History of Technology Volume 10: Volume 10, 1985 9781350018426, 9781350018440, 9781350018419

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History of Technology Volume 10, 1985

Edited by Norman Smith

Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc LON DON • OX F O R D • N E W YO R K • N E W D E L H I • SY DN EY

Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square London WC1B 3DP UK

1385 Broadway New York NY 10018 USA

www.bloomsbury.com BLOOMSBURY, T&T CLARK and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published 1986 by Mansell Publishing Ltd Copyright © Norman Smith, 1986 The electronic edition published 2016 Norman Smith and Contributors have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the Authors of this work. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Bloomsbury or the authors. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. History of technology. 10th annual volume: 1985 1.Technology – History – Periodicals 609  T15 ISBN: HB: 978-1-3500-1842-6 ePDF: 978-1-3500-1841-9 ePub: 978-1-3500-1843-3 Series: History of Technology, volume 10

C o n t e n t s Preface Editorial: Into Double Figures D. de COGAN Dr E. O. W. Whitehouse and the 1858 trans-Atlantic Gable

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A. RUPERT HALL Isaac Newton's Steamer

17

G.J. HOLLISTER-SHORT Gunpowder and Mining in Sixteenth- and SeventeenthCentury Europe

31

C.J.JACKSON Evidence of American Influence on the Designs of Nineteenth-Century Drilling Tools, Obtained from British Patent Specifications and Other Sources

67

JACQUES PAYEN Beau de Rochas Devant la Technique et l'Industrie de son Temps

107

ORJAN WIKANDER Archaeological Evidence for Early Water-MiUs—an Interim Report

151

A. P. WOOLRICH John Farey and the Smeaton Manuscripts

181

MIKE CHRIMES Bridges: a Bibliography of Articles Published in Scientific Periodicals 1800-1829

217

The Contributors

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Contents of Former Volumes

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P r e f a c e

In this Tenth Annual Volume it is very pleasing in the first place to draw readers' attention to contributions from France and Sweden, from Dr Jacques Payen writing on the intriguing figure of Beau de Rochas and from Dr Orjan Wikander who has added a broad view of Roman waterpower to the specialized study on the same subject last year. Dr Hollister-Short's promise of two years ago to look in detail at early gunpowder testing is now fulfilled. Dr Jackson has written a detailed study of the intricacies of drilling and drill-bits while Dr de Cogan's discoveries in Ireland throw new light on one of the most famous exploits in the history of technology. Bibliographical work figures prominently this year, literally so in the case of Mr Chrimes' mighty compilation while A. P. Woolrich's study of John Smeaton's library and John Farey's role in its future raises fascinating points for Smeaton fans and bibliophiles alike. Finally my thanks to my former co-editor Professor A. Rupert Hall who not only very kindly prepared the Introduction to Beau de Rochas but has also contributed the delightful piece on Isaac Newton's 'blow-cart'. Professor Hall thus becomes the first contributor to appear twice in the same issue. NORMAN A. F. SMITH

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D o u b l e

F i g u r e s

Compared with the silver jubilee attained last year by the Society for the History of Technology or the unparalleled diamond occasion celebrated by the Newcomen Society in 1980, this tenth anniversary edition of History of Technology is a modest achievement but nevertheless pretext enough for a few editorial reflections. In the Preface to the Eighth Volume I recalled very briefly some of the reasons for starting a new periodical in history of technology, a move which attracted advice that it would not work and a few reservations to the effect that the subject was already well catered for and upstarts were not welcome. Here and there, such views persist. The fact was though that at that time, in 1975, there were a variety of obstacles to publication in the field and somehow these converged and persuaded us to test the courage of our convictions. One problem was very long papers, not long enough (or too specialized) to qualify for publication as books but beyond the means of existing journals. The reasons for this unwillingness to take on a long article are not entirely evident to me even now although the obstacle in the Newcomen Society's case was, and is, clear. So long as the Society's publication is the transactions of its evening meetings the length of papers will inevitably be controlled by what comprises a comfortable length for a lecture. A decade ago another factor which was very persuasive was the unsatisfactory length of time it was taking to get a paper into print—two or even three years had been experienced by some of us. Long-winded—and sometimes futile—refereeing and tardy editorial work were not helpful to aspiring young historians who inevitably wished to publish sooner rather than later. We planned to do better. Another hope we entertained was that we might be able to generate a fashion for publishing material other than historical papers as such—bibliographical collections for example and contemporary documents. And lastly we looked forward to being able to give more attention to technological and engineering history in the pre-Industrial period. Have these aims, all or any of them, been realized? The answer, as to so many questions, is yes and no. Our judgement that long papers would be forthcoming was certainly correct and those we have published have been well received. Bibliographical work and historic documents have not occurred very frequently and that is disappointing. Historical periods have been unevenly represented as have topics. My observation in 1981 that 'The period most neglected in our pages is the Renaissance; the most significant field of technology never represented is ship-building. Clearly what is needed for a future issue is a paper on Renaissance naval architecture' is still true. This I believe is symptomatic of a distinctive feature

