Hydro-electric Installations of India: A Treatise for Students, Useful to Engineers, Industrialists and Others

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HYDQO·ELECT~IC INSTALLATIONS OF INDIA. - ---~-..- - A TREATISE FOR STUDENTS. USEFUL TO ENGINEERS , INDUSTRIALISTS ANl) 'f ll c l{S.

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A PRACTICAL AND POPULAR ACCOUNT OF THE SALIENT FEATURES OF THE HYDRO-ELECTRIC PLANTS AND PROJECTS OF BRITISH INDIA ANO THE INDIAN STATES. EXPLANATIONS OF ARRANGE· MENTS. ELUCIDATION OF THE WORKING OF EQUIPMENTS. ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRINCIPAL PARTS AND IMPORTANT LAY-OUTS. PARTICULARS ABOUT THE CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF WORKS AND OF MACHINES. ECONOMIC FACTORS OF ELECTRIC INSTALLATIONS. HYDRAULIC AND ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS. TECHNICAL DATA. STATISTICAL TABLES. BIRD'S-EYE-VIEW OUT• LINE. COMPARATIVE DISCUSSION. HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHI• CAL INFORMATION. GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS. COPY OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC LICENSE..:.J

---- -·4 SIXTY ILLUSTRATIONS.

SEVENTY TABLES.

------BY

SHIV NARAYAN, . B,E., M, Sc. (U .S.A.); M.A., B. Sc. (PunJab); Member Amer. Inst. Elec:. Engrs., A.M.I. E.E. (London), A.M.1. E. (lndla) , etc:.; Professor, College of Engineering, Poona, lndla; Formerly employed In the Testing and other · Departments, Oeneral Electl'lc: Co., Schenectady, N. Y., and Transformer Works, Plttsfleld, Mass.; Schaghtlcoke and Johnsonvllle Power Stations, U. S• .A., and In the Jhelum and Jammu Hydro-Electric Installations of Kashmir State• •

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PREFACE. At tl1c Congrcsse8 a11,v a11cl tl1en been expre.;,secl by responsible officers tl1at descriptive accot1nts of important engineering ,,,orks should be co1npilc·d and pttblished. Buckley has done this for the Irrigation \\!orks of India and Gurtu for those of G,valior. Similar!}', J arnes has described Indian drainage ,,·orks i11 his Drninage Problems of the East. This book has been ,,·ritte:n ,vitl1 the object of presenti11g in a popular form the principnl facts concerning the WaterPo,ver Plants n11d P1·ojects of I11dia as ,,·ell as explaining n1atters requiring explanation to stude11ts n11d others interested in the principles nncl practice of H}·clro-~~lcctrics. Tl1e great and wide interest tl1nt l1as recentl}· been c\'i11ced in tl1e s11bject of Hydro-Electricity in this nncl otl1cr cou11tries ]eel the Author to make a pri,·nte study of se,•eral i11stallntions and to undertake tl1e tap1>ing of sources of inforr11ntion and collection of sufficient 1naterinl by ,vay of researcl1. He then ,vrote a series of articles and later 011 resoI,,ed to pttblish this ,rork ,vberein ha,·e bceu collated a11d presentecl to tl1e public for tl1e first time connected and concise accou11ts of all the H)·dro-Electric Installations anplementary notes. Perhn1)s it is ,rcll to state tl1nt ,vl1ile the conception, design and execution of tl1e ,,·ork are the Author's o,vn, he has unl1esita.ti11gly turned to all the sources of information he could ha,·e acces!.5 to and hus not felt too proud to quote, wherever necessar~•, fro1n other books (except ,vhere permission has been explicit})' ,vitl1beld), e,•e11 though not quite agreeing ,vith them. He has been punctilious in n1aking his ackno,vledgments to then1, lest tl1e cl1arge be laid against him tl1at he has tried to appropriate the credit that belongs to others.• It must be pointed out that portions inclt1ded ,vithin brackets or follo,vecl or prece011sible 1>o;;itio11, Nc,•ertheless, there migl1t co11ceiv:1l)l~· be so111e i11accuracies or fitults lurki11g here and tl1ere in tl1e prcsc11t ,,olurnc. It is reqt1ei.ted that any reader ,vl10 finds tl1e1n ,vill be so good as to communicate them to tl1e Author. ELECTRICAL LABORATal Textile Countrie:,i. . .. 255 . 61. l'ossihle difficulties in promoting vVater-Po,ver Sche1nes. 9 58' 62. A ve1·age Distributio11 of Rainfall for the Lonavla Gauge. ..• 263 ti;J. .e t1sef ully employed, -creating n. r1~:;;e11t a1111tu1l con:-;t11111)tiot1 of ,~oal tl1ere f 11r11isl1e~ al)ot1t a:-; 111t1cl1 e_nerg~· as the 111axi111111n tl1eoretically })Ossi- '•• ble in tl1nt c«)untry fro111 water (11earl)· 220 1nillion kilo,vatts). A det'liled con11>arison c)f tl1e costs of a sten.111 anil a 11}·,.Jro-electri(;. plant is to 1,c fottntl in tl1e I>r1lCecdi11gs of tl1e ..-\. I. E. }~. £01· .J tine 1917 in a paper 1,y Put11nrn. Constructio11 costs . ar~ l1igl1er 1111d 1)1>emti1)11 cc)sts pe1· kilo,,·ntt lower i11 the . case of: the latter (}~xtrnct I\r, S. D.,,·. E. P. at end of tl1is cl1t1µtcr). OrJi11aril ~· a l1y(lro-clectric 1>ht11t costs three ti111es as 111uch ns a. stean1-electric plant 1>f tl1e s'.1111e size, accorracticall~- reached its 111axi1uum, ,,·l1erens the cost of Ht.ca1n elt'(;tric po,,·cr is falling in 8pite of the stead,· . rise in tl1e price of coal. (Tra11sactions 1916, Part I.) Ne·vertheless, tl1e ,vhite f t1el ir,; not less i111porta11t. In1."lln1ent to 1,uild a11d operate po,ver plants ane• l n.11,l explained. Let us tirst, ho,vc\·er, stue(ls of ri,·er~~ 0r in11.l()L1110ssil>lc- as tl1ey are expensi\'e, oon1c l1a.,·ing to bc:ct1t 11ot b~r l1n11ecialll-· protect~Ll or cootee)~ whicl1 co11d11ct tl1e \\'atc1· from tl1e f,)rel)ay to tl1c turbineii. ;o;ucl1 r>i1>e::s 111igl1t )Jc can·ie1..l through tunnels or o\·er 111aso111·y sl1pport8 ipc~ are l1owP.ver, _tl1e rulf, tl1c ri ,·ettceing 11seck is c111plo~·cd t,> f ccla11ts. 111 tl1e Bl1atghnr installatio11, 11e 6'G2 ft. J>ipe sl11>1>lies ,vater to all ,:he fo11r turbi11es, ,vhilc the co1111ectiou ti1,e. 'fl1e 1>ipes sho11l.;t 1., ft. tler scc,)Jttl, after it leaves tl1e foreba~·. · Cl1a11ge i11 ,·clocit)' on rracl1i11g tl1e t11rbinc:-: ·is to be 1lcprecatecl, sec ]~xtt·act III, ;\p1>e11t s111all (a11d tl1e cost conser1t1e11tl)· ..kept comparati ,·ely l1Jw) l>y allo,\"ing }1igl1er ,,c}ocitii:-s tl1a11 ,vottld l>e permitted i11 tl1e lo,v-l1caa~r or t11nncl to tl1e po,vcr l1ot1se. For l1igl1-l1eads, at1to• 1natic relief ·,·alvcs nci1r go\-·ernors are ncccssarl~, b11t for lo"•hca,I plants, stancl pipes open to the atmospl1ere may IJe used nt -:1, con\·e11ic11t pojnt on the penstock; These devices serve to keep tl1e vclocit~, in tl1e pipe line consta11t, 1norc or les:,, ,vhen t11rbinc gates are arnte builcl. ing close-b:r, accon1tnocln.tcs tl1e l1igh-te11sion oil-s,,·itcl1es a11tl bus-bars. On tl1c ,vall of tl1c po,,·er l1ott::-e opposite or adjnce11t to that ,vhcre the peustockr:- e:ntc·r, or in nn acljoi11ing l1ot1se, arc fixed tl1c l1igh-tc11sion light11ing-arre.-.ters n11cl cl1oke-coil;;. and outgoing-lines on H. T. i11sttlators. Tl1e ,,·all ope11i11gs for sucl1 lines arc 1nnde large cncntgh fc,r tl1e coro11a or brusli discharge expected (sec Cl1. x,~1) and arc 1)rotectecl l.,~· overhanging l1oocl~ of cc111e11t. Sin1ilar arrangen1c11to l1oltl true in receiving stations ancl snl)-stations. Part of tl1c· middle floor or tl1e grot111cl floor of n neigl1l)()l1ring bl1ildi11g is,. 110,ve·vcr, occupied in tl1c cn:-::e of lurge stations of tl1is category l.>)" • syncl1ronous-condenser sets erectecl 011 i-;ub$tantial fol1ndatio11s. The principal purpose of tl1ese f..ets is to improve tl1e po,,·er factor. Althottgl1 the ,,·orking of a plant is olJYiot1:;;.ly independe11t of the looks of tl1c builtling c.-011tnining it, it is ermitted to be spoilt but shoulcl, if possible, be improYed b~· tl1e i11stallation of electric n1SChi11es and deYices. 011 tl1e otl1er l1and, it wottld not do to make tl1e 1>ower l1ot1se highl)· ornate or palatial. Its design shot1ld be tiimple antl sl1ot1ld pro,·idc for ple11t~, of ligl1t and ,·cntilation. The reader ,,·ill understand tl1at allatations are not of tl1c same stcreot~·pecl character and the· 3,rra11gements indicnte(l abo,·e n1n.~· not al,va~·s be ado1)ted b~· tl1e engineers entrusted ,vitl1 tl1c design or erectio11 of po,,·er l1ttcket ,viJth i~ ~ibout 4 times tl1e jet dia1neter. The stn.tic pressure ' P ' in pottnds per squ1tre i11cl1 ('Ol'l'L!s po11ding to a certain l1ead, H ft., of water may lJe ohtninc·ll 11~• Digitized by

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27 mewl1at by tl1e rotting of the planks at the line ,rherc both ,vater ~ntl air meet timper.

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At tl1e last tunnel, before delx,uching into tl1e forebn.~· r the flume crosses a ~mall mountain strea1n kno,v11 to tl1e J. P. I. men as tl1e '~Iohora nullah'. It is f ro1n this streatn that ,vater is deflected irito the forebay ,,·ht'n tl1e flu1ne suffersernturei-.

