group C2=c0ð15Þ 1 has a twofold axis along b with 0 screw part wg ¼ @ 0 A. 0 The1translational part of the 1 0 2 centring operation is g ¼ @ 12 A. 0 An additional axis parallel to b thus has a translation part 0 1 011 0 2 g þ wg ¼ @ 12 A. The component @ 12 A indicates a screw 011 0 0 2 axis 21 in the b direction, whereas the component @ 0 A 0 indicates the location of this axis in 14 ; y; 0. Similarly, it can be shown that glide plane c combined with the centring gives a glide plane n. In the same way, in rhombohedral and cubic space groups, a rotation axis 3 is accompanied by screw axes 31 and 32 . In space groups with centred unit cells, the location parts of different symmetry elements may coincide. In I42m, for example, the mirror plane m contains simultaneously a non-symbolized glide plane n. The same applies to all mirror planes in Fmmm.

Pmma  Pmmb; Pnna  Pnnb:

Pnma  Pmnb;

Pmna  Pnmb

and

3.3.3.4. Standardization rules for short symbols The symbols of Bravais lattices and glide planes depend on the choice of basis vectors. As shown in the preceding section, additional translation vectors in centred unit cells produce new symmetry operations with the same rotation but different glide/ screw parts. Moreover, it was shown that for diagonal orientations symmetry operations may be represented by different symbols. Thus, different short symbols for the same space group can be derived even if the rules for the selection of the generators and indicators are obeyed. For the unique designation of a space-group type, a standardization of the short symbol is necessary. Rules for standardization were given first by Hermann (1931) and later in a slightly modified form in IT (1952). These rules, which are generally followed in the present tables, are given below. Because of the historical development of the symbols (cf. Section 3.3.4), some of the present symbols do not obey the rules, whereas others depending on the crystal class need additional rules for them to be uniquely determined. These exceptions and additions are not explicitly mentioned, but may be discovered from Table 3.3.3.1 in which the short symbols are listed for all space groups. A table for all settings may be found in Section 1.5.4. Triclinic symbols are unique if the unit cell is primitive. For the standard setting of monoclinic space groups, the lattice symmetry direction is labelled b. From the three possible centrings A, I and C, the latter one is favoured. If glide components occur in the plane perpendicular to [010], the glide direction c is preferred. In the space groups corresponding to the orthorhombic group mm2, the unique direction of the twofold axis is chosen along c. Accordingly, the face centring C is employed for centrings perpendicular to the privileged direction. For space groups with possible A or B centring, the first one is preferred. For groups 222 and mmm, no privileged symmetry direction exists, so the different possibilities of one-face centring can be reduced to C centring by change of the setting. The choices of unit cell and centring type are fixed by the conventional basis in systems with higher symmetry. When more than one kind of symmetry elements exist in one representative direction, in most cases the choice for the space-group symbol is made in order of decreasing priority: for reflections and glide reflections m, a, b, c, n, d; for proper rotations and screw rotations 6; 61 ; 62 ; 63 ; 64 ; 65 ; 4; 41 ; 42 ; 43 ; 3; 31 ; 32 ; 2; 21 [cf. IT (1952), p. 55, and Section 1.4.1].

(iv) Symmetry elements with diagonal orientation always occur with different types of glide/screw parts simultaneously. In space group P42m (111) the translation vector along a can be decomposed as 0 1 011 0 1 1 1 2 2 w ¼ @ 0 A ¼ @ 12 A þ @  12 A ¼ wg þ wl : 0 0 0 The diagonal mirror plane with normal along ½110 passing through the origin is accompanied by a parallel glide plane 011 2

with glide part @ 12 A passing through 14 ;  14 ; 0. The same 0 arguments lead to the occurrence of screw axes 21, 31 and 32 connected with diagonal rotation axes 2 or 3. (v) For some investigations connected with klassengleiche subgroups (for subgroups of space groups, cf. Section 1.7.1), it is convenient to introduce an extended Hermann–Mauguin symbol that comprises all symmetry elements indicated in (iii) and (iv). The basic concept may be found in papers by Hermann (1929) and in IT (1952). These concepts have been applied by Bertaut (1976) and Zimmermann (1976); cf. Section 1.5.4.1. Example The full symbol of space group Imma (74) is I

21 or I m 2 n

21 21 21 : mm a

(continued on page 789)

782

3.3. SPACE-GROUP SYMBOLS AND THEIR USE Table 3.3.3.1 Standard space-group symbols Symbols of International Tables Schoenflies symbol

1935 Edition

Present Edition

Shubnikov symbol

Short

Full

Short

Full

1

C11

ða=b=cÞ  1

P1

P1

P1

P1

2

Ci1

ða=b=cÞ  2

P1

P1

P1

P1

3

C21

P2

P2

P2

4

C22

P21

P21

P21

P121 P112 P121 1 P1121

5

C23

ðb : ðc=aÞÞ : 2 ðc : ða=bÞÞ : 2 ðb : ðc=aÞÞ : 21 ðc : ða=bÞÞ : 21 
 aþb b : ðc=aÞ : 2  2
 bþc c : ðb=aÞ : 2 2

C2

C2

C2

No.

6

C21

7

Cs2

8

Cs3

9

Cs4

10

1 C2h

11

2 C2h

12

3 C2h

13

4 C2h

14

5 C2h

15

6 C2h

16 17 18 19

D12 D22 D32 D42

20

D52

21

D62

22

D72

23

D82

24

D92

25 26 27

1 C2v 2 C2v 3 C2v

ðb : ðc=aÞÞ  m ðc : ða=bÞÞ  m ðb : ðc=aÞÞ  c~ ðc : ðb=aÞÞ  a~ 
 aþb b : ðc=aÞ  m  2
 bþc c : ðb=aÞ  m  2
 aþb b : ðc=aÞ  c~  2
 bþc c : ðb=aÞ  a~ 2

A112 Pm

Pm

Pm

Pc

Pc

Pc

Cm

Cm

Cm

Cc

Cc

Cc

C1m1

C1c1 A11a

P2=m

P2=m

P2=m

P21 =m

P21 =m

P21 =m

C2=m

C2=m

C2=m

ðb : ðc=aÞÞ  c~ : 2 ðc : ða=bÞÞ  a~ : 2 ðb : ðc=aÞÞ  c~ : 21 ðc : ða=bÞÞ  a~ : 21 
 aþb b : ðc=aÞ  c~ : 2  2
 bþc c : ðb=aÞ  a~ : 2 2

P2=c

P2=c

P2=c

P21 =c

P21 =c

P21 =c

C2=c

C2=c

C2=c

ðc : ða : bÞÞ : m  2 ðc : ða : bÞÞ : c~  21 ðc : ða : bÞÞ : c~  2

P1m1 P11m P1c1 P11a

A11m

ðb : ðc=aÞÞ  m : 2 ðc : ða=bÞÞ  m : 2 ðb : ðc=aÞÞ  m : 21 ðc : ða=bÞÞ  m : 21 
 aþb b : ðc=aÞ  m : 2  2
 bþc c : ðb=aÞ  m : 2 2

ðc : ða : bÞÞ : 2 : 2 ðc : ða : bÞÞ : 21 : 2 : 21 ðc : ða : bÞÞ : 2  : 21 ðc : ða : bÞÞ : 21    aþb : c : ða : bÞ : 21 : 2  2  aþb : c : ða : bÞ : 2 : 2  2

 aþc bþc aþb : c : ða : bÞ 2 2 2 :2:2 
 aþbþc c : ða : bÞ : 2 : 2 2 
 aþbþc c : ða : bÞ : 2 : 21 2

C121

ða=b=cÞ  1 (Sh–K)

B2, B112 (IT, 1952) 
 aþc c : ða=bÞ : 2 (Sh–K) 2

Pb, P11b (IT, 1952) ðc : ða=bÞÞ  b~ (Sh–K) Bm, B11m (IT, 1952) 
 aþc c : ða=bÞ  m (Sh–K) 2 Bb, B11b (IT, 1952) 
 aþc c : ða=bÞ  b~ (Sh–K) 2

P1 2=m1 P11 2=m P1 21 =m 1 P11 21 =m C1 2=m 1 A11 2=m P1 2=c 1 P11 2=a P1 21 =c 1 P11 21 =a C1 2=c 1 A11 2a

P222 P2221 P21 21 2 P21 21 21

P222 P2221 P21 21 2 P21 21 21

P222 P2221 P21 21 2 P21 21 21

P222 P2221 P21 21 2 P21 21 21

C2221

C2221

C2221

C2221

C222

C222

C222

C222

F222

F222

F222

F222

I222

I222

I222

I222

I21 21 21

I21 21 21

I21 21 21

I21 21 21

Pmm Pmc Pcc

Pmm2 Pmc21 Pcc2

Pmm2 Pmc21 Pcc2

Pmm2 Pmc21 Pcc2

783

Comments†

B2=m; B11 2=m (IT, 1952) 
 aþc c : ða=bÞ  m : 2 2 (Sh–K) P2=b; P11 2=b (IT, 1952) ðc : ða=bÞÞ  b~ : 2 (Sh–K) P21 =b; P1121 =b (IT, 1952) ðc : ða=bÞÞ  b : 21 (Sh–K) B2=b; B11 2=b (IT, 1952) 
 aþc c : ða=bÞ  b~ : 2 2 (Sh–K)

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 3.3.3.1 (continued) Symbols of International Tables No.

Schoenflies symbol

28 29 30 31 32 33 34

4 C2v 5 C2v 6 C2v 7 C2v 8 C2v 9 C2v 10 C2v

35

11 C2v

36

12 C2v

37

13 C2v

38

14 C2v

39

15 C2v

40

16 C2v

41

17 C2v

42

18 C2v

43

19 C2v

44

20 C2v

45

21 C2v

46

22 C2v

47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62

D12h D22h D32h D42h D52h D62h D72h D82h D92h D10 2h D11 2h D12 2h D13 2h D14 2h D15 2h D16 2h

63

D17 2h

64

D18 2h

1935 Edition

Present Edition

Shubnikov symbol

Short

Full

Short

Full

ðc : ða : bÞÞ : a~  2 ðc : ða : bÞÞ : a~  21 J ðc : ða : bÞÞ : c~ 2 ðc : ða : bÞÞ : aec  21 J ðc : ða : bÞÞ : a~ 2 J ðc : ða : bÞÞ : a~ 2 J1 ðc : ða : bÞÞ : aec 2   aþb : c : ða : bÞ : m  2  2  aþb : c : ða : bÞ : c~  21  2  aþb : c : ða : bÞ : c~  2  2
 bþc c : ða : bÞ : m  2 2

Pma Pca Pnc Pmn Pba Pna Pnn

Pma2 Pca21 Pnc2 Pmn21 Pba2 Pna21 Pnn2

Pma2 Pca21 Pnc2 Pmn21 Pba2 Pna21 Pnn2

Pma2 Pca21 Pnc2 Pmn21 Pba2 Pna21 Pnn2

Cmm

Cmm2

Cmm2

Cmm2

Cmc

Cmc21

Cmc21

Cmc21

Ccc

Ccc2

Ccc2

Ccc2

Amm

Amm2

Amm2

Amm2


 bþc c : ða : bÞ : m  21 2

Abm

Abm2

Aem2

Aem2


 bþc c : ða : bÞ : a~  2 2

Ama

Ama2

Ama2

Ama2


 bþc c : ða : bÞ : a~  21 2

Aba

Aba2

Aea2

Aea2

Fmm

Fmm2

Fmm2

Fmm2

Fdd

Fdd2

Fdd2

Fdd2

Imm

Imm2

Imm2

Imm2

Iba

Iba2

Iba2

Iba2

Ima

Ima2

Ima2

Ima2

Pmmm Pnnn Pccm Pban Pmma Pnna Pmna Pcca Pbam Pccn Pbcm Pnnm Pmmn Pbcn Pbca Pnma

P2=m 2=m 2=m P2=n 2=n 2=n P2=c 2=c 2=m P2=b 2=a 2=n P21 =m 2=m 2=a P2=n 21 =n 2=a P2=m 2=n 21 =a P21 =c 2=c 2=a P21 =b 21 =a 2=m P21 =c 21 =c 2=n P2=b 21 =c 21 =m P21 =n 21 =n 2=m P21 =m 21 =m 2=n P21 =b 2=c 21 =n P21 =b 21 =c 21 =a P21 =n 21 =m 21 =a

Pmmm Pnnn Pccm Pban Pmma Pnna Pmna Pcca Pbam Pccn Pbcm Pnnm Pmmn Pbcn Pbca Pnma

P2=m 2=m 2=m P2=n 2=n 2=n P2=c 2=c 2=m P2=b 2=a 2=n P21 =m 2=m 2=a P2=n 21 =n 2=a P2=m 2=n 21 =a P21 =c 2=c 2=a P21 =b 21 =a 2=m P21 =c 21 =c 2=n P2=b 21 =c 21 =m P21 =n 21 =n 2=m P21 =m 21 =m 2=n P21 =b 2=c 21 =n P21 =b 21 =c 21 =a P21 =n 21 =m 21 =a

Cmcm

C2=m 2=c 21 =m

Cmcm

C2=m 2=c 21 =m

Cmca

C2=m 2=c 21 =a

Cmce

C2=m 2=c 21 =e



  aþc bþc aþb : c : ða : bÞ 2 2 2 :m2

  aþc bþc aþb : c~ : ða : bÞ 2 2 2 J : 12 aec 2 
 aþbþc c : ða : bÞ : m  2 2 
 aþbþc c : ða : bÞ : c~  2 2 
 aþbþc c : ða : bÞ : a~  2 2 ðc : ða : bÞÞ  m : 2  m e :2   aec ðc : ða : bÞÞ  ab ðc : ða : bÞÞ  m : 2  c~ e :2   a~ ðc : ða : bÞÞ  ab ðc : ða : bÞÞ  a~ : 2  m ðc : ða : bÞÞ  a~ : 2   aec ðc : ða : bÞÞ  a~ : 21  aec ðc : ða : bÞÞ  a~ : 2  c~ ðc : ða : bÞÞ  m : 2   a~ e : 2  c~ ðc : ða : bÞÞ  ab  c~ ðc : ða : bÞÞ  m : 21  ðc : ða : bÞÞ  m : 2   aec e :2  m ðc : ða : bÞÞ  ab e : 21   c~ ðc : ða : bÞÞ  ab ðc : ða : bÞÞ  a~ : 21   c~  m ðc : ða : bÞÞ  a~ : 21    aþb : c : ða : bÞ  m : 21  c~  2  aþb : c : ða : bÞ  a~ : 21  c~ 2

Comments†

ðc : ða : bÞÞ : aec  2 (Sh–K)

8  b þ c > > > c : ða : bÞ : c~  2 > < 2 ðShKÞ > > > Use former symbol > : Abm2 for generation 8  b þ c > > > c : ða : bÞ : aec  2 > < 2 ðShKÞ > > > Use former symbol > : Aba2 for generation



784

aþbþc 2 (Sh–K)


 c : ða : bÞ : a~  21

Use former symbol Cmca for generation

3.3. SPACE-GROUP SYMBOLS AND THEIR USE Table 3.3.3.1 (continued) Symbols of International Tables No.

Schoenflies symbol

65

D19 2h

66

D20 2h

67

D21 2h

68

D22 2h

69

D23 2h

70

D24 2h

71

D25 2h

72

D26 2h

73

D27 2h

74

D28 2h

75 76 77 78

C41 C42 C43 C44

79

C45

80

C46

81

S14

82

S24

83 84 85 86

1 C4h 2 C4h 3 C4h 4 C4h

87

5 C4h

88

6 C4h

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96

D14 D24 D34 D44 D54 D64 D74 D84

97

D94

98

D10 4

99 100 101 102

1 C4v 2 C4v 3 C4v 4 C4v

1935 Edition

Present Edition

Short

Full

Short

Full

Cmmm

C2=m 2=m 2=m

Cmmm

C2=m 2=m 2=m

Cccm

C2=c 2=c 2=m

Cccm

C2=c 2=c 2=m

Cmma

C2=m 2=m 2=a

Cmme

C2=m 2=m 2=e

Ccca

C2=c 2=c 2=a

Ccce

C2=c 2=c 2=e

Fmmm

F2=m 2=m 2=m

Fmmm

F2=m 2=m 2=m

Fddd

F2=d 2=d 2=d

Fddd

F2=d 2=d 2=d

Immm

I2=m 2=m 2=m

Immm

I2/m 2/m 2/m

Ibam

I2=b 2=a 2=m

Ibam

I2=b 2=a 2=m

Ibca

I21 =b 21 =c 21 =a

Ibca

I21 =b 21 =c 21 =a

I2=b 2=c 2=a (IT, 1952)

Imma

I21 =m 21 =m 21 =a

Imma

I21 =m 21 =m 21 =a

I2=m 2=m 2=a (IT, 1952)

P4 P41 P42 P43

P4 P41 P42 P43

P4 P41 P42 P43

P4 P41 P42 P43

I4

I4

I4

I4

I41

I41

I41

I41

P4

P4

P4

P4

I4

I4

I4

I4

ðc : ða : aÞÞ  m : 4 ðc : ða : aÞÞ  m : 42 e :4 ðc : ða : aÞÞ  ab e : 42 ðc : ða : aÞÞ  ab 
 aþbþc c : ða : aÞ  m : 4 2 
 aþbþc c : ða : aÞ  a~ : 41 2

P4=m P42 =m P4=n P42 =n

P4=m P42 =m P4=n P42 =n

P4=m P42 =m P4=n P42 =n

P4=m P42 =m P4=n P42 =n

I4=m

I4=m

I4=m

I4=m

I41 =a

I41 =a

I41 =a

I41 =a

(c:(a:a)):4:2 : 21 ðc : ða : aÞÞ : 4  ðc : ða : aÞÞ : 41 : 2 : 21 ðc : ða : aÞÞ : 41  ðc : ða : aÞÞ : 42 : 2 ðc : ða : aÞÞ : 42  : 21 ðc : ða : aÞÞ : 43 : 2 : 21 ðc : ða : aÞÞ : 43  
 aþbþc c : ða : aÞ : 4 : 2 2 
 aþbþc c : ða : aÞ : 41 : 2 2

P42 P421 P41 2 P41 21 P42 2 P42 21 P43 2 P43 21

P422 P421 2 P41 22 P41 21 2 P42 22 P42 21 2 P43 22 P43 21 2

P422 P421 2 P41 22 P41 21 2 P42 22 P42 21 2 P43 22 P43 21 2

P422 P421 2 P41 22 P41 21 2 P42 22 P42 21 2 P43 22 P43 21 2

I42

I422

I422

I422

I41 2

I41 22

I41 22

I41 22

P4mm P4bm P4cm P4nm

P4mm P4bm P42 cm P42 nm

P4mm P4bm P42 cm P42 nm

P4mm P4bm P42 cm P42 nm

Shubnikov symbol   aþb : c : ða : bÞ  m : 2  m  2  aþb : c : ða : bÞ  m : 2  c~  2  aþb : c : ða : bÞ  a~ : 2  m  2  aþb : c : ða : bÞ  a~ : 2  c~
 2
 aþc bþc aþb : c : ða : bÞ 2 2 2  m : 2  m 

 aþc bþc aþb : c : ða : bÞ 2 2 2 1e 1  2aec  2ab : 2  
 aþbþc c : ða : bÞ  m : 2  m 2 
 aþbþc c : ða : bÞ  m : 2  c~ 2 
 aþbþc c : ða : bÞ  a~ : 2  c~ 2 
 aþbþc c : ða : bÞ  a~ : 2  m 2 ðc : ða : aÞÞ : 4 ðc : ða : aÞÞ : 41 ðc : ða : aÞÞ : 42 ðc : ða : aÞÞ : 43 
 aþbþc c : ða : aÞ : 4 2 
 abc c : ða : aÞ : 41 2 ðc : ða : aÞÞ : 4~ 
 aþbþc c : ða : aÞ : 4~ 2

ðc : ða : aÞÞ : 4  m J ðc : ða : aÞÞ : 4 a~ ðc : ða : aÞÞ : 42  c~ J ðc : ða : aÞÞ : 42 aec

785

Comments†

Use former symbol Cmma for generation Use former symbol Ccca for generation

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 3.3.3.1 (continued) Symbols of International Tables No.

Schoenflies symbol

103 104 105 106

5 C4v 6 C4v 7 C4v 8 C4v

107

9 C4v

108

10 C4v

109

11 C4v

110

12 C4v

111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118

D12d D22d D32d D42d D52d D62d D72d D82d

119

D92d

120

D10 2d

121

D11 2d

122

D12 2d

123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138

D14h D24h D34h D44h D54h D64h D74h D84h D94h D10 4h D11 4h D12 4h D13 4h D14 4h D15 4h D16 4h

139

D17 4h

140

D18 4h

141

D19 4h

142

D20 4h

143 144 145

C31 C32 C33

1935 Edition

Present Edition

Shubnikov symbol

Short

Full

Short

Full

ðc : ða : aÞÞ : 4  c~ J ðc : ða : aÞÞ : 4 aec ðc : ða : aÞÞ : 42  m J ðc : ða : aÞÞ : 42 a~ 
 aþbþc c : ða : aÞ : 4  m 2 
 aþbþc c : ða : aÞ : 4  c~ 2 
 J aþbþc c : ða : aÞ : 41 m 2 
 J aþbþc c : ða : aÞ : 41 c~ 2

P4cc P4nc P4mc P4bc

P4cc P4nc P42 mc P42 bc

P4cc P4nc P42 mc P42 bc

P4cc P4nc P42 mc P42 bc

I4mm

I4mm

I4mm

I4mm

I4cm

I4cm

I4cm

I4cm

I4md

I41 md

I41 md

I41 md

I4cd

I41 cd

I41 cd

I41 cd

ðc : ða : aÞÞ : 4~ : 2 : 2 ðc : ða : aÞÞ : 4~  e ðc : ða : aÞÞ : 4~  ab ðc : ða : aÞÞ : 4~  g abc ðc : ða : aÞÞ : 4~  m ðc : ða : aÞÞ : 4~  c~ J ðc : ða : aÞÞ : 4~ a~ ~ ðc : ða : aÞÞ : 4  aec 
 aþbþc c : ða : aÞ : 4~  m 2 
 aþbþc c : ða : aÞ : 4~  c~ 2 
 aþbþc c : ða : aÞ : 4~ : 2 2 
 J1 aþbþc g c : ða : aÞ : 4~ 2 abc 2

P42m P42c P421 m P421 c C42m C42c C42b C42n

P42m P42c P421 m P421 c C42m C42c C42b C42n

P42m P42c P421 m P421 c P4m2 P4c2 P4b2 P4n2

P42m P42c P421 m P421 c P4m2 P4c2 P4b2 P4n2

F42m

F42m

I4m2

I4m2

F42c

F42c

I4c2

I4c2

I42m

I42m

I42m

I42m

I42d

I42d

I42d

I42d

ðc : ða : aÞÞ  m : 4  m ðc : ða : aÞÞ  m : 4  c~ J e : 4 a~ ðc : ða : aÞÞ  ab J e : 4 aec ðc : ða : aÞÞ  ab J ðc : ða : aÞÞ  m : 4 a~ J ðc : ða : aÞÞ  m : 4 aec e :4  m ðc : ða : aÞÞ  ab e : 4  c~ ðc : ða : aÞ  ab ðc : ða : aÞÞ  m : 42  m ðc : ða : aÞÞ  m : 42  c~ J e : 42 a~ ðc : ða : aÞÞ  ab J e : 42 aec ðc : ða : aÞÞ  ab J ðc : ða : aÞÞ  n : 42 a~ J ðc : ða : aÞÞ  m : 42 aec e : 42  m ðc : ða : aÞÞ  ab ðc : ða : aÞÞ  ab : 42  c~ 
 aþbþc c : ða : aÞ  m : 4  m 2 
 aþbþc c : ða : aÞ  m : 4  c~ 2 
 J aþbþc c : ða : aÞ  a~ : 41 m 2 
 J aþbþc c : ða : aÞ  a~ : 41 c~ 2

P4=mmm P4=mcc P4=nbm P4=nnc P4=mbm P4=mnc P4=nmm P4=ncc P4=mmc P4=mcm P4=nbc P4=nnm P4=mbc P4=mnm P4=nmc P4=ncm

P4=m 2=m 2=m P4=m 2=c 2=c P4=n 2=b 2=m P4=n 2=n 2=c P4=m 21 =b 2=m P4=m 21 =n 2=c P4=n 21 =m 2=m P4=n 2=c 2=c P42 =m 2=m 2=c P42 =m 2=c 2=m P42 =n 2=b 2=c P42 =n 2=n 2=m P42 =m 21 =b 2=c P42 =m 21 =n 2=m P42 =n 21 =m 2=c P42 =n 21 =c 2=m

P4=mmm P4=mcc P4=nbm P4=nnc P4=mbm P4=mnc P4=nmm P4=ncc P42 =mmc P42 =mcm P42 =nbc P42 =nnm P42 =mbc P42 =mnm P42 =nmc P42 =ncm

P4=m 2=m 2=m P4=m 2=c 2=c P4=n 2=b 2=m P4=n 2=n 2=c P4=m 21 =b 2=m P4=m 21 =n 2=c P4=n 21 =m 2=m P4=n 2=c 2=c P42 =m 2=m 2=c P42 =m 2=c 2=m P42 =n 2=b 2=c P42 =n 2=n 2=m P42 =m 21 =b 2=c P42 =m 21 =n 2=m P42 =n 21 =m 2=c P42 =n 21 =c 2=m

I4=mmm

I4=m 2=m 2=m

I4=mmm

I4=m 2=m 2=m

I4=mcm

I4=m 2=c 2=m

I4=mcm

I4=m 2=c 2=m

I4=amd

I41 =a 2=m 2=d

I41 =amd

I41 =a 2=m 2=d

I4=acd

I41 =a 2=c 2=d

I41 =acd

I41 =a 2=c 2=d

ðc : ða=aÞÞ : 3 ðc : ða=aÞÞ : 31 ðc : ða=aÞÞ : 32

C3 C31 C32

C3 C31 C32

P3 P31 P32

P3 P31 P32

786

Comments†




 aþbþc c : a : a : 41  a~ 2 (Sh–K)

e :4   b~ (Sh–K) ðc : a : aÞ  ab ðc : a : aÞ  m : 4   b~ (Sh–K)

e : 42 ðc : a : aÞ  ab ðc : a : aÞ  m : 42

J J

b~ (Sh–K)

b~ (Sh–K)

3.3. SPACE-GROUP SYMBOLS AND THEIR USE Table 3.3.3.1 (continued) Symbols of International Tables No.

Schoenflies symbol

146

C34

147

C3i1

148

C3i2

149 150 151 152 153 154

D13 D23 D33 D43 D53 D63

155

D73

156 157

Shubnikov symbol 

 2a þ b þ c a þ 2b þ 2c c : ða=aÞ 3 3 :3 ða=a=aÞ=3 ðc : ða=aÞÞ : 6~ 

 2a þ b þ c a þ 2b þ 2c c : ða=aÞ 3 3 : 6~ ða=a=aÞ=6~

1935 Edition

Present Edition

Short

Full

Short

Full

Comments†

R3

R3

R3

R3

Hexagonal setting (Sh–K)

C3

C3

P3

P3

R3

R3

R3

R3

Rhombohedral setting (Sh–K)

Rhombohedral setting (Sh–K)

ðc : ða=aÞÞ : 2 : 3 ðc : ða=aÞÞ : 2 : 3 ðc : ða=aÞÞ : 2 : 31 ðc : ða=aÞÞ : 2 : 31 ðc : ða=aÞÞ : 2 : 32 ðc : ða=aÞÞ : 2 : 32 

 2a þ b þ c a þ 2b þ 2c c : ða=aÞ 3 3 2 : 3 ða=a=aÞ=3 : 2

H32 C32 H31 2 C31 2 H32 2 C32 2

H321 C321 H31 21 C31 21 H32 21 C32 21

P312 P321 P31 12 P31 21 P32 12 P32 21

P312 P321 P31 12 P31 21 P32 12 P32 21

R32

R32

R32

R32

1 C3v 2 C3v

ðc : ða=aÞÞ : m : 3 ða : c : aÞ : m : 3

C3m H3m

C3m1 H3m1

P3m1 P31m

P3m1 P31m

158 159

3 C3v 4 C3v

C3c H3c

C3c1 H3c1

P3c1 P31c

P3c1 P31c

160

5 C3v

ðc : ða=aÞÞ : c~ : 3 ða : c : aÞ : c~ : 3 

 2a þ b þ c a þ 2b þ 2c c : ða=aÞ 3 3 m  3

R3m

R3m

R3m

R3m

161

6 C3v

162

D13d

163

ða=a=aÞ=3  m 

 2a þ b þ c a þ 2b þ 2c c : ða=aÞ 3 3  c~  3 ða=a=aÞ=3  g abc

R3c

R3c

ða : c : aÞ  m  6~

H3m

H3 2=m 1

P31m

P31 2=m

D23d

ða : c : aÞ  c~  6~

H3c

H3 2=c 1

P31c

P31 2=c

164 165

D33d D43d

C3m C3c

C3 2=m 1 C3 2=c 1

P3m1 P3c1

P3 2=m 1 P3 2=c 1

166

D53d

ðc : ða=aÞÞ : m  6~ ðc : ða=aÞÞ : c~  6~ 

 2a þ b þ c a þ 2b þ 2c c : ða=aÞ 3 3 ~ :m6

R3m

R3 2=m

R3m

R3 2=m

D63d

168 169 170 171 172 173

C61 C62 C63 C64 C65 C66

174 175 176

ðc : ða=aÞÞ  m  3 (Sh–K) with special comment ðc : ða=aÞÞ  c~  3 (Sh–K) with special comment Hexagonal setting (Sh–K)

Rhombohedral setting (Sh–K) R3c

167

Hexagonal setting (Sh–K)

Rhombohedral setting (Sh–K)

R3c

ða=a=aÞ=6~  m 

 2a þ b þ c a þ 2b þ 2c c : ða=aÞ 3 3 : c~  6~

Hexagonal setting (Sh–K)

Hexagonal setting (Sh–K)

Rhombohedral setting (Sh–K) ðc : ða=aÞÞ  m  6~ (Sh–K) with special comment ðc : ða=aÞ  c~  6~ (Sh–K) with special comment

Hexagonal setting (Sh–K)

Rhombohedral setting (Sh–K) R3c

R3 2=c

R3c

R3 2=c

ðc : ða=aÞÞ : 6 ðc : ða=aÞÞ : 61 ðc : ða=aÞÞ : 65 ðc : ða=aÞÞ : 62 ðc : ða=aÞÞ : 64 ðc : ða=aÞÞ : 63

C6 C61 C65 C62 C64 C63

C6 C61 C65 C62 C64 C63

P6 P61 P65 P62 P64 P63

P6 P61 P65 P62 P64 P63

1 C3h

ðc : ða=aÞÞ : 3 : m

C6

C6

P6

P6

1 C6h 2 C6h

ðc : ða=aÞÞ  m : 6 ðc : ða=aÞÞ  m : 63

C6=m C63 =m

C6=m C63 =m

P6=m P63 =m

P6=m P63 =m

ða=a=aÞ=6~  g abc

Hexagonal setting (Sh–K)

Rhombohedral setting (Sh–K)

787

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 3.3.3.1 (continued) Symbols of International Tables No.

