Interaction of Nanomaterials with the Immune System (Molecular and Integrative Toxicology) 9783030339616, 9783030339623, 3030339610

Table of contents :
Preface
References
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 The Rapidly Expanding World of Engineered Nanomaterials (ENMs)
1.2 Historical Perspective of Nanoparticle-Induced Immunotoxicity
1.3 Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to ENMs
1.4 Physicochemical Properties of ENMs that Determine Immunotoxicity
1.5 Biocorona Formation and Recognition of ENMs by the Immune System
1.6 Translocation of ENMs across Biological Barriers
1.7 Oxidative Stress in the Immune Response to ENMs
1.8 ENMs and Immune-Mediated Diseases
1.9 ENM Interaction with the Microbial World and Implications for Immunity
1.10 Methods for Assessing the Immunotoxicity of ENMs
References
Chapter 2: Macrophages: First Innate Immune Responders to Nanomaterials
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Macrophage Recognition and Uptake of ENMs
2.3 ENM Signaling via Toll-Like Receptors
2.4 Role of Scavenger Receptors in ENM Recognition and Signaling
2.5 The Respiratory Burst: Innate Defense Mechanism with the Risk of Collateral Damage
2.6 Inflammasome Activation
2.7 Macrophage Polarization
2.8 Consequences of ENMs in Impairment of the Sentinel Function of Macrophages
References
Chapter 3: Nanomaterials and Neutrophils
3.1 Inflammation: Introducing the Main Players
3.2 Neutrophil Traps: A Necessary Nuisance?
3.3 Effects of Nanomaterials on Neutrophils
3.4 Inflammasomes: Double-Edged Swords?
3.5 Lessons from Studies of Biomaterials
3.6 Effect of Neutrophils on Nanomaterials
3.7 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 4: Mast Cells and Nanomaterials
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Mast Cell
4.2.1 Origins and Characterization
4.2.2 Early-Phase Activation
4.2.3 Late-Phase Activation
4.2.4 Mast Cell Role in Adaptive Immunity
4.2.5 Mast Cell Role in Disease
4.3 ENM Interaction with Mast Cells
4.3.1 In Vitro Evidence
4.3.2 In Vivo Evidence
4.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Impact of Nanoparticles on Dendritic Cells
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Effect of NP Chemical Composition on DC Function
5.3 Effects of Particle Size on DC Function
5.4 Effect of Surface Modification on DC Function
5.5 Suppressive Effects on DC Maturation
5.6 DC and Lung Allergic Responses
5.7 Inflammasome Activation in DC
5.8 Targeting to DC-SIGN
5.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Complement Activation by Nanomaterials
6.1 Activation of the Complement System by Nanoparticles
6.2 Common Assays for Measuring Complement Activation
6.3 Measurement of Deposition of Complement Factors on Nanoparticles
6.4 Emerging Role of Natural Antibodies in Complement Activation
6.5 Role of Protein Corona in Complement Activation
6.6 Proinflammatory Response Elicited Due to Complement Activation on Nanoparticles
6.7 Emerging Strategies to Prevent Complement Activation
6.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Translocation, Biodistribution, and Fate of Nanomaterials in the Body
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Pulmonary Exposures
7.2.1 Types of Pulmonary Exposures
7.2.1.1 Inhalation Exposures
Translocation to Secondary/Tertiary Organs
7.2.1.2 Pharyngeal Aspiration
Translocation to Secondary/Tertiary Organs
7.2.1.3 Intratracheal Instillation
Translocation to Secondary/Tertiary Organs
7.2.1.4 Intranasal Installation
Translocation to Secondary/Tertiary Organs
7.2.2 Mechanisms of Particle Translocation After Pulmonary Exposure
7.3 Oral Exposures
7.3.1 Translocation to Secondary/Tertiary Organs
7.4 Dermal Exposures
7.4.1 Translocation to Secondary/Tertiary Organs
7.4.2 Mechanisms of Particle Translocation
7.5 Other Exposure Route Studies
7.6 Toxicity
7.6.1 Pulmonary Exposures
7.6.2 Oral Exposure
7.6.3 Dermal Exposure
7.6.4 Other Exposures
7.7 Potential Pathology of Secondary and Tertiary Nanomaterial Exposures
7.7.1 Changes in Nanomaterial Physical Characteristics as a Result of Translocation in a Biological System
7.8 Discussion
7.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Oxidative Stress and Redox Modifications in Nanomaterial–Cellular Interactions
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Direct and Indirect Mechanisms of Cellular Redox Stress
8.3 Common Redox-Sensitive Cellular Processes Impacted by ENMs
8.4 Inflammatory Cascades
8.5 ER Stress, Apoptosis, and Autophagy
8.5.1 Cytoskeleton Dynamics
8.6 Protein Thiols as Critical Targets of Cellular Redox Stress
8.6.1 Measurement of Protein Redox Modifications
8.7 ENM-Induced Protein Redox Modifications
8.8 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter 9: Allergy and Immunity Induced by Nanomaterials
9.1 Immunity Behind Allergic Inflammation
9.1.1 Allergic Airway Inflammation and Asthma
9.1.2 Allergic Skin Inflammation
9.1.2.1 Atopic Dermatitis
9.1.2.2 Allergic Contact Dermatitis
9.2 Effect of Engineered Nanomaterials on Allergic Pulmonary Inflammation
9.2.1 Carbon Nanomaterials
9.2.2 Nanocelluloses
9.2.3 Metal Oxides
9.3 Engineered Nanomaterials and Allergic Skin Inflammation
9.3.1 Effects of Engineered Nanomaterials on Atopic Dermatitis
9.3.2 ENM and Contact Dermatitis
9.4 Conclusions and Take-Home Message
References
Chapter 10: Nanomaterial Effects on Viral Infection
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Multiple Environmental Stressors
10.3 Viral Infections and Public Health Impacts
10.4 Nanoparticle Exposure and Viral Infection
10.5 Nanoparticle and Viral Exposure Routes and Scenarios
10.6 Immune Response to Viruses
10.7 Viral-Related Immune Mechanisms Perturbed by NMs
10.7.1 Direct Interaction Between NMs and Biological Molecules
10.7.1.1 Interaction of NPs with Protein Corona
10.7.1.2 Interaction of NMs with Viruses
10.7.1.3 Interaction of NMs with Host Cells
10.7.2 Activation of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) and Related Signaling Pathways
10.7.3 Production of Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction
10.7.3.1 Stimulation of Autophagy
10.7.4 Inflammasome Activation
10.7.5 Modulation of Lipid Signaling Networks
10.8 Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 11: Immunotoxicity Testing – In Vitro Cell Culture Models
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Cellular Elements of the Innate and Adaptive Human Immune Systems
11.3 Immunotoxicity Testing
11.4 Alternative Methods to Assess Immunotoxicity
11.5 Human Immune Cell Models
11.5.1 Epithelial Cell Cultures
11.5.2 Monocytes/Macrophages
11.5.3 Dendritic Cells
11.5.4 T Cells
11.5.5 B Cells
11.6 Human Cell Co-cultures
11.6.1 Lung Tissue
11.6.2 Intestinal Tissue
11.6.3 Skin Tissue
11.7 Conclusions
References
Index