Home workshop 0-8094-9920-7, 0809499215

Citation preview

{',*

I I

t I I

t I

THEARTOFWOODWORKING

HOMEWORI$HOP

I t

WORKSHOPGUIDE

I

BASICW()ODWORKING TO()TS AI{DACCESSORIES TOOTS MEASURING ANDMARKING . Tapemeasure . Steelruler . Trysquare

BORING TOOLS . P u s hd r i l l . H a n dd r i l l . Brace

. . . . .

. Gimletor screwstarter . Electric drill(cordless andcorded)

C o m b i n a t i osnq u a r e Carpenter's square Straightedge Level C h a l kl i n e

ry :::'ff:::'a

. Trammel points o Marking gauge . Cutting gauge . Mortise gauge . Awl . Dovetail square

SAWS . Handsaws (rip,crosscut, backsaw, coping, compass, _-

t3r

. Miter box with integralsaw . Hacksaw . C i r c u l asr a w . Sabersaw

'sF

''r]'ttP

SUPPTIES r N a i l s( fi n i s h i n g , common, box, ring-shank) . Brads . Screws(flat, r o u n da , n do v a lh e a d ) r Sandpaper . P u m i c es t o n e . Steelwool . Glues(woodworker's, white,contactcement, epoxy,instant) . Woodputty . M a s k i n tga p e . P e n c i l sa n d m a r k e r s . W o o df i n i s h e sa n d appropriate solvents . H o u s e h o lodi l o Penetrating oil . Sponges o Reoq

H O D D YK N I I C

. . . .

Single-edge razorblade Scissors Wirecutters Tinsnips

. . r .

androundheads) Rubber mallet Clawhammer Nailsets Utilitybar

I I I I

v\\-Y\1+

FlNlSHlNc t00LS . . . . . .

Foambrushes Lint-free cloths HVLPsprayer Paintscraper Molding scraper Puttyknife

FASTEI{ING TOOLS . Screwdrivers (offset, stubby, cabinetmaker's in flat-,Phillipsandsquaretip varieties) o Nutdrivers r Pliers (standard slipjointtype) . Locking pliers . Channel-joint pliers . Wrenches (adjustable, open-end)

SMOOTHING TOOTS . Handplanes (block, jack,jointer) . Scrapers . Files(flat,half-round, round, triangular) . Rasps (patternmaker's) . Sanding (flat blocks andcontoured)

:3:ll'::ff:,# . Orbital sander

-w

v . Triggerclamps . Q u i c k - a c t i obna rc l a m o s

. Handscrews

I I I I I

t I I I

t

:TT,fu . Barclamps . Pipeclamps . Spring clamps o Webclamps

I I

t

r I nno-nnqp nliorc

I

I

CUTTING TOOLS . Chisels (paring, firmer, butt,mortise) . Sharpening stone o H o n i nggu i d e . Gouges (woodcarving set) . Router andbits .Utirityknife @ .

TOOLS STRIKING . Woodenmallets(square

r T a c kh a m m e r

. Slidins bevel

flush-cutter) ref['i'.'

F'4"4

t t

I I I I I

t I

t I I

I I

t I I

t I

THEARTOFWOODWORKING

HOMEWORI$HOP

THEART OFWOODVV'ORKING

HOMEWORI$HOP

BOOKS TIME-LIFE VIRGINIA ALEXANDRIA, ST.REMYPRESS NEWYORK MONTREAL.

THE ART OF WOODWORKING was produced by ST. REMY PRESS PUBLISHER KennethWinchester PRESIDENT PierreLdveill6 PierreHome-Douglas FrancineLemieux Marc Cassini(Text) HeatherMills (Research) Art Directors Normand Boudreault,Luc Germain, SolangeLaberge Designers Jean-GuyDoiron, Michel Gigudre Research Editor Iim McRae PictureEditor ChristopherJackson Writers Andrew Jones,Rob Lutes Cont r ibuti ng IIlustrhtors GillesBeauchemin,RollandBergera, Jean-PierreBourgeois,Michel Blais, Nicole Chartier,RonaldDurepos, Philippe Gauvreau,G€rardMariscalchi, JacquesPerrault,RobertPaquet, IamesThdrien NatalieWatanabe Administrator Production Manager MichelleTurbide System Coordinator Iean-LucRov Photographer RobertChariier SeriesEditor SeriesArt Director SeniorEditors

Time-Life Booksis a division of Time-Life Inc., a wholly ownedsubsidiaryof THE TIME INC. BOOK COMPANY

TIME-LIFEBOOKS President lohn D. Hall Vice-President NancyK. Jones Editor-in-Chief ThomasH. Flaherty Directorof Editorial Resources EliseD. futter-Clough MarketingDirector EditorialDirector ConsultingEditor ProductionManager

ReginaHall LeeHassig JohnR. Sullivan MarleneZack

THECONSULTANTS Jon Arno is a consultant,cabinetmakerand freelancewriter who livesin Tioy, Michigan. He alsoconductsseminarson wood identification and earlyAmericanfurniture design. GilesMiller-Mead taught advancedcabinetrnakingat Montreal technicalschoolsfor more than ten years.A nativeofNew Zealand,he has worked asa restorerof antiquefurniture. fosephTruini is SeniorEditor of Hone Mechanixmagazine. A former Shopand Tools Editor of PopularMechanics, he hasworked as a cabinetmaker,home improvementcontractor and carpenter.

Home Workshop p. cm.-(The Art of Woodworking) Includesindex. ISBN0-8094-9920-7 . (trade\ ISBN0-8094-992 1-s oib) 1.Woodshops. 2. Woodwork--Equipmentand supplies. I. Time-Life Books. II. Series TTI52.H6 1993 684'.08-dc20 92-682r CIP

For information about any Time-Life book, pleasecall l-800-621-7026,or write: ReaderInformation Time-Life CustomerService P.O.BoxC-32068 Richmond,Virginia 2326t-2068 @ 1993Time-LifeBooksInc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproducedin any form or by any electronicor mechanical means,including information storageand retrievaldevicesor systems,without prior written permissionfrom the publisher,except that briefpassages may be quotedfor reviews. First printing. Printed in U.S.A. Publishedsimultaneouslyin Canada. TIME-LIFE is a trademarkof Time Warner Inc. U.S.A.

CONTENTS

6 INTRODUCTION

12 L4 15 16 17 18 23

SAFETY Accidentprevention Working with safefinishes Fire safety Electricalsafety Personalsafetygear First aid

28 30 32 36 4L 43 44 45

SHOP TAYOUT Workshopplanning Planningfor stationarytools Shoporganization Electricalpower Lishtins FlSors,i"a[s, and ceilings Heatingand ventilation

68 70 72 74 76 78 85

SHOPACCESSORIES A storeof shopaccessories Air compressors Portablegenerators Benchgrinders Dust collection Portabledust collection

88 STORAGE 90 Storingwood 94 Storingtools and supplies IIO LL2 118 I25 I29 I34

WORKSURFACES Work tables Sawhorses Work supports Extensiontables Tool standsand tables

I4O GLOSSARY 46 48 50 53 56 62

WORKBENCH Anatomv of a workbench Buildingthe base Buildingthe top Visesand accessories Benchdogsand hold downs

I42 INDEX I44 ACKNOWTEDGMENTS

INTRODUCTION

PeterAxtell talksaboutplanninghis

DREAIVI WORKSHOP f startedwoodworkingaround1974nEngland,whereI wasplayingrockmusic I andneededa hobbyto helpmeunwindfromtherigorsof theroad.My shopat thetimewasjustbigenoughfor aworkbench, a radialarmsawandnot muchelse. I rememberconstantlybumping thingsinto thelow ceiling. WhenmywifeandI movedbackto AmericaI wasofferedajob in alocalwoodshoprun by a friendof mine.It wastherethat I beganto acquirea feelfor how a shopshouldbelaid out.Aftera fewyearswith my friendI left andsetup my ownshopin our three-cargaruge.Isoonlearnedwhatworkedandwhatdidn'g Whenit cametimeto plana shopfromscratch,Isoughtoutmylocalwoodwqrfting organization, whichturnedout to bea fountainof information.I studi/dlots of shopsin my areaandaskedhundredsof questions aboutwhatpeoplelikedand whattheywantedto changein their ownshops. I sawoneplacein particularthatseemed thebestforjry needsandsettledonthat asmy model.My budgetallowedme 1,500sqlrgtt.feet, sothat wasonelimit set. Light-both naturalandartificial-wasamaiorconsideration. I placedmybuilding andplannedthewindowsto takemaximumadvantage ofthe abundantsunlightin northernCalifornia.I wasalsodetermined to haveawoodfloor.I quicklyfoundout thatahardwoodfloorwouldbetooexpensive soI usedl%-inchtongue-and-groove plywoodandeporypaint,whichhaveheldup verywelloverthelastnineyears. I figuredout thefloor planon graphpaperandcutout scaledrawingsof all my machinesaswell asareasfor plywoodstorage,officespace,anda spraybooth.It is importantto allowenoughspacearoundyourmachines, soI spentconsiderable time movingsthingsaroundandtestingdifferentscenarios. Thecrawlspace undermyshophasextraclearance because I choseto run my dustcollectionpipeunderthefloor,whichhasallowedmeto keepthewholeceiling spaceclearandairy.Oneof thebestinvestments I madewasin super-insulating thewholeshop-floors,walls,andceiling,whichhasmadeit easierto keepthe placewarmin winterandcoolin summer. I put a lot of thoughtandresearch into my shopandthereisrt'tmuchI would change exceptfor onething:I wishI hadbuilt it bigger.Butthatis a commoncomplaint.It seems thatyoucanneverhavetoo muchspace.