Schoenflies symbol

177 178 179 180 181 182

D16 D26 D36 D46 D56 D66

183 184 185 186

1935 Edition

Present Edition

Shubnikov symbol

Short

Full

Short

Full

ðc : ða=aÞÞ  2 : 6 ðc : ða=aÞÞ  2 : 61 ðc : ða=aÞÞ  2 : 65 ðc : ða=aÞÞ  2 : 62 ðc : ða=aÞÞ  2 : 64 ðc : ða=aÞÞ  2 : 63

C62 C61 2 C65 2 C62 2 C64 2 C63 2

C622 C61 22 C65 22 C62 22 C64 22 C63 22

P622 P61 22 P65 22 P62 22 P64 22 P63 22

P622 P61 22 P65 22 P62 22 P64 22 P63 22

1 C6v 2 C6v 3 C6v 4 C6v

ðc : ða=aÞÞ : m  6 ðc : ða=aÞÞ : c~  6 ðc : ða=aÞÞ : c~  63 ðc : ða=aÞÞ : m  63

C6mm C6cc C6cm C6mc

C6mm C6cc C63 cm C63 mc

P6mm P6cc P63 cm P63 mc

P6mm P6cc P63 cm P63 mc

187 188 189 190

D13h D23h D33h D43h

ðc : ða=aÞÞ : m  3 : m ðc : ða=aÞÞ : c~  3 : m ðc : ða=aÞÞ  m : 3  m ðc : ða=aÞÞ  m : 3  c~

C6m2 C6c2 H6m2 H6c2

C6m2 C6c2 H6m2 H6c2

P6m2 P6c2 P62m P62c

P6m2 P6c2 P62m P62c

191 192 193 194

D16h D26h D36h D46h

ðc : ða=aÞÞ  m : 6  m ðc : ða=aÞÞ  m : 6  c~ ðc : ða=aÞÞ  m : 63  c~ ðc : ða=aÞÞ  m : 63  m

C6=mmm C6=mcc C6=mcm C6=mmc

C6=m 2=m 2=m C6=m 2=c 2=c C63 =m 2=c 2=m C63 =m 2=m 2=c

P6=mmm P6=mcc P63 =mcm P63 =mmc

P6=m 2=m 2=m P6=m 2=c 2=c P63 =m 2=c 2=m P63 =m 2=m 2=c

195

T1

P23

P23

P23

P23

196

T2

F23

F23

F23

F23

197

T3

ða : ða=aÞÞ : 2=3 

 aþc bþc aþb : a : ða : aÞ 2 2 2 : 2=3 
 aþbþc a : ða : aÞ : 2=3 2

I23

I23

I23

I23

198

T4

P21 3

P21 3

P21 3

P21 3

199

T5

ða : ða : aÞÞ : 21 ==3 
 aþbþc a : ða : aÞ : 21 ==3 2

I21 3

I21 3

I21 3

I21 3

200 201

Th1 Th2

Pm3 Pn3

P2=m 3 P2=n 3

Pm3 Pn3

P2=m 3 P2=n 3

Pm3 (IT, 1952) Pn3 (IT, 1952)

202

Th3

Fm3

F2=m 3

Fm3

F2=m 3

Fm3 (IT, 1952)

203

Th4

Fd3

F2=d 3

Fd3

F2=d 3

Fd3 (IT, 1952)

204

Th5

Im3

I2=m 3

Im3

I2=m 3

Im3 (IT, 1952)

205

Th6

Pa3

P21 =a 3

Pa3

P21 =a 3

Pa3 (IT, 1952)

206

Th7

ða : ða : aÞÞ  m=6~ e 6~ ða : ða : aÞÞ  ab= 

 aþc bþc aþb : a : ða : aÞ 2 2 2 ~  m= 6

  aþc bþc aþb : a : ða : aÞ 2 2 2  12ab=6~ 
 aþbþc a : ða : aÞ  m=6~ 2 ða : ða : aÞÞ  a~ =6~ 
 aþbþc a : ða : aÞ  a~ =6~ 2

Ia3

I21 =a 3

Ia3

I21 =a 3

Ia3 (IT, 1952)

207 208

O1 O2

P43 P42 3

P432 P42 32

P432 P42 32

P432 P42 32

209

O3

F43

F432

F432

F432

210

O4

F41 3

F41 32

F41 32

F41 32

211

O5

I43

I432

I432

I432

212 213

O6 O7

P43 3 P41 3

P43 32 P41 32

P43 32 P41 32

P43 32 P41 32

214

O8

ða : ða : aÞÞ : 4=3 ða : ða : aÞÞ : 42 ==3 

 aþc bþc aþb : a : ða : aÞ 2 2 2 : 4=3 

 aþc bþc aþb : a : ða : aÞ 2 2 2  : 41 ==3
 aþbþc a : ða : aÞ : 4=3 2 ða : ða : aÞÞ : 43 ==3 ða : ða : aÞÞ : 41 ==3 
 aþbþc a : ða : aÞ : 41 ==3 2

I41 3

I41 32

I41 32

I41 32

788

Comments†

3.3. SPACE-GROUP SYMBOLS AND THEIR USE Table 3.3.3.1 (continued) Symbols of International Tables No.

Schoenflies symbol

215

Td1

216

Td2

217

Td3

218

Td4

219

Td5

220

Td6

221 222 223 224

O1h O2h O3h O4h

225

O5h

226

O6h

227

O7h

228

O8h

229

O9h

230

O10 h

Shubnikov symbol ~ ða : ða : aÞÞ : 4=3 

 aþc bþc aþb : a : ða : aÞ 2 2 2 ~ : 4=3 
 aþbþc a : ða : aÞ 2 ~ : 4=3 ~ ða : ða : aÞÞ : 4==3

  aþc bþc aþb : a : ða : aÞ 2 2 2 ~ : 4==3 
 aþbþc ~ a : ða : aÞ : 4==3 2 ða : ða : aÞÞ : 4=6~  m ða : ða : aÞÞ : 4=6~  g abc ða : ða : aÞÞ : 42 ==6~  g abc ða : ða : aÞÞ : 42 ==6~  m

  aþc bþc aþb : a : ða : aÞ 2 2 2 : 4=6~  m

  aþc bþc aþb : a : ða : aÞ 2 2 2 : 4=6~  c~ 

 aþc bþc aþb : aða : aÞ 2 2 2 ~ : 4 ==6  m
 1
 aþc bþc aþb : a : ða : aÞ 2 2 2 : 41 ==6~  c~ 
 aþbþc a : ða : aÞ : 4=6~  m 2 
 aþbþc a : ða : aÞ : 41 ==6~  12 g abc 2

1935 Edition

Present Edition

Short

Full

Short

Full

P43m

P43m

P43m

P43m

Comments†

F43m

F43m

F43m

F43m

I43m

I43m

I43m

I43m

P43n

P43n

P43n

P43n

F43c

F43c

F43c

F43c

I43d

I43d

I43d

I43d

Pm3m Pn3n Pm3n Pn3m

P4=m 3 2=m P4=n 3 2=n P42 =m 3 2=n P42 =n 3 2=m

Pm3m Pn3n Pm3n Pn3m

P4=m 3 2=m P4=n 3 2=n P42 =m 3 2=n P42 =n 3 2=m

Pm3m (IT, 1952) Pn3n (IT, 1952) Pm3n (IT, 1952) Pn3m (IT ,1952)

Fm3m

F4=m 3 2=m

Fm3m

F4=m 3 2=m

Fm3m (IT, 1952)

Fm3c

F4=m 3 2=c

Fm3c

F4=m 3 2=c

Fm3c (IT, 1952)

Fd3m

F41 =d 3 2=m

Fd3m

F41 =d 3 2=m

Fd3m (IT, 1952)

Fd3c

F41 =d 3 2=c

Fd3c

F41 =d 3 2=c

Fd3c (IT, 1952)

Im3m

I4=m 3 2=m

Im3m

I4=m 3 2=m

Im3m (IT, 1952)

Ia3d

I41 =a 3 2=d

Ia3d

I41 =a 3 2=d

Ia3d (IT, 1952)

† Abbreviations used in the column Comments: IT, 1952: International Tables for X-ray Crystallography, Vol. I (1952); Sh–K; Shubnikov & Koptsik (1972). Note that this table contains only one notation for the b-unique setting and one notation for the c-unique setting in the monoclinic case, always referring to cell choice 1 of the space-group tables.

ated, are obtained by the combination of the extinction rules derived for the generators and indicators.

3.3.3.5. Systematic absences Hermann (1928a) emphasized that the short symbols permit the derivation of systematic absences of X-ray reflections caused by the glide/screw parts of the symmetry operations. If h ¼ ðhklÞ describes the X-ray reflection and ðW ; wÞ is the matrix representation of a symmetry operation, the matrix can be expanded as follows:

Example: Space group D10 4 ¼ I41 22 ð98Þ The generators of the space group are the integral translations and the centring translation x þ 12 ; y þ 12 ; z þ 12, the rotation 2 in direction [100]: x; y; z and the rotation 2 in direction [110]: y; x; z  14. The combination of the two generators gives the operation corresponding to the indicator, namely y; x; z þ 14, which represents a fourfold screw rotation in the direction [001]. The integral translations imply no restriction because the scalar product is always an integer. For the centring, condition (i) with W ¼ I holds for all reflections (integral condition), but the scalar product (ii) is an integer only for h þ k þ l ¼ 2n. Thus, reflections hkl with h þ k þ l 6¼ 0 2n1are absent. The screw 0 rotation 4 has the screw part wg ¼ @ 0 A. Only 00l reflections

0

1 wg;1 B C ðW ; wÞ ¼ ðW ; wg þ wl Þ ¼ ðW ; @ wg;2 A þ wl Þ: wg;3 The absence of a reflection is governed by the relation (i) h  W = h and the scalar product (ii) h  wg ¼ hwg;1 þ kwg;2 þ lwg;3 . A reflection h is absent if condition (i) holds and the scalar product (ii) is not an integer. The calculation must be made for all generators and indicators of the short symbol. Systematic absences, introduced by the further symmetry operations gener-

1 4

789

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY obey condition (i) (serial extinction). An integral value for the scalar product (ii) requires l ¼ 4n. The twofold axes in the directions [100] and [110] do not imply further absences because wg ¼ o.

3m and 3m, which can be oriented in two ways with respect to the lattice. For example, the point group 3m has two sets of symmetry directions. If the basis vector a is normal to the mirror plane m, two hexagonal cells with different centrings are possible: (i) the hexagonal primitive cell, always described by C in IT 1 (1935), leads to C3m ¼ C3v ; (ii) the hexagonal H-centred cell, with centring points in 23; 13; 0 2 (cf. Chapter 3.1). and 13; 23; 0, leads to H3m ¼ C3v The latter can be transformed to a primitive cell in which the mirror plane is normal to the representative of the tertiary set of the hexagonal lattice. In IT (1952) and the present editions, the primitive hexagonal cell is described by P. Thus, the above space 1 2 and P31m ¼ C3v . groups receive the symbols P3m1 ¼ C3v Further changes are: (i) In IT (1952), symbols for space groups related to the point groups 422, 622 and 432 contain the twofold axis of the tertiary set. The advantage is that these groups can be generated by operations of the secondary and tertiary set. The symbol of the indicator is provided with the appropriate index to identify the screw part, thus fixing the intersection parameter. (ii) Some standard settings are changed in the monoclinic system. In IT (1935), only one setting (b unique, one cell choice) was tabulated for the monoclinic space groups. In IT (1952), two choices were offered, b and c unique, each with one cell choice. In the present edition, the two choices (b and c unique) are retained but for each one three different cells are available. The standard short symbol, however, is that of IT (1935) (b-unique setting). (iii) In the short symbols of centrosymmetric space groups in the cubic system, 3
is written instead of 3, e.g. Pm3
instead of Pm3 [as in IT (1935) and IT (1952)]. (iv) Beginning with the fourth edition of this volume (1995), the following five orthorhombic space-group symbols have been modified by introducing the new glide-plane symbol e, according to a Nomenclature Report of the IUCr (de Wolff et al., 1992).

Detailed discussion of the theoretical background of conditions for possible general reflections and their derivation is given in Chapter 1.6. 3.3.3.6. Generalized symmetry The international symbols can be suitably modified to describe generalized symmetry, e.g. colour groups, which occur when the symmetry operations are combined with changes of physical properties. For the description of antisymmetry (or ‘black–white’ symmetry), the symbols of the Bravais lattices are supplemented by additional letters for centrings accompanied by a change in colour. For symmetry operations that are not translations, a prime is added to the usual symbol if a change of colour takes place. A complete description of the symbols and a detailed list of references are given by Koptsik (1966). The Shubnikov symbols have not been extended to colour symmetry. An introduction to the structure, properties and symbols of magnetic subperiodic and magnetic space groups is given in Chapter 3.6.

3.3.4. Changes introduced in space-group symbols since 1935 Before the appearance of the first edition of International Tables in 1935, different notations for space groups were in use. A summary and comparative tables may be found in the introduction to that edition. The international notation was proposed by Hermann (1928a,b) and Mauguin (1931), who used the concept of lattice symmetry directions (see Section 3.3.1) and gave preference to reflections or glide reflections as generators. Considerable changes to the original Hermann–Mauguin short symbols were made in IT (1952). The most important change refers to the symmetry directions. In the original Hermann–Mauguin symbols [IT (1935)], the distribution of symmetry elements is prescribed by the pointgroup symbol in the traditional setting, for example 42m (not 4m2) but 6m2 (not 62m). This procedure sometimes implies the use of a larger unit cell than would be necessary. In IT (1952) and in the present series, however, the lattice symmetry directions always refer to the conventional cell (cf. Chapter 3.1) of the Bravais lattice. The results of this change are (a) different symbols for centring types and (b) different sequences of the symbols referring to the point group. These differences occur only in some space groups that have a tetragonal or hexagonal lattice. Thus, the two different space groups D12d and D52d were symbolized by P42m and C42m in IT (1935) because in both cases the twofold axis had to be connected with the secondary set of symmetry directions. The new international symbols are P42m and P4m2; since in the point group 4=m 2=m 2=m of the Bravais lattice the secondary and tertiary set cannot be distinguished, the twofold axis in the subgroups 42m and 4m2 may occur in either the secondary or the tertiary set. Accordingly, the C-centred cell of D52d  C42m, used in IT (1935), was transformed to a primitive one with the twofold axis along the tertiary set, resulting in the symbol P4m2. The same considerations hold for 6m2 and 62m and for space groups with a hexagonal lattice belonging to the point groups 32,

Space group No. Former symbol: New symbol:

39 Abm2 Aem2

41 Aba2 Aea2

64 Cmca Cmce

67 Cmma Cmme

68 Ccca Ccce

The new symbol is indicated in the headline of these space groups. Further details are given in Section 2.1.2. Difficulties arising from these changes are avoided by selecting the lexicographically first one of the two possible glide parts for the generating operation. 17 Example: Aea2  Aba2 ¼ C2v ð41Þ The generators are

A centring: x; y þ 12; z þ 12 ð1Þ þ ð0; 12; 12Þ glide reflection b100 : x; y þ 12; z ð4Þ or glide reflection c100 : x; y; z þ 12 ð4Þ þ ð0; 12; 12Þ The first possibility is selected. glide reflection a010 : x þ 12; y; z ð3Þ: 1 1 A shift of origin by ð 4 ;2; 0Þ is necessary. The 1935 symbols and all the changes adopted in the edition of International Tables can be seen in Table Differences in the symbols between IT (1952) and the edition may be found in the last column of this table; Section 2.1.3.4.

790

present 3.3.3.1. present cf. also

3.3. SPACE-GROUP SYMBOLS AND THEIR USE International Tables for X-ray Crystallography (1952). Vol. I, edited by N. F. M. Henry & K. Lonsdale. Birmingham: Kynoch Press. [Revised editions: 1965, 1969 and 1977. Abbreviated as IT (1952).] Internationale Tabellen zur Bestimmung von Kristallstrukturen (1935). I. Band, edited by C. Hermann. Berlin: Borntraeger. [Reprint with corrections: Ann Arbor: Edwards (1944). Abbreviated as IT (1935).] International Tables for Crystallography (2008). Vol. B, Reciprocal Space. Edited by U. Shmueli, 3rd ed. Heidelberg: Springer. Koptsik, V. A. (1966). Shubnikov Groups. Moscow University Press. (In Russian.) Mauguin, Ch. (1931). Sur le symbolisme des groupes de re´petition ou de syme´trie des assemblages cristallins. Z. Kristallogr. 76, 542–558. Schoenflies, A. (1891). Krystallsysteme und Krystallstructur. Leipzig: Teubner. [Reprint: Berlin: Springer (1984).] Schoenflies, A. (1923). Theorie der Kristallstruktur. Berlin: Borntraeger. Shmueli, U. (1984). Space-group algorithms. I. The space group and its symmetry elements. Acta Cryst. A40, 559–567. Shubnikov, A. V. & Koptsik, V. A. (1972). Symmetry in Science and Art. Moscow: Nauka. (In Russian.) [Engl. transl: New York: Plenum (1974).] Wolff, P. M. de, Billiet, Y., Donnay, J. D. H., Fischer, W., Galiulin, R. B., Glazer, A. M., Hahn, Th., Senechal, M., Shoemaker, D. P., Wondratschek, H., Wilson, A. J. C. & Abrahams, S. C. (1992). Symbols for symmetry elements and symmetry operations. Final Report of the International Union of Crystallography Ad-hoc Committee on the Nomenclature of Symmetry. Acta Cryst. A48, 727–732. Zimmermann, H. (1976). Ableitung der Raumgruppen aus ihren klassengleichen Untergruppenbeziehungen. Z. Kristallogr. 143, 485– 515.

References Bertaut, E. F. (1976). Study of principal subgroups and their general positions in C and I groups of class mmm – D2h. Acta Cryst. A32, 380– 387. Buerger, M. J. (1967). Some desirable modifications of the international symmetry symbols. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 58, 1768–1773. Burzlaff, H. & Zimmermann, H. (1980). On the choice of origins in the description of space groups. Z. Kristallogr. 153, 151–179. Burzlaff, H. & Zimmermann, H. (2002). On the treatment of settings of space groups and crystal structures by specialized short Hermann– Mauguin space-group symbols. Z. Kristallogr. 217, 135–138. Donnay, J. D. H. (1969). Symbolism of rhombohedral space groups in Miller axes. Acta Cryst. A25, 715–716. Donnay, J. D. H. (1977). The structural classification of crystal point symmetries. Acta Cryst. A33, 979–984. Hall, S. R. (1981a). Space-group notation with an explicit origin. Acta Cryst. A37, 517–525. Hall, S. R. (1981b). Space-group notation with an explicit origin; erratum. Acta Cryst. A37, 921. Heesch, H. (1929). Zur systematischen Strukturtheorie II. Z. Kristallogr. 72, 177–201. Hermann, C. (1928a). Zur systematischen Strukturtheorie I. Eine neue Raumgruppensymbolik. Z. Kristallogr. 68, 257–287. Hermann, C. (1928b). Zur systematischen Strukturtheorie II. Ableitung der Raumgruppen aus ihren Kennvektoren. Z. Kristallogr. 69, 226–249. Hermann, C. (1929). Zur systematischen Strukturtheorie IV. Untergruppen. Z. Kristallogr. 69, 533–555. Hermann, C. (1931). Bemerkungen zu der vorstehenden Arbeit von Ch. Mauguin. Z. Kristallogr. 76, 559–561.

791

references

International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Chapter 3.4, pp. 792–825.

3.4. Lattice complexes W. Fischer and E. Koch 3.4.1. The concept of lattice complexes and limiting complexes

term (crystallographic) orbit will be used in a much more restricted sense, as proposed by Wondratschek (1976): From any point of E3, the symmetry operations of a given space group G generate an infinite set of symmetry-equivalent points, called a crystallographic orbit with respect to G or, for short, a crystallographic orbit (cf. Section 1.4.4). The space group G is called the generating space group of the orbit. Each point of a crystallographic orbit defines uniquely a largest finite subgroup of G, which maps that point onto itself, its sitesymmetry group (cf. Section 1.4.4). Site-symmetry groups that belong to different points out of the same crystallographic orbit are conjugate subgroups of G.

3.4.1.1. Introduction The term lattice complex (Gitterkomplex) was originally coined by P. Niggli (1919), but he used the term in an ambiguous manner. Later, Hermann (1935) modified and specified the concept of lattice complexes. The rigorous definition used in this chapter was proposed later still by Fischer & Koch (1974a) [cf. also Koch & Fischer (1978a)]. An alternative definition was given by Zimmermann & Burzlaff (1974) at around the same time. In crystal structures belonging to different structure types and showing different space-group symmetries, some of the atoms may have the same relative locations (e.g. Cl in CsCl and F in CaF2). The concept of lattice complexes can be used to reveal relationships between such crystal structures even if their space groups belong to different types. The terms ‘point configuration’ (Fischer & Koch, 1974a) and ‘crystallographic orbit’ (Matsumoto & Wondratschek, 1979) have frequently been used as synonyms for sets of points in three-dimensional space E3 that are equivalent with respect to a space group G. Such sets of points may be classified in two different ways: (1) according to the concept of lattice complexes (German: Gitterkomplexe) and of limiting complexes, which goes back to Hermann (1935) and has been defined more strictly by Fischer & Koch (1974a); (2) according to the concept of types of crystallographic orbits and of non-characteristic orbits introduced by Wondratschek (1976). As the two approaches1 are strongly related but not identical, the classes originating from the two concepts will be compared and the differences worked out. Both terms, ‘point configuration’ and ‘crystallographic orbit’, have been used with two slightly different meanings: (1) for sets of points that are equivalent with respect to a given space group, i.e. in the mathematical sense of ‘orbit’; (2) for such sets of points, but detached from their generating space groups. The second meaning is referred to, for example, if one speaks only of a primitive cubic point lattice. As within both concepts both meanings are required, one has to distinguish between them. In the following, therefore, the term ‘crystallographic orbit’ is restricted to the first meaning and the term ‘point configuration’ is restricted to the second meaning.

Example The points x; 0; 0 and
x þ 12 ; 0; 12;
x; 0; 0 and x þ 12 ; 0; 12 form an orbit of a given space group Pmna together with the infinitely many other points that can be generated from the first four by the translations of Pmna. The site-symmetry group 2.. of each such point consists of the identity operation 1 and of a twofold rotation. The position of the twofold axis can easily be read from the corresponding coordinate triplet. The site-symmetry groups of the first two points are f1; 2 x; 0; 0g and f1; 2 x; 0; 12g, respectively. They can be mapped onto another by conjugation e.g. with the glide reflection a x; y; 14 of Pmna. This glide reflection also interchanges the two twofold axes as can easily be learned by inspecting the spacegroup diagram. The crystallographic orbits of a given space group G subdivide the set of all points of E3 into equivalence classes. It is also possible, however, to define equivalence of orbits on the set of all crystallographic orbits of G: Two crystallographic orbits of a space group G belong to the same Wyckoff position (cf. Section 1.4.4) if and only if the sitesymmetry groups of any two points stemming from the first and the second orbit are conjugate subgroups of G.2 Example The points 0:2; 0; 0 and 0:1; 0; 0:5 belong to different orbits of a given space group Pmna. Their site-symmetry groups f1; 2 x; 0; 0g and f1; 2 x; 0; 12g are conjugate subgroups of Pmna (cf. the previous example). Therefore, the two orbits belong to the same Wyckoff position of Pmna, namely to 4e.

3.4.1.2. Crystallographic orbits, Wyckoff positions, Wyckoff sets and types of Wyckoff set

The following definition results in a coarser classification of crystallographic orbits:

In mathematics, an orbit is a very general group-theoretical term describing any set of objects that are mapped onto each other by the action of a group (cf. Section 1.1.7). In fact, orbits are always present in crystallography where equivalence classes are defined by means of a group action (e.g. a space-group type is the orbit of a space group in the set of all space groups under the action of the affine group). In the present context, however, the

Two crystallographic orbits of a space group G belong to the same Wyckoff set (German: Konfigurationslage, cf. Fischer & Koch, 1974a) if and only if the site-symmetry groups of any two points stemming from the first and the second orbit are conjugate subgroups of the affine normalizer of G (cf. Section 1.4.4.3).3

2

Instead of conjugation by symmetry operations of G, Fischer & Koch (1974a) and Koch & Fischer (1975) used inner automorphisms of G. Instead of conjugation by elements of the affine normalizer of G, Fischer & Koch (1974a) and Koch & Fischer (1975) used automorphisms of G.

1

The following articles are also related to these topics: Engel (1983); Engel et al. (1984); Fischer et al. (1973); Fischer & Koch (1978, 1983); Koch (1974); Koch & Fischer (1975, 1978a, 1985); Steinmann (1984); Wondratschek (1980).

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

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3.4. LATTICE COMPLEXES Accordingly, all orbits of a certain Wyckoff position belong to the same Wyckoff set. The assignment of orbits to Wyckoff sets, therefore, also defines an equivalence relation on the Wyckoff positions of a space group. The Wyckoff sets of the space groups were first tabulated by Koch & Fischer (1975).

different space groups of type P4=mmm constitute together a type of Wyckoff set. 3.4.1.3. Point configurations and lattice complexes, reference symbols For the comparison of crystal structures belonging to different types, another kind of equivalence relationship between crystallographic orbits may be useful:

Example In space group Pmna, the site-symmetry groups of the points 0:2; 0; 0 and 0:2; 0:5; 0 are f1; 2 x; 0; 0g and f1; 2 x; 12 ; 0g. There is no symmetry operation from Pmna that maps these sitesymmetry groups onto another by conjugation and hence the two corresponding orbits do not belong to the same Wyckoff position of Pmna. The Euclidian (and affine) normalizer of Pmna is a space group of type Pmmm with half the lattice parameters compared with those of Pmna (cf. Chapter 3.5). It contains e.g. the twofold rotation 2 x; 14 ; 0 that maps by conjugation the two site-symmetry groups onto another and also the two axes in the space-group diagram. Therefore, the two orbits belong to the same Wyckoff set even though they belong to the different Wyckoff positions 4e and 4f.

One may consider the set of points belonging to a certain orbit without paying attention to the generating space group of the orbit. Such a bare set of points is called a point configuration. Two crystallographic orbits are called configuration equivalent if their point configurations are identical. This definition uniquely assigns orbits to point configurations, but not vice versa. Example
with lattice Let us consider a certain space group of type Pm3m vectors a, b, c together with two of its non-maximal subgroups, namely Fm3
with index 4 and P432 with index 16, both with lattice vectors 2a, 2b, 2c. The orbit of 12 ; 12 ; 12 belongs to Wyckoff

position 1b of Pm3m (site symmetry m3m), and the corresponding set of points, its point configuration, forms a primitive cubic point lattice. As both subgroups have doubled unit-cell edges, the point 12 ; 12 ; 12 turns to 14 ; 14 ; 14. The respective orbits belong to Wyckoff position 8c of Fm3
(site symmetry 23.) and to 8g of P432 (site symmetry .3.), and both correspond to the original point configuration. Therefore,
1b 1 ; 1 ; 1, Fm3
8c 1 ; 1 ; 1 and P432 8g the three orbits Pm3m 2 2 2 4 4 4 1 x; x; x with x ¼ 4 are configuration equivalent (together with
several other orbits from certain other subgroups of Pm3m). They all give rise to one and the same point configuration, a specific primitive cubic lattice of points. The generating space group, however, cannot be identified just by looking at the point configuration.

In analogy to the transition from a single space group to its type, it seems desirable to transfer also the terms ‘Wyckoff position’ and ‘Wyckoff set’ to the whole space-group type. For Wyckoff positions, however, such a generalization is not possible: two space groups of the same type can be mapped onto each other by infinitely many isomorphisms or affine mappings. Each isomorphism results in a unique relation between the Wyckoff positions of the two groups, but different isomorphisms may give rise to different relations so that the Wyckoff positions of the same Wyckoff set change their roles. Such ambiguities, however, cannot occur for Wyckoff sets, because all Wyckoff sets of a certain space group differ in their group-theoretical relations to that group. Therefore, Wyckoff sets may be classified as follows: Two Wyckoff sets stemming from space groups of the same type belong to the same type of Wyckoff set if and only if they are related by an isomorphism (affine mapping) of the two space groups (German: Klasse von Konfigurationslagen, cf. Fischer & Koch, 1974a; Koch & Fischer, 1975). The 219 types of space group in E3 give rise to 1128 types of Wyckoff set.

