Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems: Advancing Industry 4.0 from Vision to Application (Markt- und Unternehmensentwicklung Markets and Organisations) [2024 ed.] 3658444169, 9783658444167

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Markt- und Unternehmensentwicklung Markets and Organisations Ralf Reichwald · Egon Franck · Kathrin M. Möslein Hrsg.

Sascha Julian Oks

Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems Advancing Industry 4.0 from Vision to Application

Markt- und Unternehmensentwicklung Markets and Organisations Series Editors Ralf Reichwald, HHL Leipzig Graduate School of Management, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany Egon Franck, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Kathrin M. Möslein, HHL Leipzig Graduate School of Management, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Bayern, Germany

Change of institutions, technology and competition drives the interplay of markets and organisations. The scientific series ‘Markets and Organisations’ addresses a magnitude of related questions, presents theoretic and empirical findings and discusses related concepts and models. Professor Dr. Professor h. c. Dr. h. c. Ralf Reichwald HHL Leipzig Graduate School of Management Leipzig, Deutschland Professorin Dr. Kathrin M. Möslein Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg & HHL Leipzig Graduate School of Management Leipzig, Deutschland

Professor Dr. Egon Franck Universität Zürich, Schweiz

Sascha Julian Oks

Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems Advancing Industry 4.0 from Vision to Application

Sascha Julian Oks Nürnberg, Germany Dissertation Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2023

ISSN 2945-879X ISSN 2945-8803 (electronic) Markt- und Unternehmensentwicklung Markets and Organisations ISBN 978-3-658-44416-7 ISBN 978-3-658-44417-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-44417-4 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature 2024 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer Gabler imprint is published by the registered company Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature. The registered company address is: Abraham-Lincoln-Str. 46, 65189 Wiesbaden, Germany Paper in this product is recyclable.

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Foreword The ongoing digitalization of industrial value creation is associated with tremendous potentials. Under the guiding term of Industry ., visionary scenarios have been postulated that foresee great opportunities and profound innovations for many realms of society and life originating from the industrial domain. In this context, academia and practice are paying particular attention to cyber-physical systems (CPS), which are recognized as having the ability to orchestrate technologies, personnel and processes to facilitate leaps in productivity that live up to the definition of an industrial revolution. Until now, however, many potentials have remained unexploited and the leaps in productivity have been rather modest, which leads to the question, why industrial organizations are not embracing the extensive potentials associated with CPS-based value creation, especially as they provide capabilities to adapt to the driving forces of change that are placing companies under pressure? Precisely this research gap is addressed by Dr. Sascha Julian Oks’ work, which analyses the topic of industrial CPS comprehensively and systematically. To this end, this book invites the reader on a research journey that offers different valuable perspectives on the subject of research: A systemic, a stakeholder-oriented and an organizational—all finally aligned in a holistic understanding of industrial CPS. Thus, the theoretically well-grounded and methodologically versatile research designs provide valuable contributions to the body of knowledge of Industry . oriented research. Notable examples of these theoretical contributions are the derived architecture of industrial CPS and the concept of cyber-physical modeling and simulation (CPMS). However, what is particularly remarkable about the research at hand is that it does not conclude with the dissemination of its theoretical results, but also provides extensive practical implications through its consistent design orientation. Following the design science research (DSR) paradigm artifacts in form of web tools and a demonstrator emerge that offer applicable solutions for the main target groups of organizations, educational institutions and international delegations. I congratulate on the successful market establishment of these artifacts, reflecting the substantial research impact of this work, which meets the aspiration of this book to advance Industry . from vision to application.

VI

Foreword

The book has been accepted as a doctoral dissertation in  by the School of Business, Economics and Society at the Friedrich-Alexander-Universität ErlangenNürnberg (FAU). As it provides an in-depth understanding of industrial CPS with concrete implications for action, it deserves a broad dissemination in both the research community and in management practice. It is a valuable read for anyone who is involved in the digitalization of industrial value creation and a much-needed companion and enabler for decision-makers, innovators, engineers and educators who aim to unveil the full potential of industrial CPS within the digital transformation. Prof. Dr. Kathrin M. Möslein

VII

Preface The only constant is change—what Heraclitus determined for life already in ancient times also applies to industrial value creation. Major disruptions in technologies, processes and, in particular, schools of thought have led to leaps in productivity over the course of history. Prominent examples are the industrial revolutions of the past centuries. At present, in the context of the digital transformation, with the fourth industrial revolution in high gear, I consider myself particularly fortunate to have been able to write my dissertation in these exciting times. Even though many theoretical contributions and practical implications emerged by this research effort, one finding stands out for me in particular: Such a project and individual challenge can only succeed with the support of the right people by your side! Thus, I would like to thank all of those, who have accompanied me on this path in various ways. —Industry . First and foremost, I would like to express my tremendous gratitude to my doctoral supervisor—Doktormutter—Prof. Dr. Kathrin M. Möslein, who constantly encouraged me with inspiration, enthusiasm and far-reaching expertise and advice. In particular, I would like to thank her for allowing me to follow my very own scientific and practical path with this research, always in the certainty of support. I also thank my second examiner Prof. Dr. Angela Roth for her support and devotion, especially in the month prior to submission, as well as Prof. Dr. Pascal Le Masson and Prof. Dr. Sebastian Junge, who complemented the distinguished international examination committee. Furthermore, I would like to thank my mentor Dr. Anke Wendelken, who supported me in countless hours in structuring and facilitating my research. For his motivating and uplifting support, especially during the finalization phase of this project—as my pacemaker—and for his valuable feedback and in-depth scientific discussions on this dissertation, I would like to thank Dr. Hari Suman Naik. A huge cheer to all the coauthors with whom I worked on the publications, laying the fundament of the dissertation. Of particular note are Prof. Dr. Dr. Albrecht Fritzsche from the early phase of this research and Dr. Max Jalowski from the later. Special thanks go to Dr. Jalowski, beyond the consistently great publication-oriented collaboration, for his firm belief in the potential and feasibility of the results of this research. Many thanks for the countless hours of joint engineering and programing that have resulted in our joint

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Preface

startup QuartRevo. To the following visiting scholars from international partner universities of Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), I would like to express my gratitude for their helpful feedback and enriching perspectives on my research: Prof. Shirley Gregor, Ph.D., Dr. Mark Wickham, Prof. Srinivasan R, Ph.D., Prof. Alan R. Hevner, Ph.D., Prof. Samir Chatterjee, Ph.D. and Prof. Ritu Agarwal, PhD. Looking back at the nucleus of this Ph.D., I thank Dr. Christofer Daiberl, a great friend from student days at Universität Bayreuth, who introduced me to the Prof. Dr. Prof. h.c. Dr. h.c. Ralf Reichwald scientific family. Likewise, I thank all my colleagues from the Chair of Information Systems, Innovation and Value Creation at FAU, many of whom have become friends for life, for the wonderful times we spent together and the special atmosphere in which we worked, conducted research and enjoyed the peculiarities of academia. —Moving knowledge Outside of the university context, I would like to express my utmost gratitude to Fregattenkapitän Tim Gabrys, my long-time military superior in the Department of Leadership Instruction at the German Naval Academy Marineschule Mürwik and within the Einsatzflottille . I thank you and all the comrades in the units for the wholehearted incorporation, the tireless encouragement and support and the unwavering camaraderie. It was always a great time for me to trade in the desk for the uniform and train practical leadership while gaining much as a naval officer myself. —Wir sind Marine Concluding, I would like to express my most sincere thankfulness to the people who have accompanied me throughout the course of my life. I thank my parents Birgit and Bernhard from the bottom of my heart for the freedom and encouragement to always pursue my interests and ideas and the unconditional trust and endless support in the realization of these and in all circumstances in life. Already in early childhood, you have evoked and fostered my curiosity in the world and its phenomena, which has led me to pursue the path into science—thank you for that. Likewise, I thank my sister Sarah for our close bond, the ever-open ear and the endless support in everything. The love of my family has carried me through this dissertation project. —Love is from God ( John :) Dr. Sascha Julian Oks

IX

Abstract Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are one of the key concepts upon which the digitalization of industrial value creation is built under the guiding principle of Industry .. Despite the great potentials associated with the introduction of industrial CPS, there are challenges, such as a significant increase in complexity, as a result of which the development status of Industry . is behind expectations. This dissertation addresses this issue with the following research design: In addition to providing a comprehensive foundation of industrial CPS and Industry ., four studies are conducted, each consisting of an exploratory research part and a design science research (DSR) part. In doing so, four perspectives are directed at the topic of industrial CPS: A systemic, a stakeholder-oriented, an organizational and a holistic. In Study I, a systematic literature review is conducted to discover the current state of research on CPS and categorize its thematic fields in the context of Industry .. The resulting artifact is a web tool titled Industry . Compendium. Study II consists of a multiple-case study in which the relevant stakeholders of Industry . and their expectations from and attitudes towards industrial CPS are identified. In addition, the artifact Industry . Stakeholder Cards & Matrix, also a web tool, is created. In Study III, application spheres and fields of CPS in Industry . are uncovered as well as measures for the design and visualization of CPS configurations explored by means of an applied thematic analysis. The DSR part of the study results in another web tool named Industry . Application Map. Study IV is a full-scale DSR study that aligns the findings of the previous studies in the artifact compilation of the Industry . Demonstrator PIDCPS. In conclusion, the contributions are summarized in an integrated summary and the artifacts are incorporated into the overarching methodological framework of the Industry . Suite. Thus, theoretical contributions are derived as well as concrete practical implications for the main target groups of organizations, educational institutions and international delegations provided.

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Overview of Contents Foreword .............................................................................................................V Preface………………………………………………………………………………………………… VII Abstract ............................................................................................................ IX Overview of Contents ........................................................................................ XI Table of Contents ............................................................................................ XIII List of Figures................................................................................................. XVII List of Tables ................................................................................................... XIX List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................... XXI

1

Introduction: Scope and Relevance of this Research .................... 1

1.1 Context ......................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Research Gap and Objectives ........................................................................4 1.3 Research Questions and Research Design ..................................................... 6 1.4 Structure ....................................................................................................... 7

2 Foundations: Underlying Concepts of this Research ................... 11 2.1 Introducing Cyber-Physical Systems ........................................................... 12 2.2 Envisioning Industry 4.0..............................................................................27 2.3 Engineering and Designing Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems to Advance Industry 4.0 ................................................................................................ 34

3 Study I: Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems in a Systemic Perspective ................................................................................ 39 3.1 Exploring Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems.............................................. 40 3.2 Designing the Industry 4.0 Compendium ....................................................75

4 Study II: Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems in a Stakeholder Perspective ................................................................................ 89 4.1 Exploring Stakeholders of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems .................... 90 4.2 Designing the Industry 4.0 Stakeholder Cards & Matrix ............................. 111

5 Study III: Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems in an Organizational Perspective ............................................................................... 119

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Overview of Contents

5.1 Exploring Applications and Configurations of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems..................................................................................................... 120 5.2 Designing the Industry 4.0 Application Map ............................................. 142

6 Study IV: Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems in a Holistic Perspective .............................................................................. 151 6.1 Aligning Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems .............................................. 152 6.2 Designing the Industry 4.0 Demonstrator PID4CPS .................................. 156

7 Reflections and Conclusion: Integration and Advancements of this Research ........................................................................... 201 7.1 Method Integration ................................................................................... 202 7.2 Integrated Summary ................................................................................. 209

References .................................................................................... 213 Appendices .................................................................................. 249 Appendix A: Author’s Work Relevant to this Research ....................................... 250 Appendix B: DSRM Codes ................................................................................ 253 Appendix C: Search Terms of the Systematic Literature Review ......................... 273 Appendix D: Exemplary Underlying Literature of the Categorization of CyberPhysical Systems Related and Relevant Topics in the Context of Industry 4.0 ................................................................................. 274 Appendix E: Observation Sheets of the Evaluation of the Industry 4.0 Demonstrator PID4CPS Based on Bales (1950b) ................................................. 300

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Table of Contents Foreword .............................................................................................................V Preface………………………………………………………………………………………………… VII Abstract ............................................................................................................ IX Overview of Contents ........................................................................................ XI Table of Contents ............................................................................................ XIII List of Figures................................................................................................. XVII List of Tables ................................................................................................... XIX List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................... XXI

1

Introduction: Scope and Relevance of this Research .................... 1

1.1 Context ......................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Research Gap and Objectives ........................................................................4 1.3 Research Questions and Research Design ..................................................... 6 1.4 Structure ....................................................................................................... 7

2 Foundations: Underlying Concepts of this Research ................... 11 2.1 Introducing Cyber-Physical Systems ........................................................... 12 .. Foundations and Dimensions of Cyber-Physical Systems ..............................  .. Levels and Domains of Cyber-Physical Systems .............................................  .. Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems ....................................................................  .. Visions and Agendas Regarding Cyber-Physical Systems..............................  2.2 Envisioning Industry 4.0..............................................................................27 .. The Anticipated Fourth Industrial Revolution ..................................................  .. Value Creation in Industry ............................................................................  .. Initiatives Regarding Industry . .....................................................................  2.3 Engineering and Designing Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems to Advance Industry 4.0 ................................................................................................ 34 .. Advanced Systems Engineering ........................................................................  .. Design Science Research ................................................................................... 

3 Study I: Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems in a Systemic Perspective ................................................................................ 39 3.1 Exploring Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems.............................................. 40

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Table of Contents

.. Objectives and Structure ...................................................................................  .. Theoretical Background: General Systems Theory .........................................  .. Research Design: Systematic Literature Review .............................................  ... Screening of Related Work .......................................................................................  ... Conducting the Literature Review ........................................................................... 

.. Findings ...............................................................................................................  ... State of Research on Cyber-Physical Systems.......................................................  ... Categorization of CyberǦPhysical Systems Related and Relevant Topics in the Context of Industry ............................................................................................... 

.. Discussion ............................................................................................................  3.2 Designing the Industry 4.0 Compendium .................................................... 75 .. Problem and Motivation.....................................................................................

.. Objectives ............................................................................................................  .. Design and Development .................................................................................. ... Knowledge Base .........................................................................................................  ... Artifact.......................................................................................................................... 

.. Demonstration ....................................................................................................  .. Evaluation ............................................................................................................  .. Communication ................................................................................................... 

4 Study II: Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems in a Stakeholder Perspective ................................................................................89 4.1 Exploring Stakeholders of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems..................... 90 .. Objectives and Structure ...................................................................................  .. Theoretical Background: Stakeholder Theory and Technology Use .............  ... Stakeholder Theory ....................................................................................................  ... Technology Use, Acceptance and Adoption .......................................................... 

.. Research Design: Multiple-Case Study ............................................................. 

.. Findings ...............................................................................................................  .. Discussion ..........................................................................................................  4.2 Designing the Industry 4.0 Stakeholder Cards & Matrix ............................ 111 .. Problem and Motivation...................................................................................  .. Objectives ..........................................................................................................  .. Design and Development ................................................................................  ... Knowledge Base ....................................................................................................... 

Table of Contents

XV

... Artifact ....................................................................................................................... 

.. Demonstration ..................................................................................................  .. Evaluation ..........................................................................................................  .. Communication ................................................................................................. 

5 Study III: Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems in an Organizational Perspective ............................................................................... 119 5.1 Exploring Applications and Configurations of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems ..................................................................................................... 120

.. Objectives and Structure ................................................................................. 

.. Theoretical Background: Organization Theory ............................................. 

.. Research Design: Applied Thematic Analysis ................................................ 

.. Findings ............................................................................................................. 

.. Discussion ..........................................................................................................  5.2 Designing the Industry 4.0 Application Map ............................................. 142

.. Problem and Motivation................................................................................... 

.. Objectives .......................................................................................................... 

.. Design and Development ................................................................................  ... Knowledge Base .......................................................................................................  ... Artifact ....................................................................................................................... 

.. Demonstration .................................................................................................. 

.. Evaluation .......................................................................................................... 

.. Communication ................................................................................................. 

6 Study IV: Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems in a Holistic Perspective ............................................................................... 151 6.1 Aligning Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems .............................................. 152 .. Objectives and Structure .................................................................................   .. Theoretical Background: Socio-Technical Systems Theory .........................   6.2 Designing the Industry 4.0 Demonstrator PID4CPS .................................. 156 .. Problem and Motivation...................................................................................   .. Objectives ..........................................................................................................   .. Design and Development ................................................................................  ... Knowledge Base ....................................................................................................... 

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Table of Contents

... Artifact........................................................................................................................ 

.. Demonstration ..................................................................................................  .. Evaluation .......................................................................................................... 

.. Communication .................................................................................................  .. Discussion .......................................................................................................... 

7 Reflections and Conclusion: Integration and Advancements of this Research ........................................................................... 201 7.1 Method Integration ................................................................................... 202 7.2 Integrated Summary ................................................................................. 209

References .................................................................................... 213 Appendices .................................................................................. 249 Appendix A: Author’s Work Relevant to this Research ....................................... 250 Appendix B: DSRM Codes ................................................................................ 253 Appendix C: Search Terms of the Systematic Literature Review ......................... 273 Appendix D: Exemplary Underlying Literature of the Categorization of CyberPhysical Systems Related and Relevant Topics in the Context of Industry 4.0 ................................................................................. 274 Appendix E: Observation Sheets of the Evaluation of the Industry 4.0 Demonstrator PID4CPS Based on Bales (1950b) ................................................. 300

XVII

List of Figures Figure : Overall structure of this dissertation ..............................................................................................  Figure : Definitions regarding the system terminology .............................................................................  Figure : Dimensions of CPS (adapted from Oks et al., a) .................................................................  Figure : Levels and domains of CPS ..............................................................................................................  Figure : Schematic functioning of industrial CPS (Oks, Jalowski, et al., ) ......................................  Figure : The four stages of industrial revolutions (adapted from Kagermann et al., ) ................ 

Figure : Segmentation and sequence of activities within the DSRM (adapted from Peffers et al., ) ...................................................................................................................................................  Figure : Process of the systematic literature review (Oks, Jalowski, et al., ) .................................  Figure : Distribution of publications by discipline (Oks, Jalowski, et al., ) .....................................  Figure : Distribution of publications by CPS dimension (Oks, Jalowski, et al., ) ........................  Figure : Distribution of publications by domain (Oks, Jalowski, et al., ) ......................................  Figure : Distribution of publications in the domain of smart factory (Oks, Jalowski, et al., ) ...  Figure : Characteristics of industrial CPS (Oks, Jalowski, et al., ) .................................................  Figure : Overall context of industrial CPS (Oks, Jalowski, et al., ) ................................................  Figure : Potentials/opportunities of industrial CPS (Oks, Jalowski, et al., ) ................................  Figure : Challenges/issues of industrial CPS (Oks, Jalowski, et al., ) ...........................................  Figure : Requirements of industrial CPS (Oks, Jalowski, et al., ) ..................................................  Figure  : Complementing concepts and technologies to industrial CPS (Oks, Jalowski, et al., ) ...........................................................................................................................................................  Figure  : Industrial CPS as socio-technical systems (Oks, Jalowski, et al., ) .................................  Figure : Architecture of industrial CPS (Oks, Jalowski, et al., ) .....................................................  Figure : Value creation based on industrial CPS (Oks, Jalowski, et al., ) .....................................  Figure : Organizational integration and strategic alliances based on industrial CPS (Oks, Jalowski, et al., ) .....................................................................................................................................  Figure : Structure and functionalities of the Industry . Compendium ..............................................  Figure : General functionalities of the Industry . Suite ....................................................................... 

XVIII

List of Figures

Figure : Stakeholder map containing the stakeholder groups and cases of the multiple-case study ......................................................................................................................................................... Figure : Stakeholder matrix indicating conflict potentials among stakeholder groups .................... Figure : Structure and functionalities of the Industry . Stakeholder Cards & Matrix .................... Figure  : Spheres of the application map for industrial CPS (Oks et al.,  b) ................................ Figure  : The application map for industrial CPS (Oks et al., a) .................................................... Figure : Industrial CPS configuration of a predictive MRO system (Oks et al.,  b) .................... Figure : Industrial CPS configuration estimation of a predictive MRO system (adapted from Oks et al.,  b) ...................................................................................................................................... Figure : Structure and functionalities of the Industry . Application Map........................................ Figure : Overview of the roles and views of the software Resource Cockpit ..................................... Figure : Visualization examples of the software Resource Cockpit on the HMI Huawei Media Pad and Microsoft HoloLens  ............................................................................................................ Figure : Modules and components of PIDCPS (adapted from Oks, Jalowski, et al., ) ........... Figure : Overview of the views of the software Scenario Book ............................................................  Figure : Configuration of PIDCPS and its methodological framework (adapted from Oks et al.,  ) ..............................................................................................................................................  Figure  : Target group-specific demonstration of PIDCPS in several scenarios ...............................  Figure  : Conceptual structure of the reference architecture (Oks et al.,  ) ................................  Figure : Content-wise arrangement within the reference architecture (adapted from Oks et al.,  ) ..............................................................................................................................................  Figure : Structure of the Industry . Suite .............................................................................................

XIX

List of Tables Table : Icons representing target groups and use case ................................................................................

Table : Visions and agendas regarding CPS and their main topics ..........................................................  Table : Initiatives regarding Industry . of the G and BRICS countries ............................................  Table : Activities within the DSRM by Peffers et al. () .......................................................................  Table : Steps of the systematic literature review (Oks, Jalowski, et al., ) ......................................  Table : Extracted data (Oks, Jalowski, et al., ) ....................................................................................  Table : Relevant parts of ISO  for the artifact design and development .......................................  Table : Evaluation-based design adjustments to the Industry . Compendium ..................................  Table : Companies representing the cases of the multiple-case study ...................................................  Table : Interviews and focus groups of the multiple-case study ............................................................ Table : Evaluation-based design adjustments to the Industry . Stakeholder Cards & Matrix .....  Table : Evaluation-based design adjustments to the Industry . Application Map ......................... 

Table : Application of the work system framework on the Industry . Demonstrator PIDCPS ..  Table : Evaluation-based design adjustments to the Industry . Demonstrator PIDCPS ............ 

Table : Method integration of the web tools and the demonstrator within the Industry . Suite 

XXI

List of Abbreviations acatech

Deutschen Akademie der Technikwissenschaften (ger.); German Academy of Technical Sciences

AFSMI

Association for Services Management International

AGV

Automated guided vehicle

AI

Artificial intelligence

AR

Augmented reality

ARIS

Architektur integrierter Informationssysteme (ger.); Architecture of Integrated Information Systems

ASE

Advanced systems engineering

BMAS

Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales (ger.); Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs

BMBF

Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (ger.); Federal Ministry of Education and Research

BMWK

Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz (ger.); Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action

BRICS

Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa

CAN

Controller area network

CE

Conformité Européenne (fr.); European Conformity

CEO

Chief executive officer

cf.

confer (lat.); compare

CIM

Computer integrated manufacturing

CIRP

Collège International pour la Recherche en Productique (fr.); International Academy for Production Engineering

CMS

Conference on Manufacturing Systems

CPMS

Cyber-physical modeling and simulation

CPPS

Cyber-physical production system

CPS

Cyber-physical system

CyPhERS

Cyber-Physical European Roadmap & Strategy

DDS

Data distribution service

DFKI

Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz (ger.); German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence

XXII

DIN

List of Abbreviations

Deutsche Institut für Normung (ger.); German Institute for Standardization

DOI

Digital object identifier

DSR

Design science research

DSRM

Design science research methodology

DSU

Dynamic software updating

Ed.

Editor

Eds.

Editors

e.g.,

exempli gratia (lat.); for example

et. al.

et alia (lat.); and others

etc.

et cetera (lat.); and so on

EU

European Union

e. V.

Eingetragener Verein (ger.); registered association

FAU

Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

FEDS

Framework for evaluation in design science

FPGA

Field programmable gate array

fr.

French

FUP

Funktionsplan (ger.); function chart

GDP

Gross domestic product

ger.

German

GPT

General purpose technology

GUI

Graphical user interface

G

Group of 20

HCI

Human-computer interaction

HMI

Human-machine interface

HR

Human resources

Hz

Hertz

i.a.,

inter alia (lat.); among other things

ICT

Information and communication technology

i.e.,

id est (lat.); that means

IEEE

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IG

Industriegewerkschaft (ger.); Industrial Union

List of Abbreviations

XXIII

IIoT

Industrial Internet of things

IIS

Institut für Integrierte Schaltungen (ger.); Institute for Integrated Circuits

IIMB

Indian Institute of Management Bangalore

IISB

Institut für Integrierte Systeme und Bauelementetechnologie (ger.); Institute for Integrated Systems and Device Technology

ILO

International Labor Organization

IoT

Internet of things

IP

Internet protocol

IPA

Interaction process analysis

IPv

Internet protocol version 

IS

Information system

ISCO

International Standard Classification of Occupations

ISO

International Organization for Standardization

IT

Information technology

ITS

Intelligent transportation system

JSON

JavaScript Object Notation

KPI

Key performance indicator

lat.

Latin

LoRaWAN

Long range wide area network

LPWAN

Low power wide area network

LDT

Leading Digital Transformation

LTE

Long-term evolution

LZE

Leistungszentrum Elektroniksysteme (ger.); Performance Center Electronic Systems

MAC

Media access control

MASN

Mobile actuator/sensor network

Mbit

Megabit

MQTT

Message queue telemetry transport

MRO

Maintenance, repair and operations

MM

Machine-to-machine

NASA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NFC

Near field communication

XXIV

List of Abbreviations

NFS

National Science Foundation

NIST

National Institute of Standards and Technology

OEM

Original equipment manufacturer

OPC UA

Open Platform Communications Unified Architecture

OS

Operating system

PC

Personal computer

PDF

Portable document format

PIDCPS

Portable Industrial Demonstrator for Cyber-Physical Systems

PLC

Programmable logic controller

p.

Page

pp.

Pages

PRODISYS

Engineering produktionsbezogener Dienstleistungssysteme (ger.); Engineering of Production-Related Service Systems

QuiS

Qualität in Studium und Lehre (ger.); quality in study and teaching

RADMA

Research and Development Management

RAMI .

Reference Architecture Model Industrie .

RFID

Radio-frequency identification

RQ

Research question

R&D

Research and development

SAM

Subcommittee on Advanced Manufacturing

SCADA

Supervisory control and data acquisition

SCPS

Socio-cyber-physical systems

S-CPS

Ressourcen-Cockpit für sozio-cyber-physische Systeme (ger.); Resource Cockpit for Socio-Cyber-Physical Systems

SME

Small and medium-sized enterprise

SN

Sensor network

SOA

Service-oriented architecture

SoCPS

System of cyber-physical systems

SoS

System of systems

SPSS

Smart product-service system

TAM

Technology acceptance model

TAMSCPS Trans-Atlantic Modelling and Simulation for Cyber-Physical Systems

List of Abbreviations

XXV

TCP

Transmission control protocol

TIA

Totally integrated automation

TRA

Theory of reasoned action

UK

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

U.S.

United States

V

Volt

VDE

Verband der Elektrotechnik Elektronik Informationstechnik (ger.); Association for Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies

VDI

Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (ger.); Association of German Engineers

VDMA

Verband Deutscher Maschinen- und Anlagenbau (ger.); German Engineering Federation

VPN

Virtual private network

VR

Virtual reality

VUCA

Volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity

WAN

Wide area network

WiIPOD

Wertschätzungsnetzwerke als integrierte Innovationsinstrumente der Personal- und Organisationsentwicklung im demografischen Wandel (ger.); Appreciation Networks as Integrated Innovation Instruments for Human Resources and Organizational Development in the Context of Demographic Change

WLAN

Wireless local area network

WoT

Web of things

WPAN

Wireless personal area network

WPBN

Wireless personal body network

WSAN

Wireless sensor and actuator network

WSN

Wireless sensor network

ZVEI

Zentralverband Elektrotechnik- und Elektronikindustrie (ger.); Germany‘s Electro and Digital Industry

G

Fifth-generation technology standard

XXVI

List of Abbreviations

Abbreviations used in the application of the design science research methodology by Peffers et al. ( ): AMA

Application Map

CA

Cause

CC

Communication campaign

COM

Compendium

DS

Demonstration scenario

ES

Evaluation strategy

F

Functional

FE

Feature

KB

Knowledge base

MO

Motivation

NF

Non-functional

OB

Objective

PID

PIDCPS

PO

Potential

PR

Problem

RE

Requirement

STC

Stakeholder Cards & Matrix

1 Introduction: Scope and Relevance of this Research

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature 2024 S. J. Oks, Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems, Markt- und Unternehmensentwicklung Markets and Organisations, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-44417-4_1



Introduction

This introduction starts a research journey toward a more comprehensive and indepth understanding of the concept of industrial cyber-physical systems (CPS) with the motivation to contribute to the advancement of Industry . from vision to application. It provides the overall context of this dissertation (cf. Section .) and introduces the reader to the research gap and the objectives of all activities within this book (cf. Section .). Subsequently, in Section ., the research questions and the research design aligned to answer those are presented. The introduction concludes with the structure in which this dissertation is framed (cf. Section .).

1.1

Context

During the Hannover Messe, one of the world’s largest industrial trade fairs, in , Henning Kagermann, at that time president of acatech, Wolf-Dieter Lukas, then head of department within the BMBF, and Wolfgang Wahlster, former chairman of the board of DFKI, presented a new initiative to the public—Industry .. With this initiative, they postulated the fourth industrial revolution and explicitly highlighted a technological concept, which would be of particular relevance for its realization: CPS (Kagermann et al., ). In this concept, which was first introduced by Lee in , that comprehensively integrates digital processes and physical environments, great capabilities were foreseen to address the major challenges of our time within industrial value creation and related socio-economic and ecological fields. With regard to these challenges, several economies 1 ; themselves in what is described as a VUCA world

CA-

CA-.

and their organizations find

(Bennett & Lemoine, ): The

increasing volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity can be routed to farreaching and long-lasting phenomena as the globalizationCA-. and tertiarizationCA-. but also to the behavior of actors in the market pursuing competitive advantagesCA-. (Koren, ). Additionally, recent events with global impacts, such as the COVID- pandemic or the expansion of open military conflicts, have amplifying effects on supply chains and energy costs in the global market (Ramani et al., ). In addition, socio-economicCA- trends are continuing, particularly in the global north, where users

1

The superscripted letter number combinations are codes used as part of the application of the design science research methodology by Peffers et al. ( ) in this research. Details regarding this procedure and its purpose are described in Sections . and ... A table containing all codes can be found in Appendix B.

Introduction



of products and services, on the one hand, strive for individualizationCA-. (Jiang et al., ), but are increasingly sustainability-awareCA-. and demanding regarding the conditions of production and provision (Abualfaraa et al., ). Ultimately, technologyCA--driven phenomena described by terms such as digitalizationCA-. or digital transformationCA-. lead to extensive changes in the framework conditions of industrial value creation postulated with the term Industry .CA-. (Lasi et al., ). Under the beforehand described dynamic conditions, CPS offer extensive economic potentialsPO- (Oks et al.,  a) while contributing to tackling the major challenges of our time. Thus, they offer the potential for securing prosperityPO-. in developed economies as well as for economic growthPO-., especially in developing markets. In addition, they hold several capabilities to foster sustainabilityPO-. in industrial processes. E.g., CPS utilization allows an increase in resource efficiencyPO..

with a simultaneous reduction of the reject ratioPO-.. of production output.

Furthermore, production can be aligned more demand-orientedPO-.., which enhances economic and ecological sustainability (Roos & Hoffart, ). Despite these extensive potentials, the initiators’ assessment on the ten-year anniversary of the introduction of Industry . is rather ambivalent (Kagermann et al., ): On the one side, with the word mark Industry ., a great success has emerged from Germany, which has brought a lot of national and international attention to the topic of the fourth industrial revolution and the digital transformation in many other areas of application. Furthermore,  project consortia, , conferences and , publications were involved in the practical and scientific implementation of this idea within the ten-year time frame. On the other side, however, the bottom line is that the tremendous potentials associated with CPS in the context of Industry . have not yet been exploited to the extent expected. Hence, the question that emerges is why industrial organizations are not embracing the extensive potentials associated with CPS-based value creation, especially as they provide capabilities to adapt to the driving forces of change with regard to economic, socio-economic and technical parameters in local and global markets that are placing companies under pressure (Ivory & Walsh, ). Moreover, the application of CPS offers means to contribute to fighting climate change with more ecological production (Kiel et al.,  ) and emission reduction (Benyoucef, ). In this context, too, the



Introduction

question arises why CPS are not already more established and why the advancement of Industry . has not progressed further. When analyzing this situation, it becomes apparent that as with other disruptive changes, there are challenges to be overcome on the path to realizing potential (Kiel et al.,  ) which leads to the research gap addressed by this dissertation.

1.2

Research Gap and Objectives

One of the greatest challenges associated with the engineering and operation of CPS in the context of Industry . is the high degree of complexity (Jöhnk et al., ). Thus, new system structures and properties are accompanied by novel system engineering and development requirementsPR- (Dumitrescu et al., ). Moreover, decision-makers are confronted with the challenge of identifying suitable application fieldsPR-. in which the implementation of digital technologies provides processrelated and economic added value (Stentoft et al., ). In addition to this requirement, new technologies and systems also have to be aligned with the existing technological infrastructurePR-. (Horváth & Gerritsen, ) and integrated into the established organizational structurePR-. (Geisberger & Broy,  ). In addition, there are fields in which humans are affected by the introduction of CPS. Accordingly, adjustments of managerial processesPR-. (Agostini & Filippini, ) as well as reorganizations of workflowsPR-. (Frazzon et al., ) are in need when new technologies are applied. Finally, cost-benefit calculationsPR-. are also complex due to the many variables that must be considered. While large-scale companies might have the capacity and resources to cope with this complexity, it is especially small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) in which this situation is a major obstacle to integrate CPS into their value creation (Issa et al.,  ). Considering the large share of SME in terms of their number and their economic value added share in most industrialized countries, this poses a significant challenge in terms of the progress of Industry . (Ingaldi & Ulewicz, ). Consequently, it is imperative to explore the present situation concerning the hindrances in the implementation of Industry .. Based on this analysis, solutions should be devised to overcome these challenges in a manner that empowers the concerned decision-makers to resolve them effectively. This is the research gap that

Introduction



this dissertation addresses with the following motivation: Overarching, all activities of this research are directed toward the advancement of Industry . from vision to applicationMO-. Considering the potentials for individuals and the common good (cf. Section .), it is intended to enable organizations to exploit the potentials of industrial CPS while mastering the associated problemsMO-.. In order to equip the next generation for the labor market of the digital age, educational institutions shall be supported to foster age-specific and qualification-appropriate teaching on industrial CPSMO-.. And finally, it is the motivation to inform international delegations on industrial CPS to further spread their application to BRICS countries and the global south MO-., particularly in light of the need for more sustainable manufacturing in the context of global climate change. Driven by these motivations, this dissertation pursues two types of objectives: First, there are goals for exploratory research that go along with the research questions and are intended to generate general scientific findings regarding the design and implementation of CPS in the context of Industry .. These aims are introduced in the objectives sections of each study (cf. Sections .., .., .. and ..). Second, following the design orientation of the IS research (Österle et al., ), this dissertation also articulates and addresses objectives that are directly aimed at the main target groups for their practical interaction with CPS. These are described in the following: As the first application-oriented target group, organizations(F)OB- shall be enabled to perform several activities with regard to industrial CPS: These include organization-individual potential analysis(F)OB-., strategy development(F)OB-., activities within the advanced systems engineering (ASE)(F)OB-. of CPS and finally to train(F)OB-. their employees for the interaction with CPS. As a second main target group, educational institutions(F)OB- ought to be enabled to perform lectures and workshops(F)OB-., programming and robotics courses(F)OB-. as well as hackathons(F)OB.

to prepare students of all ages and educational levels to interact with CPS. The third

target group of international delegations(F)OB- should be familiarized with the topics of CPS and Industry . through presentations and workshops(F)OB-.. These and all other non-functional objectives are described in detail in Appendix B. With these concrete artifact-based measures, which directly address target groups in their application environments, it is intended to close the gap between the existing



Introduction

general reference architectures, models and standards (Leitão et al., ) but the lack of immediate practical solutions for the engineering of CPS.

1.3

Research Questions and Research Design

In order to address the identified research gap and to achieve the motivated objectives of this dissertation, it is necessary to state guiding and focusing research questions and to elaborate a suitable overall research design. Thus, the in Section . stated overall motivation of this research to advance Industry . from vision to application is connected with the means of CPS in the meta-research question: Meta-RQ: How can CPS advance Industry . from vision to application? To answer this far-reaching question, it is necessary to break it down into manageable parts and to compile the required findings through a modular research design that offers scientifically sound and rigorous value for practitioners and scholars alike. To this end, this dissertation is partitioned into four studies, each of which takes different perspectives on the topic of CPS in the context of Industry . and aims to meet specific objectives by answering sub-research questions: In Study I, a systematic literature review is conducted to answer the first sub-research question: Sub-RQ I: What are the specifications of CPS relevant for Industry . and how can they be categorized? In the second study, a multiple-case study is undertaken to answer sub-research question II: Sub-RQ II: Who are the relevant stakeholders of Industry . and what are their expectations from and attitudes toward CPS? Within Study III, the systematic literature review and the multiple-case study are combined with an applied thematic analysis to address the third sub-research question: Sub-RQ III: What applications for CPS exist in Industry . and how can suitable system configurations be engineered?

Introduction



The fourth and final study is a large-scale design science research (DSR) study that joins the work of the three studies conducted before while addressing sub-research question IV: Sub-RQ IV: How can specifications, stakeholders and applications of CPS be aligned for Industry .? For the purpose of meeting the design-oriented aspirations of this dissertation, its studies are each divided into an explorative research part and a DSR part. Via this path, in addition to findings relevant to science, practically applicable artifacts are developed that serve in particular the main target groups of this research to attain their objectives within the digital transformation. While for the explorative research parts the research designs are different depending on the strived objectives and the applied methods, all DSR parts follow the same scheme and approach provided by Peffers et al. ( ) with their design science research methodology (DSRM). The specifics of the DSR paradigm and the DSRM applied are described in Section .. in detail. In addition, the research design includes the use case that serves as the CPS configuration that is analyzed within the research activities of this dissertation. The applied use case is a CPS-based application scenario of a predictive maintenance, repair and operations (MRO) system. This is due to the fact that predictive MRO is one of the fields in which great potential is seen for the application of CPS in industrial value creation (Jantunen et al., ; Lindström et al.,  ). Moreover, it is a coherent field that is applied in any company that carries out production processes, regardless of size, structure and domain. In addition, favourable conditions were available for data collection in two BMBF-funded research projects that focused on MRO.

1.4

Structure

The execution of the introduced research design, which is intended to achieve the motivated objectives (cf. Section .) and to answer the research questions (cf. Section .) of this dissertation, is carried out in the following structure: The entire



Introduction

body of this dissertation consists of seven chapters and four studies—subdivided into sections. Chapter , at hand, gives the introduction to the overall research project and provides the context (cf. Section .), research gap and objectives (cf. Section .), research questions and research design (cf. Section .) as well as the structure (cf. Section .) of this dissertation. In Chapter , the foundations that are needed for the conception and implementation of the subsequent studies are elaborated. To begin with, the concept of CPS is introduced in Section . before the topic of Industry . is reflected in Section .. In Section ., the paradigms of ASE and DSR are presented, which maintain a preeminent position for the conduction of the designoriented research parts of this work. Chapter  contains Study I, which is—as all four studies of this dissertation—sub-divided into an explorative research part and a DSR part. Within the explorative research part, a systematic literature review is conducted to discover the current state of research on CPS and to categorize its thematic fields in the context of Industry . (cf. Section .). Thereafter, the elaborated findings are transferred into a web tool titled Industry . Compendium in the DSR part (cf. Section .). In Chapter , the explorative research part of Study II provides the framework for a multiple-case study, in which the relevant stakeholders of Industry . and their expectations from and attitudes toward industrial CPS are identified (cf. Section .). Based on this, in the DSR part of the study, the artifact Industry . Stakeholder Cards & Matrix, also a web tool, is created. Chapter contains Study III. In its explorative research part, application spheres and fields of CPS in Industry . are uncovered as well as measures for the design and visualization of CPS configurations explored (cf. Section .). The DSR part of the study results in the web tool called Industry . Application Map (cf. Section .). While the previous studies are all structured according to the same scheme, Study IV in Chapter  differs in this respect. Contrary to the previous studies, this study does not feature an inherent explorative research part. However, this is remedied by the insights of the initial three studies (a consolidation and adaptation of these are performed in Section .), which thereupon result in the artifact compilation of the Industry . Demonstrator Portable Industrial Demonstrator for Cyber-Physical Systems (PIDCPS). This extensive DSR part is found in Section .. Therewith, the study-containing chapters are completed.

Introduction



The closure of the research project of this dissertation is subsequently found in Chapter , which contains the reflective and conclusive remarks. For this, the artifacts developed in the DSR parts of the studies are integrated into an overarching methodological format called Industry . Suite before an integrated summary concludes the dissertation. Figure  shows the overall structure of the dissertation as well as the sequence and orchestration of the chapters. Moreover, the key elements of the four studies are outlined. Throughout the dissertation, passages are repeatedly dedicated explicitly to the three main target groups for the practical application of the research results, consisting of organizations, educational institutions and international delegations. These parts are indicated by target group-specific icons. The same is true for the predictive MRO use case. Table  illustrates the assignment of these respective icons. Table : Icons representing target groups and use case Main target groups Organizations

Educational institutions

Use case International delegations

Predictive MRO

Another stylistic device that is used throughout the whole text of this dissertation is the integrated presentation of the DSRM codes, which mark all relevant contents for the six sequential activities in the DSRM by Peffers et al. ( ). This allows to directly link the argumentation throughout the text with the design studies and to have a clear path of causality. The DSRM codes appear in the text as superscripted letter-number combinations with the following coding and meaning: The first two letters describe the segment of the DSRM activity. If a distinction is made between functional and non-functional, e.g., for objectives or requirements, an (F) or (NF) is placed in front of these two letters. When it is an artifact-specific code, this is specified with two to three letters after a hyphen. The number following the next hyphen represents the hierarchical numbering. According to this coding scheme, the example of scalable complexity(NF)RE-PID-. is to be interpreted as follows: Scalable complexity is a non-functional requirement for the Industry . Demonstrator PIDCPS with the individual hierarchical number .. The DSRM and its utilization within this research are described in detail in Section .; the used abbreviations within the DSRM codes



Introduction

are defined in a specific section at the end of the List of Abbreviations and the full list of DSRM codes is available in Appendix B. Chapter 1: Introduction Context

Research gap and objectives

Research questions and research design

Structure

Meta-RQ: How can CPS advance Industry 4.0 from vision to application?

Chapter 2: Foundations Cyber-physical systems

Objectives

Chapter 5: Study III

Sub-RQ II: Who are the relevant stakeholders of Industry 4.0 and what are their expectations from and attitudes toward CPS?

Sub-RQ III: What applications for CPS exist in Industry 4.0 and how can suitable system configurations be engineered?

(OB Ia) Describe and analyze the state of research on CPS

(OB IIa) Identify the relevant stakeholders of Industry 4.0

(OB IIIa) Identify and organize the application spheres and fields of CPS in the context of Industry 4.0

(OB Ib) Develop and graphically present a categorization of CPS related and relevant topics in the context of Industry 4.0

(OB IIb) Uncover their expectations from and attitudes toward CPS

Theories

Chapter 4: Study II

Sub-RQ I: What are the specifications of CPS relevant for Industry 4.0 and how can they be categorized?

General systems theory

Systematic literature review

Artifacts

Design science research

Chapter 3: Study I

Research designs

Explorative research

Studies

Advanced systems engineering

Industry 4.0

Stakeholder theory

Technology use

(OB IIIb) Enable to design and visualize industrial CPS configurations

Organization theory

Multiple-case study Interviews

Focus groups

Applied thematic analysis

Knowledge base

Knowledge base

Knowledge base

Industry 4.0 Compendium

Industry 4.0 Stakeholder Cards & Matrix

Industry 4.0 Application Map

Objective

Sub-RQ IV: How can specifications, stakeholders and applications of CPS be aligned for Industry 4.0?

Theories

Design science research

Chapter 6: Study IV

(OB IV) Align the perspectives and the generated knowledge of the previous studies

Socio-technical systems theory General systems theory

Stakeholder theory

Technology use

Organization theory

Artifacts

Knowledge base

Industry 4.0 Demonstrator PID4CPS Modules and components

Resource Cockpit

Scenario Book

Chapter 7: Reflections and conclusion Method integration

Figure : Overall structure of this dissertation

Integrated Summary

Methodological framework

2 Foundations: Underlying Concepts of this Research

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature 2024 S. J. Oks, Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems, Markt- und Unternehmensentwicklung Markets and Organisations, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-44417-4_2



Foundations

This chapter constitutes the foundations for the studies of this dissertation and introduces the underlying concepts of this research. To this end, the concept of CPS is first introduced (cf. Section .), followed by the based upon vision of Industry . (cf. Section .) before the resulting requirements for the design and engineering of industrial CPS are derived (cf. Section .).

2.1

Introducing Cyber-Physical Systems

In the following sections, the foundations of the concept of CPS are presented. This covers the dimensions of CPS, which describe the properties of CPS (cf. Section ..), and the levels and domains that structure their application (cf. Section ..). Particular attention is paid to industrial CPS in the context of digitalized value creation (cf. Section ..), as well as to visions and agendas that forecast the future establishment of this concept (cf. Section ..). 2.1.1

Foundations and Dimensions of Cyber-Physical Systems

The concept of CPS was introduced by Lee in  in the course of the National Science Foundation (NSF) Workshop on Cyber-Physical Systems: Research Motivation, Techniques and Roadmap. Since then, the concept has been researched, developed and established in several scientific and practical disciplines—a detailed timeline of milestones of the constitution of the CPS concept is provided by Park et al. (, p. )—resulting in foundational definitions as well as basic determinations and principles. From this state of knowledge selected, the definitions applied for this research regarding the concept of CPS are provided in Figure .



System components

Foundations

Element “. . . everything in the world and every experience of it can be reduced, decomposed, or disassembled down to ultimately simple elements, indivisible parts. . . . The properties or behavior of each element . . . has an effect on the properties or behavior of the set as a whole” (Ackoff, 1974, pp. 2–3).

System “A system is a set of interacting units or elements that form an integrated whole intended to perform some function” (Skyttner, 1996, p. 35). “The whole is not just the sum of the parts; the system itself can be explained only as a totality” (Kast & Rosenzweig, 1972, p. 450).

Cyber-physical system (CPS)

Systems

Cyber

“Cyber-Physical systems (CPS) are integrations of computation with physical processes. Embedded computers and networks monitor and control the physical processes, usually with feedback loops where physical processes affect computations and vice versa” (Lee, 2006, p. 1).

Physical

Cyber-physical production system (CPPS) Cyber

“CPPS consist of autonomous and cooperative elements and sub-systems that are getting into connection with each other in situation dependent ways, on and across all levels of production, from processes through machines up to production and logistics networks” (Monostori, 2014, p. 10).

Physical

Industrial cyber-physical system Cyber

“ICPSs forge the core of real-world networked industrial infrastructures having a cyberrepresentation through digitalization of data and information across the enterprise, along the product and process engineering lifecycle and from suppliers to customers along the supply chain” (Colombo et al., 2017, p. 8).

Physical

System of systems (SoS)

Systems orchestration

“A system of systems (SoS) is a collection of systems that were originally designed as stand-alone systems for specific and different purposes but that have been brought together within the SoS umbrella to create a new capability needed for a particular mission” (Madni & Sievers, 2014, p. 330).

System of cyber-physical systems (SoCPS)

Cyber Cyber

Physical Physical

Cyber

Cyber Physical

Cyber Physical

Physical

Cyber

Physical

“A System of Cyber-Physical Systems (SoCPS) is a sensible combination of individual cyber-physical systems (CPS) to realise new functions digitalised and exposed as services in the internet” (Keller et al., 2018, p. 2884).

Figure : Definitions regarding the system terminology

Furthermore, the established determinations and principles of CPS can be structured in three dimensions. These, which have to be taken into account in the engineering, development and operation of CPS, are the technical, the human/social, and the organizational dimensions (Oks et al.,  a). In the technical dimension, hardware, software, networks and architectures of CPS are aggregated. CPS are built upon the modular logic of embedded systems which are computer units that are embedded in a technical context for a determined purpose to perform specific tasks. They are conventional hardware and software combining selfcontained devices with marginal interconnectedness, which have been used for decades in various technical devices such as household appliances, consumer electronics, vehicles, etc. (Marwedel, ). CPS extend these to both a cyber and a physical sphere between which there are real-time executed information exchange



Foundations

and reciprocal feedback loops, merging digital processes with physical procedures (Lee, ) that go far beyond the previous hardware-software-system environment interaction (Alur,  ; Wedde et al., ). In the physical sphere, sensors are used to record and convert environmental conditions (e.g., in the physical measurands of temperature, acoustics, acceleration, etc.) to electrical signals, which are then algorithm-based evaluated in the cyber sphere using local computing power (J. Lee et al.,  ). The information obtained from the data stream can be either used in the physical sphere to affect environmental conditions and operations according to predefined rules of behavior via actuators (Lu et al., ) or can be poured into centralized data lakes. Subsequent data processing in the form of big data analytics enables pattern recognition and predictions (Marini & Bianchini, ). Hence, centralized data evaluation for developing strategic measures complements decentralized real-time computing of operative measures. In order to enable connectivity, communication interfaces are necessary for CPS. Depending on the purpose of the application and the environment, but also with regard to the energy supply, interfaces exist in various forms. These consist of wire, radio, etc.-based communication and mainly rely on established standards such as Ethernet or IEEE . and allow the interconnection of a myriad of objects (Atzori et al., ). The communication infrastructure for the interconnection of CPS is provided by local to global, private and open networks with enabling protocols, e.g., IPv. With this protocol, the hypothetical interconnection of approximately  sextillion objects builds the foundation of the Internet of things (IoT) (Levin & Schmidt, ). The continuing miniaturization of computer hardware to the point of smart dust, coupled with the ongoing reduction of component costs, enables CPS to be used extensively in a wide range of contexts and conditions (Rajkumar et al., ). Since CPS are not a technology per se but rather a systemic concept that integrates established and new innovative information technology (IT), information and communication technology (ICT) and information systems (IS), they mostly serve as a hub that orchestrates other concepts and technologies of the digital age (Kim,  ). In this context, CPS are enablers that make the full exploitation of these value creation potentials achievable. Among others, these complementing concepts and technologies include artificial intelligence (AI) (Radanliev et al., ), big data (Xu &

Foundations



Duan, ), distributed ledger technology (Arsenjev et al., ) and work ./future of work (Al-Ani,  ). Based on the previously described technical properties of CPS, these enable comprehensive intersystem organization and linkage based on context-awareness and adaptiveness, leading to self-configuration, ambient intelligence and proactive behavior. Due to these characteristics, CPS enable the engineering of smart objects, entities that have a definite identity, sensing capabilities of physical conditions, mechanisms for actuation, data processing ability and networking interfaces (Fortino et al., ). The human/social dimension embraces the integration and interaction of individuals in the context of CPS. Since the emergence of computer-based and digital technologies, human interaction with them has changed fundamentally. While computers were initially used primarily in organizations where they were administered by experts and took over tasks for a large number of people, the personal computer (PC) has prompted more people to interact with these technologies personally, individually and independently, in both business and private contexts (Caselli & Coleman, ). At present, it is well established in industrialized nations that people own and actively use a variety of computer-based devices. CPS are continuing this development in the context of IoT as an increasing number of smart devices and smart product service systems (SPSS) enter user’s everyday lives (Zheng, Wang, & Chen, ). In addition, smart environments are emerging through ubiquitous computing, in which system boundaries are increasingly dissolving, as is individual personal proprietorship (Serrano & Botia, ). The integration of people and the human-computer interaction (HCI) with CPS differs depending on the type and function of the regarded systems. Active HCI with a high level of awareness and directed attention are performed with the use of humanmachine interfaces (HMI). These HMI have different forms, e.g., standard computer input, gesture or voice control. In particular, the use of mobile handhelds and wearables offers great potential for interaction between users and CPS (Bauernhansl et al., ). First, handheld devices and wearables have become commodities in many societies because of their high utility value and intuitive operability. The higher diffusion rate of smartphones compared to desktop PC emphasize this (Bröhl et al.,



Foundations

). Second, extensive global communication and network architectures enable location-independent and mobile applications. Third, with operating systems (OS) that allow the installation of third-party apps, these devices offer both platform technologies and ecosystems. Mobile devices, especially wearables, also facilitate passive HCI in the form of nonattentive interactions with CPS. Thereby, with ubiquitous computing and smart environments, carried or even implanted devices communicate with the overall CPS in the background unnoticed by the user. Based on the data obtained in this way, e.g., ambient conditions (e.g., corresponding to the user’s preset preferences) and infrastructure loads can be controlled or security measures initiated (Serrano & Botia, ). Especially in the context of non-attentive interactions with CPS, the consent to terms of use as well as the compliance with data security and the protection of privacy, play an important and, in fact, legal role (Gifty et al., ). In addition to the persisting wide establishment of the described devices, it is people’s familiarity with the utilization of such technologies in personal and professional applications that is expected to lead to high acceptance and adoption rates for them as HCI for CPS (Kim et al., ). However, this only applies to the characterized active and passive HCI—the acceptance and adoption of CPS per se with their respective application purpose and the environment are subject to other factors that have to be determined on a case-specific basis. The analysis of the human as a systemic element in CPS, especially in ones in which humans constitute the centerpiece, is conducted under the term socio-cyber-physical systems (SCPS) (Frazzon et al., ). A comprehensive overview of the models, opportunities and open challenges in this regard are provided by Calinescu et al. (). In approaches mainly driven by technical disciplines, there is in instances a tendency to neglect the organizational dimension, which, however, has an eminently important role in establishing concepts such as CPS (Oks et al.,  a). Due to the aforementioned challenges (cf. Section .) and, in particular, the multifaceted system complexity, it is demanding for organizations to engineer and implement CPS in order to realize their allocated potentials. This is because, on the one hand, organizations

Foundations



need to consider a variety of factors, such as technology, personnel, structure, positioning, etc., and on the other hand that there are no default CPS configurations that are identically suitable for a wide range of organizations (Villar et al., ). Rather, CPS are highly individual systems whose design and attribution are strongly dependent on and determined by the individual organizational and application situation. Therefore, initially, organizations have to identify suitable application fields where the introduction of CPS can generate the targeted added value, whereupon the engineering and implementation follow. Thereby, only in rare cases systems are introduced in green field scenarios where engineering and implementation do not have to take existing infrastructures into account, thus providing a maximum degree of freedom. Commonly, new systems have to be integrated into an existing organizational brown field environment and aligned with existing infrastructures, usually with no or minimal disruption to ongoing processes (Schlechtendahl et al.,  ). For the latter, digital and physical infrastructures need to be updated and retrofitted with technologies, protocols, etc., required by CPS considering the orchestration of new and old hardware, software and architectures. The transformations in operational processes commonly have further effects on the structures of managerial processes and, thus, ultimately, on the organizational structure as well. Therefore, effective change management must take into account not only system and process engineering but also organizational and business model adjustments in the course of the introduction of CPS in order to capture value creation potentials. For this purpose, especially hybrid and interactive value creation offer great potential. Hybrid value creation describes the combination of physical products with data-driven services to service bundles (Velamuri et al., ). This approach is used in CPS-based applications, especially in the form of SPSS (Zheng, Wang, Chen, & Pheng Khoo, ). Interactive value creation refers to the process of collaboration between organizations and their product and service users with the aim of achieving a more user-centric approach to value creation that ultimately results in products and services with greater perceived value (Reichwald & Piller, ). In particular, the continuous data streams inherent to CPS and the resulting digital representations of products and their utilization in the form of digital twins add a new dimension to



Foundations

interactive value creation. The simultaneous practice of both approaches offers increased benefits triggered by the mutually reinforcing effects of each. The introduction of new technologies and procedures has also effects on the personnel wherever it is integrated in value creation processes. Thus, adjustments in workflows and procedures do become necessary that entail trainings and other qualification measures for the workforce. In this context, it is up to management to ensure high acceptance and adoption rates and to counteract behavior such as technology refusal (Kant, ). The use of CPS poses new challenges to the risk management of organizations. This is true both for safety, as in CPS humans and machines tend to work together in a more integrated way, and for security, since due to the increase of system components, interfaces and network activities, more potential targets for cyberattacks exist (Humayed et al.,  ). Like any rollout, the introduction of CPS also means an investment of financial capital. Due to the multitude of factors to be taken into account, estimating the total benefit and calculating reliable figures for the return on investment presents, therefore a challenge, epically for SME (Issa et al.,  ).

Technical dimension

Human/social dimension

Advanced systems engineering:

Active interactions:

xEmbedded systems

xEstablished HMI

xSensors

xMobile devices (handhelds,

xActuators xDecentralized data processing

AR/VR glasses, etc.)

capacities (big data analytics)

xCommunication interfaces (Ethernet, IEEE 802.11, etc.)

xCommunication protocols

Selection, alignment and implementation:

xApplication fields xTechnological infrastructures

xHigh adoption rates

xOrganizational structures

Passive interactions:

xWorkflows

capacities (microcontroller)

xCentralized data processing

Organizational dimension

xManagerial processes

xMobile devices xWearables xUbiquitous computing xSmart environments

(IPv6, OPC UA, etc.)

Figure : Dimensions of CPS (adapted from Oks et al., a)

Re-evaluation:

xBusiness models xRisk management xCost-benefit calculations

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2.1.2



Levels and Domains of Cyber-Physical Systems

While the fundamentals and dimensions of CPS cover the inherent properties of this concept (cf. Section ..), the levels and domains deal with their application settings. Research on economic phenomena is commonly conducted by means of three levels of analysis—micro, meso and macro (Dopfer et al., ). This is also purposeful for technological concepts such as CPS that offer a broad application scope due to their specifics. Thus, CPS can be divided into these three levels that categorize their application in terms of system size and reach. At the micro level, CPS are applied in an individual or small group, personal context, usually limited to a local area. At the meso level, CPS applications are organization-wide and can have interregional system dimensions. At the macro level, CPS are designed transregional or global and deployed, often as volatile systems of systems (SoS) (Trunzer et al., ), in application scenarios that encompass entire national economies or are even more farreaching (Oks et al.,  a). Often, applications cannot be clearly and exclusively assigned to one level, but mostly, at least, emphases can be determined. In addition to the three levels, the application domains of CPS can be categorized into three main settings. These are governance and public infrastructure, personal life and the three economic sectors. Out of these three main settings and the abovementioned levels, a three-by-three matrix emerges into which CPS application domains 2 with their emphases and peripheries can be organized. In the setting of governance and public infrastructure, the first domain to be considered is smart governance (Bolívar & Meijer, ). It encompasses all digitalization activities and interactions of national and federal governments. At the macro level (emphasis), this includes the management of infrastructures, the coordination of government bodies, but also the areas of security and the military, as well as disaster prevention. At the micro and meso levels (peripheries), individuals and organizations can carry out administrative transactions and tax activities digitally. When CPS are used in energy supply, the term smart grid is used (Yu & Xue, ). As with other state-operated or controlled domains, the emphasis is also on the macro level. Here, CPS with their sensor and actuator networks, facilitate a shift to fact-based and demand-driven

2

The application domains of CPS as well as other concepts and technologies of the digital age are discussed under various categorization terms, which are largely used synonymously. Thereby, the term smart is predominantly used as a prefix. This research follows this appellation scheme.



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energy generation and management, especially in the context of renewable energies. Households and organizations (micro and meso level/peripheries) contribute to the smart grid with CPS in the form of smart meters and the ability to feed generated energy into the grid. In the urban application domain, the smart city (Cassandras, ), with an emphasis on the meso level, infrastructures, traffic, security, etc., are operated and managed with CPS support. In addition, there are interfaces to micro and macro level infrastructures. In the domain of smart mobility, the emphases are at the micro level, where CPS are used, among others, for autonomous driving, accident prevention and shared transport, and at the meso level with integrated and demandoriented transport, (parking) space management and charging infrastructure. In addition, there are interfaces to peripheral macro infrastructures, such as rail and highway networks (Deka et al., ). The domain of smart health is allocated to two main settings—on the one hand, to governance and public infrastructure when it comes to the health care system, and on the other hand, personal life when it comes to individual health maintenance. At the micro level (emphasis), CPS are applied as wearables or ambient assisted living infrastructures and support in chronic disease care as well as in emergencies. In the institutional context, at meso level (emphasis), typical applications are long-term monitoring, pattern recognition, occupancy management but also coordination in disaster situations (Chen et al., ). Peripherally, CPS-derived data can be used at the macro level in i.a., central health records, public medical insurance and pandemic management. The smart home domain is only allocated to the main setting of personal life and exists exclusively at micro level. Widespread use of CPS can be observed here in home automation and security while enabling greater resource efficiency (Do et al., ). In turn, the smart products application domain is associated with two main settings. These are personal life in the context of product use and the three economic sectors (raw materials, manufacturing, services) in the context of data provision from product in use, e.g., to the manufacturer. At the micro level (emphasis), smart products are CPS themselves with the same functionalities and properties and find especially utilization in SPSS. In contrast, the data generated and provided by smart products is commonly used by the manufacturer, at meso level (periphery), for pattern recognition and user behavior-based business model development (Oks et al.,  a).

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There, in the application domain of the smart factory, belonging exclusively to the main setting of the three economic sectors, manufacturers (meso level/emphasis) use CPS for digitalized industrial value creation on the shop floor. This includes process and plant automation and autonomization, data-driven planning, increased resource efficiency and decentralization (Lee,  ). Additionally, in the area of HCI, CPS are used as assistance systems. At the peripheral micro level, users receive updates and upgrades for their smart products. The concept of the digital twin increases transparency for users and enables manufacturers to draw conclusions about the mutual effects of production and product use. Closely interwoven with the smart factory is the application domain of smart logistics (Uckelmann, ), which, at the meso level in emphasis, comprises transport, supply and warehousing in the smart factory. At the macroeconomic level, smart logistics enable peripheral measures that allow prioritizations in terms of infrastructure usage, e.g., to minimize bottlenecks. Finally, the application domain smart agriculture has to be mentioned, which describes the use of CPS at meso level in farming enterprises for the purpose of automation and autonomy and in general a more sustainable cultivation (Et-taibi et al., ). Figure  gives a categorization of all previously mentioned application domains with their properties as well as emphases (solid lines) and peripheries (dashed lines) in the matrix provided by levels and main settings. The various application domains with particular use cases listed and described, which spread across the matrix of main settings and levels, emphasize the extensive spectrum of utilization capabilities of CPS. Likewise, it becomes evident that CPS can be interconnected not only among each other but also across domain boundaries to operate as SoS for predefined objectives (J. Lee et al.,  ). These distinctive capabilities enabling to be applied widely and cross-functionally with a high level of utility, indicate that CPS qualify as a general purpose technology (GPT) (Bresnahan, ). First introduced by Helpman and Trajtenberg in , the concept of GPT points out specific technologies “. . . characterized by the potential for pervasive use in a wide range of sectors and by their technological dynamism” (Bresnahan & Trajtenberg,  , p. ). To what extent this is true for CPS and how it relates to the fourth industrial revolution will be assessed in Section ..., while next, the focus is set on the term industrial CPS (cf. Section ..).



