Ideology and Politics in Uganda: From Obote to Amin 0801409462, 9780801409462

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JEOLOGY AND OLITICS IN UGANDA rom Obote to Amin ames H. Mittelman

‘his book provides an incisive analyis of the relationship between ideas nd political practice in the deeply ivided country of Uganda. Display1g a sound and realistic grasp of 1¢ impact of ideology, the author overs the period from 1962 to 974, the years from independence rough Milton Obote’s Move to the eft and the coup led by General min, Professor Mittelman focuses on e inability of the Obote regime to mm ideas into action, and he assses its failure to use ideology as motivating force for building socialm. Contending that the Ugandan Perience offers instructive lessons r societies undergoing a transition

socialism, he advances and refines number of propositions about cology in low income countries, d offers conclusions on theory-

ilding and African politics.

IDEOLOGY

AND

POLITICS

IN UGANDA

From Obote to Amin

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IDEOLOGY AND POLITICS IN UGANDA From Obote to Amin

JAMES H. MITTELMAN

Cornell University Press Cc

ND

LONDON

Copyright © 1975 by Cornell University

All rights reserved. Except book, or parts thereof, must permission in writing from Cornell University Press, 124

for brief quotations in a review, this not be reproduced in any form without the publisher. For information address Roberts Place, Ithaca, New York 14850.

First published 1975 by Cornell University Press. Published in the United Kingdom by Cornell University Press Ltd., 2-4 Brook Street, London W1Y 1AA.

International Standard Book Number 0-8014-0946-2 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 75-14712 Printed in the United States of America by York Composition Company.

}

In memory of Ida F. Frankel and Alan W. Mittelman

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Contents

Preface

11

1. Introduction

i

2. Ideology and Politics

33

Ideology and Development What is Ideology? Guidelines for Evaluating Ideology Related Propositions

34 38 45 48

53

3. Sociohistorical Context Social Structure Historical Background

54 70

4. Toward an Ideology of Modernization Nationalism Pan-Africanism Antineocolonialism Neutralism and Nonalignment African Socialism Négritude and the African Personality

85 88

99 106 110 114

120

5. Documentary Innovations The Documents Related Measures

Intended Ideological Functions nN .

121 130 136

140

Ideological Stress Unanswered Questions Dysfunctions Power Relations: Obote and the Students

148 154 162

168

7. Military Intervention Precipitating Factors Underlying Sociopolitical Causes

Military Permanence?

169 176 184

8

CONTENTS

194

8. The Internationalization of Political Violence Evolving Norms Immediate International Implications Political Prognosis

197 199 214

Zen

9. Ideology and Black Nationalism Intramilitary Affairs Civil—Military Relations Foreign Policy Black Nationalism

224 227 238 244

247

10. Conclusions Innovation and Diffusion Ideology and Political Violence Ideological Stress and Socialist Transformation Uganda’s Future

250 254 259 265

Appendix: The Common Man’s Charter

a4

Bibliography

285

Index

297

Maps

. Uganda . Uganda’s ethnic groups

frontispiece af

Tables . Ideology in contemporary Western and non-Western political systems . Principal domestic exports, 1965-1966 . Uganda population census, 1959—main tribes . Uganda population census, 1969 nApWN . Official status of the major languages spoken in Uganda . Origin of net imports, 1965-1966 . Direction of trade exports, 1965-1966 ona . Upper level staffing of banking and industry in Uganda, 1968

Jl 56 58 59 66 108 109

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Preface

My interest in the role of ideology in politics originated when I was a graduate student in the African Studies Programme at Uganda’s Makerere University College. Many of the ideas in this book were developed through conversation with the faculty and students at Makerere in 1967-1968. Two years later I returned to Uganda as an Associate of the Makerere Institute of Social Research and a staff member in the Department of Political Science and Public Administration. Profound changes in government policies had taken place in the interim that made this second visit opportune for a social scientist interested in ideologies of modernization. Although the early years after independence were marked by restraint at the normative level, after 1969 the Obote regime increasingly relied on ideology as a major agent for initiating social change. The president published a series of documents, known as the Move to the Left, designed to inaugurate socialism in Uganda. But Obote’s attempt to launch a modernizing ideology failed miserably and was ultimately superseded by the Amin-led coup of January 1971. These events give rise to the central question of this book: why did ideology fail in Uganda? The purpose is also to draw conclusions regarding theory-building and African politics. A great deal has been written about the concept of ideology. The premise here is that values play an important role in social change. However, to argue the primacy of ideology would be grossly to exaggerate its impact. With ideology, there is an element of what Marx called “false consciousness.” Ideology justifies. An ideology of modernization may guide the implementation of policy, but it also serves the interests of certain socioeconomic formations. In order to study ideology in low income countries, it is essential