The eigensymmetry of a point configuration is the most comprehensive space group that maps this point configuration onto itself. Accordingly, exactly one crystallographic orbit out of each class of configuration-equivalent orbits stands out because its generating space group coincides with the eigensymmetry of its point configuration. In the case of the example above, this
1b (as long as the origin of Pm3m
remains specific orbit is Pm3m unchanged). The concept of configuration equivalence may also be applied to types of Wyckoff set: two types of Wyckoff set are configuration equivalent if and only if for each crystallographic orbit belonging to the first type there exists a configuration-equivalent crystallographic orbit belonging to the second type of Wyckoff set, and vice versa. All types of Wyckoff set differ in their crystallographic orbits, but configuration-equivalent types of Wyckoff set result in the same set of point configurations.

Example Take, in a particular space group of type P4=mmm, the Wyckoff position 4l x; 0; 0. The points of each corresponding orbit form squares that replace the points of the tetragonal primitive point lattice of Wyckoff position 1a. For all conceivable orbits of 4l, the squares have the same orientation, but their edges differ in their lengths. Congruent arrangements of squares but shifted by 12 c or by 12 ða þ bÞ or by 12 ða þ b þ cÞ give the orbits of the Wyckoff positions 4m, 4n and 4o, respectively, in the same space group. The four Wyckoff positions 4l to 4o, all with site symmetry m2m., make up a Wyckoff set (cf. Table 3.4.3.3). They are mapped onto each other, for example, by the translations 12 c, 12 ða þ bÞ and 12 ða þ b þ cÞ, which belong to the Euclidean (and affine) normalizer of the group. If one space group of type P4=mmm is mapped onto another space group of the same type, the Wyckoff set 4l to 4o as a whole is transformed to 4l to 4o. The individual Wyckoff positions may be interchanged, however, because of the different possible choices for the origin in each individual space group of type P4=mmm. All the Wyckoff sets 4l to 4o stemming from all

A lattice complex is the set of all point configurations that correspond to the crystallographic orbits of a certain type of Wyckoff set. There exist 402 classes of configuration-equivalent types of Wyckoff set and, therefore, 402 lattice complexes in E3 . Example Let us consider again the type of Wyckoff set P4=mmm 4l to 4o (the last example in Section 3.4.1.2). The set of all corresponding point configurations constitutes a lattice complex. Its

793

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY point configurations may be derived as described above, but now – instead of starting from just a particular group – starting from all space groups of type P4=mmm with all conceivable positions of the origins and lengths and orientations of the basis vectors. Accordingly, the point configurations may differ in their relative position in space, their orientation, and in the distances between the centres and the size of their squares.

identification. For the purpose of reference symbols of lattice complexes, however, instead of the site symmetry the Wyckoff letter of one of the Wyckoff positions with that site symmetry is arbitrarily chosen, as first done by Hermann (1935). This Wyckoff position is called the characteristic Wyckoff position of the lattice complex. Example
is the characteristic space-group type for the lattice Pm3m complex of all cubic primitive point lattices. The Wyckoff
are la positions with the highest possible site symmetry m3m 1 1 1 0; 0; 0 and 1b 2 ; 2 ; 2, from which 1a has been chosen as the characteristic position. Thus, the reference symbol of this
a. lattice complex is Pm3m

Just as all crystal forms of a particular type may be related to different point-group types, the same lattice complex may occur in different space-group types. Example The lattice complex ‘cubic primitive lattice’ may be generated,
1a; b, in Fm3m
8c and in Ia3
8a; b among others, in Pm3m
43m

respectively. The type of with site symmetry m3m, and :3:,
1a, b leads to the same set of Wyckoff set specified by Pm3m
8c or Ia3
8a; b. Each point point configurations as Fm3m configuration of this lattice complex can be generated by a properly chosen space group of each of these space-group types.

Example
is also the characteristic space-group type for a second Pm3m lattice complex that corresponds to Wyckoff position 8g .3m x; x; x. The reference symbol for this lattice complex is
g. Each of its point configurations may be derived by Pm3m replacing each point of a cubic primitive lattice by eight points arranged at the corners of a cube.

Configuration-equivalent crystallographic orbits do not necessarily belong to configuration-equivalent types of Wyckoff set.

All types of Wyckoff set (together with their Wyckoff sets and Wyckoff positions) that generate, as described above, the same set of point configurations are assigned to the same lattice complex. Accordingly, the following criterion holds: two Wyckoff positions are assigned to the same lattice complex if there is a suitable transformation that maps the point configurations of the two Wyckoff positions onto each other and if their space groups belong to the same crystal family (cf. Section 1.3.4.4). Suitable transformations are translations, proper or improper rotations, isotropic or anisotropic expansions or more general affine mappings (without violation of the metric conditions for the corresponding crystal family), and all their products. By this criterion, the Wyckoff positions of all space groups (1731 entries in the space-group tables, 1128 types of Wyckoff set) are uniquely assigned to 402 lattice complexes. This assignment was first done by Hermann in Internationale Tabellen zur Bestimmung von Kristallstrukturen (1935). The corresponding information has also been given by Fischer et al. (1973). The same concept has been used for the point configurations and Wyckoff positions in the plane groups. Here the Wyckoff positions (72 entries in the plane-group tables, 51 types of Wyckoff set) are assigned to 30 plane lattice complexes or net complexes (cf. Burzlaff et al., 1968). The complexes for the crystallographic subperiodic groups in three-dimensional space, i.e. for the crystallographic point groups, rod groups and layer groups, have been derived by Koch & Fischer (1978a).

Example
1a; b and Fm3
8c The orbits of the types of Wyckoff set Pm3m both refer to the set of all conceivable primitive cubic point lattices. Therefore, these two types of Wyckoff set are configuration equivalent and are associated with the same lattice complex. The type of Wyckoff set P432 8g x; x; x, however, comprises apart from crystallographic orbits with x ¼ 14 also those with x 6¼ 14. The orbits with x ¼ 14 refer to the same set
1a; b and Fm3
8c, whereas of point configurations as Pm3m 1 those with x 6¼ 4 give rise to point configurations with different properties. As a consequence, the type of Wyckoff set P432 8g
1a; b and x; x; x is not configuration equivalent with Pm3m Fm3
8c, and, therefore, belongs to another lattice complex. As this example shows, lattice complexes do not form equivalence classes of point configurations, but a certain point configuration may belong to several lattice complexes. As each type of Wyckoff set uniquely refers to a certain lattice complex, one can also assign all corresponding Wyckoff sets, Wyckoff positions and crystallographic orbits to that lattice complex. A certain lattice complex, however, is frequently related to different types of Wyckoff set. Among the different types of Wyckoff set belonging to a certain lattice complex, one stands out because its crystallographic orbits show the highest site symmetry. This one is called the characteristic type of Wyckoff set of that lattice complex, and the corresponding space-group type its characteristic space-group type. All other types of Wyckoff set are referred to as noncharacteristic. The term ‘characteristic’ may also be transferred to particular Wyckoff sets out of the characteristic type. The space groups of all the other types in which the lattice complex may be generated are subgroups of the space groups of its characteristic type. Different lattice complexes may have the same characteristic space-group type, but then they differ in the oriented site symmetry of their Wyckoff positions within that space-group type. The characteristic space-group type together with the oriented site symmetry expresses the common symmetry properties of all point configurations of a lattice complex and can be used for its

3.4.1.4. Limiting complexes and comprehensive complexes As has been shown above, lattice complexes define equivalence classes of orbits but not of point configurations. This property gave rise to the concept of limiting complexes and comprehensive complexes (Fischer & Koch, 1974a; Koch, 1974). For morphological crystal forms an almost analogous situation exists. A certain tetragonal prism, for example, may be a general representative of the crystal form ‘tetragonal prism’ on the one hand or it may be a special representative of the crystal forms ‘tetragonal pyramid’ or ‘tetragonal disphenoid’ on the other hand. In the first case the generating point group may belong to
the types 4/mmm, 422, 4/m or 42m (with site symmetry 2 for each face), in the second case the types of the generating point group

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3.4. LATTICE COMPLEXES

respectively. The are 4mm or 4 and 42m (site symmetry m) or 4, crystal form ‘tetragonal prism’ is a limiting form of both crystal forms ‘tetragonal pyramid’ and ‘tetragonal disphenoid’. If a first lattice complex forms a true subset of a second one, i.e. if each point configuration of the first lattice complex also belongs to the second one, then the first one is called a limiting complex of the second one and the second complex is called a comprehensive complex of the first one (cf. Koch & Fischer, 1985).

groups. This information may also be taken from a list of the noncharacteristic orbits of the plane groups by Matsumoto & Wondratschek (1987).

3.4.1.5. Additional properties of lattice complexes 3.4.1.5.1. The degrees of freedom Each Wyckoff position shows a certain number of coordinate parameters that can be varied independently. For most lattice complexes, this number is the same for any of its Wyckoff positions. For the lattice complex with characteristic Wyckoff position Pm3
12j m.. 0; y; z, for instance, this number is two. The lattice complex has two degrees of freedom. If, however, the variation of a certain coordinate corresponds to a shift of the point configuration as a whole, the lattice complex has fewer degrees of freedom than the Wyckoff position that is being considered. Therefore, I41 8b x; y; z is the characteristic Wyckoff position of a lattice complex with only two degrees of freedom, although position 8b itself has three coordinate parameters that can be varied independently. The lattice complex P4/m j has two degrees of freedom and refers to Wyckoff positions with two as well as with three independent coordinate parameters, namely to P4/m 4j m.. x; y; 0 and to P4 4d 1 x; y; z. According to its number of degrees of freedom, a lattice complex is called invariant, univariant, bivariant or trivariant. In total, there exist 402 lattice complexes, 36 of which are invariant, 106 univariant, 105 bivariant and 155 trivariant. The 30 plane lattice complexes are made up of 7 invariant, 10 univariant and 13 bivariant ones. Most of the invariant and univariant lattice complexes correspond to several types of Wyckoff set. In contrast to that, only one type of Wyckoff set can belong to each trivariant lattice complex. A bivariant lattice complex may either correspond to one type of Wyckoff set (e.g. Pm3
j) or to two types (P4 d, for example, belongs to the lattice complex with the characteristic Wyckoff position P4=m j).

Example
16c x; x; x involves two limiting The cubic lattice complex I 43d

16b 1 ; 1 ; 1. complexes, namely Im3m 2a 0; 0; 0 and Ia3d 8 8 8
16c with x ¼ 0 and from Im3m
2a are The orbits from I 43d
16c configuration equivalent, and so are the orbits from I 43d
16b. with x ¼ 18 and from Ia3d Example The tetragonal lattice complex I41 =amd 4a is a comprehensive
8a. Each orbit of complex of the cubic complex Fd3m
8a is configuration equivalent to a crystallographic orbit Fd3m of a special space group of type I41 =amd with axial ratio c=a ¼ ð2Þ1=2 . Furthermore, two lattice complexes without a limiting-complex relationship may have a non-empty intersection. Then the point configurations of the intersection result in one or, in very exceptional cases, in two or more other lattice complexes (cf. Koch, 1974). Example The intersection of the two lattice complexes Im3
24g and
I 43m 24g consists of all point configurations belonging to
24h, i.e. each point configuration out of this intersection Im3m
24h 0; x; x and, in addition, to an refers to an orbit from Im3m orbit from Im3
24g 0; y; z with y ¼ z and to another one from
I 43m 24g x; x; z with z = 0. Example
192j The intersection of the trivariant lattice complexes Fm3c and P432 24k consists of two bivariant limiting complexes,
24k 0; y; z and of Pm3m
24m x; x; z. namely of Pm3m

3.4.1.5.2. Weissenberg complexes Depending on their site-symmetry groups, two kinds of Wyckoff position may be distinguished: (i) The site-symmetry group of any point is a proper subgroup of another site-symmetry group from the same space group. Then the Wyckoff position contains, among others, orbits where suitably chosen points may be infinitely close together.

Each point configuration of a given lattice complex is uniquely related to two space groups: (1) the space group that reflects its eigensymmetry, and (2) a space group that belongs to the characteristic space-group type of the lattice complex under consideration. In most cases the two groups coincide. Only when the point configuration under consideration belongs to a limiting complex is the first group a proper supergroup of the second one. Complete lists of the limiting complexes of all lattice complexes are not available. Koch (1974) derived the limiting complexes of the cubic lattice complexes. The limiting complexes that refer to specialized coordinate parameters may be derived from a table by Engel et al. (1984), who listed the respective noncharacteristic orbits for all space-group types. The limiting complexes of the tetragonal and trigonal lattice complexes that are due to metrical specializations are tabulated by Koch & Fischer (2003) and by Koch & Sowa (2005), respectively. Fischer & Koch (1978) tabulated the limiting complexes for the crystallographic point groups, rod groups and layer groups. As each type of plane group uniquely corresponds to a certain type of isomorphic layer group, information on the limiting complexes of the lattice complexes of the plane groups may easily be extracted from the respective table for the layer

Example Each point configuration of the lattice complex with the characteristic Wyckoff position P4=mmm 4j m:2m x; x; 0 may be imagined as squares of four points surrounding the points of a tetragonal primitive lattice. For x ! 0, the squares become infinitesimally small. Orbits with x ¼ 0 show site symmetry 4=mmm, their multiplicity is decreased from 4 to 1, and they belong to Wyckoff position P4=mmm 1a. (ii) The site-symmetry group of every point belonging to the Wyckoff position under consideration is not a proper subgroup of any other site-symmetry group from the same space group. Example In Pmma, there does not exist a site-symmetry group that is a proper supergroup of mm2, the site symmetry of Wyckoff position Pmma 2e 14 ; 0; z. As a consequence, the

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3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY group, the term extraordinary orbit is used (cf. also Matsumoto & Wondratschek, 1979). Each class of configuration-equivalent orbits contains exactly one characteristic crystallographic orbit. The set of all point configurations in E3 can be divided into 402 equivalence classes by means of their eigensymmetry: two point configurations belong to the same symmetry type of point configuration if and only if their characteristic crystallographic orbits belong to the same type of Wyckoff set. As each crystallographic orbit is uniquely related to a certain point configuration, each equivalence relationship on the set of all point configurations also implies an equivalence relationship on the set of all crystallographic orbits: two crystallographic orbits are assigned to the same orbit type (cf. also Engel et al., 1984) if and only if the corresponding point configurations belong to the same symmetry type. In contrast to lattice complexes, neither symmetry types of point configuration nor orbit types can be used to define equivalence relations on Wyckoff positions, Wyckoff sets or types of Wyckoff set. Two crystallographic orbits coming from the same Wyckoff position belong to different orbit types, if – owing to special coordinate values – they differ in the eigensymmetry of their point configurations. Furthermore, two crystallographic orbits with the same coordinate description, but stemming from different space groups of the same type, may belong to different orbit types because of a specialization of the metrical parameters.

Table 3.4.1.1 Reference symbols of the 31 Weissenberg complexes with f  1 degrees of freedom in E3 Weissenberg complex

f

P21/m e P2/c e C2/c e P212121 a Pmma e Pbcm d Pmmn a Pnma c Cmcm c Cmme g Imma e P43 a P4322 a P4322 c P43212 a I4122 f

2 1 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1

Weissenberg complex
d I 42d P4/nmm c I41/acd e P32 a P3212 a P3221 a
P3m1 d P61 a P6122 a P6122 b P213 a I213 a I213 b Ia3
d
c I 43d

f 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

distance between any two symmetry-equivalent points belonging to Pmma e cannot become shorter than the minimum of 12 a, b and c.

Example The eigensymmetry of orbits from Wyckoff position

4a; b P43m 4e x; x; x with x ¼ 14 or x ¼ 34 is enhanced to Fm3m and hence they belong to a different orbit type to those with x 6¼ 14 ; 34.

A lattice complex refers either to Wyckoff positions exclusively of the first or exclusively of the second kind. Most lattice complexes are related to Wyckoff positions of the first kind. There exist, however, 67 lattice complexes without point configurations with infinitesimally short distances between symmetry-related points [cf. Hauptgitter (Weissenberg, 1925)]. These lattice complexes were called Weissenberg complexes by Fischer et al. (1973). The 36 invariant lattice complexes are trivial examples of Weissenberg complexes. The other 31 Weissenberg complexes with degrees of freedom (24 univariant, 6 bivariant, 1 trivariant) are compiled in Table 3.4.1.1. They have the following common property: each Weissenberg complex contains at least two invariant limiting complexes belonging to the same crystal family (see also Section 3.4.3.1.3).

Example In general, an orbit belonging to the type of Wyckoff set I4/m 2a, b corresponds to a point configuration with eigensymmetry I4/mmm 2a, b. If, however, the space group I4/m has specialized metrical parameters, e.g. c/a = 1 or c/a = 21/2, then the eigensymmetry of the point configuration is enhanced to
2a or Fm3m
4a; b, respectively. Im3m

3.4.2.2. Comparison of the concepts of lattice complexes and orbit types

Example The Weissenberg complex Pmma 2e 14 ; 0; z is a comprehensive complex of Pmmm a and of Cmmm a. Within the characteristic Wyckoff position, 14 ; 0; 0 refers to Pmmm a and 14 ; 0; 14 to Cmmm a.

It is the common intention of the lattice-complex and the orbittype concepts to subdivide the point configurations and crystallographic orbits in E3 into subsets with certain common properties. With only a few exceptions, the two concepts result in different subsets. As similar but not identical symmetry considerations are used, each lattice complex is uniquely related to a certain symmetry type of point configuration and to a certain orbit type, and vice versa. Therefore, the two concepts result in the same number of subsets: there exist 402 lattice complexes and 402 symmetry types of point configuration and orbit types. The differences between the subsets are caused by the different properties of the point configurations and crystallographic orbits used for the classifications (cf. also Koch & Fischer, 1985). The concept of orbit types is entirely based on the eigensymmetry of the particular point configurations: a crystallographic orbit is regarded as an isolated entity, i.e. detached from its Wyckoff position and its type of Wyckoff set. On the contrary, lattice complexes result from a hierarchy of classifications of crystallographic orbits into Wyckoff positions, Wyckoff sets, types of Wyckoff set and classes of configuration-equivalent types of

Apart from the seven invariant plane lattice complexes, there exists only one further Weissenberg complex within the plane groups, namely the univariant rectangular complex p2mg c.

3.4.2. The concept of characteristic and non-characteristic orbits, comparison with the lattice-complex concept 3.4.2.1. Definitions The generating space group of any crystallographic orbit may be compared with the eigensymmetry of its point configuration. If both groups coincide, the orbit is called a characteristic crystallographic orbit, otherwise it is named a non-characteristic crystallographic orbit (Wondratschek, 1976; Engel et al., 1984; see also Section 1.1.7). If the eigensymmetry group contains additional translations in comparison with those of the generating space

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3.4. LATTICE COMPLEXES
la. Again, none of the corresponding limiting complex Pm3m orbits belong to orbit type P4/mmm 8r.

Table 3.4.2.1 Reference symbols of the 28 lattice complexes with f  1 degrees of freedom without any limiting complex Lattice complex

f

P4/mmm l P42/mmc j I4/mmm i P6222 g P6/mmm l P6/mmm p P4232 k I432 i I4132 h I4132 i
e Pm3m
Pm3m i
k Pm3m
m Pm3m

1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 2

Lattice complex
g Pm3n
j Pm3n
e Pn3m
i Pn3m
f Fm3m
Fm3m h
g Fd3m
e Im3m
f Im3m
g Im3m
i Im3m
j Im3m
Im3m l
e Ia3d

The comparison of an orbit type with its corresponding lattice complex is more intricate. Again, the concept of limiting complexes and comprehensive complexes elucidates the interrelation. Let A be a lattice complex with a limiting complex B and a comprehensive complex C. The respective orbit types will also be
24h 0; x; x; B = Pm3m
designated A, B and C (e.g. A = Im3m 3c, d 0; 12 ; 12, 12 ; 0; 0; C = Im3
24g 0; y; z). Then a crystallographic orbit from a Wyckoff position of lattice complex A belongs to orbit type A only if it does not correspond to a point configuration of the limiting complex B (i.e. only the crystallographic
24h with x 6¼ 1 belong to orbit type Im3m
24h). orbits of Im3m 4 The crystallographic orbits of lattice complex A, however, that do correspond to the limiting complex B belong to orbit type B (i.e.
24h with x ¼ 1 belong to all crystallographic orbits from Im3m 4
orbit type Pm3m 3c, d). On the contrary, those orbits that refer to lattice complex C and that happen to correspond to the limiting complex A of C belong to orbit type A instead of orbit type C. All crystallographic orbits of Im3
24g 0; y; z with y = z or y ¼ z ¼ 14 create point configurations of lattice complex Im3
24g but belong
24h or Pm3m
3c, d, respectively. to orbit type Im3m For the comparison of lattice complexes and orbit types the concept of non-characteristic orbits is less helpful than the concept of limiting complexes. In terms of lattice complexes, there exist two basically different reasons for a crystallographic orbit to be non-characteristic:

f 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 3 1

Wyckoff set, i.e. a crystallographic orbit is always considered as being embedded in its type of Wyckoff set, and the eigensymmetry of a particular point configuration is disregarded. The differences between the two concepts become clear if limiting complexes are considered. Forty-nine lattice complexes without any limiting complex exist (cf. Table 3.4.2.1). They coincide completely with the corresponding symmetry types of point configurations. As can be extracted from the tables by Engel et al. (1984) there exist 15 additional lattice complexes without limiting complexes due to specialized coordinates. For fundamental reasons, no cubic or hexagonal complexes allow any metrical specialization.

(1) The crystallographic orbit under consideration belongs to a non-characteristic type of Wyckoff set of a lattice complex. Then this orbit, together with all other orbits from its type of Wyckoff set, is non-characteristic. A characteristic crystallographic orbit necessarily stems from a characteristic Wyckoff set of a lattice complex. (2) The crystallographic orbit under consideration stands out with respect to the eigensymmetry of its point configuration compared with the other orbits out of its type of Wyckoff sets, i.e. it corresponds to a limiting complex. Then this orbit, together with all other orbits referring to that limiting complex, is non-characteristic.

Example The lattice complex P1
a of all triclinic point lattices includes as limiting complexes the 13 other lattice complexes that refer to Bravais lattices. Hence the crystallographic orbits of P1
a belong to 14 different orbit types. Example The lattice complex Fddd a of all orthorhombic diamond patterns includes as limiting complexes those of the tetragonal
a, and the cubic diamond patterns I41/amd a and Fd3m respectively. The orbits of Fddd a with specialized metric,
a. therefore, belong to the orbit types I41/amd a or Fd3m

As a consequence, three kinds of non-characteristic orbits may be distinguished: (1) those that belong to a non-characteristic Wyckoff set, but do not correspond to a limiting complex, e.g. all orbits from Pm3
6e to h; (2) those that belong to a characteristic Wyckoff set, but corre
8g x; x; x with x ¼ 1 spond to a limiting complex, e.g. Pm3m 4 or P4/mmm 1a, b with a = c; (3) those that belong to a non-characteristic Wyckoff set and, in addition, correspond to a limiting complex, e.g. Pm3
8i x; x; x with x ¼ 14.

353 lattice complexes comprise at least one limiting complex. Each of them includes additional point configurations in comparison to the corresponding symmetry type of point configuration (and orbit type), namely those belonging to the limiting complex. Example Lattice complex Im3
24g 0; y; z comprises for y = z the limiting
24h, and for y ¼ z ¼ 1 the limiting complex complex Im3m 4
Pm3m 3c. The corresponding orbits with y = z and y ¼ z ¼ 14 do not belong to orbit type Im3
24g.

As these considerations illustrate, limiting complexes and noncharacteristic orbits do not coincide and a statement by Engel (1983) proposing this correspondence, therefore, is not correct. The concept of lattice complexes and limiting complexes on the one hand and of orbit types and non-characteristic orbits on the other hand are complementary in a certain sense: it is possible to derive all orbit types and all non-characteristic orbits from the complete knowledge of lattice complexes and limiting complexes and vice versa.

Example P4/mmm 8r x; x; z comprises for z ¼ 14 the limiting complex P4/mmm 4j, for x ¼ 14 the limiting complex P4/mmm 2g, for x ¼ z ¼ 14 the limiting complex P4/mmm 1a, for a = c and x = z
8g, and for a = c and x ¼ z ¼ 1 the the limiting complex Pm3m 4

797

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Engel et al. (1984) enumerated for all space-group types those non-characteristic orbits that refer to special coordinates, but they excluded all further ones that are based on specialized metrical parameters of the generating space groups or on the simultaneous specialization of metrical and coordinate parameters. A computer program which enables the determination of non-characteristic orbits is now available (NONCHAR on the Bilbao Crystallographic Server at http://www.cryst.ehu.es). Lawrenson & Wondratschek (1976) listed the extraordinary orbits of the plane groups, and Matsumoto & Wondratschek (1987) listed the non-characteristic orbits of the plane groups. The special, but not exceptional, case in which a noncharacteristic orbit is produced only if both the coordinates and metric are specialized deserves extra concern. The crystallographic orbits from R3
6f x; y; z with x ¼ 14 ; y ¼ 0; z ¼ 12 or x ¼ 14 ; y ¼ 12 ; z ¼ 0 and with the rhombohedral angle
= 90 may be used as an example. The eigensymmetry of the corre
6c, d (corresponding to sponding point configurations is Pm3n the position of the Cr atoms in the crystal structure of Cr3Si).
c as Accordingly, the lattice complex R3
f comprises Pm3n
limiting complex. Pm3n c shows special integral reflection conditions (hkl: h + k + l = 2n or h = 2n + 1, k = 4n, l = 4n + 2; h, k, l permutable), which of course hold for all orbits of that type, i.e. also for the special orbits from R3
f described above. As geometrical structure factors are independent of metrical parameters, these reflection conditions are even valid for crystallographic orbits from R3
f with a 6¼ 90 if the coordinates are restricted to 14 ; 0; 12 or to 14 ; 12 ; 0. In general, the following statement holds: if a lattice complex causes special reflection conditions then exactly these conditions are also valid for any crystallographic orbit that refers to a comprehensive complex of that lattice complex if, in addition, this crystallographic orbit may be described by the same coordinate triplets as an orbit of the lattice complex under consideration.

Table 3.4.3.1 Descriptive symbols of invariant lattice complexes in their characteristic Wyckoff position Descriptive symbol

Crystal family

Characteristic Wyckoff position

C

o m

D

c o

Cmmm a C2=m a
a Fd3m

v

t

D

I41 =amd a

E

h

P63 =mmc c

F

c o


a Fm3m Fmmm a

G

h

I

c t o

P6=mmm c
a Im3m

J

c

J

c

M

h

N

h

P

c h t o m a

þ

Q

h

I4=mmm a Immm a
c Pm3m
b Im3m
R3m e P6=mmm f
a Pm3m P6=mmm a P4=mmm a Pmmm a P2=m a P1
a P62 22 c
a R3m

R

h

S

c

S

c


a I 43d
d Ia3d

T

c o


c Fd3m Fddd c

v

t

I41 =amd c

c

I41 32 c
c Ia3d

T

þ

3.4.3. Descriptive lattice-complex symbols and the assignment of Wyckoff positions to lattice complexes

Fddd a

V

V



c

3.4.3.1. Descriptive symbols

W

c


c Pm3n
Im3m d

3.4.3.1.1. Introduction For the study of relations between crystal structures, latticecomplex symbols are desirable that show as many relations between point configurations as possible. To this end, Hermann (1960) derived descriptive lattice-complex symbols that were further developed by Donnay et al. (1966) and completed by Fischer et al. (1973). These symbols describe the arrangements of the points in the point configurations and refer directly to the coordinate descriptions of the Wyckoff positions. Since a lattice complex, in general, contains Wyckoff positions with different coordinate descriptions, it may be represented by several different descriptive symbols. The symbols are further affected by the settings of the space group. The present section is restricted to the fundamental features of the descriptive symbols. Details have been described by Fischer et al. (1973). Tables 3.4.3.2 and 3.4.3.3 give for each Wyckoff position of a plane group or a space group, respectively, the multiplicity, the Wyckoff letter, the oriented site symmetry, the reference symbol of the corresponding lattice complex and the descriptive symbol.4 The comparatively short

þ

Y

c

P43 32 a

þ

Y

c



c

I41 32 a
b Ia3d

W

Y

c 

descriptive symbols condense complicated verbal descriptions of the point configurations of lattice complexes. 3.4.3.1.2. Invariant lattice complexes An invariant lattice complex in its characteristic Wyckoff position is represented by a capital letter (sometimes in combination with a superscript). The first column of Table 3.4.3.1 gives a complete list of these symbols in alphabetical order. The characteristic Wyckoff positions are shown in column 3. Lattice complexes from different crystal families but with the same coordinate description for their characteristic Wyckoff positions receive the same descriptive symbol. If necessary, the crystal family may be stated explicitly by a small letter (column 2) preceding the lattice-complex symbol: c cubic, t tetragonal, h hexagonal, o orthorhombic, m monoclinic, a anorthic (triclinic).

4 Some of the descriptive symbols listed in Table 3.4.3.3 differ slightly from those derived by Fischer et al. (1973) and used in editions of International Tables for Crystallography Volume A before 2002.

798

3.4. LATTICE COMPLEXES
a corresponds to the characteristic position R3m coordinate triplets 0; 0; 0, 23 ; 13 ; 13, 13 ; 23 ; 23 . The same lattice complex is symbolized by 0 Rc in the non-char
b with coordinate description acteristic position R3c 0; 0; 0, 0; 0; 12, 23 ; 13 ; 13, 23 ; 13 ; 56, 13 ; 23 ; 23, 13 ; 23 ; 16 .