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Micro level

Meso level

Macro level

Governance and public infrastructure

Smart governance x Permits x Taxes

x Permits x Taxes

x x x x x

x Smart meter x Electricity feed-in (e.g., photovoltaics) x Intermediate storage (e.g., vehicle batteries)

x x x x

Smart meter Electricity management Electricity feed-in (e.g., photovoltaics) Intermediate storage (e.g., battery capacities)

x Demand-driven energy generation and supply x Fact-based and real-time network and supply management x Forecasts for renewable energies

x Citizen services

x x x x x

Infrastructure maintenance Governance Traffic management Capacity management Security

Infrastructure maintenance Administration Interaction of governmental bodies Disaster management Security and military

Smart grid

Smart city x Integration into higher-level infrastructure

Smart mobility x x x x

Autonomous driving Accident prevention Shared transport Per capita emission reduction

x x x x

Chronic disease care Healthcare wearables Ambient assisted living Automated emergency calls

x x x x

Home automation Networked electronics Security Resource efficiency

x x x x

Automation/autonomization Condition monitoring Digital twin Smart product-service systems

x x x x

Integrated mobility management Demand-oriented public transport Charging station infrastructure (Parking) space management

x Integration into higher-level infrastructure

Personal life

Smart health x x x x

Long-term monitoring Pattern recognition Occupancy management Disaster management

x Database for healthcare system and public medical insurers x Pandemic management

Smart home

Smart products x Pattern recognition x Business model development

Three economic sectors

Smart factory x Updates/upgrades x Digital twin

x x x x x

Automation/autonomization Data-driven production Resource efficiency Decentralization Assistance systems

Smart logitsics x Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) x Integrated supply chain x Automated storage and ordering processes x Just in time

Smart farming x Automation/autonomization x Increased operational process efficiency x More sustainable cultivation

System of systems (SoS) complxeity

Figure : Levels and domains of CPS

x Prioritization x Minimization of economic bottlenecks

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2.1.3



Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems

In the three domains of the smart factory, smart logistics and smart products (cf. Section ..), CPS—in these applications referred to as industrial CPS (Colombo et al.,  )—offer great potential for industrial value creation (Wang et al.,  ). The term is used inclusively and covers thus not only CPS used in manufacturing but also peripheral ones, such as smart products (Porter & Heppelmann, ), which are CPS themselves (Abramovici,  ), offering valuable data for manufacturing processes (Oks et al.,  a, b). Industrial CPS are, therefore, broader in scope than cyberphysical production system (CPPS), which are systems that are used explicitly in production processes (Monostori, ). The schematic functioning of industrial CPS, which is shown in Figure , can be described as follows: In the physical sphere, state data is collected throughout the production and product life cycle (Tao et al., ). This includes smart (raw) materials/components in the pre-production stage, CPPS in the production stage, and subsequently, smart products in the product in use stage. The recorded data is then used in the cyber sphere in two ways: First, in real-time for monitoring and control of statuses and processes. Threshold values and algorithms are used to detect (imminent) events to react in such a way that corresponding actuators are triggered in the physical sphere according to pre-defined system logics (Jiang et al., ). Second, the collected data is processed and aggregated in the form of a digital twin for production plants and (sub-)products in the long term (Biesinger et al., ). In addition, the vast, continuously growing data sets are analyzed using big data analytics (Marini & Bianchini, ). The insights gained in this way are then used to optimize the real-time methods of monitoring and control, thereby continuously enhancing the performance of the industrial CPS. Cyber sphere Digital twin and big data analytics

Data amount

Long term

Monitoring and control Real-time

Physical sphere Smart (raw) materials/Components

Pre-production stage

Cyber-physical production systems (CPPS) Production stage

Smart products

Product in use stage

Figure : Schematic functioning of industrial CPS (Oks, Jalowski, et al., )



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Thus, the emergence of industrial CPS accelerates the capabilities of value creation systems in a condition-based, context-aware, adaptive, (semi-)autonomous way that fosters innovative value creation procedures and business models which offer enhancements for both the production as well as for the subsequent product user (Vogel-Heuser et al.,  ). In addition, industrial CPS foster the design of data-driven services in manufacturing (Herterich et al.,  ) as well as the engineering of new service systems, bringing together tangible and intangible resources that enable new value propositions (Böhmann et al., ). 2.1.4

Visions and Agendas Regarding Cyber-Physical Systems

Based on the previously described determinations and principles of CPS with their dimensions and levels in different domain settings (cf. Sections .. and ..), representatives of academia and practice have elaborated visions that anticipate a future affected by CPS in many areas of life. Thereby, the emphasis is less on the current feasibility and its constraints due to limiting factors such as resource availability, funding, regulations, societal and individual acceptance, etc. but more on the comprehensive exploration of the solution space with all potentials, even if these appear exceedingly futuristic from today’s perspective (cf. Geisberger & Broy,  ). These include fully autonomous mobility incorporated in smart environments, continuous health monitoring and ambient assisted living and exclusively demandoriented energy production as well as a climate-neutral, individualizable and highly automated industrial value creation at the cost of mass production (acatech, ). In order to shape the path to these scenarios in a solution-oriented, consensual and coordinated manner, agendas were also developed that confront challenges and issues and propose time horizons and prioritize sequencing in roadmaps and other formats (cf. Schätz et al.,  ). Table  provides an overview of selected vision and agenda publications, their editing institutions and the main topics of each.

Determination of scientific challenges of CPS development; fostering innovation capability of SME; potentials for global value creation; formulation of theses for a national (German) roadmap embedded systems. Solving key challenges of society; improving human health and safety; reduction of carbon dioxide emissions; establishment of new market structures and disruptive business models; securing Germany’s world market leadership in engineering; demands on politics, academia, economy and society.

Agenda Cyber Physical Systems: Outlines of a Research Domain

Cyber-Physical Systems: Innovation durch softwareintensive eingebettete Systeme

Cyber-Physical Systems: Innovationsmotor für Mobilität, Gesundheit, Energie und Produktion

Agenda CPS: Integrierte Forschungsagenda CyberPhysical Systems

Living in a Networked World: Integrated Research Agenda Cyber-Physical Systems (AgendaCPS)

Smart Service Welt: Umsetzungsempfehlungen für das Zukunftsprojekt Internetbasierte Dienste für die Wirtschaft

Structured CPS market model

acatech (2010)

acatech (2010)

acatech (2011)

acatech (2012)

acatech (2015)

Arbeitskreis Smart Service Welt & acatech (2015)

CyPhERS (2014)

Presentation of a novel market model for CPS; development of domain-specific analyses; market shaping in different domains; integration of otherwise disparate domains.

Combining smart products and digital platforms; establishment of German and European companies in digital ecosystems; opportunities for startups and SME; employees as creative conductors of the smart factory; handling tension between privacy and IT security; smart financing and insurance concepts.

Foresight of change in economy and society; cross-domain collaborations for interactive value creation in economic ecosystems; transformation from embedded systems to CPS; development of a catalog of measures; interdisciplinary orientation of research, engineering and system design.

Main topics Demand-driven design of CPS; retaining Europe’s and especially Germany’s positions as market leaders in engineering; establishment of an integrated research agenda; definition of research fields to tackle challenges in CPS introduction.

Visions and agendas regarding CPS Title

Institution

Table : Visions and agendas regarding CPS and their main topics

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Collection of questions on scientific, technical, economic, legal and ethical levels regarding CPS; identifying strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities for Europe; incorporation of agendas compiled in neighboring fields and other countries. Engineering across the digital-physical divide; development of architectures and platforms for CPS; generation of transformative ideas; enablement of technology transition by education and workforce training. Juxtaposing the perspectives of industry, technology and service providers as well as of academia and the government on CPS in the U.S. Enhancing trans-Atlantic collaboration relevant to CPS; postulation of recommendations to the European Commission; identification of funding themes; agenda building for collaborative research into modeling and simulation of CPS. Identification of concrete technical potentials and challenges for automation by means of CPS; determination of theses and fields of action; requirements for the associations’ activities.

Research Agenda and Recommendations for Action

Foundations for Innovation in Cyber-Physical Systems: Workshop Report

Strategic Vision and Business Drivers for 21st Century Cyber-Physical Systems: Strengthening Opportunities for U.S. Leadership and Competitiveness

The future of trans-Atlantic collaboration in modelling and simulation of Cyber-Physical Systems: A Strategic Research Agenda for Collaboration

Cyber-Physical Systems: Chancen und Nutzen aus Sicht der Automation

CyPhERS (2015)

NIST (2013)

NIST (2013)

TAMS4CPS (2017)

VDI/VDE (2013)

Analysis of the scientific and technological, economic and societal pillars of CPS; identification of current trends; contrasting of opportunities and challenges.

Structuring of CPS Domain: Characteristics, trends, challenges and opportunities associated with CPS

CyPhERS (2014)

6 Foundations

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In sum, the visions assume enormous potential for individuals, organizations and economies through the utilization of CPS. This includes increasing life comfort, securing and increasing prosperity as well as addressing and solving the grand challenges of the 21st century. It applies to many domains, singularly and in networking, but especially to industrial value creation. This is in particular due to favorable preconditions, the availability of capital and the delimitable organizational boundaries at the meso level. Nevertheless, distinct challenges of implementation are also described, as new competencies have to be developed, business models have to be abstracted and a completely new understanding of value creation needs to be elaborated. Since most of the issuing institutions are at least partially state-funded, it is not unexpected that the visions and agendas often focus on specific countries or economic areas and aim to optimize the global market position of national economies and their companies. For this, they postulate coordinated approaches of all involved and affected institutions with government programs and funding (cf. HafnerZimmermann & Henshaw, 2017).

2.2

Envisioning Industry 4.0

Hereunder, the anticipated fourth industrial revolution is described (cf. Section ..), whereupon the value creation paradigms associated with this (cf. Section ..) and initiatives to enhance their emergence (cf. Section ..) are presented. 2.2.1

The Anticipated Fourth Industrial Revolution

Technological change largely proceeds in phases, which are the consequence of research achievements in fields of key technologies, successful funding initiatives or simply fortuitous circumstances (Kranzberg, ). In this context, the study of correlations between technological change and economic productivity dates back at least to the period of industrialization. In particular, the quantifiability of this relationship has been of great interest (Rosenberg,  ). It has therefore been known for a long time that technological change has the most eminent effect on growth (Abramovitz,  ). In contrast, research interest in the driving effects fostering technological change itself has substantially increased since the s. One



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of these activators has been identified as GPT (Helpman & Trajtenberg, ). According to Bresnahan and Trajtenberg ( , p. ), a GPT must meet the following three criteria: “. . . [P]ervasiveness, inherent potential for technical improvements and ‘innovational complementarities’ . . .” and thus foster the innovation of value creation processes (Jovanovic & Rousseau,  ). As a GPT evolves and advances, it spreads throughout the economy, enabling generalized productivity gains. However, before novel GPT unveil productivity gains, large-scale investments are often required. To realize the new potentials and opportunities in the form of extensive efficiency enhancements, infrastructures, processes and organizational structures need to be updated with regard to the GPT’s needs. E.g., locomotives were only able to revolutionize transport once the infrastructure of railway networks was built. As soon as GPT are embedded in suitable surroundings, the gains can be expected (Helpman & Trajtenberg, ). Due to the high investment volumes needed to be amortized, the sequence of new GPT mostly appears in cycles (Andergassen et al.,  ). An inventory of previous GPT has been compiled by Lipsey et al. (), from which the following technologies stand out due to the fact that they are strongly associated with the three previous industrial revolutions: The steam engine (Crafts, ), electrification (Goldfarb,  ) and ICT (Liao et al., ). These phenomena have occurred at irregular intervals since the late th century, transforming each time the processes and productivity of industrial value creation significantly. The first industrial revolution is referred to the time period around   when the steam engine and mechanical loom were introduced, which enabled the application of manufacturing machines detached from natural energy sources (Mohajan, ). The second industrial revolution was then a period of rapid industrial growth that occurred from the mid-th century to the early th century, characterized by the emergence of new technologies such as electricity and the assembly line as well as novel work execution processes such as the division of labor. These mass production techniques are strongly tied to the names of Henry Ford and Frederick Winslow Taylor (Yin et al., ). After that, the velocity of technological developments increased once more in the  s when the first programmable logic controller (PLC) was introduced. The application of electronics and IT resulted in the extensive automation of production procedures and is labeled as the third industrial revolution (Greenwood, ). Since the early s, the fourth industrial revolution

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has been increasingly proclaimed by representatives of various groups, who see in CPS a GPT with the potential to unleash a surge in productivity that is qualifying to induce an industrial revolution. The four stages of industrial revolutions are

Smart factory Future

First PLC, Modicon 084 1969

First production line, Cincinnati slaughterhouses 1870

First mechanical loom 1784

Complxeity

summarized in Figure .

4. industrial revolution based on CPS.

3. industrial revolution uses electronics and IT to achieve further automation of manufacturing.

2. industrial revolution follows introduction of electrically-powered mass production based on the division of labor.

1. industrial revolution follows introduction of water- and steam-powered mechanical manufacturing facilities.

End of 18th century

Start of 20th century

Start of 1970s

Start of 2010s

Time

Figure : The four stages of industrial revolutions (adapted from Kagermann et al., )

Even though the term representing the fourth industrial revolution—Industry .— is widely spread, critical voices remark that a revolution can only be determined in an ex-post perspective and not beforehand (Barthelmäs et al.,  ; Obermaier, ). Others rather classify it as an evolutionary process than a revolution (VDI/VDE, ). Spath et al. () justify the a priori announcement with the argument that in this way, awareness and new perspectives are created, inviting the society to shape the fourth industrial revolution, which is to be realized. In addition, the fourth industrial revolution is anticipated by various organizations that are driving its realization through a variety of measures. E.g., by the collaborative development and dissemination of RAMI . (VDI/VDE & ZVEI,  ) and the involvement of numerous noteworthy German technology associations (i.a., acatech, Bitkom, VDE, VDI, VDMA



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and ZVEI). Current meta-reviews on the subject of the progress of Industry . present an ambivalent constellation. While there are industries and companies that have reached an advanced stage of implementation, there are also sectors and organizations that have not yet undergone noteworthy developments (Vuksanović Herceg et al., ; Zhang et al., ). In any case, it can be acknowledged that German representatives from politics, associations and industry have achieved considerable success in establishing the term Industry .. Beyond the Germanspeaking countries, it has become synonymous with the digitalization of industrial value creation on the basis of CPS and other concepts and technologies. Meanwhile, an inflationary use of the terms . and smart must be noted (Mertens & Barbian, ). Sporadically, the term of a fifth industrial revolution, which is supposed to focus on humans in industrial processes, appears in the literature (cf. Zizic et al., ) but can be neglected at this point in time. In which exact forms Industry . is expected to revolutionize industrial value creation is examined in the following Section ... 2.2.2

Value Creation in Industry 4.0

Based on the functionality of industrial CPS (cf. Section ..) and its vast application potential as a GPT, existing value creation paradigms are being transformed and entirely new ones are emerging, which are expected to lead to an overall economic leap in productivity that qualifies for an industrial revolution (cf. Section ..). These are realized on an operational level through enhanced flexibility, shorter lead times, and increased time-to-market (Rudtsch et al., ). Additionally, malfunctions can be reduced and manufacturing quality rises due to the traceability and monitoring of smart products throughout the entire value chain enabling product optimization based on big data analytics (Erol et al., ; Lee et al., ). Specified use cases are, i.a., predictive MRO (Meesublak & Klinsukont, ), order and batch size planning (Huang et al., ), the integrated supply and value chain (Birkel & Müller, ), energy management (Ma et al., ), disaster prevention (Lei et al., ) and quality control (Colledani et al., ). In addition, resource consumption can be reduced by fewer defective products and by incorporating additive manufacturing (Ford & Despeisse, ). Consequently, efficiency gains and quality improvements grant cost reductions (Rudtsch et al., ).

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The transformations of industrial value creation described above can form the basis for new disruptive business models (Emmrich et al.,  ) and, thus, for an expansion of the value proposition by smart products and smart services (Porter & Heppelmann, ). In this context, a clear trend can be discerned toward fully integrated SPSS making use of the characteristics of CPS, digital twins, etc. (Li et al., ; Oks, Schymanietz, et al., ). In this way, new directions for user integration and potentials for interactive value creation occur. Industry . measures can additionally be utilized by decision-makers for market (re-)positionings of their enterprises based comparative competitive advantages via technology-push and market-pull strategies (Boyer & Kokosy, ). According to Merz and Siepmann () different approaches (pioneer, imitation, niche and cooperation) can be applied dependent on the organizations’ individual situation. Yet, established industrial companies may also face further new competitors entering the market, e.g., platform providers (Kiel et al.,  ). Moreover, due to reduced personnel requirements, the reshoring of production steps from low to high-wage countries is expected (Schönsleben et al.,  ). In terms of the ecological aspect, potentials are evident, comprising the reduction of the depletion of natural and fossil resources as well as the release of emissions (da Motta Reis et al., ). In summary, it becomes apparent that Industry . is changing industrial value creation more profoundly than existing paradigms, such as lean manufacturing or computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) (cf. Mertens, ). Although the precise quantification of financial benefits at the level of individual companies is difficult, prognoses predict vast additional value creation potential for national economies from the introduction of Industry .. As such, Bauer et al. () estimated a potential for growth worth € . billion for the German economy and Wischmann et al. ( ) even €. trillion for the global economy until  . Arbeitskreis Smart Service Welt and acatech ( ) assumed efficiency increases of six to eight percent annually based on Industry .. The following Section .. outlines how governments strive to foster the exploitation of these economic potentials by implementing initiatives.



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2.2.3

Initiatives Regarding Industry 4.0

Government institutions in numerous countries have recognized the promising Industry 4.0-based value creation propositions (cf. Section 2.2.2) and have therefore launched funding initiatives with the aim of stimulating the introduction of CPS and other technologies for digitalization in the industrial sector of their countries. Thus, over the last decade, all Group of 20 (G20) members, including all BRICS countries (cf. Table ) but also many others, albeit smaller nations with rather minor gross domestic product (GDP) have introduced public initiatives. Table : Initiatives regarding Industry . of the G and BRICS countries Initiatives regarding Industry 4.0 Country

Initiatives

Argentina*

Agenda Digital Argentina; Plan de Desarrollo Productivo Argentina 4.0

Australia*

Industry 4.0 Taskforce; Industry 4.0 Advanced Manufacturing Forum

Brazil*†

Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution Brazil (C4IR Brazil)

Canada*

Canada Digital Adoption Program (CDAP)

China*†

Made in China 2025

France*

La nouvelle France industrielle (NFI); Alliance Industrie du Futur

Germany*

Industrie 4.0

India*†

Make in India

Indonesia*

Making Indonesia 4.0

Italy*

Cluster Tecnologico Nazionale Fabbrica Intelligente

Japan*

Robot Revolution & Industrial IoT Initiative (RRI)

Mexico*

Nuevo León 4.0 (N.L4.0)

South Korea*

I-Korea 4.0; Korean New Deal—Digital New Deal

Russia*†

National Technological Initiative (NTI)

Saudi Arabia*

The National Industrial Development and Logistics Program (NIDLP); Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (C4IR KSA)

South Africa*†

Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution South Africa (C4IR South Africa)

Turkey*

Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution Turkey (C4IR Türkiye)

UK*

High Value Manufacturing Catapult

U.S.*

National Strategy for Advanced Manufacturing

EU*

Horizon 2020; Made in Europe Partnership; Factories of the Future; Industry through Resource and Energy Efficiency (SPIRE); ICT Innovation for Manufacturing SMEs (I4MS)

*G20, †BRICS

While most of the worldwide public initiatives pursue the general goal of fostering value creation following Industry 4.0 paradigms, they differ in governance and

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implementation structure as well as in funding volume. The initiatives of the following countries are therefore highlighted as examples: Germany, where Industry 4.0 originated, the U.S. as the world’s largest economy and China as the BRICS country with the highest GDP. The German initiative Industrie 4.0 aims to strengthen the position of its mechanical engineering sector as a global market leader and to become the lead provider of industrial CPS. Moreover, there is a focus on developing norms and standards for communication protocols as well as providing SME-specific guidelines for the implementation of innovative technologies (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), 2014b). To do so, the interdisciplinary platform Plattform

Industrie

4.0

was

established

to

spread

standards,

give

out

recommendations for action and offer a community for exchange and interaction among Industry 4.0 stakeholders (Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi), 2015). In addition to the funding initiative at the federal level, there are other regional cluster funding measures, e.g., it’s OWL in Ostwastfalen-Lippe or microTEC Südwest in Baden-Wurttemberg (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), 2014a). In the U.S., the Subcommittee on Advanced Manufacturing (SAM) within the Committee on Technology of the National Science and Technology Council pursues the initiative Advanced Manufacturing with the objectives to “(1) [d]evelop and implement advanced manufacturing technologies; (2) [g]row the advanced manufacturing workforce; and (3) [b]uild resilience into manufacturing supply chains” (Subcommittee on Advanced Manufacturing (SAM), 2022, p. 1). For this initiative, it deserves to be emphasized that in addition to ministerial and administrative institutions, which are assigned to the economy, the Department of Defense and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) are also engaged. This indicates that the U.S. government regards the economy as a strategic instrument for the representation of its national interests. With the Made in China 2025 program, China aims to modernize its manufacturing industry to leave behind its days as the workbench of the world. The main goal is greater overall innovation capabilities in combination with higher quality of manufactured products. In addition, the focus is on ecologically sensible economic progress and the training of domestic skilled workers. (Liu, 2016). Besides governmental initiatives, there is a multitude of initiatives and platforms run and funded by the private sector. To emphasize are, e.g., the U.S.-based



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Industrial Internet Consortium or the Industrial Value Chain Initiative from Japan (Manzei et al., 2017).

2.3

Engineering and Designing Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems to Advance Industry 4.0

The inherent properties of CPS and the complexity of the value creation structures of Industry . impose novel requirements on systems engineering. To encounter these, there is ASE, which adapts engineering to the digital age (cf. Section ..), as well as the DSR paradigm, which enables the scientific development of artifacts (cf. Section ..). Both are incorporated in this dissertation with the goal of advancing Industry .. 2.3.1

Advanced Systems Engineering

Besides the extensive potentials, distinct challenges impede the engineering of industrial CPS. In particular, a general increase in complexity occurs in several ways. First, the nature of systems changes with respect to their size and structure. Thus, the general number of system components usually increases both in technical and (inter-)organizational terms (Vogel-Heuser et al., ). In addition, formerly independent, largely self-sufficient systems are being linked ad hoc to form SoS. On the one hand, this gradually leads to a dilution of system boundaries and, on the other hand, to multilayered architectures as the diversity of systems successively increases (Madni & Sievers, ). Second, industrial organizations are changing structurally. Linear value creation processes and chains often become holistic value creation networks,

which

mostly

occur

in

volatile

or

also

long-term

strategic

interorganizational alliances. Furthermore, organizational units and departments are also increasingly involved in or affected by production-relevant processes compared with the previous situation (J. Lee et al.,  ). Thirdly, complexity is also increasing due to changes affecting the personnel involved in value creation processes. Simultaneously, with the involvement of more organizational units and departments, industrial value creation involves more stakeholder groups (Oks et al.,  b). Fourthly and finally, the time factor also contributes to the general increase in complexity in the context of Industry .. Product development and life cycles are

Foundations



shortening and the control and monitoring of production processes are becoming even more real-time relevant (Schuh et al., ). According to the cyclical model of technological change by Anderson and Tushman (), technological discontinuities—in this case, the diffusion of the new GPT CPS— lead to changes in dominant designs and subsequently new engineering requirements. For these reasons, there is an imperative need for profound design knowledge, including methods, reference architectures, taxonomies, standards, etc., that enable effective and efficient engineering of industrial CPS (Harrison et al., ). Thus, existing expertise and corresponding measures of systems engineering need to be adapted to the requirements of the digital transformation. ASE addresses this need (Broy et al., ). Dumitrescu et al. () break the ASE concept into three fields of action: Advanced systems as the drivers of market performance of tomorrow, systems engineering as the toolbox to manage complexity and advanced engineering as an approach to rethink engineering. This allows for an open design framework to merge individual approaches, methods, techniques, etc., relevant to the engineering of industrial CPS. Thus, there is a hub for stakeholder-centered system development (Iivari & Iivari, ), service systems engineering (Böhmann et al., ), interorganizational smart service systems engineering (Anke et al., ) and further, all contributing to the body of knowledge of industrial CPS engineering. However, when evaluating the listed approaches and the literature review on CPS design by Lozano and Vijayan (), it is striking that these are exclusively on a conceptual level and that concrete engineering methods and tools are lacking so far. Addressing this issue, this dissertation intends to contribute to ASE in the form of concrete methods and tools that facilitate the engineering of CPS. These are to be developed as artifacts utilizing the DSR paradigm, which will be introduced in the next Section ... 2.3.2

Design Science Research

The DSR paradigm is grounded in the conjunction of the research disciplines of engineering and computer science on the subject of designing IT-incorporating artifacts. Within these disciplines, design and engineering, i.e., the act of creating explicitly applicable solutions, is a widely accepted and applied research paradigm which, though, was not the case within the IS community for a long time (Hevner et al., ). However, IS, as a science that bridges the gap between different disciplines



Foundations

of research in digital and physical domains is particularly well suited to linking their knowledge bases and activities (Legner et al.,  ). A comprehensive literature review on DSR in IS is provided by Deng and Shaobo (). While natural and social sciences seek to comprehend phenomena of the natural world and human behavior (Simon, ), DSR aims to create and evaluate innovative artifacts or designs that address complex real-world problems. The advantages are therefore not exclusively in the knowledge gained per se but in the practical applicability of the research results, the so-called artifacts (Winter, ). These can be constructs, models, methods or instantiations, etc. Hevner et al. () describe the artifact development process in three inherent research cycles: the design cycle at the center of DSR, where the artifacts are designed and evaluated, the relevance cycle as the link to the environment, and the rigor cycle as the link to the knowledge base. Within these cycles, relevance is the degree to which the artifact is applicable and useful in the problem domain. The relevance of the artifact is determined by the people, organizational and technical systems as well as the problems and opportunities within the application domain of the environment. It is determined by requirement checks and field testing. By contrast, rigor is the level of precision and accuracy that is applied to the design process. It is essential to ensure that the design process is effective and that the evaluation is valid and reliable. This is achieved by drawing from the existing knowledge base. The knowledge base is the set of established scientific theories and methods, expertise and meta-artifacts that provide a sound grounding for all DSR activities. It is used to guide the design process and to evaluate the effectiveness of the artifact (Hevner,  ). In this context, the underlying objective is not only to develop problem-solving artifacts, but also to expand the knowledge base by means of the insights gained during the DSR process (Drechsler & Hevner, ). In this context, Baskerville et al. () provide recommendations on how to achieve a balance between the development of the artifact and the yielding of contributions to theory. A framework in which forms theoretical contributions can be provided by DSR is given by Kuechler and Vaishnavi (). For structuring and sequencing the DSR process with its activities, the literature provides different approaches. In this dissertation, the DSRM, according to Peffers et al. ( ), is applied. In this method, the artifact design is conducted in  successive,

Foundations



partially iterative steps. Their exact contents are described in Table . In order to implement these steps with a high degree of detail, they are carried out in the DSR projects of this dissertation (cf. Sections ., ., . and .) in the segmentation and sequence as shown in Figure . The corresponding DSRM codes of this work are listed in Appendix B. In contrast to non-scientific engineering approaches, DSR focuses on relevance and rigor as well as the evaluation and communication of the artifacts and their creation. Here, evaluation is the process of assessing the effectiveness, usability, and usefulness of the artifact. The evaluation process is used to determine if the artifact solves the problem, meets the requirements, and is suitable for its application domain. In this dissertation, the evaluation frameworks from Venable et al. (; ) are applied. With regard to positioning and presenting within the communication campaign, Gregor and Hevner () provide guidance for this work.

Problem

Objective

Requirement

Knowledge base

Feature

Demonstration scenario

Figure : Segmentation and sequence of activities within the DSRM (adapted from Peffers et al., )

Motivation

Potential

Cause

Evaluation strategy

Communication campaign

6. Communication

6. Communication

5. Evaluation

The communication campaign involves the dissemination of the benefits and limitations of the artifact and providing recommendations for further development. Created knowledge should be added to the overall knowledge base.

5. Evaluation

4. Demonstration

The evaluation strategy involves assessing the functionalities with regard to the effectiveness, usability and usefulness of the artifact. It can be carried out ex-ante or ex-post in naturalistic or artificial surroundings (Venable et al., 2012) following several strategies (Venable et al., 2016). Depending on the results, iterative design and evaluation cycles follow.

3. Design and development

The demonstration stage involves presenting the artifact to its stakeholders and users to gather feedback and to determine if the artifact suits the problem domain.

4. Demonstration

2. Objectives for solution

Selecting a proper knowledge base and designing the artifact in the form of a construct, model, method or instantiation (Hevner et al., 2004) or new objects of technical, social and/or informational resources (Järvinen, 2007). This stage involves collaboration and iteration between designers, stakeholders and users.

3. Design and development

1. Problem and motivation

The objectives of the solution are derived from the problem and then translated into requirements. The objectives and requirements can be functional or non-functional. Functional ones relate to the concrete configuration and behavior of the artifact. Non-functional ones determine the solution space for the artifact at the meta-level.

2. Define the objectives for a solution

Description

Identifying the problem and its domain. This involves analyzing the cause of the problem and the evaluation of the potentials to be unleashed by solving, which leads to the motivation for the following DSRM activities.

1. Problem identification and motivation

Activity

Table : Activities within the DSRM by Peffers et al. ()

8 Foundations

3 Study I: Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems in a Systemic Perspective

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature 2024 S. J. Oks, Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems, Markt- und Unternehmensentwicklung Markets and Organisations, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-44417-4_3



Study I

Within Chapter , the first study 3 of this dissertation, which directs a systemic perspective on industrial CPS, is conducted. It is divided into two parts: In the first explorative research part, the extant knowledge on CPS with relevance for Industry . is compiled by means of a systematic literature review and transferred into a state of research and a categorization (cf. Section .). In the second DSR part, these findings are transferred into the Industry . Compendium artifact by applying the DSRM (cf. Section .).

3.1

Exploring Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems

As determined in Section .., CPS can be utilized both in industry and many other application domains and thus qualify as a GPT (Bresnahan, ). In addition, being a concept that is associated with vast potentials, CPS attract research interest from a variety of scientific disciplines and are utilized by numerous communities of practitioners. CPS are therefore constantly being assessed from different perspectives, including the technological (hardware, software, architectures, IS, etc.), the socio-technical (HCI, work design, etc.), the organizational (value creation, costbenefit considerations, business models, etc.) and others (Geisberger & Broy,  ). As a result, an extensive knowledge base on the subject of CPS and their application in the industrial domain has already been established. However, this knowledge base is very diverse and wide-ranging and, therefore, complex and difficult to determine. In order to gain a scientifically sound and comprehensive understanding of CPS and to utilize the existing knowledge for the objectives of this research, this systematic literature is undertaken. 3.1.1

Objectives and Structure

The explorative research part of this study addresses in the context of the systematic literature review sub-research question I:: What are the specifications of CPS relevant for Industry . and how can they be categorized? In answering the research question, the two objectives of Study I are pursued: First, to (OB Ia) describe and analyze the

3

Study I builds upon and extends the journal article Oks, S. J., Jalowski, M., Lechner, M., Mirschberger, S., Merklein, M., Vogel-Heuser, B., & Möslein, K. M. (). Cyber-physical systems in the context of Industry .: A review, categorization and outlook. Information Systems Frontiers. Advance online publication, –. https://doi.org/. /s -- -x.

Study I



state of research on CPS, and second, to (OB Ib) develop and graphically present a categorization of CPS related and relevant topics in the context of Industry .. This includes all subjects, technologies, concepts and procedures that are related or relevant to industrial value creation. Concerning the first objective (OB Ia), the state of research is not thematically restricted to allow the derivation of analogies from other disciplines. This takes into account that CPS are studied and elaborated by a large number of disciplines, particularly in the area of basic research, of which the resulting knowledge cannot be strictly divided according to application domains. An exclusive focus on the area of manufacturing would therefore leave out relevant knowledge. Upon the second objective (OB Ib), the categorization is exclusively focused on CPS-related and relevant topics in the context of Industry .. This focus is feasible since, for this objective, it is no longer a matter of knowledge collection but of the subsequent step of arranging it in a structured, hierarchical and comprehensive manner. The system of a categorization is therefore suitable, as it allows to present a vast number of topics in a well-arranged form while also showing their interrelationships. The explorative research part of Study I is structured as follows: The theoretical background on general systems theory is presented in Section ... The next Section .. outlines the methodological approach for the literature review and the subsequent analysis and development steps. The resulting findings in the form of a state of research and categorization are presented in particular in graphical form in Section ... With Section .. the explorative research part of the study closes with a discussion including theoretical contributions and inputs for the knowledge base for subsequent activities of this research. 3.1.2

Theoretical Background: General Systems Theory

The general systems theory was introduced by Ludwig von Bertalanffy in  , laying out the foundational leitmotif of this school of thought. There, he aimed to address the analytics of phenomena by breaking them down into isolated parts for analysis without considering the problem in its entirety. His assumptions were based on the observation that “similar fundamental conceptions appear in all branches of science, irrespective of whether inanimate things, living organisms, or social phenomena are the objects of study” (von Bertalanffy,  , pp.  –). Because of this



Study I

parallelism, which can be found in diverse disciplines without common points of contact, the existence of “general system laws which apply to any system of a certain type” (von Bertalanffy,  , p. ) was derived. Initially, this theory was mainly formed as a logico-mathematical discipline that explored system characteristics, typologies and behaviors on an abstracted level. Boulding ( ) saw in the general systems theory a “skeleton of science”, which opened two approaches for practical research work: The first approach involves selecting a topic or phenomenon within an empirical field of study and building general theoretical models that apply to that specific topic. The second approach involves organizing an empirical field into a hierarchy of complexity based on the behavior of its constituent parts and then developing an appropriate level of abstraction (Smith & Weistroffer, ). The developmental path of the theory over the first two decades was traced by von Bertalanffy ( ) and links to the system definition used in this paper: “A system is a set of interacting units or elements that form an integrated whole intended to perform some function” (Skyttner, , p.  ). “The whole is not just the sum of the parts; the system itself can be explained only as a totality” (Kast & Rosenzweig,  , p.  ). An up-to-date summary and comparison of the key contributions of systems theory are provided by Baecker (). In the research disciplines relevant to this dissertation, IS (Lerner,  ), organization and management (Kast & Rosenzweig,  ) and manufacturing (Chryssolouris & Chrysolurēs, ), general systems theory has been adopted and established for a long time. In IS research, two specific strands of theory can be identified in the context of general systems theory (Smith & Weistroffer, )—soft systems methodology and work system theory. The soft systems methodology was developed as a problem-solving approach that views problems as systems that can be modeled and solved. A specific focus is set on the human role in systems by this approach (Checkland, ). The work system theory by Alter () provides a framework, method and snapshot that facilitate, on the one hand, analytics on a static existing or planned system in operation and, on the other hand adaptions to a dynamic system that evolves due to intended or unplanned effects. General systems theory has already been applied in the context of digital transformation. E.g., smart service systems were based on this theory (Barile & Polese, ). Especially due to the ability to reduce complexity by decomposing an entire

Study I



system into sub-components, general systems theory offers valuable aspects for the analysis and design of Industry . systems such as CPS. Accordingly, there are transfer approaches through which the cyber-physical systems theory has emerged from this school of thought (Allgöwer et al., ). Thus, “. . . a category-theoretic framework [was formed] to make different types of composition explicit in the modeling and analysis of [CPS], which could assist in verifying the system as a whole” (Bakirtzis et al., , p. ). 3.1.3

Research Design: Systematic Literature Review

Before the execution of the systematic literature review is conducted in Section ..., a screening of related work is performed in Section ...., in order to differentiate the review from existing work. 3.1.3.1

Screening of Related Work

As to be expected for a GPT with broad potentials assigned, the literature base on CPS is already exceedingly comprehensive. Literature that is relevant for this research as related work in the form of reviews or systematizations on the topic of CPS can be divided into general, topic-specific and industry-oriented perspectives: As part of the general examination, Chen ( b) reviewed and analyzed the theoretical foundations of CPS. In another general review on CPS, Liu et al. ( ) highlighted the system integration, architectures and challenges associated with CPS. Using a less theoretical orientation, Hehenberger et al. () introduced methods and applications for the design, modeling, simulation and integration of CPS. Adjacent to these topics, there is a systematic review on interoperability and integration in the context of CPS by Gürdür and Asplund (). Besides the contributions mentioned above, which approach the subject of CPS from a broad viewpoint, there are also reviews, such as that by Muccini et al. (), on system self-adaptation, which examine CPS in general but exclusively with respect to one characteristic. In addition to reviews, there are also structuring works on CPS, such as that by Asare et al. (), who designed a CPS Concept Map with  items (e.g., applications, requirements, etc.) and their relations based on taxonomy developed during the  National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) CPS Workshop.



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Topic-specific research focuses on dedicated applications, technologies or domains pertaining to CPS. A general overview of possible applications is given in a review by Chen ( a). In this study, ten application areas are described and analyzed. The survey on CPS security by Humayed et al. ( ) is an example of reviews focusing exclusively on one application field. Other reviews, like those on blockchain-enabled CPS (Zhao et al., ) or CPS clouds (Chaâri et al., ), concentrate on technologies and their integrated operation with CPS. There are also dedicated reviews on CPS utilization in specific domains, such as the one by Haque et al. () on healthcare. There is also a wide range of preliminary work in the Industry . domain. E.g., Dafflon et al. () dealt with the general challenges, approaches and used techniques of CPS for manufacturing in their literature review. The relevance of CPS to complementary concepts and technologies, such as IoT, big data, and cloud computing, in the context of digitalized industrial value creation has been analyzed (Kim,  ). The question of interoperability standards to enable interconnectivity between these technologies and the devices employing them was addressed in the review of Burns et al. (). Furthermore, a systematic mapping study of architectures, technologies, and challenges for CPS in Industry . was conducted by Hofer (). Further articles focusing on CPS architectures for manufacturing were contributed by J. Lee et al. ( ) and Pivoto et al. (), whose reviews drew specific attention to applications involving the industrial Internet of things (IIoT). Other reviews investigated the characteristics of CPS in the context of smart factories (Napoleone et al., ) and smart manufacturing (Thoben et al.,  ). The topic of smart manufacturing, in particular the control of its processes, was also examined in a literature review by Rojas and Rauch (). The design process of CPS for manufacturing was analyzed in the course of a literature review by Lozano and Vijayan (); Hermann et al. () contributed design principles for Industry . scenarios. A general state of the art on the topic of Industry . with an additional outlook on future trends was provided by Xu et al. (). In addition to the analytical studies and reviews cited above, there is also research on industrial CPS that presents concepts that structure thematic areas in different forms. Against this backdrop, Monostori et al. () offered  keywords, roots, expectations toward research, case studies and research and development (R&D) challenges regarding the implementation of CPS in manufacturing. In addition, a taxonomy consisting of  items for techniques for approaching big data-related issues in CPS by Xu and Duan (),

Study I



a classification of CPPS applications provided by Cardin () and a concept map of CPPS research topics by Wu et al. () should be mentioned in this regard. Along with that, Berger et al. () provided a terminology, taxonomy and reference model for entities in CPPS from a self-organizing systems perspective. Concluding, there was a trend map for CPS research and education in  introduced by Gürdür Broo et al. (), that provides  possible influencing factors in categories regarding this topic. Although the work outlined above is very extensive and contributions came from a wide variety of disciplines, there is yet no comprehensive approach to the topic of CPS in the form of a state of research nor a categorization of CPS-related and relevant topics in the context of Industry . that are presented coherently in a suitable form as strived by this study. 3.1.3.2

Conducting the Literature Review

In order to meet the two research objectives of this study, the following research design was chosen: A comprehensive systematic literature review for data collection was conducted. The resulting data set was analyzed, transferred into a state of knowledge on CPS research and a categorization of CPS-related and relevant topics in the context of Industry .. Following the suggestions of vom Brocke et al. ( ) for conducting literature searches in IS research, the search scope was defined as follows. A sequential process was chosen, following the recommendations of Tranfield et al. (), which is described in more detail in subsequent paragraphs. Indexing services and databases were chosen as sources (cf. Figure ). As both the state of knowledge on CPS and the categorization of CPS-related and relevant topics in the context of Industry . are intended to provide a comprehensive, general and holistic overview of the subject area, the coverage of the literature search, therefore, is comprehensive as well, in order to include as many relevant publications as possible (cf. vom Brocke et al.,  ). In terms of technique, a keyword search is primarily applied; the exact procedure is described below. A systematic literature review was chosen for data collection and analysis because of its transparent, exhaustive and heuristic qualities. In a systematic literature review, research contributions on a specific topic are localized, assessed and interpreted. It



Study I

differs from a traditional narrative review because of its methodological strategy and the detailed description of each process step. Furthermore, it aims to minimize bias and increase the reproducibility and transparency of the researcher’s approaches, decisions and conclusions (Tranfield et al., ). The concrete procedure follows the recommendations of Denyer and Tranfield () and Tranfield et al. (); it consists of five steps with sub-steps. All of these were performed manually with one exception where the Citavi  function to detect and sort out duplicates was used. Table explains the five main steps of the systematic literature review. Table : Steps of the systematic literature review (Oks, Jalowski, et al., ) Review step

Description

1

Formulation of research objectives

2

Search x Development of search strategy (selection of databases, definition of search terms and options) x Conducting the search by applying search strategy

3

Screening, selection and assessment of search results x Definition of selection (inclusion and exclusion) and quality criteria x Selection of search results based on selection criteria x Merging of selections of all databases and removal of duplicates x Assessment of quality based on quality criteria and removal in cases of insufficient quality

4

Analysis and synthesis x Creation of data extraction forms x Data analysis x Data synthesis

5

Presentation and interpretation of findings x Presentation of findings x Conclusion

In the first step (), the two research objectives were defined according to the motivation for this research: The first objective is to (OB Ia) describe and analyze the state of research on CPS, and the second, to (OB Ib) develop and graphically present a categorization of CPS related and relevant topics in the context of Industry .. The second step () was to identify the relevant literature needed to achieve the defined research objectives, which included screening, selecting and assessing the search results. For the search, the online databases and library services EBSCO, Emerald Insight, Google Scholar, SAGE Journals, Science Direct and Springer Link were selected to cover all relevant subject areas. The advanced search function was

Study I



used in all databases for more comprehensive search options. The keywords were based on the term cyber-physical systems, considering different spellings in the existing literature. Both synonyms and plural forms were used to ensure an exhaustive search as well as comprehensive and valid results. The complete list of search terms is available in Appendix C. The keywords and their synonyms were combined to search strings by using Boolean operators. The keyword “Industry .” was intentionally omitted despite the thematic focus of the categorization within this context. This approach ensures that CPS sources relevant to the Industry . domain that do not explicitly contain the term Industry . in their title, keywords or abstract are also collected and considered. E.g., this becomes evident with terms such as smart factory, smart manufacturing, etc., since these tend to be used synonymously for Industry . and also for each other. Moreover, there are many papers on niche topics that only address a technical problem, phenomenon, etc., but are relevant to CPS in general, regardless of the respective application domain. In the third step (), the search results were screened and selected based on definite inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were the containment of keywords or synonyms and relatedness to the topic. Exclusion criteria included publication languages different from English or German, inadequacy of outlet4, or the use of CPS as an abbreviation with a different meaning. Using the described concepts as search terms, the search returned  publications. The procedure was as follows: The first reduction was realized in the databases EBSCO, Google Scholar and Springer Link, where the selection of the option Source type is different from Academic Journal and Title does not contain at least one of the keywords or their synonyms initially reduced the number of papers to be considered. Thereupon, it was decided for each source based on title, keywords and abstract about the consideration based on the stated exclusion criteria. After removing duplicates with the software Citavi  and merging the results from all databases,   publications remained. In a final reduction by applying quality criteria5, the number of publications decreased to  . No exclusions were applied with regard to subject-specific selections and rankings of

4

Publication type outside of a journal article, monograph, contribution to an edited book, contribution to conference or workshop proceedings, dissertation or university report. 5 Publications that are a description, preface or foreword of a workshop or conference, none of the keywords or their synonyms existing in the abstract, keywords or full text of the publication, or the main topic of the publication not being in the context of CPS.



Study I

the research outlets since all themes, as well as new, less established research domains, had to be considered to achieve a comprehensive overview. In contrast to other systematic literature reviews, a larger number of publications was explicitly considered for analysis because of the topic of CPS itself. First, CPS emerge from the combination of several hardware and software components, rely on complex architectures and multilayered communication standards and involve miscellaneous stakeholders (Khaitan & McCalley, ). Second, the domain of industrial value creation, with its core of production, is interlinked with many other domains, such as logistics and energy supply, which hold many application scenarios for CPS (Oks et al.,  a). Third and last, since the research field of CPS is highly topical, findings in specific niches can have a universal validity that is relevant to other research disciplines as well. In step four (), the selected contributions were analyzed to extract and synthesize the relevant data, however, in different procedures for the two objectives. For OB Ia, first, a data extraction form, which had been adapted to the requirements of the research objective, was applied to outline the present state of the research on CPS. The data extraction form, which is displayed below (cf. Table ), includes both standard information, such as publication type, name of journal, authors, etc., as well as a set of specific parameters, such as dimensions and application domains. In the next step, the sources were analyzed according to the data extraction form. Concluding, the analysis results were processed quantitatively by summation and proportion calculation. Table : Extracted data (Oks, Jalowski, et al., ) x x x x x x x x x

Publication type Name of journal (only for journal articles) Publication language Publication year Author(s) Research institution(s) Research discipline Dimension (technical, human/social and organizational) Application domain

Due to the large variety, for OB Ib, it was decided to create a categorization as opposed to a classification. According to Jacob‘s () definition, relevant topics, technologies, concepts and procedures cannot always be strictly delimited or

Study I



assigned, and overlapping areas may exist; a classification would require stricter delimitation, hierarchies and representations. Given the heterogeneity within the field of CPS in Industry ., this did not appear to be expedient. A taxonomy was equally unsuitable for these reasons (Nickerson et al., ). Ontologies, as a comparable approach, focus more on relationships between different phenomena or constructs (Wand & Weber, ), however, the categorization does not aim to represent encompassing relationships between different items. To compose the categorization, the titles, abstracts and keywords of the contributions were analyzed for terms of interest regarding CPS in the context of Industry .. These included topics, technologies, concepts and procedures. Methodically this was conducted by the performance of a structured qualitative content analysis. For this purpose, an inductive code creation approach, following Mayring ( ), was applied. The titles, abstracts and keywords of all  papers were included in the analysis; relevant passages or words were marked in Citavi . A total of  codes were created, often by matching words exactly, but also by marking sentences or paragraphs to include content or context. For the development of the categorization,  categories were derived from the  codes based on their respective properties. The reduction results from the clustering of similar codes or the omission of codes that were irrelevant or incompatible with the classification system. The  categories were arranged into a hierarchy with sub-categories consisting of  fields,  areas and  sections using Citavi . Each field is a specific technology, concept or procedure. An area is superordinate to this and can be separated, e.g., by architecture, value creation process or organizational structure. Sections are overarching subjects into which the areas and fields are classified. The utilization of software or AI applications was not an option for the development of the categorization either, since it was not a deductive procedure in which all category titles would already have been known, but an inductive one in which the categories first had to be developed from the literature. In the fifth and final step ( ) of the research process, the presentation of the findings was performed. For OB Ia, the summed and proportional findings were then converted into bar graphs showing them in proportional, numerical form. For OB Ib, the resulting categorization was transferred to a graphical representation for a clearer overview and a more descriptive presentation. The detailed process of the review steps is outlined in Figure .



Study I

Process steps and results

Review step

1

Objectives

(OB Ia) State of research on CPS

(OB Ib) Categorization of CPS related and relevant topics in the context of Industry 4.0

Selection of an appropriate research method to compile the required database: Comprehensive, broad and large scale systematic literature review Databases

EBSCO

Emerald Insight

Google Scholar

SAGE Journals

Science Direct

Springer Link

4005

1106

4846

742

1306

7890

225

9

1651

55

303

534

2 Application of search strategy Search results Application of inclusion and exclusion criteria Selections

Merging of selections and removal of duplicates from different databases 3 Remaining selection

2507

Application of quality criteria and removal of duplicates due to different publication types Final selection

2365

Analysis of data

(OB Ia) State of research on CPS

(OB Ib) Categorization of CPS related and relevant topics in the context of Industry 4.0

Interim results I

Allocation of publications to 9 parameters according to data extration form

288 categories derived from 313 codes within a qualitative content analysis

Summation and proportions of publications within the parameters

Hirarchical category system consisting of 246 fields, 32 areas and 10 sections

State of research in form of 4 bar graphs, description and discussion

Categorization in form of 10 figures, description and discussion

4 Synthesis of data

Interim results II

Design of graphical representations 5 Final results

Figure : Process of the systematic literature review (Oks, Jalowski, et al., )

Study I

3.1.4



Findings

In the following, the results of the systematic literature review and analysis are presented: First, in Section ..., a state of research on CPS is provided, which is determined based on the characteristics of the analyzed publications. Second, in Section ..., a categorization of CPS-related and relevant topics in the context of Industry . is provided. 3.1.4.1

State of Research on Cyber-Physical Systems

In terms of the distribution of the publications according to different scientific disciplines, three are the most prominent. These are computer science ( ), computer engineering () and engineering ( ). Business studies (), mathematics and physics () and medicine ( ) also deal with the subject matter, though there are significantly lower numbers of publications in these disciplines. 856 36%

808 34%

Computer science Computer engineering Engineering Business Mathematics and physics Medicine

625 26% 36 2%

26 1%

14 1%

N=2365

Figure : Distribution of publications by discipline (Oks, Jalowski, et al., )

Concerning the distribution of publications according to the disciplines specified in Figure , Figure  shows that, in terms of the dimension of CPS introduced by Oks et al. ( a), the technical is notably the largest, with  contributions. Given the  publications in the organizational and  in the socio-technical disciplines, it is evident that the topic of CPS has so far been examined primarily from technical and systems design perspectives, while organizational application and systems integration of humans has been of minor interest to date.



Study I

2030 ≈86%

130 ≈5%

Technical Organizational Human/social No specific dimension

161 ≈7%

44 ≈2% N=2365

Figure : Distribution of publications by CPS dimension (Oks, Jalowski, et al., )

When considering the distribution of publications that can be allocated to a specific application domain (an explicit application is described in relation to singularly one domain), as displayed in Figure 11, a greater variety becomes apparent. The four domains that account for more than 10% of all domain-specific publications (593) are smart mobility (135), smart factory (109), smart grid (104) and smart healthcare (73). With a cumulative total of 313 contributions focusing on smart factories, smart grids, smart logistics, robotics, safety and hazard defense, maintenance, smart products and coal, oil and gas industry, more than half of domain-specific contributions are relevant to industrial utilization.

135 23%

109 18%

Smart mobility Smart factory Smart grid Smart healthcare Smart city Smart logistics Robotics Safety and hazard defense

104 17% Smart farming Maintenance Construction Smart products Coal, oil and gas industry Advertisement Finance

73 12% 21 4%

44 7% 11 2%

27 25 5% 4% 10 2%

6 2%

4 1%

3 1%

n=593

Figure : Distribution of publications by domain (Oks, Jalowski, et al., )

A precise examination of the 109 contributions of the application domain manufacturing shows the various utilization potentials of CPS in this context; specific topics and the distribution of the related literature are illustrated in Figure 12.

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27 25%

23 21%

General manufacturing Production management Smart manufacturing Worker integration Process methods Cloud manufacturing

19 17% Manufacturing security Social manufacturing Advanced manufacturing Industrial robots Industrial service

17 16%

6 5 5% 4% 3 3%

2 2%

n=109

Figure : Distribution of publications in the domain of smart factory (Oks, Jalowski, et al., )

3.1.4.2

Categorization of CyberǦPhysical Systems Related and Relevant Topics in the Context of Industry 4.0

The categorization arranges the CPS-related and relevant topics in the context of Industry 4.0 in a structured way. To this end, the findings from the literature are categorized into 10 sections. These include the characteristics and the overall context of industrial CPS as well as the potentials/opportunities and challenges/issues associated with their application. The requirements of industrial CPS, concepts and technologies by which they are accompanied and their functionality as socio-technical systems are presented. Besides, the architecture of industrial CPS is outlined, and its influence on industrial value creation is characterized. Finally, the potentials of industrial CPS with respect to trans-organizational integration and alliance formation are addressed. To enhance the readability of this chapter, the categories are marked in italics. Exemplary underlying literature can be found in the Appendix D. The table is sorted chronologically by occurrence of the categories in the text and contains sample citations of existing research on the respective topics. The fundamental characteristics of CPS apply to the industrial application in the same way that they do to other domains and are divided into general and selfcharacteristics, as presented in Figure 13. General characteristics include connectivity and modularity; they highlight the comprehensive adaptability of industrial CPS, which can be designed to respond to varying situations and tasks by means of universal interfaces and modular construction. Real-time capability and traceability ensure that system adaptations can be both performed ad hoc and verifiable in this context. The high degree of autonomy of CPS is reflected in the self-characteristics, which describe



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the abilities of CPS to react autonomously to internal and external influences and control the system state by at least maintaining the system, if not optimizing it by anticipation without external intervention. CPS, therefore, have a high degree of resilience.

Characteristics of Modular Connective

Real-time-capable Traceable

Self-manageable

-descriptive

-organizable

-comparable

-optimizable

-aware

-maintainable -predictive

-adjustable -adaptive

Industrial cyber-physical systems

-(re)configurative

Figure : Characteristics of industrial CPS (Oks, Jalowski, et al., )

The overall context in which the systems are situated is what characterizes them, specifically as industrial CPS. In the literature, this is widely referred to as Industry 4.0, as shown in Figure 14. Originating from the German governmental funding initiative, Industry 4.0 has become a catchphrase for digitalized and interconnected industrial value creation. The firm anchorage of industrial CPS in this context highlights the innovation potential inherent in and relevance of this concept. Industry 4.0

Figure : Overall context of industrial CPS (Oks, Jalowski, et al., )

The reason for this is apparent due to the potentials/opportunities that industrial CPS offer for operativePO-2 value creation processes. These can be achieved by optimizingPO-2.1 existing procedures, materials, etc., or by innovationsPO-2.2 in these categories. From an organizational perspective, they cover both production engineering and management aspects while also providing benefits for the users of products and services. In general, processes can be further automatedPO-2.3 and autonomizedPO-2.4, particularly to the previously discussed characteristics of industrial

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CPS. Through the continuous monitoring of physical and digital processes and the resulting homogenization, an improved system-wide level of information is achieved, which allows for gains in efficiencyPO-2.6 and effectivenessPO-2.7 for both management activities and process execution. Among other things, this enables batch/lot size onePO-2.11 production at costs approaching those of mass production, which means that market demand for product individualizationPO-. can be anticipated. Due to universal interfaces and increasing location independence, as well as less hierarchical system architectures, industrial CPS can be set up in decentralizedPO-2.14 structures. Decentralization, in combination with an improved level of information within the overall system, also allows for complex event processingPO-2.5 with increasing flexibilityPO-2.8. E.g., production and logistics processes can be coordinated with a significantly shorter planning horizon facilitated by lead time reductionsPO-2.12. The sensor-aided improvement of the level of information regarding the condition of system components allows fault/failurePO-2.9 scenarios to be detected earlier or even be predicted, which leads to quality improvementsPO-2.10 for both production facilities and products. An overview of the operative potentials/opportunities offered by industrial CPS is provided in Figure 15. Automatization Decentralization Lead time reduction

Autonomization

Batch/Lot size one

Efficiency/Effectiveness gains Management

Process

Complex event processing

Enhanced flexibility

Fault/Failure reduction

Quality improvement

Figure : Potentials/opportunities of industrial CPS (Oks, Jalowski, et al., )

In addition to the vast potentials/opportunities, the implementation of industrial CPS also brings challenges/issues with it, including increased system complexityPR-2 resulting from far-reaching changes in system size and structurePR-2.1. In that way, the number of system components (technological, organizational, inter-organizational)PR2.1.1

can increase significantly due to the connection and interaction of formerly

independent and self-sufficient systemsPR-2.1.2 as well as the dissolving of system boundaries toward ad-hoc SoSPR-2.1.3. Additionally, system architectures become more multilayeredPR-2.1.4 and overall system diversity increasesPR-2.1.5. Alongside the changes in system architectures, industrial CPS also lead to an increase in complexity in the organizational landscapePR-2.2 and personnel managementPR-2.3. Linear value creation processes dissolve toward holistic value networks which become increasingly inter-



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organizationalPR-2.2.1. Also, further organizational unitsPR-2.2.2 and stakeholder groupsPR2.3.1

are involved with and affected by industrial CPS than before. This complexity is

intensified by time-related factorsPR-2.4, as, e.g., production management becomes more real-time-criticalPR-2.4.1 and product life cycles are shorteningPR-2.4.2. Advancing inter-organizational integration in particular, can lead to reduced transparencyPR-3 concerning system structures, synchronizationPR-4 problems and new challenges for risk and uncertainty managementPR-5. Due to the integration of numerous system components, the continuous monitoring of conditions and the thereof resulting data throughput rates and volumes and the inherent real-time feedback loops between sensors and actuators in industrial CPS, communication PR-6 problems, such as delays PR-6.1

or jitter PR-6.2, pose a severe threat to system functionality. High implementation

effortsPR-7 are an additional challenge/issue. The acquisition of new production plants or retrofitting existing ones with industrial CPS leads often to high capital requirements and investment costsPR-7.1. Particularly in the case of industrial CPS, which have trans-organizational structures or are used to facilitate hybrid value creation networks, juridical mattersPR-8 arise because responsibilities and liability issues in the event of system failures or manufacturing defects that lead to malfunctioning products cannot always be unequivocally clarified. Two further challenges/issues that are discussed in detail in the literature on industrial CPS are safetyPR-9 and securityPR-10. The field of safety is divided into hazard defensePR-9.1 and state. In hazard defense, strategies are described to prevent system failures through environmental monitoringPR-9.1.1 or, in the case of such failures, to facilitate emergency managementPR-9.1.2. System state controlPR-9.2, which attempts to detect fault/failurePR-9.2.1 situations before they become safety issues, is closely related. While safety deals with the operational integrity of systems, i.e., the protection of people and the environment from physical damage, security addresses data and information protection within a system. In the context of industrial CPS, this concerns the defense against threats and vulnerabilitiesPR-10.1 like (cyber-)attacksPR-10.1.1 and the securing of privacyPR-10.2, e.g., via preventing data abusePR-10.2.1. Additionally, practical security measuresPR-10.3 are presented for attack detectionPR-10.3.1, information flow controlPR-10.3.2 and access and control message protectionPR-10.3.3 (cryptographyPR-10.3.3.1, digital signaturesPR-10.3.3.2 and steganographyPR-10.3.3.3). In summary and relation, the challenges/issues associated with industrial CPS are illustrated in Figure 16.

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Complexity

Employee concerns and reservations

Risk and uncertainty management

Synchronization

Communication Delay

Juridical matters Transparency

High implementation efforts

Jitter

Costs/Availability of capital Safety

Hazard defense Emergency management

State

Environmental monitoring

Fault/Failure detection

Security Threats and vulnerabilities

Privacy

(Cyber-)Attacks

Data abuse

Security measures Attack detection Information flow control

Access and control message protection Cryptography

Digital signature

Steganography

Figure : Challenges/issues of industrial CPS (Oks, Jalowski, et al., )

Industrial CPS are subject to various requirements, as listed in Figure 17, that are necessary or advantageous for their functionality and operation. These include autonomy, which ensures the functioning of systems within the defined functional objectives, especially if they cannot be operated from outside in either a planned or unplanned capacity. To this end, systems must be designed in order to be contextaware and sensitive so that changes in state and status are not only sensed but can also be considered in the superordinate application context and operate according to predefined algorithms. This ensures a high degree of dependability and reliability with regard to system availability and behavior as well as the value creation processes based on it. This dependable and reliable system availability is particularly necessary because, especially in the context of large-scale interconnected systems, (sub-)system failures can have serious consequences, including the collapse of entire SoS. Availability is also of utmost importance whenever safety-relevant processes are monitored and controlled by the system. In the context of maintaining system functionality under adverse conditions and in critical situations, robustness and resilience are also essential for industrial CPS. To a certain extent, the systems should be able to cope with environmental changes; their configuration should be able to robustly sustain these conditions. If the environmental changes are so severe that they cannot be handled by robustness, the systems should be so resilient that they adjust and adapt their configurations accordingly. The system state must be observable, with



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a high degree of reliability, and the information output on the state and control processes must be trustworthy so that fact-based decisions by administrators are possible at all times. In this context of system monitoring and control, it is also vital to have the most accurate predictability of expected system behavior in different situations so that the controllability of the system is given, despite its complexity and high degree of automation and autonomy. In order to react to changes and new requirements in industrial CPS-based value creation processes, such as short-term capacity fluctuations or long-term market, production, or product-related trends, it is a further requirement of industrial CPS that they are scalable, which can be executed briefly. Furthermore, since, as previously mentioned, value creation activities are becoming increasingly interactive and networked both intra- and inter-organizationally, the interoperability of individual industrial CPS is also of great interest. All the requirements mentioned above should be met under the premise of sustainability in order to achieve efficiency and effectiveness in economic, ecological and social dimensions. Autonomy

Availability

Interoperability

Robustness

Controllability

Context-awareness/Sensitivity

Observability

Predictability

Scalability

Reliability

Sustainability

Dependability Resilience

Trustworthiness

Figure : Requirements of industrial CPS (Oks, Jalowski, et al., )

In light of the far-reaching and holistic digitalization of industrial value creation, a wide range of complementing concepts and technologies are being applied. In this, industrial CPS often serve as a linking element that systematically integrates these concepts and technologies in a goal-oriented and application-specific manner. Big data analyses are one of these concepts. Based on the widespread utilization of sensor technology in production and in products as such, industrial CPS often generate extensive data (5 Vs: volume, velocity, variety, value and veracity), which can be transferred by algorithm-based analyses such as pattern detection/recognition in smart data for general optimization purposes, as well as data-driven services and business models (data as a service). As often distributed and decentralized systems, industrial CPS use cloud, edge and ubiquitous computing to perform data processing

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and system control detached from the conventional automation pyramid. In many application scenarios of industrial CPS, the use of artificial intelligence (AI), e.g., as a foundation for the self-characteristics described previously, is suitable. Conventional methods to this end include reasoning or machine learning. As previously indicated, industrial CPS can be connected ad hoc to systems of systems (SoS) according to context and task. To ensure integrity in the exchange of data and resources, distributed ledger technologies, such as blockchain, offer an adequate solution. Another concept that is compatible with industrial CPS is additive manufacturing. On the one hand, topics as resource efficiency, availability of spare parts, rapid prototyping, etc. can be addressed via this concept. On the other hand, production processes itself can apply technologies such as 3D printing. Another concept that goes hand in hand with the digitalization of industrial processes is work 4.0/future of work, which describes the elaboration of innovative working methods that are either possible or necessary due to technological changes. This may concern the general conditions of work in the industrial sector, which can even allow execution of work independent of time and location and in virtual teams/crowd working. Additionally, the introduction of industrial CPS is often accompanied by extensive changes in job requirements and professional training. Thus, the need for interdisciplinary competencies arises due to increasing system complexity, which is also reflected in a progressive linking and overlapping of disciplines relevant to value creation. Furthermore, the increasing automation associated with industrial CPS, in particular, leads to a reduction of low-wage-sector and unskilled jobs demand. Role changes become, therefore, necessary, which often require extensive training measures. The spectrum of concepts and technologies that complement industrial CPS is shown in Figure 18.



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Artificial intelligence (AI)

Additive manufacturing

Reasoning

System of systems (SoS)

Machine learning

Big data (5 Vs: volume, velocity, variety, value and veracity) Data as a service

Cloud-

Pattern detection/Recognition

Edge-

Smart data Distributed ledger technology

Ubiquitous-

Blockchain

Computing Work 4.0/Future of work Independence of time and location Reduction of low-wage-sector and unskilled jobs demand

Need for interdisciplinary competencies Role changes

Virtual teams/Crowd working

Figure  : Complementing concepts and technologies to industrial CPS (Oks, Jalowski, et al., )

In addition to the primary technical consideration of industrial CPS, the literature also examines the integration of humans in the form of sociotechnical systems. In the field of production-supporting activities, this affects work execution. Due to the increasing availability of information and new forms of HCI, information can be provided through various decision support systems, e.g., by means of action guidelines in MRO. In addition, media discontinuities are being reduced due to increasing document/content digitization. The topic of knowledge in relation to industrial CPS is also covered by the literature. Additionally, due to new methods of system-integrated education and qualification, the integration of implicit knowledge can be achieved, making previously person-bound knowledge increasingly available to a wider circle of personnel (e.g., by the creation of action guidelines for machine repairs and further MRO activities). The socio-technical systems integration of industrial CPS is presented in Figure 19.

Education

Action guidelines

Knowledge Integration of implicit knowledge Work execution Decision support systems

Qualification

Document/Content digitization

Figure  : Industrial CPS as socio-technical systems (Oks, Jalowski, et al., )

CPS have a common architecture with individual specifications depending on the application domain. The architecture of industrial CPS, which is described hereafter, serves as the underlying principle and scheme for the definition of concrete system features and configurations from design alternatives, depending on functional and non-functional requirements, and for the selection of suitable system components.