to take account of dependency relations. When efforts to introduce

12

PREFACE

new norms and to harmonize norms with changes in the political system are evaluated,

the pervasive integration of world market

forces and the economies of Third World countries must be kept in mind. The success or failure of a new ideology is often determined by external forces that not only penetrate the economies of these countries but may even have effective veto power over social change. Thus, my examination of a would-be modernizing ideology in Uganda directs attention to the social and economic concentrations linked to, or opposed to, normative values. Nevertheless, the major purpose of this work is not to analyze dependency relations between world market forces and Uganda. Nor is the foremost emphasis on class analysis. Though I firmly believe that prevalent distinctions between political and economic variables are misleading, I make no pretense of delving into all the issues of political economy and capitalist development. My focus on ideology is intended to complement those works that primarily stress dependency and class. In writing about underdevelopment in Uganda, I have retained the conventional vocabulary: “developing nations,” “less developed countries,” the “Third World,” “low income countries,” and “nonWestern areas.” These familiar terms are used interchangeably to avoid tedious repetition of any single word or phrase. I recognize that such terms are euphemisms that neglect the rise of imperialism and the generation of dependent and subordinate economies by the development of capitalism. When they appear in this text, they will always mean underdeveloped societies; the fundamental reality is that advanced, capitalist societies have played a major role in producing underdevelopment in Africa, Asia, and Latin America . While the discussion often mentions classes and elites, these terms are not interchangeable. “Class” refers to the relationship of members of a group to the means of production, whereas “elite” denotes social status. The relationship between the two is that elites are appendages of a class or classes. Tribalism and ethnicity are treated in the Introducti on, and it should be noted that I follow the names and prefix es of social groups used most frequently by Ugandans themselves in local languages. Thus, “Baganda” refers to the major group occupying Buganda (Uganda’s heartland area), “Muganda” to one person, and

PREFACE

13

“Luganda” to the language; “Ganda” and “kiganda” are adjectival forms used in describing the customs or habits of the Baganda. A final point of clarification—I fully realize that writing on Uganda in early 1975 presents difficulties. The full effects of Amin’s rule are not yet apparent, and a surfeit of rumors circulate. While visiting East Africa in late 1973 and early 1974, I was able to check some of these reports and to gather new data. Ugandans passing through New York and sources at the United Nations have also provided valuable information. However, this book does not attempt a journalistic account of recent events. Reports that cannot be verified are necessarily omitted. I extend grateful appreciation to many colleagues, students, and organizations who aided my endeavors. The intellectual and financial resources of several institutions contributed greatly to my work. I acknowledge support from the Department of Political Science and Public Administration at Makerere University, Kampala, the Center for International Studies at Cornell University, the Council for Research in the Social Sciences at Columbia University, and the National Science Foundation. Permission for the use of my previously published works, which appear in slightly different form, was provided by Africa Quarterly, Afro-American Studies, the Munger Africana Monograph Series, and Studies in Race and Nations (University of Denver Center on International Race Relations Monograph Series). I have also drawn on material originally presented in papers delivered to the Universities of East Africa Social Science Conference (Dar es Salaam, 1973), the African Studies Association (Syracuse, 1973; Chicago, 1974), and the Conference on Civilian Control of the Military: Myth and Reality in Developing Countries (Buffalo, 1974). The frontispiece of this book is adapted from a map in Donald Stewart Ferguson, “An Economic Appraisal of Tick-borne Disease Control in Tropical Africa,” an unpublished doctoral dissertation, Cornell Univer-

sity, 1971. The Makerere permission to use map

Zanzibar 1960) by is based languages

Institute of Social Research gave me

3 from Tribal Maps of East Africa and

(Kampala: East Africa Institute of Social Research, J. E. Goldthorpe and F. B. Wilson; map 2 in this book on it. Table 5 entitled “Official status of the major spoken in Uganda” is reprinted here by permission of