PeterAxtellbuilikfinefurnitureat his shopin SonomaCounty, Californin.

bUa

lFr

--

- ---'-

o cnotrsrrxT'cAf€ cttEz'tAllpsE - - { - F

INTRODUCTION

Martha Collinsdiscusses

SHOPSTORAGE I makejewelryfrom exoticwoodanddy.d ulne.r. Somepieceshaveasmany I as800bits of woodin them,combiningthe colorsandtexturesof various Beingableto find someoffbeatscrew rarewoodswith brightlyhuedveneers. where to retrievethat wonderfulsmall it, knowing or fastenerwhenI need or years for 10 isrlt a luxury;it's a necessity. I've saving that been chunkof rosewood of a workshopdependson that the strengh Throughtheyears,I havelearned proPerorganization andstorage. "storageareas"in my shop.Theinfeedandoutfeedtablesof I havefour distinct usedtoolsMyjewelrystorage myradialarmsawholdscrapwoodandlessfrequently The4-bywoods anddyedveneers. benchholdsall themachinedandmilledexotic progress, in exotic items: work 8 outfeedtableon thetablesawhousesavarietyof jewelry-making process. lumber,furniturepads,andleftoversfromthe Themostimportantstorageareais in themainworkbenchandtool chestarea. to planes andscrewdrivers Thisistheheartof myshop.I keepwerythingfromscrews power that I use tools closeto thebench.All of thehandand andhingesin cabinets photograph. regularlyarekeptin mymainchest,whichis featuredin the I storewerythingfrom Thechestis6 feethighand4 feetwide.In theuppersection, andplanes in theleft-handdoorto files,screwdrivers, hammers andonesetof chisels and in thecenterarefilledwith wrenches Thefivedrawers in theright-handsection. with dovetail I assembled thedrawers bitsof allkindrspurs, twists,andForstners. joints,a satisfringeffortthatonlyaddsto thepleasure of puttingthingsaway. Theleft-handdoorin thebottomsectionof thechestholdsall my measuring andmarkingtools;theright-handdoorhousesa setof pliersalongwith my handarehometo my portablepowertools-circular saws,saber saws.Thecubbyholes tools,andsoon. cordless drills,pneumatic router,sander, saws, overtheyears.FifteenyearsagoI hadonly Thetoolsin my chesthavechanged onecordlesd,rill;nowI havethree.Butmychesthasbeenableto adaptandaccommodateall thenewtools-eachwith its ownspecificplace.

and makes Martha Collinsdesigns finejewelryand Washington. near Sequim, her worhshop in furninne worlcsin Her husband,luthierRichardSchneider, an adjoiningshop.

INTRODUCTION

LeonardLeeon

THE\ALUEOF AWORKBENCH A retiredcarverfriend youcanfit a solidsurface. worlshopcanbeanywhere Heonlyhadto gpel worlshopin thelinendosetofhisaparhnent. builtasuperb he the closetdoo5pull out a stool,andgoto work.Everything neededwasfitted into a spaceoflessthan l0 squarefeet. I built thesmallcherrybenchin thephotographto fit an awkwardalcovein only 23 by 37 inches.For yearsI hadbeenusingmy my officethat measures deskasa makeshiftworkbenchand I wasfrustratedby both the lack of any decentclampingsystemandenoughclearwork surface.The deskis oftenas in thebackground. clutteredasthebookcase With theworkbenchin place,I cannow clampwoodfor testingsaws,chisels, bits,andsoon,withoutknockinga coffeecupto thefloor or spillingpaperseverywhere.Thebenchis alsojust theright h.tght for usinganinspectionmicroscope, in theworld of sharpedges. andsuccesses tool for analyzngfailures aninvaluable Thebenchoccupiesan otherwiseunusablespacenextto a doorway.Sincethe floor spacenextto it canbe usedonly for foot traffic,thebenchonly addst9 theusibility of my office;it doesnot detractanything.Incidentallythebench waspulledout of thealcovefor thisphoto. Moreimportantthanits utility, my benchaddsa wonderfullyrelaxingand detail. humanizingelement.Likemanypeople,I tire quicklyof administrative With a workbenchhandy,I cangetup from my desk,wanderoverto thebench andtinkerwith toolsfor awhile.It islikea mini-vacationin themiddleof theday. yourselfwith thingsyoulike. part comesfrom surrounding Thehumanizing I like everythingaboutwoodworking.My officeis filled with old toolsaswell as to thegeneralclutteris booksaboutthiir historyanduse.To adda workbench just anotherlayerto thecocoon.Theworldlools muchbetterwhenviewedfrom anofficewith aworkbenchin it.

LeonardLeeis thepresidentof VeritasToolsand LeeValleyToolsin and retailersoffine woodworking Ottawa,Canada,manufacturers hand tools.He is alsothepublisherand executiveeditor ofWoodcuts, of woodworking. a magazinethatfocuseson thehistoryand techniques

SAFETY

i

i I t

-

I I l

_

effects of somewoodspecies. Safety the home Tl or mostwoodworkers, goggles, rubbergloves,anda rubber refuge, where f worlshopisapeacefirl attirefor any apronaregoodstandard ideas.It is craftgivesshapeto creative if you are finishingjob, especially mayoccur, accidents alsotheplacewhere spraying a finishor mixingandapplyowingto theverynatureof theactivity. ing causticchemicals. But the likelihoodof mishapcanbe Fireis anothershophazard.Smoke reducedby a fewsimpleprecautions. prodefence, detectors areaninvaluable isa safe First,aninformedwoodworker vidingvaluabletime for youto control woodworker.Readthe owner'smanutheblaze(page16).Keepa fire extinalssuppliedwith all your tools.Before guisherratedABC in your shopand startingajob,makesureyouknowhow knowhowto useit. Oneof theleading that are to usethe safetyaccessories Whether causes offireisimproperwiring. designedto protectyou from injury youarebuildinga shopfromscratchor whileworkingwith a tool. revampingan existingspace,electrical Personalsafetygearis oneinsurance Mostaccidents aretheresultof careagainstinjury. Here,a woodworkerrouts safetyshouldbeapriority (page17). lessness or inattention-failureto usea No shopshouldbewithoutthepera groovein a dra"wer safetyguardwhencuttinga boardon a front, wearingsafesonalsafetygearillustrated on page18. ty gJasses, a dustmaslgand earmuffs. tablesaw,facejointing stockwith bare Youcaneasilymake somesafetydevices, hands(ratherthanwith a pushblock), (page20). Referto thesafetytips suchaspushsticks,pushblocls,andfeatherboards or usinga routerwithoutsafetygoggles. theywill But not complacent about the security do become page the more common 14 for ways of avoiding some of on provide. makea All equipment in the world cannot the safety in the accidents shop. is foremost a matter of attitude-a shop accidentfree. Safety receive most of stationary machines Althoughthebig in usingthemachines combinedwith a healthy woodworkers, thereare confidence theattentionfromsafety-conscious power wield. respect for the these tools less potential that, though apparent, other sources ofdanger still Evenwith the besteffortsat prevention,accidents cannotbe ignored.Manyfinishingproducts,particularly fly Bits maybreak, boards split, shavings and all too occur. their effects canbetoxic,although thosecontainingsolvents, prompt prepared find victim. Being and taking action prolonged often a years expomayonlybecomeapparentafter of Takea first-aidcourse, of woodcancauseallergicor toxic canhelpminimizefurtherdamage. sure.Certainspecies 23) first-aid kit on hand in theshop(page keep a well-stocked people. presents information in some Page15 on reactions medical aid when necessary. possible and be ready to administer products health andonthe choosingsafefinishing

Thereare manysafetydevicesthat canminimize therisk of usingpower took. Thetablesan in thisphotofeaturesa plnsticshieldthat coversthe panl protectagainstbindingand blade;thesplitterand theanti-kickback presses theworkpiece kickback.A hold-downdevice flat on the tableand firmly againstthefence.A pushstickallowsthewoodnorkertofeedthe stockinto the blndewhile keepingfingerswell anayfrom thecutting edge.

t3

ACCIDENTPREVENTION SAFETY TIPS GENERAL

POWER TOOTS

FINISHING

r Makesureworkshop lighting andventilationareadequate.

o Wearappropriate safetygear:safety glasses protecor faceshieldandhearing tion.lf thereis nodustcollection system, weara dustmask.Forallergenic woods, suchasebony,usea respirator.

. Donoteai,drink,or smoke whenusing products. finishing

. Readyourowner's manual carefully beforeoperating anytool.

. Installat leastonesmokedetector on theceilingof yourshopabovepotential firehazards; keepa fullycharged ABC fireextinguisher nearby.

r Keepchildren, onlookers, andpetsaway fromtheworkarea. . Concentrate on thejob;do notrushor takeshortcuts. Neverworkwhenyouare tired,stressed, or havebeendrinking alcohol or usingmedications thatinduce qrowstness. . Finda comfortable stance:avoidoverreaching. r Keepyourworkareacleanandtidy; cluttercanleadto accidents. HAND TOOTS o Usetheappropriate toolforthejob; do nottry to makea tooldo something for whichit wasnotdesigned. r Whenpossible, cut awayfromyourselfratherthantowardyourbody. . Keeptoolscleanandsharp.

