Industrial Waste Water Treatment [1 ed.] 9788120333505

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INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT

A.D. Patwardhan Process Design Consultant and Formerly Professor at VJTI Mumbai

New Delhi-110001 2008

INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT A.D. Patwardhan © 2008 by ฀ Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN-978-81-203-3350-5 The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.

Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, ฀ Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus, New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Jay Print Pack Private Limited, New Delhi-110015.

This book is dedicated to

all those who love the environment

C ONTENTS

Preface  xi 1

TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATERS ..................... 1–5                        References  

2

FLOW MEASUREMENT, CHARACTERIZATION AND TREATABILITY STUDIES OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATERS ........................................................................ 6–10          !" #  $!%  &   '   !  &   '  #  &   '  $!%  &   ( References  )

3

UNIT OPERATIONS AND UNIT PROCESSES ....................... 11–22   !    * +    &!    &           , -    ./  %        , ' 0  !  , 1 %   (    )  0  +    2    3     .    v



CONTENTS



* !  '  4 !  '     '  +-  5 !  ' , 26!  26! !  1 References   4

STREAM POLLUTION AND SELF-PURIFICATION ................ 23–28 , .!  $  .#   , .!  $     , & 7

!   Reference  1

5

PRETREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES ........................ 29–31  * +  )  * !  )

6

TEXTILE WASTES .................................................................... 32–61   -      5      !  !    &" #  &% 8 & $9   , %     ! : 8 &! 9    $!;  < !$   ' &    1 !%   ( &    ) 0      5   5!0!   '  & 6   $!   1  !  !$0  1 , 3 4 ; !!  (  $!!    5    (       ,  $     &!    ,  > 8('9H &  $ 2  -   " Water Pollution Control Research Series )() .& )I' $" H .# ! 2!0       8((9H Sewage Treatment Plant Design"      !! 1" $"       8(' 9H Chlorination of Wastewater, Manual of Practice no. 4" $"  ' .!; "  >  @  8(')9H Water Pollution ControlExperimental Procedures for Process Design" = K;H >; 1 5"   :  8('(9H   $  6 ! !    !" Paper presented at the course on Performance of Industrial Effluent Treatment Plants" ?>" <60" 0 ( 0" .    ; 8(1,9H   $ 6!  !"  Sewage Sludge Stabilization and Disinfection 2   09H   $ 5"  :  :$$ 8(1,9H &6 0  6 %  $  6! 0    $$   " Indian J. Environ Hlth"  8+!69H   &$##" 2:" 4> =C"  =C > 8(((9H        " Indian J. Environ. Hlth" #(82 9HJ() , #  22   8(1 9H  !  6!     $$  " Water Treatment Conference on ‘Anaerobic Treatment—A Grownup Technology’" 2U*2.4D 1 " 2" $ =$ 

&)

INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT

 :$"  2" $ : "  @;$ :  8)),9H &       $$ " Journal IAEM" 8> 9H (   &" 2> 8( 9H J. Water Poll. Control Fed." $ ,,) ' " 5   # 8( 9H Appl. Microbiol #H ( 1 & 2>   9H   ?" 5 ( H  0  "  Industrial Wastewater Control  3 $ 8.9" = K;H 2!!   ?#!$"  8(1'9H $ $0!7!$!    0 !  $  0 # 6  !$! " AIT thesis 2    !$ 0  5     8((19H  @   & 8(('9H 5!#0  "       $7$  !  $ $  #  !! !" Proceedings of 52nd Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University" West LaFayette" "    !" 3 8((9H -   !  $    0 !  Proc. Ga, Water & Poll. Cont. Assoc. Ind. Poll. Cont. Conf." 2 " 3   " >4" 8((9H 0       $  0  0" Proc. Ga. Water & Poll Cont. Assoc. Ind. Poll. Cont. Conf 2 " 3 R'  " &    8(('9H        &  >2 $  $  !  Industrial Wastewater Control  3 $ 8.9" = K;H 2!!  ) <" 3    8((9H   !  !  60     6!   6 ; !$ 0" Wat. Res. ' ,1

SLAUGHTERING, MEAT PACKING, POULTRY PROCESSING ...

&(

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    ! " Wat. Res." ( ,' R,  " >    8((9H +   #    !$ !  " Proceedings of the 68th Annual Water Environment Federation Conference and Exposition"  " @ 3 " 5 %"  > @ 8((19H =!     $7 !" Water S.A. # ,   4" &  @ 4 8((19H   ! !     !    ! " Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng." #( 

Chapter

9

TANNERY WASTES

  0    $        # # !#   $  ;     !   ; $   !$  $" 6"  " 6   ! $   $  $   $ 60 #6   !" $!$ 0  $!;" $#0  0 $"  60 !$  !" $!$ # $" $ $ $  !  !  $ $ #   0  $ $"   $     $ $  !#     6   " $!$  $ $ #  !     ! $ 5 $" ;  $   D 60" 6 $  $"

  60 " 0    !  8 4=+9   $ !  $!$ 0  $      6  " $!$" $ 6   " #     " 6  $  $  " 0  $

