IB MYP 4 and 5 Chemistry 0198369964, 9780198369967

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MYP Chemistry A concept-based approach

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MYP Chemistry A concept-based approach

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OX_FORD \INIYERSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.

It furthers the University's objective ofexcellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark ofOxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries @

Oxford University Press, 2018

The moral rights ofthe authors have been asserted First published in 2018

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available 978-0-79-836996-7

10987 654321

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Paper used in the production ofthis book is a natural, reryclable product made fiom wood grown in sustainable forests. The manufacturing process conforms to the environmental

regulations of the country of origin. Printed in Great Britain by Bell and Bain Ltd. Glasgow

Acknowledgements The authors and publisher are grateful to those who have given permission to

reproduce the following extracts and adaptations of coplright material: American Chemical Society National Historic Chemical landmarks. 'Flavor Chemistry Research, USDA ARS Western Regional Research Center,' produced by the National Historic Chemical landmarks program of the American Chemical Society in 2013. Reproduced by permission. Paul Anastas and John Warner: Green Chemistry: Theory and practice (199g) Fig.4.1 p.30. www.oup.com. By permission of Oxford University press.

'Climate Model Suggests Collapse ofAtlantic Circulation is possible, 4 January 20'17 from Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego. Reproduced by permission.

Definition of 'Alalytical Chernistry'fiom https://www.nature.com/subjects/ analytical-chemistry. Reproduced by permission.

Definition of 'Analytical Chemistry' from www.acs.org/content/acs/en/careers/ college-to-career, American Chemical Society. Reproduced by permission.

M G Carlin & J R. Dean: Extract fiom 'Forensic applications ofgas chromatography', 1 January 2013. Reproduced with permission ofTaylor and Francis Group LLC Books via Copyright Clearance Center. Richard L Clark: Extract fiom 'Environmentally Friendly Anti-Corrosion Coatings'. United States Environmental Protection Agenry, https://cfoub.epa. gov. Reproduced by permission. Exffact {iom 'All About Glaciers,' National Snow and Ice Data Center. Accessed 1 February 2016. https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glaciers. Extract Iiom'Califomia ramps up biofuels infrastmcture' fiom hftps/lwww.afdc. eners/.gov 13 October 2016. Reproduced by permission.

Extract Iiom United Nations World Food Programme, www.wfu.org. Reproduced by permission.

Thomas McCullough, Marissa Curlee:'qualitative analysis of cations using paper chromatography' from.fou rnal of Chemical Education Copyright @ 1993, American Chemical Society. Reprinted with permissiorrfrom the American Chemical Society. Matthew Nitch Smith: 'The number of cars worldwide is set to double by 2040', April 4, 2016, Busmess In sider Magazine., Copyrighted 2016. Business Insider, 260041:0318PF. Reproduced by permission ofWright's Media. 'Projected Global Transport Growth over the next 25 years' infographic, April 4, 2016, Business Insider Magazine, @ HS, IAIA, World Bank, iMF and

Bernstein. Reproduced by permission of AllianceBernstein. Michael Reilly and Jamie Condliffe: A Desert Full of Tomatoes, Thanks to Solar Power and Seawater', October 6, 2016, MIT Technology Review lournal, Copyrighted 2016. Technology Review. 260318:0418SH. Reproduced by permission of Wright's Media. 'Vvhat is Acid Rain' fiom United States Environmental protection Agency, m.epa.gov/acidrain/what-acid-rain. Reproduced by permission. XiaoZhi Lim: 'The new breed of cutting-edge catalysts' fiom .Nature News', 6 September 2016 published by Nature Publishing Group. Reproduced by permission of fughtslink.

Contents How to use this book

iv

Mapping grid

v

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Balance

2

Evidence

26

Consequences

60

Energy

84

Conditions

108

Form

134

Function

162

lnteraction

190

Models

212

10 Movement 11 Patterns 12 Transfer

246

Glossary

328

lndex

339

Answers

www.oxfo

276 304

rd seco n da

ry.com/myp-scie n ce-s u p port

How to use this book To help you get the most of

your book, here's an overview of its features.

Concepts, global context and statement of inquiry

The key and related concepts, the global context and the statement of inquiry used in each chapter are clearly listed on the introduction page.

Activities A range of activities that encourage you to think further about the topics you studied, research these topic and build connections between chemistry and other disciplines.

Worked example Worked examples take a step-by-step approach to help you translate theory into practice.