. Tiebacklonghairandavoidloose-fittingclothing.Remove ringsandother jewelry thatcancatchin movingparts. . Unpluga toolbeforeperforming setup or installationoperations. r Whenever possible, clampdownthe workpiece, leaving bothhandsfreeto perform an operation. . Keepyourhandswellawayfroma turningbladeor bit. . Turnoff a toolif it oroduces an unfamiliarvibration or noise: havethetool serviced beforeresuming operations. o Donotusea toolif anypartof it is wornor damaged.

r Avoidexposure to organic solvents if youarepregnant or breast-feeding.

r Neverstoresolvents or chemicals in unmarked containers. Chemical solutions shouldalways bestoredin darkglassjars to shieldthemfromlight,whichmay change theircomposition. o Storefinishing products in a locked cabinet. oToprevent eyeinjury,wearsafetygoggles,anddonrubber gloves whenworking products. withcaustic ortoxicfinishing . Donotflushusedsolvents downthe drain.Consult theYellow Pages to find outwhohandles chemical in disoosal yourarea,orcheckwithyourlocalfire deoartment.

"fl|"ff'lll""1{l"lll"'llll'1lll'lII illllll'llll'll|l lllllltilllllllltrlll IlIl 1HO?TI? Disablinga powertool To preventunaulhorizeduse of a ?ower lool, oliplhe boll of a mini-Vadlock throuqhoneof the tinee in lhe power cord pluq.Thelockwillmakeit im?o6sibleto plu6in trhetrool.lfyou are ueinqakeyedlock,slorelhe t keyeout of vhe way in a cupboardor drawer thal can be locked.

t4

WORKINGWITH SAFEFINISHES I lthougha numberof high-quality A water-based finisheshavebecome finishavailablerecently,solvent-based ing productsare still widely used,and superiorfor someapplicaconsidered tions.Thuswoodworkersmustlearnto protectthemselves againstthe health hazardsassociated with organicsolvents. Organicsolventscanhavea numberof healtheffects.Short-termusecanresult and in ailmentsrangingfrom headaches nauseato skin and eyeirritation. With

extendeduse,manysolventsareknown to damagethe centralnervoussystem or respiratorytract. Someglycolethers aresuspected ofcausingbirth defects, whileothersolvents,likemethylenechloride,havebeenlinkedwith cardiacarrest. Solventscan be absorbedinto the bloodstreamin a numberof ways:after beinginhaled,or ingestedalongwith food left in the shop,absorbedthrough whenvaporssetthe skin,or swallowed finishtle in saliva.Mostsolvent-based

esareunlikelyto causeharmwhenused occasionally, and areonly poisonousif swallowed.But you still needto be aware of the combinationand concentration of organicsolventsin a particularfinish if you plan to usethe product in large periodof quantitiesor overan extended time.Thechart belowliststhe solvents containedin a varietyof finishingproductsand assesses the relativetoxicityof eachone.Be sureto choosethe safest productfor thejob at hand.

Toxrc soLvENTs PRODUCT FINISHING

SOLVENT

Wood filler(paste andliquid)

Petroleum naphtha,* mineral spirits,* acetone,** methyl ethylketone,** methyl ** isobutyl isopropanol, ketone*** glycol xylene,*** methanol,*** ethers*** Ethanol,* mineral spirits,* toluene,***

(aniline, gelandglazwiping, NGR, Stains ingstains; colorpigments) (whiteandorange) Shellacs (spray Lacquers andbrush,sanding sealers) Lacquer thinner oil) Rubbing oils(Danish oil,antique

Ethanol,* methanol*** glycolethers*** Acetone,** methyl ethylketone,** isopropanol,** methanol,*** xylene,*** glycol Acetone,** methyl ethylketone,** isopropanol,** ethers,*** toluene*** naphtha,* VM&P turpentine,** toluene***

tungoil) Mineral spirits,* turpentine** Drying oils(boiled linseed oil,polymerized (tung VM&P naphtha* Varnishes oilvarnish, sparvarnish, varnish stain) Mineral spirits,* (polyvarnish, Mineral spirits,* toluene*** Polyurethanes urethane stains) ishremovers Lacouer/varn (paste Waxes wax,furniture wax)

methyl isobutyl ketone,*** Acetone,** xylene,*** methanol,*** toluene*** Petroleum naphtha,* turpentine** * Safestproduct** Mildlyhazardous product*** Product to beavoided if possible

w00Ds Toxtc Asanyone whohassuffered through reaction to an allergic or irritating with wooddustwilltestify,working certainwoodscan ooseserious healthrisks,Thedustfrommany species, likeblackcherry, Douglasfir,andpine,is known to causerespiratoryailments suchasrhinitis(or nasalinflammation) andasthma. woods, including Other oak,ash,and birch,canirritatetheskinandeyes.

likeebony, Somespecies, South American mahogany, andWestern redcedar, contain toxicchemicals thatcanbe inhaled, ingested, or absorbed throughcutsandscratches.Although thechemicals arepresentin minutequantities, theymay causeproblems ranging fromheadachesto inegularheartbeat. yourself Protect fromdirectexposure yourshop to wooddustby keeping

15

Weara cleanandwellventilated. dustmaskfor cuttingoperations. Whenhandling a species whichyou knowor suspect maytrigger an allergicreaction, spread a barrier cream gear, onyourskinor wearprotective gloves, glasses, including safety and longsleeves andpants.Referto the backendpaper for a chartlistinga varietyof toxicwoodsandtheirpossiblehealtheffects.

FIRESAFETY /a onsiderins thenumberof flammaignition \-, Ut.rut.ri"ul,andpotential in a woodworkingshop,firepresources ventionshouldbeoneofyour foremost wood,paint, safetyconcerns. Sawdust, often andthinnerstendto accumulatel theyareneartoolsthat producesparks andheat.Thecombination canorove volatile:When vaporizedin a imall enoughconcentraiionof air, a small quantityof lacquerthinner,for example,canbeignitedby a sparkfrom a tool andcausea life-threatening explosion.

The first stepin fire safetyis prevention.All finishingproductsandsolvents, for example, shouldbestoredawayfrom heatsourcesin airtight glassor metal preferably containers, in a fireproofcabinet (pageB9).Hangragssoakedwith flammablechemicals to dry outdoors, or soakthemin waterandstorethemin Whenworkine sealedmetalcontainers. with finishingproducts, keepwindowi openandthe shopwellventilated. Bepreparedto dealwitha fireeffectively.Installa smokedetectoron the

shopceilingor a wall,andkeepanABC fire extinguishernearby.Designa fire planthat mapsout two posevacuation routesfrom eachroom of sibleescape thebuildingin whichtheshopis located.Ifthe fireinvolvesan electrictool,a powercord,or an electrical outlet,shut offthe power.Callthe fire department immediately, inform themof thenature of thefire,andtry to extinguish theblaze yourself.But if theflamescannotbecontained,or thefireis comingfrom inside a wallor ceiling,evacuate thebuilding.

PREPARING AGAINST FIRE Installing a smoke detector Openthecoverof thedetector, holdthebaseonthe ceiling orwall,andmarkthescrew holes. Borea hole fora screwanchor at eachmark.Taotheanchors into and,holding thedetector in position, drive theholes a screwintoeachanchorto secure the base(right). Testthe Installa battery andclosethedetector cover. device onceeverymonth.First,press thetestbutton. Then,blowouta lit matchor candlebelowa vent, letting thebattery if thealarm smoke enterit. Replace doesnotsoundforbothtests-orif it emitsa chirping indicating isweak. sound, thebattery

Controlling a fire Toextinguish a small,contained f ire,useanABC-rateddry-chemical f ireextinguisher, whichis effective against allthreemajorclasses of fires:burning woodor (Class flames othercombustibles A),oil-orgrease-fed (Class (Class yourB),andelectrical blazes C).Position fromthefirewithyourbackto the selfa safedistance pullthe nearest exit.Holding theextinguisher upright, (insef)and lockpinoutof thehandle aimthenozzle at thebaseof theflames. Squeeze thehandle andspray rna quick,side{o-side motion(/eff)untilthef ireisout. Watch for"flashback," orrekindling, andbeprepared to spray again.lf thefirespreads, leave thebuilding. Dispose of burned waste following theadvice of thef ire profesdepartment. Afteruse,havetheextinguisher sionally recharged; replace it if it is non-rechargeable.

T6

ELECTRICALSAFETY lectricityplaysa majorrolein the modernwoodworking shop,poweringmachines andtools,lightingfixturesandlamps,andheatingsystems. Electricityis thatit isall socommonplace tooeasyto forgetis potentialfor danger. An electrical shock,evenonethatcan Forthisreahardlybefelt,canbedeadly. is strictlyregson,theelectrical system designed ulatedbycodes andstandards to protectyoufromfireandshock. Livingsafelywith electricityalso requiresfollowingbasicprecautions Inspect designed to preventmishaps. plugsfor cracksandpowercordsfor frayrng,andreplace anywornor damagedpart beforeusinga tool.Never replace ablownfusewithoneof ahigheramperage. Donotplugathree-prong pluginto a two-slotoutletby removingthegroundingprongfroma threeprongplug.Instead, replace theoutlet withaGFCI|WA. Beforeundertaking a repair,shutoff theoowerattheservice oanel.Towork wearrubbergloves and, on thesystem, wherepossible, useonlyonehand,keepingyourfreehandbehindyourback.