Example D is the descriptive symbol of the invariant cubic lattice
a as well as of the orthorhombic lattice complex complex Fd3m Fddd a. The cubic lattice complex cD contains – among others – the point configurations corresponding to the arrangement of carbon atoms in diamond and of silicon atoms in -cristobalite. The orthorhombic complex oD is a comprehensive complex of cD. It consists of all those point configurations that may be produced by orthorhombic deformations of the point configurations of cD.

In non-characteristic Wyckoff positions, the descriptive symbols P and I may be replaced by C and F, respectively (tetragonal system), C by A or B (orthorhombic system), and C by A, B, I or F (monoclinic system). If the lattice complexes of rhombohedral space groups are described in rhombohedral coordinate systems, the symbols R, 0 Rc , M and 0 Mc of the hexagonal description are replaced by P, I, J and J  , respectively (preceded by the letter r, if necessary, to distinguish them from the analogous cubic invariant lattice complexes).

The descriptive symbol of a non-characteristic Wyckoff position depends on the difference between the coordinate descriptions of the respective characteristic Wyckoff position and the position under consideration. Three cases may be distinguished, which may also occur in combinations. (i) The two coordinate descriptions differ by an origin shift. Then, the respective shift vector is added as a prefix to the descriptive symbol of the characteristic Wyckoff position.

3.4.3.1.3. Lattice complexes with degrees of freedom The descriptive symbols of lattice complexes with degrees of freedom consist, in general, of four parts: the shift vector, the distribution symmetry, the central part and the site-set symbol. Either of the first two parts may be absent.

Example The orthorhombic invariant lattice complex F is represented in its characteristic Wyckoff position Fmmm a by the coordinate triplets 0; 0; 0, 12 ; 12 ; 0, 0; 12 ; 12 and 12 ; 0; 12. In Pnnn e (origin choice 1), it is described by 14 ; 14 ; 14, 34 ; 34 ; 14, 1 3 3 3 1 3 4 ; 4 ; 4 and 4 ; 4 ; 4 and, therefore, receives the descriptive 111 symbol 4 4 4 F.

Example 0 12 0 ..2 C4xxz is the descriptive symbol of the lattice complex P4=nbm m in its characteristic position: 0 12 0 is the shift vector, ..2 the distribution symmetry, C the central part and 4xxz the site-set symbol.

(ii) The multiplicity of the Wyckoff position considered is higher than that of the corresponding characteristic position. Then, the coordinate description of this Wyckoff position can be transformed into that of the characteristic position by taking shorter basis vectors. Reduction of all three basis vectors by a factor of 2 is denoted by the subscript 2 on the descriptive symbol. Reduction of one or two basis vectors by a factor of 2 is denoted by one of the subscripts a, b or c or a combination of these. The subscript C means a factor of 3, cc a factor of 4 and Cc a factor of 6.

Normally, the central part is the symbol of an invariant lattice complex. The shift vector and central part together should be interpreted as described in Section 3.4.3.1.2. The point configurations of the Wyckoff position being considered can be derived from that described by the central part by replacing each point by a finite set of points, the site set. All points of a site set are symmetry-equivalent under the site-symmetry group of the point that they replace. A site set is symbolized by a string of numbers and letters. The product of the numbers gives the number of points in the site set, whereas the letters supply information on the pattern formed by these points. Site sets replacing different points may be differently oriented. In this case, the distribution-symmetry part of the reference symbol shows symmetry operations that relate such site sets to one another. The orientation of the corresponding symmetry elements is indicated as in the oriented site-symmetry symbols (cf. Section 2.2.12). If all site sets have the same orientation, no distribution symmetry is given.

Examples The characteristic Wyckoff position of the orthorhombic lattice complex P is Pmmm a with coordinate description 0; 0; 0. This complex occurs also in Pmma a with coordinate triplets 0; 0; 0, 12 ; 0; 0, and in Pcca a with 0; 0; 0, 0; 0; 12, 12 ; 0; 0, 12 ; 0; 12. The corresponding descriptive symbols are Pa and Pac , respectively. (iii) The coordinate description of a given Wyckoff position is related to that of the characteristic position by inversion or rotation of the coordinate system. Changing the superscript + into
in the descriptive symbol means that the Wyckoff position considered is mapped onto the characteristic position by an inversion through the origin, i.e. the two Wyckoff positions are enantiomorphic. A prime preceding the capital letter denotes that a 180 rotation is required.

Examples
(1) I4xxx ðI 43m 8c x; x; xÞ designates a lattice complex, the point configurations of which are composed of tetrahedra 4xxx in parallel orientation replacing the points of a cubic body-centred lattice I. The vertices of these tetrahedra are located on body diagonals.
8e x; x; xÞ represents the lattice complex (2) ::2 I4xxx ðPn3m for which, in contrast to the first example, the tetrahedra 4xxx around 0; 0; 0 and 12 ; 12 ; 12 differ in their orientation. They are related by a twofold rotation ..2 . (3) 00 14 Pc 4x is the descriptive symbol of Wyckoff position P42 =mcm 8l x; 0; 14. Each corresponding point configuration consists of squares of points 4x replacing the points of a tetragonal primitive lattice P. In comparison with P4x, 00 14 Pc 4x shows a unit-cell enlargement by c0 ¼ 2c and a subsequent shift by 0; 0; 14.

Examples (1) þ Y  is the descriptive symbol of the invariant lattice complex I41 32 a in its characteristic position. Wyckoff position I41 32 b with the descriptive symbol
Y  belongs to the same lattice complex. The point configurations of I41 32 a and I41 32 b are enantiomorphic. (2) R is the descriptive symbol of the invariant lattice complex formed by all rhombohedral point lattices. Its

799

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY special metrical parameters (e.g. cP $ rP etc.) or to special values of coordinates (e.g. both P4x and P4xx are limiting complexes of P4xy). If the site set consists of only one point, the central part of the symbol specifies all corresponding limiting complexes without degrees of freedom that are due to special values of the coordinates (e.g. 21 21 . FAa Bb Cc Ia Ib Ic 1xyz for the general position of P21 21 21 ).

In the case of a Weissenberg complex (cf. Section 3.4.1.5.2; Weissenberg, 1925; Fischer et al., 1973), the central part of the descriptive symbol always consists of two (or more) symbols of invariant lattice complexes belonging to the same crystal family and forming limiting complexes of the Weissenberg complex under consideration. The shift vector then refers to the first limiting complex. The corresponding site-set symbols are distinguished by containing the number 1 as the only number, i.e. each site set consists of only one point.

3.4.3.2. Assignment of Wyckoff positions to Wyckoff sets and to lattice complexes

Example In 14 00 :2: Pa B1z ðPmma 2e 14 ; 0; zÞ, each of the two points 1 3 1 4 ; 0; 0 and 4 ; 0; 0, represented by 4 00 Pa , is replaced by a site set 1z containing only one point, i.e. the points of 14 00 Pa are shifted along the z axis. The shifts of the two points are related by a twofold rotation .2., i.e. are running in opposite directions. The point configurations of the two limiting complexes Pa and B refer to the special parameter values z ¼ 0 and z ¼ 14, respectively.

In Tables 3.4.3.2 and 3.4.3.3, the Wyckoff positions of all plane and space groups, respectively, are listed. Each Wyckoff position is identified by its Wyckoff letter together with its oriented sitesymmetry symbol. It is assigned to its lattice complex by means of the reference symbol (cf. Section 3.4.1.3). Characteristic Wyckoff positions are marked by asterisks (e.g. 2e in P2=c). If in a particular space group several Wyckoff positions belong to the same Wyckoff set (cf. Sections 1.4.4.3 and 3.4.1.2; Koch & Fischer, 1975), the reference symbol is given only once (e.g. Wyckoff positions 4l to 4o in P4=mmm). To enable this, the usual sequence of Wyckoff positions had to be changed in a few cases (e.g. in P42 =mcm). For Wyckoff positions assigned to the same lattice complex but belonging to different Wyckoff sets, the reference symbol is repeated. In I4=m, for example, Wyckoff positions 4c and 4d are both assigned to the lattice complex P4=mmm a. They do not belong, however, to the same Wyckoff set because the site
of 4d are different. symmetry groups 2=m.. of 4c and 4.. The last columns of Tables 3.4.3.2 and 3.4.3.3 show the descriptive lattice-complex symbol for each Wyckoff position.

The central parts of some lattice complexes with two or three degrees of freedom are formed by the descriptive symbol of a univariant Weissenberg complex instead of that of an invariant lattice complex. This is the case only if the corresponding characteristic space-group type does not refer to a suitable invariant lattice complex. Example In 14 00 :2: Pa B1z2y ðPmma 4k 14 ; y; zÞ, each of the two points 1 3
, represented by 14 00 :2: Pa B1z, is replaced by 4 ; 0; z and 4 ; 0; z a site set 2y of two points forming a dumbbell. These dumbbells are oriented parallel to the y axis. The symbol of a non-characteristic Wyckoff position is deduced from that of the characteristic position. The four parts of the descriptive symbol are subjected to the transformation necessary to map the characteristic Wyckoff position onto the Wyckoff position under consideration.

3.4.4. Applications of the lattice-complex concept 3.4.4.1. Geometrical properties of point configurations To study the geometrical properties of all point configurations in three-dimensional space, it is not necessary to consider all Wyckoff positions of the space groups or all 1128 types of Wyckoff set. Instead, one may restrict the investigations to the characteristic Wyckoff positions of the 402 lattice complexes. The results can then be transferred to all non-characteristic Wyckoff positions of the lattice complexes, as listed in Tables 3.4.3.2 and 3.4.3.3. The determination of all types of sphere packings with cubic and tetragonal symmetry forms an example for this kind of procedure (Fischer, 1973, 1974, 1991a,b, 1993). The cubic lattice complex I4xxx, for example, allows two types of sphere packings
within its characteristic Wyckoff position I 43m 8c .3m. x; x; x. Sphere packings with three-membered rings and nine contacts per sphere are formed if x ¼ 3=16. The parameter region 3=16 < x < 14 corresponds to sphere packings with fourmembered rings and six contacts per sphere (cf. Fischer, 1973).
(Deschizeaux-Cheruy Ag3PO4 crystallizes with symmetry P43n et al., 1982) and the oxygen atoms occupy Wyckoff position 8e .3. x; x; x, which also belongs to lattice complex I4xxx. Comparison of the coordinate parameter x = 0.1491 for the oxygen atoms with the sphere-packing parameters listed for
I 43m c shows directly that the oxygen arrangement in this crystal structure does not form a sphere packing. Other examples for this approach are the derivation of crystal potentials (Naor, 1958), of coordinate restrictions in

Example The lattice complex with characteristic Wyckoff position Imma 8h 0; y; z has the descriptive symbol :2: Bb 2yz for this position. Another Wyckoff position of this lattice complex is Imma 8i x; 14 ; z. The corresponding point configurations are mapped onto each other by interchanging positive x and negative y directions and shifting by 14 ; 14 ; 14. Therefore, the descriptive symbol for Wyckoff position Imma i is 111 4 4 4 2:: Aa 2xz. In some cases, the Wyckoff position described by a latticecomplex symbol has more degrees of freedom than the lattice complex (see Section 3.4.1.5.1). In such cases, a letter (or a string of letters) in brackets is added to the symbol. Examples tP[z] for P4 a, aP[xyz] for P1 a.

3.4.3.1.4. Properties of the descriptive symbols Different kinds of relations between lattice complexes are brought out. Examples P $ P4x $ P4x2z;

I4xxx $ ::2 I4xxx;

P4x $ I4x.

In many cases, limiting-complex relations can be deduced from the symbols. This applies to limiting complexes due either to

(continued on page 823)

800

3.4. LATTICE COMPLEXES Table 3.4.3.2 Plane groups: assignment of Wyckoff positions to Wyckoff sets and to lattice complexes Wyckoff positions of the same Wyckoff set can be recognized by their consecutive listing without repetition of the reference symbol. Characteristic Wyckoff sets are marked by asterisks.

1 p1 1 2 p2 1 1 1 1 2 3 pm 1 1 2 4 pg 2 5 cm 2 4 6 p2mm 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 4 7 p2mg 2 2 2 4

a

a b c d e

a b c

a

a b

a b c d e f g h i

a b c d

1

2

1

p2 a

*

*

.m.

p2mm e

1

p2mg c

.m. 1

..m

p2 e

p2mm a

1

2mm

p2 a

c2mm a c2mm d

*

*

p2mm a

p2mm e

.m. 1

*

2.. .m. 1

p2mm i

p2mm a * *

p2mg c p2mg d

8 p2gg 2 2 4

a b c

2.. 1

*

p2gg c

9 c2mm 2 2 4 4 4 8

a b c d e f

2mm

*

c2mm a

2.. ..m .m. 1

c2mm a

*

*

p2mm a c2mm d c2mm f

10 p4 1 1 2 4

P[xy]

P 012 P 1 20 P 11 22 P P2xy

a b c d

11 p4mm 1 a 1 b 2 c 4 d 4 e 4 f 8 g

P[y] 1 20 P[y] P2x[y]

12 p4gm 2 a 2 b 4 c 8 d

2:: Pb C1x[y]

C[y] C2x[y]

13 p3 1 1 1 3

P 012 P 1 20 P 11 22 P P2x 012 P2x P2y 1 20 P2y P2x2y

a b c d

14 p3m1 1 a 1 b 1 c 3 d 6 e

4.. 2.. 1

4mm 2mm. .m. ..m 1

4.. 2.mm ..m 1

1

*

* *

* *

*

3m.

11 22 012

p4mm a p4 d

P C P4xy

p4mm a

P 11 22 012

p4mm f p4mm g

P C P4x 11 2 2 P4x P4xx P4x2y

p4mm a p4mm a p4gm c p4gm d

C 012 C 012 :g: C2xx ..m C4xy

p6mm a

P

p4mm a p4mm d

p3 d

P P P3xy

p6mm a

P 12 33 21 33

.m. 1

C 1 20 C .g. C2xy

16 p6 1 2 3 6

6.. 3.. 2.. 1

C 012 C 11 4 4 Pab C2x C2y C2x2y

17 p6mm 1 a 2 b 3 c 6 d 6 e 12 f

801

*

P

12 33 21 33

3.m 3.. ..m 1

a b c d

*

3..

15 p31m 1 a 2 b 3 c 6 d

Pa 012 Pa 1 40 2:: Pa C1y :m: Pa 2xy

p4mm a

6mm 3m. 2mm ..m .m. 1

* *

* *

*

* * * * * *

p3m1 d p3m1 e

P P P3x
x P3x
x2y

p6mm a p6mm b p31m c p31m d

P G P3x P3x2y

p6mm a p6mm b p6mm c p6 d

P G N P6xy

p6mm p6mm p6mm p6mm p6mm p6mm

P G N P6x P6x
x P6x2y

a b c d e f

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 3.4.3.3 Space groups: assignment of Wyckoff positions to Wyckoff sets and to lattice complexes Wyckoff positions of the same Wyckoff set can be recognized by their consecutive listing without repetition of the reference symbol. Characteristic Wyckoff sets are marked by asterisks.

1 P1 1

1 a

P1
a

1

P[xyz]

2 P 1


2

i

2

j

2

k

P

2

l

b

0012 P

2

m

1

c

2

n

1

d

1

e

0120 P 1 200 P 11 2 20 P 1 1 202 P 012 12 P 111 222 P

1

a

1

1

f

1

g

1

h

2

i

1


1

*

*

P1
a

P1
i

4

P2=m a

o

2

*

P2=m i

P

P2y 1 200 P2y 0012 P2y 1 1 202 P2y

m

*

1

*

P2=m m

P2xz 0120 P2xz

P2=m o

P2xz2y

P2=m a

Pb

11 P21 =m

P2xyz

3 P2 2

111 222

h

a

2

b

2

c

2

d

2

e

1


m

*

P21 =m e

1 200 Pb 0012 Pb 1 1 202 Pb 0 14 0 21 Pb ACI1xz

1

*

P21 =m f

m Pb 2xyz

2=m

*

C2=m a

C

1

a

1

b

0012 P[y]

1

c

1

d

1 200 P[y] 1 1 202 P[y]

2

a

2

e

P2xz[y]

2

b

0120 C

2

c

0012 C

2

d

012 12 C

4

e

4

f

4

g

4

h

1

P2=m m

P[y]

2

4

12 C2=m

4 P21 2

a

P21 =m e

1

21 Pb ACI1xz[y]

5 C2 2

a

2

b

2

4

c

1

1

a

m

1

b

2

c

C2=m a

C[y]

1


P2=m a

11 4 40 111 442

C2=m g

C2y

Pab Pab

2

*

C2=m i

C2xz

C2=m j

C2xz2y

P2=m a

Pc

0012 C2y

0012 C[y]

4

i

m

*

C2=m i

C2xz[y]

8

j

1

*

P2=m a

P[xz]

2

a

0120 P[xz]

2

b

P2y[xz]

2

c

2

d

2

e

2

f

4

g

6 Pm

13 P2=c

1

P2=m i

7 Pc 2

f

a

1

P2=c e

c Pc A1y[xz]

1


11 2 2 0 Pc 0120 Pc 1 200 Pc 0014 c Pc A1y 1 1 204 c Pc A1y

2

*

P2=c e

1

*

P2=c g

2 Pc 2xyz

C2=m a

A

8 Cm 2

a

m

C2=m a

C[xz]

14 P21 =c

4

b

1

C2=m g

C2y[xz]

2

a

2

b

2

c

2

d

4

e

9 Cc 4

a

1

C2=c e

1
Cc F1y[xz]

1


1 200 A 0012 A 1 1 202 A

1

*

P21 =c e

c A2xyz

C2=m a

Cc

10 P2=m 2=m

*

1

a

P

15 C2=c

1

b

0120 P

4

a

1

c

4

b

0120 Cc

1

d

4

c

1

e

4

d

1

f

4

e

2

*

C2=c e

11 4 40 111 442 0014

1

g

0012 P 1 200 P 11 2 20 P 012 12 P 1 1 202 P

8

f

1

*

C2=c f

21 Cc 2xyz

P2=m a

802

1


F F 1
Cc F1y

3.4. LATTICE COMPLEXES Table 3.4.3.3 (continued) 16 P222 1

a

1

b

1

c

1

d

1

e

1

f

1

g

4 222

Pmmm a

8

P 1 200 P 0120 P 0012 P 11 2 20 P 1 1 202 P 012 12 P 111 222 P

k l

c

4

d

111 444 113 444

8

e

P2x

8

j

8

f

2

k

0120 P2x

8

i

l

012 12

n

2

o

2

p

2

q

2

r

2

..2

2

t

4

u

8

g

P2y

8

h

0012 P2y 1 200 P2y 1 1 202 P2y

16

k

23 I222

P2z

2

a

P2z

2

b

P2z

2

c

1 200 0120 11 2 20

s 1

*

P222 u

P2x

P2z

2

d

P2x2yz

4

e

4

f

17 P2221

4

g

2

:2: Pc B1x

4

h

0120 :2: Pc B1x 0014 2:: Pc A1y 1 1 204 2:: Pc A1y

4

i

4

j

a

2

b

2

c

2 4

2..

Pmma e

.2.

d e

1

*

P2221 e

F

4

0012 P2x

2

Fmmm a

0012 F

j

.2.

C2x2yz

b

2

m

C222 l

2:: Pab F1z

a

i

2

11 4 40

4

h

2

Cmme g

4

2

Pmmm i

1

*

22 F222

1

2..

..2

8

k

222

2..

Fmmm g

F2x

F2y 111 444

..2

F2y

F2z 111 444

1

F

F2x 111 444

.2.

F

*

222

F2x2yz

Immm a

I 1 200 0012 0120

2..

F2z

F222 k

Immm e

I I I

I2x 0012 I2x

.2.

I2y 1 200

..2

I2y

I2z 0120 I2z

1

*

I222 k

I2x2yz

Imma e

I21 21 21 d

1 1 404 ::2 Cc Bb 1x 11 4 40 2:: Aa Cc 1y 014 14 :2: Bb Aa 1z 1 1 404 ::2 Cc Bb 1x2yz

Pmmm a

P[z]

:2: Pc B1x2yz 24 I21 21 21 4

a

21 :: CI1z

4

b

.2.

0120 21 :: CI1z

4

c

..2

21 :: CI1z2xy

8

d

1

18 P21 21 2 2

a

2

b

4

c

..2

Pmmn a

1

*

1

*

P21 21 2 c

a

P21 21 21 a

1

a

1

b

1

c

:21 : Cc F1x

1

d

0014 21 :: Cc F1y

2

e

:21 : Cc F1x2yz

2

f

21 21 : FAa Bb Cc Ia Ib Ic 1xyz

20 C2221 4

a

2..

4

b

.2.

8

c

1

Cmcm c *

C2221 c

2

g

21 C222

2

h

2

a

4

i

2

b

0120 C

2

c

1 1 202 C 0012 C

2

d

4

e

4

f

4

g

4

h

4

i

4

j

*

25 Pmm2

19 P21 21 21 4

2..

222

2..

Cmmm a

Cmmm g

.2. ..2

C

mm2

0120 1 200 11 2 20 .m.

Pmmm i

P[z] P[z] P[z]

P2x[z] 0120 P2x[z]

m..

P2y[z] 1 200

P2y[z]

1

Pmmm u

P2x2y[z]

m..

Pmma e

2:: Pc A1y[z]

26 Pmc21 2

a

C2x

2

b

0012

4

c

C2x

1 200

2:: Pc A1y[z]

1

Pmma k

2:: Pc A1y2x[z]

..2

Pmmm a

Pc [z]

C2y Cmmm k

0012 C2y

27 Pcc2

C2z

2

a

0120

2

b

C2z

803

0120 Pc [z]

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 3.4.3.3 (continued) 2

c

2

d

4

e

1 200 11 2 20

1

Pccm q

Pc [z]

38 Amm2

Pc [z]

2

a

2:: Pc 2xy[z]

2

b

4

c

.m.

Cmmm k

A2x[z]

4

d

m..

Cmmm g

A2y[z]

28 Pma2 2

a

..2

Pmmm a

Pa [z]

4

e

8

f

2

c

m..

Pmma e

0120 1 400

4

d

1

Pmma i

m:: Pa 2xy[z]

2

b

Pa [z]

a

1

Pbcm d

a

2

b

4

c

..2

Cmmm a

:21
Pac Ba Cc F1xy[z]

1 200

1 200

A[z]

A2y[z]

1

Cmmm n

A2x2y[z]

A[z]

1

Pmna h

2.. A2xy[z]

4

a

4

b

..2

Pmmm a

Pbc [z]

4

c

.m.

Cmme g

1 200 0140

8

d

1

Cmme m

:m: Pbc 2xy[z]

Pbc [z] ::2 Pbc F1x[z]

40 Ama2

A[z] 1 200

A[z]

39 Aem2

30 Pnc2 2

Cmmm a

::2 Pa C1y[z]

29 Pca21 4

mm2

31 Pmn21

4

a

..2

Cmmm a

Aa [z]

4

b

m..

Cmcm c

1 400

8

c

1

Cmcm f

:n: Aa 2xy[z]

::21 Aa F1y[z]

41 Aea2

2

a

m..

Pmmn a

::21 BI1y[z]

4

a

..2

Fmmm a

F[z]

4

b

1

Pmmn e

::21 BI1y2x[z]

8

b

1

Cmce f

.2. F2xy[z]

..2

Cmmm a

C[z]

4

a

mm2

Fmmm a

F[z]

0120 C[z]

8

b

..2

Pmmm a

11 4 40

b.. C2xy[z]

8

c

m..

Fmmm g

F2y[z]

8

d

.m.

16

e

1

Fmmm m

F2x2y[z]

32 Pba2 2

a

2

b

4

c

42 Fmm2

1

Pbam g

33 Pna21 4

a

1

Pnma c

P2 [z]

F2x[z]


1 : Cc Aa FIa 1xy[z] 12 43 Fdd2

34 Pnn2 2

a

2

b

4

c

..2

Immm a

I[z] 0120 I[z]

1

Pnnm g

35 Cmm2 a

mm2

Cmmm a

2

b

4

c

..2

Pmmm a

11 4 40

4

d

.m.

Cmmm g

C2x[z]

4

e

m..

8

f

1

C[z] 0120 C[z] Pab [z]

..2

b

1

*

Fddd a

D[z]

Fdd2 b

d.. D2xy[z]

2

a

2

b

mm2

Immm a

I[z]

4

c

.m.

4

d

m..

8

e

0120 I[z] Immm e

I2x[z]

1

Immm l

I2x2y[z]

..2

Cmmm a

Cc [z]

I2y[z]

45 Iba2

C2y[z] Cmmm p

a

16

44 Imm2

n.. I2xy[z]

2

8

C2x2y[z]

4

a

4

b

8

c

0120 Cc [z] 1

Ibam j

b:: Cc 2xy[z]

36 Cmc21 4

a

m..

Cmcm c

21 :: Cc F1y[z]

8

b

1

Cmcm g

21 :: Cc F1y2x[z]

46 Ima2

37 Ccc2 4

a

4

b

4

c

8

d

Cmmm a

Cc [z]

..2

Fmmm a

0120 11 4 40

1

Cccm l

..2

4

a

..2

Cmmm a

Aa [z]

4

b

m..

Imma e

1 400

8

c

1

Imma h

2:: Aa 2xy[z]

Pmmm a

P

Cc [z]

47 Pmmm

F[z]

1

a

n:: Cc 2xy[z]

1

b

804

mmm

*

1 200

2:: Aa Cc 1y[z]

P

3.4. LATTICE COMPLEXES Table 3.4.3.3 (continued) 1

c

1

d

1

e

1

f

0012 P 1 1 202 P 0120 P 11 2 20 P 012 12 P 111 222

4

m

4

n

4

o

4

p q

..m

8

r

1

*

g h

2

i

2

j

0012 P2x

50 Pban

2

k

0120 P2x

2

a

2

l

012 12 P2x

2

b

2

m

P2y

2

c

2

n

0012 P2y

2

d

2

o

4

e

2

p

1 200 P2y 1 1 202 P2y

4

f

2

q

4

g

2

r

P2z

4

h

2

s

P2z

4

i

2

t

P2z

4

j

4

u

4

k

4

v

4

l

8

m

4

w

4

x

4

y

4

z

8




Pmmm i

m2m

mm2

P2z

*

Pmmm u

P2y2z 1 200

.m.

P2y2z

a

2

b

2

c

2

d

4

e

4

f

4

g

4

h

4

i

4

j

4

k

4

l

8

m

P2x2z

222

1
2..

1

..m

e

2

f

2

g

2

h

4

i

4

j

4

k

4

l

C2y Cmmm k

C2z

*

Pban m

b.. C2x2yz

Pmmm a

Pa

51 Pmma

0012 P2x2y 1

*

Pmmm


P2x2y2z

222

Immm a

1


Fmmm a

2..

Immm e

I 1 200 0012 0120 111 444 333 444

I I I F F

I2x

.2. ..2 *

Pnnn m

0120 Pa

2

c

0012 Pa

2

d

2

e

2

f

4

g

4

h

4

i

4

j k l

012 12 Pa mm2

::2=m

222

2.. .2.

Pmmm a

Pmmm a

Pmmm i

*

.2.

Pmma e Pmmm i

1 400 11 4 20

:2: Pa B1z :2: Pa B1z

Pa 2y 0012 Pa 2y

.m.

*

m..

*

Pmma k

1 400

1

*

Pmma l

m:: Pa 2xz2y

Cmmm a

Aa

Pmma i

m:: Pa 2xz 0120 m:: Pa 2xz :2: Pa B1z2y

I2y 52 Pnna

I2z I2z

4

a

n.. I2x2yz

4

b

4

c

0120 1

b

8

I2y 1 200

a

2

4

0012 I2x

:2=m:

2

1


0012 Aa ..2

2

2

Pab

C2x

P2x2y

2..

d

Pmmm a

1 200 C 1 1 202 C 0012 C 11 4 40 Pab

0120 C2z

1

2

C

Cmmm g

..2

d

c

Cmmm a

0012 C2y

e

b

c:: Pc 2xy2z

.2.

4

2

2:: Pc 2xy

Pccm r

0012 C2x

8

2

Pccm q

111 442

49 Pccm a

Pc 2z

0120 P2x2z

48 Pnnn 2

Pc 2z Pc 2z

P2x

0120 1 200 11 2 20 m..

Pc 2z 11 2 20 0120 1 200

4

1

*

Pmmm i

*

1

2mm

..2

Pc 11 2 20 Pc 0120 Pc 1 200 Pc 0014 Pc 1 1 204 Pc 012 14 Pc

Cmcm c

1 1 404 :2: Bb Aa 1z 111 4 4 4 ::21 Bb F1x

Pnna e

2:2 Aa 2xyz

Cmmm a

B

Imma e *

53 Pmna

111 2 2 4 Pc 0014 Pc 2x 012 14 Pc 2x 0014 Pc 2y 1 1 204 Pc 2y

805

2

a

2

b

2

c

2

d

4

e

4

f

4

g

2=m::

1 200 11 2 20 0120

2..

Cmmm g

B B B

B2x 0120 B2x

.2.

4

h

m..

*

8

i

1

*

Pmma e

1 1 404

Pmna h

.2. B2yz

Pmna i

.2. B2yz2x

ð2:: Pc A1yÞa

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 3.4.3.3 (continued) 54 Pcca 4

a

4 1


Pmmm a

4

b

4

c

.2.

