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English Pages [186] Year 1993
Inside Soviet Film Satire: Laughter with a Lash is a lively collection of sixteen original essays by Soviet and American scholars and film commentators. It is the first in-depth examination of an important genre within the Soviet film tradition. From its origins, humor and satire have been closely linked in Soviet cinema. Nowhere in this tradition is there the pure comic genre typified in the West in films by Charlie Chaplin or Buster Keaton; by contrast, Soviet comedy can best be described as ‘‘laughter with a lash.” Films made during the early years of the communist regime depicted characters and situations at a moment when the promise of socialism had yet to be realized. By the final years of totalitarian rule, filmmakers had found ways to create satiric films that powerfully indicted communism itself. Offering a general overview of the evolution of Soviet film satire during a seventy-year period, this volume also provides in-depth analyses of such classics as Kuleshov’s The Extraordinary Adventures of Mr. West in the Land of the Bolsheviks; Volga, Volga, a popular musical of the Stalinist period; and the bitter and surrealistic Zero City, The Fountain, and Black Rose, Red Rose of the glasnost period. It also examines the effects of communism’s collapse in 1991 on the tradition of satire and includes an interview with the renowned Soviet filmmaker Yuri Mamin.
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INSIDE SOVIET FILM SATIRE
CAMBRIDGE ™ — STUDIES
IN FILM -
GENERAL EDITORS Henry Breitrose, Stanford University William Rothman, University of Miami ADVISORY BOARD Dudley Andrew, University of Iowa Anthony Smith, Magdalen College, Oxford Colin Young, National Film School
OTHER BOOKS IN THE SERIES Film and Phenomenology, by Allan Casebier Chinese Cinema: Culture and Politics Since 1949, by Paul Clark The Gorgon’s Gaze: German Cinema, Expressionism, and the Image of Horror, by Paul Coates Nonindifferent Nature: Film and the Structure of Things, by Sergei Eisenstein (trans. Herbert Marshall) Constructivism in Film: The Man with the Movie Camera, by Vlada Petric Renoir on Renoir: Interviews, Essays, and Remarks, by Jean Renoir (trans. Carol Volk) The Taste for Beauty, by Eric Rohmer (trans. Carol Volk)
The ‘I’? of the Camera: Essays in Film Criticism, History, and Aesthetics, by William Rothman The British Documentary Film Movement, 1926—1946, by Paul Swann Metaphor and Film, by Trevor Whittock
INSIDE SOVIET FILM SATIRE Laughter with a Lash
Editor
ANDREW HORTON Loyola University, New Orleans
CAMBRIDGE 6) UNIVERSITY PRESS
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo
Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/978052 1430166
© Cambridge University Press 1993
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1993 This digitally printed first paperback version 2005
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Inside Soviet film satire : laughter with a lash / Andrew Horton, editor. (Cambridge studies in film)
p. cm. Papers from the New Orleans Conference on the Spirit of Satire in Soviet Cinema held at Loyola University. Filmography: p. Includes index. ISBN 0-521-43016-X 1. Comedy films — Soviet Union — History and criticism — Congresses. 2. Satire, Soviet — History and criticism — Congresses. 3. Communism and satire — Congresses. I. Horton, Andrew. PN1995.9.C55154 1993
791.43°617 —dc20 92-32195 CIP
ISBN-13 978-0-521-43016-6 hardback ISBN-10 0-521-43016-X hardback ISBN-13 978-0-521-02107-4 paperback ISBN-10 0-521-02107-3 paperback
Foreword: If life itself is a satire... page vii
Acknowledgments ix Editor’s note xi
DR. KIRILL RAZLOGOV
Soviet cinema 1
Introduction: Carnival versus lashing laughter in ANDREW HORTON
Part One The long view: Soviet satire in context
I Soviet film satire yesterday and today 17 VALENTIN TOLSTYKH (TRANSLATED FROM THE RUSSIAN BY ANDREW ANDREYEV)
II A Russian Munchausen: Aesopian translation 20 KEVIN MOSS
Feast Day) 36
III ‘‘We don’t know what to laugh at’: Comedy and satire in Soviet cinema (from The Miracle Worker to St. Jorgen’s DENISE J. YOUNGBLOOD
IV An ambivalent NEP satire of bourgeois aspirations:
The Kiss of Mary Pickford 48
PETER CHRISTENSEN
Soviet absurdist film 58
V__ Closely watched drains: Notes by a dilettante on the MICHAEL BRASHINSKY
Part Two Middle-distance shots: The individual satire considered VI_ A subtextual reading of Kuleshov’s satire The Extraordinary
Adventures of Mr. West in the Land of the Bolsheviks (1924) 65 VLADA PETRIC Vv
Contents vi big top 83
VII The strange case of the making of Volga, Volga 75 MAYA TUROVSKAYA (TRANSLATED FROM THE RUSSIAN BY ANDREW ANDREYEV)
VIII Circus of 1936: Ideology and entertainment under the MOIRA RATCHFORD
IX Black humor in Soviet cinema 94 OLGA REIZEN
X Laughter beyond the mirror: Humor and satire in the
cinema of Andrei Tarkovsky 98
biting satire 105 VIDA T. JOHNSON
XI _=The films of Eldar Shengelaya: From subtle humor to JULIE CHRISTENSEN
Part Three Close-ups: Glasnost and Soviet satire
XII_ A forgotten flute and remembered popular tradition 117
Red Rose 125 GRETA N. SLOBIN
XIII Perestroika of kitsch: Sergei Soloviev’s Black Rose, SVETLANA BOYM
XIV Carnivals bright, dark, and grotesque in the glasnost
satires of Mamin, Mustafayev, and Shakhnazarov 138 ANDREW HORTON
XV Quick takes on Yuri Mamin’s Fountain from the
perspective of a Romanian 149
ANDREI CODRESCU
filmmaker Yuri Mamin 154
XVI “One should begin with zero”: A discussion with satiric
Filmography 157 Contributors 165
ANDREW HORTON
Index 167
FOREWORD = me tmicmicit
is a Satire... =