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Thereby, industrial CPS are allocated to the superordinate domain of information technology (IT), respectively, information and communication technology (ICT). From this domain, industrial CPS combine technologies and concepts of the (industrial) Internet of things ((I)IoT) or web of things (WoT), which can be partitioned into a cyber sphere and a physical sphere according to the underlying logic of CPS. Software architecture and the data processing of industrial CPS are situated within the cyber sphere, while hardware architecture and human-computer interaction (HCI) exist within the physical sphere. Network architecture serves as a connective link between the two spheres. In the area software architecture, industrial CPS literature covers the following topics: Adequate operating systems (OS) for the respective system components are analyzed, the design of these systems from a programming standpoint with the subfields algorithms and programming languages as well as software agents with further subfields mobile agents and multi-agents. Further topics are sufficient middleware in the form of data distribution services (DDS) and workflow engines. Beyond that, concepts are presented that allow dynamic software updating (DSU) for CPS. Concerning data in the context of industrial CPS, the following focal points receive particular attention in the literature. First, the data acquisition by sensors is discussed. This data can then be aggregated with existing data or fused with data from external sources. The resulting data sets are analyzed and evaluated by processing. The literature also examines how data traffic, in the form of dissemination, exchange and transmission, can be performed both within a system but in exchange with other systems. With regard to the qualitative aspects of data, their quality and reliability are considered. Further topics are data recovery and the concept of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA). The domain of hardware architecture contains the components that physically constitute industrial CPS. These are mainly embedded systems that are extended by sensors that continuously record physical environmental conditions. The resulting data is processed by processors and field programmable gate arrays (FPGA). The subsequent operation of actuators, which, in turn, affects the physical environment, is carried out by controllers. Identifiers ensure the individual identifiability of each



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system component. Furthermore, passive components can be integrated into industrial CPS via radio-frequency identification (RFID) technologies, such as near field communication (NFC). In addition, the field of robotics is receiving a considerable amount of attention in the context of industrial CPS. In the area of HCI, the integration of humans in industrial CPS is addressed. Against this backdrop, the literature deals, among other things, with the support of humans in the performance of physical work. E.g., cobots or collaborative robotics are used to enable humans and machines to carry out tasks jointly in order to integrate the respective superior skills optimally. Technology can also be worn on the human body as wearables; these wearables can provide physical support, as seen with (powered) exoskeletons, or can be used to provide information in the form of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) devices. In the field of user interfaces of industrial CPS, the literature deals with different forms of human-machine-interfaces (HMI) and graphical user interfaces (GUI), which can be operated via gesture control or voice control. In the overall context of HCI, unrestrained human-machine collaboration combined with the highest standards of workplace safety is of particular importance. The network architecture of industrial CPS draws on a variety of established technologies and concepts and adapts them to the specifics inherent in industrial CPS as needed. In general, the network architecture provides the link between the cyber sphere and the physical sphere and enables the transfer of signals and data. The literature on industrial CPS deals extensively with the subject of how network architectures can be designed in these systems and what requirements they have to meet, and a great deal of attention is paid to the networks themselves. Different types of networks and their suitability for a variety of applications due to differences in transmission power, range and data transfer rates are considered. The first worth mentioning are sensor networks (SN), which can be divided into mobile actuator/sensor networks (MASN), wireless sensor networks (WSN) and wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSAN). These network types are used to link sensors and actuators and to ensure the transfer of measured environmental values and coordinated actuator behavior. Controller area networks (CAN) are used as serial bus systems and are particularly useful in safety-relevant areas. For short-distance applications, wireless personal area networks (WPAN), such as Bluetooth or wireless personal body networks (WPBN), offer the advantage that interference with other

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networks can be reduced and that there is a low power requirement for transmitting units. For large-scale coverage, pervasive wireless local area networks (WLAN) are used. For the integration of geographically remote system units, wide area networks (WAN) are utilized in the form of long range wide area networks (LoRaWAN) and low power wide area networks (LPWAN), which offer high energy efficiency. Cellular networks with LTE and 5G standards are also used for interconnecting widely separated system units, especially if those are mobile. Depending on the type of network and application, different protocols are used to determine the communication syntax. In the context of industrial CPS, IP, MAC, message queue telemetry transport (MQTT), TCP and TCP/IP are mentioned in the literature. Dynamic spectrum access for the optimization of frequency spectra of connections and routing for the coordination of message streams are also being considered, as they can help to handle increased data volumes in a system-efficient manner. The subject of plant networking is also receiving a large amount of interest; therefore, plug-and-produce and (standardized) interfaces that enable the interoperability of diverse production plants with minimal setup effort are of great importance in the process of industrial CPS development. In this context of machine-to-machine communication (M2M), the OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA) provides a platform-independent, serviceoriented architecture (SOA) for the exchange of machine data. Figure 20 provides a holistic visualization of the architecture underlying industrial CPS.



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Information technology (IT)/Information and communication technology (ICT) (Industrial) Internet of things ((I)IoT)/Web of things (WoT) Cyber sphere

Physical sphere

Software architecture

Hardware architecture Actuators

Dynamic software updating (DSU) Operating system (OS)

Workflow engine

Field programmable gate array (FPGA)

Middleware Data distribution service (DDS)

Identifiers Programming Algorithms

Controllers

Embedded systems

Processors

Robotics

Sensors

Programming language Radio-frequency identification (RFID) Near field communication (NFC)

Software agents Mobile agents

Multi-agents

Network architecture Dynamic spectrum access Routing

Machine-to-machine communication (M2M) OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA)

Plug-and-produce

(Standardized) Interfaces Network

Controller area network (CAN) Cellular network LTE

5G

Wireless local area network (WLAN) Wireless personal area network (WPAN)

Bluetooth

Wireless personal body network (WPBN)

Wide area network (WAN) Long range wide area network (LoRaWAN)

Low power wide area network (LPWAN)

Sensor network (SN) Mobile actuator/Sensor network (MASN)

Wireless sensor and actuator network (WSAN)

Wireless sensor network (WSN)

IP

Protocol Message queue telemetry transport (MQTT)

MAC

Data

TCP

TCP/IP

Human-computer interaction (HCI)

-acquisition

-aggregation

-dissemination

-exchange

-fusion

-processing

-quality

-recovery

-reliability

Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) -traffic

-transmission

Augmented reality (AR) Collaborative robotics

Cobots (Powered) Exoskeleton

Unrestrained human-machine collaboration Virtual reality (VR)

Wearables

Workplace safety User interface Gesture control

Graphical user interface (GUI)

Human-machine interface (HMI)

Figure : Architecture of industrial CPS (Oks, Jalowski, et al., )

Voice control

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Within the realization of the already described potentials through the application of CPS they transform industrial value creation. This applies to all sequential stages and organizational levels in value chains and value networks; they can be broken down into the pre-production stage, production stage and product in use stage. Already in the pre-production stage, the monitoring of raw, auxiliary and operating materials, as well as of supplier parts and construction groups intended for later production begins. Through the continuous collection and consolidation of data on smart (raw)materials/components, information regarding condition, processing and transport becomes available in the form of digital twins, already in the earliest stages of the value chain and is manipulation-proof passed on across organizational boundaries. This applies both to newly extracted raw materials and to reprocessed and renewed materials and components within the scope of lifecycle management. In the production stage, the transformation of industrial value creation is discussed in the context of the holistic concepts, digital factory, smart factory and smart manufacturing. Manufacturing systems that use CPS in their processes are referred to as cyber-physical production systems (CPPS). In the literature, CPPS are examined from different focal points; specifically, production system development, production execution and production support can be clustered. Production system development describes all activities and procedures on the way to a CPS-based production system. In the subarea design, the planning and development of the production processes take place. Within the design space exploration, the options and alternatives for the future system configuration are discussed and structured. The subsequent IT design process can be carried out with different system level design methodologies. With component-based development, the aim is to design standardized components that can be used several times in different applications of modular systems with the same or related requirements, minimizing the amount of effort required. Contract-based development is particularly important when a large number of modules from various providers are combined into a single system. Hereby, the definition of formal contracts for the use of standardized interfaces ensures compatibility. Model-based design and development is used in particular when the intended system has a high degree of complexity. By using predefined models with advanced functional characteristics, systems can be



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simulated and tested in detail, even before physical engineering. Due to the previously discussed challenges associated with CPS, such as complexity, method-combining procedures are feasible. If these are participative, co-creative or open, the term codesign is used. Simulation is used to determine the behavior and performance, as well as the safety and security, of CPPS before they are constructed and launched. In this process, modeling is used to create a physical or digital representation of the system or its individual parts. Deliberate reductions and omissions lead to an individual abstraction of the original. Depending on the application purpose, models can take the form of formal descriptions, physical objects or computer-based virtualizations. In cosimulation, different simulation tools that use different models, each of which represents subsystems, are interconnected to enable a holistic system simulation. This procedure is particularly suitable for CPPS since components and systems from different (technical) disciplines are combined in this process. Due to the ongoing digitalization and increasing automation of production through the establishment of CPS, production control continues to receive a great deal of attention in the literature. For PLC, which are used to control systems, robots and actuators, hardware-in-theloop simulation is applied to make them operational before they are directly connected to the hardware to be controlled. For the subsequent engineering of CPPS, two initial situations can be distinguished: Greenfield, when a completely new production system is designed, and brownfield/retrofit, when an existing production system is upgraded to a CPPS. In the literature, the following activities are described for both cases with the specifics that the respective initial situation entails. In requirements engineering, the first step is to define the characteristics and general parameters that the system should fulfill. One of the factors that affect the requirements for CPPS is product line engineering, which, therefore, should be considered in close connection with production line engineering. Depending on the selection of the hardware to be utilized, software engineering should be adjusted accordingly. For the combination and iterative adaptation of CPPS hardware and software, it is advantageous to prototype them before integrating them into a consistent CPPS.

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In the production execution stage, the plants are operated. Manufacturing is an essential part of this. In this area, the literature deals with the effects of implementing industrial CPS on production management with the subfields process control and process management. It is also described how the application of industrial CPS enables advanced manufacturing, which refers to the execution of particularly complex production processes for the manufacturing of equally complex products, both of which are only possible through the use of digital technologies and concepts. Moreover, cloud manufacturing, which describes a less organization and locationbound value creation through flexible, virtual production networks, benefits from the utilization of industrial CPS. Another topic that receives attention in the context of CPS-based manufacturing is industrial services. This includes service composition, which is concerned with the arrangement and orchestration of service bundles, often from various providers, that are combined to form integrated service systems. One service to be highlighted in this field is maintenance. Due to the many degrees of freedom regarding potential events and their resolution, processes related to maintenance are difficult to optimize. However, based on live sensor data and results of big data analytics, condition-based and predictive MRO procedures can increasingly be implemented in CPPS with great optimization potential. Overall, i.e., beyond the maintenance application, industrial CPS, with their sensors and actuators, offer vast potentials for reforming monitoring/control in production. Condition monitoring enables a meaningful and comprehensive status overview to be obtained in real-time for all equipped system components, including both production infrastructure and production parts. Event processing is focused on the continuity and real-time capability through the application of industrial CPS. This enables a reliable event-triggered control, in which events are reacted to mostly automatically with adequate measures when they occur. To prevent adverse events, predictive control uses the ability to recognize trends and patterns in data and take countermeasures before critical values are reached. Also, for the field of fuzzy control, industrial CPS offer implications for the definition of control variables as well as for the already known SCADA. In addition to the usage of monitoring/control, the exorbitant increase in status information and data sets generated by industrial CPS, sensor technology can also be exploited for analysis. Testing is carried out, among other activities in this area, all of



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which can be largely automated by model-based testing with optimized testbed conditions. These test activities can examine hardware and software as well as processes in production plants and production output. Additionally, the literature deals with validation and verification as a means for requirements fulfillment with the subfields model checking and runtime verification. In supplement to this, eigen analysis is explicitly mentioned. The third and last subject area concerning CPPS is constituted by production support, including the area logistics. Here, the whole context of material handling within an organization but also beyond its borders is examined. Especially for warehouse systems, industrial CPS offer far-reaching application potentials, which allow for optimizations in warehouse volumes and processes through increased transparency. In addition to warehousing, internal logistics also benefit in the form of automated guided vehicles (AGV), which ensure highly automated, event-based and system-integrated flows of materials into production. With the establishment of intelligent transportation systems (ITS), industrial CPS are also applied in logistics between geographically dispersed production sites of an organization or different organizations in a value chain, which results in supply chain optimization, including the delivery of final products to vendors and end-users. Another area involved in production support is the smart grid integration of plants. The integration of industrial CPS in the power supply of production facilities affects the general energy efficiency of these facilities by better incorporating energy requirements, availability and costs into production planning and execution. In addition, methods such as energy harvesting from physical processes of industrial CPS and battery management in less grid-dependent production processes offer opportunities to improve energy balances. In the third stage, the product in use stage, industrial CPS are used to feed back relevant information regarding product performance into the CPPS. In particular, smart products, which, due to their integrated sensor and actuator technology, enable information and data generation similar to that of the production systems that manufacture them, allow monitoring throughout the entire product life cycle (product usage data). This continuously collected information regarding the condition and

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usage of the products is a highly valuable source for the evaluation and possible adjustment of product planning and production execution parameters. By the holistic approach of lifecycle management, recycling or downcycling is applied at the end of product use, in the course of which the data collected over the entire product lifecycle in the form of a digital twin is, at best, reintroduced into the reprocessing or renewal in the new pre-production stage. Apart from the subjects that can be clearly assigned to the individual stages, there are also those that are relevant across company/organization boundaries throughout the entire value chain. These include the digital twin, which combines the industrial CPS-based information of the entire lifecycles of both production plants and products. The integrated supply chain, which merges inter-organizational logistics processes due to increased transparency from industrial CPS, is another example of an activity that takes place across company/organization boundaries throughout the entire value chain. In this, procedures such as ad-hoc connectivity increase the interoperability of production systems, facilities and services, which expands the potential realization of industrial CPS. In this context, the increasing establishment of platform ecosystems, which enable the linking of heterogeneous services and hardware to industrial CPS in the form of SoS, is particularly noteworthy. A general overview of how CPS transform industrial value creation is shown in Figure 21.

Digital factory

Modeling

System level design methodology Component-based Contract-based

Automated guided vehicles (AGV)

Supply chain optimization

Event processing

Condition monitoring

Material handling

Delivery

Digital twin

Integrated supply chain

Figure : Value creation based on industrial CPS (Oks, Jalowski, et al., )

Ad-hoc connectivity

Brownfield/Retrofit

Integration

Interoperability

Energy harvesting

Platform ecosystems

Power supply Battery management Energy efficiency

Runtime verification

Testbed

Validation

Verification Model checking

Testing Model-based testing

Eigen analysis

Analysis

Software engineering

Requirements engineering

Prototyping

Product line engineering

Greenfield

Engineering

Smart manufacturing

Smart grid

Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)

Predictive control

Fuzzy control

Event-triggered control

Warehouse system

Intelligent transportation systems (IST)

Logistics

Production management Process control Process management

Maintenance Condition-based Predictive

Industrial services Service composition

Cloud manufacturing

Advanced manufacturing

Manufacturing Monitoring/Control

Hardware-in-the-loop simulation

Design space exploration

Model-based

Co-simulation

Simulation

Smart factory

Co-design

Design

Cyber-physical production systems (CPPS)

Holistic concepts

Production stage

Across company/organization boundaries throughout the entire value chain/network

Renewal

Reprocessing

Lifecycle management

Transport

Processing

Condition

Monitoring

Smart (raw) materials/ Components

Production system development

Production execution

Production support

Pre-production stage

Downcycling

Recycling

Lifecycle management

Usage

Condition

Monitoring throughout the entire product life cycle (product usage data)

Smart products

Product in use stage

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The application potentials of industrial CPS across company/organizational boundaries offer opportunities for horizontal and vertical integration/operational and strategic alliances. The horizontal integration can either be performed within a company/organization between production sites, departments, manufacturing sectors, etc., which previously operated largely independently, or along the value chain/within the value network across organizational boundaries, both upstream and downstream. The cooperation between companies/organizations or their organizational units can be performed at the operational or strategic level (vertical integration). While integration at the operational level is mostly about technical and procedural cooperation, which coordinate the execution of value creation activities, sometimes automated, ad-hoc and for short periods of time, those at the strategic level represent rather long-term alliances between two or more partners, which closely interconnect their industrial CPS and related processes. The schematics of these integrations and alliances are shown in Figure 22. Vertical integration Company/Organization

Company/Organization

Company/Organization

Company/Organization

Strategic level Operational level Horizontal integration

Figure : Organizational integration and strategic alliances based on industrial CPS (Oks, Jalowski, et al., )

3.1.5

Discussion

In the final section of the explorative research part of this study, the findings are discussed, contributions to theory are highlighted and limitations are pointed out. In doing so, sub-research question I what are the specifications of CPS relevant for Industry 4.0 and how can they be categorized? is answered while achieving the two objectives of Study I to (OB Ia) describe and analyze the state of research on CPS and to (OB Ib) develop and graphically present a categorization of CPS-related and relevant topics in the context of Industry 4.0.



Study I

The study offers several theoretical contributions. First, it provides insight into the existing literature on CPS by organizing 2365 publications according to discipline, CPS dimension and application field. Second, the resulting data set was analyzed and transferred into a categorization of CPS-related and relevant topics in the context of Industry 4.0. Thereby, this study contributes by complementing the existing topicspecific reviews and categorizations. In addition to the general category formation, the industrial CPS architecture is particularly noteworthy, by incorporating technological, data-driven and socio-technical views as well as the overview of value creation on the basis of this concept. Thus, the results enhance the CPS concept map of Asare et al. (2012), whose overview comes the closest to the scope of this work, significantly and set the focus on industrial CPS. The contributions thus provide new knowledge to the research on CPS in the context of Industry 4.0. The state of research first provides insights into the distributions of publications by discipline (cf. Figure 9). Most originate from computer science, computer engineering and engineering, meaning that the subject area has so far been considered from a highly technical perspective. The business, value creation and IS perspectives have therefore been somewhat neglected, which implicates great potential for future research in these areas. It is not surprising that research was initially conducted from a technical perspective, as technological solutions for specific problems are developed first and then other application scenarios or generalization potentials are considered. At this point, IS research is at a frontier, where it can be more involved to contextualize the technical developments in a larger context, e.g., business, socio-technical, development with the user/stakeholder and value creation. This is also reflected in the state of research on CPS dimensions (cf. Figure 10). So far, there have been primarily technical studies and only a few from the organizational and human/social disciplines. The application domains for CPS are wide-ranging (cf. Figure 11). It can therefore be confirmed that CPS are a GPT. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that many applications are in the domain of the smart factory. Here, a distinction can be made between discrete and process manufacturing (Ning et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2020). There have been and are several public funding programs and initiatives in these areas due to the feasible potential. This can also be linked to the fact that the application of CPS is easier to realize in an organization (on meso level) than in an

Study I



overarching system. Subsequently, the smart factory domain was examined in more detail (cf. Figure 12). There, as well, the application fields for CPS are wide-ranging, with a large number of applications in industry in general. Related work by Monostori et al. (2016) also highlights the relevance of CPS in manufacturing. The literature, thus, suggests that far-reaching changes can be assumed that qualify for an industrial revolution. In addition to the state of research, the categorization of industrial CPS also provides several new insights for research on CPS in the context of Industry 4.0. As compared to existing taxonomies, reviews and categorizations (cf. Section 3.1.3.1), the study is much more comprehensive and provides a detailed categorization and analysis of industrial CPS. The findings are arranged into 10 sections, the key conclusions of which are summarized below. With regard to the characteristics of industrial CPS, it is apparent that CPS are a further development of systems that are oriented toward autonomous operation and independent action (cf. Figure 13). This aspect is supported by Berger et al. (2021), who examined CPPS from a selforganizing systems perspective. The results also show that CPS are clearly an enabler for Industry 4.0. Figure 15 shows that CPS have far-reaching potential that is relevant for industry, consumers and the common good, e.g., in terms of sustainability. There is also a large number of challenges to be overcome, particularly in the areas of safety and security, which is not surprising given the increased openness and interaction of entities and systems (cf. Figure 16). The results also contribute to an extension of the works of Liu et al. (2017) and Hofer (2018). For CPS to function properly, numerous requirements must be fulfilled (cf. Figure 17). This point was also taken up by other authors, e.g., Asare et al. (2012), who also mentioned a few requirements in their concept map. In addition, CPS are a concept that can be seen as a hub of various complementary concepts and technologies of the digital age. CPS can only unfold their potential through interaction with these concepts and technologies (cf. Figure 18). The relevance of CPS to complementary concepts in the context of digitalized industrial value creation has also been stated by (Kim, 2017). As shown in Figure 19, CPS integrate humans in the form of socio-technical systems that require a user and stakeholder-centric consideration. The architecture of CPS can be characterized as highly complex, which is also supported by other authors who described CPS architectures (Hofer, 2018; J. Lee et al., 2015; Pivoto et al., 2021). The architecture



Study I

suggested by this study integrates software, hardware, network, data processing and HCI components (cf. Figure 20). CPS also offer application potential for the entire industrial value creation network (cf. Figure 21). The architecture and the value creation based on industrial CPS go far beyond existing categorizations. The interconnectivity and general network character of CPS generates potential for operational and strategic alliances with other organizations and entities (cf. Figure 22). With regard to the applied general systems theory, this study was able to confirm its suitability for the analysis of systems in the context of the digital transformation. Moreover, the architecture of industrial CPS (cf. Figure ) that has been derived provides a generalization of that concept that can be assigned to the CPS-focused part of the general systems theory (Allgöwer et al., ; Bakirtzis et al., ). There, it provides capacities for complexity reduction and modularity. Moreover, the findings of the study emphasize the need to distinguish CPS from previous hardware and software unifying systems addressed through general systems theory. This is due to the fact that CPS equally consider both the cyber and physical spheres with the same emphasis. In contrast, earlier systems tended to focus on either the physical or digital realm but not both in such an integrated manner. Due to the design-oriented scope of this dissertation and the combined application of the resulting artifacts in the Industry 4.0 Suite, the practical implications are given in integrated form in Section 7.1. Demand and potential for future work exist particularly in three avenues: First, the state of knowledge and the categorization shall be updated by periodic repetitions of the review. On the one hand, this will allow new research foci, concepts, technologies, etc., to be observed in order to integrate them into the existing findings. On the other hand, trends, changes in thematic emphases, etc., can be identified over time, which allows statements to be made about the development of the research landscape and the implementation and application state of CPS in the context of Industry 4.0. In addition to the scientific literature, funding projects and best practices from industry related to industrial CPS should be systematically analyzed. Furthermore, the extensive literature dataset provides an opportunity to undertake deductive— including software-assisted—analyses in order to elaborate quantitative measures and

Study I



weighted links of the identified categories. In this way, the present qualitative findings of the study could be supplemented by quantitative ones, which would facilitate a more comprehensive interpretation. The limitations of the study are primarily determined by the subject area and the methodology. With industrial CPS, a still relatively young and dynamic field of research is explored. As a result, findings are constantly increasing as new developments and studies are being undertaken and published. Thus, the data presented is only a snapshot representing the state of research and categorization of industrial CPS at one point in time. New findings and developments may have emerged in the meantime that would affect the results of this study. The systematic literature review is influenced by the selection of literature databases and search engines. It was aimed to make a selection that is as comprehensive as possible, including different disciplines and leading publishers. Search strings also influence the results of literature searches; therefore, it was attempted to search for publications on CPS as broadly and comprehensively as possible by using a wide variety of spellings. The third limitation of the study results from the exclusive consideration of title, keywords and abstract for the structured qualitative content analysis. Even though an impact on the categorization is very unlikely, it cannot be guaranteed that this approach did not necessarily exploit the complete amount of information.

3.2

Designing the Industry 4.0 Compendium

In the previous Section . of this study, the specifications of CPS relevant for Industry . were explored in detail. This resulted in a current state of knowledge on CPS and a categorization of all CPS-related and relevant topics within the industrial application domain. In order to make these outcomes exploitable for the target groups of this research in an applicable manner (cf. Section .), this section contains the activities of the DSRM by Peffers et al. ( ) (cf. Section ..), structuring the design of the Industry . Compendium. 3.2.1

Problem and Motivation

The introduction of industrial CPS entails extensive potentials for value creation in general and related fields in society (cf. Sections .. and ...). At the same time,



Study I

however, a multitude of problems must be overcome to enable the widespread application of Industry . (cf. Sections .. and ...). In the context of a systemic perspective on industrial CPS, this means: To address the occurrence of new system engineering and development requirementsPR- inherent to CPS and to contribute to ASE, the Industry . Compendium orients, i.a., toward the subsequent problems (the complete listing and segmentation of problems addressed by this DSR are provided in Appendix B): The increasing complexityPR- of systems as well as their engineering process which leads to a lack of transparencyPR- for decision-makers concerned with the topic of industrial CPS. This situation leads to high implementation effortsPR- , which in turn leads to the wait-and-see position of several stakeholders regarding the adoption of industrial CPS. Moreover, several juridical mattersPR- as liabilities, legal authorization, data protection, etc., arise when industrial CPS are operated. To contribute to the solution of these problems is motivated from the high relevance they incorporate for the main target groups of this research consisting of organizationsMO-., educational institutionsMO-. and international delegationsMO-. and their consequential effects on prosperity, sustainability and development. 3.2.2

Objectives

In addition to the general objectives that apply to the design of all artifacts of this research as outlined before (cf. Section .), there are specific functional ones for the Industry . Compendium artifact. First and foremost, it should provide the state of knowledge on CPS and a categorization of CPS-related and relevant topics(F)OB-COM-. This applies to each thematic category but also to the entirety of the topic(F)OB-COM-.. This is aimed at to ensure the enablement of stakeholders to educate themselves regarding CPS and related and relevant topics(F)OB-COM-. In this form, it is intended to be valuable for stakeholders of both practice and science-related organizations(F)OBCOM-.

.

From the functional objectives mentioned above, the following functional requirements for the artifact are derived: In order to make the extensive state of knowledge graspable, the artifact must include a categorization of CPS-related and relevant topics(F)RE-COM- each based on and backed by(F)RE-COM- scientific literature(F)RECOM-.

, funding projects(F)RE-COM-. and use cases(F)RE-COM-.. Thus, relevant contents are

available for practice and academic-oriented projects, which can benefit from the

Study I



linkage of the different bodies of knowledge and information. In order to make, in particular, the interrelationships and connections of the individual themes transparent and comprehendible, the arrangement of topics has to be in hierarchical graphical form(F)RE-COM-. Finally, the compendium must be searchable plainly because of the extensive volume of the content(F)RE-COM-. 3.2.3

Design and Development

Considering the objectives and complying with the requirements, the design and development activity is carried out. This comprises, on the one hand, the determination of appropriate methods, theories and preliminary work, which together make up the knowledge base, and the actual creation of the artifact. 3.2.3.1

Knowledge Base

The following knowledge base is applied for the realization of the Industry . Compendium: To address the overall complexity and make elements of the artifact transferable and applicable to other artifacts, the utilization of the established approach of complexity reduction by modularityKB- is reasonable. The concept of modularity describes the decomposability of systems into terminable components. The components, interchangeable due to standardized interfaces, are organized by an underlying system architecture (Baldwin & Clark, ). Besides its usefulness in software development, modularity furthermore enables even non-expert users autonomously(NF)OB- to develop systems in a structured solution space (Naik et al., ; von Hippel, ), which is also one of the objectives of this research. In order to ensure a user-friendly and self-explanatory utilization of the Industry . Compendium for the ergonomic arrangement and visual implementation of the front end of the artifact the directives of the ISO KB- are followed. The relevant parts for this research of this norm and their subject areas are listed in Table .



Study I

Table : Relevant parts of ISO  for the artifact design and development x x x x x x x x

Part : Dialogue principlesKB-. Part : Principles for the presentation of informationKB-. Part  : Guidance on visual presentation of informationKB-. Part : FormsKB-. Part  : Guidance on World Wide Web user interfaces KB-.

Part : Guidance on visual user interface elementsKB-. Part  : Guidance on software accessibilityKB-. Part : Human-centred design for interactive systemsKB-.

In the web developmentKB-, the web application framework AngularKB-. and the open source server environment Node.jsKB-. are applied. In addition to the elements for software design and development which enable the methodological implementation of the artifact, the knowledge base consists of the general systems theoryKB-COM- (cf. Section ..) introduced and applied for Study I and its research implicationsKB-COM- presented in Section .. , that make up the content and coherence of the Industry . Compendium. 3.2.3.2

Artifact

With recourse to the knowledge base, the Industry . Compendium is designed and developed to provide features that match the objectives and fulfill the requirements postulated in Section ... In order to enable online accessibility(F)RE- of the artifact, which can take place regardless of time and location(NF)RE-, the Industry . Compendium is designed as a web applicationFE-. The entire user interface is multilingual (German, English and Chinese)FE- and switching between the languages is possible at any time during use. Thus, a wide range of users can apply the artifact. Moreover, the program code is structured in such a way that the implementation of further languages is low-effort, which eases the adaption for further user groups. To enable a purposeful application and comprehensive exploitation of the artifact by everyone without the need for personal instruction and guidance, a detailed tutorialFE- is provided. With the aim of conveying the range of functions and workflows of the Industry . Compendium in an appealing format at minor time expense, a video tutorial is created. It can be accessed via the QR code at the head of this section.

Study I



The entire contents provided by the artifact are indexed, which allows for easy, autocomplete queries via the search functionFE-. This feature is particularly necessary and useful since the Industry . Compendium includes the complete categorizationFECOM-

resulting from the literature review of this study (cf. Section ...), which

comprises  categories arranged into a hierarchy with sub-categories consisting of  fields,  areas and  sections. The artifact presents these  sectionsFE-COM-. (characteristicsFE-COM-.., overall contextFE-COM-.., potentials/opportunitiesFE-COM-.., challenges/issuesFE-COM-.., requirementsFE-COM-.. , complementing concepts and technologiesFE-COM-.., integration of humans in socio-technical systemsFE-COM-.. , architectureFE-COM-.., transformation of industrial value creationFE-COM-.. and horizontal and vertical integration/operational and strategic alliancesFE-COM-..) in three different formats for specific purposes each: First, there is the section overview, which displays all in one view. Second, via the left side bar as a list. Third, in the main body in hierarchical graphical form. Each of the  fields and  areas is equipped with three categories of content for knowledge provisionFE-COM-: These are scientific journal papers, papers of conference proceedings, book chapters, books, agendas, visions, reports and normsFE-COM-., projects funded by the BMBF, BMWK and BMASFECOM-.

as well as best practices featured on the Landkarte Industrie . of the Plattform

Industrie .FE-COM-., which is a collection of maps of different countries showing Industry . use cases, test centers and assistance offers (BMWK, ). The stored content of each field and area can be accessed via a pop-up window. There, for scientific sources via DOI, and for use cases and funding projects via link, detailed information and primary documents can be retrieved. Furthermore, the pop-up window allows the bookmarking of topics, which are then added to the user-individual selection in the right side bar of the artifact. The features described beforehand, the exact structure and functionalities and the visual front-end of the Industry . Compendium are shown and described in Figure . Since the Industry . Compendium can be utilized, on the one hand, as a standalone artifact, but on the other hand, features links to the web tools Industry . Stakeholder Cards & Matrix (cf. Section ...) and Industry . Application Map (cf. Section ...) and the Industry . Demonstrator PIDCPS (cf. Section ...), it is also applied in an integrated form with these and thus, embedded in the overarching method framework of the Industry . Suite of which a full overview is given in Section



Study I

.. For the three web tools that are combined in the Industry . Suite, there are general features and functionalities that are implemented for all of them or in an integrated manner. These are arranged in the header and in the footer of the web tools. The header includes a Home button to access the tool selection, Tool and Demonstrator buttons to switch directly between the artifacts and a Logout button to sign out of the entire Industry . Suite. Furthermore, work statuses can be exported as PDF files as well as saved and loaded as JSON files via the header. Finally, the search bar described previously and the language selection are also located in the header. The footer of the web tools provides a respective list of related scientific literature. Figure  offers an overview of these general functionalities of the Industry . Suite and describes them in further detail.

Study I



Industry 4.0 Suite Tool selection

1

Industry 4.0 Compendium 2

1 4

3

Section overview This panel provides an overview of the 10 thematic sections of the Industry 4.0 Compendium in which its content is categorized. By selecting a respective section, the tool navigates to the corresponding section of the visual categorization. It is also possible to reach the sections within the categorization by scrolling.

2

Left side bar By expanding the left side bar, a hierarchical overview of all sections and topics becomes accessible. The signature of the bullet points shows the corresponding hierarchy level of the topics. By selecting a respective topic, the tool navigates to the corresponding field of the visual categorization.

3

Topic pop-up window By selecting a topic, it opens in the form of a pop-up window. There, the respective contents are available in three categories: Papers, funding projects and best practices. Links to the originating sources are available for all contents in the categories. The topic can be bookmarked by clicking on the pin icon. Thereby it is added to the list within the right side bar. Deselection is possible by clicking the pin icon again.

4

Right side bar By expanding the right side bar, all pinned topics become displayed. These are sorted there by topic sections. Via selecting a topic, it is possible to add notes to it. Furthermore, the recycle bin icon can be used to delete all pinned topics at once. To prevent accidental deletion, this step must be confirmed.

Figure : Structure and functionalities of the Industry . Compendium



Study I

Industry 4.0 Suite

Industry 4.0 Compendium

Industry 4.0 Stakeholder Cards & Matrix

Industry 4.0 Application Map

Industry 4.0 Demonstrator PID4CPS

Header 1

2

3

8 4

5

6

7 Footer

9

1

Home button The Home button leads back to the Industry 4.0 Suite tool selection page.

2

Tool and Demonstrator buttons The buttons of the three tools and the demonstrator, allow to switch directly between these. The work progress in the respective tools remains consistent during the switches.

3

Logout button The Logout button logs out the current user account, which enables a new login. Work progress is thus protected against unauthorized access.

4

Export button The Export button can be used to generate a PDF file of the current work status in all tools.

5

Save button The Save button allows to download the current work progress in all tools as a JSON file.

6

Open button The Open button enables to load saved work progresses in the format of JSON files.

7

Search bar The search function offers the possibility to explore the contents of the tools. The autofill function simplifies the process of retrieving contents.

8

9

Language selection The functionalities of all tools and the demonstrator are available multilingual in German, English and Chinese. Switching between the languages can be performed dynamically.

Related scientific literature Related scientific literature on the tools/the demonstrator is listed and linked in the footer.

Figure : General functionalities of the Industry . Suite

Study I

3.2.4



Demonstration

To demonstrate the functionality of the artifact, it was applied in different settings and formats in accordance with the three main target groups of this research— organizations, educational institutions and international delegations. Thereby, the Industry . Compendium was either demonstrated independently or in an integrated form with the other web tools of the Industry . Suite introduced in Section .... WorkshopsDS- were held for this purpose. At first, a workshop was carried out with a group of IS and engineering researchers of Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and practitioners from companies and associations of joint funding projectsDS-. to ensure open and unmediated feedback in an artificial environment. As the artifact proved to be functional and reliable in this protected environment, the workshops were extended to more natural settings with external applicators. Addressing the target group of international delegations, a series of workshops applying the artifact was conducted with mechatronics professors from Yueyang UniversityDS-., a delegation from Sichuan Technology & Business UniversityDS-., a delegation from Guangdong Polytechnic Normal UniversityDS-. and a delegation of practitioners of the Hebei regionDS-., all of China. Thereby, the emphasis was placed in particular on the feature of multilingualism and the intercultural applicability of the artifact. In the context of educational institutions, the Industry . Compendium was utilized for a hackathonDS- by the organization INNOSTRY titled Innovating Industrial SustainabilityDS-. in which FAU students developed prototypes over the period of two days. Due to restrictions imposed by the COVID- pandemic, the event was held entirely online, whereby the usability of the artifact in combination with videoconferencing software was proven for groups of remote collaborators. In addition, the web tool has been integrated in teachingDS- for university lecturesDS-. and the executive education program Leading Digital Transformation (LDT) conducted by the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore (IIMB), FAU and Fraunhofer IIS, at FAU, both onlineDS-. and in presenceDS-. . Thereby, it was possible to ascertain both that the artifact can cope with simultaneous access numbers in the three-digit range without restrictions and that it is suitable for use by internationally mixed groups with different professional backgrounds.



Study I

3.2.5

Evaluation

The DSR paradigm emphasizes that in addition to a sound design and development process, the evaluation of the resulting artifacts is of eminent importance. Through the evaluation activities, the relevance and rigor of the research and its results are to be ensured (Hevner,  ). In this way, the necessary feedback is obtained to refine the design further until a satisfactory version of the artifact is achieved. Following the DSRM of Peffers et al. ( ), the evaluation is fostered by the comparison of the stated objectives of the solution to the observations of the performance of the artifact in the demonstration. In line with this approach, evaluation activities were partly performed within the demonstration scenarios described in Section ... For the concrete structuring and execution of the evaluation of the artifact, the framework for evaluation in design science (FEDS) by Venable et al. () was chosen. Since the Industry . Compendium artifact is software in the form of a web tool, low technical and social risk goes along with its application. Corollary, the evaluation strategy of quick & simple within the FEDS was selected (Venable et al., ), and executed in an ex-post naturalistic evaluation with real users in real settings (Venable et al., ). Due to the structural similarity and the extensive integration via interfaces and functionalities, the execution of the evaluation took place in an integrated form with the other web tools of the Industry . Suite introduced in Section .... Nonetheless, the artifact-individual assessment of the validity, utility and efficacy (Gregor & Hevner, ) and the overall relevance and rigor (Hevner,  ) was ensured via evaluation methodology design. In execution, a workshopES- was held within the executive education program LDT. During this five-hour workshop, the groups of participating decision-makers from companies in various industries were tasked with the development of an MRO system meeting Industry . standards for a value creation environment of their choice (mining and beverage filling). The groups (N=) gave their feedback on the utility and ease of use of the artifacts in the form of PDF exports of their system configurations enriched with verbal remarksES-.. Furthermore, an interviewES- (h min) was conducted with trainee teachers of business education (N=) regarding the applicability of the Industry . Suite in educational scenariosES-.. Likewise, questionnairesES- were utilized. Students (N= ) of the lecture Innovation Technology I at FAU who applied the artifacts of the Industry . Suite in the scope of their

Study I



semester tasks were provided with an online questionnaire containing  questions ( on the Industry . Compendium) to be answered with five-point Likert scales and optional text fieldsES-.. Another online questionnaire was answered by participants (N=) who worked with the Industry . Suite during the two-day hackathon Innovating Industrial Sustainability of INNOSTRYES-.. In this case, it comprised  questions, all of which were answered via open-text fields. In summary, the choice of methods was made in accordance with the design of the evaluation strategy, while representatives of all target groups of this research were included. An overview of the full evaluation strategy with further details provides Appendix B. Feedback on the Industry . Suite programs as a whole indicated that they provide a valuable starting point for activities in the context of Industry . as it is “[g]reat to see, what is all there and might not be on the mind at beginning.” “The wide selection is very helpful to keep different aspects in mind.” Additional points about the utility were mentioned, as “[i]t's good for making you think about different aspects of the problem and solution domain” and simply “[v]ery helpful.” The visual presentation was regarded as “[g]ood design and coherence.” Despite the large scope and a multitude of information, the organized presentation and uniformity in design secured good understandability. E.g., the tools were rated as “[q]uite understandable and straightforward.” As well as “. . . [o]rganized and pretty easy to navigate.” The query of the ease of use of the web tools also led to statements that primarily referred to the arrangement of the contents: “When you first use it, everything looks very structured and orderly. This is very important and good. Generally everything is structured understandably.” In

addition

to

the

predominantly

positive

assessments

of

the

utility,

understandability and ease of use of the web tools of the Industry . Suite, there were specific concerns about the Industry . Compendium that were revealed as part of the evaluation strategy. These, ordered by evaluation format, and the subsequent design adjustments performed on the artifact are described in Table .

86

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Table 8: Evaluation-based design adjustments to the Industry 4.0 Compendium DSRM code

Evaluation annotation

Design adjustment

“The visual representation of the categorization can seem overwhelming at first glance. A different form of hierarchical representation would help.”

On the left side, a side bar was introduced. Thus, a hierarchical overview of all sections and topics becomes accessible. By selecting a respective topic, the tool navigates to the corresponding field of the visual categorization.

ES-2.2

“It would be more helpful if there was something like a video tutorial.”

ES-4.2

“Possibly, videos with explanations could be included if no common entry with an expert is possible.”

ES-4.3

“Possibility of a YouTube tutorial.”

A video tutorial was created with the aim of conveying the range of functions and workflows of the web tool in an appealing format. It can be accessed via a link in the Industry 4.0 Suite tool selection. The video is hosted on YouTube.

ES-4.2

“It might also be slightly intimidating to some since there is no clear place to start, just lots and lots of information and references.”

A section overview was implemented at the top that provides an overview of all thematic sections. This facilitates an easier overview and start at the beginning.

ES-4.2

“. . . in the Compendium, highlighting what text is clickable or not would be helpful.”

A mouse-over effect has been implemented that indicates which contents are clickable.

“. . . better flow between pages/stages.”

With the introduction of the right side bar, an element has been added that connects the tools and allows content to be transferred in between.

“The Compendium is not selfexplanatory. It lacks an index, glossary, brief explanations and instructions.”

The entire contents were indexed, which allows for easy, autocomplete queries via the search bar. Furthermore, an explanatory text has been added.

“Additional explanations in German.”

The user interface was made multilingual (German, English and Chinese).

ES-2.2

ES-4.2

ES-4.3

ES-4.3

3.2.6

Communication

In order to inform both scientific and application-oriented communities about the findings, contributions and implications of the DSR process of the artifact as well as about the Industry 4.0 Compendium as such and its capabilities, a target audiencespecific

communication

presentations

CC-1

campaign

was

designed.

This

campaign

includes

given in particular in the Metropolitan Region Nuremberg to

representatives from practice, academia and the general interested public. These were held on several occasions, during the event series 12min.meCC-1.9 at JOSEPHS, an open innovation laboratory in Nuremberg and at the Siemens Research and Innovation Ecosystem Conference: The Factory of the FutureCC-1.15 with high-profile

Study I



decision-makers in the auditory, such as the CEO of Siemens. In addition to these live presentations of the Industry . Compendium, the artifact was showcased to the scientific community by means of a publicationCC- in the journal Information Systems FrontiersCC-. (cf. Oks, Jalowski, et al., ). Furthermore, there is media coverageCC

on the artifact. On the one hand, a continuous Twitter and LinkedIn campaign is

conducted that has reached over  . touchpointsCC-.. On the other hand, there have been blog posts by the Automation Valley NordbayernCC-. and several articles in newspapers, including an interview printed in the HandelsblattCC-.. The complete communication campaign with further details and information on the extent to which the artifact was presented in the context of the Industry . Suite can be found in Appendix B. Beyond the outlined campaign above, this book is intended to communicate the target group-specific and goal-dependent applications of the Industry . Compendium. This is conducted in Section ., in which the method integration joins all artifacts of the Industry . Suite.

4 Study II: Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems in a Stakeholder Perspective

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature 2024 S. J. Oks, Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems, Markt- und Unternehmensentwicklung Markets and Organisations, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-44417-4_4



Study II

Study II 6 of this dissertation is carried out in Chapter  and directs a stakeholder perspective on industrial CPS. It consists of two parts: In Section .—the explorative research part—the relevant stakeholders of Industry . and their relation to CPS are analyzed by means of a multiple-case study. In Section .—the DSR part—the artifacts Industry . Stakeholder Cards & Matrix are designed based on the results of the aforementioned section.

4.1

Exploring Stakeholders of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems

In the context of Industry ., CPS can be characterized as socio-technical systems (cf. Figure ) when they orchestrate people and technologies in an organizational structure for the performance of specific tasks (Karafyllis, ). Furthermore, it is the prevailing opinion that despite increasing automation and autonomization of industrial processes, humans will remain an essential and, for the foreseeable future, indispensable factor in industrial value creation (Richter et al.,  ). As a matter of fact, due to holistic system architectures and the emergence of ad hoc SoS in the operation of CPS (Engell, ), in general, more stakeholders are involved in and affected by industrial activities (Frazzon et al., ). Conflicts of interest and differentiating implicit stances among stakeholder groups can cause adverse effects in the engineering and introduction of industrial CPS (Broman et al., ; Persson et al., ). As working conditions and processes as well as the structure of work change significantly, there are wide-ranging effects on qualification requirements and processes (Ahrens & Spöttl, ), work execution (Gong et al.,  ) and HCI (Faber et al.,  ). Besides, CPS can only unfold their full potential when users accept the new technologies and adopt them into their working routines (Schirner et al., ).

6

Study II builds upon and extends the conference proceedings chapter Oks, S. J., & Fritzsche, A. ( ). Importance of user role concepts for the implementation and operation of service systems based on cyber-physical architectures. In A. C. Bullinger-Hoffmann (Ed.), Innteract conference (pp.  –). aw&I – Wissenschaft und Praxis, the book chapter Oks, S. J., Fritzsche, A., & Möslein, K. M. ( b). Rollen, Views und Schnittstellen – Implikationen zur stakeholderzentrierten Entwicklung Sozio-CyberPhysischer Systeme. In A. C. Bullinger-Hoffmann (Ed.), Arbeitswissenschaft und Innovationsmanagement. Abschlussveröffentlichung: S-CPS: Ressourcen-Cockpit für Sozio-CyberPhysische Systeme (pp. –). aw&I – Wissenschaft und Praxis. https://doi.org/./awir.vi. and the conference contribution Oks, S. J., Fritzsche, A., & Möslein, K. M. (c). Industrial cyber-physical systems from a stakeholder perspective. In R&D management conference: R&Designing innovation: Transformational challenges for organizations and society (pp. –).

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Thus, to identify the relevant stakeholder groups of Industry . and to gain precise knowledge about their perceptions of CPS, this multiple-case study is conducted. 4.1.1

Objectives and Structure

Whereas the state of research regarding the technical realization of industrial CPS has already reached a rather advanced state, the investigation of stakeholder-related topics has received less attention so far. This becomes apparent, i.a., when evaluating the distribution of publications by CPS dimension with just ≈% allocated to the human/social one (cf. Figure ) within the systematic literature review of this dissertation (cf. Section ...). From this arises the relevance to approached subresearch question II, who are the relevant stakeholders of Industry . and what are their expectations from and attitudes toward CPS? in the explorative research part of this study. Within a multiple-case study, the objectives are to (OB IIa) identify the relevant stakeholders of Industry . and (OB IIb) uncover their expectations from and attitudes toward CPS. With these objectives, it is intended to facilitate the engineering of industrial CPS with a high level of stakeholder consensus and thus to promote their acceptance and adoption. Moreover, the objectives are oriented toward fostering stakeholder and user integration in the engineering processes of industrial CPS. In doing so, organizations could profit from stakeholder-driven innovation, e.g., via open innovation approaches, when ideas, creativity, tacit knowledge, and experiences of personnel and users become available and are utilized for the advancement of Industry .. The structure of the explorative research part of Study II is arranged in the following way: To provide the theoretical underpinning, the fundamentals and concepts of the stakeholder theory (cf. Section ...) as well as of the use, acceptance and adoption of technologies (cf. Section ...) are introduced. Section .. outlines the research design with its methodological approach of a multiple-case study in which data is collected through interviews and focus groups before being analyzed. The obtained qualitative findings are then presented in the format of a stakeholder map, a description of their expectations from and attitudes toward CPS and a stakeholder matrix indicating conflict potentials (cf. Section ..). Finally, the findings are discussed in Section .. in order to derive theoretical contributions as well as to identify future research needs and point out limitations.



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4.1.2

Theoretical Background: Stakeholder Theory and Technology Use

The theoretical foundations of this study are derived from the fields of stakeholder theory (cf. Section ...) and technology use, acceptance and adoption (cf. Section ...). 4.1.2.1

Stakeholder Theory

As a basis for the stakeholder-centered research approach of this study, in this section, stakeholder theory is presented, which was established by Freeman () in his fundamental contribution Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. By combining schools of thought from the fields of organization theory and business ethics, a theoretical approach was formed, focusing on the persons and groups involved in business activities. With “[a] stakeholder in an organization is (by definition) any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organization’s objectives”, Freeman (, p. ) defined the central concept of the theory and developed it further over the years (Freeman, ; Freeman et al., ; Phillips et al., ). The highly emphasized difference to previous approaches is the elimination of the causality that ownership and/or higher ranking positioning in the hierarchical structure of an enterprise determine the degree of consideration in decision-making (Kaler, ). Beyond the change that the focus is no longer exclusively set on the interests of the shareholders, stakeholder theory distinguishes between internal and external stakeholders, which expands the circle of groups considered beyond the boundaries of the company (Freeman, ). A distinction is also made between primary and secondary stakeholders. Primary stakeholders are those who are most affected, while secondary stakeholders are peripherally impacted. The affiliation of stakeholders to internal or external as well as primary or secondary groups, is thereby independent of each other (Freeman et al., ). In addition, stakeholder theory focuses more strongly on the effects of management decisions on the common good. This shows the consideration of ethical approaches in the development of stakeholder theory, which emphasizes the social responsibility of companies (Argandoña, ). In this context, however, the impetus is not only an improvement of the (internal) common good but it is assumed that compromises that result in the best possible consensus among the interests of all

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parties involved result in enhanced economic success (Harrison & Wicks, ; Reynolds et al., ). This can be attributed to a variety of success factors affected, such as i.a., process and project efficiency, employee satisfaction, innovativeness and company perception, which ultimately have a positive effect on profit maximization and market value. Furthermore, the expediency of stakeholder theory becomes apparent since it has also served as an originator for theory extensions, e.g., stakeholder-agency theory, which deals with the drafting of contracts between organizations and their stakeholders (Hill & Jones, ). However, the body of literature also contains critical contributions regarding stakeholder theory pointing toward weaknesses and shortcomings. Thus, Key () sees in the concept created by Freeman a strategically applicable management method, which, however, does not fulfill the criteria for a self-contained theory. But since the contemporary body of literature attests a far-reaching and successful establishment of stakeholder theory (Laplume et al., ; Littau et al., ) and the frequent application within the IS context (Mishra & Mishra, ), it is the opinion of the majority that it qualifies as a firm theoretical foundation. Regarding the application of the stakeholder theory, there are two approaches (Freeman et al., ): Stakeholder analysis and stakeholder management. The assignments in the stakeholder analysis are rather passive and analytical as they focus on identifying relevant stakeholders, their characteristics and interactions. The analysis is conducted in three areas within the organizational context: Internal organization, operating environment and broad environment (Harrison & St. John, ). The tasks of the management are relatively active. Contrary to this, stakeholder management is rather active. It consists of the activities to organize and govern stakeholder-relevant processes of an organization. Paradigms of stakeholder theory are applied therein in practice. Harrison and St. John () define that stakeholder management brings together the perspectives of industrial organization economics, resource-based view, cognitive theory and the institutional view of the firm in combination with stakeholder theory. Furthermore, it includes stakeholder communication, negotiation and motivation as well as the management of inherent relationships (Freeman & McVea, ). In the context of the increase in complexity that accompanies the implementation of industrial CPS, also in the form of more stakeholders and Industry . scenarios



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that further reduce organizational boundaries, stakeholder theory provides a suitable foundation for analyzing this situation. 4.1.2.2

Technology Use, Acceptance and Adoption

In the long-established research field of acceptance and adoption of (new) technologies (Davis, ; Markus & Keil, ; Rogers, ; Venkatesh et al., ), it is a well-founded understanding that expectations and attitudes toward technologies have an impact on subsequent use (Karahanna et al., ). Furthermore, in the introduction process of new technologies, it becomes apparent that the acceptance of these, as well as the expectations, hopes and fears related to them, depend on the respective individual situation of the persons affected. As with all technologies incorporated in an organizational environment before, it is the same with the technologies introduced or adapted in the context of digitalization: They can be accepted or rejected by their users. While this phenomenon leads to the simple choices between use and non-use in the private application domain, it is more complex in the organizational domain, where it is rather challenging to avoid the use of provided technology in the workplace. To examine the process of acceptance and non-acceptance, Ajzen and Fishbein () elaborated the theory of reasoned action (TRA) before Davis () introduced and extensively tested the technology acceptance model (TAM). In both approaches, expectations and attitudes toward a particular technology play an important role and are seen as parameters affecting acceptance. In turn, acceptance is an essential factor when it comes to the adoption of technology in the organizational context (Karahanna et al., ; Moore & Benbasat, ). Over time, acceptance and adoption research has developed into a core discipline of IS research. Particular attention is given to the unification of existing models, changes in belief and attitude (Bhattacherjee & Premkumar, ), conceptualization of post-adoptive behaviors in work systems (Jasperson et al.,  ), further discussion of TAM (Benbasat & Barki,  ) and analyzing the roles of intention, habit and emotion in continuing IT use (Guinea & Markus, ). Since industrial CPS are composed of a variety of technological components and entail new forms of HCI and HMI, it can be considered that the concepts of technology use, acceptance and adoption are worthwhile within the Industry . context.

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4.1.3



Research Design: Multiple-Case Study

In order to answer the formulated research question of this study (cf. Section ..) under the consideration of the stakeholder theory (cf. Section ..), the methodology follows an explorative, qualitative research approach (Lee et al.,  )— specifically a case study is applied (Yin, ). Eisenhardt () characterizes case studies as a type of research design that possesses the flexibility needed to investigate new and unexplored phenomena that have not yet received substantial attention. Since, as observed in Study I (cf. Figure ), it is predominantly the technological component of industrial CPS that has received research attention, this applies to the topic area of Industry . stakeholders and their expectations from and attitudes toward CPS. A case study is “an empirical method that investigates a contemporary phenomenon (the ‘case’) in depth and within its real-world context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context may not be clearly evident” (Yin, , p.  ) and avails different alignments, dependent on the objectives and conditions of the conducted research. First, there is a differentiation between single and multiple-case studies. While single-case studies allow for in-depth and longitudinal phenomena explorations, multiple-case studies provide a broader and more comprehensive perspective with more potential for generalizable conclusions. Second, there is a distinction drawn between holistic and embedded case designs. Holistic case studies focus on a single unit of analysis, while embedded case studies incorporate multiple units of analysis (Yin, ). Third, different forms of data can be gathered and analyzed within the cases. This includes qualitative, quantitative or mixed data sets (Eisenhardt, ). Fourth, the study can be outlined as inductive, deductive or abductive. This, in turn, depends on the state of understanding and, thus, if applicable, on established models regarding the phenomenon, as well as on the objectives of theory building or extension (Thomas, ). The study at present features the following layout: An embedded multiple-case study that relies on qualitative data for inductive knowledge building.



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The research setting of the case investigated was the BMBF-funded research project S-CPS7 in which a CPS-based predictive MRO system was designed and engineered in cooperation of several industrial and academic organizations. As mentioned in Section ., MRO systems are particularly suitable for analyzing Industry . phenomena—in this case, as many stakeholders are involved in MRO activities. The three cases examined were three companies active in different industrial domains (an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) in the automotive industry, an automotive supplier and an MRO service provider for energy suppliers operating wind farms) and different in size and legal form (two multinational public limited companies and one SME). All companies introduced the same industrial CPS for MRO processes and, thus, provided comparable cases in this regard. The external partners and participating organizations of the companies that were involved in the application process of the industrial CPS complemented the three cases. Table  provides further information on the three case-providing companies and their value creation approaches. Table : Companies representing the cases of the multiple-case study Companies OEM

MRO service provider

Industry

Parts supplier from the metal processing industry.

MRO service provider for renewable energy production.

Size

Public limited company

Public limited company

SME

Organizational structure

Several plants in a worldwide network but with no interdependencies in production.

Several plants in a worldwide network executing related and progressive production sequences.

Only one enterprise location but several geographically widespread wind farms of their customers.

Product portfolio

Automobiles in the premium segment with a high degree of individualization.

Broad range of products out of the category of small-item system components.

Full-service offers for planning, construction, operation and sale of wind farms.

Extremely high demand for real-time information availability for process coordination and assurance of product quality.

Large lot sizes. Highly competitive cost and quality pressure.

Reliant on real-time information about the current status of wind wheels as well as precise weather forecasts. Depended on external service providers.

Specifics of value creation

7

Supplier

OEM in the automotive industry.

Funding reference number: PJ .

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The data collection and analyses were conducted in light of the two objectives of this study. To this end, it was initially required to identify the relevant stakeholders of Industry .. Therefore, applying the techniques following Bryson (), a systematic stakeholder analysis was conducted within the three cases. To identify the stakeholder groups, the companies’ organizational structures were analyzed and used to support the mapping of the groups. This approach was chosen as Freeman and McVea (, p. ) state that stakeholders can rather be “defined by their roles than as a complex and multifaceted individuals.” The identified stakeholders were then transferred to a stakeholder map as proposed by Freeman et al. (), where the suggested main sections of broad environment, operating environment and internal organization were translated to company-internal and external stakeholders, as this is most suitable for the objectives of this study. For the identification of the companyexternal stakeholder groups, the quotations during the interviews with the stakeholder representatives of the company-internal groups (cf. the following paragraphs) were enhanced with results from the systematic literature review of Study I (cf. Section .). Subsequently, to capture the expectations from and attitudes toward industrial CPS of the identified stakeholder groups, empirical data collection was executed via semistructured interviews during the implementation process of the MRO system within the three cases. During this period, the stakeholder groups already had a good level of knowledge on industrial CPS, but their expectations from and attitudes toward it had not yet been influenced by the utilization of the system. The interviewed representatives of the company-external stakeholder groups were familiarized with the CPS-based MRO system in order to ensure a uniform use case example for all stakeholder groups. The data was collected through in-depth interviews and focus groups. Interviews were conducted with representatives of the stakeholder groups, who are to be regarded as full and well-established representatives of the group due to their position and reputation. Focus groups were executed when there was access to a large number of group representatives. Within qualitative social research, interviews are recognized as a sound data-gathering method (Myers,  ; Myers & Newman,  ) as they allow respondents to express their views individually and openly detail their answers (Banks et al., ). In order to structure the conduct of the interviews, guidelines were used. Yet, there is the chance to deviate from the



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guideline in the course of the conversation and to ask additional questions in order to gain further information when novel or unexpected aspects arise (Myers & Newman,  ). The interview guide within this case study consisted of five parts: () topic and use case introduction, () Industry . and CPS, () effects on roles, processes and work, () data, information management and privacy and ( ) demographics. The guideline was applied in two versions with a high degree of congruence containing  (company-internal) and  (company-external) questions and underwent one pretest. The resulting data volume is composed as follows:  semi-structured interviews with  participants ( h min) and  focus groups (h  min) with

participants in total. Table  gives a detailed overview of the data set. Table : Interviews and focus groups of the multiple-case study Company environment

Internal

External

Stakeholder group

Data collection method (amount)

Participants (accumulated)

Duration (accumulated)

Management

Interviews (10)

10

9h 18min

(Skilled) Workers

Focus groups (3)

33

4h 47min

Employee representatives

Focus group (1)

22

2h

Interviews (2)

2

1h 36min

Industrial associations

Interviews (3)

3

3h 30min

Unions

Interviews (3)

3

1h 39min

Academia

Interviews (5)

5

5h 10min

Public sector

Interviews (4)

5

4h 21min

The analysis of the gathered data was based on the four-step process by Meuser and Nagel (): The by permission of the interviewees recorded interviews lasted between  and  minutes, with a mean time length of

minutes and were transcribed in the first step utilizing the software ftranskript considering prosodic and preverbal features limitedly. Following the second step of paraphrasing, in the third step, coding was performed inductively, identifying patterns and clustering related data with the software MAXQDA . Here, the procedure, according to Gioia et al. (), found consideration to increase the methodological rigor. The thematic focus of the coding was set on expectations and attitudes. The dimensions of these themes were set by the constructs on expectations by Szajna and Scamell () and attitudes by Barki and Hartwick (). The category system was revised, modified or inductively extended during the analysis process. In the fourth step, the categorization of the codes and the comparison of the interviews was conducted.

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Here, after the expectations and attitudes of the individual stakeholder groups were unveiled and described, they were analyzed and categorized whether they were identical, complementary, neutral, contending or antonymous to each other. Equivalently, this was performed with the data from the focus groups. 4.1.4

Findings

The findings of the multiple-case study offer detailed insights regarding the stakeholder groups of Industry . and their specific expectations from and attitudes toward CPS. In addition, the findings unveil the mutual assessment of the stakeholder groups with regard to which groups or roles do or do not benefit from the application of industrial CPS as well as interpretations of how roles and working conditions might change in this context. In the first step toward the stakeholder map (cf. Freeman et al., ), it became apparent that in the cases, there were relatively similar roles within the companies in the areas of management and operational work, but that these did not have standardized designations, but rather very company-specific titles. Whether there were employee representatives depended on the form of the company: Only the public limited companies contained them, but not the SME. Eventually,  roles were identified that were to use the CPS-based MRO system. The exact role model for the S-CPS Resource Cockpit8 is available in the S-CPS project report (cf. Oks et al.,  b). However, these roles were too fine-grained for further analysis in the context of the second objective of this study. Therefore, these roles were transferred into suitable stakeholder groups with reference to the Classification of Professions  – Revised Version  9 (Bundesagentur für Arbeit, a, b). This comprehensive classification was established by the German Federal Employment Agency and supporting institutions active in labor market research and contains hierarchical

8

The software Resource Cockpit was developed and evaluated within the BMBF-funded research project S-CPS. The main interested of the project was the development of software supporting different groups of manufacturing personnel in their work with industrial CPS (Bullinger-Hoffmann,  ). 9 Since in this multiple-case study only German companies and their sites in Germany were examined, a classification was utilized that was explicitly designed for the German labor market. However, there is a high degree of overlap with the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-) of the International Labor Organization (ILO), which gives the findings relevance beyond the German economy.



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classification levels reaching from  profession areas on the highest level to  profession types on the most detailed level. Thus, the identified  roles of the S-CPS Resource Cockpit were united into two stakeholder groups equivalent to the profession main groups of the classification: Management (classification number ; requirement niveous

10

-) and (skilled) workers (classification number  ;

requirement niveous -). The identification of the company-internal stakeholder groups was concluded by the use of member checking whether the interviewees could identify with the groups that had been created. This was confirmed without exception. The company-external stakeholder groups that were suggested during the interviews with company-internal stakeholder representatives were reconciled with scientific literature for confirmation. In doing so,  company-external stakeholder groups were identified with relevance for the multiple-case study at hand: The public sector (Berman et al., )—represented by the BMBF and the German Federal Employment Agency—industrial associations (Rong et al.,  ), unions (Sendler, ) and academia (Perkmann et al., ). Figure  provides an overview of the final stakeholder map with the stakeholder groups and case affiliations.

Company-internal environment OEM

Supplier

MRO service provider

Company-external environment Federal Ministry of Education and Research

Federal Employment Agency

Management

Public sector

(Skilled) Workers

Industrial associations

Employee representatives

Unions

Academia

Figure : Stakeholder map containing the stakeholder groups and cases of the multiple-case study

10

Requirement levels: =helping and semi-skilled jobs; =specialist activities; =complex specialist activities; =highly complex activities.

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The findings of the semi-structured interviews in relation to the second objective of this study, namely the expectations from and attitudes toward industrial CPS of the stakeholder groups, are presented below in order of company-internal and external groups: Company-internal, the surveyed decision-makers of the group of management have a fundamentally positive attitude toward the topic of Industry . and the application of industrial CPS in value creation processes: “In my opinion, we are very open-minded toward this, certainly the management.” (I_M(S)_). The topic is on everyone’s lips, but CPS have so far mainly been applied in isolated pilot projects within single company boundaries. The combination of individual stand-alone solutions merging into an integrated smart factory is seen as a major challenge. The networking and configuration of industrial CPS across company boundaries are regarded as an even greater task. But the increasing implementation promises higher process efficiency combined with more constant plant availability, eventually resulting in higher productivity: “What would be the additional value? Higher productivity!” (I_M(OEM)_). A positive impact on the innovativeness of companies is also expected. The strategic cooperation with partners, such as suppliers, has great potential to be expanded within the framework of Industry .. In addition, positive effects are expected on existing management systems, which benefit from more detailed information and especially the availability of live data from production processes. In addition, existing products and services could be aggregated and bundled, which would offer further value to customers. However, the majority of respondents does not see a reason for radical changes in the area of business models: “We will not completely redesign the business model itself, but we can offer new services.” (I_M(MROSP)_ ). How quickly the investments in industrial CPS have to be amortized is answered inconsistently. E.g., managers of the SME pay more attention to sound cost-benefit calculations regarding the introduction of CPS than representatives of large-scale corporations. There is also no unanimous opinion when it comes to assessing the expectations of the workforce. Some of the interviewees perceive the workers as very approachable regarding industrial CPS and other topics of the digital transformation, others consider this group to be rather cautious and reserved in this respect. With regard to qualification demands for the employees in order to handle Industry .-typical technologies, decision-makers see little need for action:



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Employees would be well prepared by the use of digital technologies in private contexts. In the medium term, the execution of work, especially physically demanding, would become easier due to changes in tasks and roles. Obstacles on the way to the successful design and implementation of industrial CPS are seen in the confusing market situation with no standardized systems, the difficulty of gaining an entry point for a comprehensive digitization strategy and lengthy negotiations with employee representative councils, who see too many risks in digitalization. The vast majority of the (skilled) workers surveyed was very open toward the topic of Industry . and the utilization of CPS in their work environments. It is expected that workflows and processes will be more efficient and that working conditions will become more convenient. The introduction of new CPS-based systems in production was partly longed for: “If you could access this information of the machine via a tablet in real-time, it would be much more user-friendly.” (FG_SW(S)_). It is expected that digital technologies will be used in the workplace, as it is often already the case in private end-user applications. In this way, knowledge management could be improved and cooperation between different user groups, e.g., maintenance personnel and plant operators, could be enhanced. The workers demand to be involvedPO- . in the design process of the systems from an early stage on, e.g., by means of open innovationPO- .. Many employees are critical about changes in organizational and work processes as well as conditionsPR-11.1 and do not want to be “. . . commanded . . .” by technology, with regard to when, how and what to do. They fear losing the “. . . human factor on the shop floor . . .” and the pride of working for their company “. . . if technology plays boss and displaces people.” (FG_SW(OEM)_). Freedom of choice and initiative, as well as autonomy in the allocation of work, were particularly emphasized. Digital systems, especially if they would provide the group of management with more transparency about work execution and tracking, etc., should only be applied when inevitable: “Not every work step needs a digital twin.” (FG_SW(OEM)_). Although there is a distinct skepticism toward management that the utilization of CPS-based systems could be used to determine individual performance indicators, many respondents would not prefer a completely anonymous system setup for reasons of working comfort: “I think it would be the next logical step that this information appears in the shift book stating my name. As long as you can’t keep looking for who’s free of task and who’s where I don’t care if it's personalized.”