Cmme g

4

d

..2

Pmma e

4

e

8

f

1

*

8

Pac 0120 0014 1 400 11 4 20

c d

.2. 1

*

Cmcm c

0014 21 :: Cc F1y

Pbcn d

b2: Cc 2xyz

Fmmm a

F

Pac ::2 Pac F1y

61 Pbca

ð:2: Pa B1zÞc

4

a

ð:2: Pa B1zÞc

4

b

Pcca f

:22 Pac 2xyz

8

Cmmm a

C

62 Pnma

c

1


0012 F 1

*

Pbca c

bc. F2xyz

Cmmm a

Bb

Pnma c

0012 Bb
1 Bb Aa FIa 1xz 0140 1:2

Pnma d

:ma Bb 2xyz

Cmmm a

Cc

55 Pbam 2 2 2 2 4 4

a

::2=m

0012 0120 012 12

b c d e

..2

Cmmm k

4

g

4

h

8

i

..m 1

*

*

Pbam g Pbam i

4

a

C

4

b

C

C2z 0120

f

C

a

4

b

4

c

4

d

8

e

1


Fmmm a

1

Pmmn a *

a

4

a

4

b

F 11 4 40 13 4 40

ð21 :: CI1zÞc

Pccn e

c.2 F2xyz

Pmmm a

Pbc

Pmma e

16

1

Cmcm h

:n: Cc 2yz2x

Fmmm a

F

Fmmm g

F2x

8

e

.2.

::2=m

2

a

2

b

0012 I

2

c

0120 I

d

012 12

Immm a

P2

..2

Immm e

..m 1

*

Pnnm g Pnnm h

mm2

*

1


4

c

4

d

4

e

m..

4

f

.m. 1

*

*

I

I2z n.. I2xy n.. I2xy2z

Cmce f

.2. F2yz

ð2:: Pc A1yÞab

m..

16

g

1

*

Cmce g

.2. F2yz2x

mmm

*

Cmmm a

C

Pmmm a

1 200 C 1 1 202 C 0012 C 11 4 40 Pab

2

a

2

b

2

c

2

d

4

e

4

f

4

g h

21 :: CI1z

4

i

Pmmm a

0120 11 4 40 111 442

Pab

4

j

Pab

4

k

21 :: CI1z2y

4

l

:21 : CI1z2x

8

m

Cmmm a

111 444

f

4

11 4 40

mm: Pab 2xyz

60 Pbcn 1


Pmma e

8

21 :: CI1z

Pmmn g

P2

*

Pmmn a

Pmmn e

F

65 Cmmm

0120 I2z *

2=m::

I

59 Pmmn

b

h

2..

58 Pnnm

4

0014 21 :: Cc F1y2x

d

2:m Pbc 2xyz

a

Cmcm g

*

8

Pbcm e

4

g

Pmmm a

*

g

..m

m..

1


1

8

:n: Cc 2yz

f

c

e

b

Cmcm f

*

8

8

8

2

*

2..

ð::2 Pb C1xÞc 2:1
Pbc Ab Cc F1xy

Pbcm d

a

Cc 2x

e

0012 11 4 40

*

2

Cmmm g

8

b

..m

h

11 4 40

d

4

d

8

Pmmm a

8

Pbc

4

g

0014 21 :: Cc F1y

m2m 1


a

2..

4

Cmcm c

c

4

c

f

0120 Cc *

64 Cmce 1


4

4

2=m::

4

8

ð21 :: CI1zÞc

b

e

*

b.. C2xy2z

4

4

1

63 Cmcm

1 200 0140 0014

2

.m.

d

0012 b:: C2xy

57 Pbcm 4

c

8

b.. C2xy

0012 F ..2

4

*

C2z

56 Pccn 4

1


Cc 0120

Cc

111 442

2mm

*

m2m

Pab

C2x C2y 0012 C2y

mm2

*

Cmmm k

C2z 0120 C2z

Pmmm i

11 4 40

*

Cmmm n

C2y2z

Cmmm p

C2x2y

..2

8

n

m..

o

.m.

8

p

..m

*

8

q 1

*

r

Cmmm g

0012 C2x

8

16

806

::2=m

Pab 2z

C2x2z 0012 C2x2y Cmmm r

C2x2y2z

3.4. LATTICE COMPLEXES Table 3.4.3.3 (continued) 66 Cccm 4

a

4

b

4

c

4

d

222

Cmmm a

::2=m

Cmmm a

::2=m

Fmmm a

g

2..

Cmmm g

8

h

.2.

8

i

..2

4

e

4

f

8

8

j

8

k

8 16

l m

Cmmm k

..2

Fmmm g

..m

*

1

*

Cccm l Cccm m

0014 012 14

16

k

Cc

16

l

2..

Cc

16

m

m..

16

n

.m.

Cc 0120 11 4 40 13 4 40 0014 0014

4

a b

4

c

4

d

4

e

4

f

2=m::

g

mm2

8

h

2..

8

i j

8

k

8 8 8 16

l m n o

*

m..

*

16

o

..m

F

p

1

*

Fmmm p

F2x2y2z

1

222

*

Fddd a

D

1


*

*

F Cc 2x

70 Fddd

Cc 2y

8

a

8

b

Cc 2z 0120 Cc 2z

16

c

11 4 40

16

d

F2z

a

4

b

8

c

8

d

8

e

8

f

222

16

e

2..

c:: Cc 2xy2z

f

.2.

16

g

..2

g

..2

8

h

..2

16

i

1

a

mmm

*

Immm a

I

Pab

2

d

11 2 20 I 1 1 202 I

Cmme g

2:: Pab F1z

4

e

Pmmm i

Pab 2x

4

f

4

i

Pmmm i

0012 Pab 2x 1 400 Pab 2y 1 1 402 Pab 2y 1 400 Pab 2z

4

j

:m: Pab 2yz

8

k

Cmme m Cmme o

4

g

4

h

I2z

1


Pmmm a

1 200 111 444

Immm l

I2y2z

m..

:m: Pab 2yz2x

.m.

8

n

..m

16

o

1

a

4

b

F2x

4

c

F2y

4

d

Fmmm g

F2z

8

e

Cmme g

11 4 40

8 8

ð2:: Pab F1zÞc

c.. F2x2yz

::2=m

2..

Cmmm g

8

h

..2

8

i j k

Cmmm k

Cc

Cc 1 200 111 444 0014 0014

Cc P2 Cc 2x Cc 2y

Cc 2z 0120 Cc 2z

..m

*

Ibam j

c:: Cc 2xy

1

*

Ibam k

c:: Cc 2xy2z

Pmmm a

P2

F2x

2..

F2y

8

d

.2.

mm2

F2z

8

e

..2

..2

111 444

Pmmm i

Cmmm a

.2.

c

222

111 444

Fmmm g

0014 Cc

g

8

::2=m

m2m

Cmmm a

f

b

e

2mm

I2x2y2z

Pmmm a

8

8

h

Immm o

1 1 204

a

:2=m:

g

I2x2y *

222

8

d

8

P2

I2x2z

1


8

F

8

8

*

I2z

F

16

*

I2y

mm2

m

4

Pmmm a

I2x

0012 I2y

l

72 Ibam

Pmmm a

Immm e

m2m

8

1 1 404 P2 014 14 P2

Fmmm a

*

0120 I2x

8

0012 F

Ccce i

2mm

0140 m:: Pab 2xz

2=m::

j

*

c

b

16

mmm

2

c

i

d.. D2x2yz

Pab

4

8

Fddd h

012 12 I

8

f

1

Pab

0012 F 014 14 P2 1 1 404 P2 11 4 40 P2

8

D2z *

71 Immm

69 Fmmm 4

D2y

b

Fmmm g

*

D2x

2

.2.

8

T

0012 11 4 40 111 442 0140

Pmmm a

2..

h

Fddd e

D

T 111 222

16

1 400 Pab 1 1 402 Pab

Fddd c

a

Fmmm a

1


111 222

c:: Cc 2xy

68 Ccce 4

F2x2y

2

.m. *

F2x2z

Pab

.2. ..2

P2 2x

F2y2z

Pmmm a

:2=m:

4

8

Pmmm a

Fmmm m

32

32 222

*

P2 2y

Cc

67 Cmme 4

111 444 111 444

.2.

73 Ibca

P2

16

P2 2z

807

f

1


1

Cmme g

*

Ibca f

111 444 0014 1 400 0140

P2 ð:2: Pbc F1xÞa ð::2 Pac F1yÞb ð2:: Pab F1zÞc

22: P2 2xyz

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 3.4.3.3 (continued) 74 Imma 4

a

2=m::

Cmmm a

Bb

4

e

4

f

8

g

2..

I4=mmm e

I2z 012 14 I2z

1

*

I 4
g

I4xyz

P4=mmm a

P

Imma e

0012 111 444 113 444 0140

Cmmm g

Bb 2x

1

b

0012 P

111 444

Aa 2y

1

c

:2: Bb 2yz

1

d

111 444

2

e

2

f

11 2 20 111 222 0120 012 12

2

g

75 P4

2

h

1

a

i

2..

1

b

m..

*

2

c

1

*

4

b

4

c

4

d

:2=m:

4

e

mm2

8

f

2..

8

g

.2.

8

h

m..

8

i

.m.

16

j

1

4

d

*

*

*

4.. 2.. 1

Imma h Imma j

Bb Aa Aa

83 P4=m

:2: Bb Aa 1z

1

a

2:: Aa 2xz

:2: Bb 2yz2x

P4=mmm a

P[z]

4

P[z]

4

j

P4=mmm a

11 2 20 0120

C[z]

4

k

P4=m j

P4xy[z]

8

v

2

a

2

b

2

c

a

1

*

P43 a

2

d

41 :: Pcc DIc 1xy[z]

77 P42 2 2 2 4

a

2..

P4=mmm a

Pc [z]

I4=mmm a

11 2 20 0120

b

P C

2=m::

P4=mmm a

4..

P4=mmm g

P2z

P4=mmm g

11 2 20 0120

P4=m j

P4xy

C P2z C2z

0012 P4xy P4=m l

P4xy2z

c d

2..

P42 =m j

1

*

a

P43 a

2=m::

P4=mmm a

Pc

2=m::

I4=mmm a

11 2 20 0120 012 12 0014 111 224

Pc I I


4::

P4=mmm a

2..

P4=mmm g

Pc 2z

I4=mmm e

11 2 20 0120

Pc [z]

2

e

I[z]
Pc 2xy[z] 4::

2

f

4

g

4

h

4

i

2..

4

j

m..

*

P42 =m j

1

*

P42 =m k


Pc 2xy 4::
Pc 2xy2z 4::

P4=mmm a

C

78 P43 4

P

84 P42 =m

76 P41 4

l

4=m::

43 :: Pcc v DIc 1xy[z]

8

k

Pc Pc Pc 2z I2z

79 I4 2

a

4..

I4=mmm a

I[z]

85 P4=n

4

b

2..

P4=mmm a

0120 Cc [z]

2

a

I4xy[z]

2

b

2

c

4

d

4

e

4

f

2..

8

g

1

8

c

1

I4=m h

80 I41 4 8

a b

I41 =amd a

2.. 1

*

I41 b

v

D[z] v

41 :: D2xy[z]


4::

0012 C 4.. 1


P4=nmm c P4=mmm a P4=mmm g *

0120 11 4 40 111 442

::2 CI1z Pab Pab

P4=n g

C2z 1
C4xyz

I4=mmm a

I

81 P 4
1

a

1

b

1

c


4::

P4=mmm a

P

86 P42 =n

0012 11 2 20 111 222

P

2

a

P

2

b


4::

0012 I 1


P2z

4

e

2..

P4=nmm c

111 444 113 444 0120

::2 CI1z

4

f

2..

I4=mmm e

I2z

P4xyz

8

g

1

P42 =n g

n.. I4xyz

I

2

a

I4=mmm a

I

b

0012 I

2

b

2

c

012 14 I

4

c

2

d

012 34 I

4

d

1 2

d e

2..

2

f

2

g

2..

4

h

1

2

a


4::

2

P4=mmm g

*

P4=nmm c P4
h

P

P2z 11 2 20 0120

82 I 4


4

c

4

d

I4=mmm a

*

F F ð::2 CI1zÞc

87 I4=m I4=mmm a

808

4=m::

0012 I 2=m::
4::

P4=mmm a

0120 Cc

P4=mmm a

012 14 Cc

3.4. LATTICE COMPLEXES Table 3.4.3.3 (continued) 4 8

f

4.. 1


8

g

2..

8

h

m..

*

I4=m h

I4xy

1

*

I4=m i

I4xy2z

16

e

i

I4=mmm e

I2z

P4=mmm a P4=mmm g

111 444 0120

2

c

P2

2

d

Cc 2z

2

e

2

f

a

4

b


4::

I41 =amd a

1


8

c

8

d

8

e

2..

16

f

1

I41 =amd c

*

g h

I4=mmm a

0120 I 012 12 I

2.22

P4=mmm a

0014 Pc 111 224

2..

Pc

P4=mmm g

Pc 2z

4

i

2..

I4=mmm e

11 2 20 0120

4

j

.2.

P42 =mmc j

::2 Pc 2x

0012 v D

4

k

v

88 I41 =a 4

4 4

222.

v

D T

4

l

0012 v T

4

m

I41 =amd e

v

4

n

I41 =a f

a:: v D4xyz

4

o

8

p

D2z

P42 =mcm i

..2 1

*

111 222 0012 11 2 20 0014 0034

Pc 2z I2z ::2 Pc 2x ::2 Pc 2x ::2 Pc 2x :2: Pc 2xx :2: Pc 2xx

P42 22 p

::2 Pc 2x2yz

I4=mmm a

I

89 P422 1

a

1

b

0012 P

1

c

11 2 20 P 111 222 P 1 200 C 1 1 202 C

1

d

2

e

422

P4=mmm a

P

222.

P4=mmm a

4..

P4=mmm g

P2z

94 P42 21 2

2

f

2

g

2

h

4

i

2..

P4=mmm g

11 2 20 0120

4

j

..2

P4=mmm j

P4xx

4

k

4

l

4

m

4

n

4

o

8

p

P2z

P4=mmm l

1

*

P422 p

4

c

2..

I4=mmm e

I2z

4

d

2..

P4=nmm c

0120 ð::2 CI1zÞc

4

e

..2

P42 =mnm f

.n. I2xx

4

f

8

g

2.22

0012 I

0012 :n: I2xx 1

*

P42 21 2 g

:21 : I2xx2yz

.2.

*

P43 22 a

..2

*

P43 22 c

1

*

P43 22 d

0014 111 224 0058 0014

..2

*

P43 21 2 a

43 :: Ic v D1xx

1

*

P43 21 2 b

43 :: Ic v D1xx2yz

I4=mmm a

I

95 P43 22

P4x 111 222 0012 11 2 20

a b

C2z

0012 P4xx .2.

2 2

P4x

4

a

4

b

4

P4x

8

c d

P4x

43 :: Pcc Ic 1x 43 :: Pcc Ic 1x 43 :: Pcc v D1xx 43 :: Pcc Ic 1x2yz

P4x2yz 96 P43 21 2 4

90 P421 2 2

b

2

c

4..

P4=nmm c

0120 ::2 CI1z

97 I422

4

d

2..

P4=mmm g

C2z

2

a

.b. C2xx

2

b

0012

:b: C2xx

4

c

222.

P4=mmm a

0120 Cc

:21 : C2xx2yz

4

d

2.22

P4=mmm a

012 14 Cc

4

e

4..

I4=mmm e

I2z

8

f

2..

P4=mmm g

0120 Cc 2z

41 :: Pcc Ic 1x

8

g

..2

I4=mmm h

I4xx

.2.

I4=mmm i

I4x

4

f

8

g

C

b

a

e

P4=mmm a

8

2

4

2.22

a

0012 C

..2 1

P4=mbm g *

P421 2 g

91 P41 22 .2.

*

P43 22 a

c

..2

*

P43 22 c

d

1

*

P43 22 d

4

a

4

b

4 8

0034 113 224 0038 0034

422

0012 I

41 :: Pcc Ic 1x

8

h

41 :: Pcc v D1xx

8

i

41 :: Pcc Ic 1x2yz

8

j

..2

16

k

1

0012 I4x *

I4=mcm h

012 14 :b: Cc 2xx

I422 k

I4x2yz

I41 =amd a

v

92 P41 21 2 4 8

a b

..2

*

P43 21 2 a

41 :: Ic v D1xx

98 I41 22

1

*

P43 21 2 b

41 :: Ic v D1xx2yz

4

a

4

b

0012 v D

c

I41 =amd e

v

I41 22 d

:2: v D2xx

93 P42 22 2 2

a b

8 222.

P4=mmm a

Pc 11 2 20

Pc

809

8

d

8

e

2.22 2.. ..2

*

D D2z

:2: v D2x
x

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 3.4.3.3 (continued) 8 16

f g

.2.

*

1

*

I41 22 f I41 22 g

107 I4mm

::22 v TCcc 1x v

:2: D2xx2yz

99 P4mm 1

a

1

b

2

c

4mm 2mm.

P4=mmm a

P[z]

P4=mmm a

11 2 20 1 200

P[z]

2

a

4mm

I4=mmm a

I[z]

4

b

2mm.

P4=mmm a

0120 Cc [z]

8

c

..m

I4=mmm h

I4xx[z]

8

d

.m.

I4=mmm i

I4x[z]

16

e

1

I4=mmm l

I4x2y[z]

C[z]

4

d

..m

P4=mmm j

P4xx[z]

108 I4cm

4

e

.m.

P4=mmm l

P4x[z]

4

a

4..

P4=mmm a

Cc [z]

4

f

11 2 20

4

b

2.mm

P4=mmm a

8

g

8

c

..m

I4=mcm h

1 200 1 200

16

d

1

I4=mcm k

::m Cc 4xy[z]

1

P4=mmm p

P4x[z]

P4x2y[z]

Cc [z] :b: Cc 2xx[z]

100 P4bm 2

a

4..

P4=mmm a

C[z]

2

b

2.mm

P4=mmm a

4

c

..m

P4=mbm g

1 200 0120

8

d

1

P4=mbm i

..m C4xy[z]

2.mm

P4=mmm a

Pc [z]

109 I41 md

C[z]

4

:b: C2xx[z]

101 P42 cm

a

8

b

.m.

*

16

c

1

*

a

2

b

4

c

2..

P4=mmm a

11 2 20 0120

4

d

..m

P42 =mcm i

:2: Pc 2xx[z]


111 P 42m

8

e

1

P42 =mcm n

:2: Pc 2xx2y[z]

1

a

1

b

1

c

1

d

Pc [z]

8

a

2..

16

b

1

2

a

2.mm

I4=mmm a

I[z]

4

b

2..

P4=mmm a

0120 Cc [z]

2

e

4

c

..m

P42 =mnm f

.n. I2xx[z]

2

f

8

d

1

P42 =mnm i

.n. I2xx2y[z]

2

g

2

h

4

i j

103 P4cc a b

4

c

8

d

4..

4

k

4

l

1

P4=mcc m

:c: Pc 4xy[z]

4

m

2..

4

n

..m

*

8

o

1

*

2..

P4=mmm a

0120 Cc [z]


112 P 42c

8

c

1

P4=mnc h

..2 I4xy[z]

2

a

2

c

2

b

2

d

Pc [z]

2

e

105 P42 mc

4

e

8

f

.2.

Cc [z]

b

d

I4=mmm a

Fc [z]

I41 cd b

:bd Fc 2xy[z]

P4=mmm a

P

D[z]

2mm.

P4=mmm a

Pc [z]

2mm.

I4=mmm a

11 2 20 0120

I[z]

2

f

.m.

P42 =mmc j

::2 Pc 2x[z]

4

g

11 2 20

1

P42 =mmc q

::2 Pc 2x[z]

::2 Pc 2x2y[z]

106 P42 bc

4

h

4

i

4

j

4

k

P2z

P4=mmm l

P4x

P4=mmm g

111 222 0012 11 2 20 0120

P2z P4x P4x P4x C2z


P42m n
P42m o

P4xxz

P4=mmm a

0014 Pc

222.

I4=mmm a

111 2 2 4 Pc 1 1 204 I 012 14 I


4::

P4=mmm a

Pc

222.

P42 =mmc j

.2.

2..

4

a

2..

P4=mmm a

Cc [z]

4

l

4

b

2..

P4=mmm a

0120 Cc [z]

4

m

2..

8

c

1

P42 =mbc h

:b2 Cc 2xy[z]

8

n

1

810

111 222 P 0012 P 11 2 20 P 1 200 C 1 1 202 C

11 2 20

P4=mmm a

4

4

::d v D2x2y[z]

P4=mmm g

2..

I[z]

c

I41 md c

2.mm

4

I4=mmm a

2

::d v D2x[z]

P4=mmm a

Pc [z]

4..

b

I41 md b

222.

11 2 20 0120

a

2


42m

Pc [z]

2

a

*

P4=mmm a

104 P4nc

2

v

Cc [z]

102 P42 nm

2

I41 =amd a

110 I41 cd

2

2

2mm.

P4=mmm g

*

I4=mmm e
n P42c

P4xxz2y

11 2 20 0014 113 224 111 224 0034

Pc ::2 Pc 2x ::2 Pc 2x ::2 Pc 2x ::2 Pc 2x

Pc 2z 11 2 20 012 14

Pc 2z I2z

:2: Pc 4xyz

3.4. LATTICE COMPLEXES Table 3.4.3.3 (continued)
1m 113 P 42 2

a


118 P 4n2
4::

2

b

2

c

2.mm

4

d

2..

4

e

..m

*

8

f

1

*

P4=mmm a

C

P4=nmm c

0012 0120

2

a

C

2

b

::2 CI1z

2

c

I4=mmm a

I 0012 I

2.22

I4=mmm a

012 14 I 012 34 I

P4=mmm g
1m e P42

C2z

2

d

0120

4

e

2..

I4=mmm e

I2z


1m f P42

..m C4xyz

4

f

..2

P42 =mnm f

4

g

4

h

2..

8

i

1

:21 : CI1z2xx


1c 114 P 42
4::


4::

I4=mmm e
i P4n2

..2 I4xyz

I4=mmm a

I

2

a

2

b

4

c

2..

I4=mmm e

I2z


119 I 4m2

4

d

2..

P4=nmm c
1c e P42

0120 ð::2 CI1zÞc

2

a

..c I4xyz

2

b

0012 I

2

c

012 14 I

2

d

012 34 I

4

e

4

f

P

8

g

P

8

h

8

e

I4=mmm a

*

1 3 204 :n: I2xx 012 14 :n: I2xx 012 14 I2z

I 0012 I

1

*


115 P 4m2 1

a

1

b

1

c

1

d

2

e

2

f

2

g

4

h

4

i

4

j

4

k

8

l


4m2

P4=mmm a

P 11 2 20 111 222 0012

2mm.

P

P4=mmm g

P2z

2mm.

P4=nmm c

11 2 20 0120

..2

P4=mmm j

P4xx

*


P4m2 j

::2 CI1z

1

*


P4m2 l

P4xz

P4xz2y


116 P 4c2 2 2

a

2.22

P4=mmm a

b
4::

2

c

2

d

4

e

4

f

4

g

4

h

4

i

2..

8

j

1

..2 2..

P4=mmm a

Pc

P42 =mcm i

11 2 20 0014 0034

P4=mmm g

*

0014 111 224

P4=nmm c
j P4c2

Pc

1

*

4

a

4

d

4

b

4

c

8

e

8

h

8

f

8

g i

2

a

:2: Pc 2xx

2

b


I 4m2 i
I 4m2 j

I4xz

P4=mmm a

0014 Cc

I4xz2y

012 14 Cc ..2

I4=mcm h

0014 :b: Cc 2xx 0120 :b: Cc 2xx

2..

P4=mmm g

Cc 2z 0120 Cc 2z

1

*


42m


i I 4c2

::2 Cc 4xyz

I4=mmm a

I 0012 I

P4=mmm a

012 14 Cc

4

e

2.mm

I4=mmm e

I2z

8

f

.2.

I4=mmm i

I4x

8

g

8

h

8

c

Cc

d

4

0012 C

P4=mmm a

0120 Cc

ð::2 CI1zÞc

b

0120 Cc
4::

P4=mmm a

c

2

2.22

222.
4::

4

Pc 2z

C

P4=mmm a

.m.

j


121 I 42m

a

2.22

I4xx 012 14 I4xx

i

Pc

::2 Pc 4xyz

0120 012 12

I4=mmm h

16

:2: Pc 2xx

2 2

P4=mmm a

..2

8

16


117 P 4b2
4::

I2z 012 14 I2z

*

Pc

Pc 2z 11 2 20 0120

I4=mmm e


120 I 4c2

P4xz 11 2 20

2mm.

P2z

0012 P4xx .m.


4m2

16

i j

0012 I4x 2.. ..m

*

1

*

P4=mmm g
I 42m i

0120 Cc 2z


I 42m j

I4xxz2y

I41 =amd a

v

I41 =amd e
d I 42d
e I 42d

I4xxz

C
122 I 42d

C

2

d

4

e

2..

P4=mmm g

C2z

4

a

4

f

2..

P4=mmm g

0120 C2z

4

b

0012 v D

P4=mbm g

0120 012 12

v

4

g

4

h

8

i

..2 1

*


i P4b2


4::

:b: C2xx

8

c

2..

:b: C2xx

8

d

.2.

*

16

e

1

*

..2 C4xyz

811

D

D2z
v TFc 1x 4:: :2: v D4xyz

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 3.4.3.3 (continued) 126 P4=nnc

123 P4=mmm 1

a

1

b

1

c

1

d

2

e

2

f

4=mmm

mmm.

2

g

2

h

4

i

2mm.

4

j

m.2m

4

k

4

l

4

m

4

n

4

o

8

p

8 8 8

*

4mm

P4=mmm a

P4=mmm a *

*

s

8

t

16

u

0012 11 2 20 111 222 012 12 0120

*

*

P

2

b

P

4

c

P

4

d

C

4

e

C

8 8

P4=mmm g

11 2 20 0120

P4=mmm j

P4xx

P4=mmm l

P4=mmm p

a

2

c

2

b

2

d

4

e

4 4

8

h

..2

I4=mmm h

I4xx

i

.2.

I4=mmm i

I4x

8

j

2

a

2

b

P4x2y

2

c

0012

2

d

P4x2y

P4x2z

4

f

2.mm

11 2 20

P4x2z

P4x2y2z

0014 111 224

4..

P4=mmm g

h

8

i

2..

P4=mmm g

8

j

..2

P4=mmm j

8

k

.2.

P4=mmm l

8

l

8

m

m..

*

16

n

1

*

Pc

e f

4

g

4

g

4

h

8

i

8

j

8

k

Pc

16

Pc

128 P4=mnc

l

P4=mmm a

m.2m

*

m..

*

::2=m 4..

C2z

P4=mmm g

0120 C2z

P4=mbm g

0120 :b: C2xx

P4=mbm i

..m C4xy 0012 ::m C4xy

..m

*

P4=mbm k

0120 :b: C2xx2z

1

*

P4=mbm l

..m C4xy2z

I4=mmm a

I

2

a b

Pc 2z

4

c

2=m::

P4=mmm a

0120 Cc

11 2 20 0120 0014 0014 111 224

Pc 2z

4

d

2.22

P4=mmm a

012 14 Cc

Cc 2z

4

e

4..

I4=mmm e

I2z

Pc 4xx

8

f

2..

P4=mmm g

0120 Cc 2z

Pc 4x

8

g

..2

P4=mbm g

012 14 ð:b: C2xxÞc

Pc 4x

8

h

m..

*

P4=mnc h

..2 I4xy

16

i

1

*

P4=mnc i

..2 I4xy2z

P4=mmm a

C

P4=mcc n

:c: Pc 4xy2z

P4=mmm a

P4=mmm g

2

:c: Pc 4xy

P4=mmm a

012 12 C

012 12 :b: C2xx

4=m::

0012 I

129 P4=nmm
2 a 4m2


42m

C

Cc

P4=mcc m

P4=mmm a

P4=mmm a

Cc

125 P4=nbm 422

..c I4x2yz

0120 C

P4=mmm s

g

4

m.mm

.m.

4=m::

P4=nnc k

0012 C

4..

P4=mmm a

*

4=m::

e

P4=mmm a

4

1

4

222.

d

k

0012 I4x

P4xx2z

422

P2 Cc 2z

8

P4=mmm r

P4=mmm u

P4=mmm a

P2z

P4x

f

2

P4=mmm g

127 P4=mbm

P4=mmm a

c

2..

P4x

2=m::

2

g

111 444 1 200

P4x

11 2 20 0120 012 14

b

I2z

P4=mmm a

16

Pc

2

4.. 1


I4=mmm e

f

P4xx

P4=mmm a

a

P4=mmm a

1 200 Cc 1 1 204 Cc

*

4

2

222.
4::

..m

*

I 0012 I

*

1

I4=mmm a

C2z

124 P4=mcc 2

422

P4x 0012 11 2 20 111 222

m..

a

P2z

0012 m2m.

2

P4=mmm g

q r

P

2

C 0012 0120 012 12 11 4 40 111 442

0012 C

b *

P4=nmm c

0120 ::2 CI1z

P4=mmm a

11 4 40 111 442

C

2

c

4mm

C

4

d

::2=m

C

4

e

Pab

4

f

2mm.

P4=mmm g

C2z

Pab

8

g

..2

P4=mmm l

C4xx

8

h

P4=mmm g

C2z

Pab Pab

0012 C4xx

4

h

2.mm

P4=mmm g

0120

8

i

.m.

*

P4=nmm i

..m C4xz

8

i

..2

P4=mmm l

C4xx

8

j

..m

*

P4=nmm j

0120 ::2 CI1z4xx

8

j

0012 C4xx

16

k

1

*

P4=nmm k

..m C4xz2y

8

k

8

l

P4=mmm a

0014 Cc

P4=mmm a

Cc

8 16

m n

.2.

P4=mmm j

..m

*

1

*

C2z

C4x 0012 C4x

130 P4=ncc

P4=nbm m

0120

4

a

P4=nbm n

..m C4x2yz

4

b

::2 C4xxz

812

2.22
4::

3.4. LATTICE COMPLEXES Table 3.4.3.3 (continued) 4 8

d

4.. 1


8

e

2..