The Switches and .Switchboard. 'L'hc low-tension s,vitcl1cs ,vl1icl1 ,vork ,vitl1in oil-contai11ittg reccptnclcs, and tl1e exciter-field rheost.ats are operated bl· 8olcnoids; generator-field rheostats and oil-s,vitches· on tl1e l1igh-tension siplies ,,·atcr for cooling the bear-· ings. Each of the three dredges being worked from a sttb-station Digitized by

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·which can be 1noored close to it, the)· can ,vork at an~· distance :from one another. The operations extended from Sopur (12 .miles above Baramula) to Khadinyar (3 miles belo,,· it) .. A 100 ft. cl1annel was completed tl1roughout tl1is length and a :225 ft. one for several miles. In February 1912, tl1e river level was 5' 6' · lo,ver at Baramula. than in Fcbruar)· 1909, wl1en •r 60,000 to 2,300 volts required for the feeders. Tl1c transformers are delta-connected on botl1 the primar}· ancb. ~econdary sirles, and are located on tl1e ground floor, ,vhereare also the purtitio11s for tl1e bare H. T. bus-bars and s,vitcl1cs. and spark-gaps of tl1e nrrester~. On tl1e first floor arc thes,vitch-boo.rd, tl1e oil-s,vitcl1es and isolating links. The abovementioned macl1incs and appar.att1s, as also tl1e altematingcttrrent meters, po,ver-factor ancl. freq11ency indicators, ct1rrent and1 potential transformers, l~c., are of the same · kind ns those 1

" -1-30 h. p. motor for oil-pressing; 1-15 h. p. motor for a surkhi, · 111ill and 8 motors ranging from 5½ to 10 h. p. for .rice hullers. -Moreiuclust11ial motors ,vill be installed. While the war was on, there was g1·eat difficulty in getting machinery made for and supplied to India for p('acef uJ purposes. Digitized by

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:.at Mohora. Behind tl1e sub-statio11 bt1ildi11g stand tl1e storeJ1ouse and heater repair .shop. The 2,300-volt lines lead tl1e . . ..current to small transformcr l1ouses close to tl1e electric .filatt1res. It is from tl1e 150 k. ,v. oil-insulated, self-cooled transformers in tl1ese l1ouses (tl1ree in each l1ousc) that current js distributed at 220 volts to tl1e .1-l1.p, induction moto1·s wl1icl1 run tltc ,vinding reels tl1rougl1 cot1ntershafts and .friction pulleys ancl at tl1is or a lower , oltage {obbtined by •different combinatio11s of tnps :111(1 con11ections in star or delta) .to the heaters of the spinning i:ind cooking basins in tl1e filatt1res. It is in tl1ese b'.lsins that tl1e cocoons are· raised to a ·t einperatur~ of 65° n11d 90° C., respectivel)', to dissolYe the sticky substance tl1nt l1olcls tl1e silk threads togetl1er. To misc I ·the ,vnterr. to these temperature:-;, heaters of 800 "·atts n11d over 1;000 ,vatts arc reqt1ired. The original 6latures contained 1,000 basins, 664 for spinni11g tl1e tl1reads and 336 for cooki11g ,t}1e cocoons. The 'spinning' t)rpe of basins arc oval in shape n11cl l1ave a 1naximum le11gtl1 of 31 ins. and a maximum ,vidtl1 of 12 ·ins. ; the 'cooking' basins look like trnncatcd cones, top diameter 12", bottom diau1ctc1· 9· 5" and l1eigl1t 9' 5"; cacl1 of tl1e nc,v tihitures contain 304 spinning and ! 52 cooking basins.

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The majority of l1ea.ters tised f ormerl~, ,vcre of the i1nmersion type; tl1c:-;c l1avc been rcplncccl by otl1er type;;. l~lcctrocut::ing of tl1e. cocoons by _o verheating tl1cn1 clectricall~• (11ot by electric sl1ock ), _blo,ving elcctrically-l1catcd air l)y ' electrically-driven fans tl1rougl1 tl1e silk factory secl1oirs and J>roducing stean1 by mca11s of an elcct1·ic boiler,• are among tl1e tl1ings tl1at l1avc l)cen attempted ,vith so1ne success. -- - --- - - -·- - ·- -- - - ---· . • Th" sechoirs wcrc supplied by a Punjabi manufacturer, he it. noted.· They have now heen r eplaced by modern type Hamams and iron trucks. The whole of the silk factory has been remodelled at a cost of O\·er 7 lacs. Steam plant is no,v used only for heating cooking ·basins • and supplying stea1n on ,vet days to the enclost•d reel -cham bers for drying the silk v,hile spinning. 'The elect1·ic boiler is not in use as it is fonncl that local bi,at generation at the basins is more -economical than using a cntral boiler and distributing steam through J)ipe11 with their attl'ndant transrnis~i,)n los,; a,- Illtt)" ,vrapping barbed wire round the Io,ver third or hnlf of tl1c poles, struts and guys. Such protection is particularly necessary on lamp posts. Another living creature of "·]1icl1 tl1e electrical engineer, in places like Jammu, mttst be,,·are is tl1e tin)· ,,·lute ant w~ose depredations are no less ~rious though 111ore insidious tliah those of tl1e less invisible but 1nore mischief-loving monkej•s} The latter, however, secn1 to have lcar11t i11 ·the bitter scl1ool of experience that High-tension ,vircs are best left untouched.:._ the passion for s,vinging must be gratified elscwl1ere. '\\rooden casings and conduits sl1ould b~ ,,·rll painted ,,·l1crc white ants are suspected, but these insects are not subject to electrocution in tJ1e act of their secret serried attacks upon titnbe:r; hence it is more difficult to guard against then1 except b:r etnploying conduits, piping ancl fittings ,vluch the}· cannot destro}·, no matter ho,v hard tl1ey tr)' to drill tl1eir ,va)· tl1rough the:1n. Eacl1 of the H. T. Conductors is a No. 6 S. G. Copper ,vire. '

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Sub-stations.

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Tl1ere are several sub-stations. In eacl1 tl1ere are instAlled transfor1ners ,vhicl1 are oil-cooled and can step do\\·n the linevoltage of 3,000 vplts t9 the lo,v voltage of 22.5 or 220 suitaQle for lig]1ts a.nd sma.11 motors. Tl1e transforn1ers t:\nks are of· corrugated iron to facilitate radiation. S1nall switcl1boarda equipped ,vith tl1e necessary indicating, operating and control.:. Ii.rig devices are installed in the sub-stations~ . The followink table sho,vs the number and size of the 3-phase tranafonne~ in each sub-station.

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Table 2.-Transforaaers In s...-..tatlons.

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SuJi-s'rATION • .

Seri.I

Location.

No.

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II III IV V

VI VII \'III IX

TRANSFORMERS. .

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Nature of Load.

Capacit~·. :

Prince of v-.rales Coll~gc ••• Residenc)' ••• 1,fandi ••• ater orks .•. Press ••• Parade Grouncl ••• Aja.ib Ghar ••• Satwari ••• Gumal Gate •••

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5 k.

,v. : Lights and Motors.

25 k. w .. Dp. 25 k. w. Do. 25 k. w. Do. 30 k. w. Do. Do~ 25 k. w. 25 k~ w. Do. .. . 15 k. w. . Do:. 5 k. w. · Ligl1ts onl)·.

Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do: Do.

Pumping. In the ,vater works pumping station, where· to\\·ards the close of 191.7 a Paterson filter has been inst.ailed, there are three clear water high-lift pump-motors of the slip-ring t}•pe, each 6a b. h. p., 3,000 \·olt, 3-pha.se 50-c1·cle 1,450 r. p. m . • Two of these motors are in operation normally, the third being a spare for ttse in an emergency. ater bei11g a prime necessity of life must be, of course, al\'\·a1•s available nt the hydrants and in the hot1scs on the t.op of tl1e hill, to wl1ich it has to be pumped up· abot1t 335 feet from tl1c river Tawi. Then there are t,vo wasl1-wa.ter pump-motors, 20 h. h. p. and two low-lift ra.,v-water pump-motors, 17 b. h. p. each. One of tl1e low-lift pt1mps existH ns a stand-by. FASCh Io,,•-lift pump can supply 43,500 gallo11s per l1our against a total head of 4! feet at a speed of 960 r. p. m., ,vl1ile the high-lift large pump can deliver ~3,000 gallon per hour against a l1ead of 335 ft. at a speed of 1,450 r. p. m. The· raw-wat.er pumps are self-~gulating phosphor-bronze-impeller Rees-Rotui-bo pumps mounted upon cast-iron bed-plates and direct-coupled by a flexible coupling to the three-pl1ase motors. The high-lift pumps are ttl10 of the Rees Roturbo centrifugal type and similarly mounted

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58 and coupled. Ea.eh pwnp has its own suction pipe but all deliver into a common rising main. The efficiency of the larger motors is about 90 per cent. and that of the set 60 per cent. In the Pratap Bagh, there is an electrically-driven ReeeRoturbo eelf-regulating pump, capable of pumping up 24,000 gallons per hour again~t a 20 ft. head at 950 r. p. m. Tele_phonic communication exists bet,veen all the stations and enaineers concerned. In connection with tl1e mechanical filt.er, there are installed two 9 h. p. air-compressor motors. For details of the mechanical filter installation, the reader is referred to Mr. P. G. Dani's paper before the Punjab Engineerine Congress, 1919. Lighting. Originally the power produced entirely used for pumping water from the river to the reser,·oir. Now a good part of the load consists of lamps, motors and fans. The lighting of the Palace and Residency (complet.ed in 1912·13) led to the Stat.e sanctioning an extension of the distributing mains to the principal thoroughfares and q1wlrangleslike Mandi. The lighting load is about 100 k. w. now but likely to go up by 50 per cent. soon. Fig. 11 sho,vs how the electrical energy is distributed to the lights in the Palace from its sub-station,

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SUBSTATION

Fis. I 1,- .Jamau l ■atallatlN•Palace Wlrl■s Dla1ra111.

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Power. The power load is ~mall but worth a brief mention. Besides the motors in the Printing Press, there are 4 motors,. 4lach 16 h. p. and one, 6 h. p., for driving rice-husking mills 11nd a workshop connect,ed. to the 1nains and belonging to business people in the Jammu Bazar. In addition, it is expected that the workshop put up in connection with the Ne\\· Palaces ' -of General Sir Raja Hari Singh ( the heir-apparent) will take up 20 h. p. The tariff for electriClll power is 80 graduated as to encourage the use of motors and fans during the day; these pay one anna and two a11nas per unit respectively wl1ereu lamps have to pe.y 6 as. per unit consumed. Howe,•er a slidinc amle of flat rates is also provided :-9 · as. for a 20-watt lamp per month, Rs. 3 for a 50-watt lamp and Rs. 5 for a 150-watt fan per month and Rs. J20 per year for 24-hour mot.or loads.

Stand-by Plant. Owing to .accumulation of silt in the bed of tl1e ca.110.l, it has to be closed and cleaned every few years. During Buch interruptions, other means of maintaining the works in operation :are necessary. A steam stand-by plant had been ordered, con• sisting of a pair of units, compound engines coupled to 3,000 volt 130 k. w. alt.ernators, see Fi,g. 10.. The consignment was taken by the Government of India for works in Mesopotamia and the -Chief Electrical Engineer has thought of other means of tiding over the difficulty created by periodical closures of the present canal. ThP canal might be continuously 1lredged and an auxiliary canal one mile long might be constructed, which sho11ld take off from the Tawi river and exhaust itself into the Ranbir canal ·10mewhat above the power-house. The proposal of s11pplying power to the city and cantonment of Sialkot in the Punjab could then be seriously considered. The present plant could . be incrf'.a.Sed 80 as to develop over 600 k. w. Moreover other p1aces on the Chenab possess such ffow and fall that further development of water power in the State is quite within the bound! of possibility. Such a place exists 30 miles from Digitized by

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Jammu. Power t.o the extent of 20,000 h. p. ( equal to thecapacity of tl1e Jh~lum •installation ) could be made aYailable for the factories and' cities of tli~ . Punjab.· " In these ·da-}' S of high voltages and· long distance transmission of electric_ }X>wer~ it should then be possible," says Mr. C. H. K. Chamen, '' £or the Chenab supply mains to link up " ·ith those of the Jhelum· Power Installation for tl1e suppl}r of the Nortl1ern Punjab fro~ Peshawar to Jarnn1u."