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(FG_SW(OEM)_). If there is compensation (monetary, special leave, etc.) for a certain quantity or quality of individual employee input, e.g., the creation of action guidelines for MRO activities, person-related attributability is even demanded. In this context, data ownershipPR-. would also need to be clarified. Lastly, an issue is seen in the assumption of additional workloads until a CPS is finally implemented. These efforts should be compensated accordingly, too. The employee representatives interviewed also emphasized the great potential of Industry . when it is performed the “. . . right way.” However, there would also be serious risks that should not be neglected, which would particularly affect the workforce. In this respect, works councils see themselves as a protective institution for employees. The aim is to ensure that users of industrial CPS are involved in the development process at an early stage and that no performance and behavior controls become possible through any kind of tracking and tracing mechanisms PR-. . Anonymization of all user data without exception is required by any means. In addition, programs ensuring that employees will be adequately qualified to meet new requirements have to be set up: “So further training and qualification should be offered in all cases. If some young people say “no, I don’t need any support, I can do it on my own”, then that’s okay. Nevertheless, some employees find it really difficult. There are also employees who completely reject new technologies because they no longer want to learn how to interact with new technologies in the late stages of their working life.” (I_ER(S)_). It would also be important that the expected increase in efficiency in value creation processes and the resulting reduction of certain working activities does not entail a reduction in the number of employees or contractual deficiencies. Rather, the released resources should be used to improve working conditions. Competent support and information policy on the topic of Industry . from unions is desired. In the company-external environment, here, specifically the public sector, the representatives of the BMBF are, first of all, very pleased about the great success of the Industrie . funding initiative. It would be extraordinary that the title of a funding initiative has become the epitome of digital transformation in the industrial domain even beyond the borders of Germany. It is the intention to establish the visions of CPSbased manufacturing fast and sustainable in German companies with the support of programs and funding projects. This would be the only way to defend the leading



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position of German mechanical engineering in increasingly competitive markets. Nevertheless, state initiatives could only serve as a stimulus. The implementation task lies with the companies themselves. When designing the funding initiatives, it is very important for the Ministry to ensure that the introduction of industrial CPS and other digital technologies is performed, avoiding disadvantages for individual stakeholder groups. The representatives of the Federal Employment Agency surveyed see the establishment of industrial CPS as a potential source of positive impetus for the labor market. At the same time, the changing industrial value creation processes would raise questions that could not be fully answered yet: “Are there new opportunities for our clients? Are new professions emerging? If there is more or less flexibility, do we have to redevelop training measures with regard to future requirements?” (I_PS(FEA)_). These questions would be addressed by the BMAS program Arbeiten ., which is intended to ensure that labor market policies promote the success of Industry .. Initial tendencies are already becoming apparent, according to which an increasing academicization of technical occupations can be assumed. In addition, it is to be expected that the execution of work in the industrial context would change profoundly. The main topics here are HCI and HMIPO- .; PR-., the orchestration of worklife balance and the continuous development of qualification measures. A new training market is expected to emerge, particularly in the area of employee qualification. Cooperation concepts between industry and the public sector with regard to training measures have still to be negotiated in further dialogue. The representatives of industrial associations surveyed expect unanimously that the implementation of industrial CPS in the course of Industry . will strengthen the German economy and increase competitiveness despite the high wage environment. Increasingly complex products would also require more complex manufacturing methods, which could only be realized via CPS and further Industry . concepts. The leading world market position of German machinery manufacturers would be an advantage to this end. In addition, customer needs must be taken into account more precisely and the benefits of smart products and services must be emphasized more strongly: “You simply have to stress the added value for the customer if you want to sell these products, technologies or service bundles.” (I_IA_). The contributions that associations could make to the successful implementation of industrial CPS are support for the establishment of norms and standards and establishing networks

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between companies across individual sectors. A particular need for action is seen for SME, since the establishment of industrial CPS in companies of this category is still significantly below its potential. With regard to work organization, respondents expect far-reaching changes which will make work in the industrial sector more interesting and variedPO- but would also require a higher average level of qualificationPR-. . The expansion of shift and location-independent working models could further increase the attractiveness of jobs in the industrial sector. The union representatives interviewed expect massive changes in the industrial sector due to the far-reaching implementation of CPS: “In any case, during our lifetime, it is the transformation that will change all areas of the working environment.” (I_U_). However, the concern that humans will be replaced by machines in production in the medium term is perceived as unfounded. On the one hand, the unions’ task would be to determine where there is a need for action for the legislator to protect workers’ rights and, on the other hand, to support work councils in negotiating employee-friendly works agreements. These would have to take the following topics into account: Adherence to data protection, avoidance of staff reductions and prevention of psychological hazards. Due to the expected increase in complexity, adequate qualification concepts would have to be developed that would open up new perspectives in the age of Industry ., especially for unskilled workers. However, the utilization of CPS in industry is to be welcomed if the expected consequences, such as the progressive subcontracted labor or the expansion of site and schedule-bound work, can be prevented. The researchers surveyed, regardless of their field within academia, emphasized that Industry . and the implementation of CPS is a transdisciplinary topic that requires cooperative research approaches due to its high complexity. The funding activities of the Federal Government were also assessed as generally positive. Beyond the funding initiative, Industry . can be understood as an approach that brings new technologies, new business models and a new understanding of value creation itself. In order to ensure that the introduction of CPS in industry becomes a success, the main task of academia would be fundamental research, which would form the basis for practical application. But research institutions should also be intensively involved in practical implementation, e.g., within publicly-funded projects, since scholars could take on the role of unbiased mediators between conflicting interestsPR-. of different



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stakeholders. There would also be an increased need for research in the field of work organization, as far-reaching changes are to be expected in this area that are highly relevant from an economic, labor and social policy point of view: “Jobs will definitely change. I think that many rolesPR-11.2 will disappear as well.” (I_A_). Furthermore, it is the task of scientists to gather the existing and emerging theoretical knowledge on CPS and to make it accessible to practice in suitable formats. Finally, the findings of the analysis of the expectations from and attitudes toward industrial CPS to determine the extent to which there is potential for conflict between stakeholder groups due to contrary views, but also accusations and misinterpretations are presented in the form of a stakeholder matrix in Figure . The matrix uses a traffic light system that shows the potential for conflict between the stakeholder groups on a three-level scale. In the case of red, there were a particularly large number of conflicting statements in the interviews and focus groups; in the case of yellow, there were some differences; and in the case of green, no potential for conflict was evident in the data. Company-internal environment Management

Skilled workers

Unskilled workers

Company-external environment Employee representatives

Industrial associations

Unions

Public sector

Skilled workers Companyinternal environment

Unskilled workers Employee representatives Industrial associations

Companyexternal environment

Unions Public sector Academia

Figure : Stakeholder matrix indicating conflict potentials among stakeholder groups

Exemplarily, the two red-signaled conflict relations are described: A distinct distrust is evident between the stakeholder groups of management and unskilled workers. For management, this group appears to be relatively superfluous in the context of industrial CPS, as CPS would make many activities in this work segment obsolete. This does not mean that management is particularly interested in laying off these workers but that very little attention is paid to them in the context of digitalization. Of all stakeholder groups, unskilled workers fear major changes brought about by the

Study II



introduction of CPS to their roles and daily work routines most. These changes often have negative connotations. As management initiates and drives this change, these emotions are projected onto this stakeholder group. In the same context, the conflict potential between the unskilled workers and the representatives of academia exists, since the latter, in the context of the present cases, were perceived as allies of the management and also pursued their agenda. 4.1.5

Discussion

The discussion of the findings concludes the exploratory research part of this study by providing theoretical contributions, showing potential for future work and pointing out limitations. It answers sub-research question II who are the relevant stakeholders of Industry 4.0 and what are their expectations from and attitudes toward CPS? and illustrates how the multiple-case study achieved the objectives to (OB IIa) identify the relevant stakeholders of Industry 4.0 and to (OB IIb) uncover their expectations from and attitudes toward CPS. During Study II, different theoretical contributions were made. In the course of an embedded multiple-case study that relied on qualitative data for inductive knowledge building, first, stakeholder groups with relevance for Industry . were identified. It became clear that, in addition to the expected company-internal groups, company-external groups are also highly relevant when applying industrial CPS. In total, four internal as well as four external groups were identified in the multiple-case study and transferred into a stakeholder map (cf. Freeman et al., ). For the arrangement of the stakeholder groups, the Classification of Professions  – Revised Version  (Bundesagentur für Arbeit, a, b) proved to be particularly suitable. It can therefore be recommended for grouping when elaborating divergent stakeholder constellations in the context of CPS design. Thereupon, the stakeholder groups were assessed with regard to their expectations from and attitudes toward CPS. When interpreting the results, it becomes clear that in addition to certain consistent expectations, e.g., with regard to the general increase in efficiency in industrial value creation, there are also major differences in the interpretation of the use of industrial CPS between the individual stakeholder groups. These include the effects on organizational structures and processes as well as the required qualification level of the workforce (cf. Hirsch-Kreinsen, ). Another



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observation is that the representatives of the internal stakeholder groups surveyed project the use of CPS predominantly onto existing value creation processes, organizational structures and business models and only in exceptional cases orient toward the visions postulated in agendas. Especially among (skilled) workers, however, this attitude can change if the work performance and associated processes change profoundly due to the application of industrial CPS. It was clearly perceived that a high degree of participation is expected. However, at the same time, it could be recognized that the own perception and the right to co-determination are interpreted and demanded in different ways depending on the company affiliation. This demand was much more pronounced in the companies with a works council. Particularly among stakeholders with a low level of qualification, a certain skepticism toward industrial CPS and the concern that the digital transformation could cost people their jobs at some point can be observedPR-11. At the same time, it is noteworthy that the need for further training measures is sometimes viewed in a similarly negative light as the loss of the position itself. This goes in conjunction with the distinction between personal acceptance and general acceptability that was uncovered (cf. Alexandre et al., ). For instance, stakeholders may perceive the benefit and need for the introduction of digital technologies and concepts such as CPS for the company or the economy but are opposed to them because they are personally affected, which is interpreted negatively. Likewise, there is a high degree of emotional affectednessPR.

regarding the influence of CPS on the own role and work. This can be the case both

positively and negatively. In the focus groups with the skilled workers, e.g., there was enthusiasm for the to be introduced MRO system: “Finally, we’ll have something like this at work, too! At home, I control the smart home with my cell phone and at work I have to deal with Windows XP at the plant.” But also in the same focus group: “I’m telling you, this is the beginning of the end! Without me!” (the person leaves the focus group in protest and slams the door) (FG_SW(OEM)_). Most of the external stakeholder groups see themselves as supporters of the Industry . idea and would like to contribute to its success with their respective means. However, especially when considering the work design, large discrepancies in expectations and interpretations become apparent. Moreover, the frequent erroneous assessment of the expectations and attitudes of the stakeholder groups among themselves must be emphasized. For this reason, misinterpretations and

Study II



misunderstandings cannot be precluded when different stakeholder groups come together in the planning, implementation and subsequent use of industrial CPS. In conclusion, the knowledge about the expectations from and attitudes toward CPS of different stakeholder groups regarding industrial CPS is valuable for several reasons. At first, the general evaluation of the topic by the different groups can be derived. Based on this, appropriate management measures can be taken to influence the positive or negative expectations and attitudes and the agreement or divergence among the various groups (Bhattacherjee & Premkumar, ). The findings are also valuable for the development of suitable strategies for stakeholder-centered system design approaches. Regarding stakeholder theory and technology use, acceptance and adoption, the following contributions can be made: Stakeholder theory also shows high relevance in the digital age. In particular, since the topics of the digital transformation are often viewed from a technological perspective, the approaches of stakeholder theory provide a suitable means of highlighting additional relevant areas (Freeman et al., 2010). New challenges, however, are emerging, particularly in the area of consensusbuilding (Harrison & Wicks, 2013; Reynolds et al., 2006), as more stakeholders are involved in value creation processes, but their opinions regarding technologies sometimes diverge widely. In the context of changes to work processes, especially when these are accompanied by the introduction of new ICT, it is important to consider acceptance and the subsequent adoption on the part of the intended users (Venkatesh et al., ). Since the changes associated with the topic of Industry ., in particular, are very comprehensive for the stakeholder groups in production, they may lead to conflicting expectations and attitudes toward the new systems to be introduced and the associated re-organization of work processes and structures, which can give rise to conflicts of interest. In addition to concerns about the continuation of employees’ own jobs and the need for their own competence profiles, this also has its origins in issues such as potential monitoring and traceability of activities or data ownership (Hornung & Hofmann, ). Moderating these concerns and reservations of employees represents one of the greatest challenges to the success of the digital transformation of industrial value creation, in addition to their training and qualification for the appropriate use of Industry . systems. Since the fourth



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industrial revolution, as previously explained, is an innovation push with far-reaching transformation processes in many areas of value creation, this has a major impact on the training and qualification requirements of the individual stakeholder groups (Ahrens & Spöttl, ). In addition to the fundamental practical, technical and methodological competencies that enable the safe and effective application and handling of industry-related systems and the execution of processes, it is also necessary to create subject-matter competency with regard to Industry . that first ensures a fundamental understanding of the overall concept and enables each actor to situate his or her own role and actions in the overarching overall context. For systems of the digital transformation, it is also clear that the earliest possible integration and continuous involvement of stakeholders in the technology development process are crucial for a high level of acceptance and adoption (Davis, ; Markus & Keil, ; Rogers, ; Venkatesh et al., ). Due to the design-oriented scope of this dissertation and the combined application of the resulting artifacts in the Industry 4.0 Suite, the practical implications are given in integrated form in Section 7.1. Since the expectations from and attitudes toward CPS of eight stakeholder groups are available in detail as a result of this study, further research efforts should be invested in how conflicts between them can be reduced and, in particular, how misinterpretations of the other groups can be minimized. A part of the limitations can be attributed to the research design and data collection methods: In the interviews and focus groups conducted, there may be possible bias effects or some degree of influencing by the interviewer caused by the interaction between interviewer and interviewees (Stier, ). In addition, there are limitations with regard to reliability since the results of qualitative research activities are always influenced to a certain extent by the persons involved and the external environment (Kromrey, ). It is also a limitation that the results were obtained exclusively in the context of one multiple-case study with the use case of a specific CPS-based MRO system. To address the limitations, future research should also be directed toward further CPS-based use cases aside MRO.

Study II

4.2



Designing the Industry 4.0 Stakeholder Cards & Matrix

In the prior Section . of Study II, an explorative research approach was directed toward the stakeholders of Industry .. The obtained findings include the relevant stakeholders consolidated into groups as well as their expectations from and attitudes toward CPS. Additionally, the group’s mutual assessments and conflict potentials during interaction are part of the results. In order to make this comprehensive knowledge applicable to organizations, educational institutions and international delegations, in this section, the methodological design of the artifact Industry . Stakeholder Cards & Matrix is conducted. To this end, the activities of the DSRM are performed following Peffers et al. ( ) (cf. Section ..). 4.2.1

Problem and Motivation

In order to realize the potentials arising from industrial CPS (cf. Sections .. and ...), it is necessary to solve the problems that impede this development (cf. Sections .., ... and ..). With a stakeholder perspective on industrial CPS, the following problems protrude: Considering ASE, here as well, it becomes clear that new system engineering and development requirementsPR- arise. This means that the implementation of industrial CPS entails adjustments of managerial processesPR-. and the reorganization of workflowsPR-. due to the increasing complexityPR- in Industry .. For stakeholder managementPR-. the concrete problems are that due to larger and more dynamic system sizes and structuresPR-. further stakeholder groups are involved in and affected by industrial value creation processesPR-... In order to manage these stakeholders in a purposeful manner and to take into account their concerns and reservationsPR- (i.a., changes in work organization and executionPR-., role changes., new qualification requirementsPR-. , tracking and traceability of workPR-. and data ownershipPR-.) in an appreciative fashion, higher implementation effortsPR- have to be met. Depending on the legal framework, works agreements and workforce culture in a particular country, the issues of securing privacyPR-. and prohibiting data abusePR-.. can also be of utmost importance. These and all other stakeholder management-relevant problems (cf. Appendix B) are aimed at in the upcoming DSR activities to build the Industry . Stakeholder Cards & Matrix web tool.



Study II

To this end, it is the motivation to enable organizations to adopt their stakeholder management to industrial CPS-based workflowsMO-., to support educational institutions in teaching toward new requirements of professions in the digital ageMO-. and to inform international delegations with the aim of improving work conditions in generalMO-.. 4.2.2

Objectives

Alongside the general objectives for all DSR activities of this research (cf. Section .), specific functional ones apply to the artifact Industry . Stakeholder Cards & Matrix as well. First and most importantly, it aims to provide an overview of the relevant stakeholder groups with regard to industrial CPS and their expectations from and attitudes toward this concept(F)OB-STC-. Moreover, it is supposed to offer descriptions of each stakeholder group and its peculiarity(F)OB-STC-. and disclose at the same time potential conflicts among these groups(F)OB-STC-., which can occur due to conflicting interests but also as a result of misjudgments of the counterpart. In this relation, the artifact should enable the adaption of stakeholder management measures with regard to the specifics of industrial CPS(F)OB-STC- contributing to the long-term objective of fostering industrial CPS use, acceptance and adoption by its stakeholder groups(F)OBSTC-.

.

The subsequent requirements for the artifact result from the objectives introduced beforehand: To promote the use, acceptance and adoption mentioned above, a listing of stakeholder group-specific acceptance and acceptability regarding industrial CPS is required(F)RE-STC-. Namely, with this distinction, it can be determined whether the technology is rejected as such or on the basis of personal affectedness. In order to respond effectively to misjudgments in-between stakeholder groups, the Industry . Stakeholder Cards & Matrix requires a listing of mutual assessments of these(F)RE-STC-. Lastly, to achieve suitable stakeholder management, the artifact has to outline the relations and conflict potentials between stakeholder groups in a comprehensible form(F)RE-STC-.

Study II

4.2.3



Design and Development

Taking into account the objectives and the resulting requirements, the design and development of the Industry . Stakeholder Cards & Matrix are executed. To this end, the required knowledge base is first compiled in order to then create the artifact. 4.2.3.1

Knowledge Base

Given that the Industry . Stakeholder Cards & Matrix, similar to the Industry . Compendium, is an artifact in the form of a web tool, the same guidelines of modularityKB- for its conception and the norm ISO KB- with regard to its ergonomics are applied. For the web developmentKB- AngularKB-. and Node.jsKB-. are utilized again. A detailed description of all aforementioned concepts can be accessed in Section .... Beyond the technical development of the web tool, the knowledge base for the artifact avails the guidelines of stakeholder theory and managementKB-STC

(cf. Section ..) and technology use, acceptance and adoptionKB-STC- (cf. Section

...) as well as the gained research implications of Study IIKB-STC- (cf. Section .. ). 4.2.3.2

Artifact

By applying the aforementioned knowledge base, the artifact Industry Stakeholder Cards & Matrix is developed. In fact, it is composed of two sub-artifacts, on the one hand the Stakeholder Cards, which describe each stakeholder group and its characteristics and on the other hand the Stakeholder Matrix, which outlines the relationships between the groups. As the Industry . Compendium, also this artifact is designed as a multilingualFE- web applicationFE- which is online accessible regardless of time and location(NF)RE-. The tutorialFE- provided to ensure autonomous utilization is once again a video that can be accessed via the QR code in this section. Since all the contents of this artifact are indexed, too, they can be accessed via the search functionFE-, including auto-completion. The specific features for the first sub-artifact include a method for stakeholder identificationFE-STC- which is provided in the form of a graphical overview



Study II

distinguishing between company-internal and external stakeholders. The two areas contain four groups each—the ones described in Section ... By accessing a group, the comprised content is presented as a Stakeholder CardFE-STC- in the form of a popup window. This contains a detailed description of the stakeholder groupFE-STC-., including the generalized expectations from and attitudes toward industrial CPSFE-STC.

. In addition, the results with regard to the group-individual acceptance and

acceptabilityFE-STC-. of the implementation of industrial CPS are part of each Stakeholder Card. Thus, the relevant information about a group is provided in a comprehensive format so that a concise overview can be obtained. Within the pop-up window, bookmarking can be conducted, which adds the respective stakeholder group to the user-individual selection in the right side bar of the artifact. In the second sub-artifact, the Stakeholder MatrixFE-STC-, the mutual assessmentsFESTC-.

in-between the groups are visualized as a table containing a traffic light system

representing the conflict potential between two specific stakeholder groups: Green suggests that the groups, in general, get along well with each other, yellow indicates that there is an increased potential for conflict and that there are occasional misperceptions among the groups and red signals that there is a high potential for conflict when the groups interact with each other. Further information and recommendations for action are, in turn, available via a pop-up window. In line with the Industry . Compendium, the content of the Industry . Stakeholder Cards & Matrix is displayed in three dedicated forms: At the top, in the sub-artifact overview, via the left side bar in a list and in the main body in hierarchical graphical form and as a table. The described features with further explanations are shown in Figure  . The general functions common to all web tools of the Industry . Suite, e.g., export, save and load of a work status, which also entirely apply to this artifact, can be found in Figure .

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Industry 4.0 Suite Tool selection

1

Industry 4.0 Stakeholder Cards & Matrix

This panel provides an overview of two sections of the Industry 4.0 Stakeholder Cards & Matrix in which its content is presented. By selecting a respective section, the tool navigates to the corresponding section of the Stakeholder Cards or the Stakeholder Matrix. It is also possible to reach the sections by scrolling.

1

2

Section overview

4 2

Left side bar By expanding the left side bar, a hierarchical overview of the Stakeholder Cards becomes accessible. The signature of the bullet points shows the corresponding hierarchy level of the stakeholder group. By selecting a respective stakeholder group, the tool navigates to the corresponding field of the Stakeholder Cards.

3

5

3

Stakeholder group pop up By selecting a stakeholder group, it opens in the form of a pop up. There, the respective contents are available in three categories: Characteristics, expectations and attitudes. The stakeholder group can be bookmarked by clicking on the pin icon. Thereby it is added to the list within the right side bar. Deselection is possible by clicking the pin icon again.

4

Right side bar By expanding the right side bar, all pinned stakeholder groups become displayed. These are sorted there by macro-groups. Via selecting a stakeholder group, it is possible to add notes to it. Furthermore, the recycle bin icon can be used to delete all pinned stakeholder groups at once. To prevent accidental deletion, this step must be confirmed.

5

Stakeholder groups intersection pop up The Stakeholder Matrix provides an overview of the relationships between the stakeholder groups. A traffic light system indicates the potential for conflict between the respective stakeholder groups. By selecting a stakeholder groups intersection, it opens in the form of a pop up. There, the respective contents are available in two categories: Relationship cause and management approaches.

Figure : Structure and functionalities of the Industry . Stakeholder Cards & Matrix



4.2.4

Study II

Demonstration

Likewise, as the three web tools are integrated into the Industry . Suite, the demonstration of these artifacts was conducted in an integrative form. Thus, the Industry . Stakeholder Cards & Matrix was demonstrated within the same workshopsDS-, hackathonDS- and teachingsDS- listed in Appendix B and described in detail in Section ... 4.2.5

Evaluation

As part of the integrated evaluation of the Industry . Suite, the quick & simple strategy of the FEDS (Venable et al., ) was also applied to the Industry . Stakeholder Cards & Matrix due to its low technical and social risk. Therefore, a workshopES- with participant groups of the executive education program LDT (N=)ES.

and an interviewES- with trainee teachers of business education (N=)ES-. were

conducted. In addition, online questionnairesES- were applied in the course of the hackathon Innovating Industrial Sustainability (N=)ES-. as well as in the lecture Innovation Technology I at FAU (N= ;  of  questions on the Industry . Stakeholder Cards & Matrix)ES-.. About this, Section .. gives all detailed information on the artifact applications, applied methods, interview guidelines and questionnaires. The same is true for the general evaluation results on the utility, understandability and ease of use of all web tools of the Industry . Suite, including the Industry . Stakeholder Cards & Matrix. The artifacts-specific annotations received during the evaluation that showed potential for improvement and the subsequent conducted design adjustments are described in Table .

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117

Table 11: Evaluation-based design adjustments to the Industry 4.0 Stakeholder Cards & Matrix DSRM code

Evaluation annotation

Design adjustment

ES-2.2

“It would be more helpful if there was something like a video tutorial.”

ES-4.2

“Possibly, videos with explanations could be included if no common entry with an expert is possible.”

ES-4.3

“Possibility of a YouTube tutorial.”

A video tutorial was created with the aim of conveying the range of functions and workflows of the web tool in an appealing format. It can be accessed via a link in the Industry 4.0 Suite tool selection. The video is hosted on YouTube.

ES-4.2

ES-4.3

ES-4.3

4.2.6

“. . . better flow between pages/stages.”

With the introduction of the right side bar, an element has been added that connects the tools and allows content to be transferred in between.

“Documentation; one is overwhelmed with information, but no guide exists.”

The video tutorial now gives detailed instructions. Furthermore, an explanatory text has been added.

“Additional explanations in German.”

The user interface was made multilingual (German, English and Chinese).

Communication

The Industry 4.0 Stakeholder Cards & Matrix and the general scientific contributions from the application of the DSRM, in this case, were also communicated to the academic and practical audience through different channels. This included presentationsCC-1, e.g., of research papers after acceptance for scientific conferences. For instance, the user role concept was presented at the inaugural Innteract ConferenceCC-1.1. In the communication regarding this artifact, particular emphasis was placed on addressing as many of the investigated stakeholder groups directly. Thus, a presentation on CPS-based maintenance with impacts on the future of work was held during a conference of the German union IG MetallCC-1.2. Representatives of the stakeholder group of managers were addressed in the course of the Siemens Research and Innovation Ecosystem Conference: The Factory of the FutureCC-1.15 including top management representatives like the CEO of Siemens. The stakeholder group of academia was targeted with a presentation given during the R&D Management Conference: R&Designing Innovation: Transformational Challenges for Organizations and Society CC-1.4. But also, the general stakeholder group-independent public was addressed through various formats. A talk, open to the public, held in the town hall of Neustadt an der Aisch on the transformation of laborCC-1.3 and a contribution to the science slam of the #NUEdialogCC-1.16 are examples of these.



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Furthermore, findings attained during the design and development of the artifact were published in scientific outletsCC- (cf. Oks & Fritzsche,  ; Oks et al.,  b). The Media coverageCC- is identical to that received by the entire Industry . Suite (cf. Section ..). The complete listing of all communication campaign elements can be reviewed in Appendix B. With particular consideration given to the three main target groups of this design-oriented research, this book contributes to the communication by outlining how the Industry . Stakeholder Cards & Matrix can be used in a targeted manner—independently or in conjunction with the other web tools of the Industry . Suite (cf. Section .).

5 Study III: Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems in an Organizational Perspective

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature 2024 S. J. Oks, Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems, Markt- und Unternehmensentwicklung Markets and Organisations, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-44417-4_5



Study III

The fifth chapter incorporates Study III

11

of this dissertation and applies an

organizational perspective to industrial CPS. It is structured in two segments: In the explorative research part in Section ., an applied thematic analysis is employed to identify applications and corresponding configurations for CPS in the Industry . context. Thereupon, in the DSR part in Section ., the gained knowledge is applied to design the artifact Industry . Application Map.

5.1

Exploring Applications and Configurations of Industrial CyberPhysical Systems

Industrial CPS can be applied in highly diverse applications, as to be expected for a GPT (Bresnahan, ). Thus, they can be engineered and operated in various configurations that are dependent on organizational-individual and applicationspecific circumstances. Even though there are already established models and architectures for the general structure and functionality of industrial CPS (Leitão et al., ) (cf. Figure ) and their role in industrial value creation has been sufficiently explained (cf. Figure ), too, it is a challenge for decision-makers to identify eligible application fields and develop suitable system configurations for their organizations. Despite the great potentials, this is also attributable to the challenge of complexity associated with CPS and their development via ASE (Dumitrescu et al., ). This is the case because technical, stakeholder-related and organizational factors relevant to the system need to be considered simultaneously and in mutual dependence—all under economic constraints. For these reasons, the exploratory research part of this study aims to investigate the applications and configurations of industrial CPS based on the data of the systematic literature review of Study I, the multiple-case study of Study II and the applied thematic analysis conducted in this study.

11

Study III builds upon and extends the book chapter Oks, S. J., Fritzsche, A., & Möslein, K. M. ( a). An application map for industrial cyber-physical systems. In S. Jeschke, C. Brecher, H. Song, & D. B. Rawat (Eds.), Springer series in wireless technology. Industrial Internet of things: Cybermanufacturing systems (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ---

 _ and the journal article Oks, S. J., Fritzsche, A., & Möslein, K. M. (b). Engineering industrial cyber-physical systems: An application map based method. Procedia CIRP, ,  –. https://doi.org/./j.procir....

Study III

5.1.1



Objectives and Structure

In the explorative research part of Study III, the following sub-research question is examined: What applications for CPS exist in Industry . and how can suitable system configurations be engineered? In order to answer this question, the first objective is to (OB IIIa) identify and organize the application spheres and fields of CPS in the context of Industry .. To this end, an exploratory research step is first conducted, in which the existing data of the systematic literature review and the multiple-case study are enhanced with primary data from the process analysis of companies and secondary data in the form of best practices and reports in the context of the German Industrie . initiative. This data is then analyzed to provide a graphical overview of potential application fields for industrial CPS. To meet the second objective to (OB IIIb) enable the design and visualization of industrial CPS configurations, thereupon, a translational research step is undertaken. Based on processes identified in the data and oriented toward the demands of decision-makers in the engineering of industrial CPS, a method is developed that organizes parts of the ASE process systematically, linking technologies and services, stakeholders as well as cost structures of industrial CPS. The explorative research part of Study III is laid out in this order: The organization theory with its heritage as well as its purpose for organizations facing the digital transformation is introduced in Section ... This is followed by the description of the research design and the methods used therein, which analyze and build upon data from multiple sets obtained by the systemic literature review and the multiple-case study of this dissertation as well as of secondary data sources. The research is conducted in both an explorative and a translational step (cf. Section ..). Thereupon, the findings are presented in Section .., which comprise the application spheres and fields of industrial CPS and arrange them in an application map. As a further result, a method based on the application map for the engineering of industrial CPS configurations is outlined. Finally, the results of the study are discussed and conclusions for theory, future research and limitations are drawn (cf. Section .. ).



5.1.2

Study III

Theoretical Background: Organization Theory

The history of organization theory can be traced back to the early  th century, with the work of scholars like Max Weber, Henri Fayol and Frederick Taylor. Weber introduced the concept of bureaucracy, which he saw as a rational and efficient form of organization. Fayol focused on the functions of management, including planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling. Taylor introduced scientific management, which aimed to optimize productivity by breaking down tasks into smaller, more specialized components (Starbuck, ). Organization theory is the study of how organizations function, evolve and adapt in a dynamic and complex environment. It is a multidisciplinary field that encompasses insights from sociology, psychology, economics and management. The main focus of organization theory is to understand the internal dynamics of organizations and their interaction with the external environment. Over time, organization theory has evolved to encompass a range of perspectives and approaches (Luhman & Cunliffe, ). One of the key debates in organization theory is between the rationalist and interpretive schools of thought. The rationalist approach sees organizations as rational systems that can be analyzed objectively and optimized for efficiency. The interpretive approach, on the other hand, sees organizations as social constructions that are shaped by the subjective perceptions and interpretations of their members (Pfeffer,  ). Another important debate in organization theory is between contingency and institutional perspectives. The contingency perspective suggests that organizations need to adapt their structure and practices to fit the unique demands of their environment. The institutional perspective, on the other hand, suggests that organizations are shaped by broader cultural and institutional norms, and must conform to these norms to gain legitimacy and acceptance (Scott, ). Organizations are complex systems that are shaped by a range of internal and external factors. Internal factors include organizational structure, culture and leadership, while external factors include the competitive environment, market trends and regulatory frameworks (Jensen, ). Effective organizational management requires a deep understanding of these factors, as well as the ability to adapt to changing circumstances and anticipate future challenges. One of the key challenges facing organizations today is the rapid pace of technological change. Advances in digital technology, i.a., CPS are transforming the way organizations operate and

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interact with their surroundings. To remain competitive in this rapidly changing environment, organizations must be agile, innovative and responsive to general transformation (Grover et al., ). The study of organization theory has led to the development of a range of conceptual frameworks and models. One such framework is the open systems model, which views organizations as complex systems that interact with their environment through inputs, transformation processes and outputs. This model emphasizes the importance of feedback loops, which allow organizations to learn from their experiences and adapt their strategies accordingly (Scott, ). Another influential model in organization theory is the resource dependence model. This model suggests that organizations must rely on external resources, such as funding, technology and personnel, to prosper. The model emphasizes the importance of strategic alliances and partnerships, as well as effective resource management, in achieving organizational success (Hillman et al., ). In the context of the digital transformation and the changes taking place in the context of Industry ., which organizations are facing both internally and externally, organization theory provides a proven and resourceful framework that can be exploited in the analysis and design of organizational change. Moreover, the theory has already been applied in the areas of complexity management (Tsoukas, ), general management (Pfeffer, ), and industrial organization (Plott, ), which are all relevant to this dissertation. For these reasons, it is used here as a means of guiding the organizational perspective on industrial CPS. 5.1.3

Research Design: Applied Thematic Analysis

To answer the research question of this study and to achieve the postulated objectives, the following research design was composed and executed: Due to the objectives of the study, a research design in two steps was defined. The objective of the first explorative step was to (OB IIIa) identify and organize the application spheres and fields of CPS in the context of Industry .. Since the analysis of the data during the systematic literature review (Tranfield et al., ) conducted in Study I (cf. Section ..) and the multiple-case study (Yin, ) carried out in Study II (cf. Section ..) already revealed aspects related to the application of industrial CPS, the data sets were now intensively examined to determine their suitability for this



Study III

purpose. In this regard, it proved useful that the data sets were fully searchable and, in the case of the transcribed interviews and focus groups, also coded. Thus, as a first step, the  publications of the final selection of the systematic literature review dataset in Citavi  were searched with respect to applications for CPS (cf. Section ..). As during the initial conduct of the systematic literature review, title, abstract, and keywords were considered. As an interim result,  publications with application relevance were identified. In the next step, when the application references were checked for their relevance to the industrial domain, the count was reduced to . These  documents were then transferred to a separate MAXQDA  project. All transcripts of the interviews and focus groups of the multiple-case study were transferred into the same project, which already contained codes on applications and processes of industrial CPS (cf. Section ..). However, since both the systematic literature review and the multiple-case study were not conducted with the primary objective of identifying applications and configurations of industrial CPS, the research design was subsequently extended to an applied thematic analysis. Applied thematic analysis is a qualitative research method used to identify, analyze and report patterns or themes within data (Guest et al., ). This approach “. . . was designed for use in the analysis of textual data as collected in traditional qualitative research methods, such as interviews and focus groups, but also for use in the analysis of text from existing data sources, such as those used in document analysis” (Mackieson et al., , p.  ). It involves a systematic and iterative process of coding and categorizing qualitative data to identify recurring patterns, themes and concepts. The themes are eventually organized in a framework (Guest et al., ). In order to perform the applied thematic analysis in regard to the applications and configurations of industrial CPS, it was necessary to collect appropriate qualitative data. For this purpose, the document analysis, according to Bowen (), was consulted. It describes the procedure of reviewing or evaluating documents in order to find, select, comprehend and synthesize data contained in any kind of qualitative documents. For this purpose, organizational documents as well as public documents were collected. Based on Yin‘s () emphasis on the suitability of document analysis in the context of case studies, ARIS process documents (Seidlmeier, ) describing the intended production and MRO processes after the introduction of the CPS in the context of the S-CPS project were collected in the

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companies involved in the multiple-case study from Study II (cf. Table ). Public documents were collected from various sources, which included: The visions and agendas regarding CPS from different institutions, presented in Table ; the initiatives regarding Industry . of the G and BRICS countries, which are listed in Table ; concluding the best practices featured on the map Industry . of the Plattform Industrie .. These documents were also added to the MAXQDA  project and subsequently inductively coded according to Mayring ( ). Codes were applied on two levels: On the first level regarding the general application spheres and on the second level regarding the concrete application fields. Based on this broad database from a systematic literature review, a multiple-case study as well as organizational and publicly-available documents, this is suitable for triangulation and qualitative generalization. In conclusion, the results of the previous steps were, according to the applied thematic analysis, transformed into a framework in the form of a graphical application map. In the subsequent translational step, a four-step method for the targeted application of the map was developed to meet the second objective of this study, which is to (OB IIIb) enable the design and visualization of industrial CPS configurations. The method development was based in particular on the information contained in the ARIS process documents regarding technologies and services, involved personnel and resource requirements. The method has been applied and evaluated within four workshops involving decision-makers of two OEM of the automotive industry, one SME Special machinery manufacturer and a group of startups from the industrial service and consulting sector. The feedback was collected following a qualitative evaluation design (Patton,  ). 5.1.4

Findings

The findings resulting from the applied thematic analysis regarding the organizational application potentials of CPS in the context of Industry . can be divided, in line with the objectives of this study, into an organized overview of application spheres and fields of CPS for industrial value creation (from the explorative research step) as well as a method enabling the design and visualization of industrial CPS configurations (form the translational research step).



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In order to present the identified application potentials of CPS in the context of Industry . in an organized manner, a two-tier map was selected. At the top tier, the map consists of the application spheres and is based on the schematic functioning of industrial CPS (cf. Figure ) as well as their architecture (cf. Figure ) and value creation logic (cf. Figure ) described in Section .... On the second tier, the application fields are assigned to the spheres, which are by name: Smart factory, industrial smart data, industrial smart services, smart products, product-related smart data and product-related smart services. Even though the spheres of smart products, product-related smart data and product-related smart services are not directly attributed to the industrial sector, there are strong interdependencies and value creation potentials, which is why these are also taken into account. For this reason, a delimiter between the spheres related to the smart factory and those to the smart products is only hinted in the map. Furthermore, the strong interdependence and interaction of the spheres can be emphasized since only a few application fields within these spheres can be utilized in stand-alone system configurations. Thus, the layout follows the logic of a proceeding integration of production processes and smart products in use (Vogel-Heuser et al., ). This integration is based on the extensive data availability gathered within CPS, transformed into valuable information via AIbased big data analytics that ultimately build the basis for services applied both within the smart factory (Herterich et al.,  ) and in SPSS (Oks, Schymanietz, et al., ). The use of these services leads again to further data, which in turn continues to run through the described cycles visible in the map laid out in Figure .

Industrial smart services

Industrial smart data

Smart factory

Smart products

Product-related smart services

Product-related smart data

Figure  : Spheres of the application map for industrial CPS (Oks et al.,  b)

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Within the spheres, the concrete application fields are located, which are described in the following. As the centerpiece of CPS-based industrial manufacturing, the applications of the sphere smart factory set the starting point: The manufacturing and assembly of products and the underlying and contributing processes offer a wide variety of application fields for CPS. First to mention is the production itself. Due to the general increase in complexity caused by the digital transformation, production planning and control has to take into account more factors than before and needs to orchestrate a multitude of technical, mechanical and digital processes with minimal tolerance of process time. This results in application potentials along the entire assembly line. To ensure an integrated flow of production, further application fields are within incoming logistics. Automated e-procurement ensures a sufficient inflow of production (raw) materials and components. The optimum order quantity can automatically be calculated with real-time data from production, warehousing and incoming orders. Moreover, market trends, price developments and other companyexternal data can be integrated for optimized e-procurement. With strategic suppliers and subcontractors, an integrated supply network can be established based on CPS. For this purpose, the interwoven production processes of several companies are linked virtually to a strategic production network. Once the (raw) materials and components arrive in the smart factory, CPS-based resource management can ensure the automated influx of these into the production process, where AGV collect the production resources from warehouses with virtual commissioning. Another field of application in the context of resource management is the alignment of production with smart grids. Depending on orders and other factors of relevance, CPS-based energy management can schedule energy-intensive stages of production for timeframes with favorable electricity rates. Quality management can also benefit from the use of CPS. With real-time data from the production process as well as from smart products in use, deviations from nominal parameters can be precisely detected throughout the entire production process. This contributes to continuous quality assurance of production but also supports the understanding of causes for product failures and their link to manufacturing problems. Research and development profit in an analogical manner of the wide spectrum of data availability due to the application of CPS within production and smart products. The digital twin, holding record about assembling, services activities, repairs and other related incidents of the individual product lifecycle, allow an evaluation of products’ strengths and



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weaknesses. These conclusions are helpful for the continued development of product generations. Moreover, product in use data is valuable for this purpose. The way customers use the products provides an indication of how well the product is aligned with customer needs. CPS can also be applied in customer relationship management: In the context of distribution, customers can keep track of production progress and localization. While this is already established for standardized products, for individualized and custom-made products, this can state a further value proposition. In this way, customers can not only track the order through production but also modify it while already in production for upcoming manufacturing steps. What all CPS application fields in the smart factory have in common is the generation of large amounts of data. However, the data generated is only of value outside of monitoring and control if it is stored, processed and aggregated and, thus, converted into contextualized information—industrial smart data. The sheer number of sensors and the amount of data collected require dedicated industrial data warehousing solutions. The continuously inflowing and then stored data should be processed and interpreted by means of process engineering for industrial data analysis. The continuous development and advancement of algorithms to process data into valuable information is the main task of this application field. The elaborated algorithms are employed in the process of industrial data analysis. In this application field, the data sets from different sources within the smart factory are evaluated and interpreted. The focus of these actions is the detection of data patterns that can be correlated to certain phenomena. The conclusiveness of the information obtained may depend on the volume of data processed. Therefore, it can be in the interest of individual companies to combine their data sets with the goal of a common advantage in the form of more precise and meaningful analytical results. Determining the probability of occurrences and deriving forecasts is another objective of these activities. For certain purposes, additional data originating from outside the smart factory is required- In order to fill this gap, industrial data enrichment has to be applied: Thereby, depending on the task to be fulfilled and the availability of data within the company, external data sources are identified and incorporated. Examples of this external data are market analysis, economic and political forecasts, exchange rates, etc. The data sources can be both free of charge or payable services. Another case of lacking data can be attributed to the fact that certain data is available in the

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company, but not in a suitable format. This is the case if documents are only available as hard copies or processing steps are executed with media discontinuity, leaving data in an analog form. To address these issues, methods for systematic digitization are required. However, the process of digitization goes beyond the mere activity of transferring information from an analog to a digital state: The systematic indexing and filing ensures that it can be retrieved and exploited in a practicable manner. Therefore, when introducing new decision support systems, all relevant documents, such as handbooks, blueprints, protocols, etc., should be digitized as time-consuming work in paper-based filing systems and archives lead to only modest adoption rates (cf. Section 4.1.2.2). In addition, the system logic and the associated processes should also be digitalized, as this is where most of the optimization potential lies. In order to ensure an inter-organizational unhindered process and data flow, the interconnection of CPS to CPSoS is required at times. In strategic production networks, this means an exchange of information between independent companies via public networks. In this context, to secure safety and security, industrial cyber security is an application field to emphasize. The information and intelligence gained from industrial smart data do not solely channel back into the production process via monitoring and control but also form the basis for a wide range of industrial smart services. These data-driven services can be in-house services that endorse the company’s own value creation processes or services that are offered to external customers. In addition to smart data-based services, there are services, such as qualification programs, that are provided with limited use of data. Both smart data-intensive as well as less data-requiring service offerings based on industrial CPS are described in the following: The application of industrial CPS is often associated with the potential to improve existing business models or create entirely new ones. Therefore, the insights gained from industrial smart data can be used for business model development. While the application field of business model development shows the potential for strategic usage of smart services, there are also operative scenarios. In this sense, employee qualification is a necessary action to enable a functioning integration of users into industrial CPS. The compiling and execution of contemporary training concepts ensure the familiarity and appropriate interaction of employees with Industry .-associated technologies. Based on conducted employee qualification measures and systematic user integration



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into CPS, advanced forms of knowledge management can be introduced. The objective of these systems is, i.a., to gather implicit knowledge of employees. By doing so, the implicit knowledge of the staff becomes another data source for the application field of industrial data enrichment. To ensure employee willingness to contribute to these knowledge management systems, the knowledge-gathering process must not be unnecessarily disruptive and the benefits provided must exceed the efforts. An evident example of the beneficial utilization of knowledge management systems is the application field of maintenance with MRO activities to ensure the availability of production capacities. They include servicing and inspections during ongoing operations as well as repairs and overhauls in the event of malfunctions and faults. While the completion of recurring inspections is standardized and scheduled, the repair of malfunctions and the solving of errors can be considered a predominantly intransparent but with a high degree of freedom in execution. Especially when malfunctions and faults of high complexity occur, knowledge from previous incidents becomes relevant for remediation. Over time, the positive effects of a cross-individual learning curve become achievable. Furthermore, CPS can be applied to improve the overall MRO processes. The objective is the reduction of machine downtime by continuously analyzing the condition of machinery components (condition-based maintenance). Based on recognized patterns and correlation in the data, predictive MRO can have a positive effect on the availability of production capacities due to fewer disorders in the production process and optimized periods of use of each machinery component. Moreover, remote maintenance offers application potentials of CPS, e.g., by instructing personnel who are at the scene from a distance. The market commercialization of industrial service systems provides an opportunity to gain further monetary returns based on CPS. These services range from consulting activities to strategic cooperation between manufacturers and service providers in the fields of production or data analysis. In addition to the various application fields within the spheres presented so far, the gathered and analyzed data indicates that industrial value creation can benefit significantly from the integration of smart products in industrial CPS. Accordingly, smart products and the corresponding smart data and smart services in the user context offer a way of maintaining a continuous connection between the customer

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and the product in use on the one hand and the manufacturer on the other. The benefits of this after-sales connection arise for both the manufacturer and the customer. The manufacturer receives information about how customers use their products and can therefore align future hardware and software design to customer needs and give out updates if necessary, but most importantly, adjust the production process if malfunctioning of products in use is detected. Product and service quality is thus continuously improved. In this way, the units of marketing, product development, production, etc., benefit from the data reflow described. On the other hand, the user also benefits from the CPS-based components of the product. This becomes evident in the functionalities and modularity of smart products. Considering the product in use, there in combination with ubiquitous computing surroundings like in smart home applications, smart products can adapt to preset preferences and user behavior. With automatic system integration, these products access product-related smart services. Thus, the smart product offers a tangible platform for a variety of services depending on the situation and context. Similar to the field of industrial smart data, product-related smart data must also be evaluated through an analytical process. Mirrored to the industrial part of the sphere, the following application fields are prerequisites for deriving valuable information: Data warehousing, process engineering for data analysis, data analysis and data enrichment. The outcomes of the data processing can be utilized for two purposes: On the one hand, they enable inputs for product-related smart services; on the other hand, they are integrated into industrial value creation via industrial data enrichment. Synonymous with industrial data processing, the product-related counterpart is dependent on reliable cyber security solutions.



Study III

Industrial smart service

Employee qualification

Industrial data analysis x Big data to smart data

x Data feedback for plant performance improvement x Consulting

Knowledge management x Know-how organization x Situation-based provision of information

Industrial smart data

Industrial service systems

Business model development

Industrial data warehousing Process engineering for industrial data analysis x Algorithm development

Industrial data enrichment

Maintenance

Industrial cyber security

x Integration of data from product usage x Integration of data from other contexts

x Condition-based x Predicitve x Remote

Digitization and digitalization

Smart factory Logistics

Assembly line

Resource management

x Integrated supply chain x Automated e-procurement

x Batch size one x Plug-and-produce x Additive manufacturing x Automated guided vehicles x Human-machine interaction

x Automated warehousing and virtual commissioning x Material influx into the production process x Smart grid integration (energy management) x Green production

Production x Identifiable x Situated x Pro-active x Adaptive x Context-aware x Real-time capable

Research and development x Digital image of products from design throughout market introduction x Adaption of data from product usage (product lifecycle management)

Personnel planning x Match of qualification and task

Quality management

Distribution/value proposition

x Real-time quality assurance x Adaption of data from product usage

x Offer of individualized products x Tracking throughout the value creation process

Smart products System integration

Functionality

x Communication interfaces for registration to and interactions with smart environments x Ubiquitous computing

Product in use

x Identifiable x Situated x Pro-active x Adaptive x Context-aware x Real-time capable

x Adaption to user behaviour and preferences

Modularity x Exchangeability of components

Product-related smart services User communities x User driven service innovation

Consumer services x Context-based and application-oriented merger of independent services to service systems enriching the range of functions of smart products

After sales support

Product-related smart data Data analysis x Big data to smart data x Deduction of conclusions for the industiral context

Data enrichment

x Software updates x Live support

Process engineering for data analysis x Algorithm development

Data warehousing

x Integration of data from other contexts

App stores

Figure  : The application map for industrial CPS (Oks et al., a)

Cyber security

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Product-related smart services are the intangible part of hybrid value creation that complements the tangible part, the smart product. In this context, consumer service systems can act as content aggregators, combining several independent services into a service package that meets the individual needs of the user and the application scenario. In certain cases, these consumer service systems can be controlled via apps installed from app stores on smartphones or other smart products. User communities can be leveraged to gain information about user perceptions and usage patterns as well as to foster user-driven innovation. Another application field is the after sales support offered by product manufacturers. With live support, customer service can provide assistance in case of functional problems. Software updates enable a continuous implementation of improvements. A comprehensive and organized overview of all mentioned application fields within their spheres is given in form of the emerged application map for industrial CPS in Figure . Having consolidated the findings of the explorative research step of this study in the application map for industrial CPS (cf. Oks et al.,  a), hereafter, the findings of the translational research step are presented in the form of an application map-based method for the engineering of industrial CPS configurations (cf. Oks et al., b). Thereby, a configuration is to be understood as a set and interconnection of selected application fields, which is arranged purpose-oriented, context-dependent and company-individual. Furthermore, it takes into account the three dimensions of industrial CPS (technical, human/social and organizational) (cf. Section ..) and distinguishes between company-internal and external components and processes. Thus, it is intended to do justice to the fact that industrial CPS are dynamic, networked systems with multiple dimensions and far-reaching levels, which in combination leads to a high inherent complexity and also design complexity. The application map-based method consists of four phases, which are outlined subsequently: Following the concept of modularity as an approach to reduce complexity, the first phase guides the selection of system components out of the  application fields organized in the  superordinate spheres. Depending on the purpose of the to-beengineered CPS, one application field has to be chosen as an anchor point, thereby building the functional core of the system configuration. Outward from the anchor point, additional application fields as system components are chosen and marked by dots.



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In the second phase, the chosen system components are configured into a holistic functional system aligned to the specific functionality and business context of the applying organization. To illustrate the flow of material and information between the interconnected application fields, lines are used as conjunction elements. While solid lines and dots represent essential system components, dashed ones stand for facultative components. The option to distinguish between essential and facultative components allows prioritizing within CPS functionalities. To illustrate if the application field and its functionality are located within the organization or performed by an external provider, each selected component is marked with an I for internal, E for external or I/E for a combined solution. The interim result of the second phase is a holistic overview of the compiled CPS configuration. Since prediction in production is of great interest in CPS-oriented research (Klöber-Koch et al.,  ; Lindström et al.,  ), and in line with the applied use case through this dissertation, a predictive MRO system as a CPS configuration is demonstrated in Figure .

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Industrial smart service Business model development

E

E

Employee qualification

Industrial data analysis

E

x Big data to smart data

x Data feedback for plant performance improvement x Consulting

IKnowledge management x Know-how organization x Situation-based provision of information

Industrial smart data I/E

Industrial service systems

Legend Anchor point

Industrial data warehousing

Essential system component

EProcess engineering for

Facultative system component

industrial data analysis x Algorithm development

Industrial data enrichment

Maintenance

Industrial cyber security

x Integration of data from product usage x Integration of data from other contexts

x Condition-based x Predicitve x Remote

I

Digitization and digitalization

I

Internal system component

E

External system component

I/E

Mixed system component Essential system connection Facultative system connection

Smart factory I

Logistics

Assembly line

x Integrated supply chain x Automated e-procurement

x Batch size one x Plug-and-produce x Additive manufacturing x Automated guided vehicles x Human-machine interaction

I

Production x Identifiable x Situated x Pro-active x Adaptive x Context-aware x Real-time capable

Research and development x Digital image of products from design throughout market introduction x Adaption of data from product usage (product lifecycle management)

Resource management

x Automated warehousing and virtual commissioning x Material influx into the production process x Smart grid integration (energy management) x Green production

I

Personnel planning

x Match of qualification and task

Distribution/value proposition x Offer of individualized products x Tracking throughout the value creation process

I

Quality management x Real-time quality assurance x Adaption of data from product usage

Smart products System integration

E

Functionality

x Communication interfaces for registration to and interactions with smart environments x Ubiquitous computing

x Identifiable x Situated x Pro-active x Adaptive x Context-aware x Real-time capable

Product in use

x Adaption to user behaviour and preferences

Modularity x Exchangeability of components

Product-related smart services User communities x User driven service innovation

E

Consumer services x Context-based and application-oriented merger of independent services to service systems enriching the range of functions of smart products

After sales support

Product-related smart data I

Data analysis

x Big data to smart data x Deduction of conclusions for the industiral context

E Data enrichment

x Software updates x Live support

Process engineering for data analysis x Algorithm development

Data warehousing

x Integration of data from other contexts

App stores

Cyber security

Figure : Industrial CPS configuration of a predictive MRO system (Oks et al.,  b)

The map illustrating the industrial CPS configuration of the use case of the predictive MRO system is to be understood as follows (in parentheses the respective application fields discussed): Given the purpose of the system, the application field of maintenance serves as the anchor point. Then, sensors in production facilities continuously gather data on operating conditions (production).

136

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When falling below or exceeding specific values, alerts or errors occur and maintenance personnel are directly informed (maintenance). Beyond that, the continuously gathered data is merged (industrial data warehousing) and analyzed using AI-based pattern recognition (industrial data analyses). Based on that, early fault detection can be improved over the course of time (process engineering). With the continuously increasing data pool, industrial services such as the provision of live information and recommendations for action for error-handling for maintainers or remote-maintenance services are applied (industrial service systems). To ensure proper handling of the system by the workforce, measures for employee qualification are offered (employee qualification). To provide an effective MRO system without unnecessary media discontinuities, analog data sources, such as operating manuals, plant drawings, etc., are digitized and cataloged (digitization). Beyond those essential system components, further facultative components can be integrated into the system. The implicit knowledge of individual employees, due to documented problemsolving guidelines for previous repairs, is made available to the whole department (knowledge management). Furthermore, information about personnel qualifications and their availability (personnel planning) as well as inventories of spare parts and tool availability from storage, can be integrated into the configuration (resource management). In addition to the application fields within the company, the system can also be extended beyond the enterprise boundaries. In particular, data on product behavior during utilization by users or operators (product in use, data warehousing and data analysis) can give meaningful information about potential quality defects which are not detected during the manufacturing process by quality management. In response to this, maintenance personnel can not only correct defective plant settings in the production but also provide error-correcting updates to the product where possible (after sales support).

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137

Application sphere

Application field E

I Industrial smart services E

Employee qualification Knowledge management Industrial service systems

Maintenance

I/E

Industrial data analysis

E

Industrial data warehousing

E

Process engineering

I

Digitization

I

Production

I

Resource management

I

Personnel planning

I

Quality management

Smart products

E

Product in use

Productrelated smart services

E

After sales support

I

Data analysis

E

Data warehousing

Industrial smart data

Smart factory

Technology/service

Stakeholder

· Two-day training during

working hours

· Plant operation · Maintenance, repair and

the maintenance app

· ·

· E-learning courses · Tutorials integrated into · Action guidelines for the

collection of tacit knowledge · Storage on tablet

·

· Resource Cockpit

· Procurement · IT

· Far-reaching process

· Plant operation · Maintenance, repair and

optimization

€15,000

€4,000

€ 5,000 (annual license agreement)

operations

· Management · Internal evaluation of

· IT

€6,000 €18,000 (annual license agreement)

· Data center in the EU

· Management · IT

€60,000 (annual license agreement)

· Algorithms for pattern

· IT

€180,000

· Industrial scanner

· Interns

€8,000

· Installation of wide-

· Production planning · Maintenance, repair and

€180,000

live data from the plants

· Utilization of external

big data analytics

recognition in the measurement ranges temperature, vibration and acoustics

ranging sensor technology (retrofit)

· Digitization of the · inventory management

system

· Sensor technology · Pick-by-light

operations

· Management · Maintenance, repair and

operations

€45,000

· Warehouse

· Digitization of personnel

· Maintenance, repair and operations · Employee representatives · Management · HR

€15,000

· Integration of results of

· Production planning · Maintenance, repair and

€80,000

planning

big data and product usage analyses in production

· Sensor technology in

Productrelated smart data

· ·

operations Management Training personnel Plant operation Maintenance, repair and operations Management

Investment costs

operations

· IT · Customers/users · Customers/users · IT

€5,000 (infrastructure)

· Provide updates that

· Service · Sales · Customers/users

€ 5,000

· Product usage analyses

· Customers/users · IT

· Data center in the EU

· Customers/users · IT

products when used

· Data transfer via

Internet (VPN)

anticipate results from product usage analysis · Facilitate product recalls in (data transfer only when reaching of threshold values)

€ 0,000 (annual license agreement)

Figure 31: Industrial CPS configuration estimation of a predictive MRO system (adapted from Oks et al., 2018b)



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In the third phase, the chosen application fields are extracted out of the application map and enhanced with specifications regarding the technical and human/social CPS dimensions. Therefore, the technologies and services required for each application field are listed. The resulting overview is valuable for decision-makers in the sense that it allows to determine whether the required technologies and know-how is already existing in the company or whether it needs to be acquired. A list of the stakeholder groups involved and affected in each application field is added as well. When all stakeholders of a CPS configuration are known, this information can be used for user-centered system engineering approaches as well as to assess potential conflicts due to stakeholder group-specific expectations from and attitudes toward CPS. At length, the financial investment costs of each configuration component are estimated. The estimate can be calculated with specific figures or visualized via a scaled ranking if a determination of precise figures is not possible. With the addition of this information, the organizational perspective is enriched by technical and human/social scopes allowing a more integrated assessment of the CPS configuration. The configuration estimation of the predictive MRO system presented in Figure  is provided in the table of Figure . In the fourth and final phase, the planned and designed industrial CPS configuration is evaluated considering the information gathered in the organizational, technical and human/social dimensions. In iterative cycles, the configuration is modified based on essential and facultative components, technical design, a combination of organization-internal and external components, etc., until the configuration qualifies for further implementation steps. 5.1.5

Discussion

This final section of the explorative research part of Study III discusses the findings, describes potentials for future research and points out the noteworthy limitations. Thus, sub-research question III, what applications for CPS exist in Industry . and how can suitable system configurations be engineered? is answered while achieving the two objectives of the study: To (OB IIIa) identify and organize the application spheres and fields of CPS in the context of Industry . and to (OB IIIb) enable the design and visualization of industrial CPS configurations. While addressing the research question and the objectives stated above, Study III was able to provide different theoretical

Study III



contributions: First, the results of the applied thematic analysis provide a comprehensive overview for the application of industrial CPS in organizational surroundings. In this context, the application potentials of CPS also show the CPSinherent scheme and functioning (cf. Figure 5). In particular, the CPS architecture (cf. Figure 20) was of significance in the development and orchestration of the application map. The result is a graphical representation of the possible applications of CPS, which on the one hand, classifies them according to superordinate application spheres and application fields. Here, the focus is on the topics of smart technologies (in smart factories and in smart products) as well as smart data and smart services. In the context of this portrayal, it also becomes evident how linked the smart factory (Shrouf et al., 2014) becomes with smart products (Abramovici, 2015) through CPS. In this context, it is particularly noticeable how interrelated the spheres are. The permanent flow of data and resources is evident from the open lines and round arrows. In total, 32 application fields are presented within the 6 spheres. Since it often represents a challenge for decision-makers in organizations, especially SME (Ingaldi & Ulewicz, ), to identify suitable fields of application for Industry . solutions, the application map provides a helpful means in this regard. The application map supports the decision-making process on several levels, showing opportunities to improve and expand the own value creation concept with scopes for the establishment of value creation networks with short-term or strategic system connections. In this process, the map is especially helpful due to the comprehensive view it gives on the implementation of CPS in the form of a holistic framework both on the technological as well as on the managerial level. Thus, the following activities are enabled: () Identification of the suitable industry 4.0 fields of application, (2) cartography of the interdependencies between the application fields, (3) transparency of data and information flow in industrial CPS, (4) visualization of the interfaces between production and product use, (5) support in the (further) development of existing and new business models and (6) morphology for the concrete planning and implementation of Industry 4.0 application. These activities become systematized feasible by the method developed in the translational research step. Modularity is applied to reduce complexity and present a holistic overview of industrial CPS applications under consideration of smart factory, smart products (Mikusz, ), smart data and smart services (Lightfoot et al., ).



Study III

It results in a modular application map with a structured four-phase approach to engineer industrial CPS with a main organizational emphasis. The method allows the evaluation of the chosen CPS configuration from an economic (Molenda et al.,  ), technical, performance (Mahmood et al.,  ) and investment (Hammer et al.,  ) perspective. With this functionality, the method offers a valuable complement to the predominant technical discussion of modeling, simulation and integration of industrial CPS (Hehenberger et al., ). Thereby, the application map-based method offers assistance to decision-makers in several ways. It gives a holistic overview of application spheres and fields of industrial CPS and illustrates the linkage of both production and product-allocated fields. Once the application map and CPS configuration estimation table are filled out, they offer the following benefits for the further development and application of industrial CPS: Interdependences between the different spheres and fields with their linkage become apparent. In this way, material, data and information streams are simple to follow. Essential and facultative CPS configuration components can be differentiated readily. The same applies to internally or externally rendered applications and services. The own role in value creation architecturesPO-3.1 with different collaborators becomes more transparent and makes strategic opportunitiesPO-3 apparent (Mikusz et al., ). The application map can therefore complement conventional business model development activities during CPS-related re-evaluations of existing business models or designs of new ones (Gambardella & McGahan, ). This can lead to an improvement of the market position(s)PO-3.2.2. By matching each application field of a CPS configuration with to-beapplied technologies and services, as well as affected stakeholders with estimated technology acceptance (Lapointe & Rivard,  ; Venkatesh et al., ) and likely investment costPO-3.4, the method expands the assessability of the chosen configuration. According to the individual situation of the company-specific case, further measures can be taken. The continuous and extensive backflow of status information from smart products reinforces this trend even further. Among other things, the general rapid increase in the availability of data allows for the development of new, data-driven business models and reductions in the time-to-market PO-3.3 as well as the general innovation and re-evaluation of business modelsPO-3.2. Alongside this, potentials for market penetration strategies and, thus, innovations in value propositionsPO-4 arise in the form of product/service portfolio enlargementsPO-4.1 and product individualization/customizationPO-4.2. Furthermore, the reach of new revenue

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streamsPO-3.2.1 as well as new customer segmentsPO-4.3 can be driven with the application map. In addition to the general and application-oriented contributions, Study III also offers theoretical contributions for the organization theory brought to utilization. In general, organization theory has proven to be very relevant in the context of the digital transformation. Particularly since the development and implementation of CPS is currently taking place predominantly at the meso level, it is important to take the specific characteristics and framework conditions of organizations into account. However, since the boundaries of organizations are more permeable and less stable in the context of Industry ., the open systems model approach (Scott, ), in particular, offers great potential for analyzing this phenomenon. The concepts of cultural and institutional norms as well as acceptance of organization theory (Scott, ) are once again becoming increasingly important, specifically because of the major changes associated with the introduction of industrial CPS, especially for individuals in organizations. Due to the design-oriented scope of this dissertation and the combined application of the resulting artifacts in the Industry 4.0 Suite, the practical implications are given in integrated form in Section 7.1. In the context of future research, the open systems model approach (Scott, ) of organization theory should be adapted to the specifics of the digital transformation. Regarding the application map-based method, a future enhancement could include a catalog of applicable technologies and services for each application field, including reference values for financial cost and the involvement of several stakeholder groups for further cooperation and alignment of CPS configurations. Furthermore, it is reasonable to continue the path of further development of the application map regarding SPSS (Oks, Schymanietz, et al., ). Regarding limitations, it is to note that not all industrial domains contain smart products and the logic of the data flow from the product in use is not applicable to them.