8

f

..2

16

c

g

1

P4=mmm a

0120 11 4 40

P4=mmm g

Cc 2z

I4=mcm h

0014 :b: Cc 2xx

P4=ncc g

::c2 Cc 4xyz

P4=nmm c

*

ð::2 CI1zÞc

8

P2

16

a

2

b

2

c

2

d

2

e

2

f

4

g

4

h

4

i

2mm.

4

j

m2m.

4

k

4

l

4

m

8

n

8

o

8

p

8

q

16

r

mmm.

P4=mmm a

mmm.

I4=mmm a


4m2

P4=mmm a

2mm.

*

..2 .m.

*

Pc I I Pc Pc

P4=mmm g

Pc 2z

I4=mmm e

11 2 20 0120

P42 =mmc j

::2 Pc 2x

P4=mmm j

111 222 0012 11 2 20 0014

P42 =mmc o

Pc 2z I2z ::2 Pc 2x ::2 Pc 2x

a

I4=mcm h

0120 :b: Cc 2xx

P42 =nbc k

:22 Cc 4xyz

I4=mmm a

I 0012 I

2

b

4

c

222.

P4=mmm a

0120 Cc

4

d

2.22

P4=mmm a

4

e

::2=m

I4=mmm a

4

f

012 14 111 444 113 444

4

g

2.mm

I4=mmm e

I2z

8

h

2..

P4=mmm g

0120 Cc 2z

8

i

.2.

I4=mmm i

I4x

8

j

8

k

8

l

Cc F F

0012 I4x P42 =mmc j

..2

012 14 :2: Cc 2xx 012 34 :2: Cc 2xx

8

m

..m

*

16

n

1

*

P42 =nnm m

..2 I4xxz

P42 =nnm n

..2 I4xxz2y

::2 Pc 2x 135 P42 =mbc

Pc 4xx

::c Pc 2x2z

4

a

Cc

4

b

2=m::
4::

P4=mmm a

11 2 20

P4=mmm a

0014 Cc

::c Pc 2x2z

m..

*

P42 =mmc q

::2 Pc 2x2y

4

c

2=m::

P4=mmm a

0120 Cc

1

*

P42 =mmc r

::c Pc 2x2y2z

4

d

2.22

P4=mmm a

012 14 Cc

8

e

2..

P4=mmm g

Cc 2z

8

f

2..

P4=mmm g

0120 Cc 2z

8

g

..2

132 P42 =mcm 2

1

*

134 P42 =nnm
a 42m

Pc 11 2 20 0120 012 12 0014 111 224

k

..2

2

131 P42 =mmc 2

j

m.mm

P4=mmm a

Pc Pc

8

h

m..

*

Pc

16

i

1

*

P4=mbm g

012 14 ð:b: C2xxÞc

P42 =mbc h

:b2 Cc 2xy

P42 =mbc i

:b2 Cc 2xy2z

I4=mmm a

I

2

b

2

d

4

e

222.

P4=mmm a

4

f

2=m::

P4=mmm a

11 2 20 0014 111 224 012 14 0120

4

g

2.mm

P4=mmm g

Pc 2z

4

h

4

i

4

j

8

k

2..

P4=mmm g

0120 Cc 2z

4

f

8

l

.2.

P4=mmm l

0014 Pc 4x

4

g

8

m

111 224

Pc 4x

h

2..

n

m..

*

8

8

P42 =mcm n

:2: Pc 2xx2y

i

m..

*

8

o

..m

*

8

P42 =mcm o

:c: Pc 2xx2z

8

j

..m

*

.n. I2xx2z

P42 =mcm p

:c: Pc 2xx2y2z

P42 =mnm j

1

*

16

1

*

P42 =mnm k

.n. I2xx2y2z

P4=mmm a

012 14 Cc

137 P42 =nmc
2 a 4m2

I4=mmm a

I

2

16

c

p


42m

P4=mmm a

*

P42 =mcm i

Cc

136 P42 =mnm

Cc

2

a

2

b

Pc 2z

4

c

:2: Pc 2xx

4

d

2=m::
4::

0012 :2: Pc 2xx

4

e

2.mm

11 2 20

m.2m

Pc

k

m.mm

0012 I

m.2m

*

P4=mmm a

0120 Cc

P4=mmm a

012 14 Cc

I4=mmm e

I2z

P42 =mnm f

.n. I2xx

P4=mmm g

111 222 0120

P42 =mnm i

.n. I2xx2y

:n: I2xx Cc 2z

133 P42 =nbc 4

a

222.

4

b

222.

P4=mmm a

4

c

P4=mmm a

4

d

2.22
4::

0014 0120

P4=mmm a

Cc

8

e

1


P4=mmm a

8

f

2..

P4=mmm g

111 444 0120

Cc

b

4

c

2mm.

I4=mmm e

I2z

P2

4

d

P4=nmm c

Cc 2z

8

e

2mm. 1


P4=mmm a

0120 111 444

f

..2

I4=mmm h

I4xx

g

.m.

*

P42 =nmc g

..c I4xz

1

*

P42 =nmc h

..c I4xz2y

8

g

2..

P4=mmm g

Cc 2z

8

8

h

.2.

P42 =mcm i

0014 ::2 Cc 2x

8

0034 ::2 Cc 2x

16

8

i

0012 I

2

Cc

813

h

ð::2 CI1zÞc P2

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 3.4.3.3 (continued) 138 P42 =ncm 4

a

4

b

142 I41 =acd

2.22
4::

P4=mmm a

0014

P4=mmm a

Cc

I4=mmm a

8

a


4::

I4=mmm a

Fc

8

b

I4=mmm a

0014 Fc

F

16

c

2.22 1


I4=mmm a

014 18 I2

F

16

d

2..

I4=mmm e

Cc

4

e

2.mm

P4=nmm c

111 444 113 444 0120

8

f

2..

P4=mmm g

Cc 2z

4

c

4

d

8

g

::2=m

..2

ð::2 CI1zÞc

i

..m

*

P42 =ncm i

16

j

1

*

P42 =ncm j

::m2 Cc 4xyz

:2: Cc 2xx
F2xxz 4::

139 I4=mmm 2

b

4

c

4

d

mmm.
4m2

4

e

4mm

8

f

8

I4=mmm a

I 0120 Cc

P4=mmm a

012 14 Cc

I4=mmm e

I2z

::2=m

P4=mmm a

g

2mm.

P4=mmm g

111 444 0120

8

h

m.2m

*

I4=mmm h

I4xx

8

i

m2m.

*

I4=mmm i

I4x

8

j

16

k

P4=mmm l

11 2 20 012 14

*

I41 =acd f

0014 :2: Fc 2xx

g

1

*

I41 =acd g

:22 Fc 4xyz

1

a

3..

P6=mmm a

P[z]

1

b

1

c

3

d

12 3 30 21 3 30

1

P[z] P[z]

P6
j

P3xy[z]

..2

I4=mmm l

I4x2y

16

m

..m

*

I4=mmm m

I4xx2z

16

n

.m.

*

I4=mmm n

I4x2z

I4=mmm o

1

*

P32 a

31 :: PC R
Q1xy[z]

a

1

*

P32 a

32 :: PC Rþ Q1xy[z]


a R3m

R[z]

R3 b

R3xy[z]

146 R3 (Hexagonal axes) 3

Cc 4xx

*

a

145 P32 3

I4x

m..

*

3

Cc 2z

l

1

144 P31

P2

16

o

*

0012 I P4=mmm a

32

..2

143 P3

h

*

I41 =acd e

f

32

8

4=mmm

.2.

16

0014 :2: Cc 2xx

8

a

e

Fc 2z
I2 Pc2 1x 014 38 4::

P42 =mmc j

0034 131 444

2

16

*

9

a b

3. 1

*

146 R3 (Rhombohedral axes) 1

I4x2y2z

3

a

3.

b

1


3::

*


a R3m

P[xxx]

R3 b

P3yz[xxx]

P6=mmm a

P

140 I4=mcm 147 P 3


P4=mmm a

0014 Cc

b

422
42m

P4=mmm a

012 14 Cc

1

a

4

c

4=m::

P4=mmm a

Cc

1

b

4

d

m.mm

P4=mmm a

0120 Cc

2

c

3..

2

d

3.. 1


4

a

4

8

e

::2=m

P4=mmm a

111 444

8

f

4..

P4=mmm g

Cc 2z

3

e

P4=mmm g

Cc 2z

3

f

:b: Cc 2xx

6

P2

0012 P

16

i

..2

P4=mmm l

16

j

.2.

P4=mmm j I4=mcm k

::m Cc 4xy

148 R3
(Hexagonal axes)
3 a 3:

I4=mcm l

012 14

3

8

16 16 32

g h

k l m

2.mm m.2m

*

m..

*

..m

*

1

*

I4=mcm h

I4=mcm m

Cc 4x :b: Cc 4xxz

:c: Cc 4xy2z

4

a

4

b

8

c

8

d

8

e


4m2

I41 =amd a

v

P6=mmm f

N

.2. GE1z

1

*

P3
g

P6xyz


a R3m

R

Cc 4xx

141 I41 =amd *

g

P2z

0012 N

0120 0120 0014 0014

8

P6=mmm e
P3m1 d

6

c

9

d

9

e

18

D

0012 R

b

f


c R3m
e R3m

3. 1


R2z 0012 M M

1

*

R3
f

R6xyz

0012 v D :2=m:

*

I41 =amd c

v

T

0012 v T 2mm.

*

I41 =amd f I41 =amd g

I41 =amd e

v

D2z

148 R3
(Rhombohedral axes)

a 1 a 3: R3m

P 111 222

1

b

v

::2 T2x

2

c

v

D4xx

3

d

v

16

f

.2.

*

16

g

..2

*

I41 =amd h

:2: D4xz

3

e

I41 =amd i

:2: v D4xz2y

6

f

16

h

.m.

*

32

i

1

*

814


c R3m
e R3m

3. 1


P

P2xxx 111 222

J

J 1

*

R3
f

P6xyz

3.4. LATTICE COMPLEXES Table 3.4.3.3 (continued) 149 P312 1 1

a

3.2

P6=mmm a

b

1

c

1

d

1

e

1

f

2

g

2

2

3..

P6=mmm e

h

2

i

3

j

3

k

6

l


P6m2 j

..2

P

3

d

0012 12 3 30 121 332 21 3 30 211 332

P

3

e

P

6

f

*

P312 l

a

32.

P6=mmm a

1

a

1

b

12 3 30 21 3 30

1

c

P P2z P2z

P3x
x

P[z] 12 3 30 21 3 30

P[z] P[z]

P3x
x[z] P3x
x2y[z]

157 P31m 1

a

3.m

P6=mmm a

P[z]

2

b

3..

G[z]

P

3

c

..m

P6=mmm c
P62m f

0012

6

d

1


P62m j

P3x2y[z]

3..

P6=mmm a

Pc [z]

P6=mmm e
P3m1 d

P2z .2. GE1z

158 P3c1

.2.


P62m f

P3x

2

a

P3x

2

b

P3x2yz

2

c

6

d

0012 P321 g

P6=mmm a

P3x
x

P3x
x2yz

3..

*

3m.

.m.

3..

1

P3x
x

P3x
x2yz

1

d

g

P3x
x

R32 f

e

c

6

*

d

2

f

1

6

2

3

P2xxx 111 222

3

b

e

R32 d


P6m2 j
P6m2 l

1

3

.2

*

156 P3m1

P

150 P321 1


c R3m

3.

P

P2z

0012 1

c

P

P3x[z]

12 3 30 21 3 30

Pc [z] Pc [z]

1


k P6c2

::2 Pc 3xy[z]

3..

P6=mmm a

Pc [z]

151 P31 12 3 3 6

a

..2

*

P32 12 a

0013 31 :: PC
Q1x
x

P32 12 c

0056 0013

b c

1

*

159 P31c 2




31 :: PC Q1x
x


31 :: PC Q1x
x2yz

a

2

b

3..

P63 =mmc c

E[z]

6

c

1


h P62c

:2: Pc 3xy[z]

152 P31 21 3 3 6

a

.2.

*

P32 21 a

0013 31 :: PC R
Q1x

P32 21 c

0056 0013

b c

1

*

160 R3m (Hexagonal axes) 3




31 :: PC R Q1x


31 :: PC R Q1x2yz

a

3m

9

b

.m

*

18

c

1

*


a R3m

R[z]

R3m b

R3x
x[z]

R3m c

R3x
x2y[z]

153 P32 12 3 3 6

a

..2

*

c

1

160 R3m (Rhombohedral axes)
a 1 a 3m R3m

þ

3

b

.m

*

R3m b

P3z[xxx]

6

c

1

*

R3m c

P3z2y[xxx]


a R3m

0

R3c b

:c Rc 3xy[z]

0023 32 :: PC þ Q1x
x

P32 12 c

0016 0023

b *

þ

P32 12 a

32 :: PC Q1x
x 32 :: PC Q1x
x2yz

P[xxx]

154 P32 21 3

a

3

b

6

c

.2. 1

*

*

P32 21 a P32 21 c

0023 32 :: PC Rþ Q1x

161 R3c (Hexagonal axes)

0016 32 :: PC Rþ Q1x

6

a

3.

18

b

1

0023

þ

32 :: PC R Q1x2yz

R

161 R3c (Rhombohedral axes)
a 2 a 3. R3m

0012 R

6

155 R32 (Hexagonal axes) 3

a

3

b

6

c

9 9 18

d


a R3m

32 3. .2

*


c R3m

R2z

R32 d

R3x 0012

e f

1

*

R32 f

b

1

*

Rc [z] 0

I[xxx]

R3c b

.n I3yz[xxx]

P6=mmm a

P


162 P 31m
3:m

R3x

1

a

R3x2yz

1

b

2

c

2

d

2

e

3.m

P6=mmm e

P2z

3

f

::2=m

P6=mmm f

N

155 R32 (Rhombohedral axes)
a 1 a 32 R3m

P

1

111 222

b

*

P

815

0012 P 3.2

P6=mmm c

G 0012 G

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 3.4.3.3 (continued) 3

g

4

h

6

i

6

j

3..

P6=mmm h

..2

P6=mmm l

6

k

..m

*

12

l

1

*

0012 N

3

e

G2z

3

d

P6x
x

6

f

0012 P6x
x

6

g

2

a

*

.2

*


f R3m
h R3m
i R3m

P6xxz


a R3m
R3m a
c R3m

0014 Rc


e R3m
e R3c

0

0014 :c Rc 3x


f R3c

:c Rc 6xyz

111 222

P6xz

6

h

.m

*

P6xz2y

12

i

1

*

P6=mmm a

0014

2

b

2

c

3.2

2

d

6

Pc

a

P6=mmm a

Pc

6

b

P63 =mmc c

E

12

c

0012 E

18

d

32
3: 3. 1


4

e

3..

P6=mmm e

Pc 2z

18

e

.2

*

4

f

P63 =mmc f

E2z

36

f

1

*

6

g

3.. 1


P6=mmm f

Nc

6

h

..2

P63 =mmc h
i P31c

0014 :2: Pc 3x
x

i

1

*


(Rhombohedral axes) 167 R3c
a 2 a 32 R3m

a 2 b 3: R3m

::c Pc 6xyz


164 P 3m1 1

a

1

b


3m:

2

c

3m.

2

d

3m. :2=m:

3

e

3

f

6

g

J

P6x
x P6x
x

P6xxz2y


(Hexagonal axes) 167 R3c 3.2
3::

12

J 111 222


P31m k
P31m l


163 P 31c


e R3m

:2=m

P6=mmm a

*

.2.

4

c

P

6

d

3. 1


0012 P

6

e

.2

*

f

1

*

6

h i

.m.

*

12

j

1

*

Rc 2z Mc 0

0

111 444

I

I


c R3m
e R3m
e R3c

J


f R3c

.n I6xyz

I2xxx 111 444

:n I3x
x

P2z

P6=mmm f

N

168 P6

0012 N

1

a

6..

P6=mmm a

P[z]

P6x

2

b

3..

P6=mmm c

G[z]

3

c

2..

P6=mmm f

N[z]

6

d

1

P6=m j

P6xy[z]

.2. GE1z

0012

6

Rc

0

P6=mmm e
P3m1 d

P6=mmm j
P3m1 i
P3m1 j

12

0

0

P6x

P6x
xz P6x
xz2y

169 P61
165 P 3c1

6

2

a

2

b

32.
3::

4

c

3..

4

d

6

e

3.. 1


6

f

.2.

12

g

1

*

a

1

*

P61 a

31 21 :: PCc EC þ Qc 1xy[z]

1

*

P61 a

32 21 :: PCc EC
Qc 1xy[z]

P6=mmm a

PC [z]

P62 22 c

þ

P62 c

32 :: PC 2xy[z]

P6=mmm a

PC [z]

P62 22 c




P62 c

31 :: PC 2xy[z]

P6=mmm a

0014 Pc

P6=mmm a

Pc

170 P65

P6=mmm e
P3m1 d

Pc 2z

6

P6=mmm f

Nc

171 P62

P63 =mcm g
g P3c1

0014 ::2 Pc 3x

3

a

2..

:c: Pc 6xyz

3

b

2..

a

ð:2: GE1zÞc

6

c

1


(Hexagonal axes) 166 R3m *

a 3 a 3m R3m

R

172 P64

3

0012 R

3

a

2..

R2z

3

b

2..

6

b c

9

e

9

d

18

f

18

g

18

h

36

i

3m

*

:2=m

*

.2

*


c R3m
e R3m

6

M

c

1

*

*

Q[z]

Q[z]

0012 M

.m

*

1

*


f R3m
h R3m
i R3m

R6x

173 P63

0012 R6x

2

a

3..

P6=mmm a

Pc [z]

R6x
xz

2

b

3..

P63 =mmc c

E[z]

R6x
xz2y

6

c

1

P63 =m h

21 :: Pc 3xy[z]

1

a


6::

P6=mmm a

P

P

1

b

0012 P

P2xxx

1

c

12 3 30


(Rhombohedral axes) 166 R3m *
a
R3m 1 a 3m

P

1

b

111 222

2

c

3m

*


c R3m

174 P 6


816

P

3.4. LATTICE COMPLEXES Table 3.4.3.3 (continued) 1

d

1

e

1

f

2

g

2

h

2

i

3

j

3

k

6

l

121 332 21 3 30 211 332

3..

P6=mmm e

m..

P6
j

*

P6
l

P

6

a

.2.

*

P61 22 a

31 :2 PCc þ Qc 1x

P

6

b

..2

*

P61 22 b

þ 0011 x 12 31 2: PCc EC Qc 1x


1

*

P61 22 c

31 :2 PCc þ Qc 1x2yz

.2.

*

P61 22 a

32 :2 PCc
Qc 1x

..2

*

P61 22 b

00121 32 2: PCc EC
Qc 1x
x

1

*

P61 22 c

32 :2 PCc
Qc 1x2yz

12

c

P2z P2z

179 P65 22

P3xy 0012

1

178 P61 22

P2z 12 3 30 21 3 30

*

P

6

P3xy

6

P3xy2z

12

a b c

180 P62 22 175 P6=m

3

a

1

a

P

3

b

1

b

0012 P

3

c

G

3

d

0012 G

6

e

2

c

2

d

2

e

3

f

3

g

6=m::

P6=mmm a


6::

P6=mmm c

6..

P6=mmm e

2=m::

P6=mmm f

6

P2z

f

N

6

g

0012 N

6

h

4

h

3..

P6=mmm h

G2z

6

i

6

i

2..

P6=mmm i

N2z

6

j

6

j

m..

*

P6=m j

P6xy

12

k

6

k 1

*

12

l

P6=m l

P6=mmm a

0014 Pc

b

P6=mmm a

Pc

2

c


6::

P63 =mmc c

E

2

d

4

e

3..

P6=mmm e

Pc 2z

4

f

P63 =mmc f

E2z

6

g

3.. 1


P6=mmm f

Nc

6

h

m..

*

P63 =m h

0014 21 :: Pc 3xy

12

i

1

*

P63 =m i

m:: Pc 6xyz

2

PC 0012 PC

222

*

P62 22 c

þ

Q

0012 þ Q P6=mmm e

PC 2z

2..

*

P62 22 f

þ

.2.

*

P62 22 g

32 :: PC 2x

..2

*

2..

Q2z

0012 32 :: PC 2x P62 22 i

0013 32 :: PC 2x
x 0056 32 :: PC 2x
x

1

*

P62 22 k

32 :: PC 2x2yz

181 P64 22

P6xy2z


6::
3::

a

P6=mmm a

0012 P6xy

176 P63 =m 2

222

0012 E

P6=mmm a

a b

3

c

3

d

6

e

2..

P6=mmm e

PC 2z

6

f

2..

*

P62 22 f




.2.

*

P62 22 g

31 :: PC 2x

6

g

6

h

6

i

6

j

12

k

P6=mmm a

PC 0012 PC

222

*

P62 22 c




Q

0012
Q Q2z

0012 31 :: PC 2x ..2

*

1

*

P62 22 i

0023 31 :: PC 2x
x 0016 31 :: PC 2x
x

P62 22 k

31 :: PC 2x2yz

P

2

a

32.

P6=mmm a

Pc

2

b

3.2

P6=mmm a

0014 Pc

2

c

3.2

P63 =mmc c

E

2

d

1

a

1

b

2

c

2

d

2

e

6..

3

f

222

3

g

4

h

3..

P6=mmm h

G2z

183 P6mm

6

i

2..

P6=mmm i

N2z

1

6

j

.2.

P6=mmm j

P6x

6

k

0012 P6x

6

l

P6x
x

6

m

12

n

3.2

222

182 P63 22

177 P622 622

3 3

0012 E

0012 P

4

e

3..

P6=mmm e

Pc 2z

G

4

f

3..

P63 =mmc f

E2z

0012 G

6

g

.2.

P63 =mcm g

::2 Pc 3x

P6=mmm e

P2z

6

h

..2

P63 =mmc h

0014 :2: Pc 3x
x

P6=mmm f

N

P63 22 i

::2 Pc 3x2yz

P6=mmm a

P[z]

P6=mmm c

12

i

1

*

0012 N

..2 1

P6=mmm l *

P622 n

a

6mm

2

b

3m.

P6=mmm c

G[z]

3

c

2mm

P6=mmm f

N[z]

6

d

..m

P6=mmm j

P6x[z]

0012 P6x
x

6

e

.m.

P6=mmm l

P6x
x[z]

P6x2yz

12

f

1

P6=mmm p

P6x2y[z]

817

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 3.4.3.3 (continued) 184 P6cc 2

a

2 6..

P6=mmm a

Pc [z]

3

f g h

4

b

3..

P6=mmm c

Gc [z]

3

6

c

2..

P6=mmm f

Nc [z]

4

12

d

1

P6=mcc l

:c: Pc 6xy[z]

185 P63 cm 2

a

3.m

P6=mmm a

e

4

b

3..

P6=mmm c

Gc [z]

6

c

..m

P63 =mcm g

::2 Pc 3x[z]

12

d

1

P63 =mcm j

::2 Pc 3x2y[z]

m2m

*

3.. ..m m..

*


P62m j

6

k 1

*


P62m l

2

c

2

a

3m.

P6=mmm a

Pc [z]

2

d

2

b

3m.

P63 =mmc c

E[z]

4

e

6

c

.m.

P63 =mmc h

:2: Pc 3x
x[z]

4

f

:2: Pc 3x
x2y[z]

6

g

6

h

m..

*

1


187 P 6m2

12

i

32.
6::
6::

3..

P63 =mmc f

E2z


P62m f
h P62c

Pc 3x

*


i P62c

m:: Pc 3x2yz

6=mmm

*

P6=mmm a

P


6m2

*

6mm

*

P6=mmm e

P2z

mmm

*

P6=mmm f

N

0012 P

191 P6=mmm

1

c

12 3 30 121 332 21 3 30 211 332

P

1

a

P

1

b

1 2 2

f g i

3

j

6 6 6 12

P6=mmm e

mm2

*


P6m2 j

k l

m..

*


P6m2 l

m n o

.m.

*

1

*


P6m2 n
P6m2 o

0014 :2: Pc 3xy

P

P

2

c

P

2

d

2

P2z 12 3 30 21 3 30

h

2 3

3m.

E

.2.

a

e

P63 =mmc c

Pc 2z

b

1

Pc 0014 Pc

P6=mmm e

3..

1

d

P6=mmm a P6=mmm a

0012 E

1 1

P6=mmm a

P3x2y2z


190 P 62c

186 P63 mc


6m2

P3x2z 0012 P3x2y

a

P63 =mmc j

P3x2y

i j

b

1

G2z

6

2

d

P3x

P6=mmm h
P62m i

6

l

P2z 0012 P3x

2

12

P6=mmm e
P62m f

*

12

Pc [z]

3.m

e

P2z

3

f

P2z

3

g

4

h

P3x
x

0012 P

0012 N 3m.

*

P6=mmm h

G2z

P6=mmm i

N2z

P6=mmm j

P6x

0012 P3x
x

6

i

2mm

P3x
x2y

6

j

m2m

*

0012

6

k mm2

*

P3x
x2z

6

l

P3x
x2y2z

6

m

G 0012 G

*

P3x
x2y

P6=mmm c

0012 P6x P6=mmm l

P6x
x 0012 P6x
x

12

n

..m

*

P6=mmm n

P6x2z


188 P 6c2

12

o

.m.

*

P6=mmm o

P6x
x2z

2

12

p

m..

*

P6=mmm p

P6x2y

12

q 1

*

2 2

a

3.2

P6=mmm a

Pc

P6=mmm a

12 3 30 21 3 30 0014 121 334 211 334

c e

2

b

2

d

2

f

4

g

4

h

4

i


6::

3..

P6=mmm e

6

j

..2

6

k

m..

*

12

l

1

*

Pc

24

Pc

a

1

b

2 2

c d


62m
6::

P6=mmm r

P6x2y2z

Pc Pc

192 P6=mcc

Pc

2

a

622

P6=mmm a

0014 Pc

Pc 2z

2

b

6=m::

P6=mmm a

Pc

12 3 30 21 3 30

Pc 2z

4

c

P6=mmm c

0014 Gc

Pc 2z

4

d

3.2
6::

P6=mmm c

Gc


P6m2 j
k P6c2

Pc 3x
x

4

e

6..

P6=mmm e

Pc 2z

0014 ::2 Pc 3xy

6

f

222

P6=mmm f

0014 Nc


l P6c2

m:: Pc 3x
x2yz

6

g

2=m::

P6=mmm f

Nc

8

h

3..

P6=mmm h

Gc 2z

12

i

2..

P6=mmm i

Nc 2z

P

12

j

.2.

P6=mmm j

0014 Pc 6x

0012 P

12

k

..2


189 P 62m 1

r

0012 P6x2y

P6=mmm a P6=mmm c

12

G 0012

24

G

818

l m

P6=mmm l

0014 Pc 6x
x

m..

*

P6=mcc l

:c: Pc 6xy

1

*

P6=mcc m

:c: Pc 6xy2z

3.4. LATTICE COMPLEXES Table 3.4.3.3 (continued) 193 P63 =mcm

4

c

P6=mmm c

4

d

3.2

P6=mmm c

Gc

198 P21 3

4

e

3.m

P6=mmm e

Pc 2z

4

f

::2=m

g

m2m

8

h

12

i

12 12 24

j k l

24

f

12

a b

Nc

P63 =mcm g

0014 ::2 Pc 3x

3..

P6=mmm h

Gc 2z

199 I21 3

..2

P6=mmm l

Pc 6x
x

8

m..

*

..m

*

1

*

.3.

*

P21 3 a

21 21 :: FY1xxx

1

*

P21 3 b

21 21 :: FY1xxx3yz

.3.

*

I21 3 a

21 21 :: P2 Y  1xxx

a

I21 3 b

21 3: SV1z

I21 3 c

21 21 :: P2 Y  1xxx3yz


a Pm3m

P

0014 ::2 Pc 3x2y

12

b

2..

*

P63 =mcm k

m:: Pc 6xz

24

c

1

*

P63 =mcm l

m:: Pc 6xz2y

P63 =mcm j

:3: J  2x

Gc

P6=mmm f *

I6z2xy

2..

0014

6

I23 f

e

Pc

6

1

12

P6=mmm a

Pc

*

2..


6::

P6=mmm a

I6z

d

b

2

a


e Im3m Im3
e

12


62m
3:m

2

0014

200 Pm3
194 P63 =mmc
2 a 3m: 2

b

2

c

2 4


6m2
6m2

e

3m.

Pc

1

b

P6=mmm a

0014

3

c

P63 =mmc c

E

3

d

4

f

3m.

g

:2=m:

6

h

mm2

12

i

.2.

j

P6=mmm e *

*

Pc

0012 E

6

e

Pc 2z

6

h f g

P63 =mmc h

0014

8

i

.3.

P6=mmm j

Pc 6x

12

j

m..

P63 =mmc j

0014

12

k

24

l

:2: Pc 3x
x :2: Pc 3x
x2y

mm2..

Pm3
f

*

*

Pm3
l

:3: J2x

P8xxx P6z2x 111 222

1

P6z

.3. J2x 111 222


g Pm3m
Pm3 j

J

P6z 111 222

*

P

J 111 222

6

m:: Pc 6x
xz2y

*

mm2..


e Pm3m

6

m:: Pc 6x
xz

1


c Pm3m

E2z

P63 =mmc l

.m.

l

mmm..

Nc

P63 =mmc k

k

24

111 222

P63 =mmc f

m..

12


m3:

P6=mmm f

* *

a

P6=mmm a

d

6

12

*

1

P6z2x

P6z2x2y

201 Pn3
2

195 P23 1 1

a b

3

c

3

d

4

e

6 6


a Pm3m

23.

f


c Pm3m

222..


P43m e
e Pm3m

2..

g

6

h

12

j

4

b

4

c

Pm3
f

2.. *

P23 j

J

P4xxx

4

a

4

b

4

c

4

d

23.


b Im3m
e Pn3m
e Im3m

d

222..

e

.3.