Suppliers, Contractors, Cost. The po,ver-house plant was put up by Messrs. Balmer Lawrie and Company. Their Engineer, the late Mr. H. B •. St.one, M. I. E. E., v,as Chief Electrical Engineer of the Jhelum. and Lahore installations subsequent t.o the erection and operation in the initial stages of the J a1nmu plant. The British: Westinghouse _Compinn}·-no,v merged· in tl1e ~letropolitanVickers-supplied all the larger electrical gear. Messrs. Jessopand·Compan~• ,vere gi,·cn the contract for tl1c suppl}•, delivery and erection, complete in nll respects, of the filter plant as well M of the pumping plant. The estimntcd cost of tl1ese plants and the works in con11ection witl1 them -n·as Rs. 1,69,000 •. The actual cost ,vas less thnn this, because the ,vorks previous!}· existing were partially utilised in tl1c con/'.'truction of tl1c new plants and works.

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Fie. S. - Clty Uchtlnc Sub.station . Swlh:hboard, Frequcnc:y9':hanccr kts and Auto,.transformcr J. P. •~

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Jammu lnstallatlon. Powcr .. ttousc and Steam Stand~~Y plant.

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' Fh: . I l. Jam shedJI Nus,e r NanJI Tata.

Fl&,- 16 .-Tata Piaftt. Khopoll. Forcbay and Up~r Pl,C.

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IN

CHAPTER V. The Tata Hydro-electric Schemes of Bombay.

. the present cl1aptcr will be described ,vhat is destined to be-

the biggest hydro-electric development of India. Thisgroup of projects 1nay be said to o,ve its origi11 to the prophetic · insight, bu.s iness acttmen and patriotic fervottr of the same ma.ster-mind ,vho laid tl1e foundation of the Indian steel industry which proved of inestimable scr11ice during the war and of the Indian Institute of Science ,vhicl1 has a future full of promisebefore it, uow tlmt tl1e people and Go\·ernment of India alikerecognise the neecl a11d valtte of scientific research in the · industrial rejt1vcnatio11 of tl1c cot1ntrr. The late Mr. ,J. N. Tata had realised tl1c aclvantagcs of ,vatcr po,,·er in 187 f, long· before the first hy(lro-clcctric inst.1.llation in India was put up· near Darjeeli11g i11 1896, e\.·en before tl1e ,vater power plant at Gokak 14.,alls startcee Fig. 12). Messrs. Alfred Dickinson & Co., Consulting Engineers, were appointed in 1905 to advise and assist the Tatv. Syndicate. "They sent out Dr. J. Mannheim and Mr. R. B. Joyner to verify Mr. Gostling's facts and figures and to consider the engineering ·and commercial issues involved. To the latter is due the -credit of designing the hydraulic end of the plant after ma.king indepe11dent surveys of his own, obtaining and stud~fing records -of rainfall for the preceding 30 years and satisfying the orga·nisers of the soundness of the scheme. As a compliment to the ;late Jlr. David Gostling\ one of tl1e lakes (the one at Lonavla) lbas been named Lake Gostling.

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Advantages and Disadvantages.

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The Niagara 11alls development is in some respects similar to the Tata scheme, but the difference.-, are striking. The plant& ·at Niagara rely upon the water of a natural river of large volume falling down 170 ft. or so over a natural · fall of an -exceptionally wide conto11r. The Tata installations depend on a . very large artificial stora.ge of rain water which falls during • •only 3 or -t months of the year, though generally in abundance when it does fall. With tl1e Niagara head at the Western •Ghats, the Bombay hydro-electric &eberne would l1ave cost Digitized by

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altogether t°'l mttch to be seriously considered as a commercial. proposition. With ten times that head for the same power,. one-tenth the quantit}· of water suffices (see Chap. II). Tl1e quantity of water required is fortunately provided by Nature in plenty. The minfall is about 17 5 inches per annum 0n the average (with variations of from + 62~{ to - 52%. B. D.R.). This is about 5 times the rainfall on the Ca.1tver)~ catchment.. The required quantity can be stored right at the spot where the heavy ruinfall occurs o,•;ing to the natural formation.of the valleys and their satisfactory geological character. The transmission voltage is about as high as at Niagara, 100,000 volts-the highci;t for India so far but the transmission diAt.ance is only 43 miles. The voltage might : be considered too high for sucl1 a small distance but it mt1st be remembered that the present Tata instn.llation will work on t.erms. of friendship with other installations of allied companies whose lines will extend to mucl1 longer distances. (See Chapter XVI). The line from Khopoli to Bombay passeo over more or les~ level country and does not offer any insuperable clifficulties. The city of Bombay provides an excellent market for that ra,v material of so many indt1stries-viz., motive po\\•er. The two principal sources of power are coal and water. In the vicinity of Bomba}·, coal cannot be bad from a natural source. It has to be brought from places a thot1sand miles away. ,vat.er exists in plenty on the Western (thats during mc,nsoon tirue. The ·r ainfall ain be stored at an elevation of some 2,000 ft. above the sea-le,•el and gradually dropped down to a place about 300 ft. abo,·e sea-level, whereelectrical energy can be produced for transmission to Bomba.1·. Electric power and light possess undisputed advantages of their own for most work and in most situations they are eagerly welcomed. The consumer cv.n control and regulate the poweraccording to his own requirements and have it j,1st where he wants,-moreover he can see how much he is consuming. Electric drive enables him to get not only a greater quantity of work produced from the same number of horse-power gcn(!roted, l>ecause of the reduction in the losses due to beltin2, Digitized by

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66

•haftirig, and bfflrings, but also to obtain a. bettE'/ quality of _1>i'Oduct (see Extract at tl1e end of tl1is chapter from lett.er of Manager, Phoenix l\,lills). The inain drawback is at tl1e source•-minfall and reservoirs. In the West.em Ghats, tl1e annual ,rainfall varies enormously on different parts of the catcl1ments, from a maximum of 546 inches (which fell in ii.bout 80 days .as measured on one of the gauges on the catchment) to a mini.mum of 82 inches (measured at anotl1er gauge). ' During tl1e last few years, there liave been some 40 gauges in the catchments.' (B. D.R.) The bttlk of the rainfall occurs during 3 n1onths. The shortage of rainfall in 1918 affected the Tata Company an,l through it the Bombay mills no less than it did the agriculturists. The supply of power might have been very much curtailed in April 19 J. 9 on accot1nt of the lo,v level of the wat.er stored in the lakes, but the mills ,vorked less number of hours and owing to the great labour strike, 111ost of tl1e1n remained closed £or about a 1nonth. Tl1e Tata Co1npan~· found it possible to tide over the period of insufficient water by erecting a temporary dam in the Shira,vta lake and, wl1ene,·cr necessary, by horro,ving power fro1n tl1e Bo1nbay Electric Supply and Tran1ways Co. Tl1e last n1onsoon has enabled the Lona.vie. lake to cope ,vith the demand for power. Thi:; -difficulty .is not likely to prove troublesome in future as new storage lakes are in pt·oce1;s of construction. Tl1c 1918 rainfall -of about 88 inches ,va.s the second ,vorst recorded for the last 50 years. A minimum occurred i11 1877 and another in 1899. Another minimum will not probably happen for several years to come. In 1919 and 1920, the rainfall ,vas 189 and 136 incl1es res~tively. On the advice of their Consulting Hydraulic Engineer, the late Mr. Joyner, the Tata Co. have taken up the whole of their storage catchments so as to increase the vegetation ,vhicl1 was expected by him to incrense the condensation over the lakes considerably by cooling the air. It must, however, be pointed out that this opinion is not sl1ared by tl1e meteorological experts. Afforestation vrould merely prevent silting in the lake beca11se the tree roots hold the soil which is not scoured away and Soods are also prevented or at least reduced and Digitized by

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67 .f or these reasons and· because forests .f u·rnish timber for so ;many needs of civilized people, afforestation and reforestation :are desirable (see extract from the Agricultural Journal at the end of this chapter).

The Company. · Under t;he Indian ·Electricity Act of 1903, a licen_se _was . .granted by the Government of India to the Tata Syndicate in 1907 to supply tl1e public of Bombay ~ith electrical energy: • generated by water collect.ed at the Ghats. The company was . . registered in November 1910 with a nominal ea.pit.al of two -crores of rupees raised entirely in India, ~hanks to the timely guarantee of Sir Sasoon David; the· Princes · and Chiefs of India taking up the bulk of the shares and debentur~s. As has been said elsewhere, ''this means a great deal for India, considering ho,v hard it is to unlock capital i~ this country. Tlmt this wa~ done in the case of a. scheme . which is the • largest of all Indian undertakings bodes well for the country's future, for it refut.es.the charge _that the Indian people can never get ·togetl1er and pt1ll together.'' Sir George Clarke stimulated the idea of this enterprise being financed entirely with Indian inoney, because to use the words of Sir Dorab Tat.a, he regarded it as something more than a common jointstock enterprise. He looked upon it as a work that was destined to exercise a. fertilising influence on Bombay industries, a curative influence on its smoke-is.den atmosphere and · a. stimulating influence on major · Indian enterprise. The foundation stone was la.id at Lonavle. on Feb. 8, 1911, by His· Excellency the Governor of Bombay ·who complimented the Company on the completion of e. purely s~adeshi enterprise, pomt.ed out the economies . possible with electrical energy specially when supplied well under the then current cost of steam power and the many requirements of Bombay, emphasized the advantage of purifiart of tl1e Lo11u,·la plateau 011 tl1e Bhorc Gl1at ,vl1ere n1nxi111t1t11 preci1>ibttio11 occ11rs ; to con,luct tl1e ,,·nter fro11) tl1c ~torage reservoi1·s at a.11 eas~· slope i11 t]1e su1>1ll~· el1a11nels ton regulati11g rc~er,·oir 1t11cl tl1encc tl1rol1gl1 tlipes clrop it 1,725 ft. c>f vertical dist.'l.11cc 011 to tl1e turlli11es; gc11erate electrical e11erg~• b}· gener:ttors COltt>lecl to tl1eae tt1rbi11es ;' transfor1n tl1e t·lectric pres:;urc tt> 1,()(),000 volts ; trn11s111it tl1e 1>0,,·er 43 1niles to Bo111l:>a)' ; lo,ver tl1c prcsst1re t a sltitn.ble ,·olt:.tge ; clistribt1tc tl1c cncrg}' to the ,·ario11s 111ills n11cl i11sthll u1otors tl1ere, if ~o oi11t fl'O\'i11tal l>a,rs tl1ro11gl1011t. TJ1c Sl1irn,,·t..1 lake l1ns its outlet :1t 11enrly tl1e ~nine le lll'c[crrctl lo rubble mRsonry, not lined ,vitl1 cen1e11t, of ,vl1icl1 tl1c duct i~ made. The 1enkagc has been very much redttcccl IJy lini11g tl1c bc 1'ttf>1>l ~- ,vn.tcr fl>r 13 111in11tes f. t.1· turbine::.;.•* The ,vutcr t'lkes 1nore tl1an 011c l1onr to rencl1 tl1c foreba)· from , .\ral,vl1:in lake. 'f here n.re at 1,1•e:,;ci-1t Tl sets, b11t tl1e Clt!tt\ :--cl1e111e J>rre\·c11t lcaki- tl1rot1gl1 tl1e bottc,111 or ~iclcs of tl1t· f111·1:•l)a~·~ it:-; l,e)' hydraulic ~er,·o-motors. *** The go\·ernors a11ton1aticall~li1nit the spectl variation to 2½, :> and 12 per cent. witl1 25, 50 and 100 per cent. lood i;uddenly thro,vn off. Eacl1 exciter ~et· consists of a11 Escher ~-8s 1,050 h. 1>. GOO r. p. m. turbin(~ ' cot1pled to it Sie1nens 600 k."·· 210 \·olt co1npound-wo11nd direct-current generator. The exciter tt1rbines arc not fitte('l'II to s a vP 'hc•a !-O la!".!.!(' i n lh:· 11 ppc•r SC'Clio11 .-th(•:-l' h r· in;,:' l'11111p.11·:1ti ,·a11els ha,·e double-pole solenoidoperatecl field-s,vitcl1es. The ge11erator-field rl;ieostats, turbine governors and air-duct sl1uttcrs are operntecl b)· 220-volt 1notors receiving tl1eir energy 'fro1n tl1e n1otor-ge11erntor or from a 60-ampere 8-hour storage l>atter)·; tl1e air-duct sht1ttcr:, l,eino- interlockecl electricall)· ,vitl1 the gencrator-fielc]"" ~,,·itcl1es so tl1nt wl1en the fielectivel~•. Electric signalling is in use for the purpose of facilitating co-opP.ration l>etween the h~·drat1lic and electric operators on dutl·.