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Into Double Figures

of the history of technology, at least in Great Britain, and it reveals moreover a particular weakness of the subject. What emerges is how much of technology's history is already covered by journals representing special subjects or particular periods. Journals devoted to classical antiquity, the Middle Ages, or the Renaissance do present from time to time technological papers of substantial importance. Some of them are definitive. At the same time such excellent publications as The Mariner's Mirror, The Journal for Transport History, Textile History and many more readily and expertly handle the output in their particular fields. It is entirely understandable that authors wish their papers to appear in the most appropriate and prestigious publications. However, it does lead to work in the history of technology being widely diffused and in Britain not even the longestablished Newcomen Society has been able to provide the subject with its focal-point. In Spain, France or Italy, the Netherlands or Sweden a comparable situation, it seems to me, prevails. Interestingly enough these things are not characteristic of the history of science which has a readily recognizable centre and a handful of publications which monopolize the field. The essential difference is this, that whereas the history of technology has been in the main a subject for amateurs, there are relatively few of these in the history of science, a field of study whose practice is predominantly in universities throughout the world. Given these features of the European scene it is a striking contrast that in the United States the history of technology is indeed a university subject and a flourishing one too. It represents the greatest success story so far in the history of technology's effort to fly under its own power. A distinctive feature of the American effort is the determination of scholars there to carve out a discipline which can be seen to be independent, important and self-sufficient. To some extent there are risks being run when 'discipline definition' is given quite so much priority because, as well as being forced into shape, subjects have to evolve. They have to be allowed to adjust to a variety of fresh inputs not the least significant of which is the steady accumulation of correct facts and reliable figures, a requirement which some historians of technology seem willing to dispense with. All the same the urge to create a discipline is understandable. Career academics know very well that the 'recognized discipline' is more likely to be adopted and supported and in a keenly competitive (and sometimes insecure) academic world such things are not unimportant. But the position one gets into can be deceptive and productive of misunderstandings and false trails. I am suspicious myself for example of the idea that the study of technology's history can be relied upon to instruct modern society and its leaders how best to deal with current and future problems. That such an extrapolation will work is a widely held view. It is also put forward as a good reason, even the best reason, for giving support to the history of technology and encouraging the teaching of its syllabuses. In broad terms there is another contrast to be observed between Britain and the United States. The predominating interest here is in technical