5.2

Study III

Designing the Industry 4.0 Application Map

The present outcomes of Study III, obtained in Section . via an applied thematic analysis, constitute an application map for industrial CPS and a method for its utilization in the context of CPS configuration development. In this section, these results are transferred into the artifact Industry . Application Map by executing the actives of the DSRM by Peffers et al. ( ) (cf. Section ..) in order to provide a facile and purposeful tool to the target groups of this research. 5.2.1

Problem and Motivation

To harness the wide-ranging potentials of industrial CPS (cf. Sections .. and ...), it is important to find useful measures to overcome hindering problems and issues (cf. Sections .., ... and ..). From an organizational perspective on industrial CPS, the following problems require particular attention: As already indicated from the systemic and stakeholder perspectives, also the organizational perspective underlines the new system engineering and development requirementsPR

becoming apparent. For instance, decision-makers are faced with the question of

how to identify suitable application fieldsPR-. for industrial CPS and also how to integrate them into existing organizational structuresPR-., all under consideration of a sound cost-benefit calculationPR-.. Furthermore, the specifications of industrial CPS lead to a generally increasing complexityPR- with regard to system size and structurePR.

and amount of system componentsPR-... However, system structures are not only

becoming larger but also increasingly interlinkedPR-.. leading to dissolving system boundaries toward ad-hoc SoSPR-.. and further overall system diversityPR-.. . This dynamic and openness in terms of system boundaries require extensive security measuresPR-. like attack detectionPR-.. and information flow controlPR-... All this and further organizational units involved and affectedPR-.. as well as timePR-. relevant issues as shortening product life cyclesPR-.. result in lacking transparencyPR

and tremendously higher implementation effortsPR- . This situation aggravates by the

fact that the acquisition of the necessary technologies and the adaptation of processes requires the availability of capitalPR- . in circumstances on a large scale. It is the motivation of the upcoming DSR activities to address all problems of this section (cf. Appendix B) to contribute to the body of knowledge of ASE and provide

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an artifact that enables organizations to engineer goal-oriented and applicationspecific configurations of industrial CPSMO-.. Equally, it is the motivation to support educational institutionsMO-. and to inform international delegations MO-. with regard to the benefits of industrial CPS application for prosperity, sustainability and further areas of the common good. 5.2.2

Objectives

Apart from the general objectives pursued by the DSR activities of this work (cf. Section .), the design of the Industry . Application Map strives for specific functional objectives. Primary, these include the provision of an overview of organizational applications for industrial CPS(F)OB-AMA- under consideration of holistic value creation processes and networks on intra and inter-organizational level(F)OB-AMA.

, which are typical phenomena of the digital transformation of industrial value

creation. Thereby, a simultaneous consideration of the technical, human/social and organizational dimensions of CPS(F)OB-AMA-. is intended as these have interlinkages and reciprocities that make omissions not pertinent. Based on the provided overview and holistic presentation of application potentials, stakeholders shall be enabled to engineer CPS configurations(F)OB-AMA-. Thus, the artifact should enable to select and, thereupon, map relationships between individual application fields(F)OB-AMA-.. Moreover, since components in systems are often of different importance for functioning and performance, prioritization options for individual application fields(F)OB-AMA-. should be selectable within the Industry . Application Map. Eventually, it is the objective to enable the merging of application fields with the technologies, concepts, services, architectures, etc., included in the Industry . Compendium (cf. Section ...) and the stakeholder groups provided by the Industry . Stakeholder Cards & Matrix with a simultaneous cost estimation(F)OB-AMA.

. From the previously stated objectives, the following requirements arise for the

artifact: Due to the complexity and magnitude inherent in the topic of industrial CPS, which was already concluded in Study I, sub-categorizing application spheres and fields(F)RE-AMA- must also be applied within the Industry . Application Map for reasons of comprehensibility. All stages of the value creation process must be included. Furthermore, in order to make the wholesome potentials of the implementation of



Study III

industrial CPS exploitable, all stages of the value creation process—pre-production, production and product in use(F)RE-AMA-—must find consideration. Next, the artifact must enable the illustration of material, data and information streams(F)RE-AMA- in between the different application fields in order to illustrate the dynamics of CPSbased value creation. As under the influence of digitalization, industrial processes continue to grow into even more cooperative, inter-organizational network structures (Mikkola & Jähi, ), the artifact has to allow for the differentiation between internal, external and hybrid value creation activities(F)RE-AMA-. In order to enable the prioritization of application fields, a differentiation option between essential and facultative components(F)RE-AMA- needs to be provided by the artifact. Finally, interfaces to the other artifacts of the Industry . Suite are needed so that the topics and stakeholder groups bookmarked in these can be imported into the Industry . Application Map for alignment(F)RE-AMA-. 5.2.3

Design and Development

In order to ensure that the stated objectives are achieved and the requirements are transferred into corresponding features, a knowledge base is formed in the following section and then applied in the realization of the artifact. 5.2.3.1

Knowledge Base

As the Industry . Application Map is also a web tool that belongs to the Industry . Suite, for which the same principles are applied in the front and back end, the development makes use of the following established concepts: ModularityKB- in software design and functionalities, ISO KB- standards for ergonomics as well as AngularKB-. and Node.jsKB-. for web development (cf. Section ...). For the functional shaping of the artifact, the principles of organization theoryKB-AMA- (cf. Section ..) and the compiled research implications of Studies I-IIIKB-AMA- (cf. Sections .. , .. and .. ). 5.2.3.2

Artifact

Building upon the presented knowledge base, the Industry . Application Map artifact is build.

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At its core, true to its name, this comprises a mapFE-AMA- that arranges the  application spheres (smart factory, smart products, smart data and smart services—for the latter two with the distinction between industrial and product-related) in a relational manner. Through the visual arrangement, boundaries, fluid transitions and interfaces between these spheres become apparent. The spheres contain the  identified application fieldsFE-AMA-. of industrial CPS. In the event that organization-specific requirements lead to the need to insert further application fields, this can be executed via the Add new element buttons. The tutorialFE- video showing the functionalities of the Industry . Application Map to ensure autonomous utilization is once again accessible via the QR code in this section Equivalent to the other web tools of the Industry . Suite, these are displayed in three different ways with respective objectives: An all in one view of the spheres at the top, a list of all application fields sorted by spheres in the left side bar and a visual map in the main body. Beyond that, the right side bar unfolds a full view tableFE-AMA- when accessed. The table rows are formed by selected application fields, once again sorted by spheres, meeting the three columns of technology/service, stakeholder and investment costs. When filled in, the map and table combined provide the configuration estimationFE-AMA-. of an industrial CPS. To structure the workflow, the artifact integrates the application map-based methodFE-AMA- established in Section

... Thus, for phase , the Industry . Application Map includes the following functionalities: When selecting an application field, it can be attributed as an anchor point (filled circle), essential (solid circle) and facultative (dashed circle) system componentFE-AMA-. in a pop-up window. For phase , via the same pop-up window, the application fields are labeled as internal (I), external (E) and hybrid (I/E) performed value creation activities with regard to the executing organization. By clicking on the selection circle and holding the left mouse button, connecting lines can be drawn between the individual application fields. These interlinking lines (continuous for essential and dashed for facultative) represent the flow of material, information, etc., between the application fieldsFE-AMA-.. To perform phase , in the full view table of the right side bar the selected application fields (table rows) are enriched with attributions for technologies/services, stakeholders and investment costs (table columns)FE-AMA-.. For this purpose, the table cells can be filled with bookmarked contents of the Industry



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. Compendium and the Industry . Stakeholder Cards & Matrix but also with free text. The estimation of investment costs can be calculated via concrete amounts or on a scale. All aforementioned features with in-depth information are showcased in Figure . For phase , the iterative evaluation and modification of the system configurationFE-AMA-., the general functionalities of the Industry . Suite come in hand (cf. Figure ): E.g., via the features of exporting, saving and loading system configurations can be developed in online and offline settings over an indefinite time period by different users.

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Industry 4.0 Suite Tool selection

1

Industry 4.0 Application Map

Spheres overview This panel provides an overview of the 6 spheres of the Industry 4.0 Application Map in which its content is presented. By selecting a respective sphere, the tool navigates to the corresponding sphere of the Application Map. It is also possible to reach the spheres within the Application Map by scrolling.

Industry 4.0 1 Stakeholder Cards & 2 5 Matrix 6 2

Left side bar By expanding the left side bar, a hierarchical overview of all spheres and application fields becomes accessible. The signature of the bullet points shows the corresponding hierarchy level of the application fields. By selecting a respective application field, the tool navigates to the corresponding field of the Application Map.

3

3

Application field pop up By selecting an application field, it opens in the form of a pop up. There, the respective attributions of it can be set in the categories: Performance (internal, external and int./ext.) and prioritization (anchor, essential and facultative). In addition, connections can be drawn between selected application fields, which can also be attributed in terms of prioritization (essential and facultative). All existing connections are displayed in the pop up, too.

4

4

Add new element The Add new element buttons allow to create additional fully customizable application fields in the respective spheres.

5

Right side bar By expanding the right side bar, all pinned content from the Compendium and Stakeholder Cards become displayed. These are sorted there by topic sections respectively macro-groups. Furthermore, it remains possible to add or edit notes and delete the whole content via the recycle bin icon. To prevent accidental deletion, this step must be confirmed.

6

System configuration table The system configuration table can also be opened using the right side bar button. In this table all selected application fields are listed with their attributions sorted by their spheres. The table is completed by the three columns technology/service, stakeholder and investment costs. Each application field can be specified in the free table cells. For this purpose, the pinned contents from the right sidebar can be inserted into the table via drag and drop, but it can also be filled or supplemented with free text.

Figure : Structure and functionalities of the Industry . Application Map



5.2.4

Study III

Demonstration

Since this web tool is likewise an integral part of the Industry . Suite, it was demonstrated mostly integrated with the other artifacts. The matters included workshopsDS-, a hackathonDS- and teachingsDS-, which are listed in Appendix B and described in detail in Section ... Given that the emphasis of the utilization of the Industry . Application Map is on engineering industrial CPS configurations, it was demonstrated in further specific workshops with representatives of companies. This included the engineering of a CPS-based predictive MRO system conducted with decision-makers of two OEM and one SME within the BMBF-funded project PRODISYS 12; DS-. and an event for CPS-based business model development with a group of startups (N=) of the FAU innovation ecosystemDS-.. 5.2.5

Evaluation

The quick & simple strategy of the FEDS (Venable et al., ) was also applied to the Industry . Application Map; again justified due to the low technical and social risk emerging from the artifact. WorkshopsES- were held for this purpose, i.a., with representatives (N=) of companies in the context of the BMBF-funded project PRODISYSES-. and startups (N=) of the FAU innovation ecosystemES-. (cf. Section

..). The participants used an early rudimentary form of the Application Map to test its basic structure and the four phases of its utilization. Upon determining the basic feasibility of the prototype artifact, its further development into a web tool was carried out before it was then introduced into the next evaluation phase. There, this time evaluated in integration with the other web tools of the Industry . Suite, again a workshopES-—during the executive education program LDT (N=)ES-.—was conducted. In addition, this evaluation phase included an interviewES- with trainee teachers of business education (N=)ES-. and the use of questionnairesES- during a hackathon (N=)ES-. and a lecture (N= ;  of  questions on the Industry . Application Map)ES-.. All details on the second evaluation phase as well as on the overall utility, understandability and ease of use of the artifacts of the Industry . Suite, can be reviewed in Section .. . The shortcomings of the Industry .

12

Funding reference number: KC .

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149

Application Map that were identified during this evaluation phase and the measures taken to remedy these can be found in Table 12. Table 12: Evaluation-based design adjustments to the Industry 4.0 Application Map DSRM code

Evaluation annotation

Design adjustment

ES-2.2

“A list display of selected elements would provide a clear arrangement.”

ES-4.2

“If connected components of an element can be shown in a list-like format, it would have been more helpful.”

A full-view table was implemented into the right side bar, which shows all selected application fields as table rows. In the columns, it can be enriched with attributions for technologies/services, stakeholders and investment costs.

ES-2.2

“It would be more helpful if there was something like a video tutorial.”

ES-4.2

“Possibly, videos with explanations could be included if no common entry with an expert is possible.”

ES-4.3

“Possibility of a YouTube tutorial.”

ES-4.2

“. . . more guidance on how to set up the system configuration would be very helpful.”

The video tutorial now gives detailed instructions. Furthermore, an explanatory text has been added.

“. . . add an option to customize topics . . .”

Add new element buttons were introduced to all application spheres that enable to add custom application fields.

“. . . better flow between pages/stages.”

With the introduction of the right side bar, an element has been added that connects the tools and allows content to be transferred in between.

“Additional explanations in German.”

The user interface was made multilingual (German, English and Chinese).

ES-4.2

ES-4.2

ES-4.3

5.2.6

A video tutorial was created with the aim of conveying the range of functions and workflows of the web tool in an appealing format. It can be accessed via a link in the Industry 4.0 Suite tool selection. The video is hosted on YouTube.

Communication

The communication of the application potential of the Industry 4.0 Application Map and the contributions made to the body of knowledge of DSR was carried out both integrated with the campaign for the Industry 4.0 suite (e.g., media coverageCC-3) and individually. The latter included a presentationCC-1 of the application map-based method in the course of the 51st CIRP CMS ConferenceCC-1.5. Since the method is a contribution to the discipline of systems engineering, the technical-oriented audience was aimed for. In addition, the primary communication channel of scientific results— publicationsCC-2—was chosen: The initial application map was introduced in the book Industrial Internet of Things: Cybermanufacturing SystemsCC-2.2 (cf. Oks et al., 2017a)

 

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followed up by the publication of the build-upon application map-based method in the journal Procedia CIRPCC-. (cf. Oks et al., b). A modification of the Industry . Application Map web tool for the integrated development of SPSS was published in the book Smart ServicesCC-. (cf. Oks, Schymanietz, et al., ). Appendix B contains a complete record of all communication campaign activities. This book also contributes to the communication by outlining DSR contributions and pointing out how the Industry . Application Map is suited for the respective target groups. With regard to the integration into the Industry . Suite, this is done in Section ..

6 Study IV: Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems in a Holistic Perspective

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature 2024 S. J. Oks, Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems, Markt- und Unternehmensentwicklung Markets and Organisations, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-44417-4_6

 

Study IV

Chapter  contains the fourth and final study 13 of this dissertation that provides a holistic perspective on industrial CPS. It also consists of two parts, but in contrast to the previous studies, in this one, the DSR part constitutes the main section (cf. Section .). For this, the first part lays out the necessary structural and theoretical foundations (cf. Section .) before the artifact compilation of the Industry . Demonstrator PIDCPS is designed and developed in the second part of Study IV.

6.1

Aligning Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems

Whereas the previous studies have each taken an individual perspective on industrial CPS, this study combines them into a holistic perspective. Thus, the systemic (cf. Chapter ), stakeholder-related (cf. Chapter ) and organizational (cf. Chapter ) properties of industrial CPS have to be considered. For this purpose, it is necessary to constitute suitable theoretical and practical constructs that entail the needed integrative capabilities. To this end, the required foundations are laid in this section before the full-scale DSR study is conducted. 6.1.1

Objectives and Structure

The final study addresses sub-research question IV, which is formulated as how can specifications, stakeholders and applications of CPS be aligned for Industry .? By answering this question, the aim is to achieve the objective of (OB IV) aligning the perspectives and the generated knowledge of the previous studies in order to engineer and operate industrial CPS in a fully integrated form. Therefore, it is necessary to integrate, first, the systemic specifications of industrial CPS that were uncovered in the systematic literature review of Study I (cf. Chapter ). Second, the

13

Study IV builds upon and extends the conference contribution Oks, S. J., Fritzsche, A., & Möslein, K. M. (a). Design and evaluation of a portable industrial demonstrator for cyber-physical systems. In th international conference on design science research in information systems and technology: Designing for a digital and globalized world (pp. –), the journal article Oks, S. J., Jalowski, M., Fritzsche, A., & Möslein, K. M. (). Cyber-physical modeling and simulation: A reference architecture for designing demonstrators for industrial cyber-physical systems. Procedia CIRP, ,  –. https://doi.org/./j.procir... and the book chapter Oks, S. J., Jalowski, M., Zansinger, N., & Möslein, K. M. (). Die Rolle von Industrie .-Demonstratoren in der digitalen Transformation: Eine Standpunktbestimmung am Portable Industrial Demonstrator for CyberPhysical Systems (PIDCPS). In K. Wilbers & L. Windelband (Eds.), Texte zur Wirtschaftspädagogik und Personalentwicklung: Vol. . Lernfabriken an beruflichen Schulen – Gewerblich-technische und kaufmännische Perspektiven (pp. – ). epubli.

Study IV

 

within the multiple-case study of Study II identified stakeholder groups and their expectation from and attitudes toward industrial CPS as well as the conflict potentials among the different groups. Third, the organizational properties of industrial CPS that became apparent in Study III need to be incorporated as well. In order to meet these requirements, an artifact compilation in the form of a demonstrator is intended to be developed, which can fulfill this integrative task as a boundary object (Fox, ). following the concepts of modeling and simulation (Moultrie,  ). In its instantiation, the demonstrator has to be compatible with the previously developed web tools and will also be integrated into the Industry . Suite. In order to have an organizing and likewise integrative guideline for all the findings, theories and concepts to be taken into account, the socio-technical systems theory is consulted. Since Study IV is a full-scale DSR study that, in its exploratory research step, exclusively arranges the theories and findings of the three previous studies as a knowledge base for the ensuing DSR activities, it differs regarding its structure from the other studies. As such, the introduction of the socio-technical systems theory and its incorporation with the further theories that have been applied in this research work so far is given in Section ... The DSR part of the study is then conducted before its findings as well as theoretical contributions—i.a., a reference architecture for designing demonstrators for industrial CPS—, avenues for future research and limitations are discussed in Section .. . 6.1.2

Theoretical Background: Socio-Technical Systems Theory

The socio-technical systems theory shows direct lines of descent from the general systems theory (Yurtseven & Buchanan, ) (cf. Section ..). Similarly, sociotechnical systems theory breaks down systems as a whole into separate, modular parts in order to improve their understanding and structuring. The distinctness of the sociotechnical systems theory from the general systems theory is justified by the fact that the integration of social and technical parts into one system is accompanied by numerous peculiarities that a specific theorization brings advantages (Emery, ). However, for a long time, technologies on the one hand and organizations as constructs of social interaction and collaboration on the other were regarded independently, as the need for integration was limited and the benefits of coordinated, holistic systems were marginally considered. Yet, since the middle of the

 

Study IV

th century, when first analog technologies and then ICT increasingly found their way into organizational work routines—and it was no longer just experts and engineers who came into contact with technologies—an integrated perspective and a corresponding theoretical foundation became necessary (Trist, ). Thus, sociotechnical systems theory aims to explain the interactions between humans, technologies and their environment while it emphasizes the interdependence of these three factors and how they work together to create a functioning system (Botla & Kondur, ). Thereby, it indicates that technology alone does not determine the success or failure of a system. Instead, it suggests that technology must be designed in a way that fits the social and organizational context in which it will be used. This means that a technology does not just have to be sound in its engineering and performance but must fit the culture of the organization or it may not be adopted and applied by its intended users (Alter, ). Concluding, it defines a socio-technical system as a system that includes both social and technical elements. The social elements of the system include the people, their roles, and the organizational structure in which they operate. The technical elements of the system contain the hardware, software and other technologies that are used to accomplish the objectives of the system (Sarker et al., ). In an organizational context, technologies can create new opportunities for collaboration, communication and innovation, but they can also lead to unintended consequences such as job displacement and privacy issues. Therefore, the sociotechnical systems theory emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to technology design. In manufacturing, socio-technical systems theory has been applied in the process to design systems that increase productivity and efficiency while also promoting worker safety and job satisfaction (Soliman & Saurin,  ). In IS, it is commonly applied to design service systems that support collaboration, communication and knowledge sharing (Li et al., ). In both fields, it emphasizes the importance of the systems’ context and determines that technology is shaped by social and organizational structures. Therefore, this approach can help to ensure that technology is designed that meets the needs of its intended users. In doing so, it offers assistance in a lasting dilemma of the very concrete and practical process of systems engineering: For systems engineering, differentiating a system from its surroundings has been a persistent challenge, much like systems theory has struggled with

Study IV



disentangling systems from their environment since its inception. This issue becomes particularly noticeable when considering non-technical aspects, such as social, political, economic and institutional factors (Kroes et al., ). Addressing this, the socio-technical systems theory literature contains an in-depth discussion of this topic: E.g., Bauer and Herder () deal with the question of how the design process of socio-technical systems can be structured and how design goals and variables can be defined and pursued in the socio-technical field of tension. This notion is carried forward by Baxter and Sommervillev (), who transfer socio-technical systems design approaches into the development phases of the systems engineering life cycle (general, analysis, design and evaluation) and thus provide guidance as to when in engineering which approach offers the highest benefit. Fischer and Herrmann (, p. ) draw attention to the meta-design of socio-technical systems and define it as follows: “Meta-design is focused on objectives, techniques, and processes to allow users to act as designers. It provides, rather than fixed solutions, frameworks within which all stakeholders can contribute to the development of technical functionality and the evolution of the social side, such as organizational change, knowledge construction, and collaborative learning.” For this purpose, they present principles: () cultures of participation, () empowerment for adaptation and evolution, () seeding and evolutionary growth, () underdesign of models of socio-technical processes and ( ) structuring of communication. In summary, the socio-technical systems theory is particularly suitable for this fourth and final study of this dissertation, as it derives from general systems theory (applied in Study I; cf. Section ..) and merges concepts of stakeholder theory as well as technology use (applied in Study II; cf. Section ..) and organization theory (applied in Study III; cf. Section ..), just as Study IV itself aims to align the perspectives and the generated knowledge of the previous studies. The suitability of the theory for the concrete research field of this work becomes evident as well since it has already been applied in the context of complexity management (cf. Righi & Saurin,  ) and Industry . integration (cf. Sony & Naik, ). Finally, the use of the theory is motivated by the fact that Davis et al. () encourage to use it especially for novel challenges, in this case the stakeholder-centered design of industrial CPS.

 

6.2

Study IV

Designing the Industry 4.0 Demonstrator PID4CPS

Bringing together the results of Studies I-III (cf. Chapters ,  and ) and the foundation of socio-technical systems theory (cf. Section ..), this section presents the DSRM activities by Peffers et al. ( ) (cf. Section ..) to establish an artifact compilation that constitutes the Industry . Demonstrator PIDCPS providing a boundary object for the respective stakeholder groups of organizations, educational institutions and international delegations. In contrast to the previous artifacts of the Industry . Suite (cf. Sections ., . and .), which are web tools, the demonstrator contains not merely software but also hardware components. Altogether, it consists of modular physical and digital components, the tablet-based software Resource Cockpit, the web-based software Scenario Book and a methodological framework. 6.2.1

Problem and Motivation

In order to exploit the manifold potentials of industrial CPS (cf. Sections .. and ...), appropriate solutions must be derived for the equally considerable problems of their introduction (cf. Sections .., ... and ..). When the systemic, stakeholder and organizational perspectives are amalgamated into a holistic perspective, the following problems reappear in a concatenated form: Especially when system properties, stakeholder groups and their matters as well as organizational settings, have to be aligned, this raises fundamentally new system engineering and development requirementsPR-. Thus, the alignment of industrial CPS with existing technological infrastructurePR-., the thereby triggered adjustment of managerial processesPR-. and the therefore necessary reorganization of workflowsPR-. have to be executed simultaneously, considering continuous reciprocal effects. This results in a significantly increased complexityPR-, which is composed of various factors: System sizes and structuresPR-. become more versatile while the amount of system componentsPR-.. can increase extensively. Particularly when the connection and interaction of formerly independent and self-sufficient systemsPR-.. occur, the dissolving system boundaries toward ad-hoc SoSPR-.. raise complexity immensely. The previously mentioned problem domains, in combination with the multilayered system architecturesPR-.. and mere system diversityPR-.. , confront ASE with eminent challenges for the provision of systematic methods to design and implement CPS for

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industrial value creation. The solution to these challenges, however, cannot be achieved in closed engineering processes but must rather involve the personnel PR-. through appropriate measures due to the fact that further stakeholder groups are involved and affectedPR-.. when applying industrial CPS. In addition, time-relatedPR.

challenges as real-time-critical production managementPR-.. with eminently

limited deviation tolerances have to be taken into account. While several of the beforehand described problems are already addressed by the web tool artifacts of the Industry . Suite (cf. Sections ., . and .), this is only the case for delimited cases in which the focus is concentrated explicitly on a systemictechnical, stakeholder-related or organizational-process-related issue. However, if these problems have to be resolved in simultaneous and integrated efforts, an additional approach is required to meet these alignment demands. Due to this multidimensionality of the problem space, the complexity increases further, which reduces transparencyPR- likewise. In addition, there are problems that are not addressable by the other artifacts but must be considered for the effective engineering and operation of industrial CPS. This includes the synchronizationPR- of sub-systems, components and processes within CPS. Thus, communicationPR- infrastructures need to prevent delaysPR-. and withstand jitterPR-.. In addition, a comprehensive risk and uncertainty managementPR- is needed. All this contributes to the already high implementation effortsPR- . Another critical problem area is the safety and security of industrial CPS: Due to the increasing system automation and autonomy in accordance with the simultaneous close cooperation between humans and machinesPR-., safetyPR- is an unmitigated prerequisite in all physical processes. This includes hazard defensePR-. with environmental monitoringPR-.. and emergency managementPR-.. as well as supervision of system statePR-. for fault and failure detectionPR-... In the problem domain of securityPR-, CPS must be protected against digital threats and vulnerabilitiesPR-., e.g., (cyber-)attacksPR-... In addition, the maintenance of privacyPR-. standards is essential to prohibit data abusePR-.. from both inside and outside of the organization. Finally, security measuresPR-. need to be engineered and implemented to offer a sufficient attack detectionPR-.. and information flow controlPR-.. within industrial CPS. The problems associated with the implementation and utilization of industrial CPS with relation to employee concerns and reservationsPR- have, in parts, already been

 

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presented in Section .. as they are addressed by Industry . Stakeholder Cards & Matrix web tool. However, the aforementioned artifact serves rather in an indicative function by listing the stakeholder groups relevant to industrial CPS and revealing their expectations from and attitudes toward this concept as well as describing conflict potentials among themPR-.. Yet when it comes to involving the respective stakeholders in the process of solving these problems, another artifact is needed that will allow user-centered design. For this reason, the issues of changes in work organization

and

executionPR-.,

role

changesPR-.

and

new

qualification

requirementsPR-. are also decisive for the design of the Industry . Demonstrator PIDCPS. The field of stakeholder integration is thereby of particular concern as the emotional affectednessPR-., e.g., regarding tracking and traceability of workPR-. and data ownershipPR-., is high among affected personnel. The aggregate outline of the problems encountered by the DSR activities to construct the Industry . Demonstrator PIDCPS artifact compilation can be accessed in Appendix B. The motivation for the creation of a demonstrator with both physical and digital components is directed toward the enablement of organizations to engineer goaloriented and application-specific industrial CPS in a holistic approach while aligning the systemic, stakeholder and organizational perspectivesMO-.. In this way, a novel contribution is made to the methodological framework of ASE. For educational institutions, a new learning environment is intended to be created that enables trainees to grasp CPS interactively with all their sensesMO-.. International delegations are intended to be able to gain a comprehensive impression of CPS in the context of Industry . across linguistic and cultural boundariesMO-.. 6.2.2

Objectives

Besides the general objectives outlined in Section . that guide the design of all artifacts in this research, there are functional objectives that apply specifically to the Industry . Demonstrator PIDCPS artifact compilation. The most fundamental of these is to provide a model for simulating industrial CPS in varying configurations(F)OBPID-

. In this way, the demonstrator is intended to support organizations and their

decision-makers throughout the entire engineering process of industrial CPS, enabling them to perform this process in a stakeholder-centric, requirement-specific and company-individual manner. The aim is also to support educational institutions in

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their work of conveying content on industrial CPS as well as to provide international delegations with a prompt introduction to the topic. To this end, the aspiration is to facilitate disengagement from the constraints of interaction with original CPS(F)OB-PID-. (location, accessibility, hazards, etc.). For this purpose, a convenient non-repressive and

creativity-promoting

environment(F)OB-PID-.

is

to

be

created

in

which

representatives of different stakeholder groups can come together to collaborate on the demonstrator to comprehend industrial CPS and interact with them(F)OB-PID-. Thereby, the stakeholder-centeredness is to be emphasized since the demonstrator shall simulate exactly those technologies, concepts and processes in which humans are a part of them, interact directly with them or are directly or otherwise indirectly affected by them. One of the objectives in this context is to facilitate the presentation and

explanation

understanding

of

(F)OB-PID-..

CPS(F)OB-PID-.

to

achieve

a

common

perception

and

regarding technologies, concepts, processes, etc., within a

group of different stakeholders. In this way, misunderstandings can be resolved at an early stage, providing a basis on which to work together. This shall be enhanced by the ability to provide organization-specific definitions of industrial CPS(F)OB-PID-.. and further relevant technologies and concepts. In addition, the demonstrator is intended to help address semantic and ontological issues(F)OB-PID-... To ensure acceptance and adoption of industrial CPS at a later stage, it is important to integrate the relevant stakeholders(F)OB-PID-. into the engineering process. This process includes different sequential phases, such as conceptualization, design, evaluation and adaptation, in which stakeholders can provide input in different ways and with different intensities. In particular, by using open innovation methods, the demonstrator is intended to enhance user and stakeholder-driven innovations(F)OB-PID..

. In addition, system configurations should be able to be evaluated(F)OB-PID-.. on the

model in early development phases in order to prevent time-consuming and costintensive adjustments in later development phases as well as the occurrence of the phenomenon of technology refusal. As discovered in Study II, the expectations from and attitudes toward industrial CPS differ among different stakeholders at times glaringly what may result in conflicts (cf. Section ..). For this reason, it is also an objective pursued with the demonstrator to foster consensus building between stakeholder groups(F)OB-PID-.. Therefore, the artifact compilation should be able to support the moderation of expectations and attitudes(F)OB-PID-.. with a particular focus



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placed on conflict settlement(F)OB-PID-... Further objectives cover the scope of education and training(F)OB-PID-. on industrial CPS. In the organizational context, the demonstrator is intended to enable employees to acquire new working practices (F)OBPID-..

and to learn how to operate new HCI systems as an advanced introduction of

new technologies(F)OB-PID-.. before employing them in the genuine application environment on the shop floor. For educational institutions, the demonstrator shall be applicable at different educational levels. There, the focus should not be on the implementation of entire curricular training segments or certifications but rather on supplementing existing training formats and curricula, e.g., in the form of microtraining courses. In addition to numerous internal organizational changes, the fourth industrial revolution also entails extensive transformations on the market side. These can mean both potentials and challenges for companies. In both cases, innovation, development and (re-)evaluation of business models(F)OB-PID-. are valuable activities. Work on business models should, therefore, likewise be feasible with PIDCPS. Firstly, it is intended to create an environment that promotes creativity as a prerequisite for innovation. Secondly, the potentials, challenges and effects that arise from the adaptation of business models shall be quickly and cost-efficiently assessable. In terms of the non-functional objectives, the demonstrator differs from the web tools of the Industry . Suite in that it does not have to be autonomously applicable by its users but under the guidance and supervision of staff. To ensure that the stated objectives are met, the Industry . Demonstrator PIDCPS must fulfill specific requirements—beginning with the functional ones: In order to serve as a model for simulating industrial CPS with their processes and operations(F)RE-PID-, it must therefore allow to demonstrate them in their entirety(F)RE-PID

. This includes the representability of value creation processes(F)RE-PID-. but also the

authentic feasibility of industrial work operations(F)RE-PID-., in each case, with their digital and physical aspects. To showcase application scenarios in a structured and systematic form(F)RE-PID-, the demonstrator must be able to be brought into a concrete, target-adequate setting(F)RE-PID-., which results in the adaptation of all digital and physical components. Alongside, the determination of an implementation framework (use case(F)RE-PID-.. and method(F)RE-PID-..) and the selection of the required users(F)REPID-.

(staff(F)RE-PID-.. and representatives of stakeholder groups(F)RE-PID-..).

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Furthermore, PIDCPS has to meet non-functional requirements: In order to deploy the demonstrator location-independent without dependencies on production environments(NF)RE-PID-, it must be portable(NF)RE-PID-. In this way, the stakeholdercentered work on industrial CPS can be conducted without interference with valuecreating processes and, moreover, on neutral ground, i.e., in an environment that is not the ancestral space of a particular stakeholder group, which is particularly helpful for moderating expectations and attitudes and resolving conflicts. Another requirement is that the interaction with the demonstrator is safe in terms of physical integrity for all participants(NF)RE-PID-, regardless of their job background and qualifications. Additionally, the demonstrator must be adaptable in different dimensions(NF)RE-PID-. This means the demonstrator has to be designed modular(NF)RE-PID.

while both physical and digital modules ideally possess sub-modular structures on

their own. Accompanying this, the artifact compilation of PIDCPS requires to flexible in size(NF)RE-PID-., and scalable complexity(NF)RE-PID-.. In addition, the demonstrator and its modules shall be constructed utilizing components that foster affinity by its users(NF)RE-PID- , as this can positively influence acceptance and perceived usefulness on the part of the users. E.g., components and software that stakeholders are familiar with from their work environment or from the portfolio of recognized industry leaders. Furthermore, the simulations have to be carried out in a structured and systematic procedure that is didactically and methodologically sound and for which there are clear implementation instructions and schemes. 6.2.3

Design and Development

In order to achieve the stated objectives while meeting the derived requirements, the design and development activities toward the realization artifact compilation of the Industry . Demonstrator PIDCPS are conducted. To foster the usability of the demonstrator without limiting the focus on the IT and software artifacts, the ensemble artifact view finds consideration in this process (cf. Miah & Gammack, ). To this end, first, the necessary knowledge base is laid, in which theories, techniques, methods, etc., are gathered before they are applied in the design and development of the artifacts comprising PIDCPS.



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6.2.3.1

Knowledge Base

Since the Industry . Demonstrator PIDCPS is not a solely web-based tool like the previous artifacts of the Industry . Suite, the knowledge base required for its realization is more extensive and diverse. For this reason, the concept of modularityKB

is here not only applicable in the domain of software developmentKB-PID- but also for

the setup of physical modules and components of the demonstrator as well as its methodological framework. For all software artifacts included in the demonstrator, whether web, tablet or AR glasses-based, the standards for ergonomics ISO KB- as well as web developmentKB-, namely AngularKB-. and Node.jsKB-. are to be applied (cf. Section ...). As the demonstrator integrates the respective perspectives of the individual studies of this dissertation, this is also true for the corresponding theoretical foundations: Thus, the theories of Studies I-IIIKB-PID-, general systems theoryKB-COM- (cf. Section ..), stakeholder theory and managementKB-STC- (cf. Section ..), principles of technology use, acceptance and adoption KB-STC- (cf. Section ...) as well as organization theoryKB-AMA- (cf. Section ..) provide important directives for the design and development of PIDCPS. Likewise, the unifying properties of the socio-technical systems theory (cf. Section ..)KB-PID- are used in this process. In addition to the theories, the findings of and the compiled research implications of Studies I-IIIKB-PID- (cf. Sections .. , .. and .. ) find consideration for the functional shaping of the artifact. In order to obtain the objective of letting stakeholders interact with industrial CPS in various configurations to fully comprehend their peculiarities and functionalities, the concepts of modeling and simulation via a demonstratorKB-PID- are prerequisites: Models are abstracted representations of original entities in a simplified form (Bossel, ). The simplification can be achieved in different manners. For instance, the original can be depicted in a different form of representation, e.g., a physical, threedimensional object as a two-dimensional drawing or digital computer model. Omissions and truncations can be used to omit features irrelevant to the modeling purpose, reducing the amount of information represented and providing a means of focus. Decomposition and aggregation, the splitting or merging of sub-segments of a whole, can also be used for model building (Zeigler & Sarjoughian, ). The development of a model can be carried out with characteristics in different dimensions, such as representation—with the opposite poles original and artificial,

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complexity—with the opposite poles full and reduced or scaling—with the opposite poles original and reduced, which are independent of each other. Furthermore, a model can be (sub-)modular or monolithic. Thus, the use of models offers potentials for complexity reduction and further means. Especially if only a few exemplars of the original entity exist, if they are of excessively high value or if the costs or additional resource requirements for operation outside the actual usage scenario cannot be justified, models can be the prerequisite for a comprehensive examination of the original entity. This is especially true if the original is located in a hazardous environment or if threats emanate from the original itself in the case of insufficiently qualified interaction. However, models are not only an important tool for dealing with existing entities; models are also of great relevance for the engineering process of future entities. On the one hand, they serve to channel creativity and to instantiate ideas; on the other hand, they serve to determine, evaluate and optimize the performance of the later original. In the latter case, models can fulfill the function of a prototype (Sokolowski & Banks, ). For the previously mentioned reasons, the modeling approach constitutes a promising procedure for user-centered engineering as well as knowledge transfer in the Industry . context. While a model per se is a static representation of an original entity, its deployment is referred to as simulation. The goals that are pursued through this are versatile. They include the use of simulations to gain knowledge about the properties, behavior, coherence, etc. of the original. Furthermore, simulations are employed to determine or influence the understanding and behavior of users. Like the model itself, simulations can be physical or virtual (Sokolowski & Banks, ). In simulations, a distinction can be made between behavior/function-centered and user-centered model applications. Behavior/function-centered simulations are performed to gain information regarding the properties and behaviors of the original entity. For instance, the system behavior in extreme situations can be explored and thresholds for safe system operation can be determined. Additional objectives can be comprehensive data generation as well as technical evaluation and verification. The user-centered simulation focuses less on the technical performance of an entity but rather on the interaction of humans with it. Here, too, distinctions can be made with regard to the objectives and implementations. They can be carried out for analytical/explorative purposes. In this case, the simulation is intended to reveal findings that relate to user



behavior

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with

the

entity

and

the

attitude

toward

it.

Simulations

with

integrative/manipulative objectives aim at actively guiding user behavior and attitude, which implies a wide range of applications. First of all, it can simply be a matter of explaining entities and making their functionalities as well as their placement in an overall context comprehensible. Furthermore, these simulations can be applied to actively integrate users into the engineering process of entities. There, open innovation methods can be used to generate ideas from the user side or to perform evaluations regarding the perceived usefulness, amongst others. Finally, simulations can also be used to train and qualify personnel before they operate and use the original entity (Schenk et al.,  ). With the objective to moderate stakeholder expectations and attitudes and to impart topic competencies that expand adequate training and qualification, simulations can be an important factor in integrating humans into Industry .. Models

on

which

user-centered

simulations

are

performed

for

integrative/manipulative purposes are called demonstrators. They are used to make entities and their inherent connections, functionalities, etc., comprehensible. In doing so, they can statically depict and represent entities and processes as well as dynamically demonstrate and thereby illustrate them (Moultrie,  ). The comprehension can take place via all physiological forms of human perception. While illustrations, presentations and screen renderings convey visual content, possibly augmented by auditory, physical, multidimensional demonstrators can furthermore enable tactile perceptions via direct interaction with the model and simulation. Olfactory and gustatory perceptions mostly play a subsidiary role in the context of demonstrator use, but can also be relevant in certain applications, e.g., in the case of heating certain materials and the associated odors. According to the application intention, the addressing of the different forms of perception via a demonstrator can be combined. The application of demonstrators enables different forms of interaction. First, in a one-dimensional interaction between the demonstrator and an individual, and second, in a multi-dimensional interaction between the demonstrator and several individuals as well as between these individuals themselves. Typical forms of onedimensional interaction are self-study or training courses in which procedures are learned individually. Multidimensional interactions apply when a demonstrator is used as a medium for knowledge transfer between instructors and trainees. A

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demonstrator takes on a special form of multidimensional relation when it is used to enable or reinforce the topic/object-specific interaction of different groups. The demonstrator then serves as a boundary objectKB-PID- , which is a central reference for the user interaction with the simulated system but is also used for the interactions among each other. The demonstrator creates an interaction space via boundary spanning that has the fixed identifying features of the modeled and simulated entity that are homogeneous for all groups but is variable enough to allow for the exchange of heterogeneous interpretations by the groups (Fox, ). The concept of boundary objects has been utilized in system development before (Bergman et al.,  ) both in IS (Doolin & McLeod, ) and wider managerial context (Bechky, ) with a positive effect on the acceptance of new technologies (Fox, ). While models enable to simulate systems and join stakeholder groups in the form of demonstrators, a surrounding application-oriented frameworkKB-PID- is in need to unfold their full potential and effectiveness. The work system theory by Alter () provides such a framework with clear outlines for work system organization. It gives an orientation for the functionalities of work systems and their constituting elements, namely technologies, participants, processes and activities and so forth (Alter, ). The concepts are valuable for work system development and optimization and have been applied for evaluations of these as well (Niederman & March, ). For the concrete design, engineering and construction of the physical modules and components of the demonstrator, the principles of mechanical engineering and design theoryKB-PID- find application. For the fields of construction designKB-PID- . and electrical engineeringKB-PID- ., the methods gathered by Feldhusen and Grote () and Ehrlenspiel and Meerkamm () are used to ensure high quality, safe and durable engineering results. For the development of the Resource Cockpit, the software to be installed on the HMI of the demonstrator for HCI, the results of the BMBF-funded research project S-CPSKB-PID- serve as part of the knowledge base. Within the project, productivity-relevant factors for digitalized maintenance service operations were identified and analyzed. A prototype of the Resource Cockpit was developed, merging data streams of several heterogeneous production systems and processes, providing task and role-specific information to maintenance personnel (Bullinger-Hoffmann,  ).



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As it is strived to align the CPS-inherent technical, human/social and organizational dimensions (cf. Section ..) via the demonstrator in several activities, including stakeholder-centered system engineering and development KB-PID-, the subject of codesignKB-PID- is also included for the knowledge base: Accordingly, to reduce the risk that an inadequate system design will fail to meet the requirements of its purpose and that it will be rejected by its intended users (Lauterbach & Mueller, ), it is important to involve affected stakeholders in the system development process. In the literature discussed as cooperative, collaborative, participatory or participative design (Bødker & Grønbæk, ; Carroll, ), this approach follows the stakeholder theory (Freeman, ), stating that corporate success benefits from the consideration of all stakeholder interests, especially when balancing these (Reynolds et al., ). The resulting system designs profit from the integration of stakeholders, according to Damodaran (), by an improved quality due to more accurate requirements, the avoidance of costly features which are not required by the users and improved levels of general acceptance in combination with a better understanding of the system by its users resulting in more effective utilization. Moreover, post-implementation costs for system adjustments decrease when users are involved in the development process of the system (Damodaran, ; Lauterbach & Mueller, ). Kujala () discusses further benefits but also challenges of this approach. Methods providing guidelines for stakeholder-centered system designs are broadly established and highly standardized. The integration of stakeholders can be conducted during different stages of the system design process bridging between developers and stakeholders and between different stakeholder groups among one another to uncover group-specific implicit expectations from and attitudes toward a system and to manage these (Grudin, ). The level of stakeholder integration depends on the particular purpose and reaches from solely informative over consultative to wholly participative (Damodaran, ). For the structuring and guidance of the co-design processes and activities conducted with PDCPS, the methodological results of the BMBF-funded research project WiIPOD14; KB-PID-

14

(Staples et al.,  ) are intended to be applied.

Funding reference number: HH

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6.2.3.2



Artifact

Hereafter, the previously accumulated knowledge base is incorporated into the artifact compilation of the Industry . Demonstrator PIDCPS, which is constituted by the following sub-artifacts: The cyber and physical modules and components of the demonstrator including the software for HCI titled Resource Cockpit. The Scenario Book web tool, containing the use case and objective-specific simulation scenarios as well as the methodological framework, which structures and guides the application of the demonstrator. With a stakeholder-centric application focus of PIDCPS, the cyber and physical modules and components are mainly oriented toward integrative/manipulative simulations. In combination, these modules and components model Industry . value creation infrastructures and enable the simulation of industrial CPS in various configurationsFE-PID-. In order to ensure an as wide as possible range of configurations, the demonstrator is designed with a multi-level (sub-)modularityFE-PID- and can thus be configured on an objective-specific and scenario-individual basis. The demonstrator also meets the requirements of mobility and portability through its modularity. All modules can be moved independently of each other. With the whole setup’s dimensions of  cubic metersFE-PID- stored in its transport boxes, it can be relocated easily. The location independence is also ensured by the fact that minimal requirements are placed on the application environment: The only connections required are a household socket with a mains voltage of  V and a frequency of  Hz and, optionally, a LAN socket providing / MBit. The latter only if a connection to the PRODISYS platform, an Industry . service ecosystem, is to be established. To ensure the safety of the demonstrator’s users, only CE-certifiedFE-PID- components are installed and the design principles of mechanical and electrical engineering find consideration (Feldhusen & Grote, ). Neither electrically nor pneumatically driven parts pose a risk of injury, which allows interactions by non-technically qualified persons. To promote the acceptance of the demonstrator by its users, affinityenhancing components are installed wherever possible. These include build-ups from Fischertechnik parts, which to many may still be familiar from childhood as well as a PLC from Siemens and pneumatic components from Festo, with which numerous users interact in their everyday work. In the implementation of the demonstrator, its



Study IV

modules and componentsFE-PID- can be assigned to either the cyber or physical sphere—congruent to CPS—and their respective sub-categories. The cyber sphereFEPID- .

consists of the categories software and data and is connected via the network

category with the physical sphereFE-PID- ., which consists of the categories hardware and HCI. The concrete modules and components of PIDCPS, as well as their architectural arrangement and functional interaction, are presented in a video accessible via the QR code in this section and in the subsequent text within the framework of the categories mentioned; for reasons of narration and comprehension in this order: Hardware, HCI, software, data and network. The entire hardwareFE-PID- .. of the demonstrator is organized in a variety of modules and supports components to comprehensively simulate Industry . application scenarios. A Fischertechnik simulation factoryFE-PID- ... serves as a process module by means of which a wide variety of production processes can be simulated. In the standard configuration, it consists of the sub-modules of a high-bay warehouseFE-PID- ...., a transport robotFE-PID- ...., a kilnFE-PID- .... with a drilling station and an assembly lineFE-PID- .... with a color sensor. Due to its multi-level (sub-) modularity (dismountable and assemblable on the level of individual bricks and parts), the various mechanic, pneumatic and electric components can be redesigned and configured to suit specific application scenarios. The interaction between production facilities and manufacturing parts proceeds via photoelectric and color identification sensors. RFID chips attached to all tokens representing manufacturing parts and products as well as to work piece carriers add properties of CPS: Each entity is identifiable individually; information about condition, quality, priority, production progress, etc. are written and read by RFID reader/writer devices. Industry typical work processes can be carried out at the operations module Festo work stationFE-PID ...

with the two sub-modules of a part singulationFE-PID- .... and a suction arm FE-PID-

....

that carries parts with a vacuum gripper. It uses mechanic, pneumatic and

electric procedures as they appear in the process module as well. Malfunctions that are demonstrated via the simulation factory, but are purely simulative there, occur in reality at the work station and can be repaired using the tools provided. Thus, the operations module offers facilities for the practical exercise of industrial work procedures which are typical for the personnel interacting with industrial CPS. Both modules are operated by the control unit module, a Siemens PLC SIMATIC S - FE-

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PID- ...



. The PLC is based on a modular architecture, too, and can hence be extended

by additional controller modules if the extension of the process or operation modules requires it. It has both analog and digital inputs and outputs plus high-speed counters, all required for the operation of the other modules. It is attached to an industrial mount and connects to the controlled modules via pluggable -pin flat ribbon cables. The sensors and actuators module is a test bench for electric drives FE-PID- ... and can generate and record various values in the categories of temperature, acoustics and vibration with the aid of built-in actuators and sensors. Retrofit sensors can also be attached to the module to allow additional values to be recorded. An industrially compatible adaptation of the Raspberry Pi computer is the RevolutionPi. It is used to control the sensors and actuators module. The AI module in the form of an AI cameraFEPID- ...

, which is used to monitor the status and occupancy of the simulation factory’s

high-bay warehouse, is also controlled by a Raspberry Pi  FE-PID- .... The camera, mounted on a height and lateral-adjustable tripod, generates a live image that is analyzed by image recognition algorithms and transformed into an overview of occupancy that can be viewed as a microservice in the Resource Cockpit dashboard. Use cases for AI algorithms are demonstrated in this respect that occupancy monitoring can be performed independently of the camera’s angle of view and changing light conditions, as the image evaluation adjusts to these AI-based. The value creation and supply network module can demonstrate different intra and interorganizational production and logistics processes. For this purpose, process steps are represented on a modularly interconnectable scenario boardFE-PID- ... (standard module size DIN A) on which D-printed pawnsFE-PID- .... can be moved. The latter are equipped with a RFID reader, an Arduino microcontroller and a display. RFID chips are embedded at nodes in the scenario board modules and scenario cards FE-PID- .... can be slid under a plexiglass pane covering the modules to visualize the value creation and supply network context graphically combined with text. According to the respective scenario, texts, images or videos appear on the displays of the pawns when they are placed on a node and the RFID chips are read. The additive manufacturing module, a Prusa i MKS D printerFE-PID- ..., which serves to illustrate additive manufacturing scenarios, in combination with another Raspberry Pi  FE-PID- ..., is used to print suitable (spare) parts. Print jobs are directly initiated via the Resource Cockpit. The demonstrator’s own blockchain module, in turn, runs on three Raspberry Pi FE-PID- ... and links data records supplied by RFID readers installed on the sub-

 

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modules of the simulation factory. In this way, application scenarios for smart contracts within value creation processes can be pointed out. In the context of CPS and the accompanying advancement of intra and inter-organizational networking of IT systems, IT security also plays a central role. A PaloAlto PA- firewallFE-PID- ..., serving as an IT security module, which can be used to illustrate suitable system shielding scenarios, meets the requirements for demonstrating this. In order to operate the presented modules of the demonstrator, there is the necessity for functionally-relevant support components. These include an industrystandard

Pepperl+Fuchs

signal

towerFE-PID- ...

with

four

different

lights

(red=malfunction, yellow=malfunction being resolved, green=malfunction-free and white=initialization), which indicate the current status of the simulated value creation process. To provide the required air pressure to operate the pneumatic components of the operations module, a Sparmax compressorFE-PID- ... is used and for the required network to connect the components, an ASUS RT-AC U routerFE-PID- ... is employed. When conducting workshops, training sessions, etc., with PIDCPS, stakeholder and event cardsFE-PID- ... are handed out to inform participants about their roles—e.g., in the case when they do not act in their native roles, representing stakeholder groups as management, (skilled) worker, unions, etc.—or to inform about events such as changes in states, processes, etc., to structure and guide the course of the simulation. In addition, attachable stakeholder tagsFE-PID- ... can be issued, which enable both stakeholders and staff to easily identify and address each other. In the category of HCIFE-PID- .., the HMI of the demonstrator are gathered. These include Huawei Media Pad tabletsFE-PID- ... on which the software Resource Cockpit is run. In addition to the tablets handed out to the stakeholders, a further one is used by the staff operating the demonstrator to coordinate the individual modules and components as well as the sequence of simulations. Furthermore, a Microsoft HoloLens FE-PID- ... is used to demonstrate AR scenarios, for which the respective views of the Resource Cockpit are adapted to the application of AR glasses. To perform maintenance and repairs at the work station, a range of suitable industrystandard toolsFE-PID- ... is at hand as the non-digital part of the HCI category. In the softwareFE-PID- .. category, the Resource CockpitFE-PID- ... (Oks et al.,  b) was adapted and implemented for the demonstrator-based application context of

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PIDCPS. The program is utilized as an Android and HOLOneering visualization-based application and provides several resourcesFE-PID-. in the form of functions and services of relevance for the operation of industrial CPS. Its main features are a dashboardFEPID-.

offering real-time information as well as a plant overview with historic process

and operating data of each (sub-)module, and a systematic documentation including manufacturer documents, maintenance reports, shift schedules, tasks and further. In addition, a wiki can be used to obtain general information and knowledge. For specific knowledge accumulation with regard to maintenance or repair activities that occur for the first time, there is a standardized process for the generation of action guidelines by the user. Thus, the personnel can document and record their work activities and provide a useful directive for colleagues who might be confronted with the same problem at another time. Availability displays for tools and spare parts as well as information about their location are another function. Via video calls, the software can be used for remote maintenance activities in which a connected expert supports the user in its activities. As the software follows a modular architectureFE-PID-, the described functionalities can be compiled individually according to the requirements of the simulated CPS configuration. Moreover, the software modularity allows the arrangement of roleFE-PID-. and taskFE-PID-.-specific constellations as well as read, write and administration rightsFE-PID-.. Furthermore, it enables the control of addressable components. The roles and corresponding views of the Resource Cockpit are presented in Figure  and its HMI-specific visualization via a Huawei Media Pad tablet or Microsoft HoloLens  in Figure .

 

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Resource Cockpit

Role selection (RS)

Plant operation (PO)

Maintenance, repair and operations (MRO) Homepage (MRO)

Homepage (PO)

Management (MGMT) Homepage (MGMT)

Dashboard Dashboard (D) Control system (D 1.0)

Sensor values (D 2.0)

Programs (D 3.0)

Plant overview (selection) (MRO 1.0)

Plant overview (selection) (PO 1.0)

Records (D 4.0)

Overview (D 5.0)

Plant overview (selection) (MGMT 1.0)

Plant overview (MRO 1.1)

Plant overview (MGMT 1.1)

Component groups (MRO 1.2)

Component groups (MGMT 1.2)

Plant overview (PO 1.1)

Action guideline (creation) (PO 2.0)

Manufacturer documents (MGMT 1.3)

Manufacturer documents (MRO 1.3)

Action guideline (execution) (PO 2.1) Tasks (MRO 2.0)

Tasks (MGMT 2.0)

Error database (PO 3.0) Action guideline (creation) (MGMT 3.0)

Action guideline (creation) (MRO 3.0)

Action guideline (execution) (MGMT 3.1)

Action guideline (execution) (MRO 3.1)

Wiki (PO 4.0)

Error database (MRO 4.0)

Error database (MGMT 4.0)

Maintenance database (MRO 5.0)

Maintenance database (MGMT 5.0)

History (MRO 6.0)

History (MGMT 6.0)

Tools (MRO 7.0)

Tools (MGMT 7.0)

Spare parts (MRO 8.0)

Spare parts (MGMT 8.0)

Wiki (MRO 9.0)

Wiki (MGMT 9.0)

Remote maintenance (MRO 10.0)

Personnel planning (MGMT 10.0)

Remote maintenance (MGMT 11.0)

Figure : Overview of the roles and views of the software Resource Cockpit

Study IV

 

Software

Resource Cockpit

HMI Huawei Media Pad

HMI Microsoft HoloLens 2

Figure : Visualization examples of the software Resource Cockpit on the HMI Huawei Media Pad and Microsoft HoloLens 

 

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In addition to the Resource Cockpit software, which is the main interface of the HCI of the demonstrator, there are other modules and components that feature frontend software through which users can obtain information and enter input. The AI camera frontend softwareFE-PID- ... is used for the calibration and live image display of the camera that monitors the high-bay warehouse of the Fischertechnik simulation factory. It is displayed and operated on the one hand via the touch display of the connected Raspberry Pi  and, on the other hand, as a microservice within the Resource Cockpit dashboard. The HOLOneering visualizationFE-PID- ... is used in scenarios where objects and processes are to be visualized in AR using a Microsoft HoloLens . The frontend software of the Prusa i MKS D printerFE-PID- ..., with which, e.g., print jobs can be initiated or system conditions can be queried, is controlled via a rudimentary two-color display using a rotary wheel. In this way, the demonstrator also includes software and HCI, which are simplistic, which corresponds to the situation in many industrial value creation environments when retrofit measures are applied as part of the digital transformation and system components of different degrees of digitalization are co-deployed. The scenario board frontend softwareFE-PID ...

is primarily used to provide visual information about scenario sequences and

changes. It covers the dynamic part of the information display since the other parts of the scenario board have static, analog display forms. The Siemens TIA PortalFE-PID- ... provides the software for the SIMATIC S -  PLC, which controls the simulation factory and workstation modules and hosts the OPC UA server of the demonstrator. The applied programming language is Funktionsplan (FUP). In addition, the following modules contain backend softwareFE-PID- ... running on third and fourth-generation Raspberry Pis as well as on a RevolutionPi that is essential for their operation but which the stakeholder groups do not come into contact with during demonstrator use: The test bench for electric drives, the AI camera, the scenario board, D printer, the blockchain and the firewall. Within the dataFE-PID- .. category, the data for the Resource Cockpit is managed by a REST server that accesses a MongoDB restFE-PID- .... It contains production processes, action guidelines and information on known errors, etc. Furthermore, a MongoDB historyFE-PID- ... records all production processes to enable data analysis and to demonstrate predictive MRO scenarios. Data originating from the sensors and actuators module is also stored in this database. For the demonstration of AR

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scenarios, the HOLOneering repositioryFE-PID- ... is accessed to display, e.g., (replacement) parts and to visualize their installation. The networkFE-PID- .. infrastructure is primarily provided by the OPC UA15 serverFEPID- ...

, which enables data exchange between devices independent of manufacturer

standard, OS and bus. The server represents the essential component for networking the PLC with the HCI components as well as for controlling the processes and for recording the current system parameters, e.g., run time, counter values and material availability. Together with the REST server, this provides the central network hub of the demonstrator. The data streams from PIDCPS can be transferred via the Internet to the web-hosted PRODISYS platformFE-PID- ..., on which data from demonstrators is collected centrally for analysis in order to develop and orchestrate industrial microservices (Fuchs et al., ). An overview of all modules and components of the Industry . Demonstrator PIDCPS broken down by spheres and categories is given in Figure  .

15

OPC UA is an industrial communication protocol describing machine data in semantic terms to ensure interoperability of all entities within industrial CPS. It is referred to as one of the main enabling protocols for Industry . realizations (Schleipen et al., ).

 

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Modules and components

Cyber sphere Software

Frontend software S-CPS Resource Cockpit

Frontend software AI camera

Frontend software HOLOneering visualization

Frontend software Scenario board

Frontend software 3D printer

Database MongoDB rest

Netw.

Data

Backend software Scenario board, test bench for electric drives, AI camera, 3D printer, blockchain, firewall and Siemens TIA Portal

Database HOLOneering repository

Database MongoDB history

Interface to OPC UA server

Process module Fischertechnik simulation factory Sub-module High-bay warehouse

Sub-module Transport robot

Sub-module Kiln

Sub-module Assembly line

Interface to PRODISYS platform

Operations module Festo work station

Sub-module Singulation

Sub-modul Suction arm

Value creation and supply network module Scenario board Sub-module Pawns

Sub-module Scenario cards

AI module AI camera

Additive manufacturing module Prusa i3 MK3S 3D printer

Blockchain module 3 Raspberry Pi 4

IT security module PaloAlto PA-3020 firewall

Control unit module Siemens SIMATIC S7-1500

Support component 3 Raspberry Pi 3

Support component Pepperl+Fuchs signal tower

Support component Sparmax compressor

Physical sphere

Hardware

Sensors and actuators module Test bench for electric drives

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Support component Stakeholder and event cards

Support component Stakeholder tags

HMI Huawei Media Pad

HMI Microsoft HoloLens 2

HMI Tools

HCI

Support component ASUS RT-AC87U router

Figure : Modules and components of PIDCPS (adapted from Oks, Jalowski, et al., )

To utilize PIDCPS for the stated objectives, a suitable methodological framework is needed that structures and guides the demonstrator’s application process in a targeted manner (Miah & Gammack, ). For this purpose, the work system theory by Alter () is applied since it provides a coherent regulatory framework for the operation of systems consisting of different resources. Following the logic of this framework, a work system is “[a] system in which human participants and/or machines perform work (processes and activities) using information, technology and other resources to produce specific products/services for specific internal and/or external customers. Work systems are sociotechnical systems by default . . .” (Alter, , p. ). Beyond that, the work system with its resources is located within an environment, infrastructure and strategy. In Table , this framework finds application to PIDCPS. Table : Application of the work system framework on the Industry . Demonstrator PIDCPS Work system framework elements (Alter, 2013)

Industry 4.0 Demonstrator PID4CPS

Environment/Strategies/Infrastructure

Facilities and objectives of organizations/institutions

Customer

Organizations, educational institutions and international delegations

Products/Services

Applied methods

Processes and activities

Scenarios

Participants

Stakeholder groups and staff

Information

Use cases

Technologies

Modules and components

 

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Within the work system frameworkFE-PID- applied to PIDCPS, the environment, strategies and infrastructureCPS FE-PID- . are set by the facilities and objectives toward industrial CPS of the particular customerFE-PID- . of the three main target groups of this research—organizations, educational institutions and international delegations. The utilization of PIDCPS provides the servicesFE-PID- . to achieve the strived objectives of the customer, e.g., strategy development, systems engineering or education and training. The processes and activitiesFE-PID- . in the form of applied methods (e.g., workshop, training or hackathon) are selected depending on the scenarios that are to be modeled and simulated with the demonstrator. Thus, a scenario combines the technologiesFE-PID- . of PIDCPS with its modules and components, the participantsFEPID- .

as representatives of the stakeholder groups as well as the staff and the relevant

informationFE-PID- . on the specific use case. Since a work system is not a static entity but a collection of dynamic, iterative processes, the work system framework for PIDCPS can be structured in sequential phases. The phases are preparation, execution and follow-up. In the preparation phase, at first, the organization’s or institution’s facilities and objectives have to be determined and defined in concrete terms. Thus, to orchestrate an executable scenario, information has to be gathered on what is intended to be achieved by the application of PIDCPS and under which spatial and temporal conditions. For this purpose, the initial technical situation must be determined in such a way that the terminal points of the existing hardware and software are defined. Software components, even if only available in beta versions and HMI intended for use, should be collected and analyzed. Second, in order to involve all required participants, the relevant stakeholder groups must be identified. At the same time, the implicit expectations from and attitudes toward industrial CPS of the stakeholder groups should be estimated. With these insights, the configuration of the demonstrator containing its spheres and modules is adapted to model and simulate a suitable industrial CPS in a fitting use case (e.g., condition monitoring, predictive MRO or production planning). The selection of a capable method to achieve the postulated objectives is then performed under consideration of the technological, human/social and organizational conditions described. In this way, the overarching scenario is created, as well as the plan for its execution.

Study IV

 

The execution phase begins with the introduction of the representatives of each stakeholder group and the presentation of the industrial CPS configuration. The level of detail applied depends on the participants’ level of information about the presented system. Information about the context and structure of the industrial CPS, e.g., in terms of location on the factory floor or integration into the existing infrastructure, can be provided through a presentation or directly through the facilitation of PIDCPS. Then, the interaction with the demonstrator begins. Depending on the methodological objectives, PIDCPS is used to simulate system functionalities, run through processes and let the participants try out system functions. In addition, role plays can be used to take the position of another stakeholder group with their tasks. This allows the system to be perceived from a different perspective to gain a better understanding of the positions and aspirations of other stakeholders. The scenarios can also be used to evaluate the simulated system and conduct usability studies. In order to gain detailed insights, the methodological applications of PIDCPS should be documented and interpreted in detail. To this end, both articulated opinions and demonstrated behaviors (gestures, facial expressions, etc.) should be recorded. In order to capture these effectively, the scenario executions should be recorded and filmed, provided consent is obtained from all participants. Questionnaires and other quantitative oriented data collection procedures are also viable for obtaining feedback from participants. The collected feedback and observations undergo evaluation during the follow-up phase. In addition to the general assessment of the degree of maturity of the system, uncovered needs for improvement and conflicts among stakeholder groups are described and analyzed. In this course, the assessment of the expectations from and attitudes toward of the individual stakeholders are updated as well. The gained insights are then used to adjust the configuration of the industrial CPS by incorporating the feedback into the system design. At the same time, the setup of PIDCPS is adapted accordingly. As soon as a new version of the system is developed, it is simulated in the next scenario round utilizing the demonstrator in order to obtain new feedback and to check whether the adjustments meet the desired objectives already. The demonstrator applications are repeated iteratively until the desired objectives are reached.