The Bus-Bars. The 5,0JO-volt lo,v-tension bus-bars are of solid cop1>er ·bar; the high-te11sion bus-bars of copper tubing supported on post-t)'pe insulators. Each oet of bt1s-bars is provided ,vitl1 disconnecting s,vitches.

Switchgear. In compart1nents opposite to eacl1 main generator are locat;ed ·the field-switch panels, oil-break s,vitches, disconnecting s,,·itches :and current n.nd potential transformers for each circuit. The switches for ronnecting each unit to its o,vn bank of transformers are non-at1to1natic and consist of 3 single-pole single-tl1ro,v -s,vitches in cells, solenoid-operated ,,·ith control relal'S and ha\·ing a rupturing capacity of 50,000 k. ,v. ea~h; automatic protection being afforded by a series of inverse-time-limit o,·erload relays. The 100,000-,·olt oil-s,vitcl1 room is on the floor ·above the transformer compartments. Fig. 19 sho,vs, besides the s,vitches or1 the floor, the disconnectir1g links arid bus-bars -on the frame"·ork. The tnimic bus-bars on the benchboard to which reference ,vas made are for the purpose of enabling the looker-on to follo,v the circuits whether in use or not in use; ·in other ,,·ords, to kno,v ,vhich portions are nli,,e and ,vhich dead in the electrical· se11se. No high-,·oltage ,vires are brought to tl1is board. Tl1rough tl1e roof of tl1e com1lartments, coildt1ctors • are passed in compound-filled bushings to tl1e disconnecting and oil-s,vitcl1es and thence to tl1e H. T, 110110,,· lJus:-;es throt1gh series reln)'S. The circuits are ]aid 011t ~)•111n1etricall)·, a pl1ase SJJacin_g of .5 ft. anrl a •strikit1g ri1nar~· is ,,·ot1nd for ·6,600-,·olts. Tl1e:: -e transformer:-; are connectecl in deltn ancl st11>1lll· po,,·er to thc.· i11duction 111otor dircct-cot11>led to the tl. c. ge11erntor. l-'ot1r s~ nchronot1s conder1ser set~, t,,·o of 5,000 k, .. A. a11d t,,·o of 3,000 k A., are i11stullecl for i1111>ro,·ing tl1e 1>0,,·er factc,r. Before these sets ,,·ere 11t1t in 01>erntio11, tl1e 1>c1,ver-fnctor ,,·a~ 81%; it rose to 91% after tl1eir i11st..'tliutio11. Tl1ere is 110 other provision for tl1e in1pro,·e1nent of po,,·er·factor. Fig. 23 sl10,,·:-tl1e 6,600-volt auto111ntic oil-s,,·itcl1es co11trolli11g the 011tgoi11g feeders. Tl1e 6,600-,·olt cables co11,·e~·i11g po,Yer to tl1e extent • of 40,000 11. 1>. are a1>er-i11sulntcd lendf-;l1enthed t~·pe an(l lu,,·e bee11 lniarched ancl rockl· ri,•erbed,-a goodly volume of ,vater throughout tl1e 1011g dr)· seaso11 pra.cticall)' equal to tl1at of the river Thames in st1m1ner, astot111ding as this mn.l· scen1. Will it become a11 additional ,vater suppl~· for tl1e cit)·? ,\:rill it be t18ed to irrigate 30,000· to 40,000 acres of land inter,·enirig bet,,·ee11 K11opoli and the· ocean? Will it serve both pt1rposes ?'' In order to measLire. the quantit)· of ,,,ater issui11g fron1 the tailrace, the Tata Co. have bt1ilt a gat1gi11g pool and ,veir fitted witl1 a Hook gange. A regular survey of the countr)r rot1nd about the 'Ga11ga' tt::it has been jt1st called, ,,,as mn.de by the Govern1nent some . years ago.~• Tl1e Go,·er111nent is reported to ha\·e decided to. grant n mnopol:\'· of tl1e use, for i110ses, of tl1e t.ail ,,Yater in favour of tl1e Khopoli I-'a11d Co., Ltd. A ro~1alt)r will be cl1arged for tl1e ,vater, ,vhich i:; expecte(l to a111ot1nt to abot1t 100 n1illio11 gallons a da~·. at the follo,,,ing rntes:-Rs. 5,000 a l'ear for the first 5 ~·ears; Its. 10,000 a year for the Gth tl) · the 9tl1 years ; RR, 15,000 fro111 10th to 12th; Rl'.\. 20,000 from, 13th to 15tl1; Rs. 26,000 fron1 tl1e 16th year thereafter. The Compnn}· hn~ been granted reft1sal of the Andhra Valle~·· tail,vater, about 120 1nillion gallo11s a de.~· ,vhich ,viii fnll into• a tribt1tar~· of the Pej ri,•er, it~elf a tribtttar)' of the Ulhas ri,·er· which flows from Neral to Kalya11 alongside the rail,vn)· line and empties itself into the Bassein Creek. - - - --- - - - -- - - ----- - -- •• See ~xtract g from Mt-. Joyner's paper (Proc. I11st, CiT. Engrs.,. '

Vol. CCVII, Part I).

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CHAPTER VI. Tata Hydro-Electric Schemes.-(cv,itd.) BESIDES the project described above in detail, there arc t,vo other hydro-electric schemes for supplying power to Bo111bay ,vl1ich will ,vork in co-operation ,vith the existing installation. It has been mentioned above that a temporary 5,000volt line of 3 conductors on ·in8ulators and ,,·ooden poles _runs £ron1 Kl1opoli to !(hand (a score of 111iles or so off the rail,vay track from Sate 11ear Lona\·la) ,vhere construction ,,,ork f the A11dhra \' alle)' H~·dro-electric Scheme is in progress (see extract from Directors' lteport at end of tl1is chapter). Tl1c po,ver is 11sed for ,vorking tl1e compressors, etc., during tl1e day and for lighting lamps during the riight. Tl1e clan1 a11d tun11el, about 1½ tnile long, are ,veil advanced. The ge11erating station has been built at Bhiv:puri i11 the Taluka f Kn.rjat about 9 miles from Chincha.vli rail,vay station (recently re-11amed Bhivpuri-Road) and the recei,·ing station has bee11 located at • Dharavi within tl1e area of supply in Bombay. lfachinery i.c; being put up. This concer11 ,vas . floated in 1916 ~,ving to the fact tl1at the ,lemand for power had gro,vn beyond the capacity of the Kl1opoli i11stallation. E\·en this sche1ne ,vill not suffice to 1neet tl1e de111and and the Tat.a Po,ver Co. was launched in 1919 to carry out the Nila-M u!a ;project. Mr. H. P. Gibbi;;, General Manager of tl1e concerns,

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93 referrec.l to them i11 his preside11tial aei11g three-fifths dri,·en, ,vl1ile tl1e fou11dations of tl1e cla1n hn,ve bee11 co1111)leted. 'fhe transmission -distlt11ce to Ilo111bn~· ,vill be .16 1nile5." Fig. 26 gives a goocl io,,·er-house '.vill 1>robalJl~- be 40 miles fro1n Jaigarh on the sea coast. Jaiga.r h is 10 111iles fro1n Port Dabhol and 100 1niles b)· sea from BombaJ·, and could be connected alo11g the coast ,vitl1 Ratnagiri bJr rail,,·ay extending fro111 tl1e latter place to Kolhapur or probably there ,vill be t,vo dams and t,,·o po,,·erstations ; 011e dam being near Hel ,,·ak, the otl1er just belo,v tl1e· junction of tl1e I{o~·11a and Kandati ri,~ers. The po,verstations ,vill be ( 1) belo,v tl1e Hel ,,·ak dam, 1,t Ku1nbharl1, (2) at An1ba,·li to the so11th-,vest of llahablesh,var. :F'actories migl1t be located nenr Cl1iplun bclo"· tl1e Kumbl1arli po,ver-house, instead of on the Jaigarl1 Peninsula. The M. & S. M. R~-. ,,·ill probably build a rail,,·a~· line from Karad to Bomba)r via Patan, Hel,vak, Cl1iplun and Khed. Khed is a suitable place for factories as it can be reached on ,vater from port Dfl.bhol and is below the Ambavli po,,·er-hortse. The northern-half de,·elo1>n1ent ,,·ould probn.bl~· ha,·e a head of l,U60 feet and the soutl1ern-half de,,elop1nent 1,650 feet. Tl1e late Sir M. Netl1ersole ngreed ,vith the me.in conclusio11s of Mr. Ar11all. Aluminit1m. · · ,,·ill be produced from bauxite or litterite ,,·hich is c,btainable in the sot1thern Mahratta countr,· and· otl1er electro• cl1emical products, e. g., nitrogenous co1npouncls and caustic socla could be economically prepared (see extracts about

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97 -electro-che1nical industries at the erid of this cl1apter). Tl1e ·sites for the factories are still u11dt:r consideration, pending -clecision regarding construction of the extension, just allL10uring t.owns, prodt1ce fertilisers and gi,·e the grent heat required for the smelting of ores. India coulu11tr~· ,,·ot1ld be less depe11dent t1pon its agriculture ,vl1icl1 tl1c vars·ing seasons render some,vhat capriciot1s. Tl1e ,vorks a.re not.able £01~ tl1e follo,ving renson:-: :-Tl1ey nre tl1e largest of the man~sin1ilar hydro-electric ,vorks ,vhicl1 l1ave been constrt1cted ast ten or t,,·enty yen,rs u1,king into consideratio11 tl1e great l1e:td t1selc:!1.1 R. p.

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. Extract from Seco11d Report ipe:-into the dam for the future po,ver possibilities of tl1e lake hacl not been carried out; a discharge of 600 c11secs will be a\·nilable for some 8 inonths, to supply power for 12 months it ,,·ottld be necessary to provide compe1isating :-;torage a11d tl1e11 b)· utilizing the Ing t'alls son1e 4,400 e. 11. p. could be generate(l · but probably at a prohibitive cost. If irrigation interests wo11ld 1>ermit of the ,vater of t11e Nira or Gunja,vani Rivers bei11g -diverted over the Ghats, n fall of 1,700 ft. could be obtained · :and the Lake Whiting Scl1e1nc could be seta side.

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131 'fJxtract froni the Times of India, Jt,ly 2!}, 19!1.

(a)

The new Bhatghar __Da111 wiJl. contain ten J)("r cent. more masonry tha!) that of the Assouan Dam in Egypt. (b) The quantity of '\\-ater stored will be approximately equal to the combined total of the 1\.ndhra Valley Scheme and of the three lakes whose waters , are impounded l>y the Shirawta. Walwhan and Lonavla Dams: and it will l>e one-thircl greater than that of the Nila-Mula Dam. (c) The Census of 1921 showed that 5,000 people were employed. Fig. 36 sho,,·s the plan of the Bhatghar Dams ancl Lake Whitirtg a11d 1'~ig. 37 is a cross st>etion wherein the old and new Dams are compared. The blocks for· these were kindly lent by the Ti,n.es of India. · · ·

Facts about the lakes and dams (several of which ha,ve been stated :-already in the above chapter) are subjoined for i:eady reference• .1\verage rainfall over the caoohment of 128 square miles approximates 100 inches. After the new Dam is finished, the size of the lake will be as follows : TABLE 13.