Experiments and demonstrations Practical activities that help you prepare for assessment criteria B &

C

Data-based questions These questions allow you to test your factual understanding of chemistry,

well as study and analyze data. Data-based questions help you prepare for assessment criteria A, B & C. as

! stils These approaches to leaming sections introduce new skills or give you the

opportunity to reflect on skills you might already have. They are mapped to the Myp skills clusters and are aimed at supporting you become an independent leamer.

ffi

e

conceptual

question @

a debatable question

Summative assessment There is a summative assessment at the end of each chapter; this is structured in the same way as the eAssessment and covers all four MYP assessment criteria.

Glossary The glossary contains definitions for all the subject-specific terms emboldened in the index.

Mapping grid The MYP eAssessment subject list for Chemistry consists of seven broad topics:

table [\4atter

lnternational Union of Pure and Applied

Periodic

Pure and impure

Chemistry

substances

The atmosphere

Bonding

Types of chemical reaction

These topics are further broken down into sub-topics and the mapping grid below gives

you an overview of where these are covered within this book. It also shows you which key concept, global context and statement of inquiry guide the learning in each chapter. Chapter

Topics covered

Key concept

i

Chemicalformula

Relationships

Balance

Global context

Statement of inquiry

ATL skills

Fairness and

mbalanced relationships affect finite resources, both locally and globally.

Reflective skills: Develop new techniques and strategies for effective learning

development

Chemical reactions and the conservation

I

of mass

skills,

Thinking in context: Finite TCSOU TCES

Balancing equations

lnformation literacy and communication skills:

Reversible reactions

Read critically and for

comprehension

Thinking in context: Falrness and development

Thinking in context: It/onocultures and food security

Thinking in context: Fertilizers vs. pesticides, and CCD

2 Evidence

Metals and nonmetals

Relationships

Scientific and technical

innovation

Transition metals

Our ability to collect evidence improves with advances in science and technical innovations.

Noble gases Fractional distillation of crude oil

Critical thinking skills: Using inductive and deductive reasoning

Critical thinking skills: Understanding based on new information and evidence lnformation and media literacy: Communicate information and ideas effectively

Alkanes, alkenes,

alcohols

Atmospheric composition 3 Consequences

Acids and bases

Neutral solutions Acid/base reactions, pH and indicators Formation of salts Reactivity series Emissions and

environmental implications

Change

Globalization and sustainability

Change as a consequence of human development can be

identlfied within all environments on our planet.

Critical thinking skills: Analysing and evaluating issues and ideas

Thinking in context: Rising sea levels

Thinking in context: Battery disposal

Thinking in context Carbon dioxide emissions

Chapter

Topics covered

4 Energy

Endothermic and Change exothermic reactions

Key concept

Energy changes in a

Statement of inquiry

ATL skills

Scientific and

Scientific and

Thinking in context:

technical innovation

technological adva nces can enable functional energy transformations within, and between,

increasing energy usage sustainable?

Global context

reaction States and

ls

our

systems.

properties of matter Combustion of fuel 5 Conditions

Collision theory

Systems

Scientific and

technical innovation

Chemical reaction kinetics rates

Scientific innovations advance a scientist's

Factors affecting rates - temperature,

ability to monitor chanqes in conditions and the effect they have on the rate of a chemical

concentration,

reaction.

Critical thinking skills: Revising your understanding based on new information and evidence Critical thinking skills: Evaluating evidence and arguments

surface area,

Refl

catalysts

content

ective skills: Considering

Research skills: Gathering and organizing relevant information Research skills: Presenting information and data using models and mathematical relationships 6 Form

States and

Relationships

properties of matter

ldentities and

Observing and describing

Communication skills:

relationships

the properties of

Organize and depict information loglcally

a

substance helps us to understand its identlty and how it interacts with the environment.

Characteristics of 9ases

Solutions, colloids and suspensions Filtration and

fractional distillation 7 Function

Formation of salts

Relationships

Filtration,

distillation and chromatography

Globalization and sustainability

The mole concept and chemical calculations

The way in which matter

functions is dependent on its propertles and the relationship of the dlfferent systems within the environment.

lnformation literacy skills: Finding, interpreting, judging and creating information

lnformation and media literacy skills: Locate, evaluate, synthesize information from a variety of sources Reflection skills: Consider ideas

from multiple perspectives 8 lnteraction

Redox reactions

Corrosion Combustion of fuels Emission and

environmental implications Formation of salts Reactivity series

Systems

Globalization and sustainability

The interactions between substances can sometimes be understood and predicted by examining

the underlying processes.

lnformation literacy skills: Process data and report results

Chapter

Topics covered

Key concept

Global context

Statement of inquiry

ATL skills

9 Models

Structure and

Systems

Orientation in

lvlolecular modelling is used for the visualizatlon of chemlcal structures, displaying their orientation in space and

Creative thinking skills:

bonding

space and time

Electron

configuration and valency

time.