Into Double Figures

IX

history per se, in other words the history of materials, processes, machines and structures as an exercise in itself compared with the North American conviction that the proper way is to study the history of technology in its socio-economic context. It has been claimed, often, that the history of technology has been spared the 'internalist' versus 'externalist' debate that has allegedly plagued the development of the history of science but looked at trans-Atlantically it is manifestly untrue and the very fact that the issue is forever being discussed rather makes the point. Personally I can see nothing wrong with internalist history of technology and engineering. To find out how engineering functions as an intellectual and creative activity is not only a natural objective but a highly desirable one. The two approaches to the history of technology seem to me to be sides of the same coin and their mutual co-existence is surely more helpful than a contest to see which school of thought can prevail. Notwithstanding the need to embrace both methodologies one must admit to some reservations about the subject at its extremities. There is a spectrum that runs from rank antiquarianism to internalist history (the history of technological design and development) to externalist history (the socio-economic context) to what, in effect, is straightforward economic and/or social history (and once would have been so called). I see no sense in this last trend which is so fashionable in some quarters. By all means study social or economic history, or political or feminist history for that matter, but the tendency to disguise it as, or indeed claim that it is, history of technology seems to me dishonest. So, too, incidentally is the readiness to confuse history of technology with what I believe is generally referred to as technology and society whose historical dimension is usually very difficult to discern and probably does not exist. It is a fact that at this end of the spectrum the frontiers of history of technology are not easy to map, and generally they are drawn much too generously and so encroach far into other territories. Antiquarianism at its very best I must confess I have time for. There is an undoubted satisfaction and value in establishing a fact, resolving an uncertainty or settling some point; and best of all discovering something new. This is the stuff of historical research after all and fact gathering is not to be derided. The sterility of antiquarianism is in doing no more than gather facts. Between the extremities there is in truth some good history of technology being researched, taught and written. It is not yet, however, a big subject nor one that is widely taught. And its literature is not large. It is encouraging to find a new journal, History and Technology, being started but significant that in just two years only Volume 1 has appeared and even then two of its Parts were printed as one. There is, I believe, a limit to how much good literature a small subject can generate and present through its own journals especially when, as I observed earlier, so many excellent periodicals specializing in particular periods or special subjects can cream off much of the best material for themselves. I do not complain about this competition in any way but it is a factor not to be overlooked.

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Into Double Figures

Whether or not the history of technology has 'arrived' in the United States as many claim I find difficult to judge; I am sure that it has not in Europe. That is a pity. Technology and engineering in so many manifestations—building, agriculture, ships, prime movers, machinery—have been a fundamental economic, cultural and intellectual force throughout Europe for at least 2,000 years. What is odd is that so few people seem to have noticed.

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W h i t e h o u s e

t r a n s - A t l a n t i c

a n d C a b l e

D. de C O G A N

Introduction The first successful telegraph cable across the Atlantic was laid in 1858 and lasted little more than one month. Its history has been well documented by authors in both Britain and America. Henry Field, the brother of one of the prime movers, wrote the first serious account.1 More recently, Bern Dibner2 and Arthur C. Clarke3 have written popular versions from an American point of view. Sylvanus P. Thompson's biography of William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)4 contains several well-documented chapters on the subject and has been a major source for much of the background material presented here. On the other hand, John Merrett's popular account5 is perhaps as close as one can get to the scene of the original action. During the present century he worked at the Valentia Cable Station in Ireland and in his book he makes much use of the memories of some of the original operators (graffers). All previous histories appear to be agreed that the 1858 cable was destroyed by the actions of Dr E. O. W. Whitehouse who applied very large voltages to it in an attempt to drive his patent recording telegraph. A section of this cable has recently been discovered in private ownership in Ireland. The results of a detailed examination indicate that Whitehouse's action merely accelerated a process of failure which was inevitable due to faults induced in the cable during manufacture and subsequent handling. And thus in this paper it is suggested that the history of the 1858 trans-Atlantic cable and its premature failure needs to be re-examined. Historical Background When the first proposals were made for an Atlantic telegraph, it was not clear whether electrical signals were capable of travelling over very large distances. Doubts were much reduced following an experimental demonstration by Charles Tilston Bright and Edward Orange Wildman Whitehouse, a surgeon who in 1856 had given up a successful practice in order to devote his time to the science of electricity.6 Bright was chief engineer of the Magnetic Telegraph Co. and used his position to arrange a link-up of over 2,000 miles of underground cables. A satisfactory rate of transmission was reported. Encouraged by this demonstration, the Atlantic Telegraph Company