Study IV

The web tool Scenario Book finalizes the artifact compilation of the Industry . Demonstrator PIDCPS. It serves as a guideline for the staff operating the demonstrator, structuring the planning, execution and follow-up phase of the application of the demonstrator. It has two basic features for this purpose: First, scenario creation and editing, and second, providing a library of created scenariosFEPID-.

. The tool is structured in tabular form and has different sections that can be filled

with an arbitrary number of steps for a given use caseFE-PID-... In the first section, the title of the step and the setting are defined. The setting consists of the execution (procedure and to-do), the required equipment, the pursued objectives and the applied methodFE-PID-.. (i.a., presentation, workshop and training). Those are free fields, which can be filled with respective text. The second section consists of all hardware modules and components of the demonstrator. Depending on the scenario, those to be used in a step are selected. The third section comprises the users. It is divided into the staff (moderator and operator) and the stakeholder groups FE-PID-.. (company-internal and external) described in Section ... Also, here, all users that participate in the corresponding scenario step can be marked. The fourth section is constituted by the  sectionsFE-PID-.. of the Industry . Compendium (cf. Section ...). The sections that are relevant to the scenario step and the contents modeled and simulated with the demonstrator are selected. The fifth and final section is filled with the contents of the Industry . application map (cf. Section ..). All application fields are listed, sorted by their application spheresFE-PID-.. . These can also be selected if they constitute the system configuration for the corresponding step of the scenario. Scenarios can be edited (adding and deleting steps and modifying their contents), saved and loaded as JSON files or deleted. Regarding the scenario presentation, there are two different forms provided by the Scenario Book: One is the executive summary, which displays only the selected elements across all steps, providing an ideal format for preparing scenarios and configuring the demonstrator accordingly. In the presentation view, on the other hand, the steps are displayed in sequential order and with all elements, whether selected or not. Figure  provides an overview of both those views. This gives a complete overview of the upcoming steps and can therefore be utilized by the staff during the execution phase. Thereby, clear and unambiguous implementation instructions and schemes are provided.

Study IV



Scenario Book Homepage

Scenario Book

Scenario creation/editing

Scenario executive summary

Scenario Book

Scenario presentation

Scenario Book

Figure : Overview of the views of the software Scenario Book



6.2.4

Study IV

Demonstration Since the Industry . Demonstrator PIDCPS is designed (sub-)modular to model and simulate a wide range of industrial CPS, it can take on diverse

configurations. However, in order to perform the DSRM activities of demonstration and evaluation, it is necessary to maintain a consistent configuration in order to validate the intended functionalities and achievement of objectives and requirements to advance the development of the artifact compilation. In line with the use case that pervades this entire research—predictive MRO—it is also chosen herein for the following reasons: On the one hand, a profound knowledge base on this use case can be accessed, gathered through this research up to this point and the existing industrial CPS configuration for a maintenance system developed utilizing the application map (cf. Section ..) providing a well-structured and elaborated scenario. In this configuration of the demonstrator, several methods can be applied. I.a., these are presentations, workshops, lectures, hackathons and trainings. The staff consists of two persons, one of whom guides and moderates through the method execution and one person who operates the demonstrator and records the method outcomes. The

participating

stakeholder

groups depend on

the

organization/institution, the objectives and the applied method. The exact demonstrator configuration of PIDCPS in the described use case is visualized as a video accessible via the QR code in this section and schematically in Figure  .

Study IV



Configuration Use case Predictive MRO Method Workshop

Staff Operator

Stakeholder group 1 Maintenance workforce

Legend Module

Staff Moderator

Stakeholder group 2 Management

...

Sub-module Sensor Actuator Staff

Cyber sphere Frontend software AI camera

Physical sphere Process module Fischertechnik simulation factory

AI module AI camera

Backend software AI camera

HMI Microsoft HoloLens 2

Frontend software HOLOneering visualization

HMI Huawei Media Pad

Database HOLOneering repository

Support component 3 Raspberry Pi 3

Sub-module High-bay warehouse

Sub-module Transport robot

Sub-module Kiln

Sub-module Assembly line

Stakeholder group Cable RFID WPAN WLAN

Blockchain module 3 Raspberry Pi 4 Support component Sparmax compressor

Optical

HMI Tools

Hardware-software integration Interaction

Operations module Festo work station

Frontend software S-CPS Resource Cockpit

Sub-module Singulation

Sub-module Suction arm

Backend software Blockchain

Interface to OPC UA server

Control unit module Siemens SIMATIC S7-1500

Support component Pepperl+Fuchs signal tower

Value creation and supply network module Scenario board

Database MongoDB rest Support component ASUS RT-AC87U router

Sub-module Pawns

Sub-module Scenario cards

Database MongoDB history IT security module PaloAlto PA-3020 firewall Interface to PRODISYS platform Sensors and actuators module Test bench for electric drives Backend software Siemens TIA Portal

HMI Huawei Media Pad Additive manufacturing module Prusa i3 MK3S 3D printer

Frontend software Scenario board Support component Stakeholder and event cards Backend software Scenario board Support component Stakeholder tags Backend software Firewall

Backend software Test bench for electric drives

Frontend software 3D printer

Backend software 3D printer

Figure : Configuration of PIDCPS and its methodological framework (adapted from Oks et al.,  )



Study IV

In the afore described configuration, the artifact compilation of PIDCPS was demonstrated to the three main target groups of this research made up by organizations, educational institutions and international delegations in different settings. These included live demonstrationsDS-, in which the functionalities and procedures of the demonstrator-based modeling and simulation of industrial CPS were showcased to international representatives of the scientific community, e.g., from Feng Chia UniversityDS-. and FAUDS-. and also to practitioners from industry at events as the Schaeffler Open Inspiration DayDS-. or the fair IN.STAND in cooperation with the AFSMI German Chapter e. V.DS-.. In addition, it was aimed to engage with members of innovation and creativity communities to obtain profound feedback on the creational potential of PIDCPS. For this purpose, the artifacts were introduced to co-creators and innovators within the cooperation PIDCPS @ JOSEPHS, during which the demonstrator was deployed for over a year at JOSEPHSDS-. as well as during the LZE Tech Day at Fraunhofer IISBDS-. . Another target audience was politicians in order to inform them about the potentials and, at the same time, funding relevance of CPSoriented research. Thus, the demonstrator was presented to the Minister President of the Free State of Saxony, Michael Kretschmer, at Erfolgreich digital?! by the Sächsische StaatskanzleiDS-. and to the Bavarian State Minister for Digital Affairs, Judith Gerlach, at JOSEPHSDS-.. In addition, PIDCPS has been applied in numerous workshopsDS-, especially within the innovation ecosystem of Nuremberg: Events included two Lange Nacht der Wissenschaften at FAUDS-.;

DS-.

, the Senior Design Day at Zollhof

Erlanger Workshop Warmblechumformung

DS-.

DS-.

, the .

at FAU as well as the . Burger, Blech

& Blockchain event at Neue Materialien FürthDS-. . There was also a series of workshops with international delegations from China, in which representatives of the following universities and institutions were introduced to the state of development of Industry . in Germany via PIDCPS: Yueyang UniveristyDS-., Sichuan Technology & Business UniversityDS-., Guangdong Polytechnic Normal UniversityDS-. and Hebei regionDS-.. In order to also appeal to the target group of educational institutions, the artifacts were applied on different levels of the German education system for teachingDS-: The bachelor lecture Innovation Technology II at FAU was reorganized with funding from the QuiS initiative around PIDCPS and offers students since  an interactive learning experience in the field of industrial CPS and Industry .

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technologiesDS-.. In addition, students from elementary and secondary schools learned

about

the

digital

transformation

during

Coding&RobotikKids organized by Deutsche Telekom

DS-.

the

IT@School

event

. A visual overview of the

demonstration of PIDCPS in the various application scenarios arranged according to the target groups of the DSR activities of this dissertation is provided in Figure .

Organizations Potential analysis

Strategy development

Lecture and workshop

Programming and robotics course

Education and training

Educational institutions Hackathon

International delegations Presentation and workshop

Figure  : Target group-specific demonstration of PIDCPS in several scenarios

6.2.5

Evaluation

Since the Industry . Demonstrator PIDCPS is the most complex part of the Industry . Suite and composed of several artifacts of digital and physical nature, this had to be taken into account while designing its evaluation strategy. In general, the evaluation of the artifacts had two intents. On the one hand, PIDCPS was examined



Study IV

to determine whether it is suitable for fulfilling the stated objectives and the requirements derived from them (cf. Section ..) and how fit for purpose they are. On the other hand, the functionality of the artifacts is evaluated in terms of the extent to which their modularity enables the modeling and simulation of different industrial CPS configurations as well as the feasibility of their stakeholder-centric demonstration. The evaluation was implemented by applying the FEDS by Venable et al. () as a structuring guideline. Since the artifacts of this research are designed to foster user-centric activities regarding the understanding, design, implementation, operation, etc., of industrial CPS, the strategy of human risk & effectiveness within the FEDS was chosen, especially due to the fact that individuals have to interact with mechanical machines and gather perchance group constellations with conflict potential. Considering this and following the DSR Evaluation Strategy Selection Framework by Venable et al. (), the artifacts were first, ex-ante, evaluated in an artificial surrounding—within the research facilities of FAU with trial participants— before reaching ex-post toward an application in naturalistic surroundings—of organizations,

educational

institutions

and

international

delegations

with

representatives of the actual stakeholder groups. In the first phase, when PIDCPS was still in a prototypical state, interviewsES- (h  min) were conducted with IS researchers (N=)ES-. from the Institute of Information Systems of FAU who worked on projects with Industry . focus at that time. They were assessed as suitable since their work was specifically concerned with industrial system design and implementation. The interviews were semi-structured and used the Industry . Application Map (cf. Section ..) as a survey guideline since it provides a detailed structure of the application fields of industrial CPS. The results of the interviews lead to the conclusion that the demonstrator with its (sub-) modules is particularly suitable for simulating system configurations in the smart factory sphere (e.g., production, logistics, assembly, resource management and further). The demonstrator was also perceived as suitable for the simulation of industrial smart services (e.g., maintenance, knowledge management, employee qualification and further). In this case, however, it is important to use suitable software or an appropriate design of the Resource Cockpit running on the applied HMI. For the simulation of systems utilizing industrial smart data gained from big data analytics, the following restriction was seen: Since the required data volumes cannot be

Study IV



obtained from the operation of the demonstrator’s own processes, simulative data sets have to be employed. Limitations that are more perceptible are seen in the simulation of systems integrating smart products. For the appropriate simulation of such systems, a further module would have to be added to the demonstrator, in which specific components would simulate the interaction between smart products and industrial value creation. In general, the high degree of modularity was identified as applicable to the simulation of various system configurations. First, the concept of modularity enables to exchange system components with modest effort, especially when relying on hardware and software standards. Second, modularity can be adequately used in the process of system simulation to present the system with reduced complexity due to left-out or condensed components. Thus, the first phase evaluated the variety of modeling and simulation options of different industrial CPS configurations as suitable and suggested to proceed with the feasibility testing of stakeholder-centric demonstrations. For the evaluation of the functionalities of the artifacts in naturalistic surroundings, in the second phase of the evaluation strategy, the application of observational studies in combination with focus groups (Tremblay et al., ) was chosen. In line with this, workshopsES-. (N=) were observed, in which PIDCPS was used to develop an industrial CPS-based predictive MRO system. Three researchers carried out the observation to record behavior, interpretations of the assigned role, social interactions triggered by the artifact, interactions with the demonstrator and other processes of relevance. A predominantly non-standardized approach to ensure impartiality was supplemented with the theoretical framework of interaction process analysis (IPA) by Bales ( a). The IPA provides a system of categories for the analysis of the interaction patterns of problem-solving groups and the description of group development processes 16 . After each workshop, a focus group session was performed with all participants, in which their feedback regarding the usability of the demonstrator was collectedES-. The insights gained from the observations suggest that the demonstrator serves as a boundary object for the workshop participants and stimulates discussion among them. Fear of contact with the demonstrator was not observed. On the contrary, the demonstrator was actively used for the statement of

16

The observation sheets based on Bales ( b) applied during the evaluation workshops can be found in Appendix E.



Study IV

views and arguments. Furthermore, based on the focus groups, the evaluation results emphasize the positive characteristics of the possibility of using the demonstrator detached from industrial environments to try out activities and simple exchange between roles. Potential for improvement was seen as Industry . is a rather new topic to certain individuals and, therefore, a general introduction to the subject should be given at the beginning of the workshop. In addition, it was pointed out that participation in the workshops should not take place as an additional workload but within regular working hours. The evaluation results obtained were used after each workshop to make technical adjustments to the demonstrator and to adapt the structure of the workshop scenario. Accordingly, workshops begin with a general introduction to the topic of Industry . and the status of implementation in the organization. Organizations/institutions are also advised to compensate workshop participation with appropriate time balancing. In addition to the evaluation of the variety of modeling and simulation options and feasibility for stakeholder-centric demonstrations, the demonstrator’s performance was examined in an educational surrounding. To this end, a questionnaireES- (  questions with five-point Likert scales 17 and  open text fields) was completed by students (N= ) of the lecture Innovation Technology II at FAUES-. who were tasked with the design of microservices for the Resource Cockpit and worked in interaction with the demonstrator for an entire semester. In the results, first of all, it became clear that the integration of a demonstrator into teaching clearly sets the course apart from other lectures ( ‫ݔ‬ҧ =,

; σ=,) and is perceived as more suitable for clarifying content and tasks than slide decks (‫ݔ‬ҧ =, ; σ=,). The question of whether the demonstrator is perceived as an unnecessary gimmick was mainly negated (‫ݔ‬ҧ =,; σ=,). Finally, the use of demonstrators in teaching was considered to be preponderantly useful (‫ݔ‬ҧ =, ; σ=,). Lastly, the inadequacies of PIDCPS identified within the individual evaluation activities and the measure carried out to address them are shown in Table .

17

Scaling: =strongly agree; =agree; =neutral; =disagree; =strongly disagree.

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Table : Evaluation-based design adjustments to the Industry . Demonstrator PIDCPS DSRM code

Evaluation annotation

Design adjustment

“Importance of cyber security is not stressed enough.”

An IT security module was designed and integrated into PIDCPS.

“Industry .-typical traceability of parts is not given in the process module.”

In the process module, RFID chips were attached to all tokens representing manufacturing parts and products as well as to work pieces carriers. RFID reader/writer devices were implemented in the module infrastructure.

“Regarding industrial smart data: Since the required data volumes cannot be obtained from the operation of the demonstrator’s own processes, simulative data sets have to be employed.”

To address this shortcoming, the sensors and actuators module was created to achieve higher volumes through continuous data generation. In addition, purposeful but artificial data sets were created.

“Modelling and simulation of smart products outside of production surroundings cannot be performed with the current modules.”

As a first step, the Industry . Application Map has already been extended for the development of SPSS (Oks, Schymanietz, et al., ). For PIDCPS, a physical module for modeling and simulating SPSS is currently under construction.

As Industry . is a rather new topic to certain individuals, a general introduction to the subject should be given at the beginning of a workshop.

Comprehensive slide sets and videos have been created to facilitate an introduction to the topic of Industry ., also when no prior knowledge exists.

Individuals do not always fully adopt their roles and drop out during the demonstration.

If participants do not natively belong to a stakeholder group but represent it, they receive extensive information material that helps them to identify with this group. Moreover, they are equipped with attachable stakeholder tags.

ES-.

In the moment of euphoria and excitement, demonstrator interaction is sometimes undertaken without contextual consideration. Verbal instructions are overheard or even ignored.

In the methodological framework, attention is directed now to clearly distinguish between simulation and discussion phases, guiding the focus of the participants. Physical event cards are used to introduce information during method execution.

ES-.

“Prior technical knowledge is required to understand the demonstrator.”

The description and external portrayal of the demonstrator was revised to counter this prejudice. E.g., via www.quartrevo.de.

ES-.

ES-.

ES-.

ES-.

ES-.

ES-.



6.2.6

Study IV

Communication

As with the previous artifacts of the Industry . Suite, the outcomes related to the Industry . demonstrator PIDCPS are distributed in a target-group-oriented manner as part of a communication campaign. For research communities, the focus is set on contributions to DSR processes and activities as well as to the topics of the knowledge base outlined in Section ..., while for practice-oriented communities, it is on the utilization potentials and value proposition of the demonstrator itself. To this end, presentationsCC- were given at various conferences and events in order to engage in critical discussions with experts and to promote an open dialogue on demonstrators within the topic of Industry .. In this context, the design and evaluation process of PIDCPS was presented to the DSR community during the th International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology: Designing for a Digital and Globalized WorldCC-. to gather feedback regarding the research design and strategies for knowledge base contributions. At the  th CIRP Design ConferenceCC-., another research discipline—engineering—was addressed; here, to introduce the concept cyber-physical modeling and simulation (CPMS) (cf. Section .. ) that was derived from the design, development and operation of PIDCPS. The researchers were addressed at the st CIRP Design Conference when the demonstrator’s AI camera with its convolutional neural network was presentedCC-.. Besides the academic conference contributions, PIDCPS-related presentations were given at numerous events in the northern Bavarian innovation ecosystem. These included a pitch at an idea competition of the Falling Walls FoundationCC-. , a talk on the potentials of the demonstrator at a min.me eventCC.

, a brief introduction to the project within the event series Knowledge Snack by the

LZE AcademyCC-., a virtual format introduced during the COVID- pandemic. Further contributions were made during the Nürnberg Digital FestivalCC-., at the Siemens Research and Innovation Ecosystem Conference: The Factory of the FutureCC.

and at the . Workshop Digitalisierung conducted by Neue Materialien FürthCC-. .

Miscellaneous formats also included a video contribution to the competition Bayerischer Digitalpreis b.digitalCC-. and a participation in the science slam of the #NUEdialogCC-.. In order to subject the research results regarding to the Industry . Demonstrator PIDCPS to a rigorous peer review prior to their dissemination, several publicationsCC-

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were issued. Thus, the elaborated structure of the Resource Cockpit software with

its roles, views and interfaces as well as a mock-up of it, is described in the book Abschlussveröffentlichung: S-CPS: Ressourcen-Cockpit für Sozio-Cyber-Physische SystemeCC-. (cf. Oks et al.,  b). Three articles are published in the journal Procedia CIRP: First, introducing the concept of CPMS and a reference architecture for designing demonstrators for industrial CPSCC-. (cf. Oks et al., ), second, on embedded vision device integration via OPC UA within the AI module of the demonstratorCC-. (cf. Oks, Zöllner, et al., ) and third, on the blockchain application within the demonstratorCC-. (cf. Koustas, Jalowski, et al., ). The applicability of PIDCPS in school, company and association-based education, tertiary sector teaching, as well as the differentiation of Industry . demonstrators from learning factories, is published in a chapter of the book Lernfabriken an beruflichen Schulen – Gewerblich-technische und kaufmännische PerspektivenCC-. (cf. Oks, Jalowski, et al., ). There has also been media coverageCC- on PIDCPS in various outlets. Besides the continuous Twitter and LinkedIn campaign informing about all artifacts of the Industry . Suite with over  . touchpointsCC-. articles containing interviews with the author of this dissertation were published in the FAU magazine alexander CC-. and on the FAU websiteCC-.. Furthermore, in particular, northern Bavarian newspapers reported on the demonstrator in connection with events of Lange Nacht der Wissenschaften: This included articles in Erlanger NachrichtenCC-., Hilpolsteiner KurierCC-. and MarktSpiegelCC-.. Nationwide coverage was achieved with an article in Handelsblatt, one of the leading business and financial newspapers in Germany CC.

. Posts about PIDCPS appeared in the newsletters and on the blogs of the

following organizations: Automation Valley NordbayernCC-. and School of Business, Economics and Society of FAUCC-. and JOSEPHSCC-.; CC-.; CC-.. Lastly, TV features on the Industry . Demonstrator PIDCPS were broadcasted by FrankenfernsehenCC.

and Bayerischer RundfunkCC-.. A comprehensive overview of all features of the

communication campaign, including titles and dates, is provided in Appendix B. In addition, this book contributes to the communication by outlining DSR-relevant findings and introducing PIDCPS to its target groups. In Section ., the integration of the demonstrator in the Industry . Suite is described.



Study IV

6.2.7

Discussion

Following the completion of the DSRM activities of this study, this section discusses the results in terms of their theoretical contributions, potentials for further research and limitations. Thereby, the sub-research question VI how can specifications, stakeholders and applications of CPS be aligned for Industry 4.0? is answered and the objective of (OB IV) aligning the perspectives and the generated knowledge of the previous studies is achieved. Within the course of Study IV, several theoretical contributions were able to be made. First of all, it provides detailed insights into the derivation as well as the technical and methodical implementation of the artifact compilation of the Industry 4.0 demonstrator PID4CPS consisting of modular physical and digital components, the software Resource Cockpit, the web-based tool Scenario Book and the overarching methodological framework. The developed artifacts align the systemic, stakeholder and organizational perspectives on industrial CPS by modeling and simulating them in reduced size, independent of location, while joining different stakeholder groups around a boundary object. In doing so, PIDCPS enables to achieve the set objectives of a user-centered development process for industrial CPS from planning as far as implementation. The artifact compilation can be utilized for

target

group-specific

objectives,

including

potential

analysis,

strategy

development, ASE, qualification, business model development and more. So far, digital models and simulations of CPS have primarily been used to analyze system behavior, but not with physical demonstrators for user-centered system development (Hehenberger et al., ; Zeigler & Sarjoughian, ). Therefore, this solution offers a novel approach in this regard. With the combination of digital and physical components, it is, moreover, rather suitable for a comprehensive simulation of CPS. Over the development period, the artifacts were continuously evaluated, adapted and further iteratively developed. The achieved state of development proved its functionality in its summative and naturalistic surroundings when it was used for the development of an industrial CPS-based MRO system (Venable et al., ). The findings obtained through the DSRM activities and the artifacts contribute to the DSR paradigm (Gregor & Hevner, ; Hevner et al., ) to the already existing knowledge base in the following fields: The results of this work confirm the usefulness of the ensemble artifact design approach (Miah & Gammack, ). In this case, the development of an appendant application concept in the form of a

Study IV



methodological framework was important to ensure the applicability of the demonstrator. The work system framework by Alter () proved to be highly suitable for the process. Therefore, it can be recommended for the conceptualization of methodological application scenarios of artifacts. In addition, the effects described by Bhattacherjee and Premkumar () that the beliefs and attitudes toward technologies can be changed via their use and the possibility of influencing the development of these were observed. With regard to the intended modularity (Baldwin & Clark, ), a multilayered realization is important to capture a wide range of CPS configurations and application scenarios. Furthermore, the ability of the demonstrator to be used as a boundary object could be confirmed (Levina & Vaast,  ). It enabled and fostered the exchange and cooperation of representatives of different stakeholder groups by means of the demonstrator. In this way, it proves to be an effective resource to moderate controversial expectations from and attitudes toward industrial CPS. In addition, it helps to reduce misunderstandings among stakeholders (Moultrie,  ). Regarding the application of socio-technical systems theory (Botla & Kondur, ), its appropriateness for analyzing and developing systems within the context of digital transformation can be confirmed. Furthermore, it proved to be a suitable integrative connector of the other theories—general systems theory (Baecker, ), stakeholder theory (Freeman et al., ) and organization theory (Luhman & Cunliffe, )—utilized over the course of this dissertation. Accordingly, it can be advised to employ socio-technical systems theory in the context of CPS whenever all inherent dimensions (cf. Section ..) need to be taken into account. Also, for the concepts of models, simulations and demonstrators, in general, relevant insights were gained: Models and simulations have been used so far for both the description and for the engineering of CPS. In this context, Karsai and Sztipanovits () highlight the benefits of model-based views when developing CPS. In line with this, contributions by Larsen et al. () and Jensen et al. () propose model-based design methodologies for CPS. However, most of the models described in the literature are computer-based virtualizations or formal descriptions. These include formal modeling of CPS (K. H. Lee et al.,  ), models for cloud-based CPS (Alam & El Saddik,  ) and tool work processes (Chen et al.,  ). When models have the form of physical objects, they mostly focus on certain facets of CPS and do not fulfill a holistic



Study IV

representation (Gräßler et al., ). Furthermore, so far, applications of models in simulations often have very specific scopes and objectives and focus on demarcated aspects and behaviors of the overall CPS. In summary, it is noteworthy that the applications of models and simulations described in the literature focus almost exclusively only on one of the two spheres of CPS. Representing entities either of the cyber or the physical one and not in an integrated form. This does not have to be necessary when characteristics and behaviors are in focus, in which CPS do not differ from traditional systems. However, when it comes to investigating particularities that are determined by the cyber and physical interconnection inherent to CPS, there is a need for models and simulation methods which allow a holistic representation of these systems. Therefore, based on the equivalent consideration of the cyber and physical entities within the Industry . Demonstrator PIDCPS, the concept of CPMS is proposed, which joins the principles of system modeling and simulation with the characteristics of CPS. This concept complements existing modeling and simulation techniques with the capability to represent CPS holistically in the coaction of cyber and physical entities. Therefore, CPMS is especially valuable for the demonstration of systems, as it provides a complete overview of their configuration and functionality. In practice to date, this has almost exclusively been carried out separately (Marton et al.,  ; Müller et al., ). While this is usually the appropriate means for behavior/functioncentered simulation, the integration and simultaneity of CPMS for user-centered simulation offer an essential advantage in that Industry . systems can be made comprehensible to stakeholders in their immanent structure and attribution (Oks et al., ). Motivated by the call in the socio-technical systems literature to translate case-specific findings into meta-design knowledge (Fischer & Herrmann, ), a reference architecture is postulated subsequently based on the concept of CPMS. This reference architecture aims to provide structures and guidelines for designing industrial demonstrators to model and simulate CPS with scalable complexity, modularity and variability in size but yet with components from both their inherent digital and physical spheres. Reference architectures are a suitable means to organize design processes as they offer comprehensive design spaces. Moreover, they arrange and represent the aspects of a subject in an universalizing form. With regard to CPS, a number of

Study IV



architectures has been established already (Hu et al., ). These include architectures for smart CPS (Gabor et al., ), Industry .-based manufacturing systems (J. Lee et al.,  ), self-aware machines (Bagheri et al.,  ), view consistencies (Bhave et al., ), hierarchical security (Zhu et al., ), digital twins (Alam & El Saddik,  ) and further. However, since there is no reference architecture for CPMS enabling demonstrators yet, the proposed one fills this gap. Since the demonstrators are intended to replicate the entire characteristic of industrial CPS, the principal layout of the demonstrator design space does not differ from actual CPS. In contrast, the design elements are abstracted from the ones of genuine CPS but according to the constraints of demonstrators. Following, the systematic and modular design approach of the reference architecture is presented in detail: The reference architecture serves as a framework to configure objective and scenario-specific demonstrators that facilitate the concept of CPMS. For this purpose, the structure that was established in the industrial CPS architecture (Figure ) and that was utilized for the application map (cf. Figure ) is drawn upon. Thus, in the first instance, the reference architecture provides a demonstrator design space that is divided into two spheres—the cyber and the physical. Inside the cyber sphere are the fields software and data. The physical sphere contains the fields HCI. The network field acts as a link between the two spheres. The spheres and fields serve as a regulatory framework within the demonstrator design space. According to the objective pursued with the deployment of the demonstrator, respective components with distinct individual attributes are selected and merged according to the regulatory framework. The specific application scenario determines the particular configuration of the demonstrator and the usage setting in its instantiation. The conceptual structure of the reference architecture, with a particular focus on the demonstrator design space, is given in Figure .



Study IV

Objectives Reference architecture Demonstrator Cyber sphere

Physical sphere

Software

Components

Hardware

Network

Attributes

Data

Human-computer interaction (HCI)

Scenario

Instantiation

Configuration Usage setting Demonstrator Cyber sphere

Physical sphere

Attributed components

Figure  : Conceptual structure of the reference architecture (Oks et al.,  )

As illustrated in Figure , the conceptual structure of the reference architecture contains the following content-wise arrangement: The initial impetus for the design of the demonstrator is the respective objectives, which are intended to be achieved by applying the demonstrator. Exemplary objectives include potential analysis, strategy development, ASE, qualification, business model development, etc.

Study IV



Objectives Reference architecture

Legend xPotential analysis xStrategy development xAdvanced systems engineering xStakeholder integration x(Open) Innovation xEvaluation xExpectation/Attitude moderation xConflict regulation xQualification xTraining xEducation xBusiness model development xEtc.

Components

Backend software

Data

Database

Artificial data generation

Design space

Representation

Idealized

Module

Concrete

Sub-module Sensor

Complexity

Actuator Staff

Reduced

Full Stakeholder group

Scaling

Cable

Connector

Network

Cyber sphere

Software

Frontend software

Attributes

RFID Downsized

Complete WPAN

Demonstrator

Interface

Cyber sphere

2 3

4

WLAN

Hardware

Optical

Process module 1

Modularity

Physical sphere

Software

Network

(Sub)-modular

Monolithic

n Data

Integration

Human-computer interaction (HCI)

Hardware-software integration Interaction

Sensors and actuators module

Physical sphere Hardware

1 1

1

n

1

n

1

n

Vertical

n n

Operations module n

Scenario

Horizontal

x Materials x Etc.

Control unit module

Portability

Use case

Setting

1

Movable

Method Supporting components

Staff 1

n

2

User

HCI

Human-machine interface (HMI)

Stationary

Connection

Corded

Wireless

Stakeholder group 1

2

3

n

Instantiation

Configuration Stakeholder groupStakeholder groupStakeholder n group 2 1

Specific use case Applied method

Staff n Staff 2 Staff 1

Demonstrator Cyber sphere

Physical sphere

Database

Sensors and actuators module

Representation

Artificial

Genuine

Complexity

Reduced

Sub-module n Sub-module 1

Genuine

n

Sub-module n

Scaling

n Downsized

Genuine

Genuine

Downsized

Sub-module 1

1

Genuine

Scaling Genuine

Downsized

Modularity (Sub)modular

(Sub)-modular

Genuine

Complexity Reduced

Scaling

Sub-module 2 1

Artificial

Complexity

Reduced

Genuine

Modularity

Representation Representation

Artificial

Genuine

Modularity (Sub)-modular

Integration Vertical

Control unit module

Representation Artificial

Horizontal

Genuine

Portability

Complexity

Movable

Figure : Content-wise arrangement within the reference architecture (adapted from Oks et al.,  )



Study IV

In the section of the reference architecture titled components, the demonstrator modules are listed, classified by spheres and fields of the demonstrator design space. Within the cyber sphere, the software field contains the modules for the frontend and backend software. The frontend software is applied to the respective HMI. This can be either individual software developed for the demonstrator or publicly available standard software. The backend software is used to control the demonstrator during its application by the staff. It includes, on the one hand, the OS of the individual hardware modules, on the other hand, the digital control panel with which the demonstrator is operated as a whole. The field data contains a database component, which provides a structure for processing and storing the demonstrator’s data, and an artificial data generation component. The purpose of this component is to artificially generate or retrieve the data required for simulations when the demonstrator and its sensors cannot gather the data sets themselves, e.g., extensive big data sets. The modules of the physical sphere constitute the components of the physical model of the demonstrator. The hardware field contains a process module for the simulation of industrial processes, a sensors and actuators module enabling the demonstration of sensing and effecting physical states as well as genuine data generation and an operations module, which can be utilized for demonstrating the execution of industry-typical work. Furthermore, the hardware field includes a control unit module used to operate the demonstrator and support components that complement other modules for the purpose of their functionality. An example of this can be the provision of energy, compressed air, etc. The HCI field features HMI via which users interact with the demonstrator. As a link between the cyber and physical spheres, the network field holds the modules connector and interface. Connectors are responsible for integrating the individual components in a purposeful manner, ensuring the functioning of the demonstrator as a holistic system. Interfaces enable to connect to and interact with systems beyond the demonstrator. The attributes engender the particular layout of the individual modules from the component list. The attribution has different categories and is conducted in the form of continuous scales and either-or variables. In this context, the representation scale describes the extent to which the module is idealized or concrete to its modeled

Study IV



original. Likewise, scales are used to indicate the degree of complexity from reduced to full as well as the scaling of the modules from downsized to complete in comparison to the genuine represented. With either-or variables, it is shown whether the components are (sub)-modular or monolithic in their structure. Concerning integration, the scales show the extent of horizontal and vertical incorporation. Further attributions are whether the modules are moveable or only applicable in a stationary setting and what kind of connection is applied in between the individual modules. The attributions of the individual modules eventually result in the attribution of the entire demonstrator (e.g., the average complexity of the modules results in the overall complexity of the demonstrator, the entire demonstrator loses its mobility when a stationary module is installed, etc.). In addition to the initial objectives pursued with a demonstrator, the application scenario also has an effect on the eventual configuration achieved by applying the reference architecture. The scenario includes the setting and the users of the demonstrator utilization. The setting consists of the use case, which is simulated and the method by which the demonstrator is applied. Accordingly, an exemplary setting could be the simulation of a CPS-based predictive MRO system (use case), which is demonstrated within a workshop (method). The users represent the staff who control the demonstrator and moderate its application as well as the participants from the stakeholder groups. Consequently, the reference architecture can be utilized to design demonstrators for CPMS: Initiated by the objectives and determined by the scenario, an instantiation in the form of a particular configuration consisting of a specified demonstrator and its usage setting emerges in the design space of the reference architecture by the selection of attributed modules. A schematic and abbreviated exemplary instantiation is presented in the lower part of Figure . Thus, the concept of CPMS and a reference architecture based on it for designing demonstrators for industrial CPS has been derived from the instantiation of PIDCPS. With CPMS, the challenges associated with the introduction of CPS are addressed, in particular in the area of stakeholder-centered systems engineering and development, by orienting the existing modeling and simulation procedures toward them. Following the holistic approach of CPMS, the reference architecture for designing



Study IV

demonstrators enables the representation of industrial CPS in different configurations regarding representation, complexity and scaling. The reference architecture is aimed to be a structuring factor in this process. Furthermore, the reference architecture is intended to support the compilation of modules as well as their attribution during the design of a demonstrator. In addition, it relates the design process of demonstrators directly to the strived objectives and planned application scenarios. Due to the design-oriented scope of this dissertation and the combined application of the resulting artifacts in the Industry 4.0 Suite, the practical implications beyond the reference architecture are given in integrated form in Section 7.1. Avenues of future research include the empirical examination of the described observations with relevance to the overall knowledge base. The development of key performance indicators (KPI) for the solutions could advance an efficiency assessment of the demonstrator. Moreover, the artifacts application in further configurations should be analyzed. Due to its modular design, the demonstrator can also be continuously expanded with additional modules so that trends and emerging topics of Industry . can also be modeled and simulated. A future enhancement of the reference architecture could include a recommendation system that provides suggestions for appropriate modules and attributions based on selected objectives and application scenarios. In addition, the collection and allocation of best practices regarding CPMS-applying demonstrators seem worth consideration. The following limitations have to be stated with regard to Study IV: While the multilayered modularity of the Industry . Demonstrator PIDCPS enables to model and simulate a wide variety of industrial CPS configurations, the demonstrator has so far been used mainly for the simulation of production and MRO scenarios. Other applications could have specific characteristics that become only apparent when the demonstrator is applied in these instantiations. A further limitation is that the staff executing the application scenarios may be responsible for procedural differences since the style of moderation can only be standardized to a certain extent. Therefore, the personality and character of the moderator can have a certain effect on the course of the workshops, roleplays, trainings, etc.

7 Reflections and Conclusion: Integration and Advancements of this Research

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature 2024 S. J. Oks, Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems, Markt- und Unternehmensentwicklung Markets and Organisations, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-44417-4_7



Reflections and Conclusion

This final chapter concludes the research journey of this dissertation toward a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the concept of industrial CPS. In this sense, the artifacts designed in the DSR parts are integrated in the overarching method framework of the Industry . Suite in Section . before the general outcomes of this research work are summarized—as well in integrated form—in Section ..

7.1

Method Integration

The artifacts—namely the Industry . Compendium, the Industry . Stakeholder Cards & Matrix, the Industry . Application Map and the Industry . Demonstrator PIDCPS—created in the DSR parts of this dissertation (cf. Sections ., ., . and .), fulfill with their inherent features all inherent objectives and requirements and can be utilized independently for their stand-alone purposes. However, their full potential unfolds when they are applied in an integrated form in line with Aristotle’s statement, “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts”. Against this backdrop, the artifacts are integrated in the overarching method framework of the Industry . Suite to provide holistic and systematic, scientifically sound tools and methods that are adaptive to organization-specific and individual conditions and can be applied highly autonomously. In doing so, the general practical implications of this dissertation are provided, incorporating the motivations oriented toward the three target groups of this research: To enable organizations to exploit the potentials of industrial CPS, to support educational institutions to foster age-specific and qualification-appropriate teaching on this matter and to inform international delegations on industrial CPS to further spread their application to BRICS countries and the global south. For these purposes, there are specific application scenarios in which the artifacts are applied in an integrated form. Henceforth, these are presented according to the addressed target groups. For organizations, the first application scenario within the Industry . suite is the potential analysis. It provides a systematic starting point determination, which examines the current company situation with regard to the degree of digitalization in the areas of technology, personnel and organization. In the subsequent strategy development, a comprehensive, company-specific digitalization

Reflections and Conclusion



strategy is designed that includes concrete recommendations for action based on the results of the potential analysis. In the context of ASE, in earlier stages of the design cycle, the investigation of stakeholder needs and the evaluation of alternative designs or prototypes are in focus. Common techniques for these purposes are role-playing, walkthroughs and simulations. In later stages of the design cycle, the application of the industrial CPS is oriented toward collecting data related to measurable usability criteria of the configuration and its overall evaluation. For education and training, user-centered

formats

for

knowledge

transfer

in

the

course

of

system

implementations as well as HCI and HMI introductions, can be applied. Yet, companyinternal and association-based trainings are primarily aimed at qualifying personnel with regard to specific occupations and associated tasks. This means that the focus is predominantly set on the development and shaping of professional, technical and methodological skills. However, thematic competencies with regard to Industry . are an increasingly important prerequisite for the complete fulfillment of industrial tasks. In this respect, the Industry . Suite can be a valuable complement to training formats. In sum, the web tools and the demonstrator give organizations the opportunity to work systematically and with guidance on technologies, services and use cases in the context of industrial CPS. Organization-specific definitions and delimitation of digitalization and Industry . topics can thus be reached which is an important basis for system development prerequisite for ASE. There, the artifacts provide systematic and methodological guidance and support during the entire system engineering cycle, from idea generation via conceptualization and design to evaluation and consolidation. At the same time, the application of the Industry . Suite promotes stakeholder integration and user-centeredness. In this context, i.a., moderation of expectations and attitudes, conflict management and open innovation are worth noting. Educational institutions are provided with application scenarios, including lectures and workshops. In these curricula supplementing teaching units, the topic of digitalization is conveyed in an interesting, easily understandable and age and education-level-appropriate form. Programming and robotics courses impart initial or advanced programming and robotics skills to the students and hackathons focus on the direct and solution-oriented application of learned digitalization knowledge in agile group work formats. Particular focus is set on practical use cases that are close



Reflections and Conclusion

to reality and prepare the trainees for professional careers. The tools and demonstrator of the Industry . Suite provide students a first point of contact with industrial technologies and concepts. Thus, the existing state of knowledge about digitalization and the familiarity with the use of HCI devices can be transferred from the reality of the students’ everyday lives to the industrial domain and the associated fields of application. Due to the reducible complexity, the models and simulations can be adapted to an adequate level for the corresponding educational level, which depends on the school type, grade level and subject depth. The online availability of the web tools and the portability of the demonstrators is also a favorable feature for applications in school education. In this way, an early sensitization for the digital transformation of industry can be achieved and interest in STEM subjects can be promoted, contributing to career guidance at the same time. In the tertiary sector of the education system, the Industry . Suite can be integrated into lectures. This is particularly relevant for engineering, economics, social and computer science. But other disciplines, such as law or education, can also apply the artifacts to illustrate and convey relevant aspects of those disciplines. Hence, the Industry . Suite can help to break down disciplinary silos and highlight the relevance of other disciplines for the digital transformation. In numerous teaching formats, the theoretical content can be supplemented by a practical component, which at the same time brings with it a higher degree of interactivity. For international delegations, the typical application scenarios are presentations and workshops that provide information on how the German industry is shaping and implementing the digital transformation of industrial value creation. To this end, lectures can be individually tailored to the respective host country and the delegation participants are then given the opportunity to experience and try out Industry . interactively with PIDCPS. Comparisons of the digitalization strategies of the host country and Germany are another possible program item. In this way, the export hit Industry . can be communicated to BRICS countries and provide an impetus to foster user-centered system design and ecologically sustainable industrial value creation. The sequential and iterative use of the web tools and the demonstrator and the detailed activities for all presented application scenarios are given in Table  . The overview of the entire Industry . Suite in its web application is shown in Figure .

Reflections and Conclusion



In order to maximize the effects of the motivation and objectives of this dissertation, all artifacts and their integrated scenario-based application have been developed to market-readiness and are in open practical application by QuartRevo, a spin-off of the Chair of Information Systems, Innovation and Value Creation at FAU (QuartRevo, ).

Organizations

Advanced systems engineering

Strategy development

Potential analysis

x Idea generation and usage of open innovation x Demonstration of technologies and concepts x Simulation of value network architectures and business models

x Iterative demonstration and simulation of the designed system x Evaluation of the system involving all relevant stakeholder groups x Conflict regulation to increase acceptance

x Documentation and analysis of existing value creation architecture x Analysis of the current business model x Identification of potential application fields x Adaptation of organizational structures and management processes x Innovation or enhancement of business model x Cost-benefit analysis x Selection of systemic relevant application fields x Combination of technologies, stakeholders and application fields x Integration into technical and organizational structures x Reorganization of work processes

x Identification of relevant stakeholder groups x Documentation and analysis of existing competencies x Identification of potential conflict constellations between stakeholder groups x Determination of stakeholder management methods x Selection of suitable organizations, associations, etc., for strategy implementation x Selection of systemic relevant stakeholder groups x Moderation of expectations and attitudes

x Identification of companyspecific limitations regarding Industry 4.0 x Potential identification regarding Industry 4.0 technologies and concepts x Decision for retrofit or greenfield solutions

x Selection of systemic suitable technologies and concepts x Definition of interfaces and standards

Industry 4.0 Demonstrator PID4CPS

x Documentation and analysis of existing technologies and systems x Compatibility check

Industry 4.0 Application Map

Industry 4.0 Stakeholder Cards & Matrix

Industry 4.0 Compendium

Industry 4.0 Suite

Table : Method integration of the web tools and the demonstrator within the Industry . Suite

6 Reflections and Conclusion

Educational institutions

International delegations

Presentation and workshop

Hackathon

Programming and robotics course

Lecture and workshop

Education and training

x Introduction to the stakeholder groups of Industry 4.0

x Introduction to the application fields of Industry 4.0

x Demonstrator-centered learning of programming and robotics x Realistic and jobpreparatory use cases

x Age and education levelappropriate teaching of topics in the context of Industry 4.0

x Introduction to the specifications of Industry 4.0

x Workshop-based understanding and application of Industry 4.0 technologies and concepts

x Age and educationallyappropriate teaching units around the topic of digitalization

x Interactive experience and testing of Industry 4.0 technologies and concepts

x Application-oriented tasks on authentic Industry 4.0 hardware and software x Realistic and jobpreparatory use cases

x Presentation of new working methods x Advanced introduction of new technologies and systems

x Presentation of Industry 4.0 technologies and concepts

x Calculation of investment and resource requirements

Reflections and Conclusion 7



Reflections and Conclusion

Industry 4.0 Suite Tool selection

Industry 4.0 Compendium

Industry 4.0 Stakeholder Cards & Matrix

Figure : Structure of the Industry . Suite

Industry 4.0 Application Map

Industry 4.0 Demonstrator PID4CPS

Reflections and Conclusion

7.2



Integrated Summary

The research project at hand has been initiated to contribute to the further advancement of Industry . from vision to application via CPS. Therefore, it addressed the research gap that despite the great potentials and extensive funding initiatives, the implementation status of Industry . lags behind expectations in certain constellations and that decision-makers face challenges in the concrete engineering of CPS. To add to the closure of this research gap, in addition to the objectives and research questions of the thesis (cf. Sections . and .), three main target groups have been identified who would benefit from systematic and guided approaches to CPS and Industry .. First, these are organizations confronted with the digital transformation. Second, educational institutions that are qualifying the next generation but also existing personnel for the labor market of the digital age and third, international delegations, which can spread the principles of Industry .-based value creation to BRICS countries and those of the global south. In the foundations for the research activities, the three dimensions of CPS (technical, human/social and organizational) were elaborated (cf. Section ..). In addition, the levels (micro, meso and macro) and domains (smart city, smart health, smart products, smart factory, etc.) of the application of CPS were identified (cf. Section ..), which enabled the classification of this concept as a GPT. Also, CPSbased visions and agendas were gathered and evaluated, predicting the great potentials of this concept for many spheres of life (cf. Section ..). Following the focus of the dissertation, particular emphasis was placed on industrial CPS while portraying their specifics and schematic functioning (cf. Section ..). Subsequently, the envisioned fourth industrial revolution (cf. Section ..) and the accompanying changes in value creation were described (cf. Section ..), followed by a listing of Industry . funding initiatives (cf. Section ..). The foundations concluded by highlighting the role and necessity of ASE (cf. Section ..) for the realization of industrial CPS and the introduction of the DSR paradigm with particular reference to the DSRM by Peffers et al. ( ), which would be applied in the design and development of all artifacts of this research (cf. Section ..). To this end, an overall research design with a particularly design-oriented focus was chosen within this dissertation. As a result, all studies are divided into an exploratory research part and



Reflections and Conclusion

a DSR part. The research field in which the data in the course of the studies was collected comprised the two BMBF-funded research projects S-CPS and PRODISYS, as well as the FAU innovation ecosystem. The use case for the data collection was a CPSbased predictive MRO system implemented by three German enterprises of different sizes and branches. Study I directed a systemic perspective on industrial CPS with the research design of a systemic literature review examining  sources, which led to findings in the form of a state of research on CPS as well as a graphically categorization of  CPSrelated and relevant topics in the context of Industry . (cf. Chapter ). Then, in Study II, a stakeholder perspective was placed on industrial CPS within the research design of an embedded multiple-case study. Based on the in semi-structured interviews and focus groups gathered qualitative data findings consisting of an Industry . stakeholder map and an overview of the expectations from and attitudes toward CPS of the examined stakeholder groups ( company-internal and  company-external). Likewise, a matrix was developed to show the conflict potential between the different stakeholder groups (cf. Chapter ). Study III oriented an organizational perspective on industrial CPS via an applied thematic analysis research approach. Based on the data sets of the systematic literature review and the multiple-case study, as well as during the applied thematic analysis that examined value creation processes of the companies in the aforementioned funded research projects, the following findings were gained:  application fields organized in the  superordinate spheres for industrial CPS and a four-phase method for the engineering of industrial CPS configurations—all organized within a graphical application map (cf. Chapter ). Eventually, Study IV directed a holistic Perspective on industrial CPS to align the perspectives, theories and findings of all previous studies in a large-scale DSR part (cf. Chapter ). In the course of the studies, several theoretical contributions were provided: Thus, the applied theories were assessed with regard to their suitability in the context of the digital transformation. To the framework of general systems theory, a systematic architecture for CPS could be contributed in line with the theory’s capacities of complexity reduction and modularity. Furthermore, the necessity of equal consideration of the cyber sphere and physical sphere could be highlighted, which distinguishes CPS from previous hardware and software unifying systems addressed

Reflections and Conclusion



through general systems theory (cf. Section .. ). For the stakeholder theory, it could be contributed that in the context of CPS, through ad hoc and SoS properties, it increasingly needs to transact with unknown stakeholders in the organizational environment and beyond. Moreover, distinctions between individual acceptance and general acceptability in the context of Industry . could be established (cf. .. ). For the organization theory, it could be pointed out that, given the situation that CPS are predominantly engineered and orchestrated spanning organizational boundaries, a new understanding of organizational boundaries is needed if system boundaries continue to become indistinct. This suggests further relevance for organization theory’s open systems model (Scott, ) (cf. Section .. ). For the socio-technical systems theory, it could be confirmed that it is an integrative theory, which is a suitable hub for the previously mentioned theories. Furthermore, this research’s contributions to this theory through the establishment of CPMS and the reference architecture for engineering Industry . demonstrators are particularly noteworthy (cf. .. ). The DSR parts of the four studies have resulted in artifacts constituted in the web tools Industry . Compendium (cf. Section ...), Industry . Stakeholder Cards & Matrix (cf. Section ...) and Industry . Application Map (cf. Section ...) as well as the Industry . Demonstrator PIDCPS (cf. Section ...). Alongside the artifacts, findings have emerged in the DSR parts that contribute to diverse knowledge bases in the forms of descriptive knowledge (Ω) and prescriptive knowledge (Λ) (Gregor & Hevner, ). The practical implications derived from the research are made available in the method framework of the Industry . Suite. It enables the representatives of the target groups of this dissertation to utilize the listed artifacts in holistic and systematic application scenarios organization-individual and objectivespecific (cf. Section .). Through the FAU spin-off QuartRevo, the artifacts of this dissertation have already been transferred to practical application in the market being used by organizations, educational institutions and international delegations (QuartRevo, ). In addition to the limitations stated in the studies’ discussions regarding research designs, data availability, etc. (cf. Sections .. , .. , .. and .. ), there are general limitations to be noted that affect the impact of the outcomes of this research. Thus, Industry . can only be advanced to that degree and the engineering of CPS can only be supported and guided in this regard, they are not affected by higher-level



Reflections and Conclusion

factors. This refers to the realities of a VUCA world, where the aftermath of the COVID pandemic or the expansion of open military conflicts, as well as the supply shortage of microchips and the bottleneck of skilled labor, are currently having a major impact on economic prosperity (Ramani et al., ). Yet, the goals of advancing Industry . through the establishment of CPS are too imperative to concede: I.a., driving climate-neutral industrial value creation, ensuring prosperity under the pressure of demographic change and promoting global development progress. This results in the intrinsic motivation to consider the conclusion of this dissertation only as a milestone and not as the end of the general but also personal research work on industrial CPS in the context of Industry . and beyond. Therefore, let us pursue with curiosity!

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© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, part of Springer Nature 2024 S. J. Oks, Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems, Markt- und Unternehmensentwicklung Markets and Organisations, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-44417-4



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Appendices

Appendix A: Author’s Work Relevant to this Research Publications in the form of journal articles, book chapters and contributions to conference proceedings on which this dissertation is based are listed below, assigned to the respective studies of their main focus. The author of this dissertation was primarily responsible for the research design, data collection and analysis as well as the publication strategy of all of these contributions. Regardless, the multi-faceted collaboration in the form of mentoring, support and joint research activities with the co-authors was paramount for the quality of the respective research. By building on these publications, this dissertation has further developed its research. Nevertheless, certain parts remained verbatim and unchanged. Study I: Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems in a Systemic Perspective Oks, S. J., Jalowski, M., Lechner, M., Mirschberger, S., Merklein, M., Vogel-Heuser, B., & Möslein, K. M. (). Cyber-physical systems in the context of Industry .: A review, categorization and outlook. Information Systems Frontiers. Advance online publication, –. https://doi.org/. /s -- -x Study II: Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems in a Stakeholder Perspective Oks, S. J., & Fritzsche, A. ( ). Importance of user role concepts for the implementation and operation of service systems based on cyber-physical architectures. In A. C. Bullinger-Hoffmann (Ed.), Innteract conference (pp.  – ). aw&I – Wissenschaft und Praxis. Oks, S. J., Fritzsche, A., & Möslein, K. M. ( b). Rollen, Views und Schnittstellen – Implikationen zur stakeholderzentrierten Entwicklung Sozio-Cyber-Physischer Systeme.

In

A.

C.

Bullinger-Hoffmann

(Ed.),

Arbeitswissenschaft

und

Innovationsmanagement. Abschlussveröffentlichung: S-CPS: Ressourcen-Cockpit für Sozio-Cyber-Physische Systeme (pp. –). aw&I – Wissenschaft und Praxis. https://doi.org/./awir.vi. Oks, S. J., Fritzsche, A., & Möslein, K. M. (c). Industrial cyber-physical systems from

a

stakeholder

perspective.

In

R&D

management

conference:

Transformational challenges for organizations and society (pp. –).

Appendices

 

Study III: Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems in an Organizational Perspective Oks, S. J., Fritzsche, A., & Möslein, K. M. ( a). An application map for industrial cyber-physical systems. In S. Jeschke, C. Brecher, H. Song, & D. B. Rawat (Eds.), Springer

series

in

wireless

Cybermanufacturing

technology.

Industrial

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Internet

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(pp. –).

things:

Springer.

https://doi.org/. / ---

- _ Oks, S. J., Fritzsche, A., & Möslein, K. M. (b). Engineering industrial cyberphysical systems: An application map based method. Procedia CIRP, ,  – . https://doi.org/./j.procir... Study IV: Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems in a Holistic Perspective Oks, S. J., Fritzsche, A., & Möslein, K. M. (a). Design and evaluation of a portable industrial demonstrator for cyber-physical systems. In th international conference on design science research in information systems and technology: Designing for a digital and globalized world (pp. –). Oks, S. J., Jalowski, M., Fritzsche, A., & Möslein, K. M. (). Cyber-physical modeling and simulation: A reference architecture for designing demonstrators for

industrial

cyber-physical

systems.

Procedia

CIRP,

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https://doi.org/./j.procir... Oks, S. J., Jalowski, M., Zansinger, N., & Möslein, K. M. (). Die Rolle von Industrie .-Demonstratoren

in

der

digitalen

Transformation:

Eine

Standpunktbestimmung am Portable Industrial Demonstrator for Cyber-Physical Systems (PIDCPS). In K. Wilbers & L. Windelband (Eds.), Texte zur Wirtschaftspädagogik und Personalentwicklung: Vol. . Lernfabriken an beruflichen Schulen – Gewerblich-technische und kaufmännische Perspektiven (pp. – ). epubli.

 

Appendices

An excerpt of further publications by the author of this dissertation with relevance for the treated topic, which, however, were not incorporated in this dissertation, include the following. Fuchs, J., Schneider, R., Oks, S. J., & Franke, J. (). Service-based integration of modular control components in digital manufacturing platforms. In  th international

conference

on

industrial

informatics

(pp. – ).

IEEE.

https://doi.org/./INDIN

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 Jalowski, M., Oks, S. J., & Möslein, K. M. (). Fostering knowledge sharing: Design principles for persuasive digital technologies in open innovation projects. Creativity

and

Innovation

Management,

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https://doi.org/./caim.  Jalowski, M., Roth, A., Oks, S. J., & Wilga, M. (). Innovation KI-basierter Dienstleistungen für die industrielle Wertschöpfung – Ein artefaktzentrierter Ansatz. In M. Bruhn & K. Hadwich (Eds.), Forum Dienstleistungsmanagement. Künstliche Intelligenz im Dienstleistungsmanagement (pp.  –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / -- --_ Koustas, S. G., Jalowski, M., Reichenstein, T., & Oks, S. J. (). A blockchain-based IIoT traceability system: ERC-  tokens for Industry .. Procedia CIRP, , – . https://doi.org/./j.procir... Oks, S. J., Schymanietz, M., Jalowski, M., Posselt, T., & Roth, A. (). Integrierte Entwicklung smarter Produkt-Service-Systeme. In M. Bruhn & K. Hadwich (Eds.), Forum Dienstleistungsmanagement. Smart Services (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / -- - -_ Oks, S. J., Zöllner, S., Jalowski, M., Fuchs, J., & Möslein, K. (). Embedded vision device integration via OPC UA: Design and evaluation of a neural network-based monitoring

system

for

Industry

..

Procedia

https://dx.doi.org/./j.procir.. .

CIRP,

,

–.

Compendium Stakeholder Cards & Matrix Application Map PIDCPS Modules and components Resource Cockpit Scenario Book Methodological framework

Functional Non-functional Artifact

Appendix B: DSRM Codes

. Problem and motivation Activity within the DSRM Cause (CA) Sub-category

Potential (PO)

ID CA- CA-. CA-. CA-. CA-. CA- CA-. CA-. CA- CA-. CA-. CA-. PO- PO-. PO-. PO-. PO-.. PO-..

Economic VUCA world Globalization Tertiarization Pursuit of a competitive advantage Socio-economic Individualization Sustainability awareness Technical Digital transformation Digitalization Industry . Economic Securing prosperity Economic growth Fostering sustainability Resource efficiency Reduction in the reject ratio

Appendices  3

Content

ID PO-.. PO- PO-. PO-. PO-. PO-. PO-.

PO-. PO-. PO-. PO-. PO-. PO-. PO-. PO-. PO- PO-. PO-. PO-.. PO-.. PO-. PO-. PO- PO-. PO-.. PO-.. PO-. PO-. PO-

PO- .

Cont Demand-oriented production Operative Optimization Innovation Automatization Autonomization Complex event processing Efficiency gains Effectiveness gains Flexibility enhancement Fault/Failure reduction Quality improvement Batch/Lot size one Lead time reduction Decentralization Strategic Holistic value creation architectures Business model innovation/development/(re-)evaluation New revenue streams Improvement of/new market position(s) Time-to-market reduction Cost reduction Value proposition Product/Service portfolio enlargement Smart products SPSS/Hybrid product/service bundles Product individualization/customization Reach of new customer segments Work structuring New forms of HCI and HMI

 4 Appendices

Comp Stake Appli PID Mo R Sce Me

. Problem and motivation (continued) Activi Potential (PO) (continued) Sub-c Functi Non-f Artifa

ID PR-.. PR-. PR-.. PR-. PR-.. PR-.. PR- PR- PR-

PR- PR-.

PO- . PO- . PR- PR-. PR-. PR-. PR-. PR-.

PR-. PR- PR-. PR-.. PR-.. PR-.. PR-.. PR-..

PR-. PR-..

Cont Stakeholder integration Open innovation New systems engineering and development requirements Identification of suitable application fields Alignment with existing technological infrastructure Integration into organizational structure Adjustment of managerial processes Reorganization of workflows Cost-benefit calculation Increasing complexity System size and structure Amount of system components (technological/organizational/inter-organizational) Connection and interaction of formerly independent and self-sufficient systems Dissolving system boundaries toward ad-hoc SoS Multilayered system architectures System diversity Organization Linear value creation processes toward holistic value networks (increasingly interorganizational) Further organizational units involved and affected Personnel Further stakeholder(s) (groups) involved and affected Time Real-time-critical production management Shortening of product life cycles Lack of transparency Synchronization Risk and uncertainty management Communication Delay

Appendices  5

Comp Stake Appli PID Mo R Sce Me

Sub-c Functi Non-f Artifa

. Problem and motivation (continued) Activi Problem (PR)

ID PR-. PR- PR- . PR- PR- PR-. PR-.. PR-.. PR-. PR-.. PR- PR-. PR-.. PR-. PR-.. PR-. PR-.. PR-.. PR-.. PR-... PR-... PR-... PR- PR-. PR-. PR-. PR-. PR-.

PR-. PR-.

Cont Jitter High implementation efforts Costs/Availability of capital Juridical matters Safety Hazard defense Environmental monitoring Emergency management State Fault/Failure detection Security Threats and vulnerabilities (Cyber-)Attacks Privacy Data abuse Security measures Attack detection Information flow control Access and control message protection Cryptography Digital signature Steganography Employee concerns and reservations Changes in work organization and execution (reduction of degrees of freedom) Role changes Conflicting expectations from and attitudes toward CPS resulting in conflicting interests Emotional affectedness New qualification requirements Far-reaching HCI and HMI Tracking and traceability of work

 6 Appendices

Comp Stake Appli PID Mo R Sce Me

. Problem and motivation (continued) Activi Problem (PR) (continued) Sub-c Functi Non-f Artifa

Motivation (MO)

Sub-c Functi Non-f Artifa

Activi

. Objectives of solution Objective (OB)

ID (F)OB- (F)OB-. (F)OB-. (F)OB-. (F)OB-. (F)OB-.

(F)OB- (F)OB-. (F)OB-. (F)OB-. (F)OB- (F)OB-. (NF)OB- (NF)OB- (NF)OB- (NF)OB-. (NF)OB-. (NF)OB- (NF)OB-. (NF)OB-. (NF)OB-. (NF)OB-

MO-.

MO-.

PR-. MO- MO-.

Cont Data ownership Advance Industry . from vision to application Enable organizations to exploit the potentials of industrial CPS while mastering associated problems Support educational institutions to foster age-specific and qualification-appropriate teaching on industrial CPS Inform international delegations on industrial CPS to further spread their application to BRICS countries and the global south For organizations Potential analysis Strategy development ASE Education and training Lectures and workshops For educational institutions Lecture and workshop Programming and robotics course Hackathon For international delegations Presentation and workshop Holistic and systematic Adaptive to organization-specific and individual conditions Scientifically sound Validity Generality Autonomous applicability Utility Understandability Ease of use Style

Appendices  7

Comp Stake Appli PID Mo R Sce Me

ID (F)OB-PID- (F)OB-PID-. (F)OB-PID-. (F)OB-PID- (F)OB-PID-. (F)OB-PID-.. (F)OB-PID-..

(F)OB-AMA- (F)OB-AMA-. (F)OB-AMA-. (F)OB-AMA-.

(F)OB-AMA-.

(F)OB-STC-. (F)OB-STC-. (F)OB-STC- (F)OB-STC-. (F)OB-AMA- (F)OB-AMA-.

(F)OB-COM-. (F)OB-STC-

(F)OB-COM-. (F)OB-COM-

(NF)OB- (F)OB-COM-

Cont Completeness Provision of the state of knowledge on CPS and a categorization of CPS-related and relevant topics Within each thematic category but also on the entirety of the topic Enablement of stakeholders to educate themselves regarding CPS and related and relevant topics Valuable for stakeholders of both practice and science-related organizations Provision of an overview of the relevant stakeholder groups and their expectations from and attitudes toward industrial CPS Description of each stakeholder group and its peculiarity Disclosure of potential conflicts among stakeholder groups Enablement to adapt stakeholder management regarding the specifics of industrial CPS Foster industrial CPS use, acceptance and adoption Provision of an overview of organizational applications for industrial CPS Consideration of holistic value creation processes/networks (intra-organizational/interorganizational) Simultaneous consideration of the technical, human/social and organizational dimensions Enablement of stakeholders to engineer CPS configurations Mapping relationships between individual application fields Prioritization options for individual application fields Merging of application fields, technologies/services, stakeholder (groups) and cost estimations Provision of a demonstrator to model and simulate industrial CPS in various configurations Disengagement from the constraints of interaction with genuine CPS Supply of a convenient interaction setting Enablement of stakeholders to comprehend industrial CPS and interact with them Presentation and explanation of CPS (concepts, processes, operations, etc.) Achievement of common perception and understanding Organization-specific definition of industrial CPS

 8 Appendices

Comp Stake Appli PID Mo R Sce Me

. Objectives of solution (continued) Activi Objective (OB) (continued) Sub-c Functi Non-f Artifa

ID (F)RE-STC- (F)RE-STC- (F)RE-AMA- (F)RE-AMA-

(F)RE- (F)RE- (NF)RE- (NF)RE- (NF)RE- (F)RE-COM- (F)RE-COM- (F)RE-COM-. (F)RE-COM-. (F)RE-COM-. (F)RE-COM- (F)RE-COM- (F)RE-STC-

(F)OB-PID-.. (F)OB-PID-. (F)OB-PID-.. (F)OB-PID-.. (F)OB-PID-. (F)OB-PID-.. (F)OB-PID-.. (F)OB-PID-. (F)OB-PID-.. (F)OB-PID-.. (F)OB-PID-.

Cont Addressing semantic and ontological queries Stakeholder integration Enhancement of user and stakeholder-driven innovation (open innovation) Evaluation of CPS configurations Fostering consensus Moderation of expectations from and attitudes toward industrial CPS Conflict settlement Training and education Acquiring new working practices Advanced introduction of new technologies Support of digitalization strategy and business model innovation/development/reevaluation Possibility to combine online and offline activities Versioning of industrial CPS configurations Location and time-independent applicability Unguided applicability No expertise in industrial CPS required Categorization of CPS-related and relevant topics Topics based on and backed by Scientific literature Funding projects Use cases Arrangement of topics in hierarchical graphical form Searchability of content Listing of stakeholder group-specific acceptance and acceptability regarding industrial CPS Listing of mutual assessments in-between stakeholder groups Outlining of relations and conflict potentials between stakeholder groups Sub-categorizing application spheres and fields Illustration of pre-production, production and product in use stages

Appendices  9

Comp Stake Appli PID Mo R Sce Me

. Objectives of solution (continued) Activi Requirement (RE) Objective (OB) (continued) Sub-c Functi Non-f Artifa

. Objectives of solution (continued) Activi Requirement (RE) (continued) Sub-c Functi Non-f Artifa

. Design and Knowledge base

ID (F)RE-AMA- (F)RE-AMA- (F)RE-AMA-

(F)RE-AMA- (F)RE-PID- (F)RE-PID- (F)RE-PID-. (F)RE-PID-. (F)RE-PID- (F)RE-PID-. (F)RE-PID-.. (F)RE-PID-.. (F)RE-PID-. (F)RE-PID-.. (F)RE-PID-.. (NF)RE-PID- (NF)RE-PID- (NF)RE-PID- (NF)RE-PID- (NF)RE-PID-. (NF)RE-PID-. (NF)RE-PID-. (NF)RE-PID-

KB- KB- KB-. KB-. KB-. KB-. KB-.