INSAFELY PLUGGING

UsingGFGI outlets TheU.S.National Electrical Coderequires thatanynewoutletin a garage or unfinished basement mustbe protected bya ground-fault circuitintertheflowof rupter(GFCI). A GFCIprotects a circuit-andyou-by monitoring passing it andtrippinginstantly whenit detects a leakto electricity through ground. anoutletin yourshop,installa GFCI, suchas lf youneedto replace manufacturer's theoneshown above, followingthe directions, or havea qualimonthbypushing fiedelectrician dothework.Testtheoutletonceevery the TESTbutton; theRESET buttonshouldpopout.lf it doesnot,havetheoutlet Toreactivate theoutlet,press theRESET button. serviced.

F(|REXTENSION MINIMUM WIREGAUGE CORDS

o-2.0 2,1-3.4 3.5-5.0 5.1-7.0 7.I-12,0 12.1-16.0

gauge Choosing a wirewiththeproper Usinganextension cordwiththewronggauge can in lossof powcause a dropin linevoltage, resulting heat.andtoolburnout. Referto the er.excessive chartat leftto determine theminimum wiregauge your forthetoolandtaskat hand.lf, for instance, toolhasa 7 -ampmotorandyoulre usinga 75{oot gauge extension cord,theminimum should be 14. Choose onlyround-jacketed extension cordslisted (UL). byUnderwriters Laboratory

F(lR MINIMUM GAUGE TENGTH DIFFERE}IT CORDS

AMPERAGI RATII{G OFTOOL 25'

50'

75'

18

18

18

18 18

18

18

18

18 18

16 T4

16 t4

16

I2

T2 10

t7

PERSONALSAFETYGEAR -f h. personal safety equipment shown I belowcango a longwaytoward shieldingyou frommostdangers in the workshop. Butcarryingan inventory of safetygearis not enough;theitems mustbeproperlyusedto protectyou frominjury. Theneedfor someitemsmaynotbe readilyapparent, althoughthedangers

areveryreal.Fewwoodworkers needto beremindedof thecuttingpowerof a spinningsawbladeorjointercutterhead. Less wellknownarethelong-termeffects ofbeingexposed to thesoundgenerated by powertools.Thecharton thenext pagelistsa varietyof powertoolsalong with theirapproximate noiselevelsin Thechartalsoindicates decibels. the

Iongestrecommendedtime that an unprotectedpersoncanbe exposedto variouslevelsbeforeriskingpermanent hearingloss. Remember, too,that evenshort-term exposureto somenoise,while it may not leadto hearingloss,can dull the senses and causea woodworker'salertnessto flag-a setupfor an accident.

A PAI{OPIY OFSAFETY EOUIPMENT 5afety gogglee Flexible,moldedplaati" f,: lli 6o6qleoprotect eyee. Typewith perforated vani \ holeaehieldaaqainat impact injury and sawduat; type with baffled vents protecto a7ainot ahemical apla ehea: nonvented qoq7leaalbo available. Faae shield Clear plaatic ahieldprotecta a4ainat. flyinq debria and eplaahea;featurea adjuetable head 4ear Rubber glovea Houaeholdrubber gloveoor dieposable vinylqloveoprotect aqainot mild chemicals or finishea;neoprenerubber aloveashield akin from cauetic finiahinq Producto

for one-time-uoe protection aqainet inhaiationof duat or miaX featurea a cotton or fiber shield with an adjuotable head atrap and a metal noee olip

Dua l-aaftri dg e res pi rato r Frotecta aqainet fumeawhenworkin4 with chemicalaor aprayinqa finiah. lnterchanqeablefiltera and chemical cartridqee ehield aqainat opecific hazards; filter prevents inhalationof dust. Cartridqea purify air and expeltoxina th rough exhalation valve

Reuaableduat mask Features a neoprenerubber or aoft plaatii frame with an adjubtable head etrap and a replaceablecotton fiber or 7auzefiltec protecte againet duet and misL

Ear plugs with neakband Detachablefoam-rubberpluqa compreooed and inaerted into ear canals providehearinq protection from high-inteneity power tool noiae;plaatic neckbandfits around neck Ear muffs Cuahionedmuffa with adiuetable plaatic head eirap protbct hearinq againot hi1h-intenaity noiae from power toola

Work gloves For handlinqrouqh lumbentypically featuree leather or thick fabrio palmo and finqertipe with elaaticized or knitted wrists

2afetyglaeeee

j

I

\ ?;f:lT,if'tr:;i::fT:f

leneeeproteot eyeb from flyinq woodchipo and other debris: t.ypicallyfeature aide ahielda

t8

SAFETY

T(|(ILS PR(IDUCED BYPOWER NOISE LEVELS * IEVELS MACHII{E SOUND

115

1%-Hfrouter

I09

112

2-HF circular eaw l-HP router %.-HPradial arm %-HPioi %-HFrouter %-HPband

2-HFahaper 2-HP table aaw %-HFdrill preao * Higheet decibel rating while cutting hardwood Occupational )afety a nd Healih Adminiat.rat'ion (OAHA) atandarda for permiaoible noiae expoeure without heari n4 protec'tion

Sound level in decibela Maximum oafe expooure per day (hr)

yourhearing-unless yourunthemachine all day drillpressis unlikely to damage Whilea %-horsepower produced only a 1 %-horsepower router can be dangerous after to the noise by long-unprotected exposure produced power Keep in noise levels by a variety of tools. chart shows approximate 30 minutes. Theabove generate with well-sharpened cutting edges. more noise than those mindthattoolswithdullcutters or blades

A RESPIRATOR TESTING forairleaks Checking yourface.No is onlyasgoodasitssealagainst A respirator placeit overyour Totestyourrespirator, seal,no protection. face,settingthetopstrapoverthecrownof yourhead.Adjust coverthe thesidestrapsfora snugfit. Totesttherespirator, outgently(right).There outletvalvewithyourhandandbreathe lf air leaksout around thefacepiece. shouldbe noair leakage readjust thestrapsfora tighterfit. Replace of therespirator, following themanufacturer's thefacepiece whennecessary Usetheappropriate filinstructions, or replace therespirator. tersforthejobat hand.(lf youhavea beard,usea full-face ventilation.) maskwithforced-air

,.+s\N\\

,$;

{ / fl \ /

I9

SAFETY

()FPUSHSTICKDESIGNS A VARIETY

12"

-

12"

PUSH STICKS Pushsticksforfeeding stockacross stationary tooltablescanbe purchasedready-made, buttheyare easyto makein the shopusing%inchplywood scraps anda bandsaw or sabersaw.Thevariations shown above canserveasroughguides,but nooneshapeis idealfor everysituation.Design a pushstickthatis comfortable to holdandsuitedto the machine andooeration at hand.The pushstick longbaseof a rectangular (above,left)or shoe-shaped model (above,right)allowsyouto apply pressure firm downward on a workpiece.Eitherdesign will effectively keepyourhandsawayfroma blade or cutterwhilepushing narrow stock across a sawtable. Formostcutson a tablesaw,design a pushstickwitha 45' anglebetween the handleandthe base(above, cenA pushstickfeaturing fer.). a smaller angle, withthe handle closer to the table,worksbetterfor rippingwood

'

on a radialarmsaw.Whatever design To usea pushstickon a radialarm youchoose, the notchonthe bottom saw(below), set it against thetrailedgemustbedeepenough to support ingendof theworkpiece andfeed theworkpiece, butshallow enough it intothe blade;at thesametime, notto contact themachine table.You applysomesidepressure to keep canalsochamfer theedges of the thestockflushagainst thefence. grip. handle for a morecomfortable Whenthecut is completed, retract Keepyourpushstickscloseat hand, the pushstickcarefully to prevent readyto feedstockwhennecessary. it fromcatching in the blade.

20

SAFETY

PUSHBTOCK

FACE JOINTING FOR A PUSHBLOCK Thelong,widebaseof thepushblock the shownaboveis idealforsurfacing faceof a boardona jointer.Although pushblocks forsuchjobsareavailable youcaneasily fashion commercially,

yourown.Referto the illustration for buttailorthe dimensions, suggested to suityourownneeds. design to size,thengluethe Cutthepieces of thebase,flush lip to theunderside to the thehandle withoneend.Screw

2I

it sothebackis even top,positioning withthe endof the base.Drivethe of the base; screws fromtheunderside to thefasteners besureto countersink whenyou theworkpiece avoidmarring feedit across thejointerknives.Borea holenearthefrontendof the baseso youcanhangthe pushblockon the wallwhenit is notin use. Tousethepushblock,settheworkpieceon thejointer's infeedtablea fromtheknives, butting fewinches thefence.Thenlay its edgeagainst ontopof the thepushblocksquarely itssides,with between stock,centered endof the thelip overthetrailing hand workpiece. Withyourleading on thefrontendof thestockandyour thepushblock, against thumbbraced across the slowlyfeedtheworkpiece knives(/efil.(Forstockthinnerthan 3/a Apply inch,useonlythepushblock.) pressure to keepthestock downward flatonthetablesandlateral Dressure thefence. to keepit buttedagainst

SAFETY

FEATHERBOARDS Featherboards, alsoknown asfingerboards, areusedto keepstock pressed snuglyagainst thefenceor tableof a stationary tool.Theyalso serve asanti-kickback devices, since thefingers allowa workpiece to movein onlyonedirection-toward thebladeor bit.Twobasicdesigns areshown at right.Themiter-slot featherboard is attached to a bar thatisclamped in themiterslotof a woodworking machine table.The standard featherboard isclamped directly to thetableorfence. Tomakeeithertype,cuta %-inchthickboard 3 to 4 inches wideand longenough to suitthejobat hand. Cuta 30"-to 45o-miterat theend of theboard, thenmarka parallel line about5 inches fromthemitered end. Cuta series of X-inch-wide slotsto themarked lineabout1linchaoart, creating a rowof pliable fingers. For

FEATHERB()ARDS

9tandard featherboard

themiter-slot type,routa slotdown the underside of thebar.(Acarriage themiddleof the boardwideenough boltorflat-head machine screwwill for a machine screw; alsocuta wood workwell.)Tosetupthefeatherboard, barthelength andwidthof thetable's slipthescrewthrough thebar,fit the miterslot,Borea holeforthescrew barin thetablemiterslot,andusea through thebar,countersinking it so washer andwingnutto fastenthe thescrewheadcanbe recessed in featherboard tightlyto thebarso its f ingersholdtheworkpiece against thefence.Clamp themiterbarin placeat thefrontor backof thetable. Forthestandard featherboard, cut a notchoutof oneedgeto accommodate a supportboard.Tousethe deviceonthetablesaw(/eftl,clamp onefeatherboard to thefenceabove the blade, andplacea second one halfway between thebladeandthe frontof thetable.Clampa support boardperpendicular to thefeatherboardfor extrapressure to prevent it fromcreeping outof place.For thecutshown, feedtheworkpiece intothebladeuntilyourtrailing fingersreachthefeatherboards. Then, withthesawstillrunning, moveto thebackof thetableandpullthe pasttheblade.0r, use workpiece a pushstickto complete thecut.