2

Dr E.O. W. Whitehouse and the 1858 trans-Atlantic Cable

was formed in 1856. William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) was one of its directors, having been appointed by the Scottish shareholders. Thomson had been applying Fourier analysis to the problem of retardation of signals in long-distance telegraphs, and had postulated that the resistance depended on the cross-sectional area of the conductor (as well as its purity) and that the capacitance could be reduced by increasing its diameter.7 This law of squares was vigorously challenged by Whitehouse, whose theory of electrical propagation could be described in a few words as: 'the further that electricity has to travel, the larger the kick it needs to send it on its way'. However, on account of his association with Charles Bright, Whitehouse was appointed company electrician. Thomson, on the other hand, in spite of his growing reputation, held no technical position within the company. The first moves to establish the Atlantic telegraph had been made in America where there was already a telegraph from New York to Newfoundland. Now the investors on the American side of the venture were pressing for quick results. Even before the first meeting of the Atlantic Company's directors, the provisional committee which registered the company had placed orders for cable of light core in accordance with Whitehouse's specification. Thomson advocated a heavier cable and was insistent about the need for highest purity copper but it was too late. The cable, half of it manufactured by Glass Elliot & Co. of London and the other half by R. S. Newall of Birkenhead, was to be delivered within six months. Delivery was in fact completed on 6 July 1857. The Laying of the Gable An attempt was made to lay the cable during the summer of 1857, but it proved unsuccessful on account of the severity of the braking system which controlled the rate of payout from the ships. The cable squadron returned to Plymouth determined to try again the following year. The Admiralty acceded to a request for storage space for the winter and made available a vacant powder magazine at Keyham dock. Wooden huts were erected at company expense to house the cable, which was passed through a mixture of tar, linseed oil, pitch and beeswax during transfer from the ships. This treatment (according to official reports to the board) was for the effectual preservation of the cable from atmospheric influence during the winter.8 This confirms that the treated cable was stored in the atmosphere and not under water. Some time after 1858 it was recognized that the insulator, gutta percha, which was used in the cable degrades by an oxidation process during prolonged exposure in air. Following this discovery, the industry adopted the practice of cable storage under water. During April 1858 the directors received disquieting reports about the condition of the stored cable. Numerous defects had to be cut out as the cable was being coiled on board the ships.9 The reports to the board of directors do not give details about the nature of these defects. The expedition of 1858 was to follow Charles Bright's original scheme:

D. de Cogan

3

two ships were to meet in mid-ocean and pay out cable in opposite directions (to Newfoundland and Ireland). Following a successful trial of the plan in the deep waters of the Bay of Biscay, the ships and their escorts sailed in June. Thomson travelled on HMS Agamemnon, which encountered a terrible storm lasting four days and during which time the cable suffered damage. It took two days to uncoil and recoil the tangled section, nearly 100 miles of cable (see Fig. 1). The ships met as planned and following a number of unsuccessful starts Agamemnon sailed into Valentia Bay in south-west Ireland on 5 August. The Niagara arrived in Newfoundland at about the same time. The directors had been so uncertain about the likelihood of success that no provision had been made for the laying of shore ends. As a temporary expedient, deep-sea cable was landed.

Figure 1. Cable on Agamemnon's deck. From the Cooke collection of drawings in the IEE Archives.

T h e D e s t r u c t i o n o f the Cable Whitehouse had remained on shore during the expedition: medical reasons (not for the first time in this history) apparently prevented him from sailing with the ships. The cable was handed over to him at Valentia on the day of landing whereupon he replaced Thomson's marine galvanometers which had worked superbly during the voyage by his own heavy relays and induction coils. He was left undisturbed during the next week to adjust the equipment for optimum operation. Very weak test signals crossed the ocean but were insufficient for reliable working and the rate

4\^^#C.e

Figure 2. Message received at Valentia, 17 August 1958: 'Ward Whitehouse Mr Gunard wishes telegraph Mclver. Europa Collision Arabia put into St Johns. No lives lost will you do it stay anxiety non arrival De Sauty.' Notes: (i) Newfoundland first asked to transmit this message on 15 August. Whitehouse replied: 'Wait until I enquire directors.' (ii) D. & C. Mclver was Cunard's agent in Liverpool.