It’s quite a thrill to open a book about Soviet film satire when the Soviet Union has disappeared, for satire has now become a fundamental characteristic of everyday life in the ex-USSR. It seems that the satiric verve along with Russia’s cultural tradition is, unlike the Union, still alive. This fact makes the present retrospective even more interesting, in a way like a postmortem. Andrew Horton has succeeded where everybody else failed: In New Orleans (Loyola University), he gathered a group of Russian and American scholars with very different backgrounds, both academic and practical, and made them speak the unspeakable: about satire in a totalitarian state. And each speaker discovered and proved from his or her own perspective not only that satiric films did exist, but that they constituted the most subversive genre in the vast domain reigned over by Socialist Realism. In a way, the posttotalitarian seriousness we have experienced since the beginning of perestroika and glasnost, down to the farcical conclusion with the August Coup (1991), proves to be a backlash from the previous
Aesopian power and satiric perspective cherished by many Russian, Ukrainian, Georgian, and other filmmakers in the former Soviet Union. This book is as much testimony as it is an investigation into the unknown or, better, never-acknowledged territory of Soviet film satire. Not just Yuri Mamin — the only filmmaker present among the scholars — but every ex-Soviet writer relies on his or her own experience in shaping satire. As for the Americans within this collection, they bring an intertextual
perspective in an easy, almost nonacademic style. And one is even tempted to try and satirize the American analysis of Russian feelings (or the ‘‘Slavic soul’’) about film and life as a kind of global satire. ‘Situation
hopeless, but not serious’ would thus also be a way to describe the present realities in the former Soviet Union. Dr. Kirill Razlogov Director Institute for Cultural Research Moscow
Vii
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I wish first of all to thank Beatrice Rehl, my editor at Cambridge University Press, for her unfailing support, helpful critical comments, and, yes, fine sense of humor in seeing this project to fruition. My thanks to all of the others not represented in this collection who made the New Orleans
Conference on the Spirit of Satire in Soviet Cinema possible: to Anna Lawton, who was the coorganizer of the conference; and to Romana Bahry of York University; Daniel Goulding of Oberlin College; Sergei Lavrentiev, a leading Soviet film critic; and Peter Shepotinnik, an editor of the influ-
ential Moscow-based film journal Iskusstvo kino. I also extend a hearty thanks to Loyola University of New Orleans for providing many services and some of the funding for the conference together with the Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities for a minigrant that made it possible to bring Yuri Mamin to New Orleans. All photos appear thanks to Sovexport Film and the Kinocenter of Moscow. Finally, hats off to all filmmakers in all of the republics and provinces that were the Soviet Union who are stil] able to see satire and humor in the darkest moments.
ix
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a =
_ Editor’s note an
am
In transliterating Russian terms and names into English, this volume ad-
heres to the Library of Congress system (with the elimination of the apostrophe-designated soft sign in the text). Exceptions have been made in the case of Russian names that have become widely known under a different system of transliteration. Every attempt has been made to standard-
ize terminology and documentary references in the chapters, but this does not exclude the possibility of exceptional usages in the style of individual authors. There is often considerable variation in the English translation of Russian film titles. We have tried to be consistent even where there are no “standard” English versions of titles.
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INTRODUCTION = Carnival versus lashing laughter in Soviet cinema #
I adhere to the tradition of laughing while the lash swishes. Mine is a laughter of destruction. Sergei Eisenstein Satire is a sort of glass, wherein beholders do generally discover everybody’s face but their own. Jonathan Swift
Headed for the promised sky We never had a good civilization, but we always had a good culture. Viktor Yerofeyev (Shapiro, “‘Ablest Soviets Flee for Better Lives’’)
It’s a dark, snowy, cold Russian night, and a large group of the Moscow homeless have been surrounded by police and soldiers and commanded to leave their shantytown so that an American—Soviet joint venture hotel and condom factory can be built on the spot where the poor have been living. ‘‘This is our land and we are not going to leave it,’ calls out the president, the leader of the homeless who acts like a not-so-distorted copy of Gorbachev and looks remarkably like Albert Einstein. But the official forces will not listen. They move in with tanks and riot troops, crushing
all in their path. The poor gather on an old steam locomotive, which looks a lot like the old ‘“‘revolutionary” trains of seventy years ago, and to
everyone’s surprise, the locomotive starts up and heads on down the track with the military in hot pursuit. Then a miracle happens. As soldiers and tanks fire at the train, the locomotive takes off into the winter sky, headed for ‘‘the promised land”’ followed by a pack of wild homeless dogs howling after it. And though the tanks fire away, the train is heaven bound with the homeless and the president and his ex-wife and friends al} aboard. A Soviet parody of Spielberg’s E.T. or De Sica’s farewell to neorealism,
Miracle in Milan (1951), in which all the homeless of Milan take off through the Italian heavens? Both. And more. 1
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