Cont Illustration of material, data and information streams Differentiation between internal, external and hybrid value creation Differentiation between essential and facultative components Assignment of technologies/services, stakeholders and expected investment costs Demonstrability of industrial CPS in their entirety Ability to model and simulate configurations with their processes and operations Demonstration of entire value creation processes Feasibility of authentic industrial work operations Structured and systematic application scenarios Setting Use case Method Users Staff Stakeholder groups Portability Utilization unallocated to production facilities Operational safety Adaptability Modular Flexible in size Scalable complexity Utilization of affinity-promoting components Modularity ISO  Part : Dialogue principles Part : Principles for the presentation of information Part  : Guidance on visual presentation of information Part : Forms Part  : Guidance on World Wide Web user interfaces

60 Appendices

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. Design and development (continued) Activi Knowledge base (KB) (continued) Sub-c Functi Non-f Artifa

Fe

ID KB-PID- KB-PID- FE- FE-

KB-. KB-. KB-. KB- KB-. KB-. KB-COM- KB-COM- KB-STC- KB-STC- KB-STC- KB-AMA- KB-AMA- KB-PID- KB-PID- KB-PID- KB-PID- KB-PID-

KB-PID- KB-PID- KB-PID- . KB-PID- . KB-PID- KB-PID- KB-PID-

Cont Part : Guidance on visual user interface elements Part  : Guidance on software accessibility Part : Human-centred design for interactive systems Web development Angular Node.js General systems theory Research implications of Study I Stakeholder theory and management Technology use, acceptance and adoption Research implications of Study II Organization theory Research implications of Studies I-III Theories of Studies I-III Socio-technical systems theory Research implications of Studies I-III Modeling and simulation via a demonstrator Boundary object Work system framework Mechanical engineering and design theory Construction design Electrical engineering Software development Results of the BMBF-funded research project S-CPS Stakeholder-centered system engineering and development (cooperative, collaborative, participatory and participative, persuasive) Co-design Results of the BMBF-funded research project WiIPOD Web application Multilingual (German, English and Chinese)

Appendices 6

Comp Stake Appli PID Mo R Sce Me

ID FE-COM-. FE-COM-. FE-STC- FE-STC- FE-STC-. FE-STC-. FE-STC-. FE-STC-. FE-STC- FE-AMA- FE-AMA-.

FE-COM-. FE-COM-.. FE-COM-.. FE-COM-.. FE-COM-.. FE-COM-..

FE-COM-.. FE-COM-.. FE-COM-.. FE-COM-.. FE-COM-.. FE-COM- FE-COM-.

FE- FE- FE-COM-

Cont Tutorial Search function Categorization of  categories arranged into a hierarchy with sub-categories consisting of  fields,  areas and  sections Sections Characteristics Overall context Potentials/opportunities Challenges/issues Requirements Complementing concepts and technologies Integration of humans in socio-technical systems Architecture Transformation of industrial value creation Horizontal and vertical integration/operational and strategic alliances Knowledge provision Scientific journal papers, papers of conference proceedings, book chapters, books, agendas, visions, reports and norms Projects funded by the BMBF, the BMWK and the BMAS Use cases featured on the Landkarte Industrie . of the Plattform Industrie . Method for stakeholder identification Stakeholder Cards Description of stakeholder groups Expectations from and attitudes toward industrial CPS Acceptance and acceptability Mutual assessment Stakeholder Matrix Map (online/offline) Application spheres (smart factory, smart products, smart data and smart services—for the latter two with the distinction between industrial and product-related) and fields

6 Appendices

Comp Stake Appli PID Mo R Sce Me

. Design and development (continued) Activi Feature (FE) (continued) Sub-c Functi Non-f Artifa

ID FE-PID- .. FE-PID- ... FE-PID- ... FE-PID- ... FE-PID- ..

FE-AMA-. FE-PID- FE-PID- FE-PID- FE-PID- FE-PID-

FE-PID- . FE-PID- .. FE-PID- ... FE-PID- ... FE-PID- ... FE-PID- ... FE-PID- ...

FE-PID- ...

FE-AMA-.

FE-AMA-.

FE-AMA- FE-AMA-. FE-AMA- FE-AMA-.

Cont Table Configuration estimation Method Phase : Selection of application fields as anchor point (filled), essential (solid) and facultative (dashed) system components Phase : Labeling of internal (I), external (E) and hybrid (I/E) value creation and interlinking of system components via connecting lines (continuous/dashed) representing material and information flow Phase : Enhancement of system components with specifications regarding technologies/services, stakeholders and investment costs Phase : Iterative system evaluation and modification Model to simulate industrial CPS Multilayered modular architecture Dimension of  cubic meters in transport boxes All devices CE-certified Modules and components Cyber sphere Software Frontend software: S-CPS Resource Cockpit Frontend software: AI camera Frontend software: HOLOneering visualization Frontend software: D printer Frontend software: Scenario board Backend software: Scenario board, test bench for electric drives, AI camera, D printer, blockchain, firewall and Siemens TIA Portal Data Database: MongoDB rest Database: MongoDB history Database: HOLOneering repository Network

Appendices 63

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. Design and development (continued) Activi Feature (FE) (continued) Sub-c Functi Non-f Artifa

ID FE-PID- ... FE-PID- ... FE-PID- . FE-PID- .. FE-PID- ... FE-PID- .... FE-PID- .... FE-PID- .... FE-PID- .... FE-PID- ... FE-PID- .... FE-PID- .... FE-PID- ... FE-PID- .... FE-PID- .... FE-PID- ... FE-PID- ...

FE-PID- ... FE-PID- ... FE-PID- ... FE-PID- ... FE-PID- ... FE-PID- ... FE-PID- ... FE-PID- ... FE-PID- ... FE-PID- ...

FE-PID- .. FE-PID- ... FE-PID- ...

Cont Interface to: OPC UA server Interface to: PRODISYS platform Physical sphere Hardware Process module: Fischertechnik simulation factory Sub-module: High-bay warehouse Sub-module: Transport robot Sub-module: Kiln Sub-module: Assembly line Operations module: Festo work station Sub-module: Singulation Sub-module: Suction arm Value creation and supply network module: Scenario board Sub-module: Pawns Sub-module: Scenario cards Sensors and actuators module: Test bench for electric drives AI module: AI camera Additive manufacturing module: Prusa i MKS D printer Blockchain module:  Raspberry Pi  IT security module: PaloAlto PA- firewall Control unit module: Siemens SIMATIC S -  Support component:  Raspberry Pi  Support component: Pepperl+Fuchs signal tower Support component: Sparmax compressor Support component: ASUS RT-AC U router Support component: Stakeholder and event cards Support component: Stakeholder tags HCI HMI: Huawei Media Pad HMI: Microsoft HoloLens 

64 Appendices

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. Design and development (continued) Activi Feature (FE) (continued) Sub-c Functi Non-f Artifa

. Design and development (continued) Activi Feature (FE) (continued) Sub-c Functi Non-f Artifa

. Demonstration Demonstration scenario

ID DS-.

DS-. DS-.

FE-PID- ... FE-PID- FE-PID-. FE-PID-. FE-PID-. FE-PID-. FE-PID-.

FE-PID-. FE-PID-.. FE-PID-.. FE-PID-.. FE-PID-.. FE-PID-..

FE-PID- FE-PID- . FE-PID- . FE-PID- . FE-PID- . FE-PID- .

FE-PID- . FE-PID- . DS- DS-. DS-.

Cont HMI: Tools Software architecture Roles Read, write and administration rights Tasks Resources Dashboard Library of scenarios Use case Method Stakeholder groups Sections Application spheres and fields Work system framework Environment/Infrastructure: Facilities and objectives of organizations/institutions Customer: Organizations, educational institutions and international delegations Service: Applied methods Processes and activities: Scenarios Technologies: Modules and components Participants: Stakeholder groups and staff Information: Use cases Live demonstration To a delegation of Feng Chia University, Taiwan in Nuremberg, Germany ( .. ) To digitalization and innovation researchers of FAU in Nuremberg, Germany (.. ) At the Schaeffler Open Inspiration Day in Herzogenaurach, Germany (..) To the Minister President of the Free State of Saxony, Michael Kretschmer, at Erfolgreich digital?! by the Sächsische Staatskanzlei in Leipzig, Germany (..) During the press conference of the Lange Nacht der Wissenschaften at FAU in Nuremberg, Germany (..)

Appendices 65

Comp Stake Appli PID Mo R Sce Me

DS- DS-.

DS-. DS-.

DS-.

DS-.

DS-.

DS-.

DS-.

DS-. DS-. DS-.

DS- DS-. DS-.

DS-.

DS-. DS-.

DS-.

Cont At the fair IN.STAND in cooperation with the AFSMI German Chapter e. V. in Stuttgart, Germany (.-..) During the LZE Tech Day at Fraunhofer IISB in Erlangen, Germany ( ..) Presentation to the Bavarian State Minister for Digital Affairs, Judith Gerlach, at JOSEPHS in Nuremberg, Germany ( ..) To co-creators and innovators within the cooperation PIDCPS @ JOSEPHS at JOSEPHS in Nuremberg, Germany (.-.) Workshop At the Lange Nacht der Wissenschaften at FAU in Nuremberg, Germany (.. ) With decision-makers of two OEM and one SME within the BMBF-funded project PRODISYS in Limbach-Oberfrohna, Germany ( .. ) With a group of startups at FAU in Nuremberg, Germany (.. ) And talk at the Senior Design Day at Zollhof in Nuremberg, Germany (.. ) At the . Erlanger Workshop Warmblechumformung at FAU in Fürth, Germany (..) With IS and engineering researchers of FAU and practitioners in Nuremberg, Germany (..) At the . Burger, Blech & Blockchain event at Neue Materialien Fürth in Fürth, Germany (. .) With four mechatronics professors from Yueyang University, China in Nuremberg, Germany (. .) With a delegation of Sichuan Technology & Business University, China in Nuremberg, Germany (..) With a delegation of Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, China in Nuremberg, Germany (..) At the Lange Nacht der Wissenschaften at FAU in Nuremberg, Germany (..) With a delegation of practitioners of the Hebei region, China in Nuremberg, Germany ( ..) Hackathon At the event Innovating Industrial Sustainability of INNOSTRY online (.- ..)

66 Appendices

ID

Comp Stake Appli PID Mo R Sce Me

. Demonstration (continued) Activi Demonstration scenario (DS) (continued) Sub-c Functi Non-f Artifa

. Demonstration (continued) Activi Demonstration scenario (DS) Sub-c Functi Non-f Artifa

. Evaluation Evaluation strategy (ES)

ES-.

ES- ES-.

ES- ES-.

ES-.

ES-. ES- ES-.

DS-. DS-.

ES- ES-. ES-.

DS-.

DS-.

DS- DS-.

Cont Teaching Within the lecture Innovation Technology II at the Chair of Information Systems, Innovation and Value Creation at FAU in Nuremberg, Germany funded by the QuiS initiative (since summer semester ) Within the lecture Innovation Technology I at the Chair of Information Systems, Innovation and Value Creation at FAU in Nuremberg, Germany funded by the QuiS initiative (since winter semester /) At the IT@School event Coding&RobotikKids of Deutsche Telekom in Nuremberg, Germany (..) Within the executive education program LDT online ( . .) Within the executive education program LDT in Nuremberg, Germany (..) Workshop With companies in the BMBF-funded project PRODISYS (N=) ( .. ) With startups from the innovation ecosystem in Nuremberg, Germany (N=) (..) With groups within the executive education program LDT online (N=) ( . .) Interview With IS researchers from the Institute of Information Systems of FAU in Nuremberg, Germany (N=) (.) With trainee teachers of business education at FAU in Nuremberg, Germany (N=) (..) Observation and focus group During the Lange Nacht der Wissenschaften at FAU in Nuremberg, Germany (N=) (.. ) Questionnaire During the lecture Innovation Technology II at the Chair of Information Systems, Innovation and Value Creation at the FAU in Nuremberg, Germany (N= ) (summer semester ) During the hackathon Innovating Industrial Sustainability of INNOSTRY online (N=) (.- ..)

Appendices 67

ID

Comp Stake Appli PID Mo R Sce Me

Sub-c Functi Non-f Artifa

Activi

. Communication Communication campaign (CC)

CC-.

CC-.

CC-.

CC-.

CC-.

CC-.

CC-.

CC-.

CC- CC-.

ES-.

Cont During the lecture Innovation Technology I at the Chair of Information Systems, Innovation and Value Creation at FAU in Nuremberg, Germany (N= ) (winter semester /) Presentation Of the paper Importance of user role concepts for the implementation and operation of service systems based on cyber-physical architectures at the Innteract Conference in Chemnitz, Germany ( .-. . ) Of the talk Die vernetzte Instandhaltung im Kontext von Industrie . – Perspektiven für die Arbeit der Zukunft at the conference Praxiswissenschaftsdialog Arbeiten .: Vernetzte Prozesse und Assistenzsysteme in der Praxis by the IG Metall in Frankfurt am Main, Germany (.. ) Of the talk Industrie . – Implikationen der digitalen Transformation für Produktion, Dienstleistung und Handel at the event Digitalisierung in Neustadt an der Aisch, Germany (. . ) Of the paper Industrial cyber-physical systems from a stakeholder perspective at the R&D Management Conference: R&Designing Innovation: Transformational Challenges for Organizations and Society in Milan, Italy (..-. .) Of the paper Engineering industrial cyber-physical systems: An application map based method at the st CIRP CMS Conference in Stockholm, Sweden (.-. .) Of the paper Design and evaluation of a portable industrial demonstrator for cyberphysical systems during the th International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology: Designing for a Digital and Globalized World in Chennai, India (.-..) Of the talk Breaking the wall of complexity in Industry . at the event Falling Walls Lab of the Falling Walls Foundation in Erlangen, Germany (. .) Of the paper Cyber-physical modeling and simulation: A reference architecture for designing demonstrators for industrial cyber-physical systems at the  th CIRP Design Conference in Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal (.-. .) Of the talk Smart .!? Methoden zur Orientierung im Buzzword-Dschungel der Digitalisierung at the event min.me at JOSEPHS in Nuremberg, Germany (..)

68 Appendices

ID

Comp Stake Appli PID Mo R Sce Me

CC-.

CC- CC-.

CC-.

CC-.

CC-.

CC-.

CC-.

CC-.

CC-.

CC-.

Cont Within the lecture Cyber-Physical Systems at the Chair for Hardware-Software-CoDesign at FAU in Erlangen, Germany (winter semester /) In the event series Knowledge Snack by LZE Academy at JOSEPHS in Nuremberg, Germany (..) Of the talk Open Innovation feat. Digital Innovation at the Nürnberg Digital Festival online (..) Of the video Digitalisierungsdemonstrator PIDCPS for the Bayerischer Digitalpreis b.digital (.) Of the paper Embedded vision device integration via OPC UA: Design and evaluation of a neural network-based monitoring system for Industry . at the st CIRP Design Conference online (.-. .) Of the talk Industry . – From vision to application at the Siemens Research and Innovation Ecosystem Conference: The Factory of the Future at JOSEPHS in Nuremberg, Germany (..) Of the talk and the poster Industrie . – von der Vision zur Anwendung: Eine Stakeholder-zentrierte und personalfokussierte Methode at the science slam of the #NUEdialog online ( ..) Of the talk Industrie . – von der Vision zur Anwendung at the . Workshop Digitalisierung of the Neue Materialien Fürth online (..) Publication Of the conference proceedings chapter Oks, S. J., & Fritzsche, A. ( ). Importance of user role concepts for the implementation and operation of service systems based on cyber-physical architectures. In A. C. Bullinger-Hoffmann (Ed.), Innteract conference (pp.  –). aw&I – Wissenschaft und Praxis Of the book chapter Oks, S. J., Fritzsche, A., & Möslein, K. M. ( a). An application map for industrial cyber-physical systems. In S. Jeschke, C. Brecher, H. Song, & D. B. Rawat (Eds.), Springer series in wireless technology. Industrial Internet of things: Cybermanufacturing systems (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / --

- _

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. Communication (continued) Activi Communication campaign (CC) (continued) Sub-c Functi Non-f Artifa

CC-.

CC-.

CC-.

CC-.

CC-.

CC-.

Cont Of the book chapter Oks, S. J., Fritzsche, A., & Möslein, K. M. ( b). Rollen, Views und Schnittstellen – Implikationen zur stakeholderzentrierten Entwicklung Sozio-CyberPhysischer Systeme. In A. C. Bullinger-Hoffmann (Ed.), Arbeitswissenschaft und Innovationsmanagement. Abschlussveröffentlichung: S-CPS: Ressourcen-Cockpit für Sozio-Cyber-Physische Systeme (pp. –). aw&I – Wissenschaft und Praxis. https://doi.org/./awir.vi. Of the journal article Oks, S. J., Fritzsche, A., & Möslein, K. M. (b). Engineering industrial cyber-physical systems: An application map based method. Procedia CIRP, ,  –. https://doi.org/./j.procir... Of the journal article Oks, S. J., Jalowski, M., Fritzsche, A., & Möslein, K. M. (). Cyberphysical modeling and simulation: A reference architecture for designing demonstrators for industrial cyber-physical systems. Procedia CIRP, ,  –. https://doi.org/./j.procir... Of the book chapter Oks, S. J., Jalowski, M., Zansinger, N., & Möslein, K. M. (). Die Rolle von Industrie .-Demonstratoren in der digitalen Transformation: Eine Standpunktbestimmung am Portable Industrial Demonstrator for Cyber-Physical Systems (PIDCPS). In K. Wilbers & L. Windelband (Eds.), Texte zur Wirtschaftspädagogik und Personalentwicklung: Vol. . Lernfabriken an beruflichen Schulen – Gewerblichtechnische und kaufmännische Perspektiven (- ). epubli Of the journal article Oks, S. J., Zöllner, S., Jalowski, M., Fuchs, J., & Möslein, K. M. (). Embedded vision device integration via OPC UA: Design and evaluation of a neural network-based monitoring system for Industry .. Procedia CIRP, , –. https://doi.org/./j.procir.. . Of the journal article Oks, S. J., Jalowski, M., Lechner, M., Mirschberger, S., Merklein, M., Vogel-Heuser, B., & Möslein, K. M. (). Cyber-physical systems in the context of Industry .: A review, categorization and outlook. Information Systems Frontiers. Advance online publication, –. https://doi.org/. /s -- -x

70 Appendices

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. Communication (continued) Activi Communication campaign (CC) Sub-c Functi Non-f Artifa

CC-.

CC-.

CC-. CC-. CC-.

CC-.

CC-.

CC-.

CC-.

CC- CC-. CC-.

CC-.

CC-.

Cont Of the book chapter Oks, S. J., Schymanietz, M., Jalowski, M., Posselt, T., & Roth, A. (). Integrierte Entwicklung smarter Produkt-Service-Systeme. In M. Bruhn & K. Hadwich (Eds.), Forum Dienstleistungsmanagement. Smart Services (pp. –). Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/. / --  -_ Of the journal article Koustas, S. G., Jalowski, M., Reichenstein, T., & Oks, S. J. (). A blockchain-based IIoT traceability system: ERC-  tokens for Industry .. Procedia CIRP, , – . https://doi.org/./j.procir... Media coverage Continuous Twitter and LinkedIn campaign (reach: Over  . touchpoints) Article with interview Eine Nacht für Aufgeweckte in the magazine alexander No.  of FAU ( . ) Article with interview Digitale Innovation und Industrie . zum Anfassen on the website of FAU (.. ) Article Das Fachchinesisch übersetzen – Der Doktorand Sascha Julian Oks zeigt, was Industrie . bedeutet in the newspaper Erlanger Nachrichten (.. ) Blogpost with workshop review Industrie . systematisch und unternehmensindividuell gestalten at Automation Valley Nordbayern (..) Blogpost and article Die Lange Nacht der Wissenschaften an der WiSo – Einblicke in die Welt der Wissenschaft in the newsletter of Fachbereich Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften of FAU (..) TV feature in Frankenfernsehen (..) TV feature in Frankenschau aktuell on Bayerischer Rundfunk (..) Article Unis machen die Nacht durch – Bei der "Langen Nacht der Wissenschaften" werben Fakultäten und Unternehmen um den Nachwuchs in the newspaper Hilpolsteiner Kurier ( ..) Article Nachtspaziergang mit Noether, Röntgen und Curie in the newspaper MarktSpiegel ( ..) Video interview within the cooperation PIDCPS @ JOSEPHS at JOSEPHS spread via social media ( ..)

Appendices 71

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. Communication (continued) Activi Communication campaign (CC) (continued) Sub-c Functi Non-f Artifa

CC-.

CC-.

CC-.

Cont Article Mit IT zu neuen Ideen – Unternehmen beteiligen mehr Mitarbeiter und auch Kunden an der Entwicklung von Produkten: Mit der passenden Software gelingt das schneller und besser in the newspaper Handelsblatt (..) Article JOSEPHS feat. QuartRevo – Die digitale Transformation Stakeholder-zentriert und interaktiv gestalten in the newsletter of JOSEPHS (..) Article Das war die Research and Innovation Ecosystem Event Week – live bei uns im JOSEPHS in the newsletter of JOSEPHS ( ..)

72 Appendices

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Activi

Appendices

 

Appendix C: Search Terms of the Systematic Literature Review Language

Keywords Cyber-physical

English

Cyber-physical system

CPS

Cyber-physisches System German

Cyber-physikalisches System

Synonyms x

Cyber physical

x

Cyberphysical

x

Cyber physical system

x

Cyberphysical system

x

Cyber-physical systems

x

Cyber physical systems

x

Cyberphysical systems

x

Cyber physisches System

x

Cyberphysisches System

x

Cyber-physische Systeme

x

Cyber physische Systeme

x

Cyberphysische Systeme

x

Cyber physikalisches System

x

Cyberphysikalisches System

x

Cyber-physikalische Systeme

x

Cyber physikalische Systeme

x

Cyberphysikalische Systeme

 

Appendices

Appendix D: Exemplary Underlying Literature of the Categorization of Cyber-Physical Systems Related and Relevant Topics in the Context of Industry 4.0 Categories (fields, areas and sections)

Exemplary literature

Characteristics Connective

Modular

Real-time-capable

Traceable

Self-characteristics

x Chen, X., Sun, J., & Sun, M. (). A hybrid model of connectors in cyber-physical systems. In S. Merz & J. Pang (Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol.  . Formal methods and software engineering (pp. – ). Springer. https://doi.org/. / --  -_

x Reppa, V., Polycarpou, M. M., & Panayiotou, C. G. ( ). Distributed sensor fault diagnosis for a network of interconnected cyberphysical systems. IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems, (), –. https://doi.org/./TCNS..  x González-Nalda, P., Etxeberria-Agiriano, I., Calvo, I., & Otero, M. C. (). A modular CPS architecture design based on ROS and Docker. International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing, (). Advance online publication. https://doi.org/. /s-- x Suh, D., Jeon, K., Chang, S., Kim, J., & Kim, J. ( ). Auto-localized multimedia platform based on a modular cyber physical system aligned in a two-dimensional grid. Cluster Computing,  (), –. https://doi.org/. /s - - -z x Alsaydia, O. M. A., & Hameed, M. M. (). Design and analysis a real time cyber physical cloud computing system. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, (),  –. x Lu, C., Saifullah, A., Li, B., Sha, M., Gonzalez, H., Gunatilaka, D., Wu, C., Nie, L., & Chen, Y. (). Real-time wireless sensor-actuator networks for industrial cyber-physical systems. Proceedings of the IEEE, ( ), –. https://doi.org/./JPROC. .  x Huang, J., Zhu, Y., Cheng, B., Lin, C., & Chen, J. (). A PetriNet-based approach for supporting traceability in cyber-physical manufacturing systems. Sensors, (). https://doi.org/./s x Mohajerin Esfahani, P., Vrakopoulou, M., Andersson, G., & Lygeros, J. (). A tractable nonlinear fault detection and isolation technique with application to the cyber-physical security of power systems. In st IEEE annual conference on decision and control (pp. –). https://doi.org/./CDC.. x Bordel, B., Alcarria, R., Martín, D., Robles, T., & de Rivera, D. S. (). Self-configuration in humanized cyber-physical systems. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, . Advance online publication. https://doi.org/. /s --- x Dai, W., Dubinin, V. N., Christensen, J. H., Vyatkin, V., & Guan, X. ( ). Towards selfmanageable and adaptive industrial cyber-physical systems with knowledge-driven autonomic service management. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, (). https://doi.org/./TII..   x Dutt, N., Jantsch, A., & Sarma, S. ( ). Self-aware cyber-physical systems-on-chip. In IEEE/ACM international conference on computer-aided design (pp. – ). https://doi.org/./ICCAD. .    x Smirnov, A., Kashevnik, A., & Shilov, N. ( ). Cyber-physical-social system selforganization: ontology-based multi-level approach and case study In. th IEEE international conference on self-adaptive and self-organizing Systems (pp. –). https://doi.org/./SASO. .

Overall context Industry .

x Jazdi, N. (). Cyber physical systems in the context of Industry .. IEEE international conference on automation, quality and testing, robotics, (pp. –). https://doi.org/./AQTR..  x Mosterman, P. J., & Zander, J. (). Industry . as a cyber-physical system study. Software & Systems Modeling, (),  –. https://doi.org/. /s - -x

Potentials/Opportunities Automatization

x Kao, H.ǦA., Jin, W., Siegel, D., & Lee, J. ( ). A cyber physical interface for automation systems Methodology and examples. Machines, (), –. https://doi.org/./machines

Appendices

Autonomization

Efficiency gains

Effectiveness gains

Management

Process

Batch/Lot size one

Decentralization

Complex event processing

Enhanced flexibility

Lead time reductions

Fault/Failure reduction



x Leitão, P., Colombo, A. W., & Karnouskos, S. (). Industrial automation based on cyberphysical systems technologies: Prototype implementations and challenges. Computers in Industry, , – . https://doi.org/./j.compind. .. x Duarte, R. P., Neto, H., & Vestias, M. (). XtokaxtikoX: A stochastic computing-based autonomous cyber-physical system. In IEEE international conference on rebooting computing (pp. – ). https://doi.org/./ICRC..   x Gronau, N. (). Determinants of an appropriate degree of autonomy in a cyber-physical production system. Procedia CIRP, , – . https://doi.org/./j.procir.. . x Bayhan, H., Meißner, M., Kaiser, P., Meyer, M., & ten Hompel, M. (). Presentation of a novel real-time production supply concept with cyber-physical systems and efficiency validation by process status indicators. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,  ,  –  . https://doi.org/. /s --  z x Rocher, G., Tigli, J.ǦY., Lavirotte, S., & Le Thanh, N. (). Effectiveness assessment of cyber-physical systems. International Journal of Approximate Reasoning,  , –. https://doi.org/./j.ijar... x Schuh, G., Potente, T., Thomas, C., & Hempel, T. (). Short-term cyber-physical production management. Procedia CIRP, ,  –. https://doi.org/./j.procir... x Song, Z., Labalette, P., Burger, R., Klein, W., Nair, S., Suresh, S., Shen, L., & Canedo, A. ( ). Model-based cyber-physical system integration in the process industry. In Q.-S. Jia (Ed.), IEEE international conference on automation science and engineering (pp. –  ). https://doi.org/./CoASE. .  x Bauernhansl, T., Tzempetonidou, M., Rossmeissl, T., Groß, E., & Siegert, J. (). Requirements for designing a cyber-physical system for competence development. Procedia Manufacturing, , –. https://doi.org/./j.promfg... x Niemueller, T., Lakemeyer, G., Reuter, S., Jeschke, S., & Ferrein, A. ( ). Benchmarking of cyber-physical systems in industrial robotics. In C. Brecher, D. B. Rawat, H. Song, & S. Jeschke (Eds.), Intelligent data centric systems. Cyber-physical systems: Foundations, principles and applications (pp. – ). Academic Press. https://doi.org/./b ---- .- x Li, H., Lai, L., & Poor, H. V. (). Multicast routing for decentralized control of cyber physical systems with an application in smart grid. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, (),  – . https://doi.org/./JSAC..  x Schuhmacher, J., & Hummel, V. (). Decentralized control of logistic processes in cyberphysical production systems at the example of ESB Logistics Learning Factory. Procedia CIRP, , –. https://doi.org/./j.procir...

x Babiceanu, R. F., & Seker, R. ( ). Manufacturing cyber-physical systems enabled by complex event processing and big data environments: A framework for development. In T. Borangiu, D. Trentesaux, & A. Thomas (Eds.), Studies in computational intelligence: Vol.  . Service orientation in holonic and multi-agent manufacturing (pp.  – ). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ---  - _ x Klein, R., Rilling, S., Usov, A., & Xie, J. (). Using complex event processing for modelling and simulation of cyber-physical systems. International Journal of Critical Infrastructures,

(/), – . https://doi.org/. /IJCIS..  x Boschi, F., Zanetti, C., Tavola, G., & Taisch, M. (). Functional requirements for reconfigurable and flexible cyber-physical system. In nd annual conference of the IEEE industrial electronics society (pp.  – ). https://doi.org/./IECON..  x Rosenthal, F., Jung, M., Zitterbart, M., & Hanebeck, U. D. (). CoCPN – Towards flexible and adaptive cyber-physical systems through cooperation. In th IEEE annual consumer communications & networking conference (pp. –). https://doi.org/./CCNC..  x Barros, A. C., Azevedo, A., Rodrigues, J. C., Marques, A., Toscano, C., & Simões, A. C. ( ). Implementing cyber-physical systems in manufacturing. In The th international conference on computers & industrial engineering (pp. –). x Kolberg, D., & Zühlke, D. ( ). Lean automation enabled by Industry . technologies. IFAC-PapersOnLine,  (),  – . https://doi.org/./j.ifacol. ..  x Alippi, C., Ntalampiras, S., & Roveri, M. (). Model-free fault detection and isolation in large-scale cyber-physical systems. IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence, (), – . https://doi.org/./TETCI..  x Zhang, Z., An, W., & Shao, F. (). Cascading failures on reliability in cyber-physical system. IEEE Transactions on Reliability, (),   – . https://doi.org/./TR..

 

Quality improvement

Appendices x Bonci, A., Pirani, M., & Longhi, S. (). Tiny cyber-physical systems for performance improvement in the factory of the future. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, (),  –. https://doi.org/./TII..

 x Regan, G., McCaffery, F., Paul, P. C., Reich, J., Armengaud, E., Kaypmaz, C., Zeller, M., Guo, J. Z., Longo, S., O’Carroll, E., & Sorokos, I. (). Quality improvement mechanism for cyber physical systems—An evaluation. Journal of Software: Evolution and Process, (), –. https://doi.org/./smr.

Challenges/Issues Complexity

Transparency

Synchronization

Risk and uncertainty management

Communication

Delay

Jitter

High implementation efforts

x Kim, J.ǦC., We, K.ǦS., & Lee, C.ǦG. (). How resource componentizing for addressing the mega-complexity of cyber-physical systems. In th IEEE international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (pp. –). https://doi.org/./RTCSA..

x Liang, G., & Zhang, L. ( ). Extension of model for research and design of complex cyber physical system. In M. S. P. Babu (Ed.), th IEEE international conference on software engineering and service science (pp.  –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ICSESS. .  x Dahlmanns, M., Pennekamp, J., Fink, I. B., Schoolmann, B., Wehrle, K., & Henze, M. (). Transparent end-to-end security for publish/subscribe communication in cyber-physical systems. In M. Gupta, M. Abdelsalam, & S. Mittal (Eds.), Proceedings of the  ACM workshop on secure and trustworthy cyber-physical systems (pp. – ). ACM. https://doi.org/. / .  x Lee, J., Bagheri, B., & Kao, H.ǦA. (). Recent advances and trends of cyber-physical systems and big data analytics in industrial informatics. In C. E. Pereira (Ed.), th IEEE international conference on industrial informatics (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./... x Andrade, H. A., Derler, P., Eidson, J. C., Li-Baboud, Y.ǦS., Shrivastava, A., Stanton, K. B., & Weiss, M. ( ). Towards a reconfigurable distributed testbed to enable advanced research and development of timing and synchronization in cyber-physical systems. In international conference on ReConFigurable computing and FPGAs (pp. –). https://doi.org/./ReConFig. .   x Deng, X., & Yang, Y. (). Communication synchronization in cluster-based sensor networks for cyber-physical systems. IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing, (), –. https://doi.org/./TETC..  x Axelrod, C. W. (). Managing the risks of cyber-physical systems. In IEEE Long Island systems, applications and technology conference (pp. –). https://doi.org/./LISAT.. 

x Pereira, A., Rodrigues, N., Barbosa, J., & Leitão, P. (). Trust and risk management towards resilient large-scale cyber-physical systems. In nd IEEE international symposium on industrial electronics (pp. –). https://doi.org/./ISIE..  x Elattar, M., Wendt, V., & Jasperneite, J. ( ). Communications for cyber-physical systems. In S. Jeschke, C. Brecher, H. Song, & D. B. Rawat (Eds.), Springer series in wireless technology. Industrial Internet of things: Cybermanufacturing systems (pp.  – ). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ---

- _ x Henneke, D., Elattar, M., & Jasperneite, J. ( ). Communication patterns for cyberphysical systems. In IEEE th conference on emerging technologies & factory automation (pp. –). https://doi.org/./ETFA. .  x Nandanwar, A., Behera, L., Shukla, A., & Karki, H. (). Delay constrained utility maximization in cyber physical system with mobile robotic networks. In nd annual conference of the IEEE industrial electronics society (pp. –). https://doi.org/./IECON..  x Shen, B., Zhou, X., & Kim, M. (). Mixed scheduling with heterogeneous delay constraints in cyber-physical systems. Future Generation Computer Systems, , – . https://doi.org/./j.future. .. x Gawand, H. L., Bhattacharjee, A. K., & Roy, K. (). Real time jitters and cyber physical system. International conference on advances in computing, communications and informatics (pp. –). https://doi.org/./ICACCI.. 

x Zhang, X.ǦL., & Liu, P. ( ). A new delay jitter smoothing algorithm based on pareto distribution in cyber-physical systems. Wireless Networks, (), –. https://doi.org/. /s - -- x Horváth, I., & Gerritsen, B. H. M. (). Cyber-physical systems: Concepts, technologies and implementation principles. In th international symposium on tools and methods of competitive engineering: Tools and methods of competitive engineering (pp. –). x Hu, F., Lu, Y., Vasilakos, A. V., Hao, Q., Ma, R., Patil, Y., Zhang, T., Lu, J., Li, X., & Xiong, N. N. (). Robust cyber–physical systems: Concept, models, and implementation. Future

Appendices

Costs/Availability of capital



x

x

Juridical matters

x

x

Safety

x

x

Security

x

x

Hazard defense

x

x

State

x

x

Environmental monitoring

x

x

Emergency management

x x

Fault/Failure detection

x

Generation Computer Systems, , – . https://doi.org/./j.future. .. Bajaj, N., Nuzzo, P., Masin, M., & Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, A. L. ( ). Optimized selection of reliable and cost-effective cyber-physical system architectures. In Design, automation & test in Europe conference & exhibition (pp. – ). https://doi.org/.  /DATE. . Shin, S. Y., Chaouch, K., Nejati, S., Sabetzadeh, M., Briand, L. C., & Zimmer, F. (). Uncertainty-aware specification and analysis for hardware-in-the-loop testing of cyberphysical systems. Journal of Systems and Software, , –. https://doi.org/./j.jss.. Brecher, C., Ecker, C., Herfs, W., Obdenbusch, M., Jeschke, S., Hoffmann, M., & Meisen, T. (). The need of dynamic and adaptive data models for cyber-physical production systems. In H. Song, D. B. Rawat, S. Jeschke, & C. Brecher (Eds.), Intelligent data centric systems. Cyber-physical systems: Foundations, principles and applications (pp. –). Academic Press. https://doi.org/./B ---- .- Husic, M., & Hozdic, E. (). Legal aspects of the implementation of cyber-physical systems in production industry. In  th international research/expert conference (pp.  – ). Khalid, A., Kirisci, P., Ghrairi, Z., Pannek, J., & Thoben, K.ǦD. ( ). Safety requirements in collaborative human–robot cyber-physical system. In M. Freitag, H. Kotzab, & J. Pannek (Eds.), Lecture notes in logistics. Dynamics in logistics (pp. – ). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ---  -_ Trapp, M., Schneider, D., & Liggesmeyer, P. (). A safety roadmap to cyber-physical systems. In J. Münch, K. Schmid, & H. D. Rombach (Eds.), Perspectives on the future of software engineering: Essays in honor of Dieter Rombach (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ---  -_ Brazell, J. B. (). The need for a transdisciplinary approach to security of cyber physical infrastructure. In S. C. Suh, U. J. Tanik, J. N. Carbone, A. Eroglu, & B. Thurasingham (Eds.), Applied cyber-physical systems (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / -- - _ Dong, P., Han, Y., Guo, X., & Xie, F. ( ). A systematic review of studies on cyber physical system security. International Journal of Security and Its Applications, (), 

–. https://doi.org/. /ijsia. ... Horn, D., Ali, N., & Hong, J. E. (). Towards enhancement of fault traceability among multiple hazard analyses in cyber-physical systems. In rd IEEE annual computer software and applications conference (pp.  –). https://doi.org/./COMPSAC.. Liu, H., & Wang, L. (). Remote human–robot collaboration: A cyber–physical system application for hazard manufacturing environment. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, , –. https://doi.org/./j.jmsy... Roth, M., & Liggesmeyer, P. (). Modeling and analysis of safety-critical cyber physical systems using state/event fault trees. In nd international conference on computer safety, reliability and security. Sistla, A. P., Žefran, M., & Feng, Y. (). Runtime monitoring of stochastic cyber-physical systems with hybrid state. In S. Khurshid & K. Sen (Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol.  . Runtime verification, (pp.  –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ---_ Mois, G., Sanislav, T., & Folea, S. C. (). A cyber-physical system for environmental monitoring. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, (), – . https://doi.org/./TIM..  Sanislav, T., Mois, G., Folea, S. C., Miclea, L., Gambardella, G., & Prinetto, P. (). A cloudbased cyber-physical system for environmental monitoring. In rd Mediterranean conference on embedded computing (pp. –). https://doi.org/./MECO..  Gelenbe, E., & Wu, F.ǦJ. (). Future research on cyber-physical emergency management systems. Future Internet, (), – . https://doi.org/./fi  Wu, G., Lu, D., Xia, F., & Yao, L. (). A fault-tolerant emergency-aware access control scheme for cyber-physical systems. Information Technology and Control, (), –. https://dx.doi.org/.

/j.itc... Abid, M., Khan, A. Q., Rehan, M., & Haroon-ur-Rasheed (). TS fuzzy approach for fault detection in nonlinear cyber physical systems. In Z. H. Khan, A. B. M. S. Ali, & Z. Riaz (Eds.), Studies in computational intelligence: Vol. . Computational intelligence for decision support in cyber-physical systems (pp. – ). Springer. https://doi.org/. / -  --_

 

Threats and vulnerabilities

(Cyber-)Attacks

Privacy

Data abuse

Attack detection

Information flow control

Access and control message protection Cryptography, digital signatures, and steganography

Appendices x Alippi, C., Ntalampiras, S., & Roveri, M. (). Model-free fault detection and isolation in large-scale cyber-physical systems. IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence, (), – . https://doi.org/./TETCI..  x DeSmit, Z., Elhabashy, A. E., Wells, L. J., & Camelio, J. A. (). Cyber-physical vulnerability assessment in manufacturing systems. Procedia Manufacturing, , –  . https://doi.org/./j.promfg...

x Fernandez, E. B. (). Preventing and unifying threats in cyberphysical systems. In th IEEE international symposium on high assurance systems engineering (pp. –). https://doi.org/./HASE..  x Chen, C.ǦM., Hsiao, H.ǦW., Yang, P.ǦY., & Ou, Y.ǦH. (). Defending malicious attacks in cyber physical systems. In st IEEE international conference on cyber-physical systems, networks, and applications (pp. –). https://doi.org/./CPSNA.. x Gawand, H. L., Bhattacharjee, A. K., & Roy, K. ( ). Online monitoring of a cyber physical system against control aware cyber attacks. Procedia Computer Science, , –. https://doi.org/./j.procs. ..  x Fink, G. A., Edgar, T. W., Rice, T. R., MacDonald, D. G., & Crawford, C. E. (). Security and privacy in cyber-physical systems. In H. Song, D. B. Rawat, S. Jeschke, & C. Brecher (Eds.), Intelligent data centric systems. Cyber-physical systems: Foundations, principles and applications (pp. –). Academic Press. https://doi.org/./B --- .- x Zhang, H., Shu, Y., Cheng, P., & Chen, J. (). Privacy and performance trade-off in cyberphysical systems. IEEE Network, (), –. https://doi.org/./MNET..   x Alguliyev, R., Imamverdiyev, Y., & Sukhostat, L. (). Cyber-physical systems and their security issues. Computers in Industry, , –. https://doi.org/./j.compind... x Gudivada, V. N., Ramaswamy, S., & Srinivasan, S. (). Data management issues in cyberphysical systems. In L. Deka & M. Chowdhury (Eds.), Transportation cyber-Physical systems (pp.  –). Elsevier. https://doi.org/./B --- -. - x Chen, Y., Kar, S., & Moura, J. M. F. (). Dynamic attack detection in cyber-physical systems with side initial state information. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, (), – https://doi.org/./TAC.. x Akella, R., Tang, H., & McMillin, B. M. (). Analysis of information flow security in cyber– physical systems. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, (-),  –  . https://doi.org/./j.ijcip... x Misra, S., Krishna, P. V., Saritha, V., Agarwal, H., Shu, L., & Obaidat, M. S. ( ). Efficient medium access control for cyber–physical systems with heterogeneous networks. IEEE Systems Journal, (), –. https://doi.org/./JSYST..  x Vegh, L., & Miclea, L. ( ). Improving the security of a cyber-physical system using cryptography, steganography and digital signatures. International Journal of Computer and Information Technology, (),  –. https://ijcit.com/archives/volume/issue/Paper.pdf

Requirements Autonomy

Contextawareness/Sensitivity

Dependability

x Hong, I., Youn, H., Chun, I.ǦG., & Lee, E. (). Autonomic computing framework for cyberphysical systems. In V. V. Das (Ed.), Computer Science Series: Vol. , Computation and communication technologies: rd international conference on advances in computing, control, and telecommunication technologies (pp. –). Curran. x Theuer, H., & Lass, S. (). Mastering complexity with autonomous production processes. Procedia CIRP, , – . https://doi.org/./j.procir.. .  x Canedo, A., Schwarzenbach, E., & Al Faruque, M. A. (). Context-sensitive synthesis of executable functional models of cyber-physical systems. In C. Lu, P. R. Kumar, & R. Stoleru (Eds.), ACM/IEEE international conference on cyber-physical systems (p. –). https://doi.org/. /  .   x Timonen, J. ( ). Improving situational awareness of cyber physical systems based on operator's goals. In C. Onwubiko (Ed.), International conference on cyber situational awareness, data analytics and assessment (pp. –). https://doi.org/./CyberSA. .  x Sanislav, T., Mois, G., & Miclea, L. (). An approach to model dependability of cyberphysical systems. Microprocessors and Microsystems, ,  – . https://doi.org/./j.micpro. .. x Soubiran, E., Guenab, F., Cancila, D., Koudri, A., & Wouters, L. (). Ensuring dependability and performance for CPS design: Application to a signaling system. In H. Song, D. B. Rawat, S. Jeschke, & C. Brecher (Eds.), Intelligent data centric systems. Cyberphysical systems: foundations, principles and applications (pp. – ). Academic Press. https://doi.org/./B ---- .-

Appendices

Reliability

Availability

Robustness

Resilience

Observability

Trustworthiness

Predictability

Controllability

Interoperability

  x Ge, L., Wang, S., Wang, X., & Liang, D. (). Analytical FRTU deployment approach for reliability improvement of integrated cyber-physical distribution systems. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, (), –. https://doi.org/./ietgtd. .  x Hazra, A., Dasgupta, P., & Chakrabarti, P. P. (). Formal assessment of reliability specifications in embedded cyber-physical systems. Journal of Applied Logic,  , –. https://doi.org/./j.jal... x Parvin, S., Hussain, F. K., Hussain, O. K., Thein, T., & Park, J. S. (). Multi-cyber framework for availability enhancement of cyber physical systems. Computing, (-),  –. https://doi.org/. /s -- - x Wang, Z., Jin, Y., Yang, S., Han, J., & Lu, J. (). An improved genetic algorithm for safety and availability checking in cyber-physical systems. IEEE Access, , – . https://doi.org/./ACCESS.. 

x Rungger, M., & Tabuada, P. (). A symbolic approach to the design of robust cyberphysical systems. In nd IEEE annual conference on decision and control (pp. –  ). https://doi.org/./CDC..  x Tabuada, P., Caliskan, S. Y., Rungger, M., & Majumdar, R. (). Towards robustness for cyber-physical systems. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,  (),  –. https://doi.org/./TAC..  x Bujorianu, M. L., & Piterman, N. ( ). A modelling framework for cyber-physical system resilience. In C. Berger & M. R. Mousavi (Eds.), Information systems and applications, incl. Internet/eeb, and HCI: Vol. . Cyber physical systems. Design, modeling, and evaluation (pp.  –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / --- - _ x Woo, H., Yi, J., Browne, J. C., Mok, A. K., Atkins, E. M., & Xie, F. (). Design and Development Methodology for Resilient Cyber-Physical Systems. In  th international conference on distributed computing systems workshops (pp.  – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ICDCS.Workshops.. x Cam, H. (). Controllability and observability of risk and resilience in cyber-physical cloud systems. In S. Jajodia, K. Kant, P. Samarati, A. Singhal, V. Swarup, & C. Wang (Eds.), Secure Cloud Computing (pp.  –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / -- -_

x Chen, Y., Kar, S., & Moura, J. M. F. ( ). Cyber-physical systems: Dynamic sensor attacks and strong observability. In IEEE international conference on acoustics, speech and signal processing (pp.  – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ICASSP. .    x Boyes, H. A. (). Trustworthy cyber-physical systems – A review. In System safety: th IET system safety conference incorporating the cyber security conference. IET. https://doi.org/./cp..  x David, M. W., Yerkes, C. R., Simmons, M. E., & Franceschini, W. (). Towards trustworthy smart cyber-physical systems. In K.-Y. Lam, C.-H. Chi, & S. Qing (Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol.

. Information and communications security (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / --- -_ x Mubeen, S., Lisova, E., & Vulgarakis Feljan, A. (). Timing predictability and security in safety-critical industrial cyber-physical systems: A position paper. Applied Sciences, (),  . https://doi.org/./app

x Sun, B., Li, X., Wan, B., Wang, C., Zhou, X., & Chen, X. (). Definitions of predictability for cyber physical systems. Journal of Systems Architecture, , –. https://doi.org/./j.sysarc... x Alcaraz, C., & Lopez, J. (). Safeguarding structural controllability in cyber-physical control systems. In I. G. Askoxylakis, S. Ioannidis, S. K. Katsikas, & C. Meadows (Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol.  . Computer security – ESORICS  (pp.  –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / --- -_ x Jiang, Y., Yin, S., & Kaynak, O. (). Data-driven monitoring and safety control of industrial cyber-physical systems: Basics and beyond. IEEE Access, ,   – . https://doi.org/./ACCESS.. x Bermejo Munoz, J., Galan, S. G., Lopez, L. R., Prado, R. P., Munoz, J. E., Grimstad, T., & Lopez, D. R. (). Interoperability in large scale cyber-physical systems. In th IEEE conference on emerging technologies & factory automation (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ETFA..  x Schilberg, D., Hoffmann, M., Schmitz, S., & Meisen, T. ( ). Interoperability in smart automation of cyber physical systems. In S. Jeschke, C. Brecher, H. Song, & D. B. Rawat (Eds.), Springer series in wireless technology. Industrial Internet of things: Cybermanufacturing systems (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / --

- _



Scalability

Sustainability

Appendices x García-Valls, M., Calva-Urrego, C., de la Puente, Juan A., & Alonso, A. (). Adjusting middleware knobs to assess scalability limits of distributed cyber-physical systems. Computer Standards & Interfaces. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/./j.csi... x Padmanabh, K. (). On the scalability of a cyber physical system. Journal of the Indian Institute of Science,

(), – . http://journal.iisc.ernet.in/index.php/iisc/article/download//

x Estevez, C., & Wu, J. (). Green cyber-physical systems. In H. Song, D. B. Rawat, S. Jeschke, & C. Brecher (Eds.), Intelligent data centric systems. Cyber-physical systems: Foundations, principles and applications. (pp.  – ). Academic Press. https://doi.org/./B ---- . - x Song, Z., & Moon, Y. (). Assessing sustainability benefits of cybermanufacturing systems. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/. /s ---

Concepts and technologies Big data

Pattern detection/Recognition

Smart data

Data as a service

Cloud computing

Edge computing

Ubiquitous computing

Artificial intelligence (AI)

Reasoning

x Hahanov, V. I., Miz, V., Litvinova, E. I., Mishchenko, A., & Shcherbin, D. ( ). Big data driven cyber physical systems. In th international conference on the experience of designing and application of CAD Systems in microelectronics (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./CADSM. .  x Jara, A. J., Genoud, D., & Bocchi, Y. (). Big data for cyber physical systems: An analysis of challenges, solutions and opportunities. In th international conference on innovative mobile and Internet services in ubiquitous computing (pp.  –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./IMIS.. x Bhuiyan, M. Z. A., Wu, J., Weiss, G. M., Hayajneh, T., Wang, T., & Wang, G. (). Event detection through differential pattern mining in cyber-physical systems. IEEE Transactions on Big Data, (),  – . https://doi.org/./TBDATA. .  x Spezzano, G., & Vinci, A. ( ). Pattern detection in cyber-physical systems. Procedia Computer Science, , –. https://doi.org/./j.procs. . . x Oks, S. J., Fritzsche, A., & Möslein, K. M. ( a). An application map for industrial cyberphysical systems. In S. Jeschke, C. Brecher, H. Song, & D. B. Rawat (Eds.), Springer series in wireless technology. Industrial Internet of things: Cybermanufacturing systems (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ---

- _ x Tao, F., Qi, Q., Wang, L., & Nee, A. (). Digital twins and cyber–physical systems toward smart manufacturing and Industry .: Correlation and comparison. Engineering, (),  – . https://doi.org/./j.eng... x Marini, A., & Bianchini, D. (). Big data as a service for monitoring cyber-physical production systems. In T. Claus, F. Herrmann, M. Manitz, & O. Rose (Eds.), th European conference on modelling and simulation (pp. –). European Council for Modelling and Simulation. https://doi.org/. /-  x Quadri, I., Bagnato, A., Brosse, E., & Sadovykh, A. ( ). Modeling methodologies for cyber-physical systems: Research field study on inherent and future challenges. Ada User Journal, (), – . x Glotfelter, P., Eichelberger, T., & Martin, P. J. (). Physicloud: A cloud-computing framework for programming cyber-physical systems. In IEEE conference on control applications (pp.  – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./CCA..  x Rodríguez, A., Valverde, J., Portilla, J., Otero, A., Riesgo, T., & La Torre, E. de (). FPGAbased high-performance embedded systems for adaptive edge computing in cyber-physical systems: The ARTICo³ framework. Sensors,  (), –. https://doi.org/./s x Chen, H. ( ). Theoretical foundations for cyber-physical systems: A literature review. Journal of Industrial Integration and Management, (), – . https://doi.org/./S  x Lv, Z., Chen, D., Lou, R., & Alazab, A. (). Artificial intelligence for securing industrialbased cyber–physical systems. Future Generation Computer Systems, , –. https://doi.org/./j.future... x Radanliev, P., Roure, D. de, van Kleek, M., Santos, O., & Ani, U. (). Artificial intelligence in cyber physical systems. AI & Society, –. https://doi.org/. /s-- x Håkansson, A., Hartung, R. L., & Moradian, E. ( ). Reasoning strategies in smart cyberphysical systems. Procedia Computer Science, ,  – . https://doi.org/./j.procs. .. x Tepjit, S., Horváth, I., & Rusák, Z. (). The state of framework development for implementing reasoning mechanisms in smart cyber-physical systems: A literature review. Journal of Computational Design and Engineering, (),

 – . https://doi.org/./j.jcde...

Appendices

Machine learning

Systems of systems (SoS)

Distributed ledger technologies

Blockchain

Additive manufacturing

Work ./Future of work

Independence of time and location

Virtual teams/Crowd working Need for interdisciplinary competencies

Reduction of low-wagesector and unskilled jobs demand Role changes

 x O'Donovan, P., Gallagher, C., Bruton, K., & O'Sullivan, D. T. (). A fog computing industrial cyber-physical system for embedded low-latency machine learning Industry . applications. Manufacturing Letters, , –. https://doi.org/./j.mfglet...

x Olowononi, F. O., Rawat, D. B., & Liu, C. (). Resilient machine learning for networked cyber physical systems: A survey for machine learning security to securing machine learning for CPS. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, (),

–

. https://doi.org/./COMST..  x Díaz, J., Pérez, J., Pérez, J., & Garbajosa, J. (). Conceptualizing a framework for cyberphysical systems of systems development and deployment. In R. Bahsoon & R. Weinreich (Eds.), th European conference on software architecture workshops (pp. – ). ACM Press. https://doi.org/. /.  x Lucia, S., Kögel, M., Zometa, P., Quevedo, D. E., & Findeisen, R. (). Predictive control, embedded cyberphysical systems and systems of systems – A perspective. Annual Reviews in Control, , – . https://doi.org/./j.arcontrol... x Arsenjev, D., Baskakov, D., & Shkodyrev, V. (). Distributed ledger technology and cyber-physical systems. Multi-agent Systems. Concepts and Trends. In S. Misra, O. Gervasi, B. Murgante, E. Stankova, V. Korkhov, C. Torre, A. M. A.C. Roche, D. Taniar, B. O. Apduhan, & E. Tarantino (Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. . Computational science and its applications (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ---_  x Lebioda, A., Lachenmaier, J., & Burkhardt, D. (). Control of cyber-physical production systems: A concept to increase the trustworthiness within multi-agent systems with distributed ledger technology. In rd Pacific Asia conference on information systems (pp. –). x Lee, J., Azamfar, M., & Singh, J. (). A blockchain enabled cyber-physical system architecture for Industry . manufacturing systems. Manufacturing Letters, , –. https://doi.org/./j.mfglet.. . x Rathore, H., Mohamed, A., & Guizani, M. (). A survey of blockchain enabled cyberphysical systems. Sensors, (), –. https://doi.org/./s x Gupta, N., Tiwari, A., Bukkapatnam, S. T. S., & Karri, R. (). Additive manufacturing cyber-physical system: Supply chain cybersecurity and risks. IEEE Access, ,  – . https://doi.org/./ACCESS.. 

x Rokka Chhetri, S., & Al Faruque, M. A. ( ). Side channels of cyber-physical systems: Case study in additive manufacturing. IEEE Design & Test, (), – . https://doi.org/./MDAT. .

x Al-Ani, A. ( ). CPS and the worker: Reorientation and requalification? In S. Jeschke, C. Brecher, H. Song, & D. B. Rawat (Eds.), Springer series in wireless technology. Industrial Internet of things: Cybermanufacturing systems (pp. – ). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ---

- _ x Beckett, R. C., & Daberkow, T. (). Work . and the identification of complex competence sets. In th annual midwest association for information systems conference (pp. –). x Wärzner, A., Hartner-Tiefenthaler, M., & Koeszegi, S. T. ( ). Working anywhere and working anyhow? In Y. Blount & M. Gloet (Eds.), Advances in human resources management and organizational development. Anywhere working and the new era of telecommuting (pp. –). IGI Global. https://doi.org/./ --  --.ch x Valenduc, G., & Vendramin, P. (). Work in the digital economy: Sorting the old from the new. ETUI Research Paper – Working Paper ., – . https://doi.org/./ssrn. 

x Letmathe, P., & Schinner, M. ( ). Competence management in the age of cyber physical systems. In S. Jeschke, C. Brecher, H. Song, & D. B. Rawat (Eds.), Springer series in wireless technology. Industrial Internet of things: Cybermanufacturing systems (pp.  –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ---

- _

x Krzywdzinski, M. ( ). Automation, skill requirements and labour-use strategies: Highwage and low-wage approaches to high-tech manufacturing in the automotive industry. New Technology, Work and Employment, (),  – . https://doi.org/./ntwe. x Fantini, P., Pinzone, M., & Taisch, M. (). Placing the operator at the centre of Industry . design: Modelling and assessing human activities within cyber-physical systems. Computers & Industrial Engineering,  . https://doi.org/./j.cie...



Appendices

Socio--technical systems Work execution

Decision support systems

Action guidelines

Document/Content digitization

Knowledge

Education

Qualification

Integration of implicit knowledge

x Bousdekis, A., Apostolou, D., & Mentzas, G. (). A human cyber physical system framework for operator . – Artificial intelligence symbiosis. Manufacturing Letters, , – . https://doi.org/./j.mfglet... x Krugh, M., & Mears, L. (). A complementary cyber-human systems framework for Industry . cyber-physical systems. Manufacturing Letters, , –. https://doi.org/./j.mfglet... x Kumar, R., Rogall, C., Thiede, S., Herrmann, C., & Sangwan, K. S. (). Development of a decision support system for D printing processes based on cyber physical production systems. Procedia CIRP, , – . https://doi.org/./j.procir...

x Salama, S., & Eltawil, A. B. (). A decision support system architecture based on simulation optimization for cyber-physical systems. Procedia Manufacturing, ,  –  . https://doi.org/./j.promfg.. .  x Oks, S. J., Fritzsche, A., & Möslein, K. M. ( b). Rollen, Views und Schnittstellen – Implikationen zur stakeholderzentrierten Entwicklung Sozio-Cyber-Physischer Systeme. In A. C. Bullinger-Hoffmann (Ed.), Arbeitswissenschaft und Innovationsmanagement. Abschlussveröffentlichung: S-CPS: Ressourcen-Cockpit für Sozio-Cyber-Physische Systeme (pp. –). aw&I – Wissenschaft und Praxis. https://doi.org/./awir.vi. x Oks, S. J., Fritzsche, A., & Möslein, K. M. ( a). An application map for industrial cyberphysical systems. In S. Jeschke, C. Brecher, H. Song, & D. B. Rawat (Eds.), Springer series in wireless technology. Industrial Internet of things: Cybermanufacturing systems (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ---

- _ x Emmanouilidis, C., Pistofidis, P., Bertoncelj, L., Katsouros, V., Fournaris, A., Koulamas, C., & Ruiz-Carcel, C. (). Enabling the human in the loop: Linked data and knowledge in industrial cyber-physical systems. Annual Reviews in Control, , – . https://doi.org/./j.arcontrol... x Panfilenko, D., Poller, P., Sonntag, D., Zillner, S., & Schneider, M. (). BPMN for knowledge acquisition and anomaly handling in CPS for smart factories. In st IEEE conference on emerging technologies and factory automation (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ETFA..  x Oks, S. J., Jalowski, M., Zansinger, N., & Möslein, K. M. (). Die Rolle von Industrie .Demonstratoren in der digitalen Transformation: Eine Standpunktbestimmung am Portable Industrial Demonstrator for Cyber-Physical Systems (PIDCPS). In K. Wilbers & L. Windelband (Eds.), Texte zur Wirtschaftspädagogik und Personalentwicklung: Vol. . Lernfabriken an beruflichen Schulen – Gewerblich-technische und kaufmännische Perspektiven (pp. – ). epubli. x Plateaux, R., Penas, O., Choley, J.ǦY., Mhenni, F., Hammadi, M., & Louni, F. (). Evolution from mechatronics to cyber physical systems: An educational point of view. In th FranceJapan & th Europe-Asia congress on mechatronics/th international conference on research and education in mechatronics (pp. –). https://doi.org/./MECATRONICS..   x Makio-Marusik, E., Ahmad, B., Harrison, R., Makio, J., & Colombo, A. W. (). Competences of cyber physical systems engineers — Survey results. In IEEE industrial cyberphysical systems (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ICPHYS..  x Törngren, M., Bensalem, S., McDermid, J., Passerone, R., Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, A., & Schätz, B. ( ). Education and training challenges in the era of cyber-physical systems. In M. Törngren & M. E. Grimheden (Eds.), Workshop on embedded and cyber-physical systems education (pp. – ). The Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/. /. x Böhle, F., & Huchler, N. (). Cyber-physical systems and human action: A re-definition of distributed agency between humans and technology, using the example of explicit and implicit knowledge. In H. Song, D. B. Rawat, S. Jeschke, & C. Brecher (Eds.), Intelligent data centric systems. Cyber-physical systems: Foundations, principles and applications. (pp.  – ). Academic Press. https://doi.org/./B ---- .- x Sanin, C., Haoxi, Z., Shafiq, I., Waris, M. M., Silva de Oliveira, C., & Szczerbicki, E. (). Experience based knowledge representation for internet of things and cyber physical systems with case studies. Future Generation Computer Systems, , –. https://doi.org/./j.future...

Architecture Information technology (IT)/Information and communication technology (ICT)

x Marwedel, P., & Engel, M. (). Cyber-physical systems: Opportunities, challenges and (some) solutions. In A. Guerrieri, A. Rovella, G. Fortino, & V. Loscri (Eds.), Internet of things. management of cyber physical objects in the future Internet of things: Methods, architectures and applications (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ---_

Appendices

(Industrial) internet of things ((I)IoT)

Web of things (WoT)

Cyber sphere

Physical sphere

Software architecture

Data processing

Hardware architecture

Human-computer interaction (HCI)

Network architecture

Operating systems (OS)

 x Park, K.ǦJ., Zheng, R., & Liu, X. (). Cyber-physical systems: Milestones and research challenges. Computer Communications, (), – . https://doi.org/./j.comcom... x Berger, U., Selka, J., Ampatzopoulos, A., & Klabuhn, J. ( ). Manufacturing cyberphysical systems (industrial internet of things). In S. Jeschke, C. Brecher, H. Song, & D. B. Rawat (Eds.), Springer series in wireless technology. Industrial Internet of things: Cybermanufacturing systems (pp. – ). Springer. https://doi.org/. / --

- _ x Dillon, T. S., Zhuge, H., Wu, C., Singh, J., & Chang, E. (). Web-of-things framework for cyber-physical systems. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, (),  –. https://doi.org/./cpe. x Alur, R. ( ). Principles of cyber-physical systems. MIT Press. x Oks, S. J., Fritzsche, A., & Möslein, K. M. ( a). An application map for industrial cyberphysical systems. In S. Jeschke, C. Brecher, H. Song, & D. B. Rawat (Eds.), Springer series in wireless technology. Industrial Internet of things: Cybermanufacturing systems (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ---

- _ x Alur, R. ( ). Principles of cyber-physical systems. MIT Press. x Oks, S. J., Fritzsche, A., & Möslein, K. M. ( a). An application map for industrial cyberphysical systems. In S. Jeschke, C. Brecher, H. Song, & D. B. Rawat (Eds.), Springer series in wireless technology. Industrial Internet of things: Cybermanufacturing systems (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ---

- _ x Abdelwahed, S., Kandasamy, N., & Gokhale, A. S. ( ). High confidence software for cyber-physical systems. In A. S. Gokhale, J. Gray, & R. K. Smith (Eds.), Proceedings of the  workshop on automating service quality held at the International Conference on automated software engineering (pp. –). ACM. https://doi.org/. /. x Mosterman, P. J., & Zander, J. (). Cyber-physical systems challenges: A needs analysis for collaborating embedded software systems. Software & Systems Modeling, (), –. https://doi.org/. /s - --x x Jirkovsky, V., Obitko, M., & Marik, V. (). Understanding data heterogeneity in the context of cyber-physical systems integration: Transactions on industrial informatics. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, (), – . https://doi.org/./TII..  x Yuan, Y., Tang, X., Zhou, W., Pan, W., Li, X., Zhang, H.ǦT., Ding, H., & Goncalves, J. (). Data driven discovery of cyber physical systems. Nature Communications, (), –. https://doi.org/./s --- x Greenwood, G. W., Gallagher, J. C., & Matson, E. T. ( ). Cyber-physical systems: The next generation of evolvable hardware research and applications. In H. Handa, H. Ishibuchi, Y.-S. Ong, & K. C. Tan (Eds.), Proceedings in adaptation, learning and optimization: Vol. .  th Asia Pacific symposium on intelligent and evolutionary systems (pp.  –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / --- -_ x Marwedel, P. (). Embedded system design. Springer. https://doi.org/. / --- x Gladden, M. E. (). Novel forms of “magical” human-computer interaction within the cyber-physical smart workplace: Implications for usability and user experience. International Journal of Research Studies in Management, (),  –. https://doi.org/. /ijrsm.. x Ludwig, T., Kotthaus, C., & Pipek, V. ( ). Should I try turning it off and on again? In I. R. Management Association (Ed.), D printing (pp. – ). IGI Global. https://doi.org/./ --  - -.ch

x Lee, J., Bagheri, B., & Kao, H.ǦA. ( ). A cyber-physical systems architecture for Industry .-based manufacturing systems. Manufacturing Letters, , –. https://doi.org/./j.mfglet... x Švéda, M., & Ryšavý, O. (). Dependable cyber-physical systems networking: An approach for real-time, software intensive systems. IFAC Proceedings Volumes, (), –. https://doi.org/./ --CZ-. x Du, X.ǦZ., Qiao, J.ǦZ., Lin, S.ǦK., & Tang, X.ǦC. (). The design of node operating system for cyber physical systems. Procedia Engineering,  ,   – . https://doi.org/./j.proeng...

 x Schätz, B. (). Platforms for cyber-physical systems – Fractal operating system and integrated development environment for the physical world. In rd international workshop on emerging ideas and trends in engineering of cyber-physical systems (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./EITEC.. 