Figure 3. Message from De Sauty, the company electrician, at Bay Bull Arm, Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, 24 August 1858: 'Commenced 10.30 Finished 11.29 De Sauty to Saward Two miles shore end ample. Have half mile small cable plenty. It is stored on beach. Two splicers and jointers here. Six gallons naphtha required and please send authority to draw on Brooking £100 required immediately for labourers. House in a wilderness, road and wood to cut down and clear. I ought to have some relays, have only one. Great difficulty in sending letters from here, have written fully.' Notes', (i) Brooking was the Atlantic Telegraph Company's agent in St Johns, Newfoundland. (ii) It was subsequently stated by Willoughby Smith that naphtha was a most unsuitable solvent for jointing gutta percha cables.

ii \ % V \

• DKEP SKA LIXK ATLANTIC CAULKS

'"" " *"""r,•'WJWBK-MI T;^- - 225-70. (10) Willowford (Wikander 1980, no. 1:2:12). Remains of water-channels, sluices (?) and fragments of mill-stones, excavated in 1923-4 by R. Cunliffe Shaw. The identification of the site as a water-mill seems probable, but far from certain. Robert Spain, who has published the best account of the site,31 stresses the need for continued excavations north of the bridge-pier (an area never examined by Shaw), even indicating what we may expect to find there if we are actually dealing with a water-mill. Such excavations might also reveal some clues to the date of the site. (11) Wherwell, Hampshire (Wikander 1980, no. 1:2:11). Remains of a mill-channel, mill-building (?), and fragments of mill-stones, excavated in 1964 by David Whitehouse. Prof Whitehouse is himself preparing the final report. For the present, the short published notices have been supplemented by a plan of the site.32 The date of the mill is presumably the same as that of the adjacent villa: late third or early fourth century AD. (12) JVettleton, Wiltshire. Remains of a mill-race, sluice-gate, wheel-pit and tail-race, excavated after 1968 by W.J. Wedlake. A publication of the mill appeared recently.33 It is dated by the excavator to CAD 230. (13) Spring Valley Mill (Ardleigh), Essex. Remains of a possible Roman water-mill including three mill-stones, on the very site of a modern mill, found in 1897 and the early 1950s. Mentioned only by Robert Spain.34 (14) Ickham, Kent I (Wikander 1980, no. 1:2:6). Remains of a mill-race, mill-building and fragments of mill-stones, excavated in 1974 by J . Bradshaw. The mill was published recently by Robert Spain.35 The date of its operation is estimated to £.AD 150-280. (15) Ickham, Kent II (Wikander 1980, no. 1:2:7). Remains of a mill-race, sluice-gate, mill-building, and fragments of mill-stones, excavated in 1974 £.140 m upstream from No. 14 by C.J. Young. The mill was published recently by the excavator.36 It is dated to the third and fourth centuries AD. (16) Tamworth, Staffordshire. Extensive remains of the entire establishment, including parts of the horizontal water-wheel and fragments of iron, excavated in the 1970s by Philip A. Rahtz and K. Sheridan. The mill has been presented in several preliminary reports,37 and a final publication is being prepared by Prof. Rahtz, together with S. M. Hirst, Lorna Watts and S. Wright. Earlier radio-carbon determinations centred within the eighth century, but a dendrochronological date now indicates AD 855 ± 9. (17) Old Windsor, Berkshire I. A long mill-channel and important remains of the woodwork of a large mill with three vertical water-wheels, excavated in 1957-8 by Brian Hope-Taylor. The excavator is working on the