Lake Whiting. Length of lake •. • •.• 17 miles 1 N .B.-The island Perimeter o( lake ·- ... . .. 4G ,. ).-of Bombay is 22 •.\re& at F.S.L.-9,3Gfi acres or 14'7 sq. milesJ square miles. Contents of lake ..• ••• ... 24,198 million cu. ft.

Bbatgbar Dam. Length of dam · •·..

• •. • •

•••••

..,,, .. ~ 333

feet .

Maximum height above foundation

•••

.

190 feet•

of water above lowest outlet .

•••

143 feet •

Depth

Quantity of masonry in Dam ..•

• ••

Area that the base of the Dam covers

•••

---:o:---

21 ~ million cu. ft. --1 , 2 ..

acres.

.

N . B ..:_1-•or certain of the facts and figures contained in Chapter VIII, the Author is indebted to the Executive Engineer, J..ake Whiting District•

•

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•

PART II.

HYD~ELOCT~IC INSTALLATIONS OF INDIA. '

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· . .. C.HAPTER . IX.· .

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,The Cativery· Falls Installation and other · -· Hydro~·e1ectric: Schemes· of ·Mysere.

T~T•; .i~~~nllat~on ,,vhicl~ for1i~s the ~~~ject ,of this clmpte1~ is 011e ., of tl1e . pioneer .,vat.er•po.\ver· . pl1 ,i1ts·_ in -: the · cot1nt:1:y, l1avin.g been·· projectecl . as. far·back ·a s 1897.: The . .. .. . . . . 1

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lncl½'ll}: ~r1fl,~t_st~~l ._C?n1,~i~~i?n gav~ . it . preccde~:e_

CYrr ,-?~·er

tl1c Dai:,ieel1ng plant 1yl11ch.,v.11>- ~lie fir:st chronolog1call~·, t}:iou~h not lll })()jnt. of ' capi~l . or capnc~t~T' potential_ or, potentialii:~-. Begi1i{1ing·it1 1902·: ,vith 4,'llOO 11: 'p. tra11s1U:itt~ ·at' '35;000 ,·olts, the (~auver:r }"'alls central station l1as been enlargere · the carriage of plant over 20 miles of mountain roads cost more than its freight from E11glanu to the Rail,vay ::Statio11.-P. R. W.. P. ·R.,_p. 21~ . . :

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(Jnuvery Fnlls plant cost .t 340,100 1nade ltp ns follo,\·s :Hyourd and . Fi~. 43 tl1c trans Eor111r!rs i11stallecl at the TransEorn!er Stntio11 at Siva~an1ndra1n (not tl1c P o\\'er H ou$c). f:acl1 trnnsfor111er i~ rnted at 1,7.10 k. \ ". A. 2,200 volts on tl1e lo,,·-tension· side and :,5,000 t:: :\!l,000 YOlt:- or clonblc a,- 1nuch on tl1e l1i~l1-ten sion , . . . !-id e.

.

Transformers, etc.

.

Xot only t he H. T. tnt~1,-forn1eri- but their l1igl1-ten:-ion Lusl1ingi; arc nllccl ,,·ith a special oil. The gauges indicating . .. tl1e level sl10,ring . of oil in tl1e trnnsforn1er tanks.. the indicators . ,,·l1etl1cr ,,·ater i:,; tto\\·ing tl1rougl1 their cooling coils, an tl the tl1er1no1nctcrs indic.-ating the t en1pcmt:1u·e obtaining at .an~-. . tin1e . . in the tnnks are all fi xed :-:o as to be clearly visible to the . . operator-on dnt)· at tl1e s~·itcl1board. · The trnnsfor1ncr station j,. nt present in a building q uite remote froir1 tl1c po,,·cr hot1se . . .. . . . .. and the L. T. 1nai11s are brougl1t to it i11 n 1,000 ft .-long duct ,rbich JlL.'l.kes its existe11ce fcl t IJ~- tl1e noise procen, i~i. . piiqillel. ,vitli ,vJiicli it· is•.ope);'atet,,-iiii:and ·Bai-butia·)~,,.as, the· thr~e· sup~l)"i1ig Ibl o[;,vhich floors ..nrc :J)l'C)\'i'clerl' U) -clea:r·:ou-~-.tlic ~edime11t tl1at .deJ)OSitB. · · · . ·:·, .' · . · · . ·.• : ·:.• · :· .-T,he .ferro.;concretP'i•e~et·vou~·, .,v~hicl1·act~ i\:-,·.thc'. .focel)a) ;l~ I.,::-, ft._b~• t,O ft~ l>'y 12 !i. ancl:ca.ri.supply '45,500.c·ti.·,ft~ of ,\~11te~,: ~ ,icl1 j:,; enot1gh to n111 tl1~ Peltori ,,,heel~:(or 2t· hottr:-:, irr~:'J>Ccti\W, of . tl~c. 1is~har~e .fro111 tl1e .iltora~. ·.. Tl1e pentrougl1,. . i_,, ·~v, ft. ... . . . ,v)3~c.f).' . ' . ... h)~: ~O ft. :by 12 ft. ~11d_ als~ .()f fen·-:cq11_c~~~e? .!~- ._ \oci•~~ iti,:::icl,~ tll~--_l~~\:Oi_~' .,~i~~l) tl :l~l~t~i~op ,P~n;-~k,' : ~~gc>t _; tt!1d: -~~9tlle in~r~ini~~~- ~, ~- . p~11tro~•~~1--~:s,~:?~~1~11 ta~k.·,~;llicl~--~r~1~~1i.~~ipe. It is useiece of steel bet,veen tl1e t,vo parts. The thir. Tl1e latter Rt·e 1>ro,·i 1nachines, f nrther particulars of ,vhicl1 nre given in the followi11g Tnble:TABLE 15.-Alteraatora.

No. ol

Si ✓.e

Ma'age. Tl1e 65.kW. genel'tt• tors ,vere supplied by ~Icssrs. Cro1n1>tn & Co.; one of the 135-k \\'. generators by the General Electric Co., \Vitton, and the other by the Brusl1 Electric Co., Loughborough. Tl1e 200kW. alterna.tor of tl1e rtc,v pla11t ,,·as obtained fro111 Messrs. British \Vestinghot1se }:lectric llanufactt1ri11g Company 1t11d its exciter from Messrs. J a1nes Gorla11t ,viii 1.>e on turning to the eigl1tecnth chi~pter. Digitized by

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WATEH

152 .

F ir.

◄ 9,

'l'UIW I N E~.

Impulse Turbin e for Med iu m and H igh FaUs.

Fir, SO. Vertl, a l-s haft Turbine to r Lo w Falls.

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CHAPTER XI. The Simla Hydro-Electric Installation.

·THE l1ydro-electric

installation of the Simla Municipalit)' · deserves attention as it supplies electrical energy to the ,su1nmer headquarters of the Governments of India and tl1e • 'Punjab. Simla is a sal11brious hill-station situated in the Western Himalayas at an average altitude of abcut 7,000 ft. above -sea-level.

Location. •

The .power station is not located in, or very near to; Si1nla. The ·H ead ,vorks are some 20 miles by road frotr. the to,vn at a :place on the N auti Khad stream, close to the village ')f Basantpur. The power house is near Cha.ha, 2 miles further do,,·n ·e of I ir1 l,O(JO. .

Tl1e11 l>egins a11other ttn11r of solirl rcK'.k. Th.is t1111nel is abottt 1,300 ft. -long, a11d . . . 7 ft. b5· -,; ft. i11 scctio11. Another 111ilc t,f 01Jen ffttme brings 011e to tl1t> regt1lating reservoir, 12 ft. 2 i11. (leep. . This . rcser,·oir, l-lltrti-tic,11ccl i11 tl1e n1iddlc IJ~· H 8ubmerged ,vall, hits a storage c·a1,aeit~· of 642,100 ctt. ft., ,vl1ich is sttfficient to rt111 tl1e t)ln11t for 4 l1ot1rs at full l0ttcl. \\.l1e11e,~er the reser,·oir l1a:-. to . bt.· clc:n11c!11ti; :Lgf1i11st tl1c rc'scr,·oir ; fro111 tl1e jt1~1ction' of . the t,Ycl tl1e ,,·ater l)tts:ses tl1ro11gl1 1'1. rc-inforceected by its investigator, 11r. :\lilne ( to ,vl1001 I a,n indebte(l for n 11ote on the Simla plnnt). .to furnisl1 6,700 e. h. p. from n mini1num perennial flo,v of 18 cusecs an,l a gross l1ead of 1,600 ft. ,vitl1 a 20 million cu. ft.-stomge a11d a 5,000 ft.-long pipe line. See, ho,,·eyer, extract at end of the thirteenth chapter.

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I I

Power Station. The po,ver plant consists of Boving's in1pulse turbines -coupled to Siemens alternators. Three of the sets are each rated at 250 kw. at 0·95 per cent. power-factor, "·hile the fourth and fifth sets are each capable of giving 500 k\\·. at atbout 0·77 per cent. power-factor. The aggregate 1>,,· er is thus 1,750 k,v. Thi& will probabl)· be increased by 250 or 500 k,v. Inter on. Each of the sn1aller turbines takes about i cusecs f ,vn.ter and each of the larger 12 cusecs, The o,·er-all -efficiency is 80 per cent. T,vo of the generating sets (encl1 of :250 k,v.) carry, on an extensio11 of their sl1afts and bcd-plnte~, the excit~rs ; these ttsed to l>e en1ployed mainly for starting purposes when the instnllation was first erected and fo r furnishing a local D. C. Supply. Tl1ere are, also, t,,,o Bo,·ing':. turbines coupled in tnndem ,vith t,vo motor-generators, There is no governor ,vith these turbines. Both the ,vater-turbine and the electric 1notor provide the po,ver and keep the scnlEs ,even, so to speak. Cables from the alternator-armature conduct the current to high-tension transfor1ners suppliei b~• the General Electric Co. of Schenectady, N. Y., ,vl1ose sister con· -cern B. T. H. of Rugby, England, suppliell tl1e s,vitcl1boards -and s,\'itcl1gear, including a Tirrill regulator ,vhicl1 works quite satisfactoril5-·. These transformers mise the generator ,·olt'lgc of 2,200 or 2,400 to 15,000 volts. The ne,v tmnsforn1er:! l1ave a device kno,vn as the breatl1er at the top of tl1e tank. This device is one of the parts of the 9il Conservator ,vl1ich, thl' G eneral Electric Co. cousiIts fc)r distribnting po,\"er to ten s1nall st1l)•Stations =--C11ttt~re,l ,),·er ·the to\\·n. In these, the volt..'tge is further Io,vert,l t,) 2:! 1) or 380 vol~ by G. E. C. 3-pha.se tran::.;forn1cr~. 'fill~ ~~·:-:;tc·111 :in ·use is 4-wire 3-phase, 220 ,·olts bei11g ol>t:ti111: •l l>f't\V• ~c11 ~tt(!}1 phnse-,,·ire and 11eutral. Four new st1l)-~tatiG11s tt1;e t•) b1..~ ,put up as a consP.queace ef the extensio11. I 11 Si1t1l~i the J) ) .rer ·is rr.ainly used for ligl1ting tl1e streets, sl1(•1>:o; a11 arresters instttllccl at ever}' sixtl1 pole ancl eartl1ed throt1gl1 non-i11d11cti,·e rc8ist:Lnccs . . The 1>0,,·cr conpcr ,virc (No. 0 S. ,,... G. up to tl1c ,,,ork~l1op s11b-stntio11 nnd No. 3 beyond it). Tl1c}· arc vlacecl 11t the tl1ree corners of a ~ ft. equilateral triangle, tl1c li11c i:-; trnn$1)osed tl1ro11gl1 120 -h. p., a,50-volt, 970-r. 11. m. electric u1,'>tors £ron1 tl1e sub-soil us11all~· through tube wells, as orclina1·y wells do not ~·ield sue~ good re8ults (Bombay Engineering Co11gt·e8s, 1919). Sec detn.ils in extract (a) at end of this chfl.pter. Yr. Leggett inforn1s 1ne that

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~anelion \\ ill sl1ortly be gi,·cn for lo,vcring the canal bed tlO\\"ll:-tr(~1111 a11.! tl1us obtuining tl1c fall l1cu(l permanep.tl~·. At pres1·11t it i., obtained 01tl~· f11: nit1·c,-.i..drceri11e n1)d cortlitc ,vl1ich are dangerous itrticlcs; . ::s ,v,·ll a ., i•u·iipcs, ,,·hicl1 are of do11ble-ri,·etted steel :,11d 24 in. tlin., nre lnid 011 concrete 1>iers; tl1e thickness Yari 7/1 (; in. The pipe-line i:- 2,i29 ft. long. In Digitized by

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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

. TH}: COHDI'l'I-; t'.\.C'r(lRY I:N~'l'.\LI..~\. TIOX.