Programming

Algorithms

Programming language

Software agents

Mobile agents

Multi-agents

Middleware

Data distribution services (DDS)

Workflow engine

Dynamic software updating (DSU)

Appendices x Peter, S., Momtaz, F., & Givargis, T. ( ). From the browser to the remote physical lab: Programming cyber-physical systems. In IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (pp. – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./FIE. .  x Vicaire, P. A., Hoque, E., Xie, Z., & Stankovic, J. A. (). Bundle: A group-based programming abstraction for cyber-physical systems. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, (),  –. https://doi.org/./TII..  x Benhai, Z., Yuan, Y., Hongyan, M., Dapeng, Y., & Libo, X. (). Research on optimal ELSF real-time scheduling algorithm for CPS. In  th Chinese control and decision conference (pp.  – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./CCDC.. 

x Yang, J., Zhang, X., & Wang, D. (). A decision level fusion algorithm for time series in cyber physical system. In Y. Wang (Ed.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol.  . Big data computing and communications (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ---

- _

x Burns, A. (). Why the expressive power of programming languages such as Ada is needed for future cyber physical systems. In M. Bertogna, L. M. Pinho, & E. Quinoñes (Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol.  . Reliable software technologies – Ada-Europe  (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ----_ x Soulier, P., Li, D., & Williams, J. R. ( ). A survey of language-based approaches to cyberphysical and embedded system development. Tsinghua Science and Technology, (), –. https://doi.org/./TST. .   x Leitão, P., Karnouskos, S., Ribeiro, L., Lee, J., Strasser, T., & Colombo, A. W. (). Smart agents in industrial cyber–physical systems. Proceedings of the IEEE, ( ), –. https://doi.org/./JPROC..  x Lin, J., Sedigh, S., & Miller, A. (). A semantic agent framework for cyber-physical systems. In A. Elçi, M. T. Koné, & M. A. Orgun (Eds.), Studies in computational intelligence: Vol. . Semantic agent systems: Foundations and applications (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ----_ x Li, H., Peng, J., Zhang, X., & Huang, Z. ( ). Flocking of mobile agents using a new interaction model: A cyber-physical perspective. IEEE Access, ,  – . https://doi.org/./ACCESS. . x Vogel-Heuser, B., Diedrich, C., Pantforder, D., & Göhner, P. (). Coupling heterogeneous production systems by a multi-agent based cyber-physical production system. In C. E. Pereira (Ed.), th IEEE international conference on industrial informatics (pp. – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./INDIN..  x Wang, S., Wan, J., Zhang, D., Di Li, & Zhang, C. (). Towards smart factory for Industry .: A self-organized multi-agent system with big data based feedback and coordination. Computer Networks, ,  –. https://doi.org/./j.comnet. .. x Cappa-Banda, L., & García-Valls, M. (). Experimenting with a load-aware communication middleware for CPS domains. In S. Latifi (Ed.), Advances in intelligent systems and computing: Vol.  . Information technology: New generations (pp. – ). Springer. https://doi.org/. / --- -_ x Shin, D.ǦH., He, S., & Zhang, J. (). Robust and cost-effective design of cyber-physical systems: An optimal middleware deployment approach. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, (), –. https://doi.org/./TNET. . x Kang, W., Kapitanova, K., & Son, S. H. (). RDDS: A real-time data distribution service for cyber-physical systems. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, (), – . https://doi.org/./TII..  x Lee, W., Chung, S., Cho, S., Joe, I., & Park, J. ( ). A discovery support scheme for interdomain DDS gateways in cyber-physical systems. In J. J. Park, H.-C. Chao, H. R. Arabnia, & N. Y. Yen (Eds.), Lecture notes in electrical engineering: Vol. . Advanced multimedia and ubiquitous engineering: Future information technology (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ---  - _ x Chen, W.ǦC., & Shih, C.ǦS. (). ERWF: Embedded real-time workflow engine for usercentric cyber-physical systems. In th IEEE international conference on parallel and distributed systems (pp. – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ICPADS.. x Polter, M., Katranuschkov, P., & Scherer, R. (). A generic workflow engine for iterative, simulation-based non-linear system identifications. In Winter simulation conference (pp.  –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./WSC

.. x Kang, S., Chun, I., & Kim, W.ǦT. (). Dynamic software updating for cyber-physical systems. In  th IEEE international symposium on consumer electronics (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ISCE..  x Park, M. J., Kim, D. K., Kim, W.ǦT., & Park, S.ǦM. (). Dynamic software updates in cyberphysical systems. In International conference on information and communication technology convergence (pp.  –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ICTC..  

Appendices

Data acquisition

Data aggregation

Data fusion

Data processing

Data traffic

Data dissemination

Data exchange

Data transmission

Data quality



x Dai, W., Zhang, Z., Wang, P., Vyatkin, V., & Christensen, J. H. ( ). Service-oriented data acquisition and management for industrial cyber-physical systems. In th IEEE international conference on industrial informatics (pp. – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./INDIN. . x Huang, W., Dai, W., Wang, P., & Vyatkin, V. ( ). Real-time data acquisition support for IEC  based industrial cyber-physical systems. In rd annual conference of the IEEE industrial electronics society (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./IECON. .  x Ren, J., Wu, G., Su, X., Cui, G., Xia, F., & Obaidat, M. S. (). Learning automata-based data aggregation tree construction framework for cyber-physical systems. IEEE Systems Journal, (),  - . https://doi.org/./JSYST. .  x Stojmenovic, I. (). Machine-to-machine communications with in-network data aggregation, processing, and actuation for large-scale cyber-physical systems. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, (), –. https://doi.org/./JIOT.. x Kühnert, C., & Arango, I. M. ( ). A generic data fusion and analysis platform for cyberphysical systems. In J. Beyerer, O. Niggemann, & C. Kühnert (Eds.), Technologien für die intelligente Automation. Machine learning for cyber physical systems: Selected papers from the International conference MLCPS (pp.  – ). Springer. https://doi.org/. / -- - _ x Li, H., Zhang, L., Xiao, T., & Dong, J. ( ). Data fusion and simulation-based planning and control in cyber physical system for digital assembly of aeroplane. International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing, (). https://doi.org/./S 

  x Kos, A., Tomažič, S., Salom, J., Trifunovic, N., Valero, M., & Milutinovic, V. ( ). New benchmarking methodology and programming model for big data processing. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, (), – . https://doi.org/.

/ /   x Stojmenovic, I. (). Machine-to-machine communications with in-network data aggregation, processing, and actuation for large-scale cyber-physical systems. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, (), –. https://doi.org/./JIOT.. x Li, H. (). Data traffic scheduling for cyber physical systems with application in voltage control of microgrids. In IEEE global communications conference (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./GLOCOM..  x Qu, C., Chen, W., Song, J. B., & Li, H. ( ). Distributed data traffic scheduling with awareness of dynamics state in cyber physical systems with application in smart grid. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, (),  – . https://doi.org/./TSG. . x Bodkhe, U., & Tanwar, S. (). Taxonomy of secure data dissemination techniques for IoT environment. IET Software, (), – . https://doi.org/./iet-sen.. x Li, K., Kurunathan, H., Severino, R., & Tovar, E. (). Cooperative key generation for data dissemination in cyber-physical systems. In th ACM/IEEE international conference on cyber-physical systems (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ICCPS.. x Lien, S.ǦY., & Cheng, S.ǦM. (). Resource-optimal network resilience for real-time data exchanges in cyber-physical systems. In th IEEE international symposium on personal, indoor, and mobile radio communications (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./PIMRC.. x Müller, R., Vette, M., Hörauf, L., & Speicher, C. (). Consistent data usage and exchange between virtuality and reality to manage complexities in assembly planning. Procedia CIRP, , – . https://doi.org/./j.procir... x Fang, K., & Guo, B. ( ). An efficient data transmission strategy for cyber-physical systems in the complicated environment. In th international conference on intelligent human-machine systems and cybernetics (Vol. , pp. –  ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./IHMSC. . x França, R. P., Iano, Y., Monteiro, A. C. B., & Arthur, R. (). Applying a methodology in data transmission of discrete events from the perspective of cyber-physical systems environments. In V. Sugumaran, A. K. Luhach, & A. Elçi (Eds.), Advances in systems analysis, software engineering, and high performance computing. Artificial intelligence paradigms for smart cyber-physical systems (pp.  –). IGI Global. https://doi.org/./ - - -.ch x Sha, K., & Zeadally, S. ( ). Data quality challenges in cyber-physical systems. Journal of Data and Information Quality, (-), –. https://doi.org/. / 

x Song, Z., Sun, Y., Wan, J., & Liang, P. ( ). Data quality management for service-oriented manufacturing cyber-physical systems. Computers & Electrical Engineering. , –. https://doi.org/./j.compeleceng...



Data reliability

Data recovery

Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)

Embedded systems

Sensors

Processors

Field programmable gate array (FPGA)

Actuators

Controllers

Identifiers

Appendices x Wang, D. ( ). Data reliability challenge of cyber-physical systems. In C. Brecher, D. B. Rawat, H. Song, & S. Jeschke (Eds.), Cyber-physical systems: Foundations, principles and applications (pp. –). Academic Press. https://doi.org/./B --- .- x Nower, N., Tan, Y., & Lim, Y. ( ). Incomplete feedback data recovery scheme with Kalman filter for real-time cyber-physical systems. In th international conference on ubiquitous and future networks (pp.  – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ICUFN. .  x Segovia, M., Cavalli, A. R., Cuppens, N., & Garcia-Alfaro, J. (). A study on mitigation techniques for SCADA-driven cyber-physical systems (position paper). In N. ZincirHeywood, G. Bonfante, M. Debbabi, & J. Garcia-Alfaro (Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol  . Foundations and practice of security (pp.  –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ----_ x Stefanov, A., Liu, C.ǦC., Govindarasu, M., & Wu, S.ǦS. ( ). SCADA modeling for performance and vulnerability assessment of integrated cyber-physical systems. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, (), – . https://doi.org/./etep. x Bonakdarpour, B. (). Challenges in transformation of existing real-time embedded systems to cyber-physical systems. ACM SIGBED Review, (), –. https://doi.org/. /. x Lee, E. A. (). Introducing embedded systems: A cyber-physical approach. In P. Marwedel (Ed.), Workshop on embedded systems education (pp. –). ACM. https://doi.org/. / .  x Ashok, P., Krishnamoorthy, G., & Tesar, D. (). Guidelines for managing sensors in cyber physical systems with multiple sensors. Journal of Sensors, , – . https://doi.org/.

//  x Dunets, R., Klym, H., & Kochan, R. (). Models of hardware integration of sensors elements with cyber-physical systems. In th international conference on modern problems of radio engineering, telecommunications and computer science (pp.  – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./TCSET..   x Adyanthaya, S., Geilen, M., Basten, T., Schiffelers, R., Theelen, B., & Voeten, J. (). Fast multiprocessor scheduling with fixed task binding of large scale industrial cyber physical systems. In Euromicro conference on digital system design (pp.  –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./DSD.. x Craven, S., Long, D., & Smith, J. (). Open source precision timed soft processor for cyber physical system applications. In V. Prasanna (Ed.), International conference on reconfigurable computing and FPGAs (pp. – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ReConFig..  x Grimm, T., Janssen, B., Navarro, O., & Hübner, M. ( ). The value of FPGAs as reconfigurable hardware enabling cyber-physical systems. In th IEEE conference on emerging technologies & factory automation (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ETFA. .  x Sarma, S., & Dutt, N. (). FPGA emulation and prototyping of a cyberphysical-systemon-chip (CPSoC). In th IEEE international symposium on rapid system prototyping (pp. – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./RSP.. x Cheng, S.ǦT., & Chou, J.ǦH. (). Fuzzy-based actuators controlling for minimizing power consumption in cyber-physical system. In L. Barolli (Ed.), th IEEE international conference on advanced information networking and applications (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./AINA.. x Taha, A. F., Gatsis, N., Summers, T., & Nugroho, S. A. (). Time-varying sensor and actuator selection for uncertain cyber-physical systems. IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems, (), – . https://doi.org/./TCNS..  x Goswami, D., Schneider, R., & Chakraborty, S. (). Co-design of cyber-physical systems via controllers with flexible delay constraints. In th Asia and south Pacific design automation conference (pp.  –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ASPDAC..  x Reniers, M., van de Mortel-Fronczak, J., & Roelofs, K. ( ). Model-based engineering of supervisory controllers for cyber-physical systems. In S. Jeschke, C. Brecher, H. Song, & D. B. Rawat (Eds.), Springer series in wireless technology. Industrial Internet of things: Cybermanufacturing systems (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / --

- _

x Huang, X., & Dong, J. (). Reliable control of cyber-physical systems under sensor and actuator attacks: An identifier-critic based integral sliding-mode control approach. Neurocomputing, , –. https://doi.org/./j.neucom...

Appendices

Radio-frequency identification (RFID)

Near field communication (NFC)

Robotics

Cobots/Collaborative robotics

Wearables

(Powered) Exoskeletons

Augmented reality (AR)

Virtual reality (VR)

User interface

Human-machine-interface (HMI)

 x Huebner, A., Facchi, C., Meyer, M., & Janicke, H. (). RFID systems from a cyber-physical systems perspective. In M. Kucera (Ed.), th workshop on intelligent solutions in embedded systems (pp. –). IEEE. x Wu, N., & Li, X. (). RFID applications in cyber-physical system. In C. Turcu (Ed.), Deploying RFID - Challenges, solutions, and open issues (pp. –). InTech. https://doi.org/. /  x Katiyar, K., Gupta, H., & Gupta, A. (). Integrating contactless near field communication and context-aware systems: Improved internet-of-things and cyberphysical systems. In th international conference - Confluence the next generation information technology summit (pp.  – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./CONFLUENCE.. x Khalid, A., Kirisci, P., Ghrairi, Z., Thoben, K.ǦD., & Pannek, J. (). A methodology to develop collaborative robotic cyber physical systems for production environments. Logistics Research, (). – . https://doi.org/. /s -- -x x Michniewicz, J., & Reinhart, G. (). Cyber-physical robotics – Automated analysis, programming and configuration of robot cells based on cyber-physical-systems. Procedia Technology, , – . https://doi.org/./j.protcy... x Khalid, A., Kirisci, P., Ghrairi, Z., Pannek, J., & Thoben, K.ǦD. ( ). Safety requirements in collaborative human–robot cyber-physical system. In M. Freitag, H. Kotzab, & J. Pannek (Eds.), Lecture notes in logistics. Dynamics in logistics (pp. – ). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ---  -_ x Rodić, A., Stevanović, I., & Jovanović, M. (). Smart cyber-physical system to enhance flexibility of production and improve collaborative robot capabilities – Mechanical design and control concept. In N. A. Aspragathos, P. N. Koustoumpardis, & V. C. Moulianitis (Eds.), Mechanisms and machine science: Vol . Advances in service and industrial robotics (pp.  –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ----_ x Jóźwiak, L. ( ). Advanced mobile and wearable systems. Microprocessors and Microsystems, , –. https://doi.org/./j.micpro. .. x Yelizarov, A. A., Nazarov, I. V., Skuridin, A. A., Yakimenko, S. I., & Ikonnikova, D. M. (). Features of wireless charging of mobile and wearable devices for the IoT and cyber physical systems. In International conference on engineering management of communication and technology (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./EMCTECH..  x Bances, E., Schneider, U., Siegert, J., & Bauernhansl, T. (). Exoskeletons towards Industrie .: Benefits and challenges of the IoT communication architecture. Procedia Manufacturing, , – . https://doi.org/./j.promfg... x Lukman Khalid, C. M., Fathi, M. S., & Mohamed, Z. (). Integration of cyber-physical systems technology with augmented reality in the pre-construction stage. In nd international conference on technology, informatics, management, engineering & environment (pp.  – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./TIME-E..  x Scheuermann, C., Meissgeier, F., Bruegge, B., & Verclas, S. (). Mobile augmented reality based annotation system: A cyber-physical human system. In L. T. de Paolis & A. Mongelli (Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol.  . Augmented reality, virtual reality, and computer graphics (pp.  –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ---_ x Frontoni, E., Loncarski, J., Pierdicca, R., Bernardini, M., & Sasso, M. (). Cyber physical systems for Industry .: Towards real time virtual reality in smart manufacturing. In L. T. de Paolis & P. Bourdot (Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol  . Augmented reality, virtual reality, and computer graphics (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / --- -_ x Mikkonen, T., Kemell, K.ǦK., Kettunen, P., & Abrahamsson, P. (). Exploring virtual reality as an integrated development environment for cyber-physical systems. In th Euromicro conference on software engineering and advanced applications (pp. – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./SEAA.. x Paelke, V., & Röcker, C. ( ). User interfaces for cyber-physical systems: Challenges and possible approaches. In A. Marcus (Ed.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol.  . Design, user experience, and usability (pp. – ). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ---_ x Sonntag, D., Zillner, S., van der Smagt, P., & Lörincz, A. ( ). Overview of the CPS for smart factories project: Deep learning, knowledge acquisition, anomaly detection and intelligent user interfaces. In S. Jeschke, C. Brecher, H. Song, & D. B. Rawat (Eds.), Springer series in wireless technology. Industrial Internet of things: Cybermanufacturing systems (pp.  – ). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ---

- _ x Pedersen, N., Bojsen, T., & Madsen, J. ( ). Co-simulation of cyber physical systems with HMI for human in the loop investigation. In TMS/DEVS symposium on theory of modeling & simulation (pp. –). Society for Modeling and Simulation International. https://doi.org/./springsim. .tmsdevs.



Graphical user interface (GUI)

Gesture control Voice control

Unrestrained humanmachine collaboration

Workplace safety

Network

Sensor network (SN)

Mobile actuator/sensor network (MASN)

Wireless sensor network (WSN)

Wireless sensor and actuator network (WSAN)

Controller area network (CAN)

Appendices x Wittenberg, C. (). Human-CPS interaction - Requirements and human-machine interaction methods for the Industry .. IFAC-PapersOnLine,  (), – . https://doi.org/./j.ifacol... x Wan, K., Alagar, V., & Wei, B. (). Intelligent graphical user interface for managing resource knowledge in cyber physical systems. In M. Wang (Ed.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. . Knowledge science, engineering and management (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ---  - _ x Horváth, G., & Erdős, G. ( ). Gesture control of cyber physical systems. Procedia CIRP, , –. https://doi.org/./j.procir. .. x Afanasev, M. Y., Fedosov, Y. V., Andreev, Y. S., Krylova, A. A., Shorokhov, S. A., Zimenko, K. V., & Kolesnikov, M. V. (). A concept for integration of voice assistant and modular cyber-physical production system. In th IEEE international conference on industrial informatics (pp.  –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./INDIN .. 

x Oks, S. J., Fritzsche, A., & Möslein, K. M. ( a). An application map for industrial cyberphysical systems. In S. Jeschke, C. Brecher, H. Song, & D. B. Rawat (Eds.), Springer series in wireless technology. Industrial Internet of things: Cybermanufacturing systems (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ---

- _ x Ceesay, E. N., Myers, K., & Watters, P. A. (). Human-centered strategies for cyberphysical systems security. ICST Transactions on Security and Safety, (). –. https://doi.org/./eai. - -.   x Nikolakis, N., Maratos, V., & Makris, S. (). A cyber physical system (CPS) approach for safe human-robot collaboration in a shared workplace. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, , –. https://doi.org/./j.rcim... x Akkaya, I., Liu, Y., & Lee, E. A. ( ). Modeling and simulation of network aspects for distributed cyber-physical energy systems. In S. K. Khaitan, J. D. McCalley, & C.-C. Liu (Eds.), Power systems. Cyber physical systems approach to smart electric power grid (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / --- - _ x Liu, Y., & Guan, Y. (). Distributed network and system monitoring for securing cyberphysical infrastructure. In S. K. Das, K. Kant, & N. Zhang (Eds.), Handbook on securing cyberphysical critical infrastructure (pp. 

– ). Morgan Kaufmann. https://doi.org/./B ---  -.- x Garay, J. R. B., & Kofuji, S. T. (). Architecture for sensor networks in cyber-physical system. In C. E. Velásquez (Ed.), IEEE Latin-American conference on communications (pp. – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./LATINCOM..  x Liu, Q., Chang, Y., & Jia, X. (). Real-time data aggregation for contention-based sensor networks in cyber-physical systems. In X. Wang, R. Zheng, T. Jing, & K. Xing (Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. . Wireless algorithms, systems, and applications (pp. – ). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ----_

x Nielsen, J., Rock, L., Rogers, B., Dalia, A., Adams, J., & Chen, Y. (). Automated social coordination of cyber-physical systems with mobile actuator and sensor networks. In IEEE/ASME international conference on mechatronics and embedded systems and applications (pp.

–

). IEEE. https://doi.org/./MESA..

 x Tricaud, C., & Chen, Y. (). Optimal mobile actuator/sensor network motion strategy for parameter estimation in a class of cyber physical systems. In American control conference (pp.  – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ACC..  x Jabeur, N., Sahli, N., & Zeadally, S. ( ). Enabling cyber physical systems with wireless sensor networking technologies, multiagent system paradigm, and natural ecosystems. Mobile Information Systems, (), – . https://doi.org/.

/ /

x Lin, C.ǦY., Zeadally, S., Chen, T.ǦS., & Chang, C.ǦY. (). Enabling cyber physical systems with wireless sensor networking technologies. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, , –. https://doi.org/.

//  x Lu, C., Saifullah, A., Li, B., Sha, M., Gonzalez, H., Gunatilaka, D., Wu, C., Nie, L., & Chen, Y. (). Real-time wireless sensor-actuator networks for industrial cyber-physical systems. Proceedings of the IEEE, ( ), –. https://doi.org/./JPROC. .  x Mariappan, R., Reddy, P., & Wu, C. ( ). Cyber physical system using intelligent wireless sensor actuator networks for disaster recovery. In International conference on computational intelligence and communication networks (pp.  –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./CICN. . x Liping, C., Xiaoping, W., Xiong, G., Hongchang, Z., Fanli, Z., Bin, G., & Lei, W. (). Modeling and simulating CAN-based cyber-physical systems in modelica. In th IEEE international conference on software security and reliability companion (pp.  – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./SERE-C..

Appendices

Wireless personal area network (WPAN)

Bluetooth

Wireless personal body network (WPBN) Wireless local area network (WLAN) Wide area network (WAN)

Long range wide area network (LoRaWAN) Low power wide area network (LPWAN)

Cellular network

LTE

G

Protocol

IP

MAC

Message queue telemetry transport (MQTT)

TCP

 x Shen, B., Zhou, X., & Wang, R. (). BER analysis for controller area network impaired by the impulse noise in cyber-physical systems. In IEEE international conference on computer and information technology (pp.  –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./CIT.. x Devesh, M., Kant, A. K., Suchit, Y. R., Tanuja, P., & Kumar, S. N. (). Fruition of CPS and IoT in context of Industry .. In S. Choudhury, R. Mishra, R. G. Mishra, & A. Kumar (Eds.), Advances in intelligent systems and computing: Vol. . Intelligent communication, control and devices (pp.  – ). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ---_ x Netland, Ø., & Skavhaug, A. (). Control of cyber-physical systems using bluetooth low energy and distributed slave microcontrollers. In A. Skavhaug (Ed.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol.

. Computer safety, reliability, and security (pp.  – ). Springer. https://doi.org/. / --- -_ x Dmitriev, Y. A. (). Separation of chaotic signals during their incoherent reception using a reference chaos generator. Technical Physics Letters,  (),  – . https://doi.org/./S   x Cao, X., Liu, L., Shen, W., Laha, A., Tang, J., & Cheng, Y. ( ). Real-time misbehavior detection and mitigation in cyber-physical systems over WLANs. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, (), – . https://doi.org/./TII. . x Schmidt, D. C., White, J., & Gill, C. D. (). Elastic infrastructure to support computing clouds for large-scale cyber-physical systems. In th IEEE international symposium on object/component/service-oriented real-time distributed computing (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ISORC.. x Pianini, D., Elzanaty, A., Giorgetti, A., & Chiani, M. (). Emerging distributed programming paradigm for cyber-physical systems over LoRaWANs. In IEEE Globecom workshops (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./GLOCOMW..  x Kim, D.ǦY., Kim, S., Hassan, H., & Park, J. H. ( ). Radio resource management for data transmission in low power wide area networks integrated with large scale cyber physical systems. Cluster Computing, (), –. https://doi.org/. /s - - x Yang, A.ǦM., Yang, X.ǦL., Chang, J.ǦC., Bai, B., Kong, F.ǦB., & Ran, Q.ǦB. (). Research on a fusion scheme of cellular network and wireless sensor for cyber physical social systems. IEEE Access, ,  – . https://doi.org/./ACCESS.. 

x Elattar, M., Dürkop, L., & Jasperneite, J. ( ). Utilizing LTE QoS features to provide a reliable access network for cyber-physical systems. In th IEEE international conference on industrial informatics (pp.  –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./INDIN. .  x Condoluci, M., Dohler, M., & Araniti, G. (). Machine-type communications over G systems. In H. Song, D. B. Rawat, S. Jeschke, & C. Brecher (Eds.), Intelligent data centric systems. Cyber-physical systems: Foundations, principles and applications. A volume in intelligent data-centric systems (pp. –). Academic Press. https://doi.org/./B ---- . -

x Cai, Y., & Qi, D. ( ). Control protocols design for cyber-physical systems. In B. Xu (Ed.), IEEE advanced information technology, electronic and automation control conference (pp. – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./IAEAC. .  x Park, S. O., Do, T. H., Jeong, Y.ǦS., & Kim, S. J. (). A dynamic control middleware for cyber physical systems on an IPv-based global network. International Journal of Communication Systems, (), – . https://doi.org/./dac. x Xia, F., & Rahim, A. ( ). MAC protocols for cyber-physical systems. SpringerBriefs in computer science. Springer. https://doi.org/. / ---- x Zheng, M., Lin, J., Liang, W., & Yu, H. ( ). A priority-aware frequency domain polling MAC protocol for OFDMA-based networks in cyber-physical systems. IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica, (), –. https://doi.org/./JAS. .   x Garcia, C. A., Montalvo-Lopez, W., & Garcia, M. V. (). Human-robot collaboration based on cyber-physical production system and MQTT. Procedia Manufacturing, ,  –. https://doi.org/./j.promfg... x Jo, H.ǦC., & Jin, H.ǦW. ( ). Adaptive periodic communication over MQTT for large-scale cyber-physical systems. In J. Ng (Ed.), IEEE rd international conference on cyber-physical systems, networks, and applications (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./CPSNA. . x Hewage, K., Duquennoy, S., Iyer, V., & Voigt, T. ( ). Enabling TCP in mobile cyberphysical systems. In th IEEE international conference on mobile ad hoc and sensor systems (pp. – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./MASS. .



TCP/IP

Dynamic spectrum access

Routing

Plug-and-produce

(Standardized) Interfaces

Machine-to-machine communication (MM)

OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA)

Appendices x Schoeberl, M., & Pedersen, R. U. (). tpIP: A time-predictable TCP/IP stack for cyberphysical systems. In st IEEE international symposium on real-time distributed computing (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ISORC.. x Sveda, M., & Vrba, R. (). Cyber-physical systems networking with TCP/IP: A security application approach. In IEEE AFRICON (pp. – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./AFRCON..   x Rawat, D. B., Reddy, S., Sharma, N., Bista, B. B., & Shetty, S. ( ). Cloud-assisted GPSdriven dynamic spectrum access in cognitive radio vehicular networks for transportation cyber physical systems. In IEEE wireless communications and networking conference (pp. – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./WCNC. .  

x Si, P., Yu, F. R., & Zhang, Y. (). QoS- and security-aware dynamic spectrum management for cyber-physical surveillance system. In IEEE global communications conference (pp. – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./GLOCOM.. x Gao, Z., Ren, J., Wang, C., Huang, K., Wang, H., & Liu, Y. (). A genetic ant colony algorithm for routing in CPS heterogeneous network. International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology,  (), –. https://doi.org/. /IJCAT..   x Xiang, X., Liu, W., Liu, A., Xiong, N. N., Zeng, Z., & Cai, Z. (). Adaptive duty cycle control–based opportunistic routing scheme to reduce delay in cyber physical systems. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, (), –. https://doi.org/. /

   x Otto, J., Henning, S., & Niggemann, O. (). Why cyber-physical production systems need a descriptive engineering approach – A case study in plug & produce. Procedia Technology, ,  –. https://doi.org/./j.protcy... x Páscoa, F., Pereira, I., Ferreira, P., & Lohse, N. ( ). Redundant and decentralised directory facilitator for resilient plug and produce cyber physical production systems. In T. Borangiu, D. Trentesaux, A. Thomas, P. Leitão, & J. B. Oliveira (Eds.), Studies in computational intelligence: Vol.  . Service orientation in holonic and multi-agent manufacturing (pp. – ). Springer. https://doi.org/. / --- -_ x Leitão, P., Barbosa, J., Papadopoulou, M.ǦE. C., & Venieris, I. S. ( ). Standardization in cyber-physical systems: The ARUM case. In IEEE international conference on industrial technology (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ICIT. . 

 x Chen, S., Ma, M., & Luo, Z. ( ). An authentication framework for multi-domain machineto-machine communication in cyber-physical systems. In IEEE Globecom workshops (pp. – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./GLOCOMW. .  x Wan, J., Yan, H., Liu, Q., Zhou, K., Lu, R., & Di Li (). Enabling cyber-physical systems with machine-to-machine technologies. International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing, (/),  –. https://doi.org/. /IJAHUC..

  x Lam, A. N., & Haugen, O. (). Implementing OPC-UA services for industrial cyberphysical systems in service-oriented architecture. In th annual conference of the IEEE industrial electronics society (pp. – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./IECON..  x Müller, M., Wings, E., & Bergmann, L. ( ). Developing open source cyber-physical systems for service-oriented architectures using OPC UA. In th IEEE international conference on industrial informatics (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./INDIN. . 

Industrial value creation Pre-production stage, production stage and product in use stage Monitoring

Smart (raw)materials/Components

x Oks, S. J., Fritzsche, A., & Möslein, K. M. ( a). An application map for industrial cyberphysical systems. In S. Jeschke, C. Brecher, H. Song, & D. B. Rawat (Eds.), Springer series in wireless technology. Industrial Internet of things: Cybermanufacturing systems (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ---

- _ x Mörth, O., Emmanouilidis, C., Hafner, N., & Schadler, M. (). Cyber-physical systems for performance monitoring in production intralogistics. Computers & Industrial Engineering, , –. https://doi.org/./j.cie.. x Yin, S., Rodriguez-Andina, J. J., & Jiang, Y. (). Real-time monitoring and control of industrial cyberphysical systems: With integrated plant-wide monitoring and control framework. IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, (), – . https://doi.org/./MIE..

x Culler, D., & Long, J. (). A prototype smart materials warehouse application implemented using custom mobile robots and open source vision technology developed using EmguCV. Procedia Manufacturing, , –. https://doi.org/./j.promfg... x Kassim, A., Horváth, I., & van der Vegte, W. F. (). Prototyping a cyber-physical affordance exploration system for smart materials: Implementation and integration of

Appendices

Condition



x

x

Processing

x

Transport

x

Reprocessing/Renewal

x

Lifecycle management

x

x

x

Digital factory

x

Smart factory

x

x

Smart manufacturing

x

x

Cyber-physical production systems (CPPS)

Production system development

x x

x

x

hardware, software and cyberware ingredients. In I. Horváth, J.-P. Pernot, & Z. Rusák (Eds.), Tools and methods of competitive engineering (pp.  –). University of Technology. Majdani, F., Petrovski, A., & Doolan, D. (). Designing a context-aware cyber physical system for smart conditional monitoring of platform equipment. In C. Jayne & L. Iliadis (Eds.), Communications in computer and information science: Vol.  . Engineering applications of neural networks (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / --- _

Villalonga, A., Castano, F., Beruvides, G., Haber, R., Strzelczak, S., & Kossakowska, J. (). Visual analytics framework for condition monitoring in cyber-physical systems. In rd international conference on system theory, control and computing (pp.

–). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ICSTCC..  Parashchuk, I., & Kotenko, I. (). Formulation of a system of indicators of information protection quality in automatic systems of numerical control machines for advanced material processing. Materials Today: Proceedings,  ,  –. https://doi.org/./j.matpr.. . Möller, D. P., & Vakilzadian, H. (). Cyber-physical systems in smart transportation. In IEEE international conference on autonomic computing (pp. – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./EIT..   Tozanlı, Ö., & Kongar, E. (). Integration of Industry . principles into reverse logistics operations for improved value creation: A case study of a mattress recycling company. In A. Erkollar (Ed.), Enterprise & business management (pp. –). Tectum. https://doi.org/. /  - Smetana, S., Seebold, C., & Heinz, V. (). Neural network, blockchain, and modular complex system: The evolution of cyber-physical systems for material flow analysis and life cycle assessment. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, , –. https://doi.org/./j.resconrec... Barthelmey, A., Störkle, D., Kuhlenkötter, B., & Deuse, J. (). Cyber physical systems for life cycle continuous technical documentation of manufacturing facilities. Procedia CIRP, ,  –. https://doi.org/./j.procir...  Thoben, K.ǦD., Pöppelbuß, J., Wellsandt, S., Teucke, M., & Werthmann, D. (). Considerations on a lifecycle model for cyber-physical system platforms. In B. Grabot, B. Vallespir, S. Gomes, A. Bouras, & D. Kiritsis (Eds.), IFIP advances in information and communication technology: Vol.  . Advances in production management systems: Innovative and knowledge-based production management in a global-local world (pp.  – ). Springer. https://doi.org/. / --- -_ Ciavotta, M., Maso, G. D., Rovere, D., Tsvetanov, R., & Menato, S. (). Towards the digital factory: A microservices-based middleware for real-to-digital synchronization. In A. Bucchiarone, N. Dragoni, S. Dustdar, P. Lago, M. Mazzara, V. Rivera, & A. Sadovykh (Eds.), Microservices (pp.  – ). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ----_ Chen, G., Wang, P., Feng, B., Li, Y., & Liu, D. (). The framework design of smart factory in discrete manufacturing industry based on cyber-physical system. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, (), –. https://doi.org/./ X..  Sinha, D., & Roy, R. (). Reviewing cyber-physical system as a part of smart factory in Industry .. IEEE Engineering Management Review,  (), – . https://doi.org/./EMR.. Tao, F., Qi, Q., Wang, L., & Nee, A. (). Digital twins and cyber–physical systems toward smart manufacturing and Industry .: Correlation and comparison. Engineering, (),  – . https://doi.org/./j.eng... Yao, X., Zhou, J., Lin, Y., Li, Y., Yu, H., & Liu, Y. (). Smart manufacturing based on cyberphysical systems and beyond. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, (),  – . https://doi.org/. /s - --

Monostori, L. (). Cyber-physical production systems: Roots, expectations and R&D challenges. Procedia CIRP, , –. https://doi.org/./j.procir...

Ribeiro, L. ( ). Cyber-physical production systems’ design challenges. In th IEEE international symposium on industrial electronics (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ISIE. . Chun, I.ǦG., Kim, J., Kim, W.ǦT., & Lee, E. (). Self-managed system development method for cyber-physical systems. In T. Kim, H. Adeli, A. Stoica, & B.-H. Kang (Eds.), Communications in computer and information science: Vol. . Control and automation, and energy system engineering (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ---_ Thramboulidis, K. ( ). A cyber–physical system-based approach for industrial automation systems. Computers in Industry, , –. https://doi.org/./j.compind. ..



Production execution

Production support

Design

Design space exploration

System level design methodology

Component-based

Contract-based

Model-based

Co-design

Simulation

Appendices x Chiraga, N., Walker, A., Bright, G., & Onunka, C. ( ). Factory communication system for customer-based production execution: An empirical study on the manufacturing system entropy. In th IEEE international conference on control & automation (pp. – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ICCA. . x Lu, Y., Peng, T., & Xu, X. (). Energy-efficient cyber-physical production network: Architecture and technologies. Computers & Industrial Engineering,  , –. https://doi.org/./j.cie...

x Schuh, G., Stich, V., Reuter, C., Blum, M., Brambring, F., Hempel, T., Reschke, J., & Schiemann, D. ( ). Cyber physical production control. In S. Jeschke, C. Brecher, H. Song, & D. B. Rawat (Eds.), Springer series in wireless technology. Industrial Internet of things: Cybermanufacturing systems (pp. – ). Springer. https://doi.org/. / --

- _ x Ruan, J., Yu, W., Yang, Y., & Hu, J. ( ). Design and realize of tire production process monitoring system based on cyber-physical systems. In International conference on computer science and mechanical automation (pp.  – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./CSMA. . x Turetskyy, A., Wessel, J., Herrmann, C., & Thiede, S. (). Battery production design using multi-output machine learning models. Energy Storage Materials,  , –. https://doi.org/./j.ensm... x Mühleis, N., Glaß, M., Zhang, L., & Teich, J. (). A co-simulation approach for control performance analysis during design space exploration of cyber-physical systems. ACM SIGBED Review, (), –. https://doi.org/. / .  x Zhou, Y., & Baras, J. S. (). CPS modeling integration hub and design space exploration with application to microrobotics. In D. C. Tarraf (Ed.), Lecture notes in control and information sciences: Vol.  . Control of cyber-physical systems (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / --- -_ x Attarzadeh-Niaki, S.ǦH., & Sander, I. (). An extensible modeling methodology for embedded and cyber-physical system design. Simulation, (), – . https://doi.org/. /     x Zeng, J., Yang, L. T., Lin, M., Ning, H., & Ma, J. (). A survey: Cyber-physical-social systems and their system-level designmethodology. Future Generation Computer Systems. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/./j.future... x Blech, J. O., & Herrmann, P. ( ). Behavioral types for component-based development of cyber-physical systems. In D. Bianculli, R. Calinescu, & B. Rumpe (Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol.  . Software engineering and formal methods (pp. – ). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ----_

x Crnkovic, I., Malavolta, I., Muccini, H., & Sharaf, M. (). On the use of component-based principles and practices for architecting cyber-physical systems. In  th international ACM SIGSOFT symposium on component-based software engineering (pp. –). https://doi.org/./CBSE.. x Cancila, D., Zaatiti, H., & Passerone, R. ( ). Cyber-physical system and contract-based design. In M. Törngren & M. E. Grimheden (Eds.), Workshop on embedded and cyberphysical systems education (pp. –). The Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/. /. x Westman, J., & Nyberg, M. (). Environment-centric contracts for design of cyberphysical systems. In J. Dingel, W. Schulte, I. Ramos, S. Abrahão, & E. Insfran (Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. . Model-driven engineering languages and systems (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / --- -_ x Al Faruque, M. A., & Ahourai, F. ( ). A model-based design of cyber-physical energy systems. In th Asia and south Pacific design automation conference (pp.  –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ASPDAC..   x Molina, J. M., Damm, M., Haase, J., Holleis, E., & Grimm, C. (). Model based design of distributed embedded cyber physical systems. In J. Haase (Ed.), Lecture notes in electrical engineering: Vol. . Models, methods, and tools for complex chip design (pp.  –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ----_ x Goswami, D., Schneider, R., & Chakraborty, S. (). Co-design of cyber-physical systems via controllers with flexible delay constraints. In th Asia and south Pacific design automation conference (pp.  –). IEEE Press. https://doi.org/./ASPDAC..  x Lin, M., Pan, Y., Yang, L. T., Guo, M., & Zheng, N. (). Scheduling co-design for reliability and energy in cyber-physical systems. IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing, (),  – . https://doi.org/./TETC..  x Chu, C.ǦT., & Shih, C.ǦS. (). CPSSim: Simulation framework for large-scale cyberphysical systems. In st IEEE international conference on cyber-physical systems, networks, and applications. IEEE. https://doi.org/./CPSNA..

Appendices

Modeling

Co-simulation

Hardware-in-the-loop simulation

Engineering

Greenfield

Brownfield/Retrofit

Requirements engineering

Product line engineering

 x van Tran, H., Truong, T. P., Nguyen, K. T., Huynh, H. X., & Pottier, B. (). A federated approach for simulations in cyber-physical systems. In P. C. Vinh & V. Alagar (Eds.), Lecture notes of the institute for computer sciences, social informatics and telecommunications engineering: Vol. . Context-aware systems and applications (pp.  – ). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ----_ x Simko, G., Levendovszky, T., Maroti, M., & Sztipanovits, J. (). Towards a theory for cyber-physical systems modeling. In R. Lämmel & W. Taha (Eds.), th ACM SIGBED international workshop on design, modeling, and evaluation of cyber-physical systems (pp. –). ACM. https://doi.org/. /  .  x Zhang, Y., Shi, J., Zhang, T., Liu, X., & Qian, Z. ( ). Modeling and checking for cyber– physical system based on hybrid interface automata. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, ,  –. https://doi.org/./j.pmcj. . . x Mühleis, N., Glaß, M., Zhang, L., & Teich, J. (). A co-simulation approach for control performance analysis during design space exploration of cyber-physical systems. ACM SIGBED Review, (), –. https://doi.org/. / .  x Wang, B., & Baras, J. S. (). Hybridsim: A modeling and co-simulation toolchain for cyber-physical systems. In A. Verbraeck (Ed.), th IEEE/ACM international symposium on distributed simulation and real time applications (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./DS-RT.. x Kim, M.ǦJ., Kang, S., Kim, W.ǦT., & Chun, I.ǦG. (). Human-interactive hardware-in-theloop simulation framework for cyber-physical systems. In nd international conference on informatics & applications (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ICoIA.. 

x Shin, S. Y., Chaouch, K., Nejati, S., Sabetzadeh, M., Briand, L. C., & Zimmer, F. (). Uncertainty-aware specification and analysis for hardware-in-the-loop testing of cyberphysical systems. Journal of Systems and Software,  (pp. –). https://doi.org/./j.jss.. x Barnard Feeney, A., Frechette, S., & Srinivasan, V. ( ). Cyber-physical systems engineering for manufacturing. In S. Jeschke, C. Brecher, H. Song, & D. B. Rawat (Eds.), Springer series in wireless technology. Industrial Internet of things: Cybermanufacturing systems (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ---

- _ x Yue, T., Ali, S., & Selic, B. ( ). Cyber-physical system product line engineering: Comprehensive domain analysis and experience report. In D. C. Schmidt (Ed.),  th International conference on software product line (pp. – ). ACM. https://doi.org/. / .  x Pilsan, H. O., Amann, R., & Gerstenberg, M. (). Realization of a small IIoT node: A greenfield approach. In th international conference on research and education in mechatronics (pp. – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./REM..  x Bader, S. R., Wolff, C., Vössing, M., & Schmidt, J.ǦP. (). Towards enabling cyber-physical systems in brownfield environments. In G. Satzger, L. Patrício, M. Zaki, N. Kühl, & P. Hottum (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing: Vol. . Exploring Service Science (pp.  – ). Springer. https://doi.org/. / --- -_ x Lins, T., & Oliveira, R. A. R. (). Cyber-physical production systems retrofitting in context of Industry .. Computers & Industrial Engineering,  . https://doi.org/./j.cie.. x Penzenstadler, B., & Eckhardt, J. (). A requirements engineering content model for cyber-physical systems. In nd IEEE workshop on requirements engineering for systems, services, and systems-of-systems (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./RES..  x Wiesner, S., Gorldt, C., Soeken, M., Thoben, K.ǦD., & Drechsler, R. (). Requirements engineering for cyber-physical systems. In B. Grabot, B. Vallespir, S. Gomes, A. Bouras, & D. Kiritsis (Eds.), IFIP advances in information and communication technology: Vol.  . Advances in production management systems: Innovative and knowledge-based production management in a global-local world (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / --- -_

x Iglesias, A., Lu, H., Arellano, C., Yue, T., Ali, S., & Sagardui, G. ( ). Product line engineering of monitoring functionality in industrial cyber-physical systems. In M. Cohen, M. Acher, L. Fuentes, D. Schall, J. Bosch, R. Capilla, E. Bagheri, Y. Xiong, J. Troya, A. RuizCortéz, & D. Benavides (Eds.), st international systems and software product line conference (Vol. A, pp.  –). ACM. https://doi.org/. / . x Yue, T., Ali, S., & Selic, B. ( ). Cyber-physical system product line engineering: Comprehensive domain analysis and experience report. In D. C. Schmidt (Ed.),  th international conference on software product line (pp. – ). ACM. https://doi.org/. / . 



Software engineering

Prototyping

Manufacturing

Production management

Process control

Process management

Advanced manufacturing

Cloud manufacturing

Industrial services

Appendices x Bures, T., Krikava, F., Mordinyi, R., Pronios, N., Weyns, D., Berger, C., Biffl, S., Daun, M., Gabor, T., Garlan, D., Gerostathopoulos, I., & Julien, C., ( ). Software engineering for smart cyber-physical systems - Towards a research agenda. ACM SIGSOFT software engineering notes, (), –. https://doi.org/. / .  x Dziwok, S., Gerking, C., Becker, S., Thiele, S., Heinzemann, C., & Pohlmann, U. (). A tool suite for the model-driven software engineering of cyber-physical systems. In S. C. Cheung, A. Orso, & M.-A. Storey (Eds.), nd ACM SIGSOFT international symposium on the foundations of software engineering (pp.  – ). ACM. https://doi.org/. / .

x Beghi, A., Marcuzzi, F., & Rampazzo, M. (). A virtual laboratory for the prototyping of cyber-physical systems. IFAC-PapersOnLine,  (), –. https://doi.org/./j.ifacol.. .  x Leitão, P., Karnouskos, S., Ribeiro, L., Lee, J., Strasser, T., & Colombo, A. W. (). Smart agents in industrial cyber–physical systems. Proceedings of the IEEE, ( ), –. https://doi.org/./JPROC..  x Berger, U., Selka, J., Ampatzopoulos, A., & Klabuhn, J. ( ). Manufacturing cyberphysical systems (industrial internet of things). In S. Jeschke, C. Brecher, H. Song, & D. B. Rawat (Eds.), Springer series in wireless technology. Industrial Internet of things: Cybermanufacturing systems (pp. – ). Springer. https://doi.org/. / --

- _ x Monostori, L., Kádár, B., Bauernhansl, T., Kondoh, S., Kumara, S., Reinhart, G., Sauer, O., Schuh, G., Sihn, W., & Ueda, K. (). Cyber-physical systems in manufacturing. CIRP Annals Manufacturing Technology, (), –. https://doi.org/./j.cirp...

x Schuh, G., Potente, T., Thomas, C., & Hempel, T. (). Short-term cyber-physical production management. Procedia CIRP, ,  –. https://doi.org/./j.procir... x Xing, B. ( ). Optimization in production management: Economic load dispatch of cyber physical power system using artificial bee colony. In C. Kahraman & S. Çevik Onar (Eds.), Intelligent systems reference library: Vol. . Intelligent techniques in engineering management (pp.  –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / --- -_ x Diaz, J., Bielza, C., Ocaña, J. L., & Larrañaga, P. (). Development of a cyber-physical system based on selective gaussian naïve bayes model for a self-predict laser surface heat treatment process control. In O. Niggemann & J. Beyerer (Eds.), Technologien für die intelligente Automation. Machine Learning for Cyber Physical Systems (pp. –). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ----_ x Wang, Y., Vuran, M. C., & Goddard, S. (). Cyber-physical systems in industrial process control. ACM SIGBED Review, (), –. https://doi.org/. /.

x Kammerer, K., Pryss, R., Sommer, K., & Reichert, M. (). Towards context-aware process guidance in cyber-physical systems with augmented reality. In th international workshop on requirements engineering for self-adaptive, collaborative, and cyber physical systems (pp. – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./RESACS.. x Pombo, I., Godino, L., Sánchez, J. A., & Lizarralde, R. (). Expectations and limitations of cyber-physical systems (CPS) for advanced manufacturing: A view from the grinding industry. Future Internet, (),  , – . https://doi.org/./fi  x Trappey, A. J. C., Trappey, C. V., Govindarajan, U. H., Sun, J. J., & Chuang, A. C. (). A review of technology standards and patent portfolios for enabling cyber-physical systems in advanced manufacturing. IEEE Access, ,  – . https://doi.org/./ACCESS.. x Morgan, J., & O’Donnell, G. E. ( ). The cyber physical implementation of cloud manufactuirng monitoring systems. Procedia CIRP, , –. https://doi.org/./j.procir. .. x Yu, C., Xu, X., & Lu, Y. ( ). Computer-integrated manufacturing, cyber-physical systems and cloud manufacturing – Concepts and relationships. Manufacturing Letters, , –. https://doi.org/./j.mfglet. ..

x Gajdzik, B. (). Development of business models and their key components in the context of cyber-physical production systems in Industry .. In A. Jablonski & M. Jablonski (Eds.), Scalability and sustainability of business models in circular, sharing and networked economies (pp. –). Cambridge Scholars Publis. x Herterich, M. M., Uebernickel, F., & Brenner, W. ( ). The impact of cyber-physical systems on industrial services in manufacturing. Procedia CIRP, , –. https://doi.org/./j.procir. ..

Appendices

Service composition

Maintenance

Condition-based

Predictive

Monitoring/Control

Condition monitoring

Event processing

Event-triggered control

Predictive control



x Fuchs, J., Oks, S. J., & Franke, J. (). Platform-based service composition for manufacturing: A conceptualization. Procedia CIRP, ,

– . https://doi.org/./j.procir...  x Huang, J., Bastani, F. B., Yen, I.ǦL., & Zhang, W. (). A framework for efficient service composition in cyber-physical systems. In th IEEE international symposium on service oriented system engineering (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./SOSE.. x Jantunen, E., Zurutuza, U., Ferreira, L. L., & Varga, P. (). Optimising maintenance: What are the expectations for cyber physical systems. In rd international workshop on emerging ideas and trends in engineering of cyber-physical systems (pp. – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./EITEC..  x Lee, J., & Bagheri, B. ( ). Cyber-physical systems in future maintenance. In J. AmadiEchendu, C. Hoohlo, & J. Mathew (Eds.), Lecture notes in mechanical engineering. th WCEAM research papers (pp. – ). Springer. https://doi.org/. / --

-_

x Larrinaga, F., Fernandez, J., Zugasti, E., Garitano, I., Zurutuza, U., Anasagasti, M., & Mondragon, M. (). Implementation of a reference architecture for cyber physical systems to support condition based maintenance. In th international conference on control, decision and information technologies (pp. – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./CoDIT..

x Mbuli, J., Trentesaux, D., Clarhaut, J., & Branger, G. ( ). Decision support in conditionbased maintenance of a fleet of cyber-physical systems: A fuzzy logic approach. In Intelligent systems conference (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./IntelliSys. . x Bampoula, X., Siaterlis, G., Nikolakis, N., & Alexopoulos, K. (). A deep learning model for predictive maintenance in cyber-physical production systems using LSTM autoencoders. Sensors, (), –. https://doi.org/./s  x Yang, F.ǦN., & Lin, H.ǦY. (). Development of a predictive maintenance platform for cyber-physical systems. In IEEE international conference on industrial cyber physical systems (pp. – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ICPHYS..  x Niggemann, O., Biswas, G., Kinnebrew, J. S., Khorasgani, H., Volgmann, S., & Bunte, A. ( ). Data-driven monitoring of cyber-physical systems leveraging on big data and the internet-of-things for diagnosis and control. In Y. Pencolé, L. Travé-Massuyès, & P. Dague (Chairs), th international workshop on principles of diagnosis (pp. – ). x Srewil, Y., & Scherer, R. J. (). Effective construction process monitoring and control through a collaborative cyber-physical approach. In L. M. Camarinha-Matos & R. J. Scherer (Eds.), IFIP advances in information and communication technology: Vol.  . Collaborative systems for reindustrialization (pp.  – ). Springer. https://doi.org/. / -- -_ x Fleischmann, H., Kohl, J., & Franke, J. (). A reference architecture for the development of socio-cyber-physical condition monitoring systems. In th systems of systems engineering conference (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./SYSOSE..  x Villalonga, A., Castano, F., Beruvides, G., Haber, R., Strzelczak, S., & Kossakowska, J. (). Visual analytics framework for condition monitoring in cyber-physical systems. In rd international conference on system theory, control and computing (pp.

–). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ICSTCC..  x Babiceanu, R. F., & Seker, R. ( ). Manufacturing cyber-physical systems enabled by complex event processing and big data environments: A framework for development. In T. Borangiu, D. Trentesaux, & A. Thomas (Eds.), Studies in computational intelligence: Vol.  . Service orientation in holonic and multi-agent manufacturing (pp.  – ). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ---  - _ x Vegh, L., & Miclea, L. (). Secure and efficient communication in cyber-physical systems through cryptography and complex event processing. In International conference on communications (pp.  – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ICComm..  x An, J., Yao, J., Zhou, H., & Hu, F. (). A better understanding of event-triggered control from a CPS perspective. In International conference on parallel and distributed systems (pp.  –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ICPADS..

x Zeng, X., & Hui, Q. ( ). Energy-event-triggered hybrid supervisory control for cyberphysical network systems. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, (), –. https://doi.org/./TAC. . x Lucia, S., Kögel, M., Zometa, P., Quevedo, D. E., & Findeisen, R. (). Predictive control, embedded cyberphysical systems and systems of systems – A perspective. Annual Reviews in Control, , – . https://doi.org/./j.arcontrol... x Zhang, K., Sprinkle, J., & Sanfelice, R. G. (). Computationally aware switching criteria for hybrid model predictive control of cyber-physical systems. IEEE Transactions on



Fuzzy control

Appendices

x

x Analysis

x

x

Testing

x

x

Model-based testing

x

x

Testbed

x

x

Validation

x

x

Verification

x

x

Model checking

x

x

Runtime verification

x

x

Automation Science and Engineering, (),  –. https://doi.org/./TASE..  Cheng, S.ǦT., & Chou, J.ǦH. (). Fuzzy control to improve energy-economizing in cyberphysical systems. Applied Artificial Intelligence, (), – . https://doi.org/./ . .

Voskoglou, M. G. (). Fuzzy control in cyber-physical systems. International Journal of Cyber-Physical Systems, (), – . https://doi.org/./IJCPS.  Hahn, A., Thomas, R. K., Lozano, I., & Cárdenas, A. A. ( ). A multi-layered and kill-chain based security analysis framework for cyber-physical systems. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, , – . https://doi.org/./j.ijcip. .. Michniewicz, J., & Reinhart, G. (). Cyber-physical robotics – Automated analysis, programming and configuration of robot cells based on cyber-physical-systems. Procedia Technology, , – . https://doi.org/./j.protcy... Abbas, H., Hoxha, B., Fainekos, G., & Ueda, K. (). Robustness-guided temporal logic testing and verification for stochastic cyber-physical systems. In th IEEE annual international conference on cyber technology in automation, control, and intelligent systems (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./CYBER..  Abbaspour Asadollah, S., Inam, R., & Hansson, H. ( ). A survey on testing for cyber physical system. In K. El-Fakih, G. Barlas, & N. Yevtushenko (Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. . Testing software and systems (pp. – ). Springer. https://doi.org/. / ---  -_ Aerts, A., Reniers, M., & Mousavi, M. R. (). Model-based testing of cyber-physical systems. In H. Song, D. B. Rawat, S. Jeschke, & C. Brecher (Eds.), Intelligent data centric systems. Cyber-physical systems: Foundations, principles and applications. (pp.  –). Academic Press. https://doi.org/./B ---- .-

Zander, J. (). Model-based testing for execution algorithms in the simulation of cyberphysical systems. In IEEE AUTOTESTCON (pp. – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./AUTEST..   Chen, B., Butler-Purry, K. L., Goulart, A., & Kundur, D. (). Implementing a real-time cyber-physical system test bed in RTDS and OPNET. In North American power symposium (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./NAPS..  Matena, V., Bures, T., Gerostathopoulos, I., & Hnetynka, P. (). Model problem and testbed for experiments with adaptation in smart cyber-physical systems. th international symposium on software engineering for adaptive and self-managing systems. Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/. /  . 

Arrieta, A., Sagardui, G., & Etxeberria, L. (). Towards the automatic generation and management of plant models for the validation of highly configurable cyber-physical systems. In IEEE international conference on emerging technologies and factory automation (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ETFA..   Arrieta, A., Wang, S., Sagardui, G., & Etxeberria, L. (). Search-based test case selection of cyber-physical system product lines for simulation-based validation. In H. Mei (Ed.), th international systems and software product line conference (pp.  –). ACM Press. https://doi.org/. /. Malecha, G., Ricketts, D., Alvarez, M. M., & Lerner, S. (). Towards foundational verification of cyber-physical systems. In Science of security for cyber-physical systems workshop (pp. – ). https://doi.org/./SOSCYPS..  Zheng, X., & Julien, C. ( ). Verification and validation in cyber physical systems: Research challenges and a way forward. In International workshop on software engineering for smart cyber-physical systems (pp.  –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./SEsCPS. . Bak, S., & Chaki, S. (). Verifying cyber-physical systems by combining software model checking with hybrid systems reachability. In International conference on embedded software (pp. –). ACM. https://doi.org/. / . Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Shi, J., Zhang, T., & Qian, Z. (). Scenario-based behavioral nonexistent consistency checking for cyber-physical systems. In th international conference on innovative mobile and internet services in ubiquitous computing (pp. –  ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./IMIS.. Garcia-Valls, M., Perez-Palacin, D., & Mirandola, R. (). Time-sensitive adaptation in CPS through run-time configuration generation and verification. In  th IEEE annual computer software and applications conference (pp. – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./COMPSAC..

Yu, K., Chen, Z., & Dong, W. (). A predictive runtime verification framework for cyberphysical systems. In th IEEE international conference on software security and reliability companion (pp. – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./SERE-C..

Appendices

Eigen analysis

Logistics

Material handling

Warehouse systems

Automated guided vehicles (AGV)

Intelligent transportation systems (ITS)

Supply chain optimization

Delivery

Smart grid

Power supply

Energy efficiency

Energy harvesting

 x Ye, H., Gao, W., Mou, Q., & Liu, Y. ( ). Iterative infinitesimal generator discretizationbased method for eigen-analysis of large delayed cyber-physical power system. Electric Power Systems Research, , –. https://doi.org/./j.epsr... x Lewandowski, M., Gath, M., Werthmann, D., & Lawo, M. (). Agent-based control for material handling systems in in-house logistics - Towards cyber-physical systems in inhouse-logistics utilizing real size. In Smart SysTech : European conference on smart objects, systems and technologies (pp. – ). VDE Verlag. x Schuhmacher, J., & Hummel, V. (). Decentralized control of logistic processes in cyberphysical production systems at the example of ESB logistics learning factory. Procedia CIRP, , –. https://doi.org/./j.procir...

x Orestis Κ. Efthymiou, & Ponis, S. T. (). Current status of Industry . in material handling automation and in-house logistics. International Journal of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, (),  – . https://doi.org/. /zenodo.  x Zhang, Y., Zhu, Z., & Lv, J. (). CPS-based smart control model for shopfloor material handling. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, (),  – . https://doi.org/./TII. .  x Basile, F., Chiacchio, P., Coppola, J., & Gerbasio, D. ( ). Automated warehouse systems: A cyber-physical system perspective. In  IEEE th conference on emerging technologies & factory automation (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ETFA. .   x Farooq, B., Bao, J., Raza, H., Sun, Y., & Ma, Q. (). Flow-shop path planning for multiautomated guided vehicles in intelligent textile spinning cyber-physical production systems dynamic environment. Journal of Manufacturing Systems,  , –. https://doi.org/./j.jmsy... x Mehami, J., Nawi, M., & Zhong, R. Y. (). Smart automated guided vehicles for manufacturing in the context of industry .. Procedia Manufacturing, ,  –. https://doi.org/./j.promfg.. . x Gokhale, A. S., McDonald, M., Drager, S., & McKeever, W. (). A cyber physical systems perspective on the real-time and reliable dissemination of information in intelligent transportation systems. Network Protocols and Algorithms, (), –. https://doi.org/. /npa.vi. x Rawat, D. B., Bajracharya, C., & Yan, G. ( ). Towards intelligent transportation cyberphysical systems: Real-time computing and communications perspectives. In Southeastcon (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./SECON. .  x Frazzon, E. M., Silva, L. S., & Hurtado, P. A. ( ). Synchronizing and improving supply chains through the application of cyber-physical systems. IFAC-PapersOnLine,  (),  – . https://doi.org/./j.ifacol. .. x Sanjab, A., Saad, W., & Basar, T. ( ). Prospect theory for enhanced cyber-physical security of drone delivery systems: A network interdiction game. In IEEE international conference on communications (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ICC. .  x Karnouskos, S. (). Cyber-physical systems in the smartgrid. In th IEEE international conference on industrial informatics (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./INDIN.. x Macana, C. A., Quijano, N., & Mojica-Nava, E. (). A survey on cyber physical energy systems and their applications on smart grids. In M. V. Gualteros (Ed.), IEEE PES conference on innovative smart grid technologies Latin America (pp. – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ISGT-LA.. x Guo, J., Liu, W., Syed, F. R., & Zhang, J. (). Reliability assessment of a cyber physical microgrid system in island mode. CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, (), –

. https://doi.org/. /CSEEJPES. .  x Cao, J., & Li, H. (). Energy-efficient structuralized clustering for sensor-based cyber physical systems. In Symposia and workshops on ubiquitous, autonomic and trusted computing (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./UIC-ATC.. x Parolini, L., Sinopoli, B., Krogh, B. H., & Wang, Z. (). A cyber–physical systems approach to data center modeling and control for energy efficiency. Proceedings of the IEEE, (),  –. https://doi.org/./JPROC.. x Erol-Kantarci, M., Illig, D. W., Rumbaugh, L. K., & Jemison, W. D. (). Energy-harvesting low-power devices in cyber-physical systems. In H. Song, D. B. Rawat, S. Jeschke, & C. Brecher (Eds.), Intelligent data centric systems. Cyber-physical systems: Foundations, principles and applications. (pp.

– ). Academic Press. https://doi.org/./B --- .- x Zhao, M., Li, Q., Xie, M., Liu, Y., Hu, J., & Xue, C. J. ( ). Software assisted non-volatile register reduction for energy harvesting based cyber-physical system. In Design,



Battery management

Appendices

x

x

Smart products

x

x

Monitoring throughout the entire product life cycle (product usage data)

x

x

Condition

x

Usage

x

Recycling

x

Downcycling

x

Across company/organization boundaries throughout the entire value chain/network Digital twin

Integrated supply chain

Ad-hoc connectivity

x

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Appendices

Interoperability

Platform ecosystems

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Horizontal and vertical integration/Operational and strategic alliances Horizontal integration

Vertical integration (Operational/Strategic level)

x Lukoki, V., Varela, L., & Machado, J. (). Simulation of vertical and horizontal integration of cyber-physical systems. In th international conference on control, decision and information technologies (pp. – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./CoDIT ..  x Wolf, T., Zink, M., & Nagurney, A. (). The cyber-physical marketplace: A framework for large-scale horizontal integration in distributed cyber-physical systems. In rd IEEE international conference on distributed domputing systems workshops (pp. –). IEEE. https://doi.org/./ICDCSW.. x Lukoki, V., Varela, L., & Machado, J. (). Simulation of vertical and horizontal integration of cyber-physical systems. In th international conference on control, decision and information technologies (pp. – ). IEEE. https://doi.org/./CoDIT .. 

(1950b)

Appendix E: Observation Sheets of the Evaluation of the Industry 4.0 Demonstrator PID4CPS Based on Bales

Appendices 300