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final publication, but for the present there is only a short preliminary note and a very general plan of the site indicating the direction of the millchannel.38 The mill is mostly dated in the ninth century, but dendrochronology rather indicates a late seventh-century date.39 (18) Old Windsor, Berkshire II. Remains of a narrow mill-channel and a horizontal-wheeled mill, constructed after the destruction of No. 17. It is dated in the ninth or tenth century.40 SOUTH-WESTERN GERMANY It is hardly surprising that water-mills are found from Imperial times onwards in the Romanized parts of Germany. This is shown by epigraphical and literary evidence from Bavaria41 and the area west of the Rhine.42 Archaeological finds are restricted to two mills in the Moselle valley. (19) Losnich I. Remains of a mill-race, wheel-pit and a fragment of a mill-stone, excavated in 1978 by Adolf Neyses. A report on the site, written by the excavator, appeared recently.43 The mill cannot be dated more precisely than within the occupation period of the adjacent Roman villa, between the end of the first and the beginning of the fifth century AD. (20) Losnich II. Remains of the mill-race, excavated in 1978 by Adolf Neyses and published by him.44 There are no certain indications as to the date. FRANCE — BELGIUM — SWITZERLAND

Written evidence for water-mills in this area abound from the fifth century AD onwards.45 On the other hand, the archaeological finds are remarkably few and perhaps all of them earlier—bringing the history of water-mills in Gaul back to the second century AD.46 The mill at Gannes (No. 23) indicates that examination of early French archaeological publications might be rewarding. (21) Martres-de-Veyre, Puy-de-Dome. Remains of the entire establishment, including several mill-stones, excavated in 1976 by Anne-Marie Romeuf and published by her.47 (22) Barbegal, Provence (Wikander 1980, no. 1:2:17). A large establishment fed by an aqueduct and containing two mill-races with eight wheel-pits each, excavated in 1937-8 by Fernand Benoit and published by him.48 Benoit's dating of the construction in the early fourth century AD has been questioned, particularly by Kiechle who argues convincingly for a date around the middle of the third century.49 Sagui's discussions on the output of the establishment,50 accepted in most later literature, has been questioned recently.51 Even though Benoit's publication remains one of the greater contributions ever made to the study of ancient water-mills, it is a fact that it is far from answering the questions that must now be asked about this unique mill establishment. The few, small and indistinct photographs published by Benoit have been supplemented recently,52 but we still need a full publication of the finds, particularly the mill-stones, and,

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Archaeological EvidenceforEarly Water-Mills—an Interim Report

first of all, detailed plans and sections of the entire structure. Only then will it be possible to consider such problems as, for example, some authors' questioning of the conventional view that the mills were overshot.53 (23) Gannes, Loiret. The petrified remains of a horizontal (?) water-wheel, excavated in the late 1830s by de Boisvillette and published by him.54 Presumably contemporary with the adjacent villa, which was destroyed in the fourth or fifth century AD. Even though the likelihood seems small that there is anything left of the find, it would seem worthwhile to carry out further investigation. SPAIN — PORTUGAL Iberia is perhaps the most enigmatic area for the early history of watermills. The alleged Roman mills at Merida55 are almost certainly to be assigned to a much later period, and no certain literary or documentary evidence is known from before the ninth century. This has induced Reynolds to believe that water-powered mills did not reach Spain until Carolingian times,56 an opinion which I cannot share. It would be strange, indeed, if one of the economically most advanced parts of the Roman Empire should be almost alone, except for the most arid parts of northern Africa, in not adopting water power. Spain and Portugal are backward regions as far as archaeology is concerned, and so the lack of finds of water-mills is not necessarily of any consequence. The lack of written evidence may appear more important, but it should be noted that early mediaeval charters from that area have been comparatively little studied,57 and there are at least some literary indications of other kinds that water-mills were in use much earlier than the ninth century. Most important is the fact that the Visigothic code includes some paragraphs explicitly referring to water-powered mills.58 Admittedly, these may go back to the laws of King Eurich in the late fifth century AD, when the Visigoths were living in southern Gaul, but they would hardly have been retained in the laws of King Recceswinth in the early seventh century if watermills had not been a common occurrence in the Visigothic realm at that time, when the Visigoths were already restricted to Iberia.59 ITALY Written references prove the continuous use of water-mills both in the city of Rome and in the rest of Italy from the Roman Empire up to the ninth and tenth centuries when documentary evidence begins to abound.60 As for Rome itself, water-mills are not attested until the third century AD, 61 while a corrupt but basically unmistakable passage in Plinius shows that they were a common occurrence in rural Italy as early as £.AD 75.62 The archaeological finds are comparatively few and all, presumably, derive from Imperial times.63 (24) Janiculum, Rome (Wikander 1980, no. 1:2:22). Remains of aqueducts, reservoirs, sluices and mill-stones, recorded in 1880 by Rodolfo Lanciani.64