9.1

MANUFACTURING PROCESS

4"  $0  !#    $$ "    0 ;       # $  !6 !; $  7; $ 6! #0  $ $0       $  $     !    ! " ! 6    89    "  869 ;  !    2    $  #   ( -

TANNERY WASTES

83

Figure 9.1 Vegetable tanning and chrome tanning. The first step is, therefore, soaking the hides in water to remove the preservative salt and to remove the hides’ stiff nature. Soaking may be done for 5–10 days. It produces a strong but intermittent waste water stream, because the salt-laden water is discharged occasionally. This stream contains, in addition to the salt, dirt, dung and blood and has a dark olive green colour. The next step is called fleshing, which removes the fatty tissue from the hides. This may be done either manually or by mechanical means. A continuous flow of water is used in this step in order to carry away the fleshings. This results in generating a continuous stream of waste water, which is quite putrescent in nature. Liming is the next step, in which the hides are treated with lime and an alkaline reducing agent like sodium sulphide (Na2S). This chemical helps in the swelling process of the hide. The hair on the hides is also loosened. In

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THE ENGINEERING INDUSTRY

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INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT

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Chapter

16

FERTILIZER AND PESTICIDES INDUSTRIES

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16.1 A FEW MANUFACTURING PROCESSES [1] 16.1.1

Ammonia Synthesis

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20

()

INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT

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16.1.2

Urea Synthesis

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16.1.3

Phosphoric Acid

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16.1.4

Ammonium Sulphate

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16.1.5

Diammonium Phosphate (DAP)

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16.2

SOURCES OF WASTE WATER

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211

Figure 16.1 Urea synthesis.

FERTILIZER AND PESTICIDES INDUSTRY

(

INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT

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(

pH Total solids Ammonia nitrogen Urea nitrogen Phosphates Fluorides Arsenic

7.5–9.5 5400 700 600 75 15 1.5

$3 All values except pH are in mg/l.

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16.2.1

Disposal of Waste Water

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16.3

METHODS OF TREATMENT

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FERTILIZER AND PESTICIDES INDUSTRY

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Chapter

21

ORGANIC AND INORGANIC CHEMICALS

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ORGANIC AND INORGANIC CHEMICALS

+%

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 )N   60 #   =   $ ! " $  !#   !  $   0 N 90 70–90a b

aThe

reactor failed after 1.5 months of operation and could not be revived. decanter. Reactor could not take more than 1 kg COD/m3/day at 30% waste by volume in the feed.

bBUR

ORGANIC AND INORGANIC CHEMICALS

269

Godbole et al. [12] investigated the microbial degradation of resorcinol under anoxic conditions in a fixed film, fixed bed (FFFB) reactor filled with crushed basaltic rock. At a hydraulic retention time of 20 hours, resorcinol loading rate of 2.93–5.73 kg COD/m3 void space/day and a COD:Nitrogen ratio of 3.75:1, degradation of resorcinol was found to range between 86.2% and 97.9% after acclimatization. Resorcinol utilization was partially inhibited by paranitrophenol at a concentration of 125 mg/l. It is known that waste water streams from dimethyl terphthalate wood pulping units and petrochemical industries produce acetic acidbearing wastes. Acetic acid can be removed from the streams by distillation, solvent extraction, or activated carbon adsorption. Laboratory scale studies using activated jute carbon, bagasse carbon, rice husk carbon and sawdust carbon were conducted by Chand, Majumdar and Kumar [13]. They found that activated bagasse carbon was most efficient and removed 51% at a dose of 6 g/100 ml of solution from an initial acetic acid concentration of 4% by volume, while activated rice husk carbon was the least efficient. Wet air oxidation can be used to destroy complex structures of certain industrial waste water components at source or to convert them to biodegradable forms. Force [14] describes successful use of the process for treating a waste stream containing para-aminophenol, a byproduct of a pain reliever. Spent caustic liquors from the manufacture of ethylene and from naphtha cracking units in oil refinery were also treated by the process. The temperature and pressure to be maintained in the oxidation process are determined by the degree of oxidation required and constituents of the waste water. Effluents from a matchstick manufacturing industry were analyzed by Kannan, Rajasekaran and Vallinayayam [15] for calculating water quality index (WQA) of a stream receiving these effluents. The industry uses sulphur, phosphorus, glue and starch in the manufacturing process, all of which contribute to BOD, COD, etc. Correlation coefficients between various pollution parameters were obtained, based on the analysis of effluent samples. The equations developed were: TDS = –1.15 + 0.70 EC (r = 1.0) HAP = –161.83 + 0.57 THA (r = 0.833) Mg++ = 0.32 Ca (r = 0.768) HAT = 162.57 + 0.43 THA (r = 0.75) WQA = 3144.16 + 4.348 K (r = 0.699) where TDS = Total dissolved solids, EC = Electrical conductivity, HAP = Permanent (non-carbonate) hardness, THA = Total hardness, HAT = Temporary (carbonate) hardness. A similar study was conducted by Kannan and Rajasekaran [16] on effluents from litho and offset printing presses to predict concentrations of various pollutants in the receiving stream. Samples from set points were collected bimonthly from the

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INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT

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ORGANIC AND INORGANIC CHEMICALS

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Chapter

22

COMMON EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANTS

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COMMON EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANTS

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