22

FIRSTAID carefrrl-orstopworkingost woodworkingaccidentsarise Beespecially ifyouarefatigued. from the improperuseof tools canbefalleventhemost Accidents and safetyguards,unsafework habits, Boards split,blades materials. carefirlwoodworker. and mishandlinghazardous Manyfinishing nick,andliquidssplash. Thkethe time to setup properlyfor a productscontainchemicals thatemit job, gatheringtogetherthe tools,equipor naucausing dizziness ment, and materialsyou need.Always ioxicfumes, potential hazards in mind the sea. Keep gear. Work safety the appropriate use job. use. Storea or material of anv tool vou a never hurry through methodically;

FIRST.AID SUPPTIES Adheaive bandagea )terile 4auze dreeeinqo with adheaiveatripa for protecting acratchea or minor cuta. Availablein a widevariety of sizes and ahapes:gquare,rectan' qutAr,rouid, butterfty, and finaerbip

Tweezera Extract eplintera or other emall objecto lod7ed in akin. Made of etainlese steel in a variety of ohapeeand aizea;flat-tipped type 41/z inchealon7 ie common

withthebasicsupfirst-aidkit, stocked pliesshownbelow,in aneasilyaccessible spotin yourshop.In theeventofanaccito beableto dent,youwill wantanyone firstaid. find it quicklyto administer numbers telephone Keepemergency for handlingsome handy.Techniques areshownon commonshopmishaps thefollowingpages.

Oauze roller bandage Otedle roll oecureaqauzedreoainga; faotened with medical tape or aafety pin, or by knottinq. Available in lenqtha of 5 to 10 yardo and widtha of 1 to 4 inchea

Medical tape )ecurea qauzedreeein7a,1auze roller bandaqesor eyepada: hypoaller4enicfor aenaitiveakin.Avail' able in lenqthaof 2 %to 10yarda and in widths of %to 5 inches

Ipeaaa eyrup For inducin7vomitinq in a poiaoningvictim. Caution:Administer only if advieed by a phyeicianor poiaon control center

Triangular bandage Multipurpoee cotton banda7ecan be folded to make alin4,pad, or bandaqe; meaeurea55 incheaacroeo baoeand 36 to 40 incheaalona each aide Eye irrigator Filled with water and ueed to fluah foreiqn particleo from eye

Rubbingalaohol Alao knownaa iaopropylalcohol: aterilizea tweezero and other firat' aid equipment

Hydrogen peroxide For cleaninqwounds beforeapplyinqadheoive banda7ee,1auzedreaa' inga,or qauze roiler bandaqea;aommonly availablein 3% aolution

r\r\ Gauze dreeaing )terile pad for coverin7 a wound;becuredwith medical tape or qauzeroller bandaqe. Availablein aizes of 2-by-2, 3-W-3 and 4-by-4 inchea

23

\\\)

\-'l Eye pada )terile pado taped over eyee to protect them and prevent movement:aelf-aaneoivepatchea alao available

SAFETY

PROVIDING MINOR FIRST AID

//

J

Clearing a pailiclefromtheeye Holdyouraffected eyeopenwiththeforefinger andthumbof onehand.Slowlyrotateyoureye,if necessary, to helpexpose the particle. Gentlywipeawaythe particle usingthetwisted endof a tissuemoistened withwater(above, left).Or,till an eyeirrigator withcoolwateranduseit to flushoutthe particle. Leanforwardwith botheyesclosedandpressthe rim of the

irrigator against theaffected eye,andtilt backyourhead.Open youreyes(above, right)andblinkseveral timesto flushoutthe particle. lf youcannotremove theparticle, seekmedical help immediately. Caution: Donotremove a particle that is onthe cornea, is embedded, or hasadhered to theeye.

Flushing a chemical fiomtheeye Holding the eyelids of theaffected eye apart,flushtheeyethoroughly forat least 15 minutesundera gentleflowof cool waterfroma faucet(right)or pitcher;tilt yourheadto onesideto prevent thechemicalfrombeingwashed intotheuninjured eye.lf youareoutdoors, flushthe eye usinga gardenhose.Gentlycoverboth eyeswitheyepadsor sterilegauzedressingsandseekmedical helpimmediately.

24

SAFETY

outa splinter Pulling with thesolinter Washtheskinaround even soapandwater.(A metalsplinter, it, mayrequire if youareableto remove help,) seekmedical fortetanus; treatment a needle sterilize thesplinter, To remove Ease alcohol. withrubbing andtweezers outfromunderthe theendof thesplinter thenpullit outwith skinusingtheneedle, (right).Cleanthe skinagain the tweezers cannot withsoapandwater.lf thesplinter attention. seekmedical beremoved.

Treating a cut Wrapthewoundin a cleanclothand withyourhandto applydirectpressure keepthewoundelevatstopanybleeding; blood-soaked, ed. lf theclothbecomes perwrapanother clothoverit. lf bleeding seek sistsorthewoundis deeporgaping, washthewound medical help.Otherwise, it; for withsoapandwater,thenbandage draw its edges shallow wound, a narrow, (left). closedwith a butterflybandage

25

SAFETY

CONTROTLING BLEEDING

4@= \,

Applying directpressure to stopbleeding To helpstopprofuse or rapidbleeding, applydirectpressure to dressing to inspect thewound. lt willbeeasier to maintain thewoundwitha gauzedressing pressure or a cleanclothand,if possi- steady if youwrapthewoundwitha rollerbandage ble,elevate the injury(above, left).DiecIpressure shouldstop (above, right)toraddeddirectpressure. lf youcannotstop theflowof bloodandallowit to clot.lf thedressing becomes thebleeding, callformedical help. blood-soaked, addanother overthefirstone;avoidliftingthe

HANDTING A SH(ICK VICTIM Treating a shockvictim Somedegree of shock-either immediate or delayed-accompanies anyinjury. Shockcanbe provoked by lossof blood,pain,or an allergic reaction. Signsof shockinclude anxiety orconfusion;coldorclammy skin;weak,iregular breath. ingor pulse;andlossof consciousness. lf you suspect an injuryvictimis suffering fromshock, immediately callforemergency help.lf thevictim placehimon hisbackwithhisfeet is conscious, propped up8 to 12 inches above thelevelof his head(right). Loosen thevictim'sclothing around theneck,chest,andwaist.Keepthevictimwarm witha blanket, butavoidoverheating. Donotgive thevictimanything to eatordrink.

26

SAFETY

SHOCK A VICTIMOFELECTRICAL TREATING a victimfroma livecurrent Freeing whocontacts a livecurrentmay A person sensation. onlya mildtingling experience however, thevictim'smusSometimes, the around involuntarily clescontract Donottouchthevictimorthe source. lnstead, immediately source. electrical in thecircuit stopthef lowof electricity panel.lf at a wallswitchor theservice cannot beshutoffimmeditheelectricity suchas ately,usea drywoodimplement, thevictimfree handle, to knock a broom source(right).CallIor of the electrical m e d i c ahle l pi m m e d i a t et lhye, nc h e c k lf there andpulse. thevictim's breathing givemouth-to-mouth resusis nobreathing, givecardiopulif thereis nopulse, citation; (CPR) onlyif youare resuscitatton monary q u a li e f d .l f t h ev i c t i mi s b r e a t h i n ag nd placehimin hasnoneckor backinjury, (below). position Ttltthe the recovery victim's headbackfaceto drawhistongue awayfromhisthroatandkeepthe airw a yo p e n K . e e pt h ev i c t i mc a l mu n t i l heloarrives.

27

t"tr,,,

.

;

r

f

,

''a*6*"'n'

\ ,9

.

G

*-

i

."

{r.