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t.

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ras.

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't •l f,''• • "r.i. '

1' 1•·1 11 •• i •·~ •. ' .

lti7

its steeper part, s1>ecia.l ancllor l>Olts. l1ave bec11 t1secl. .c\.t ~ts e11cl. tl1erc is n rccei\·er ( 30 i11. dia., 87 ft. long) on ,,·l1icl1 arc fixctl :t11 a11tomntic relief \·nl\·e a11cl ~ air vessel:;, or vents ,,·hich act a~ • n11ectec.l to tl1e I.>elton ,,·l1eels ,,·l1icl1 arc of tl1l' t..'t11gcntinl ty1>e ,vitl1 :t single rot1ncl stecl-nllo)" 11ozzle, the a1·ca of ,vl1icl1 is dimi11i~l1e0,000 ,·olts ,vill be tl1e. transmission-line pressure.

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I

• I

·THE ~IUSSOORIE INSTALLA'rIOX.

171

· 8. Meerut, U. P. A gcnernting station equi1>pcd ,vith l1}•(lro-clcctric 111ncl1i. 11ery a11d H. T. trans£or111ers is pro1>osee pt1t ttl> :tt tl1c l)()ttom of the 1lholn. Falls to supply tl1e cit) a11f 1Ieert1t. 1

9. Mussoorie,' U. P. Natural falls occt1r 11ot far ft·on1 ):lussoorie, a ~nlt1briotts · J1ill statio11 ·i11. the Himalayas bey11d Hard,,·ar a11d Debra Dt1n. A l1ydro-electric installation has bee11 put t1p to utilise tl1cse. 1',ig. 59 rcJ>rescnts a lay-out of the h~·drat1lic works. Tl1e 1:>0,vcr ·house is situated 3 n1iles fron1 tl1e to,v11. The vtnter of the Bhn.tt:a strea1n, ,,,hose 1ninimum discl1arge is 8 cusecs, is tttilised. Tl1e gro5s l1ead is 1,000 feet and tl1e pipe-li11e i~ 4,350 feet lo11g. The present 1>lant l1as a cap:tcitJ• of 2,400 • h. p. Tl1e forebay l1a3 a volume of ,vater _sufficient to furnis}1 1 full-load st1pply- for t l1our. Po,,·er is sup1.>lic,l to ll usso(>ric, .1·..,ancr kilo,vatt. As at Darjeelin~ a11d .Karteri, ther~ is rt . lJig reeciver pipe bel1ind tl1e po,,rer. l1ouse (P:. R. ,,~. P. R.)

. . , . . . . . Mc.l)IVM

IJU'T.. ~

ll'O"S.. .., . . .

..........~. '

•

........

1..A1 Ow•

•Ttte."• ....

......."..

O .. . .M C:l!l"P. . '- • Wc,fll"~•u:.

o .. r..,... . I I

....-.e

\

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y,_, __ _

~

Fig. so. Mussoorle Installation. Lay-out of tfydraull.~ Works. (S. R. W. P.R.,

•

Jt i8 s~ile · tl1c outpttt of tl1c plant to be doubled or trebled."• · The · latest infot·mation regarcling tl1is Project i:;;, according to tl1c l11f tl1c A11 :1 kl1a•l strea1ns• 12. Canal Falls, the Punjab. ,\ notl1er ,vater po,,·er scheme in the Punjab is tlUlt of tl1e l 7P()l'r Bari Doab, ,vhere a static head of over 100 feet in 7½ mile~. or of about 200 feet ir1 13 1niles, cn11 be obtninecl. The u1i11imun1 discharge of the Ra\·i here is 1,300 cusecs, ~o nt lca~t 10,000 k. could be tleveloped. · '

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Four e11nal falls north of the Chcnnb River ,vill l)e de,·eloped, l,y tl1e PL1njnb H}·dro-Electric 4,\ssociation; to gi,·e 24,000 h. p. alto.~cther-.-Rasul, l&,000 h. p., Bl1imber weir 18,000 h. 1>., Gujran,.,.ala. 3,000 11. p, Joyan,va.ln 3,000 h. p. The pol't·er ~tnti(>ns at each of tile £nil~ \\·ill be joined together b~- tmns1nis:--ion line~, 150 miles lo11g, and·all to,vnt-, asking for electricnl ·• • H ydro-Blectric

C

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.l i:1

.A.DV ANT..\.GIi' tl1c canal l1as so far 1>roved efl'ecti,·e............ 1111 91 1, at th,.• ~::;.:•g;,sti,1i1 of l\Ir. Jol111 .-\sl1ford, !\I. I. :\il. E., a SJ)(•tial t11l)e-,vl'll. -1 in eh,,..: in di:111i,' t er a11tl -1 0 f(•1:t ,Yl'l' c.; tatio11 ,,·ns h11il t 011 the canal at a poi11t ,vJ1ere tht-l't' is a fall ,,,· 5·3 fe• r. to ntili:-.t• n11t' l1alf of thP fi,>,v of 2,1()0 cft. of ,vatE•r pt•r Sf'getl1er ,vitl1 the ,vol'kshops; this c~n 011ly be ohtai!J•'..l ,vh•:•11 • t lie fall is incrt'ase(l to 9·7 feC't. The tnl,e ,vells are abo,1t I (;0 T·,,,,t robabl~· be rarried out by tl1e G\\·alior Darbnr directly or indirect})· anut in lutnd. ltegar. ~o tl1e e~tra co!:-t to con ,·ert the irrigation scl1en1c into a h )·cl1·0-clectric· 1n·oject cc,111e~ to J{~. 400 1>er 11. p. :111< I tl1e11 tl1e ,vnter ,vill J.e t1tilised for irrigatio11 as ,veil as for ,,·ater-,,·orks. Si1· :,1icliu.el Netl1eri;ole ,,·rote nfter i11specting tl1e l~aketo ancl B11dl1 tl.a1ns, canals an1l foreba)· for tl1e l'nrbati Pro,icct: "I ,lo 11penrs t be a fair 1n·c,:--pcct of n 12 1>er cent. net ri•turn 011 tl1is part of tl:c scl101L1e. C,.))1:-i(ler1·tl n~ a sto1·agc :;.;cl1cn1c for irrigation, tl1e ecti,,el~,. Bet,,·ern them· the t,vo plants c• sold at 4' nnna~ per unit for ligl1ting a11ll domestic ptrrposes, 20 million, 11nit-; at 1 anna 1>er 1111it t 1nedi1Jm ~ized i11clustries, 20 millif ttnits atl ½annn. per unit to s111nll indttstries a11d 117 million 11nitsnt only 2 pies per u11it to large i11rlu-strial concerns. One-six~h of nn anna per unit sce111s an abnormally lo,v rote for tI1e ca~e 11ncler consiclerati11, re1ne1nbering tl1at the Kolar Gold ~.,ielcl' concerns pa}· abottt 0·43 n1111a per tt11it and the Tabt Compan)· cl1ara:es 0·5 or 0"5[> n11na per ttnit in Bo111ba)'. St1rel)· it cannot l)e tl1u.t oil or coal can be ol.)t.ained in G,valior near sites of the factories to b{1/startccl a.t such cl1eap rates tl1at it is 11ecessar~r to sell wnter-po,ver at 0·16 n11na 1>er t1nit. If tl1at ,vere so, tl1eParl)ati schen1e ,vot1lcl in rtll probabilit~r ha\'C ne,·er l)een· snnc-tio11ecl, bt1t a sten.m-electric or an oil-electric l)lant (sttch a:-;. alreacly exists i11 Ln.sl1kar) ,vot1ld l1ave been pt1t UJ). For irrigation, dams ,vould no do11bt ha,!e bee11 reqt1irec1',. but then tl1e~· ,,·ould have been s1nnller and l)ee11 differentl)· desig11ecl~ Regarding the costs of tl1e pro1>0sed da111s, it 111ight be 1>0intcd ot1t tl1nt tht:~estimated costs can l1nrdly be curt.u.ilecl if the da1ns- are to be ~ safety first' dams, s11ch 88 the~· ougl1t t.o be after· the sad experience of the Tigrn dam in 1917. As a result of· Sir John Benton's and Sir George Bucl1anan's comment~, Mr. Gurtu, ,vhose estimates ha,·e been q11ot.ecl nbo,·e, has slightl~r 1nodifiecl the details but he is of tl1e opinion that the Mnghroni pick-11p, "..eir cn.nnot be dispensed "·ith, ft:S the Sindh project can· 0111):lie 11tilised for irrigation on being linkecl up ,,tith the Pnrbat~ 1· ,

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I 1

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•

1~4

IXDl.;\N STATES, BO~IB.;\Y PRESIDENCY.

project. Partict1lars of the three projects ,viii be found in the follo,ving Table : TABLE 22.-Hydro-Electrlc ProJects of Owallor State. I

S ource of l\l i11 iIll UIll • ,\'ater and I perennial its dischar ge! flo,v i1~ the rains. I (cusec!,) .

::-,;; a II H: •

I 11 ('II "C(S.

- ··--· -

'' I

Parha1i

.... !

Sin. Su1-veys 11re also being conducted in Panna and other Bu11dclkhand Htates ,vith the object chiefly of prospecting for po,Yer on the Ke11 .and Paisuni rivers.' •

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PART Ill. HYD~ELECT~IC INSTALLATIONS OF INDIA.

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CHAPTER XV. Economic Problems of Electric Installations.

JN \·ie,v of tl1eir in1portance,. ,ve shall in problems •

:t11d

factors

tl1is cl1aptcr discLtss connected ,vith the economic

:tHpect of electric supply .central statio11s. Definitions of loadfactor and p. ,15 ttnd .16). In n ,,·ate1·-po,ver plnnt, cost is ,lctcr111ined not so much b)· 01>crntir1g t~X l)en:-;cs a~ by fixed cl1nrgital

s.

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EJ,ECTRICITY SUPPLY FOR CITIER.

outla)' on the plant. The rltnning ex1.>enses of a h)·dro-electric installation incluretty erod11ce1i i11 R11sh1nore a11cl Lof\; B ydro-ele,·tric JJ01,;t,r ,Stati,nls (see ext1·a1'.: at encl of tl1is chapter). TABLE

2 ◄.