12

f

2..

g h

P6z2xy

4

a

4

b


a Fm3m

F


a Pm3m
c Pm3m
Fm3m e

8

c

23.

24

d

2=m::

F

24

e

mm2..

F

32

f

.3.

F

48

g

2..

F 111 222 111 444 333 444


f Fm3m
e Pm3m

1

*

6 8

b c

222..

203 Fd 3


.3.

I J

F6z2x2y

F6z

F6z2xy

197 I23
a Im3m
b Im3m
I 43m c

P2 6z


c Fd3m

m..

i

23.

111 444


:3:

h

96

a

F6z F8xxx

D

48

F6z

2

P2

J2


a Fd3m

F4xxx


e Fm3m F23 h

F

23.


F 43m e

2..

111 444

111 222 111 444

F6z2x

.3.

*

:3: J  2x

Fm3
h Fm3
i

f

1

I6z

202 Fm3


:3: J2x

e g

J

..2 I4xxx


m3:

1

*

24

h

F

n.. I6z2xy

2..

16 24

F

Im3
e Pn3
h

*

48

I 111 444 333 444 

.3. J2x

196 F23
a Fm3m


a Im3m
a Fm3m

6

24

P6z

23.
:3:

8 12

P6z

111 222

1

P

J

111 222

i

6

P 111 222

111 222

.3.

a



8

a

8

b

16

c

16

d

32

I4xxx

819

e

111 222

T 111 222

.3.


e Fd3m

D T

..2 D4xxx

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 3.4.3.3 (continued) 48 96

f g

2.. 1

*


f Fd3m
Fd3 g

D6z

209 F432

d.. D6z2xy

4

a

4

b

204 Im3
2

a


m3:

6

b

8

c

mmm..
:3:

12

d

mm2..

12

e

mm2..

16

f

.3.


a Im3m
Im3m b
a Pm3m *

24

g

m..

*

48

h

1

*

I J 111 444

P2

432


a Fm3m
a Pm3m
c Pm3m
Fm3m e

8

c

23.

24

d

2.22

24

e

4..

32

f

.3. ..2


e Im3m Im3
e

I6z

48

g



:3: J 2x

48

h


f Im3m
Im3 g

I8xxx

48

i

2..

I6z2x

96

j

1

Im3
h

I6z2x2y


f Fm3m
h Fm3m

*

F 111 222 111 444

F P2

J2 F6z F8xxx F12xx


e Pm3m

111 222 111 444

F432 j

F6z4xy


a Fd3m

D

F12xx P2 6z

210 F41 32 8

a

8

b

F

16

c

bc.. F2xxx

16

d

bc.. F6xyz

32

e

.3.

48

f

2..

205 Pa3
4 4 8 24

a


:3:


a Fm3m

111 222

b c d

F

.3.

*

1

*

Pa3
c Pa3
d

206 Ia3
8

a

8

b


:3:


a Pm3m

P2 111 444

16

c

.3.

*

24

d

2..

*

48

e

1

*

Ia3
c Ia3
d Ia3
e

P2

a

1

b

3

c

3

d

22:: P2 6xyz

6

f

8

g

.3.

12

h

2..

12

i

..2

12

j


e Pm3m

4..


g Pm3m
h Pm3m
i Pm3m

1

P432 k

..2

h

1

*

2

a

432

6

b

42.2 .32

d

2.22

12

e

4..

16

f

.3.

P

24

g

2..

24

h

..2

J

24

i

..2

48

j

T


e Fd3m
f Fd3m

D6z

F41 32 g

22:: T3x
x

F41 32 h

..2 D6z2xy


a Im3m
b Im3m
a Pm3m

I

..2 D4xxx


d Im3m
e Im3m
f Im3m

J 111 444 

P2

W

I6z I8xxx


g Im3m
Im3m h

I12xx

*

I432 i

111 444

1

*

I432 j

I6z4xy

.32

*

P43 32 a

þ

:3: J  4x 4:: P2 3x
x

P6z

P8xxx

212 P43 32

.3. J4x

4

a

P12xx

4

b

8

c

111 222 *

g

96

c

P6z 111 222

48

*

D

T 111 222

12

J 111 222

e

k


c Pm3m

42.2


c Fd3m

.32

8

P 111 222

6

24


a Pm3m

432

111 222

211 I432

22:: P2 2xxx
J2 S V  1x :3:

207 P432 1

23.

P12xx

P6z4xy

12 24

d e

Y

.3.

*

P43 32 c

111 þ 222 Y 43 :: þ Y2xxx

..2

*

P43 32 d

43 :: þ Y3x
x

1

*

P43 32 e

43 :: þ Y3x
x2yz

.32

*

P43 32 a

111
222 Y


.3.

*

P43 32 c

41 ::
Y2xxx

P43 32 d

41 ::
Y3x
x

208 P42 32 2

a

23.

4

b

.32

4

c

6

d

6

e

6

f

2.22

g

.3.

h

2..

12

i

2..


e Pn3m
e Im3m
g Pm3n

j k

12

l

24

m

I 111 444 333 444 

..2 1

*

*

P42 32 k P42 32 m

213 P41 32 F

4

a

F

4

b

J

8

W 111 222

12

12


b Im3m
c Pm3n

222..

8

12


a Im3m
a Fm3m

W

c

Y

12

d

..2

*

24

e

1

*

P43 32 e

41 ::
Y3x
x2yz

.32

*

I41 32 a

þ

Y




Y

þ

V




V

..2 I4xxx I6z

214 I41 32

.3. W2z

8

111 222 111 444 333 444

:3: W2z

8

42 :: F3x
x

12

42 :: F3x
x

..2 I6z2xy

820

a b c

12

d

16

e

2.22 .3.

*

*

I41 32 c I41 32 e

22:: Y  2xxx

3.4. LATTICE COMPLEXES Table 3.4.3.3 (continued) 24

f

24

h

24

g

48

i

2..

*

..2

*

1

*

I41 32 f

32

e

.3.

43 :: Y 3x
x

48

f

2..

41 ::
Y  3x
x

48

g

I41 32 i

22:: Y  3x
x2yz

96

h


a Pm3m

P

I41 32 h

.3. V2z þ




215 P 43m
43m

1

a

1

b

3

c

3

d

4

e

.3m

6

f

2.mm

6

g

12

h

2..

12

i

..m

*

1

*

24

j

111 222


42:m


c Pm3m *


P43m e
e Pm3m


P43m j

P J

P4xxx

4

a

4

b

4

c

4

d e

.3m

24

f

2.mm

g

48

h

96

i

*


F 43m e
Fm3m e

1

* *


F 43m h
F 43m i

12

b

111 444

1

*


h F 43c


4::

*


a I 43d

P2 6z

::n P2 6z2xy

S 0


c I 43d
d I 43d
e I 43d

16

c

.3.

*

24

d

2..

*

48

e

1

*


m3m

*


a Pm3m

4=mm:m

*


c Pm3m

S
4:: I2 Y  1xxx .3. S2z .3d S4xyz

P6z

P6z2xx

1

a

P6z2xx2y

1

b

F F

3

c

3

d

6

e

6

f

4m.m

*

F

.3m

F

12

h

mm2..

*

F4xxx

12

i

m.m2

*

F6z

12

j m..

*

24

k

24

l

F6z2xx2y


g Pm3m
h Pm3m
i Pm3m

.3. J4x P12xx

24

m

..m

48

n

1

*

P12xx

P6z4x 111 222

*

P6z

P8xxx

111 222


k Pm3m

J

P6z 111 222

g

F6z


e Pm3m

P

J 111 222

8

F6z2xx

P 111 222

*

111 444

..m

a


221 Pm3m

111 222 111 444 333 444

16 24


a Fm3m

12

.3. J4x


216 F 43m
43m

P2 6z

P6z 111 222


h Pm3m
P43m i

P2 4xxx


220 I 43d

J 111 222


P43m e
Pm3m e

P6z4x


m Pm3m
n Pm3m

P6z4xx


a Im3m
b Im3m
a Pm3m

I


d Im3m
e Im3m
f Im3m

W


g Im3m
h Im3m
i Pn3n

:3: J  4x

P6z4x2y


217 I 43m
43m
42:m

2

a

6

b

8

c

12

d

.3m
4::

12

e

2.mm

24

f

2..

24

g

..m

*

48

h

1

*

*


a Im3m
b Im3m
I 43m c
d Im3m
e Im3m
Im3m g
I 43m g
I 43m h

I


222 Pn3n

J I4xxx W I6z :3: J  4x I6z2xx I6z2xx2y

a

23.

6

b

222..
4::

6

c

6

d

8 12 12

e f g

12

h

24

i


a Im3m
Im3m b
c Pm3n

a

8

b

24

c

24

d

432

6

b

8

c

42.2
:3:

12

d


4::

12

e

4..

16

f

.3.

g

2..

24

h

..2

48

i

1

2

a


m3:

I4xxx

6

b

2..

I6z

6

c

mmm..
4m:2

2..


g Pm3n

111 222

6

d

*


i P43n

23.


a Pm3m

:3: W2z


c Pm3m

*

8

e

.32

..c I6z2xy

12

f

mm2..

12

g

mm2..

12

h

16

i

.3.

24

j

..2

*

J2

24

k

m..

*

111 444

48

l

1

*

P2 P2 J2

821


a Im3m
Im3m b
c Pm3n
a Pm3m
e Im3m

.3. W2z

111 444


4::

P2

I6z I8xxx I12xx n.. I6z4xy


223 Pm3n

W

W

1

111 444 

J 111 222


I 43m c
e Im3m

.3.

*

J

I


219 F 43c 8

a

24


218 P 43n 2

2

*


g Pm3n

I J W 111 222 111 444

W P2

I6z .3. W2z 111 222

:3: W2z


f Im3m
j Pm3n
k Pm3n

I8xxx


l Pm3n

..2 I6z2x2y

.3. W4xx ..2 I6z2x

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY Table 3.4.3.3 (continued)
224 Pn3m 2 4

a b

4

c

6

d


227 Fd 3m
43m
:3m
42:m

8

e

.3m

12

f

2.22

12

g

2.mm

24

h

2..

24

i

..2

24

j

24

k

48

l


a Im3m
a Fm3m

*

*

..m

*

1

*


b Im3m
e Pn3m
d Im3m
e Im3m
Im3m g
i Pn3m
k Pn3m
l Pn3m

I 111 444 333 444 

F F

J


m3m

*

a

4

b

8

c


43m

24

d

m.mm

24

e

4m.m

*

32

f

.3m

*

48

g

2.mm

48

h

m.m2

*

48

i


a Fm3m
a Pm3m
c Pm3m
e Fm3m

96

j

m..

96

k

..m

*

192

l

1

*

b

16

c

16

d

8

b c


4m:2

24 24

d

4=m::

48

e

mm2..

48 64 96 96 192

f g h i j

4.. .3.

*

I6z

96

g

..m

*



:3: J 4x
F6x
x 4::

111 444 333 444

96

h

..2

*

192

i

1

*


228 Fd 3c

..2 I6z2xx2y

16

F F P2

J2

..2 m..

*

1

*


j Fm3c

a


a Im3m
a Fm3m

23.

32

b

32

c

.32
:3:

48

d


4::

64

e

.3.

96

f

2..

96

g

..2

*

192

h

1

2

F8xxx P2 6z F12xx

F6z4x F6z4xx F6z4x2y


a Fm3m
b Im3m

..2 D6z2xx2y

I2 111 888 333 888 J2

F2 F2


e Pn3m
e Im3m
g Fd3c

ð::2 I4xxxÞ2

*


h Fd3c

d:2 I2 6z2xy

a


m3m

*


a Im3m
b Im3m
a Pm3m

I

*


d Im3m
e Im3m
f Im3m

W


g Im3m
h Im3m
i Im3m

:3: J  4x


j Im3m
k Im3m
l Im3m

I6z4x


a Im3m
b Ia3d

I2


c Ia3d
d Ia3d
e Ia3d

V


f Ia3d
g Ia3d
h Ia3d

:3: S 2z
Y  3x
x 4a::

6

b

8

c

4=mm:m
:3m

12

d


4m:2

*

12

e

4m.m

*

16

f

.3m

*

24

g

mm2..

*

24

h

m.m2

*

..2

*

i

48

j

m..

*

48

k

..m

*

1

*

l

I2 6z
F2 3x
x 42::

111 888

J 111 444 

P2

I6z I8xxx I12xx 111 444

4:: P2 6x
x

I6z4xx I6z4x2y


230 Ia3d 16

J2

a


:3:

J2

16

b

.32

*

P2 6z

24

c

2.22
4::

*

111 444

..2 D6z2xx
T6x
x 4::

P2

P2 111 444

..2 D4xxx D6z


229 Im3m

F6z

111 444

T


F6x
x 4::

..2 I6z2xx

111 222 111 444


h Fd3m
i Fd3m

D

T 111 222

.3m

F12xx


g Pm3m
i Pm3m
i Fm3c


e Fd3m
f Fd3m
g Fd3m

D 111 222

2.mm


h Fm3m


c Pm3m
e Pm3m
e Pm3m


c Fd3m

e

111 444


a Pm3m
a Pm3m
c Pm3m

*

f

96 432
m3:


:3m

32


226 Fm3c a


a Fd3m

48

48

8

*

..2 I4xxx


f Fm3m
e Pm3m


j Fm3m
k Fm3m
l Fm3m

8


43m

W

111 222 *

a

*


225 Fm3m 4

8

24

P2 6z

d

*

P2 8xxx

32

e

.3.

*

111 444

48

f

2..

*

P2 12xx

::2 P2 6z2x

48

g

..2

*

::2 P2 6z2x2y

96

h

1

*

822

Y  S
Y  2xxx 4::


I2 6xyz 4a::

3.4. LATTICE COMPLEXES
with descriptive symbols P and tions 1a and 1b of Pm3m 111 P, respectively; Co and U both occupy Wyckoff posi222 tion 8a .3. x; x; x of I21 3 with x = 0.0347 for U and x = 0.294 for Co. As the descriptive symbol 21 21 :: P2 Y  1xxx shows, this Wyckoff position belongs to a Weissenberg complex
a) with two invariant limiting complexes, namely P (Pm3m and Y  ðI41 32 aÞ. x = 0 corresponds to P2, x ¼ 14 to 14 14 14 P2, x ¼ 18 to þ Y  and x ¼ 78 to
Y . Consequently, the uranium and cobalt atoms form approximately a P2 and a 14 14 14 P2 configuration, respectively.

crystal structures (Smirnova, 1962), of Patterson diagrams (Koch & Hellner, 1971), of Dirichlet domains (Koch, 1973, 1984) and of sphere packings for subperiodic groups (Koch & Fischer, 1978b). The 30 lattice complexes in two-dimensional space correspond uniquely to the ‘henomeric types of dot pattern’ introduced by Gru¨nbaum and Shephard (cf. e.g. Gru¨nbaum & Shephard, 1981; Gru¨nbaum, 1983).

3.4.4.2. Relations between crystal structures

Publications by Hellner (1965, 1976a,b,c, 1977, 1979), Loeb (1970), Smirnova & Vasserman (1971), Sakamoto & Takahasi (1971), Niggli (1971), Fischer & Koch (1974b), Hellner et al. (1981) and Hellner & Sowa (1985) refer to this aspect.

Different crystal structures frequently show the same geometrical arrangement for some of their atoms, even though their space groups do not belong to the same type. In such cases, the corresponding Wyckoff positions either belong to the same lattice complex or there exists a close relationship between them, e.g. a limiting-complex relation.

3.4.4.3. Reflection conditions

Examples (1) The Fe atoms in pyrite FeS2 occupy Wyckoff position
0; 0; 0 of Pa3
(descriptive symbol F) that belongs to 4a :3:
a. Accordingly, the Fe the invariant lattice complex Fm3m atoms in pyrite form a face-centred cubic lattice, as do the Cu atoms in the element structure of copper.
(2) Cuprite Cu2O crystallizes with symmetry Pn3m. The
oxygen atoms occupy Wyckoff position 2a 43m 0; 0; 0 (descriptive symbol I) and the copper atoms position
1 ; 1 ; 1 (descriptive symbol 1 1 1 F). Position 2a 4b :3m 4 4 4 444
a and position 4b to belongs to lattice complex Im3m
a. Therefore, the O atoms form a body-centred Fm3m cubic lattice like the W atoms in the structure of tungsten, and the copper atoms form a face-centred cubic lattice. The tungsten configuration is shifted by 14 ; 14 ; 14 with respect to the copper configuration. (3) K2NaAlF6 (elpasolite, cf. Morss, 1974) and K2PbNi(NO2)6
(cf. Takagi et al., 1975) crystallize with symmetry Fm3m
and Fm3, respectively.

Wyckoff positions belonging to the same lattice complex show analogous reflection conditions. Therefore, lattice complexes have also been used to check the reflection conditions for all Wyckoff positions in the space-group tables of this volume. Example The lattice complex oF consists of all face-centred point lattices with orthorhombic symmetry. For its characteristic Wyckoff position Fmmm 4a, only the general conditions for reflections hkl in space group Fmmm are valid, namely h + k, h + l, k + l = 2n (cf. Chapter 2.3). The non-characteristic Wyckoff position Ccce 4a also belongs to this lattice complex. The general reflection condition for Ccce is hkl: h + k = 2n. This has to be combined with k + l = 2n, the special condition for Wyckoff position a. Together the two conditions produce h + l = 2n, the third condition for a face-centred point lattice. The descriptive symbols may supply information on the reflection conditions. If the symbol does not contain any distribution-symmetry part, the reflection conditions of the Wyckoff position are indicated by the symbol of the invariant lattice complex in the central part (e.g. P4/nmm g: C4xx shows that the reflection condition is that of a C lattice, hkl: h + k = 2n). In cases where the site set consists of only one point, i.e. the Wyckoff position belongs to a Weissenberg complex, all conditions for general reflections hkl that may arise from special choices of the coordinates can be read from the central part of the symbol (e.g. P4=nmm c: 0 12 0 ::2 CI1z indicates that, by special choice of z, either hkl: h + k = 2n or hkl: h + k + l = 2n may be produced).

K2 NaAlF6

K

8c


m3m
m3m
43m

F

24e

4m:m

Al 4a Na 4b

0; 0; 0 1 1 1 2;2;2 x; 0; 0 x ¼ 0:219

1 1 1 4;4;4

F 111 222F 111 4 4 4 P2

F6z

K2 PbNi(NO2 Þ6 Ni

4a

Pb K

4b 8c

N

24e

O

48h


m3:
m3: 23: mm2:: m::

0; 0; 0

F

1 1 1 2;2;2 1 1 1 4;4;4

111 222F 111 4 4 4 P2

x; 0; 0 x ¼ 0:1966

F6z

0; y; z

F6z2x

3.4.4.4. Phase transitions If a crystal undergoes a phase transition from a high- to a lowsymmetry modification, the transition may be connected with a group–subgroup transition. In such cases, the comparison of the lattice complexes corresponding to the Wyckoff positions of the original space group on the one hand and of its various subgroups on the other hand very often shows which of these subgroups are suitable for the low-symmetry modification. This kind of procedure will be demonstrated with the aid of the
and its three translationengleiche subgroups space group R3m with index 2, namely R32, R3
and R3m. In the course of the
behave restriction to a subgroup, the Wyckoff positions of R3m differently:

As the descriptive lattice-complex symbols for the various atomic positions show immediately, the two crystal structures are very similar. The only difference originates from the replacement of the fluorine atoms in elpasolite by NO2 groups in K2PbNi(NO2)6, which causes the symmetry
to Fm3.
reduction from Fm3m (4) The crystal structure of CoU (Baenziger et al., 1950) may be interpreted as a slightly distorted CsCl (or -brass, CuZn)-type structure. CsCl corresponds to Wyckoff posi-

823

3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY The descriptive symbols R and 00 12 R refer to Wyckoff
3a and 3b as well as to Wyckoff positions R32 3a positions R3m and 3b and R3
3a and 3b. Therefore, all corresponding point configurations and atomic arrangements remain unchanged in these subgroups. In subgroup R3m, however, the respective Wyckoff position is 3a with descriptive symbol R[z], i.e. a shift parallel to [001] of the entire point configuration is allowed.
6c also occurs for R32 6c The descriptive symbol R2z for R3m and R3
6c. Again, neither subgroup allows any deformations of the corresponding point configurations or atomic arrangements. Symmetry reduction to R3m, however, yields a splitting of each R2z configuration into two R[z] configurations. The two z parameters may be chosen independently. As M and 00 12 M are the descriptive symbols not only
9e and 9d but also of R3
9e and 9d, R3
does not of R3m enable any deformation of the corresponding atomic arrangements. In R32 and in R3m, however, the respective point configurations may be differently deformed, as the descriptive symbols show: R3x and 00 12 R3x (R32 9d and 9e), R3x
x½z (R3m 9b).
18f and 18g (R6x and 00 1 R6x) Wyckoff positions R3m 2 correspond to R32 9d and 9e (R3x and 00 12 R3x), to R3
18f (R6xyz), and to R3m 18c ðR3x
x2y½zÞ. In R32, the hexagons 6x around the points of the R lattice are split into two oppositely oriented triangles 3x, which may have different size. In R3
and in R3m, the hexagons may be differently deformed.
18h ðR6x
xzÞ corresponds to sets of Wyckoff position R3m trigonal antiprisms around the points of an R lattice. These antiprisms may be distorted in R32 18f (R3x2yz) or rotated in R3
18f (R6xyz). In R3m 9b ðR3x
x½zÞ, each antiprism is split into two parallel triangles that may differ in size. In each of the three subgroups, any point configuration
36i splits into two parts. belonging to the general position R3m Each of these parts may be differently deformed.

(2) KIAs4O6 (Pertlik, 1988) has been described with symmetry P622. I

Li O

16d 32e

:32 :3:

1 1 1 8;8;8 5 5 5 8;8;8

x; x; x

O

32e

:3m

x; x; x

::2 D4xxx

111 222

6i

2::

N2z

1a

6=mmm 0; 0; 0

K As

1b 6=mmm 4h 3m:

O

6i

2mm

0; 0; 12 1 2 3;3;z 1 2 ; 0; z

P 00 12 P G2z N2z

In general, each lattice complex involves point configurations that cannot be related to any crystal structure because the shortest distances between the atoms in a corresponding arrangement would become too small. Only the 67 Weissenberg complexes (cf. Section 3.4.1.5.2) form an exception from this rule. Assuming that the metrical parameters are chosen adequately, each point configuration stemming from a Weissenberg complex may, in principle, refer to the arrangement of some atoms in a crystal structure. In case of the 36 invariant lattice complexes this property is immediately evident. The further 31 Weissenberg complexes have one or more degrees of freedom (cf. Section 3.4.1.5.2 and Table 3.4.1.1). Nevertheless, varying the corresponding free coordinate parameters never results in point configurations with infinitesimally small distances.

References Baenziger, N. C., Rundle, R. E., Snow, A. T. & Wilson, A. S. (1950). Compounds of uranium with transition metals of the first long period. Acta Cryst. 3, 34–40. Burzlaff, H., Fischer, W. & Hellner, E. (1968). Die Gitterkomplexe der Ebenengruppen. Acta Cryst. A24, 57–67. Deschizeaux-Cheruy, M. N., Aubert, J. J., Joubert, J. C., Capponi, J. J. & Vincent, H. (1982). Relation entre structure et conductivite´ ionique basse temperature de Ag3PO4 . Solid State Ionics, 7, 171–176. Donnay, J. D. H., Hellner, E. & Niggli, A. (1966). Symbolism for lattice complexes, revised by a Kiel symposium. Z. Kristallogr. 123, 255–262. Engel, P. (1983). Zur Theorie der kristallographischen Orbits. Z. Kristallogr. 163, 243–249. Engel, P., Matsumoto, T., Steinmann, G. & Wondratschek, H. (1984). The non-characteristic orbits of the space groups. Z. Kristallogr. Supplement issue No. 1. Fischer, W. (1973). Existenzbedingungen homogener Kugelpackungen zu kubischen Gitterkomplexen mit weniger als drei Freiheitsgraden. Z. Kristallogr. 138, 129–146. Fischer, W. (1974). Existenzbedingungen homogener Kugelpackungen zu kubischen Gitterkomplexen mit drei Freiheitsgraden. Z. Kristallogr. 140, 50–74.

The same atomic arrangement is possible in the super
of F41 32, as can easily be read from Table group Fd3m 3.4.3.3: T

O

3.4.4.7. Weissenberg complexes

T ::2 D4xxx

1 1 1 8;8;8 5 5 5 8;8;8

622 3::

Descriptive symbols of lattice complexes – at least those of the invariant lattice complexes – have been used for the description of crystal structures (cf. Section 3.4.4.2 and the literature cited there), for the nomenclature of three-periodic surfaces (von Schnering & Nesper, 1987) and in connection with orbifolds of space groups (Johnson et al., 2001).

111 222


16c :3m
16d :3m

00 12 P G2z

1b 4h

3.4.4.6. Application of descriptive lattice-complex symbols

T

Rh Li

P

0; 0; 12 1 2 3;3;z 1 2 ; 0; z

Therefore, KIAs4O6 should be described in P6=mmm.

Examples (1) The crystal structure of -LiRhO2 has been refined in space group F41 32 (cf. Hobbie & Hoppe, 1986). :32

0; 0; 0

K As

I

In the literature, some crystal structures are still described within space groups that are only subgroups of the correct symmetry groups. Many such mistakes (but not all of them) could be avoided by simply looking at the lattice complexes (and their descriptive symbols) that correspond to the Wyckoff positions of the different kinds of atoms. Whenever the same (or an analogous) lattice-complex description of a crystal structure is also possible within a supergroup, then the crystal structure has at least that symmetry.

16c

622

Space group P6=mmm allows the same atomic arrangement:

3.4.4.5. Incorrect space-group assignment

Rh

1a

T


Therefore, -LiRhO2 should be described in Fd3m.

824

3.4. LATTICE COMPLEXES Koch, E. & Fischer, W. (1975). Automorphismengruppen von Raumgruppen und die Zuordnung von Punktlagen zu Konfigurationslagen. Acta Cryst. A31, 88–95. Koch, E. & Fischer, W. (1978a). Complexes for crystallographic point groups, rod groups and layer groups. Z. Kristallogr. 147, 21–38. Koch, E. & Fischer, W. (1978b). Types of sphere packings for crystallographic point groups, rod groups and layer groups. Z. Kristallogr. 148, 107–152. Koch, E. & Fischer, W. (1985). Lattice complexes and limiting complexes versus orbit types and non-characteristic orbits: a comparative discussion. Acta Cryst. A41, 421–426. Koch, E. & Fischer, W. (2003). The cubic limiting complexes of the tetragonal lattice complexes. Z. Kristallogr. 218, 597–603. Koch, E. & Hellner, E. (1971). Die Pattersonkomplexe der Gitterkomplexe. Z. Kristallogr. 133, 242–259. Koch, E. & Sowa, H. (2005). The cubic limiting complexes of lattice complexes with trigonal characteristic symmetry. Z. Kristallogr. 220, 983–986. Lawrenson, J. E. & Wondratschek, H. (1976). The extraordinary orbits of the 17 plane groups. Z. Kristallogr. 143, 471–484. Loeb, A. L. (1970). A systematic survey of cubic crystal structures. J. Solid State Chem. 1, 237–267. Matsumoto, T. & Wondratschek, H. (1979). Possible superlattices of extraordinary orbits in 3-dimensional space. Z. Kristallogr. 150, 181– 198. Matsumoto, T. & Wondratschek, H. (1987). The non-characteristic Gorbits of the plane groups G. Z. Kristallogr. 179, 7–30. Morss, L. R. (1974). Crystal structure of dipotassium sodium fluoroaluminate (elpasolite). J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 36, 3876–3878. Naor, P. (1958). Linear dependence of lattice sums. Z. Kristallogr. 110, 112–126. Niggli, P. (1919). Geometrische Kristallographie des Diskontinuums. Leipzig: Borntraeger. [Reprint: Wiesbaden: Saendig (1973).] Niggli, A. (1971). Parameterfreie kubische Strukturtypen. Z. Kristallogr. 133, 473–490. Pertlik, F. (1988). The compounds KAs4O6X (X = Cl, Br, I) and NH4As4O6X (X = Br, I): Hydrothermal syntheses and structure determinations. Monatsh. Chem. Verw. Teile Anderer Wiss. 119, 451– 456. Sakamoto, Y. & Takahasi, U. (1971). Invariant and quasi-invariant lattice complexes. J. Sci. Hiroshima Univ. Ser. A, 35, 1–51. Schnering, H. G. von & Nesper, R. (1987). How nature adapts chemical structures to curved surfaces. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 26, 1059– 1080. Smirnova, N. L. (1962). Possible values of the x coordinates in singleparameter lattice complexes of the cubic system. Sov. Phys. Crystallogr. 7, 5–8. Smirnova, N. L. & Vasserman, E. I. (1971). The line diagrams of crystalline substances. Structural types of the cubic system from invariant lattice complexes. Sov. Phys. Crystallogr. 15, 791– 794. Steinmann, G. (1984). Kristallographische Orbits im dreidimensionalen Raum. Dissertation, University of Karlsruhe, Germany. Takagi, S., Joesten, M. D. & Lenhert, P. G. (1975). Potassium lead hexanitronickelate(II). Acta Cryst. B31, 1968–1970. Weissenberg, K. (1925). Der Aufbau der Kristalle. I. Mitteilung. Die Systematik der Symmetriegruppen von Punktlagen im Diskontinuum. Z. Kristallogr. 62, 13–51. Wondratschek, H. (1976). Extraordinary orbits of the space groups. Theoretical considerations. Z. Kristallogr. 143, 460–470. Wondratschek, H. (1980). Crystallographic orbits, lattice complexes and orbit types. Commun. Math. Chem. 9, 121–125. Zimmermann, H. & Burzlaff, H. (1974). Zur Definition des Punktlagenund Gitterkomplex-Begriffes. Z. Kristallogr. 139, 252–267.