\\

-

SHOPIAOI-]T Each thebasement or a garage. s they gain experience pros A has its and cons. basetools. and accumulate ment ii apt to be damp and most woodworkerspine for mayneedto haveits wiring and place their own special to heatingupgraded;access can practicetheir skills.In their hampered narrow doors, be by fantasies, the workshopis an tight stairways,and low ceilairy spaceequippedwith a subings;and ventilationmay be stantial workbench and an inadequatefor finishingtasks. arravof stationarvmachines garage,on the otherhand,is A andportabletools.Thereality apt to be cold;it may require for manywoodworkers,howwiring andheating.Thewoodever,is much more modest. worker mayendup jostlingfor The typical shopneverseems with space a car or two. need to be Even in spaciousshops,tools occasionally to haveenoughlight,power,or with a bit of planning may Still, movedaround; in small shopl reassigning elbowroom. floor space proper and the layout, even part project. make a 10A wheeledbasecan be a of every havespacespecifFewhomes pictured these locations can be turned reposition. here,easyto inch tablesaw,like the one ically designedasa workshop to your advantage: A basement area.As a result,settingup a powered more easily than a garage. Onthe canbeheated and home shopdemandscreativityand flexibility;the taskoften garage which to move hasalargerdoorthrough otherhand,a involvesconvertingan arcaoriginallyintendedfor someothplpvood, is less humid, materials like itsair er purpose.With carefulplanningand forethought,however, lumberandsheet canbeisoandthedinof powertoolsandfumesof finishing a locationthat might appearunsuitablecanbeturnedinto an latedfromlivingspaces. efficient,comfortableplaceto work. to followwhen Thischapter outlines somebasicprinciples severalother Althoughsizeis oftenthe first consideration, one.Topics designing a newshopor upgrading anexisting concernsmaybe more important.For example,situatinga plannng(pages for 30and3l);allowing adequate space shopin a spareroomon themainfloor of a homemayprovide include likeheat, andprovidingfor necessities tools(pages 32-40); a largeworking area,but noiseand dust from toolswould power(pages light,andelectrical 41-45). Bylistingyourobjecprobablyinconvenience othermembersof the family.To suit yourwork,youcanapplythese examining their own needswithout intrudingtoo muchon the people tivesandclosely principles to create a layoutthatsuitsyourownneeds. homeshopsin commonlylocate theylivewith,woodworkers

Everyhour spentplanningshoplayoutpaysdividendslater on. Tbdeterminethebestwayto arrangethetoolsplannedfor placesoverhead-view silhouettes theshop,e woodworker of the toolson a scaledrawingof thespace.

29

WORKSHOPPLANNING to shufflepapercutouts I t is fareasier I of vourtoolson a template thanit isto draga tablesawhalfwayicrosstheshop. Time spentplanningthe layoutof your shopwill be morethan amplyrewarded in reducedfrustrationandincreased efficiencywhenyou go to work. Designinga shopinvolvesjuggling many interdependent variables,from localhumidityandtheqpe of work you do to the heightof the ceilingand the costof wiring. To help sort them out, likethose askyourselfasetofquestions, in the checkliston page31, to help determinethe kind of shoomostsuitablefor yourneedsandremindyou of factors that may affect its design. Remember, too, a basicprinciplefor

anyshop,illustrated below,thatthelumbershouldtakea relativelystraightpath asit is processed-almostasthoughthe shoowerean assemblv line.

Referto the illustratedinventoryof stationarymachines andtablesstarting on page32asa guideto spaceandlighting requirements. Thebestwayto design

A multipurpose stationary power tool can helpyou make the most of a crampedworkspace.The machineat right is an all-in-one tablesew,drill press,disk sander,and lathe. Accessory attachmentsalso allow it to serveas a band saw,jigsaw, and jointer.

T()OIPLACEMENT ANDWORKFLOW

Lumbergtoraqe

Dand saw

lxH '€_-J

Designing a shoparound process thewoodworking F o rm a x i m u e mf fi c i e n c yl a, yO u t h e t o o l si n y o u rs h o ps ot h a tt h el u m b e r followsa f aily directroutefromrough pieces. stockto f inished Thediagram at leftillustrates a logical workf lowfora medium-size workshop. At theupper left-hand corner istheentrance where lumber isstored onracks. Totherightis thestockpreparation area,devoted to the jointer, tablesaw(orradral armsaw), and p l a n ear ;t t h i ss t a t i o nl u, m b ei rs c u tt o roughlengthandsurfaced. Theheartof thenextworkarea,nearthebottom righthandcorner of thedrawing, is theworkbench. Radiating outward fromthebench aretheshop'sotherstationary tools-in thiscase, a drillpress, lathe, routertable (orshaper), andbandsaw.A toolcabinet is nearby. Moving clockwise, thef inalwork areaissetasideforassembly andf inishing.Thisstation features a tableforgluing up pieces andshelves fordrying andstoring.Thesprayboothis closeby,butisolatedfromtheshopbywallsonthreesides.

Wi,ft Izil,",t

30

SHOP LAYOUT

the layoutis to experimentwith arranging photocopies of scaledrawingsof the tools (page35)on a sheetofgraph paper.Remember that a tool shouldbe doorisvisoositionedsothatan access ible from it. In addition,a workpiece kickedbackfrom the tool shouldnot be ableto strikesomeoneworking at anotherstation. for speConsiderdedicatingspaces cificwoodworkingtasls.A finishingarea or spraybooth requirespriority in planningbecause of light,temperature, and ventilationneeds. Dependingon the extentof your shop you andlocalzoningandbuildingcodes, may needto obtainpermits;consult your localbuilding inspectionoffice.

illltlltl|ltllllljrlllllllllrlllllljllllllrlllllllllilllllljllllllllrll1 1HO?Tt? Atable eaw on wheels and DecauseiI is Lhelarqeot, q Nool heaviesl woodworkin in manyohopo,a Iable oaw uouallyetaye pul, whichcan bea drawbackin a emallohopwhereepaceie By mounting at,a premium. you can il on wheels,however, eaeilyehifl your 6awout of the waywhenit is not in uee.lfyour baee,measure sawdid nol comewith a wheeled ohop lhe baseof the moNorhoueinqand havea melalworkin4 Formaximuftltrlafitaubuilda rollinqbaoelo your epecificaf,ions, includinq the baseehouldhavelhree wheels, onelhaL verability, KeepIhe sawfrom movingor tiVpingwheniNie in ueeby pivoNe. wedqinq two Irianqularwoodehimeunderthe wheelsal lhe front of the baee.

A SHOPTAYOUT CHECKLIST TOGATION

TYPE OFWORK

WORK HABITS

o Whichavailable areas in andaround yourhomeareappropriate fora shop?

. Whattypeof woodworking projects will youbedoing?

r Whatroomtemperature will youneed to workcomfortably?

o Howeasyis theaccess to theseareas?

o Whatsizearethe materials youwill needto movein andoutof theshop?

. Whattypeof lightdo youprefer forworking?

' Howmuchspacewill bedevoted to lumber andwork-in-progress? storing

r W i l ly o ub ew o r k i ndgu r i n gd a y l i g h t h o u r so, r w i l ly o ub e u s i n gt h es h o p at night?

. ls theelectric wiringadequate for poweringyourtoolsandlighting? . Howwellaretheareas heated, insulated,andventilated? r Willshopnoisedisturb otherareas? . lf thelocation is a basement, willthe shopbesharing space witha furnace room? roomor laundry . l f t h e l o c a t i oins a n o u t b u i l d i nogr garage, howmuchspaceistakenup by lawnmowers, andsoon? cars,bicycles, . Does orgarage haveany thebuilding heating, electricity, or plumbing? o Howsecureis the buildingor garage fromtheft?

r Whatstationary podable powmachines, ertools,andhandtoolswillyouneed? . Arethereenough electrical circuits to supplyyourpowerneeds? o Howmanylighting fixtures doesyour workreouire? . Howmanyworkbenches, assembly liketoolcabinets, tables,andaccessories scrapbins,andsawhorses willyouneed? . Willlocalseasonal temperatures and humidity affectyourwork? . Willyoubedoinga lotof f inishing work?

31

o Whichtoolsdo youexpectto use mostoften? . Willyoubeworking alonein theshop,or will it be usedbyanother worker? Would thatperson haveeasyaccess to theshop? o Willyouneedto locktheshopor keep it off-limits to children or pets? o Howmanyhoursperdaydo youexpect to spendin theshop? r ls theflooring madeof a material that is comfortable to standon for longperiodsof time?

PLANNINGFORSTIIfIONARYTOOLS TABTE

sAw

LIOHTING Naeda liqht from above, to the laft of and behindblade

LIGHNNA Needeliqht.from aboveand to the riqht of blade;porLable clamp-onli7ht can be uaed

CLEARANCE Needa enouqh clearance around table for lon6 boarde;keeplineof work clear. Best location ia center of ahop

CLEARANCE No clearanceneededon throatcolumn aide; requirea4 feet of clearanceon other aideefor lonq boarda. Keepline of work alear. Can be poeitionedaqainat a wallor in a corner

RADIAT ARMSAW

LIOHTINO Needali7ht from aides, front and above

ROUTER TABTE LIOHTING Needaliqht from front and both aides

CLEARANCE CLEARANCE Na clearanae needed behindtool; qood location ia againat wall.Allowabout 12 feet of clearance on either eidefor long boarde

Relativelyportable.Allow at leaat 6 fert of clearance in front and to the aides whenin operation;needo no clearancebehindtable. Good location ie aqainet wall: keepline of work clear so that a kiaked back workpiecewould not.atrike another worker

32

SHOP LAYOUT

SHAPER

DRITL PRESS

LIOHTING Liqht muat focua directly on bit from overhead; portable clamp-on Iiqht can be uaed

CLEARANCE No clearanceneeded behindtoob qood loca' tion ia aqainet wall, AIIow3 feet of clearance on either aide, and enou4hclearance in front for widework

LIGHTING Needalight from fronL and aidea

CLEARANCE Allowat leaat 6 feet of alearance in front and to the sides: no clearanceneededbehindtool. Good location is aqainat wall; keeplineof workclear ao that a workpiecethat ie kickedback will not atrike another worker