Properties of elements and

Apply existing knowledge to generate new ideas, products or processes

Thinking in context: Assigning valence electrons of an element using the periodic

table

compounds

Communication skills:

Chemical formulae

Read critically and for

Alloys

comprehension Critical thinking skills: Combine knowledge and understanding to create new perspectives

10 Movement

Redox reactions

Change

Reactivity series

Scientific and technical

innovation

Electrochemicalcell

The changes we observe in a chemical system can help us to infer

information about the movement of molecules and their properties.

Uses of salts

Corrosion

Thinking in context: Utilizing the voltaic cell

lnformation literacy skills: Collect, organize and present information

Thinking in context: Electroplating

Extraction

Critical thinking skills:

Extraction of metals

Evaluate evidence

Diffusion 1

'l Patterns

Periodic trends groups and periods

Relationships

Orientation in

Chemists look for

space and time

patterns in the periodic table in order to discover

Atomic structure Electro

n

relationships and trends that help them to predict physical and chemical properties.

ic

configuration and va

lency

lnformation literacy and communication skills: Communicate information and ideas effectively to multiple audiences

Acid and base cha racteristics 12 Transfer

The mole concept

and chemical calculations -

concentration Acid-base reactions, pH, titrations and indicators Structural formulae

- carboxylic and esters

acids

Change

Scientific and technical

innovation

Technological advances in analytical devices enhance the ability of scientists to monitor the transfer of matter when changes occur during chemical reactions.

lnformation literacy skills: Finding, interpreting, judging and creating information

The ozone laycr is l'otir-rcl in the Llpper atmosphc're, where it acts as a filtcr preventine over 957o of harmful UV radiation emitted fron'i the Strn Ircm rcaching the Earth. Humar-r interactions with thr tnvironnteltt rrray rcsult in the release of substanccs that can calalyse tlre brcakdown of thc ozctnc ntoleculc. When the balance of thc planet's resorrrces and the rnvironmcnt is disnrptcd, the consequcnccs arc expericncec'l globally. What happens whcn the balancc' between ozonc- procluctior-r ancl ozone deyrletiur-r is clisturbed?

Fertiiizcrs are easily solubilizcd in the soil, rapidly Lrrr:aking down into artrr-nonia. Solutrlc atllmonia calttured in rainwater can wash into aquatic environr.nents resulting in an intbalance allccting the natttral ecosystems and comnrercial aquaculture industries. Tl"ris often results in thc' rapicl growth of algae in poncls anc'l streams. What is tl-rc irnpact of this increasccl anroLrnt of algae?

Carnping ancl rnakirrg a canplire are enjo1,'able recrcational activities. Whcn woocl LrLrrns, is the re an increasc ir-r disorder? Mattcr r-rnclergoes a change of state. Is nrattcr still conserved? Can all nratter in this courbusliorr rcaction [)e accor-rntccl for?

-- frr-

r{l

first law of nrotion was proposed iry Sir Isaac Ncwton in 1(r86. Rcgarded as the clelinition ol inertia, it states that an obiect will remain at resl rlr kcep moving in a straight line, unlcss the l'orces acting on the object beconre unbalanced clrrc to an external force being applied. Voyagcr 2 is a dccp space probe that was launched b1, NASA ir't l977.lt will maintain an approxinrate speed of 55,000 krn hr inclefinitell,Lrnlc'ss the forces actilrg rrpon it bcconre unlralancc'cl. How has Nerarlon's Iirst law of nrotion helped Lls to cxplorr tlle Universc that rnre live in?

Tl-re

BALANCE

lntroduction Key concept: Relati or-rslr ips

Related concept: Balancc Globa! context: Fairness and deve Iopme lrt

Systems within our universe are dynamic. They constantly undergo both internal and external changes, which require these systems to react and respond. Biological organisms rely on the process of homeostasis to regulate changes that occur within systems and maintain balance. Ecosystems are a dynamic environment of multiple components. Abiotic components include the physical surroundings such as sunlight, water and the soil in which the plants grow. Biotic components include the producers and consumers living within the ecosystern. All of these components contribute to maintaining the balance in conditions and relationships. Uncontrolled development applies external pressures on ecosystems, resulting in an imbalance.

Chemical and physical systems display characteristics that involve a balance in matter and energy, referred to as equilibrium. The control over the balance between reactants and products is essential in many industrial processes and syr-rthetic reactions.

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Imbalanced relationships affect flnite resources, both locally and globally.