Output and L.oad•factor of largest steam-electric and hydro-electric -power supply systems of America.

Tvpc:.

SvsTE:11.

- ~-~

1916 I P c:ik l,1:icl kilo\vatt-.

.

1Yearly lo:icl- iac't,ir I i.;cr ct:nl.

1---------- ---;·-··- --·--·--·-1-· -- -- -- ·-

Y ,irk- Edi~o,~-c ~~-a,-H-1

1:nilt:d Elt:clric

Light & 'i

P,i,ver Co. ... Comn1011\\·ealih E d i s Co,npanv . .. ~ iagara Falls Po\ver Co. Ontario Po\\·cr Co. Hydraulic Po,vcr Co.

\

... ·

St ea111

•) n ·1

... : .. .

. .. 1

., Hvclro. .. ••

254.S24

\ [

143.360 123,900 89.27 S

1

43"20 !!0'64 1!6" 80 91"50

.

Tl1e load-factor for stea1n co111pa11ies supplying electric 11nergy to cities is seen to l:>e low for reaso11s already explaine(l. ,-\t Niagara Falls, electro-cl1emical indt1stries ensure an extraordinarily l1igl1 load-factor. In India it is expecte,l tl1at electro-che111ical a.ncl 111etalll1rgicnl in(lustrics ,vill lx~ 1>perated on a. large scule b)· 111eans of 1)(),ver 1leri,·ed fro111 tl1e Koy11a I{iver i11stallation ,vhe11 that is put t1p. Tl1t~ }·early load-factor of tl1e Tata H)·dro-electric Po,,·er Su1)1>ly Co. is abottt 40 %; tl1e load consists principall~r of 111otors i11 c1>tto11 1nills ,vorking at nearly full load 10 l1ot1rs a 0ut 300 do.)'S a )·eur. .\n obvious u1etl1od of improving tl1e loa,l-factor of cit)r-ligl1ting pla11ts is to canvass for cln~· lon.d, llreferabl:y indt1strial u1111>ing load. No,v let us return ·to tl1e cxan1ple ,ve ,,·ere co11sideri11g. lf tl1e four classes of loacl are co1nbi11ed, ·,..-e l1uve :t 1111L-ximum J>lant ·capacity of 260 + 80 +. 'i20 + 400 kilo,vatts, or _1,460 -k\1;, Thf> e11ergy (kilo,vatt-hours} consuu1e(l i11 n _proxi111ntel ~-.

Tl1e cli\.·ersity factor \·arirs ,Yitl1 tl1e clns~ of co11s,1111Pr 1Jr 1utt1.1re t)f loa.cl. F1>r 1·csi«lot1t 3·3.i, for coi11111t•rciA I Jigl1ting 1·46, for ge11ern1 1>0,ver 1·44 n11tl 5·52, 2'41 a11 1l 2·4(j is the total clivcrsit)· fnctr, for these tl1rec kit1lls ,) f lott(l, of tl1e ge11ernti11g and ,listril>t1ting ~)·stein fro111 tllt\ (:ons11n1er's 111eter to the ge11ernting st'ltio11, nccor Gear 11nd ,,1illia111s (£4.rn.ericaii Electricril Central Stati,>Jt Distrib1,ti11g Sy8te11is). Tl1e i1npro, emc11t of tl1e (li,·ersit~' factor is ro\·ed, a 1.)etter rett1rn «)ll the in,•e:-;tn1c11t st1nk i11 the t1ndertnki11g ii,; likely ; 110.y, certain. · If the n1axi1n11m de111a11ds of differe11t ~lR.sses of ser,ice occt1r ttt different hourli of the da)·, or cluri11g 1liffere11t senso11s of the yeur, 111ore units of electrical energy can be sold ,,,ithot1t at1gme11ting the capncit} of tl1c }lln11t, n11d it ,voulrl be r11n lo11ger hours at nearly f t1ll load, tl1t1s operati11~ at best efficienc}'. Duri11g se,·eral hours of tl1e dny (otl1er tl1nn tl1ose ,vl1en tl1e peak 0£ tl1e lou0,,·er co11l(l l)e sold at a 1nucl1 chea1>er rate, than t11e ust1nl i11 order to }tttract ne,v c11stomers a11d increase tlie re,·enue n11d l1e11ce tJ1c t>rofits of the compnn)·. 1

1

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Tl1e 111ethod outlined 1i00ve serves i11cide11tnll)· al:;o to iner size of tl1e generati11g u11its to l>e i11st.alle,I. The valley of the lood curve i11 the case ,ve he.,·e bee11 co11si0,ver as ,veil. At other times of the day, a11other 250-k,,·. 8et a11itrts l>f tl1e pla11t separately u11(l tl1en tob1lli11g tl1e1n, ,ve 111igl1t 1ts:-;u111e t}1at tl1e outlay on tl1c genern.ti11g pl1t11t a11d 1nacl1i11ery ,ver. at ntl of th j:-; chapter. C 11c.ler preRent-clay COllU itions, the co:;t might },e o( that assumed al>ove, at cert.'\in places i11 India; l>ut the abo,·e 1netl1od ,viii a1>ply, 11iutali., 111,itantlt 14 %is an average a~d a reaso11able figure. 6.\t tl1is rate, the fixed ~l1arges per year co111e to Its. 98,'JOO or about Rs. 8, l iO per 111011th.•\tte11da11cc aner 111011tl1. Oil and ,vntcr, stores a.ncl st1pplies, re1>airs a11d re11 entail a11 expe11diture of at lenst Its. 1,000 per n1011tl1. l,ast, hut ' not least, ,ve l1ave t•) co11si,ler tl1e Cl)St ()f £11el. rr11e l>e t.ake11 as :,40 x 365/12, but a:; ,vl1ole fa111ilies i11 India are in tl1e )1abit of ren1aining a,vay frer montl1 nverage 8,170+3,000+ 1,000+ 11,430, er 1nc11sen1. Tl1e monthly incon1f~ sll{>ltld, tl1erefot·e, be l{s. a2,a;;o. Let llS see wl1t1.t is actunll~· 1l0si11~r tl1e.refore tl1nt ,ve cl1arge fr pt11npihg · at tl1rofit tl11ls is }{5. 1,42.~1.~0, that i~ t c> i:;a~·, 20'4 per ccr1t. c,n tl1e Olttln~·. Tl1is i:-- perhaps t{)(l sn.11gltine a figure a11cl migl1t l>e Iooke011 ,,,itl1 sus11icio11. tl1ot1gl1 some intendi11g :-il1nrfl1olders 111i,1.rl1t l>e tetnt>ted by it to in\·est in tl1e concer11. J.,et tts tl1erefttt 111ore likely figure than tl1c or1e ol,taine(l. '-*fore, a11cl 011e tl1at 111ight be rensonnbl~· ex()(-ctcll. \\~itl1 st1cl1, n profit tl1ert• sl1llt1lcl l>e, it seems tcr a1111t1u1 a111ot111t to Rs. 1,00,800, • ,vhich is ('quivalent to Rs. 8,40() Jlet' 1no11tl1. Atte11dailce, .super,·isio11, etc., 111igl1t · be take11 ns R.:--. 2,7' 50, and rc11e,vuls, .a·epairs, etc., Rs. 7.:SO. To ct1lc11late the cost of coal cons11111ed, ,,·e 11111st. reme111l>er tl1at 011 tl1e nve1;age 12!>,6()0 _kilo,,-att-11ttr~ .or 1i 2,800 h. p-}1rs. ,Yill l>e I le111it11cled £rot n tl1e s111>pl ~- co111.1>any. At 3·5 Ills. 1>er l1orse-l1011r, tl1e qtu111tit)• ,1£ conl requirecl ,vorks out at 604,80() Ills., or 270 to11s 1>er 111011tl1. Cl1argir1g Rs. 18 per ton as l1efore for Be11gal coal, ,,·e sl1all l11t,·c to Jmy Rs. 4,81,() f\Yer-proart1nent ~Jl co11~itlenition of the 1>11l)lic 11t;lit)· • ..of ,vater ,vithout a CC>ntin11011s snpi>ll' of ,vl1icl1 co1n111ecatt:-t~ . 1>£ tl1e £net tl1at ,vl1ereas cool can be tnu1s1>0rted in 11or111al ti11u'i:.to ,vl1atever 1>lnce it· i8 requi1·ed (thu8 cnabliug tl1e 1)0,,·c1·statio11 to be locate,! very close to tl1e centre of gravity of the load area), ,vntllli' .

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!!O'.!

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Cport. Suffice. it, thcrcf(lrc, to refer the re1uler to 6.gure:s given £01; 14 l1y,lro-eleo,vcr Schc111e of l\lysore, one of tl1~ earlie:-;t and largest, n1ost sncce!-;sf ul an(l 111ost 1>ro1nising h~•droclectric un(lcrtakings of l11lnnt considerecl abovei tl1e co8t per kilo,,·att is tLbout Rs. 263 if the a1nount nllo,,·ee longer, an Rs. 11 , 17,330. Tl1nt i~ to sa~·, tl1e· adn1issible cost c,£ tl1e hydr.tulic de\·elop1ne11t alone· il,. R s. 7 44·9 pet· k,\·, If the exceptior1 huppens, an0site case-n line ;)O 111iles i11 lengtl1-tl1e l1ydrnt1lic de, ·elop111e11t n1a)· 110,\· cost up to, bt1t not 111ore tl~n, Iis. 6.,57 ,33(> or R s. 438·2 . per k,v. Snn1111arisi11g tl1e solution, \\'C sec tl1nt it is not aclYisnlJle togo i11 f,)r 11:rdraulic cle,·elo1>1nc11t for tl1e pur{)Se ints hav1! l)een take11, tl1e problem l1ns not bec11 exha11stivcl:r clealt ,,·ith i11 all its bearings, n11d orni:-;:-;ion:-; ,,·ill be evide11t to keen :-;tudents of tl1c comn1ercial asi>ects of electric 11ndertnkings. If not complete, tl1e solution is also 111)t too complicateli n11d £ron1 that standpoint perhaps n1ore c]esiral>le tl1a11 it ,Yo11ld }1ave been if ,ve had in,·itcd tl1e reacler to co11sider ,vitl1 us the n1ultifRrions rnn1ifications of tl1e proble111.

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TABLE 28.

-Admlulble cost per E. H.P. of H ydro•l!lectrlc Plants at different Load Facton with varying trammlsaloa distances. with coal at Rs. 16 per ton (P.R.W. P.R.). COfT PER

Ln acl Fa,·t• >r,

No tran::.ini~sion.

I

.

Per ,·ent.

E.

H.

Tran,1nis,i1111 50 111iles.

'---·

P. Tra11 s111i, ,ion 100 1nilc:, .

- - --- --·- ----· -

80

848

700

40 20

424 212

~22 134

-·- . .

-

622 ~61 80

J.,et us concl1ule Chapter X ,. ,vitl1 n Table, l.>earing 011 tl1e P•>ints ,re l1a,·e bee11 consideri11g! given by ::\Ir. Steveni;; (ricle J>r,:>e. Inst. C. I~., , ,ol. CC\'II, Part I). TABLE 29,

Relative operatlna costs and fixed charges combined.

1 i 1

\Val er Pow< 0

}}11aiJ L:!1! 1'i1J:f (}1J1/!f/'l':i.'0.000, ,, h•

Mond Gas Plant S1nall ,. ., Diesel Engine ..

)i·lcd inn1 si t.eel stali~n-

Rs. 161 to Jl 9 .. 188 lo 65 ., 103 (Hs75 \\'ilh l)\' l ' T• load) .

, 20.000 I 17,500

'. I

.,

1.950 ,. l.!iOO ..

p.

l 12 72 to :!4

.. 225 .• ..