JOINTEUPTANER

LIOHTINO Needalightfrom aboveand front of tablea

JOINTER CLEARANCE Allow3 to 4 feet of clearance on aidea,more for lonqboarde; keeplineof workclear. Good location ta near lumberatoraqe rack for eaey aurfacin4of atock

LIGHTINO Needaliqht from lefL and rear of tool

TATHE LIOHTING )verhead li4ht muat focua directly on work CLEARANCE Allow3 feet of clearancein front of tablea and enouqhclearanceon both aideafor long boarde;keep lineof workclear. Dest location ie behindor to [ef, of table eaw

CLEARANCE Leave3 feet of clearancein front: can be poaitioneda7ainet a wall ainceworkis containedbv tool

33

SHOP LAYOUT

ASSEMBLY AND FINISHING TABTE

BENCH GRINDER Deet.location ia near lathe aincethe cutting toola ueed with it require frequenL4 rindinq. Needa clearanceand li4ht on front only;porEable clamp-onlight can be aimed directly at whee[

LIGHTING Needeliqht from aboveand aidea:natural li4ht preferable

CLEARANCE Minimalclearance needed;qood loaation ie near window

STATIONARY BEtTSANDER LIOHTINO Needeliqht from front and left of tool

scR0ltsAw

CLEARANCE Allow 5 to 6 feet of clearance to bhe aidea for lon4 work;leave3 to 4 feet in front of and to either side of diak aander. Keepline of work clear LIOHTINO Li4ht needed to the riqht. of blade;portable clamp-onlight can be uoed to ehinedirectly on work

CLEARANCE Needa 5 feet of clearanceat front and eidea;no alearance neededbehind tool. Oood location ie a4ainot wall

WORKBENCH

LIGHTING Needali4ht from above, parLicularly over viaeo

CLEARANCE Allow 3 feet of clearance around viaea;can be placed a4ainet wall if neceoear,

34

SHOPLAYOUT

TOOTS DRAWINGS OFSTATIOI{ARY SCATE

Layingouta wodtshop onpapel toolsdrawnat a scaleof V+inch viewsof a dozentypicalstationary aboveareoverhead Theillustrations yourtoolson theshopfloor,sketchyourworkshop spaceon to 1 foot.Tofacilitatethetaskof arranging thispage,cut outthetoolsyouneed,andarrange Thenphotocopy scaledgraphpaper. a sheetof similarly thespaceandlightrequirethe bestlayoutfor yourshop.Consider the cutoutsonthegridto determine spaceto eachone.Alsofactorin yourshop'selectrical 32-34)whenassigning mentsof thetools(pages shop andlightingneeds(pages41-43).Usethe samplelayoutsof a small-,medium-,andlarge-size to getyoustarted. on page36 asguidelines beginning

35

SHOPORGANIZATION LAYOUT OFA SMALL SH()P Laying outtheshop Theillustration below shows onewayof making efficient useof thespacein a smallshop-inthiscase,one-half of a two-car garage. Thethreestationary machines chosen areessential for mostprojects: thetablesaw,thejointer, andthebandsaw.The sawandjointeraremounted oncasters sotheycanbemoved if necessary. Withthebenchandtablethereis amplespace for power handtoolandportable toolwork.Thestorage spaceperforated hardboard andshelving-islocated alongthewalls; a lumberrackis positioned nearthegarage door.Anyexposed

f r a m i nign t h ec e i l i n cgo u l da l s ob eu s e dt o h o l ds t o c kR. e f e r to thekeyin the bottomright-hand corner of the illustration forthetypeandlocation of electrical outlets andlightfixtures. (near Notethatthereisanoverhead master swrtch thebench's t a i lv i s et)h a tc o n t r o a l sl lt h r e em a c h i n eAs t. t e n t i oi ns a l s o (represented paidto feeddirection of eachmachine bythe arrowhead in the key);theaccess doorto theshopis always in theuser's fieldof vision. Caution: lf yourshopshares space youwillnotbeableto spray withmotorized equipment finishes.

11'

r-)t . -?r: \ _ / 1.. .y':,"-n": ^

r

c

scrap bin

\

I

I

strort atock atoraqe thelvinq

e Worktable

Ferforated hardboard wall etoraqe

Dand aaw db db

(a)

l l l l v ll ll )awhoreee q_Fq_F

T t t

e

KEY

V outlet o 24O 12OV outlet

Jointer

0 o o o o

| | t,mu", racr | |

tJ

36

Incandescent liqht fixtu re FIuoreecent liqht firtu re Overheadewitch for power toole Direction of feed

SHOP LAYOUT

tlltllllfillllllffilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllillltllllllllllllllll 1HO?TI? A s af e att'enti o n-get t er lf the door to t'heehopis outside are aI yourfieldofvieionwhenyou a machine,lhereie the riekIhat' oomeonemiqhl enLerthe ehoV,t'ap and etarLleYou, youon the ehoulder, ourprioee, Io avoidaccident'caueinq mounf,a liqht bulbaI eyelevelnear the t ool and wireNheswiLchNothe doorframeeo thaLthe bulbliqhto whenlhedooris oVened,Wirinq ano|herbulbto the bellcircuiLof Nhe can solvethe problemof relephone misbina ohone calle:Eaih t'ime th e bellrinio,rhe bulbwillliqht.

DOLTY A SHOP or largeprojects Towheelworkpieces theshop,usetheshop-built around dollvshownbelow.Startwiththe

I \._.2

cutting baseandcornerblocks, plywood to a size themfrom3/q-inch thatsuitsyourneeds,Screwthe cornerblocksin place,thenfasten

a casterontoeachblock(abovd. cut section, To buildtheshelved for theskirtsandthe eightpieces the legsfrom1-by-3stock;the shelf andthe toP from%-inchplywood; Thelegsshould from%-inchplywood. for the topto sit at be longenough height.Screwthe leg a comfortable pieces thenattachthe together, skirtsto the legs'insidefaces.Fasten theshelfandthetopto theskirts. the legsto the basewith Secure brackets. angle

37

SHOPLAYOUT

SAVING SPACE Setting upa shopin theattic Atticshopshaveseveral strikesagainst them:Theyareoftenuninsulated and theirf loorsarenotdesigned to support heavy weight. In addition, headroom is limitedandaccess problems, canpresent e s p e c i a li lf yy o ua r ew o r k i nwg i t hl o n g planks orfull sheets of plywood. Butfor a luthier, carver, orwoodworker whospecializes in smallprojects, an atticcan bean idealspotfora shop.Asshownin theillustration at left,nailing sheets of plywood sheathing-grade to thejoistswill produce a floorthatis sufficiently sturdy to holdup a workbench andoneof the lighter stationary machines, liketheband saw,Thespaces between thestudsand rafters anddownneartheeaves-where theroofandatticf loormeet-areideal forstoring lumber, tools, andsupplies.

Positioning stationary machines in a confined space lf yourworkshop youmay is cramped haveto forego an idealplacement of stationary machines to allowyouto makethemostof yourlimited space. Consider thedesign of yourmachines youneedto andthefeeddirection use;youmaybeableto placetwo machines closetogether if theyare properly. matched Thehightableof a bandsawandthefeeddirection norm a l l yu s e dw i t ht h em a c h i n e f o, r example, makesit an idealmatch rna tightspace witha jointer(right). Thetwocanbe placedclosetogethe r w h i l es t i l lp r o v i d i nagd e q u a t e spaceto operate eachmachine at separate times.

38

SHOPLAYOUT

SH()P LAYOUT OFA MEDIUM-SIZE shop Settingup a basement s h o T h e m e d i u m - s i z e pr e p r e s e n t ebde l o w s h a r e sm a n yo f t h e f e a t u r e so f t h e s m a l l shop(page36): the tablesawand jointera masterswitch(thls olanerareon casters: t i m en e a rt h ed o o rc) o n t r o lasl l t h e m a c h i n e s ; t h e m a c h i n ea s r ep o s i t i o n esdo u s e r sw i l l s e et h e d o o rn e a rt h e b e n c h ;p e r f o r a t e d h a r d b o a radn d s h e l v e sf o r s t o r a g el i n et h e p e r i m e t eorf t h es h o p( s u p p l i ecsa na l s ob e s t o r e du n d e rt h e s t a i r s )a; n d t h e l u m b e r

rackis locatednearthe mainaccessdoorat . i t ht h e e x t r as p a c e , t h e f o o to f t h e s t a i r sW , d r i l lp r e s s , t h i s s h o ph a sr o o mf o r a l a t h e a r . w o r kt a b l ef o r g l u e a n da d u s tc o l l e c t o A u p a n df i n i s h i n gi s p o s i t i o n eadt a w i n d o w w i t h a n e x h a u sfta n .T h ef o c a lp o i n to f t h i s s h o pi s t h e t a b l es a w ;i t i s e q u i d i s t a nf rto m t h e s t o c kp r e p a r a t i oanr e ai n f r o n to f i t , t h e w o r k b e n ctho o n es i d e ,a n dt h e w o r k t a b l eb e h r n di t .