14

PREFACE

the International African Institute and Oxford University Press; it

is from the chapter by Clive Criper and Peter Ladefoged, “Linguistic Complexity in Uganda,” in W. H. Whiteley, ed., Language

Use and Social Change: Multilingualism

with Special

Reference to Eastern Africa (London, 1971), p. 148. My intellectual debts to students and colleagues are so numerous that I cannot acknowledge all of them individually. A number of colleagues in the Department of Political Science and the Institute of African Studies at Columbia University offered helpful suggestions. For assisting my research, I thank Barbara Korngold, Neville Choonoo, and Cyrus Veeser, whose services were indispensable.

I am

indebted to Michael

Schultheis, who generously

shared his materials and insights on recent events in Uganda, and to Godfrey Uzoigwe and Mark Kesselman for their perceptive criticism of individual chapters of this book. Sincere thanks go to Howard Wriggins and Ali Mazrui, who read and commented on the book in its entirety. I am deeply grateful to my good friend and former teacher, Kenneth W. Grundy, for correcting and improving my work; his efforts have provided a lesson in the true meaning of friendship. Above all, I express my appreciation to Linda Yarr for her intellectual independence and social priorities; she was of immeasurable help in writing this book. The influence of friends and colleagues has been so great that these acknowledgments do not do justice to their contributions. All errors of fact or interpretation that remain despite their efforts are entirely my own responsibility. The point of departure for the analysis that follows is a value judgment. This book treats one aspect of the overriding need to transform the inequitable distribution of power and wealth in the world political economy. As an American writing about the Third World, I am increasingly aware that transformation in underdeveloped areas is inexorably tied to transformation in advanced, capitalist societies. JAMES H. MITTELMAN

New York City

IDEOLOGY

AND

POLITICS

IN UGANDA

From Obote to Amin

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Index

Acholi, 58, 59, 60, 66, 75, 90, 173, 177; 2015-225, 226, 268 Adoko, Akena, 117, 138, 145, 161, 173-176, 212 Africanization, 93, 114, 115, 124, 130-133, 152, 155, 156, 159160, 223 Algeria, 88, 110n, 185, 203n, 204, 209, 239 Ali, Picho, 82-83 Alur, 58, 60, 66, 226 Amin, Idi, 79-81, 168-176, 183n, 185, 186, 193, 199-215, 216n, 227, 228, 233-246, 268-269 early career of, 185-186 and and and and

ideology, 223-224 Islam, 213, 234-235 the military, 224-227 Ugandan Asians, 228-229

Ankole, 58, 59, 60, 62, 67, 73, 75, 90 Antineocolonialism, 88, 99

in Uganda, 99-100, 101, 104-105, 137, 252; see also Foreign investment

Anyanya, see Sudan Army, 77, 81, 104, 168-174, 193, 194, 201, 204, 207, 214n, 224228, 231-238, 245-246, 261, 265, 268-270; see also Coup of Jan. 25, 1971, and Uganda, Second Republic of Arube, Charles, 226-227 Arusha Declaration, 178, 179, 205, 260 Asians, 63-65, 71, 130-133, 146, 159-160, 200, 203, 223, 227, 228-230, 238-245, 262, 269

Baamba, 60, 174 Bachwezi, 56n Baganda, see Buganda Bagaya, Elizabeth, 237 Bahima, 56n, 60 Bahororo, 60 Bairu, 60 Bakiga, 31, 58 Bakonjo, 58, 60, 67, 174 Banks, see Foreign investment

Bantu-Nilotic cleavage, 56, 59-60 Bantu peoples, 56-60, 146, 253 Banyaruanda, 58, 60, 67 Barigye, John, 237 Barnes, Samuel, 39 Basoga, see Busoga Bataringaya, Basil, 73, 130, 237 Batoro, see Toro