216 194

,. 2SO

XOTE . .. The price per h. p. is Eni:ti~h and A1ucri.:an costs con\'erted i11t11 rupee~. It i~ nut ,vhat thc t·,,st ,,,1111ld he in I ndia. (lnfonn:\li,ln -upplit.( IC III k,,·. anrt)ject (~00,000 e. 11. P· capacit~· e,·c11tually l is (lesigncd for 150,()t)() v1Jlts, eve11 tl1011gl1 tl1e tra11sn1issic)11 l)· l)e 11ot n1or1~ than tl1at fr1)111 Kl101>oli to I'arcl. ,,·11y a li11e-1>rc:-;sure of 100:000 ,·olts l1as bee11 e1111)lo~·etl for tl1e l:1.tter 1li$ta11C1! (of ft1rty. three n1iles ns state•l a.l)o,·e) n1a~- lJc expl:line1l 011 the gro11111l that, tll) to n certain li111it, the l1igl1er tl1e vt>lt:tge tl1e l.)etter, ~i11ce tl1is kce1>s utc, l f,)r tl1eir lJusi11css acu111ei1, a11d l1crc ·tl1ey l1n\.·e nc~ tasted of tl1e 'juice' of electricity (as tl1e 111a11 in the street calls it in cities like ·Boston), ,yould aln1,);;;t i11e\·italJl) nsk for inore. T1) su1)ply tl1i:-; flen1antl, \Vl1icl1 tl1c~- sce11tecl n1t1st con1c :Sl1ortly after tl1e first pla11t had rendered &'ltisfnctor~· service, they ,yould l1a,·e to 1>11t up otl1er plants \,·hicl1 ,,·oulll, in nll :Probabilit)·, l1a,·e to IJe located at place~ fartl1er re111ovell fro111 &ruba.y than Kho1>oli. This hns tt1rnecl ot1t to be actualll' the case. The generating statio11 of the Ano"·cr S11p1>ly Co1npan)'. • 1

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011c ,,·ill l1el1> tl1(' tl1-ct· i1u tl1c e,·t! sc1"\·eerution.. This avoids the· ex1>ense of installing au entirel~· 11e,,· set of transformi11g a.1>· })flt-atus in tl1e later stage's '" lien tl1e cle1nru1t:l l1as gro,vn to s11c}1; an extent that tl1e condtlct0,rer in the-li ne, cloul>li11g · the ,·oltage means l1nlving tl1c curre11t to lJroportionntel~· so ; less, as a matter of fact! i11 tl1e ratio• of tl1e :-:qitnre · of tl1e· . re 1() ~( per annt1n1 . nnd the line dro1> to be ·2 per cent;, tl1e nu111ber of . \\·orking hours i11 a yen.r 3,000 l1ours ancl tl1c cost of ,virc per l)Otlll(l fourtee11 tin1es tl1at c obt.ainecl. Let tl1e line be 1 111iles 1011g, i. e., 5,~80 1 feet, A tl1e :.trea in square feet, specific gravit~· of coppei· (tl1e 111aterial 1>f wl1ich the conductor is ussun1ed to f>e 1nadc} to be, sn.y, 9 n11,.l the ,veight of a cubic foot of \\·ater to be 62' f> 1hR., the ,veigl1t of the line,,,.., equals, tl1e11, 9 x G2·t, x 5,:280 1 A pou11ds. Next, the line dro1> being 2 per cent.,· ,ve l1n,·e Ilt = 100 ~~ = ·02 E ,vl1ere '

E is the voltitge, I tl1e curre11t a11,l lt the resistance of tl1e line-conductor. The energ~· lost in it cluring a ~•ear= I 2lt x 3,00( l ,vatt-ho11rs or · 3 121{ kilowatt-l1ours r units. The annunl fixed chnrgcs being 10 per cent., tl1e co::;t on tl1is head is '~!· x 14 P, if tl1e price of ii 1111it of e11e1·g~· il'i 1>, n11d the annual co:;;t of. e11erg~~ ,,•a:-;tetl a111ounts to 3 I 2 R 1>. Consequent!~· ,ve 1ut,·e

1·.1 \\' = 3 J2 R (1)

I2 k = {IR)2/R = ( 02 E)2/R= '0004 }:2/R R= r l"/lt ,vhere r is resisti,·it~· or specific re:;istnn1:1~ 1;111d No,v

0

2

1

••f copper, ,v}1ic]1 111igl1t l)e take11 us equa1 to - - x oh111s 100 3 1-.er incl1 · ct1be, ~1111 ( 1) 'above n1a~· l>e ,,·ritter1 1· 4 x !} x 62· 5 x 5280 1 ..:\ 3 3 11 ({ • 5280 I/ 1X x l 0 A. Tl1e left-l1an(J si is son1etimes 11~ed as ·t he core-n1aterial: bt1t l1ag "not pro,,eherc free· fro111 all impt1rities. TI1e abo,·e eq11atio11s agree in as~erting that (1) the corona lo8s is decrease -operate transmi:;:;ion li11es at a ,·olt.age closely ap1>roxi111ati11g to the critical ,,o]tuge 0£ C(>1·01:1a, co11sistentl}· ,,·itl1 considemtio11s . of econo111}·. This i:, n11 aort of tl1e ..,·olt.'lge actually e111plo)·e(l for tl1e lthoi)oli-Pnrel line. l•'ro111 ·, vhat has go11e before, the corona, li111it of voltage for tl1is li11e is i>4"4 ~ , '3 or ,14·4 ~x l',.;)2 kilo,·lts, that i:; to say, abot1t ·94·2 kilovolts ,Yhicl1 is .11en.rl)r e tl1e actual 01)erati11g · ·;!)l'essure. ,,~ e sl1all n.d,,ert, })resent!)', to tl1e question of voltage regt1lation ,,. l1ich is of Ct)nhideral>le i111J)Orta11ce i11 1011g trn.118111is. 1·1nes. :·~ton

l'1-Frequency.

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·r11e e, 50 a11d 60 c)·clcs Jll'r -second. The lo,vest freq,1c11c~- ne-fourtl1 as 111uch, i. e., 932 1niles. The lengtl1 of circuit correspondi11g to resonttnce conditio11~ ,vith the third, fifth and sc,'e11tl1 -l1at·1nonic~, '\\'hicl1 alor1e are of 1>ractical importance, arc 310, 186 a11li 133 miles, respectively. No11e of these distance::; arc anywhere 11ear the actual lengths of any 011c of tl1e Tutu ii11ei;. \Vitl1 50 c~·clc:-;, tl1e reactive drop is not so excessive o,~ it ,vot1lll l1tt.,'e bcc11 ,vith 60 cycles. T,venty-five cycles is too lov{ tl freqttc11cy [or . satisfactory illumination ,vith all 8ort.~ (Jf lu.1n1>s. It i:; ut1t of the question ,vhere arc la111ps are installed. Bt1t 011e ca11 no,v di:s1>ensc ,vitl1 arc la11>ps_ ,,·ith their flickering and fluttering and ,vith their coil~ and carbons that require adjust111e11t and replacement. Higl1 candle-po,ver 1netallic filnn1ent gas-filled lamps, taking about the same power a11d giving nearl)• the same a1nount of light witl1 less cost o.re slo,vll· bttt surely displacing the old-fashioned and cttmbersome arc 1:tinptt. Incandescent lamps al1,o respond to alternationf5 ·of Digitized by

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HIGHER vs. LOWER. FREQUENCY.. eQnent and carbon-filament lamps fluctuate in light 1>erceptibly

at low frequencies. Metallic-filament la1nps are, 110,vever, not so much subject to the alternatio11s, and fluctuatio11ij •i11 their light are neve1· seet· of isi11gle1>l1ni,e motors sucl1 9.8 arc 11scly influencecl in deciding 11pon 25 cycles n8 tl1e line frequency not only because of re (.\pril, 1920). ---: o:---

No limit need be fixed as to the distance po,ver could be trans• mitted, if the lir.e is loaded ,vitb synchronous co11densers and provided it pays to do so. .. J..et 11s supJ>ose we l1ave a chea1> source of water power and that tl1e loSfles in transmission are 10 per cent. average for each 200 miles. Then the efficienc~· of tn,lnsmission for each 200 miles giving practically perfect service will be approximately as folloWM (conductor area remaining constant):T ~BLe

as. ,..........._

Section. 0 to 200 milei,:.

lB-.ii,n,, l.our.1141

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Efficiency and Po,ver.

Average Loss, 10 per cent. 9 ., •. 8 ., ,. 7 ,, .,

200 to 400 ,. 400 to 600 ,. 600 to 800 ,.

SOO to 1,000,.

Efflcleacles.

D1ttaa;,1s., -

6 ••

.,

90 81 '9 75·35

--

70'08 65'78

August, 1921,) ·Compare Mr. Foripei;'!I statc:rnent o.n· p."lJ:e 179.

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CHAPTER XVII. Selection of Sites. capacities of Schemes. Launching of Companies.

JN so1ne or the earlier chapt.ers of this book, cas11al references have been made to the impormnce of investigation of sources likely to provide ,vat;er~po,ver on a sufficiently 10:rge scale and satisfaction 'has been expressed ,vith the genernl awake11ing in the country about the necessity of conserving such sources and collating facts and figures regarding thetn and of taking e1Lrly steps to develop such as are fottnd feasible after examinatio11 by experienced engineers and industrialists. In the present ~l1ort chapter, it is proposed to sa.y something ii.bout · a tbetne ,vhicl1 deserv~s a volume to itself u.nd which. ,vas, therefore, 11ot treated etlrlier in tl1is book. Ho,vever, on tl1e udvicc of an estee1ned engineer-friend (in collnboration ,vith ,vhom the Autl1or l101>es to ,vrite 1l book dt:!ttling ,vith 'A HydroFlectric lnst:alla.tion frotn Inception to Con1plctio11 ), a fe,,,. notes arc here presented ,vhicl1 will be particularly ,,·elcomed by readeri:; ,vhose interest has been stim11lateart1nent Recorcl~, Dititrict Gu.zetteers, Scttlen1e11t Reports, Y carLooks or E11gineeri11g 11 ,,cket Books. It is 1>0ssillle tl1at i11 so111e ettses, 011c 1nigl1t be ~till 11one the ,viser for u.11 his 1>ainl'5. Ho,vever, tl1c existi11g :-survey ~Lnig bt. of any particular cnntonr to bn dc,tP.rmined. Tht.> line of opPn channel fron1 t ho,vcr Con1pun)· starteec11 n cnsc of fools rushing i11 ,vhere a11gels fear t t1·ead, hn(l tl1c~· h11rrie,l 1nattcrs througl1 i11 ushering a u11ioi·e {Xarbndn l''nlls 11ear °Marble rocks). 'fhe 1>roject l1as not yet bee11 put in l1anroposed to nu1.nufacturc cyana1niitn,tiou fron1 tl1e rninfall. But practical c.lifficulties 111igl1t pre,·e11t aclc>ptior1 of tl1c better 111etl1ocl. Mr. B.D. lticl1arcl8 · ren1arks 1·clating to tl1e cli tticulties (!X(X!l'i ~\ucecl i11 en11cctio11 ,vitl1 tl1e Tatu scl1e111e are Ii(> ai,1>t>sitc tl1at ,ve ha,·e ,lecicle,l to give tl1e111 at the encl of thi~ chapter (cicle 1>agc 240). A11other t1se£ul aid in tl1c ,vork of h~·dro-clcctric i11vestigntic)r1 is the baron1eter, l,y 111c:i11s of ,vl1ich altitncles al:>0ve sca-le,·rl can be ascertained. l11 orclcr t11t 2,·s 111illio11 cubic feet. _ 'l'he actual )'ield ,voul