KEY :l 24O V ouLlet rl' 12OV outlet lt4hLftxl;ure A lncandeacenL ltqhLfixt.ure O FluoreecenL @ OverheadewtLchfor powertoolo @ Dtrecttonof feed

20'

thelvee

- :o:*".n*- - -?

e

ofr.Er Drill prena

ilt

e

e

?erforated hardboard

Sawhoreea

Duai;collector

o Jointer/

grrrl[)

Lathe

thelvea

e

Eand saw

o Windowfan

Lumberrack

39

SHOP LAYOUT

LAYOUT OFA LARGE SH()P garage Converting a two-car callsfora with allthefeatures shown below Setting upa shop garage. This shop has many of the largespace,likea two-car examined earlier, with addicharacteristics of thesmaller shops that allow it to handle a wider tionaltoolsandconveniences finishing room, rangeof projects. At onecorneris a spacious partitioned with fromthe restof theshopandequipped an a bathfanto exhaust fumes. Theshopincludes explosion-proof machines feato the roomwitha sinkanda toilet.In addition planer. and The turedearlier, thishasa radialarmsaw,shaper,

worksurfaces: onein thefinishing shopboasts threeseparate room,oneforglue-up nearthedrillpress, anda workbench thetablesaw.A shopof thissizewouldneedan indebeside panelto power pendent electrical service allthetools.Tokeep witha raised thewiringoutof theway,halftheflooris covered 3/rinchplywood floor;asshownon page44,an understructure is laidontheconcrete flooron 12-inch centers and of 1-by-2s Wires theplywood is nailed to theboards. arerunin conduits between the 1-by-2s. undertheplywood

w

l-l ctampI rl

Explooion' proof fan

Work Taorc

rACK

(-

$-;

v

FINI'HINOROOM 6'x|O'

trb*l IUF

-f--l

\ Lu"h" O

\J-gtuor

0 0 o o o e,

u: ul u^"n li I ll l''lll Work'l"

o

I

I ll

lllll,*,"*- lIHHltr|l l

CONCRETE FLOOR

KEY 24O V outlet 12OV outlet Incand eacent Iiqht fixtu re Fluoreacent liqht fixbure Eleatriaal aervice oub-panel Direction of feed

I

^

Ferforated' hardboard Drill Pree6

?lywood stora4e

ilil

-l Fr I

flt--------t

RAI9EDFLOOR

\

-

T- F-t Mobite

Sawhorees Radial Disk/belt aander

6v ) -zcraP

/-\ O \_/

40

ptn

o

o Aeeembly table .----.....--..-. fr snetves

|

lpfl

(]

POWER ELE,CTRICAL paneldedicatedto the shop.Another point to remember:Any woodworking machinethat drawsmorethansixamps (dedicated)cirshouldbe on a separate cuit,unlessthetool'smotor is shielded. Referto theillustrationon page42 as a guideto planningthe electricallayout of your shop.As you plan,remember that evensimple electricaljobs, like extendinga circuit or replacingan outThey can also let, canbe dangerous. causea fairamountof damage-ranging from burned-outtool motorsto a house fire-if theyarecarriedout improperly. Unlessvou arecualifiedand comfortablewiih the ideaof wiring your shop to theelectricalsystem,havea qualified do thejob. electrician

shouldbe f, lectricpowerrequirement I ; considered of earlyin the process planning a shop'slayout. Allow for growth.Then,asyou addnewtoolsand light fixtures,youwill avoidtheheadaches system:repeatedtripof an inadequate ping of circuitbreakersor blowingof fusfunnelingseveral es,andoctopusadapters oowercordsinto oneoutlet. If you planto wire your shopto your panel,be surethat home'smainservice your electrical supplyhasenoughadditional power.You can geta rough idea of how manyamperesyour shopwill draw from the systemby totalingthe of all thetoolsyou planto use amperage the resultin half.If your dividing and able to handle the is barely svstem on it by your being'placed demands probably will needto you household, othentrance-in your service upgrade of amps the number increase er words, theservicepanelcandrawfrom theutility company.If the shopwill be some distancefrom the main servicepanel,it is a goodideato installa 50-ampsub-

Theworkbenchis a naturalwork surface for usingportablepower tools.Mountinga powerstripon oneofthe legsandpluggingit into theneedfor a an outleteliminates cordfor everytool. separate extension

TIPS TAYOUT ETECTRICAT r Whenplanning layout for theelectrical yourshop,makesurethatoutletsfor powertoolsandlightingfixturesareon circuits. seDarate

thatthewiringof yourshopis inadequate.Upgrade thesystemby installing andwiringthemto a sepanewoutlets panel. ratecircuitontheservice

o Unless yourshophasbrightwindows withbattery or yourlightsareequipped includeat leasttwoseparate backups, layout. circuitsin yourelectrical lighting the In theeventonecircuitis disabled, intotheothercircuitwill lightsplugged stillwork.

o Protect or anynewoutletin a garage a ground-fault by installing basement (GFCI). circuitintenupter

r Placeoutletscloseto theeventual locadistribtionof thetoolstheywillpower; all around theshooto allow uteoutlets forfuturetoolacquisitions. . Avoidlocating onthefloor;they outlets filledwithsawbecome willeventually dustandbea firehazard. . Avoidplugging toolsintooneoutlet thiscanoveradapter; usinganoctopus andis a sign system, loadyourelectrical

. Neverworkon thewiringof theservice live panel; wiresmayremain entrance evenwhenpoweris shutoff at the main orfuseblock. circuitbreaker . Makecertain or thatanynewcircuits installed in yourhome service sub-panels to themain aregrounded or outbuilding panel.Individual must outlets service alsobegrounded. . Donottakeoff thecoverof theservice o a nle. o Never workonyourwiringin dampor wetconditions.

4I

. Donottoucha metalfaucet,pipe, or otherobjectwhenworking appliance, onyourwiring. . Neversplicea powercordor an extenprong thegrounding sioncord,or remove plug. froma three-prong . Usean extension cordto supplyelectricityto an areaonlytemporarily-not wrnng. aspermanenl . Neverruna oowercordor an extensioncordundera rug,mat,orcarpet; do notfastenthecordusingtacks,pins, orstaples. . Never replace a blownfusewithoneof a do notusea penny, higheramperage; fora fuse. washer, or foilasa substitute o lf a circuitbreaker tripsor a fuseblows checkfora shortcircuit,and repeatedly, whether thecircuitis overdetermine loaded.

SHOPLAYOUT

ETECTRICAT TAYOUT FOR A MEDIUM.SIZE SH(IP Wiringtheshop Theillustration at leftshowsoneelectrical layoutfor a medium-size shop.The shophassixseparate electrical circuits: fourfortoolsandtwofor lighting. The basicprinciple to keepin mindis thatno circuitusing!2-gauge wireshouldcarry morethan80 percentof its capacity; for 20-ampcircuits, thismeans thecombinedamperage of the toolsonthesame circuitplus25 percent of theratingof the largest motormustnotexceed16 amps.In thisshop,thetablesawandjointerare orfseparate 240 V circuits; theirpower cordsaresuspended fromtheceilingwith twist-type outlets, whichkeepthe plugs in place,Witha combined loadof 15 amps, the bandsawandthedrillpressareon thesame120V circuit;the latheis on another. Additional outletson the 120V circuitscanbeusedforportable tools.The incandescent andfluorescent lighting circuitsareseparate sothatif onefails theotherwillstillwork.

KEY rh \v 24O V outlet 12OVoutlet Incandeecentliqhtinq firtu re t FIuoreacentIiqhtinq fixture Directionof feed

0 o o

42

LIGHTING cuttingoff lineor ] f youfindyourself I cannotproperlyexaminea finish unlessyou takeyour work outside,the lightingin yourworkshopmayneedan upgrade.At best,a poorlylit shopwill at worst,it can merelybringon fatigue; work and contributeto sloppy,imprecise to accidents. lightsarethemostpopFluorescent ular type of workshoplighting fixture. light, Theycasta relativelyshadowless andtheyuse thetubesarelong-lasting, 20 percentto 30 percentlesselectricity lightsof the same than incandescent find that Manywoodworkers brightness. light canresultin too muchfluorescent however, andprefatigueandheadaches, and fer the warmth of incandescent tungstenlights, At a minimum, a shopbiggerthan 120scuarefeetneeds2 wattsof incanwalt of fluorescent descentlight or 3/q, light per squarefoot,As in the electricallayoutillustratedon page42, shop from lightsshouldbe circuitsseparate

yourtools.Ideally,thelight fixtureswill circuits. tvvoseDarate bedividedbetween 1600 Asa ruleof thumb,do notexceed wattson one20-ampcircuit.Also,distributelightingfixturesaroundtheshop; mountinga singlefixturein the middle of the ceilingwill makeit difficult to illuminatethe shadowyareasat the edges ofthe shoo. If possible,makethe mostof natural espeIight;thereis no bettersubstitute, finishing. work and ciallyfor hand-tool planing,sanding,and Tryingto evaluate jobs underartificiallight can finishing be frustrating.Both fluorescentand light tendto distortor disincandescent guisethe surfacetextureof naturaland Naturallight, finishedwood surfaces. particularlyfrom the north,hasa soft, quality.If yourshophasa winnon-glare dow that facesnorth, placeyour workbenchunderit. Keepin mind that upgradingthe lighting in your shopneednot entail purchasing expensivefixtures and

llllllllllllllllllllllll IllIilltllllfillIIIfillfillilllllllllllllllI]I1 1HO?Tt? 1,,,,,\, A benah'dog l'lllt'+qil'\'-. lamo oupport " l -- --t\ - A " . a-'\ r:--:\ Fora movablesourceof ."r:r'i ,/ liqhl aI your workbench, / \ aitach A desklampNo {-'- *--"'"' oneof the benchdoqe.Dore a holeNheeamediameNer as the ehafLof Lhe lamp into the headof a wooden.do,q +:==::::=--::R-::::-..--=.: -- -------=:*: (pa4e62).The -:] li,ahr, canLhen b:epoeitioned *. - *-