Bayudaya, 61n Binaisa Commission, 112, 161 Binaisa, Godfrey, 80 Black nationalism, 223-234, 244245, 270 Bonnafé, Pierre, 39 Buganda, 12, 13, 55, 56-63, 65-68, 72-73, 75, 78, 88, 144-145, 170, 224, 231 British relations with, 61-63, 70, 71-72, 78, 89, 90

position of within Uganda, 72-75, 78-82, 91-92, 94-96, 128-129, 141, 172, 227-228, 253, 256, 261, 265-267 traditional government of, 60-61 Bugangazi,

78

Bugisu, 55, 58, 59, 60, 67, 75 Bukedi, 55, 59, 60, 75 Bunyoro (Bunyoro-Kitara), 58, 59, 60, 62, 67, 73, 75, 78

INDEX

298 Bureaucracy, 123, 144-145, 146, 152, 155, 156; Olen 1G, 87.253. 255 Burundi, 209 Busoga, 31, 55, 58, 59, 60, 67, 75, 90 Buyaga, 78

Central African Republic, 209 China, People’s Republic of, 50, 107,

109, 111, 140, 158, 170, 201, 244 Chou En-lai, 109 Christianity, 61, 68-69, 138, 234-235 Class, 12, 149, 155, 230-232 70-71

Colonialism, 18, 49, 107, 109-110 impact of in Uganda, 31, 58, 61, 64, 229-230, 269 Common Man’s Charter, 121-122, 124, 133, 136-140, 145, 148, 179, 181, 205 text of, 271-283 see also Move to the Left Commonwealth, 107, 164, 168, 171,

110, 199, 200,

203n; see also Zaire Coup of Jan25;,197 1,11, 2055275

120, 134, 162, 171-176, 182183, 194, 210, 215-222, 231n, 246 Dahomey, 37n, 188, 209 Defence Council, 238 Democratic Party, 69, 72, 73, 74,

15s Mila O29), 95,7 Wi2-113,.133, 140 Dependency relations, 11-12, 17, 35, 43, 53-54, 89, 100, 107, 150151, 158, 167, 180, 244, 249250, 262-263, 265, 267-268; see also Black nationalism and Neocolonialism Development,

20, 48, 142-143,

189, 216, 247-248

178,

African Community, 98-99, 204-207, 239; see also East African federation East African federation, 68, 94-96,

134-136,

143-148, 254

Catholics, 61, 68-69, 72, 211, 235

211, 241 Congo, 89, 103-105,

110,

East

Easton, David, 39-40 Education, 106, 111-115,

Carty, Michel, 39

Sir Andrew,

ideology, 34-36, 249-250 Durkheim, Emile, 41

97, 98

Canada, 158, 178, 243 Capitalism, see Socialism Carmichael, Stokely, 243

Cohen,

and

Egypt, 110n, 214, 239 Elections of 1961, 72, 73, 128 of 1962, 74-75 proposals of 1970, 125-127, 129130, 134, 153-154 see also Move to the Left Elites, 12, 23-25, 37, 47, 89, 114, 122, 146-156, 176, 183-184, 187-189, 232, 249-257, 262 Ellender, Allen, 115 English (language), 65, 67, 87 Erikson, Erik, 46 Ethiopia, 185, 200, 204n, 239 European Economic Community, 99-100, 164 Evans, David, 147-148 Fanon, Frantz, 18, 89, 247, 265 Feit, Edward, 188

Foreign aid, 108, 180-181, 213, 243 Foreign

investment,

100-103,

113,

124, 133-134, 150-152, 157-158, 183n, 223, 232, 233, 241, 262263 France, 216n, 223, 242 French West Africa, 37n Fromm, Erich, 46 Gabon, 37n, 110

Ghana, 18, 88, 90, 110, 137, 183, 188, 199, 200, 203n, 204, 209, 216n, 220, 230n, 262 Guinea, 18, 107, 110, 204, 208, 216n, 230n Gujerati, 67 Gulu, 111, 175