Is

G@

there balance within the universe?

Systems within the universe fall into and out of balance constantly. Imbalanced relationships often have far-reaching effects, so our ability to understand the reasons why a system becomes unbalanced, and in turn rebalanced, is of fundamental importance. In our everyday lives, we too experience changes in balance.

.

Biological systems undergo continual change, and to maintain balance is challenging. The diversity of ecosystems, organisms and micro-climates across our planet is immense; and marine environments are some of our planet's largest ecosystems.

a

The relationship between organisms and their environments is delicate balance.

o

When excess amounts of nutrients enter a marine ecosystem as the result of increased industrial or agricultural runoff or natural changes in the amounts of available nutrients, this can have a signiflcant and destructive impact.

a

What are examples of entropy in daily life? Entropy (S) is defined in chemistry as a measure of the distribution of total available energy between particles in a system. The conservation of energy is a fundamental principle of science. When a system has decreasing order and increasing disorder, it is said that its entropy is increasing. However, the total energy within the system remains balanced even when it is distributed in a different way.

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NaCl(s)+ H,O(l)--+ UaCl(aq) When you dissolve sodium chloride in water, the solid ionic compound breaks down into its ions.This change of state from a solid to a liquid is an example of an increase in entropy The solid lattice structure of sodium chloride is broken down and the ions are free to move in the solution. The amount of disorder increases

A

Harmfulalgalblooms in marine ecosystems have a major impact within these environments causing an imbalance in the ecosystem. How is aquafarming affected by these occurrences? How might this be a threat to human health? PHYS I CAL

BALANCE

i

Reflective skills

Develop new skills, techniques and strategies for effective Iearning Knowledge, skills and understanding are the trilogy of learning. When you graduate from high school, you should aim to take with you knowledge, the skills necessary to acquire knowledge and an understanding of the concepts that you have studied. I(nowledge consists of facts and flgures that are ready for you to use. They are often easy to recall and many times are not open to debate. Examples of knowledge in chemistry include:

o a

The three main states of matter: solids, liquids and gases. The formulae of elements and compounds. For example, with oxygen, the element has the symbol O and the formula of the compound oxygen is Or.

o In a chemical reaction,

reactants are on the left-hand side of a chemical equation and products are on the right-hand side.

. .

Acids are corrosive and have a low pH. The main greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide with a chemical formula of COr.

Skills are the strategies you develop in order to acquire knowledge and build understanding. The Approaches to Learning skills that we will encounter through this book will help you develop the necessary skills to build your knowledge base and deepen your understanding of scientifi c concepts. Understanding is your ability to use your skills and your knowledge, apply them to new contexts and advance your understanding of a concept. It is your understanding of the concepts that enables you to build your knowledge base.

Entropy in your daily Iife With the definition of entropy in mind, brainstorm in a small group within your class and identify systems that make up our daily life that have either increasing or decreasing entropy. Justify your choices with supporting arguments. When you have decided on your examples, collectively decide on an effective way to summarize your inlormation so that it can be presented to the other members of the class. Remember that it is important to acknowledge other people's work by creating references and citations in your presentations.

Both languages and symbols are forms of communication that transcend borders, allowing global citizens to communicate with each other. The scientific community uses elemental symbols, formulae and balanced chemical equations to communicate large amounts of information, enabling us to understand what elements and compounds are involved in a chemical reaction.

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What can a balanced chemical equation tell us about a reaction? The study of chemical reactions focuses on substances that are undergoing change. A clear understanding of the energy changes occurring in a chemical reaction is also essential if we are to understand how the reaction occurs under a given set of conditions The changing balance in energy between reactants and products needs to be understood. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but is converted from one form of energy to another or transferred from one substance to another. The relationship that exists between a system, its surroundings and the universe is well understood (see Chapter 5, Conditions).

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The law of conservation of matter states that matter is neither created nor destroyed. Instead, in a chemical reaction, matter is changed from one form to another and can be accounted for at any given time.

All of the resources we use in chemical reactions are in flnite supply, but some will be rarer in terms of natural abundance and more expensive. Most reactants in chemical processes are typically less expensive or less flnite resources, and are said to be "in excess". It is fundamentally important that we understand the stoichiometric amounts of the reactants required for a given reaction, so that a valuable finite resource is the limiting reactant. A limiting reactant determines the amount of product resulting from a chemical reaction. By designing a method that attempts to completely consume the limiting reagent in the reaction, we minimize wasting valuable resources.

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John Dalton's symbolic and visual representations of the atom, published in 1808 in lhe New System of Chemical Philosophy

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