Fischer, W. (1991a). Tetragonal sphere packings. I. Lattice complexes with zero or one degree of freedom. Z. Kristallogr. 194, 67–85. Fischer, W. (1991b). Tetragonal sphere packings. II. Lattice complexes with two degrees of freedom. Z. Kristallogr. 194, 87–110. Fischer, W. (1993). Tetragonal sphere packings. III. Lattice complexes with three degrees of freedom. Z. Kristallogr. 205, 9–26. Fischer, W., Burzlaff, H., Hellner, E. & Donnay, J. D. H. (1973). Space Groups and Lattice Complexes. NBS Monograph No. 134. Washington: National Bureau of Standards. Fischer, W. & Koch, E. (1974a). Eine Definition des Begriffs ‘Gitterkomplex’. Z Kristallogr. 139, 268–278. Fischer, W. & Koch, E. (1974b). Kubische Strukturtypen mit festen Koordinaten. Z. Kristallogr. 140, 324–330. Fischer, W. & Koch, E. (1978). Limiting forms and comprehensive complexes for crystallographic point groups, rod groups and layer groups. Z. Kristallogr. 147, 255–273. Fischer, W. & Koch, E. (1983). On the equivalence of point configurations due to Euclidean normalizers (Cheshire groups) of space groups. Acta Cryst. A39, 907–915. Gru¨nbaum, B. (1983). Tilings, patterns, fabrics and related topics in discrete geometry. Jber. Dtsch. Math.-Verein. 85, 1–32. Gru¨nbaum, B. & Shephard, G. C. (1981). A hierarchy of classification methods for patterns. Z. Kristallogr. 154, 163–187. Hellner, E. (1965). Descriptive symbols for crystal-structure types and homeotypes based on lattice complexes. Acta Cryst. 19, 703–712. Hellner, E. (1976a). Verwandtschaftskriterien von Kristallstrukturtypen. I. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 421, 37–40. Hellner, E. (1976b). Verwandtschaftskriterien von Kristallstrukturtypen. II. Die Einfu¨hrung der Gitterkomplexe P, J und F. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 421, 41–48. Hellner, E. (1976c). Verwandtschaftskriterien von Kristallstrukturtypen. ¨ berstrukturen des ReO3-, Perowskit- und CaF2III. Die kubischen U Typs. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 421, 49–60. Hellner, E. (1977). Verwandtschaftskriterien von Kristallstrukturtypen. IV. Ableitung von Strukturtypen der I-, P- und F-Familien. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 437, 60–72. Hellner, E. (1979). The frameworks (Bauverba¨nde) of the cubic structure types. Struct. Bonding (Berlin), 37, 61–140. Hellner, E., Koch, E. & Reinhardt, A. (1981). The homogeneous frameworks of the cubic crystal structures. Phys. Daten-Phys. Data, 16– 2, 1–67. Hellner, E. & Sowa, H. (1985). The cubic structure types described in their space groups with the aid of frameworks. Phys. Daten-Phys. Data, 16–3, 1–141. ¨ ber Oxorhodate der Alkalimetalle: Hobbie, K. & Hoppe, R. (1986). U -LiRhO2. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 535, 20–30. Hermann, C. (1935). Gitterkomplexe/Lattice complexes/Complexes re´ticulaires. In Internationale Tabellen zur Bestimmung von Kristallstrukturen. 1. Band, edited by C. Hermann. Berlin: Borntraeger. [Reprint with corrections: Ann Arbor: Edwards (1944).] Hermann, C. (1960). Zur Nomenklatur der Gitterkomplexe. Z. Kristallogr. 113, 142–154. Johnson, C. K., Burnett, M. N. & Dunbar, W. D. (2001). Crystallographic topology and its applications. In Crystallographic Computing 7. Proceedings from the Macromolecular Crystallography Computing School, edited by P. E. Bourne & K. Watenpaugh. IUCr/Oxford University Press. Koch, E. (1973). Wirkungsbereichspolyeder und Wirkungsbereichsteilungen zu kubischen Gitterkomplexen mit weniger als drei Freiheitsgraden. Z. Kristallogr. 138, 196–215. Koch, E. (1974). Die Grenzformen der kubischen Gitterkomplexe. Z. Kristallogr. 140, 75–86. Koch, E. (1984). A geometrical classification of cubic point configurations. Z. Kristallogr. 166, 23–52.

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International Tables for Crystallography (2016). Vol. A, Chapter 3.5, pp. 826–851.

3.5. Normalizers of space groups and their use in crystallography E. Koch, W. Fischer and U. Mu¨ller 3.5.1. Introduction and definitions By E. Koch, W. Fischer and U. Mu¨ller

elements s 2 S that map G onto itself by conjugation (cf. Section 1.1.8): NS ðGÞ :¼ fs 2 S j s
1 Gs ¼ Gg:

3.5.1.1. Introduction

The normalizer NS ðGÞ may coincide either with G or with S or it may be a proper intermediate group. In any case, G is a normal subgroup of its normalizer. For most crystallographic problems, three kinds of normalizers are of special interest:

The mathematical concept of normalizers forms the common basis for the solution of several crystallographic problems: It is generally known, for instance, that the coordinate description of a crystal structure trivially depends on the coordinate system used for the description, i.e. on the setting of the space group and the site symmetry of the origin. It is less well known, however, that for most crystal structures there exist several different but equivalent coordinate descriptions, even if the space-group setting and the site symmetry of the origin are unchanged. The number of such descriptions varies between 1 and 24 and depends only on the type of the Euclidean normalizer of the corresponding space group. In principle, none of these descriptions stands out against the others. In crystal-structure determination with direct methods, the phases of some suitably chosen structure factors have to be restricted to certain values or to certain ranges in order to specify the origin and the enantiomorph. The information necessary for a correct selection of such phases and for their appropriate restrictions follows directly from the Euclidean normalizer of the space group. Similar examples are the positioning of the first atom(s) within an asymmetric unit when using trial-and-error or Patterson methods, the choice of a basis system for indexing the reflections of a diffraction pattern or the indexing of the first morphological face(s) of a crystal. For the following problems, normalizers also play an important role: They supply information on the interchangeability of Wyckoff positions and their assignment to Wyckoff sets (cf. Section 1.4.4 and Chapter 3.4), needed e.g. for the definition of lattice complexes. They are important for the comparison of crystal structures, for their assignment to structure types and for the choice of a standard description for each crystal structure (Parthe´ & Gelato, 1984, 1985). They allow the derivation of ‘privileged origins’ for each space group (Burzlaff & Zimmermann, 1980) and facilitate the complete deduction of subgroups and supergroups of a crystallographic group. They enable an easy classification of magnetic (black–white or Shubnikov) space groups and of colour space groups. They may also be used to reduce the parameter range in the study of geometrical properties of point configurations, e.g. their eigensymmetry or their sphere packings and Dirichlet partitions (cf. e.g. Koch, 1984a). In the past, most of these problems have been treated by crystallographers without the aid of normalizers, but the use of normalizers simplifies the solution of all these problems and clarifies the common background (for references, see Fischer & Koch, 1983).

(i) The normalizer of a space group (plane group) G with respect to the group E of all Euclidean mappings (motions, isometries) in E3 ðE2 Þ, called the Euclidean normalizer of G: NE ðGÞ :¼ fs 2 E j s
1 Gs ¼ Gg: (ii) The normalizer of a space group (plane group) G with respect to the group A of all affine mappings in E3 ðE2 Þ, called the affine normalizer of G: NA ðGÞ :¼ fs 2 A j s
1 Gs ¼ Gg: (iii) The normalizer of a space group G with respect to the group E þ of all chirality-preserving Euclidean mappings in E3 , i.e. of all translations and proper rotations (including screw rotations), but excluding symmetry operations of the second kind (viz. inversions, reflections, glide reflections and rotoinversions). We call it the chirality-preserving Euclidean normalizer of G: NE þ ðGÞ :¼ fs 2 E þ j s
1 Gs ¼ Gg:

3.5.1.2. Definitions

NE þ ðGÞ exists only if G is a Sohncke space group. The 65 Sohncke space-group types are those space-group types that have no symmetry operations of the second kind (Flack, 2003).1 They include the eleven pairs of types of enantiomorphic space groups; these eleven pairs are the only ones where the space groups themselves are chiral, i.e. which have an Euclidean normalizer containing only isometries of the first kind. The space groups of the remaining 43 Sohncke types are not chiral but do allow chiral crystal structures. A rigid object (or spatial arrangement of points or atoms) is chiral if it is nonsuperposable by pure rotation or translation on its image formed by inversion through a point. A chiral crystal structure is compatible only with a Sohncke space group. The Euclidean normalizers of the space groups were first derived by Hirshfeld (1968) under the name Cheshire groups. They have been tabulated in more detail by Gubler (1982a,b) and Fischer & Koch (1983). The Euclidean normalizers of triclinic and monoclinic space groups with specialized metric of the lattice were determined by Koch & Mu¨ller (1990). The affine normalizers of the space groups have been listed by Burzlaff & Zimmermann (1980), Billiet et al. (1982) and Gubler (1982a,b). They were also used for the derivation of Wyckoff sets and the

Any pair, consisting of a group G and one of its supergroups S, is uniquely related to a third intermediate group NS ðGÞ, called the normalizer of G with respect to S. NS ðGÞ is defined as the set of all

1 Sohncke (1879) was the first to derive the 65 space-group types having only symmetry operations of the first kind (translations, rotations and screw rotations). As proposed by Flack (2003), these are called the 65 Sohncke space-group types.

Copyright © 2016 International Union of Crystallography

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3.5. NORMALIZERS OF SPACE GROUPS definition of lattice complexes by Koch & Fischer (1975), even though there the automorphism groups of the space groups were tabulated instead of their affine normalizers. The chiralitypreserving Euclidean normalizers are tabulated in this volume for the first time.

3.5.2. Euclidean and affine normalizers of plane groups and space groups By E. Koch, W. Fischer and U. Mu¨ller 3.5.2.1. Euclidean normalizers of plane groups and space groups Since each symmetry operation of the Euclidean normalizer NE ðGÞ maps the space group G onto itself, it also maps the set of all symmetry elements of G onto itself. Therefore, the Euclidean normalizer of a space group can be interpreted as the group of motions that maps the pattern of symmetry elements of the space group onto itself, i.e. as the ‘symmetry of the symmetry pattern’. For most space (plane) groups, the Euclidean normalizers are space (plane) groups again. Exceptions are those groups where origins are not fully fixed by symmetry, i.e. all space groups of the geometrical crystal classes 1, m, 2, 2mm, 3, 3m, 4, 4mm, 6 and 6mm, and all plane groups of the geometrical crystal classes 1 and m. The Euclidean normalizer of each such group contains continuous translations (i.e. translations of infinitesimal length) in one, two or three independent lattice directions and, therefore, is not a space (plane) group but a supergroup of a space (plane) group. If one regards a certain type of space (plane) group, usually the Euclidean normalizers of all corresponding groups belong also to only one type of normalizer. This is true for all cubic, hexagonal, trigonal and tetragonal space groups (hexagonal and square plane groups) and, in addition, for 21 types of orthorhombic space group (4 types of rectangular plane group), e.g. for Pnma. In contrast to this, the Euclidean normalizer of a space (plane) group belonging to one of the other 38 orthorhombic (3 rectangular) types may interchange two or even three lattice directions if the corresponding basis vectors have equal length (example: Pmmm with a = b). Then, the Euclidean normalizer of this group belongs to the tetragonal (square) or even to the cubic crystal system, whereas another space (plane) group of the same type but with general metric has an orthorhombic (rectangular) Euclidean normalizer. For each space (plane)-group type belonging to the monoclinic (oblique) or triclinic system, there also exist groups with specialized metric that have Euclidean normalizers of higher symmetry than for the general case (cf. Koch & Mu¨ller, 1990). The description of these special cases, however, is by far more complicated than for the orthorhombic system. The symmetry of the Euclidean normalizer of a monoclinic (oblique) space (plane) group depends only on two metrical parameters. A clear presentation of all cases with specialized metric may be achieved by choosing the cosine of the monoclinic angle and the related axial ratio as parameters. To cover all different metrical situations exactly once, not all pairs of parameter values are allowed for a given type of space (plane) group, but one has to restrict the study to a certain parameter range depending on the type, the setting and the cell choice of the space (plane) group. Parthe´ & Gelato (1985) have discussed in detail such parameter regions for the first setting of the monoclinic space groups. Figs. 3.5.2.1 to 3.5.2.4 are based on these studies.

Figure 3.5.2.1 Parameter range for space groups of types P2; P21 ; Pm; P2=m and P21 =m (plane groups of types p1 and p2). The information in parentheses refers to unique axis c.

Figure 3.5.2.2 Parameter range for space groups of types C2, Pc, Cm, Cc, C2=m, P2=c, P21 =c and C2=c. They refer to the following settings: unique axis b, cell choice 2: P1n1, P12=n1, P121 =n1; unique axis b, cell choice 3: I121, I1m1, I1a1, I12=m1, I12=a1; unique axis c, cell choice 2: P11n, P112=n, P1121 =n; unique axis c, cell choice 3: I112, I11m, I11b, I112=m, I112=b. The information in parentheses refers to unique axis c.

Fig. 3.5.2.1 shows a suitably chosen parameter region for the five space-group types P2, P21 , Pm, P2=m and P21 =m and for the plane-group types p1 and p2. Each such space (plane) group with general metric may be uniquely assigned to an inner point of this region and any metrical specialization corresponds either to one of the three boundary lines or to one of their points of inter-

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3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY

Figure 3.5.2.3

Figure 3.5.2.4

Parameter range for space groups of types C2, Pc, Cm, Cc, C2=m, P2=c, P21 =c and C2=c: unique axis b, cell choice 1: P1c1, P12=c1, P121 =c1; unique axis b, cell choice 2: A121, A1m1, A1n1, A12=m1, A12=n1; unique axis c, cell choice 1: P11a, P112=a, P1121 =a; unique axis c, cell choice 2: B112, B11m, B11n, B112=m, B112=n. The information in parentheses refers to unique axis c.

Parameter range for space groups of types C2, Pc, Cm, Cc, C2=m, P2=c, P21 =c and C2=c: unique axis b, cell choice 1: C121, C1m1, C1c1, C12=m1, C12=c1; unique axis b, cell choice 3: P1a1, P12=a1, P121 =a1, C12=c1; unique axis c, cell choice 1: A112, A11m, A11a, A112=m, A112=a; unique axis c, cell choice 3: P11b, P112=b, P1121 =b, A112=a. The information in parentheses refers to unique axis c.

section and gives rise to a symmetry enhancement of the respective Euclidean normalizer. For each of the other eight types of monoclinic space groups, i.e. C2, Pc, Cm, Cc, C2=m, P2=c, P21 =c and C2=c, and for each setting three possibilities of cell choice are listed in Chapter 2.3, which can be distinguished by different space-group symbols (example: C12=m1, A12=m1, I12=m1, A112=m, B112=m, I112=m). For each setting, there exist two ways to choose a suitable range for the metrical parameters such that each group corresponds to exactly one point:

3.5.2.4. Again, all inner points of these regions correspond to space groups with Euclidean normalizers without enhanced symmetry, and all points on the heavy-line boundaries refer to space groups, the Euclidean normalizers of which show symmetry enhancement. (ii) For all types of monoclinic space groups, one regards only the small parameter region shown in Fig. 3.5.2.1, but in return takes into consideration all three possibilities for the cell choice. Then, however, not all boundaries of this small parameter region correspond to Euclidean normalizers with enhanced symmetry. (Similar considerations are true for oblique plane groups.)

(i) One arbitrarily restricts oneself to cell choice 1, 2 or 3. Then, the suitable parameter range (displayed in one of the Figs. 3.5.2.2, 3.5.2.3 or 3.5.2.4) is larger than the range shown in Fig. 3.5.2.1 because, in contrast to the space-group types discussed above, some of the possible metrical specializations do not give rise to any symmetry enhancement of the Euclidean normalizers. These special metrical cases refer to the light lines subdividing the parameter regions of Figs. 3.5.2.2 to

For triclinic space groups, five metrical parameters are necessary and, therefore, it is impossible to describe the special metrical cases in an analogous way. In general, between a space group (or plane group) G and its Euclidean normalizer NE ðGÞ, two uniquely defined intermediate groups KðGÞ and LðGÞ exist, such that

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3.5. NORMALIZERS OF SPACE GROUPS Table 3.5.2.1 Euclidean normalizers of the plane groups For the restrictions of the cell metric of the two oblique plane groups see text and Fig. 3.5.2.3.

Plane group G

No.

Hermann– Mauguin symbol

1

p1

2

p2

3 4 5 6

p1m1 p1g1 c1m1 p2mm

7 8

p2mg p2gg

9

c2mm

Euclidean normalizer NE ðGÞ

Additional generators of NE ðGÞ

Cell metric

Symbol

Basis vectors

Translations

General a < b;
¼ 90 2 cos
¼
a=b, 90 <
< 120 a ¼ b, 90 <
< 120 a ¼ b;
¼ 90 a ¼ b;
¼ 120 General a < b;
¼ 90 2 cos
¼
a=b, 90 <
< 120 a ¼ b, 90 <
< 120 a ¼ b;
¼ 90 a ¼ b;
¼ 120

p2 2 p2 2mm c2 2mm c2 2mm p2 4mm p2 6mm p2 p2mm c2mm c2mm p4mm p6mm

"1 a; "2 b "1 a; "2 b "1 a; "2 ð12a þ bÞ "1 ða
bÞ; "2 ða þ bÞ "a; "b "a; "b 1 1 2a; 2b 1 1 2a; 2b 1 1 2a; 2a þ b 1 1 2ða
bÞ; 2ða þ bÞ 1 1 a; b 2 2 1 1 2a; 2b

r, 0; r, 0; r, 0; r, 0; r, 0; r, 0; 1 2; 0; 1 2; 0; 1 2; 0; 1 2; 0; 1 2; 0; 1 2; 0;

0, s 0, s 0, s 0, s 0, s 0, s 0; 12 0; 12 0; 12 0; 12 0; 12 0; 12


x;
y
x;
y
x;
y
x;
y
x;
y
x;
y

p1 2mm p1 2mm p1 2mm p2mm p4mm p2mm p2mm p4mm p2mm p4mm

1 2a; "b 1 2a; "b 1 2a; "b 1 1 2a; 2b 1 1 2a; 2b 1 1 2a; 2b 1 1 2a; 2b 1 1 2a; 2b 1 1 2a; 2b 1 1 2a; 2b 1 1 2ða
bÞ; 2ða þ bÞ 1 1 2ða
bÞ; 2ða þ bÞ 1 1 2ða
bÞ; 2ða þ bÞ 1 1 3ð2a þ bÞ, 3ð
a þ 1 1 3ð2a þ bÞ, 3ð
a þ

1 2; 0; 1 2; 0;

0; s 0; s


x;
y
x;
y
x;
y

a 6¼ b a¼b a 6¼ b a¼b a 6¼ b a¼b

10 11 12

p4 p4mm p4gm

p4mm p4mm p4mm

13 14 15 16 17

p3 p3m1 p31m p6 p6mm

p6mm p6mm p6mm p6mm p6mm

a; b a; b a; b

0; s 1 2; 0; 1 2; 0; 1 2; 0; 1 2; 0; 1 2; 0; 1 2; 0 1 2; 0

bÞ bÞ

1 1 2; 2 1 1 2; 2 1 1 2; 2 2 1 3; 3 2 1 3; 3

Twofold rotation

Further generators
x; y x
y;
y y, x
x; y; y; x y; x; x; x
y
x; y x
y;
y y; x
x; y; y; x y; x; x; x
y

0; 12 0; 12 0; 12 0; 12 0; 12

y, x

y, x y, x


x;
y
x;
y
x;
y

Index of G in NE ðGÞ 12  2  1 12  2  2 12  2  2 12  2  2 12  2  4 12  2  6 411 412 412 412 414 416 ð2  1Þ  2  1 ð2  1Þ  2  1 121 411 412 411 411 412 211 212

y, x

212 211 211

y, x

322 321 121 112 111

y, x

parity classes of reflections; KðGÞ defines the permissible origin shifts and the parameter ranges for the phase restrictions in the specification of the origin; and LðGÞ gives information on possible phase restrictions for the selection of the enantiomorph. For any space (plane) group G, the translation subgroups of KðGÞ, LðGÞ, NE ðGÞ and even NA ðGÞ coincide. The Euclidean normalizers of the plane groups are listed in Table 3.5.2.1, those of triclinic space groups in Table 3.5.2.2. The Euclidean and the chirality-preserving Euclidean normalizers of monoclinic and orthorhombic space groups are in Tables 3.5.2.3 and 3.5.2.4, those of all other space groups in Table 3.5.2.5. Herein all settings and choices of cell and origin as tabulated in Chapters 2.2 and 2.3 are taken into account and, in addition, all metrical specializations giving rise to Euclidean normalizers with enhanced symmetry. Each setting, cell choice, origin or metrical specialization corresponds to one line in the tables. (Exceptions are some orthorhombic space groups with tetragonal metric: if a ¼ b as well as b ¼ c and c ¼ a give rise to a symmetry enhancement of the Euclidean normalizer, only the case a ¼ b is listed in Table 3.5.2.4.) The first column of Tables 3.5.2.1, 3.5.2.3, 3.5.2.4 and 3.5.2.5 shows the number of the plane group or space group, and the second column shows its Hermann–Mauguin symbol together with information on the setting, cell choice and origin, if neces-

G  KðGÞ  LðGÞ  NE ðGÞ holds. KðGÞ is that klassengleiche supergroup of G that is at the same time a translationengleiche subgroup of NE ðGÞ. It is well defined according to the theorem of Hermann (1929). The group LðGÞ differs from KðGÞ only if G is noncentrosymmetric but NE ðGÞ is centrosymmetric; then LðGÞ is that centrosymmetric supergroup of KðGÞ of index 2 that is again a subgroup of NE ðGÞ. It belongs to the Laue class of G. If NE ðGÞ is noncentrosymmetric, an intermediate group LðGÞ cannot exist. The chirality-preserving Euclidean normalizer NE þ ðGÞ of a Sohncke space group G is the unique noncentrosymmetric subgroup of NE ðGÞ which is a supergroup of KðGÞ: G  KðGÞ  NE þ ðGÞ  NE ðGÞ: If NE ðGÞ is centrosymmetric, NE þ ðGÞ is a subgroup of index 2 of NE ðGÞ. If NE ðGÞ is noncentrosymmetric, NE þ ðGÞ and NE ðGÞ are identical. With the aid of its chirality-preserving Euclidean normalizer it is possible to determine all equivalent sets of coordinates of a chiral crystal structure, excluding the opposite enantiomorph (cf. Section 3.5.3.2). The groups KðGÞ and LðGÞ are of special interest in connection with direct methods for structure determination: they cause the

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3. ADVANCED TOPICS ON SPACE-GROUP SYMMETRY The corresponding additional generators are listed as coordinate triplets. In the last column, the subgroup index of G in NE ðGÞ is specified as the product kg lk nl , where kg means the index of G in KðGÞ, lk the index of KðGÞ in LðGÞ and nl the index of LðGÞ in NE ðGÞ. [In the case of a noncentrosymmetric normalizer, the index of G in NE ðGÞ is given as the product kg nk , where kg means the index of G in KðGÞ and nk the index of KðGÞ in NE ðGÞ or NE þ ðGÞ.] For continuous translations, kg is always infinite. Nevertheless, it is useful to distinguish different cases: 1, 12 and 13 refer to one, two and three independent directions with continuous translations. An additional factor of 2n or 3n indicates the existence of n additional independent translations which are not continuous. For triclinic space groups, each metrical specialization gives rise to a symmetry enhancement of the Euclidean normalizer. The corresponding conditions for the metrical parameters, however, cannot be described as easily as in the monoclinic case (for further information see Chapter 3.1 and the literature on ‘reduced cells’ cited therein). Table 3.5.2.2 shows the Euclidean normalizers for P1 and P1. Each special metrical condition is designated by the Bravais type of the corresponding translation lattice. In the case of P1, the Euclidean normalizer is always the eigensymmetry group of a suitably chosen point lattice with basis vectors 12 ac, 12 bc and 12 cc . Here, ac , bc and cc do not refer to the primitive unit cell of P1 but to the possibly centred conventional cell for the respective Bravais lattice. In the case of P1, the Euclidean normalizer always contains continuous translations in three independent directions, symbolized by P3. These normal
izers may be easily derived from those for P1.

Table 3.5.2.2 Euclidean normalizers of the triclinic space groups Basis vectors of the Euclidean normalizers (ac ; bc ; cc refer to the possibly centred conventional unit cell for the respective Bravais lattice): P1: "ac ; "bc ; "cc ;
1 ac ; 1 bc ; 1 cc . P1: 2 2 2

Bravais type

Euclidean normalizer NE ðGÞ of P1 (1) P1
(2)

aP mP mA oP oC oF oI tP tI hP hR cP cF cI

P3 1
P3 2=m P3 2=m P3 mmm P3 mmm P3 mmm P3 mmm P3 4=mmm P3 4=mmm P3 6=mmm
P3 3m1
P3 m3m
P3 m3m 3
P m3m

P1
P2=m A2=m Pmmm Cmmm Fmmm Immm P4=mmm I4=mmm P6=mmm
R3m
Pm3m
Fm3m
Im3m

sary. Special metrical conditions affecting the Euclidean normalizer are tabulated in the third column of Tables 3.5.2.1, 3.5.2.3 and 3.5.2.4. The term ‘general’ means that only the general metrical conditions for the respective crystal system are valid. In Table 3.5.2.5, a corresponding column is superfluous because here a metrical specialization of the space group does not influence the type of the Euclidean normalizer. The Euclidean normalizer of the space (plane) group is identified in the fourth column of Tables 3.5.2.3 and 3.5.2.4 (3.5.2.1) or in the third column of Table 3.5.2.5. As Euclidean normalizers are groups of motions, they can normally be designated by Hermann–Mauguin symbols. If, however, the origin of the space (plane) group is not fixed by symmetry (examples: P4, P1m1, P1), the Euclidean normalizer contains continuous translations in one, two or three (one or two) independent directions. In these cases, P1 , B1 , C1 , P2 or P3 (p1 , c1 , p2 ), respectively, are used instead of the Bravais letter.2 The setting and origin choice for the Euclidean normalizers are indicated as for space groups. In a few cases, origin choices not tabulated in Chapter 2.3 or nonconventional settings like Bmmm instead of Cmmm are needed. In the next column, the basis of NE ðGÞ is described in terms of the basis of G. A factor " is used to indicate continuous translations. The following three columns specify the set of additional symmetry operations that generate KðGÞ, LðGÞ and NE ðGÞ or NE þ ðGÞ successively from the space group G. The first of them shows the vector components of the additional translations generating KðGÞ from G; components referring to continuous translations are labelled r, s and t. If LðGÞ differs from KðGÞ, i.e. if G is noncentrosymmetric and NE ðGÞ is centrosymmetric, the position of the additional centre of inversion is given in the second of these columns. The respective inversion generates LðGÞ from KðGÞ. (For plane groups, additional twofold rotations play the role of these inversions.) LðGÞ, however, is undefined for NE þ ðGÞ and also if NE ðGÞ is noncentrosymmetric; this fact is indicated by a slash. The last of these columns contains entries only if G belongs to a different Laue class than NE ðGÞ or NE þ ðGÞ.

2

3.5.2.2. Affine normalizers of plane groups and space groups The affine normalizer NA ðGÞ of a space (plane) group G either is a true supergroup of its Euclidean normalizer NE ðGÞ, or both normalizers coincide: NA ðGÞ  NE ðGÞ: As any translation is an isometry, each translation belonging to NA ðGÞ also belongs to NE ðGÞ. Therefore, the affine normalizer and the Euclidean normalizer of a space (plane) group necessarily have identical translation subgroups. By analogy to the isometries of the Euclidean normalizer, the additional mappings of the affine normalizer also map the set of all symmetry elements of the space (plane) group onto itself. In contrast to the Euclidean normalizers, the affine normalizers of all space (plane) groups of a certain type belong to only one type of normalizer, i.e. they are isomorphic groups. Therefore, the type of the affine normalizer NA ðGÞ never depends on the metrical properties of the space group G. If for all space (plane) groups of a certain type the Euclidean normalizers also belong to one type, then for each such space (plane) group the Euclidean and the affine normalizer are identical, irrespective of any metrical specialization, i.e. NE ðGÞ ¼ NA ðGÞ holds. Then, the affine normalizers are pure groups of motions and do not contain any further affine mappings. This is true for all cubic, hexagonal, trigonal and tetragonal space groups (for all hexagonal and square plane groups) and, in addition, for the space groups of 21 further orthorhombic types (plane groups of 4 further rectangular types) [examples: NA ðPccaÞ ¼ Pmmm; NA ðPnc2Þ ¼ P1 mmm]. (continued on page 838)

In previous editions, the symbols Z1, Z2 and Z3 ðz1 ; z2 Þ were used.

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3.5. NORMALIZERS OF SPACE GROUPS Table 3.5.2.3 Euclidean and chirality-preserving Euclidean normalizers of the monoclinic space groups For the restrictions of the cell metric see text and Figs. 3.5.2.1 to 3.5.2.4. The symbols in parentheses following a space-group symbol refer to the location of the origin (‘origin choice’ in Chapter 2.3).

Euclidean normalizer NE ðGÞ and chirality-preserving normalizer NE þ ðGÞ Additional generators of NE ðGÞ and NE þ ðGÞ

Space group G Hermann– Mauguin Cell metric No. symbol 3

3

4

4

P121

P112

P121 1

P1121

Symbol

P1 12=m1 NE þ ðGÞ: P1 121 a>c;  ¼ 90 P1 mmm NE þ ðGÞ: P1 222   2 cos  ¼
c=a; 90