150,

Hausa,

86

INDEX

299

Hindustani, 67 Houphouét-Boigny,

Félix, 18-19

Ibingira, 111, Ideology, 259,

Grace, 76-77, 78, 101, 113, 237, 243 11, 18-29, 33-48, 247-250, 264-265 in Africa, 37-38, 87-117 passim, 137, 145, 177-178, 247 as agent of change, 11, 17, 19, 20, 2136, 45,9 50-51 545 119) 154, 249-250, 258 definitions of, 38-44, 177 functions of, 45-48, 250 innovation and diffusion of, 2021, 24, 37, 48-49, 51-52, 8586, 118, 140-148, 154, 166, 245, 250-254 in low income countries, 11-12, 34, 47, 54, 249, 254, 259-260

and modernization,

50-51, 83, 85,

SOne LIEN 1555 17S 249-251, 261

19, 21, 22, 30, 38n, 85-87, 92, 99, 106, 110, 114, 118-119, 120, 130, 136-148

in Uganda,

passim,

160,

167,

176-182

passim, 223-224, 228, 244246, 250-254, 258-262, 269270 see also Move to the Left and under individual ideological themes Independence, 53, 89; see also Dependency, relations Innis, Roy, 243 relations in Africa, International 194-210, 214-222, 238-241 Islam, 61, 68-69, 170, 234-235, 240 Israel, 108, 202, 211-214, 239-240, 243 Ivory Coast, 18, 110, 230n Jews, 61n, 240 Judiciary, 82-83

Kabaka Yekka, 72-78, 92, 95, 112113, 256 Kabalega, 62, 89 Kaggwa, Michael, 237

Kakonge, John, 76, 80, 111, 237 Kakwa, 66, 171n, 226, 268 Kalimuzo,

Frank,

115,

237

Kambona, Oscar, 96, 202 Karamoja, 58, 59, 66, 75 Karume, Abeid, 201, 202-203 Kasujja, Peter, 92 Kasumba, Frederick, 101 Katanga, 103-104 Kaunda, Kenneth, 171, 179, 181, 182, 208, 238 Kemal, Mustafa, 189-190 Kenya, 87, 88, 91, 94-96, 98, 104, 134, 138, 200, 204n, 205, 206, 209-210, 215, 230n, 239 Kenyatta, Jomo, 95, 96, 207, 209 Kibedi, Wanume, 209, 237 Kigesi, 59, 60, 75 Kikuyu, 91, 138 Kiwanuka, Benedicto, 72-74, 113, 235 Kiwanuka, Joseph, 71, 72 Kiwanuka, J. W., 79-80

Labour

Day Speech, see Nakivubo

Pronouncements Land ownership, 62, 149 Lane, Robert, 22, 25

Lango, 58, 59, 60, 66, 75, 90, 146, 173, 201, 225, 226, 268 Latin America, 216 Legislative Council, 71, 72 Legum, Colin, 198, 212 Lerner, Daniel, 142

Leys, Colin, 177 Liberia, 200 Libya, 213, 214, 239-241 Luande, Humphrey, 112 Luganda, see Buganda Lugbara, 31, 58, 60, 66, 226 Luo, 56n, 60, 146 Lwebuga, Eriabu, 92

Madi, 58, 59, 66, 75, 171n, 226 Magezi, George, 92, 97 Makerere University, Kampala (Makerere College), 62, 106, 116,) 135-136; 59435) 11610 162167, 170, 182, 209, 234, 235

INDEX

300 Malawi, 110, 200, Nyasaland Mali, 18, 110, 203n

209;

see

also

in Uganda,

Mannheim, Karl, 41, 42, 46-47 Mao Tse-tung, 140

Marx, Karl, 11, 41, 42, 46-47, 249

Masaka, 55, 59

Masses, 23-24, 52, 139, 144, 151, 1559 2272.2455252

148,

Mau Mau, 138, 149 Mauritania, 239 Mauritius, 110n

Mayanja, Abu, 71, 80, 83, 95-96, 113, 147-148, 172n Day Pronouncements, Nakivubo Pronouncements Mazrui, Ali, 37n, 171

May

see

77, 108, 168,

170, 172n, 176, 186-188, 195196, 203, 209, 224, 257; see also Army and Political violence Missionaries, 61, 68, 223, 234; see also Education Mobutu Sese Seko, 216n

Modernization, see Development, Ideology, and Social change Morocco, 204, 240 Mosca, Gaetano, 46-47 Moslems, see Islam Move to the Left, 11, 20, 82, 120-

136, 141, 148-160, 167, 175, 179, 232n, 252, 255-259, 267 Mulungushi Club, 181-182 Munster Commission, 73 Musazi, Mutebi, Mutesa Mutesa,

Ignatius, 71 Ronald, 228 I, 61 Sir Edward, 71-73, 75, 78,

81, 90-91, 95, 169, 228 Mwanga II, 61, 62, 68

170,

172,

Nadiope, Sir Wilberforce, 75 Nairobi Declaration, 95, 98n Nakivubo Pronouncements, 124, 133-134, 150-152, 157-158, 260; see also Move to the Left Nasser, Gamal Abdal, 170, 184, 186

43, 88-89,

110,

138,

88-93, 117, 121

see also Black nationalism Nationalization, 150-152, 231, 241242; see also Nakivubo Pronouncements

National Service, proposals for, 121, 122-123, 133, 149; see also Move to the Left Négritude, 88, 114-117 Nekyon, Adoko, 76, 79, 113 Neocolonialism, 43, 99, 150-151, 181n, 200; see also Antineocolonialism Neutralism,

Media, 140-142, 235, 254 Mexico, 188-192 Military intervention,

Nationalism, 205

88, 106-110, 252

Nigeria, 88, 183, 199, 200, 209, 221, 230n Nile, 54, 55, 61 Nilotic peoples, 56-58, 60, 145-146, 253 Nkrumah, Kwame, 18, 20, 85, 97, 106, 110, 137, 185, 199, 204, 247 Nonalignment, see Neutralism Northern Rhodesia, 87 Nubians, 268 Nyasaland, 87 Nyerere, Julius, 85, 95, 96, 104, 110, 121, 122, 144; 5149, 175; 177-182, 194, 200, 202-210, 238, 239, 260, 264 Oberschall, Anthony, 142-143 Obitre-Gama, Colonel, 226 Obote, Apolo Milton, 11, 30, 71-86,

93-119, 141-146, 168-176, 184, 185, 193, 200-214, 221-227, 230n, 236, 245-257 and the crisis of 1966, 78-82, 175 early career of, 145 and electoral proposals of 1970, 125-130 and the military, 170, 174-175, 194 and the Move to the Left, 120139, 145, 147, 148-160, 177182, 232n, 254-256 see also Power, Obote’s management of

Ocheng, Daudi, 79, 80, 105

301

INDEX

Ocima, Valentine, 226 Oculi, Okello, 126 Ojok, David Oyike, 174, 225 Okoya, Pierino, 170 Olympio, Sylvanus, 199 Onama, Felix, 76, 77, 79, 82, 93, 96, 127, 130, 144, 226 Ondoga, Michael, 226-227, 237 Opolot, Shaban, 81 Organization of African Unity, 95, 97, 107, 110, 182, 183, 195, 197, 198, 199, 204, 207-209, 2 212 217-220" 222," 236; 239, 240, 243 Pan-Africanism,

43, 88, 94, 97, 99, 189, 204-205, 217-218, 220, 221, 240 Ugandan views on, 93-99, 252 see also International relations in Africa Pareto, Vilfredo, 46-47 Peace Corps, 114n, 115, 223, 242

Political science, limitations in, 21, 28, 34-36, 168-169, 196, 247248 Political violence, 20, 52, 182, 194-

222, 254-259, 262 Poppe, Hans, 201

Portugal, 109, 113, 216n Power, Obote’s management of, 75, 78, 81-82, 83, 86, 101, 118, 160-167, 170, 176, 193, 256258 Proletariat, see Masses Protestants, 61, 68-69, 72, 211, 235 Qaddafi, Mummar

El, 213, 240

Recognition, 216-218, 220-222 Religion, see Catholics, Islam, Protestants, and Uganda, religious divisions in Rogin, Michael, 89

Rothchild, Donald, 89 Rugumayo,

Edward, 237

Rwanda, 89, 105, 206 Saudi Arabia, 240 Scandinavia, 43n, 113, 243 Sebei, 59, 66, 75

Senghor, Léopold, 114 Siedle, Robert, 236 Sierra Leone, 188, 230n Social change, 11, 12, 14, 23-24, 29, 33, 52, 117, 122, 154, 189, 192, 193, 247, 249-250 in Africa, 18, 48-49, 189, 216, PN, ORAL] in Uganda, 21, 137-138, 160, 223, 2A5, 255 see also Move to the Left Socialism: in Africa, 52, 88, 110, 114, 149, 152, 178, 203, 262, 264 in Uganda, 11, 20, 110-113, 120, 121, 137, 138, 144, 148, 149, 150, 154-155, 171, 247, 251252, 253, 259-263 see

also Ideology the Left

Socialization, 135,

48-50,

146,

154,

and

Move

to

54, 93,

113,

254;

also

see

Ideology, innovation and diffusion of, and Social change Sociology of knowledge, 40-44, 249 Somalia, 110, 201, 204n, 208, 215, 239 Sorel, Georges, 41 South Africa, 87, 109, 162-167, 199, 205, 208, 210-211, 216n, 236n Southern Rhodesia, 87, 109, 116, 163, 164, 165, 180, 211 Steiner, Rolf, 202 Stroh, Nicholas, 236

Sudan, 89, 105, 110n, 116-117, 201202, 208, 211-215, 268, 269 Swahili, 65-68, 86, 245 Syria, 240 Tanganyika,

89,

94-96,

104,

194,

204-205 Tanganyika African National Union, 143, 181, 205, 260 Tanzania, 25, 87, 96, 98, 109, 134, 143, 144, 149, 154, 178-181, 200-209, 215, 225, 238-239, 259, 260, 263-264; see also Tanganyika and Zanzibar Teso, 58, 59, 66, 75, 90 Togo, 199, 220

Toro, 58, 59, 60, 62, 67, 73, 75

302

INDEX

Touré, Sekou, 204 Trade unions, 76, 99, 101, 111, 112, 161, 257

Transition affair, 82-83 Tribalism, 30-32 Tshombe, Moise, 103-105 Turkey, 188-190, 192 °

Uganda, British Protectorate of, 6162, 70-75, 87-90, 94-95, 211n, 229, 242 constitutional provisions in, 73, 74-75, 80-81, 82, 161, 256 economic aspects in, 54-56, 58, 62, 107-108, 110, 131, 149, 155-156, 158-159, 176, 183184, 213, 229-234, 255, 265267 ethnic and racial divisions in, 5660, 63-65, 72, 77, 83, 87, 92, 1315137591475 1765) 182522015 20 750221,9225-226; 2298 2315 255, 261, 265-268 foreign relations of, 94-99, 103112, 115-117, 134, 166-167, 171, 180-182, 199-214, 238244 geography of, 54-55, 86 linguistic patterns in, 65-68

Uganda National Congress, 71, 95 Uganda National Movement, 71 Uganda National Union, 113 Uganda Peoples Congress, 69, 7282, 92, 95, 98-106, 111-115, 120; 9125-127.8 130)5133;) 1375 144, 146, 161, 177, 181, 255, 2565925) Uganda Peoples Union, 71 Underdevelopment, 12; see also De-

pendency

relations and Devel-

opment

United Arab Republic, see Egypt United Kingdom, relations with Uganda

116,

124-

125, 157, 158, 162-167, 210-211, 223, 241-242

200,

United

after

Nations,

1962,

88, 107, 109, 158,

164, 198, 205, 216n, 218, 236n, 238, 243 Upper Volta, 209 US.A., 88, 104-105, 107, 115-116, 158, 167, 181, 199n, 214, 216n, Dols A2 245 US S-Re 1158) 1164 17512140221 226-227, 243 Violence, see Political violence

literature on, 26

political organization of groupings in, 56-62, 87, 146 population of, 54-59 religious divisions in, 61, 68-69, 72, 74, 92, 234-235 Second Republic of, 147-148, 168, 171, 172, 184-193, 199-214, 223-238, 244-246

Walugembe, Francis, 237 Weber, Max, 33, 41, 42, 44

social structure in, 54-70, 117-118,

Zaire, 160, 200, 209, 215, 230n, 238, 269 Zambia, 181, 182, 200, 201, 208, 209, 215; see also Northern Rhodesia Zanzibar, 77, 95, 201, 202

149, 154, 224, 229, 230-232, 251, 265-267 traditional histories of, 26 see also Foreign investment Move to the Left

and

West Nile, 59, 75, 92, 104

Youth, 76, 82, 99, 101-102, 104, P11-112) 125, 176; 184; 257

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