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There are no clues as to the date, but literary evidence on the Janiculum mills indicate an occupation period from the third to the sixth century AD. The mills themselves were presumably located on the Gianicolo slope, in the gardens of the Irish embassy to the Holy See, and they are still waiting to be unearthed.65 (25) Baths ofCaracalla, Rome (Wikander 1980, no. 1:2:21). Remains of the entire mill-chamber, including fragments of mill-stones and indications of the construction of the wooden parts, excavated in 1912 by Alessio Valle, but published only in 1983 after renewed examination.66 This is perhaps the best preserved ancient water-mill, even if it is to be regretted that all the finds from the original excavation seem to be lost. It can be dated between C.KD 275 and 537. (26) Venafro, Molise (Wikander 1980, no. 1:2:25). The petrified remains of a water-wheel and two mill-stones, excavated in 1908 by Ettore Gabrici and Giuseppe Cimorelli. A report on the excavation appeared in 1914 and a study of the water-wheel in 1938.67 Jacono's reconstruction of the wheel has been generally accepted, but recently Thorkild Schioler has expressed some doubts. The mill-stones are lost, while the remains of the water-wheel are still preserved in the Museo Nazionale at Naples. There are no clues as to the date of the mill, except for the slightly conical shape of the stones which might indicate the early Roman Empire. (27) Saepinum, Molise (Wikander 1980, no. 1:2:23). Remains of an aqueduct, sluice-gates, wheel-pit and tail-race, excavated close to the Forum in the early 1950s by Valerio Cianfarani. A short, preliminary report appeared in 1958,68 but we are still waiting for the final publication. Like the town of Saepinum, the mill must reasonably be assigned to the early Empire. NORTH AFRICA Considering the highly unfavourable topographical and meteorological conditions prevailing in large parts of northern Africa, it would not be surprising if water-mills were as unusual there in Antiquity as they are today. Large deserts and the slow-flowing Nile offer little encouragement for the construction of water-powered mills. The almost complete lack of references in our extensive collections of private letters and other nonliterary papyri from Roman and early Byzantine Egypt can hardly be explained as mere chance.69 Conditions are considerably better west of the Libyan desert, from Tunisia to Morocco, where the great mountains provide small streams and brooks which could be used to power mills during large parts of the year.70 We may possess a representation of a mill on a fourth-century AD mosaic from Utica,71 but the only certain examples from the entire African continent are the turbine-like mills discovered at Chemtou. (28) Chemtou, Tunisia (Wikander 1980, no. 1:2:44). Remains of mill-races, sluice-gates, water-reservoirs, etc., for three horizontal-wheeled mills, excavated in 1970/1 by Friedrich Rakob and presented briefly by him.72 The

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installation was being studied by Joseph Roder up to his death in 1975.73 The publication has recently been entrusted to Dipl.-Ing. Ulrike Hess. THE BALKANS Compared to the abundance of written evidence for water-mills in the western part of the Roman Empire, we find a surprising lack of corresponding texts in the east. The different aims of eastern and western hagiography may be one of the explanations. The texts which do refer to water-mills in the area are few and scattered, but they confirm the impression given by archaeology that water power was firmly established there from Imperial times onwards.74 Written references from the Balkans are for the present restricted to one text from Dalmatia (first/fourth century AD), one from Constantinople (AD 474/91), and one from Corinth (sixth century AD). 75 Corneliu Bucur draws attention to the use of powered mill-stones in the province of Dacia (modern Rumania), even though it was abandoned by the Romans as early as AD 271/2.76 Moreover, we have one ancient representation (CAD 450/500)77 and the mills listed below: (29) Agora, Athens I (Wikander 1980, no. 1:2:26). Remains of an aqueduct, wheel-pit, mill-chamber and tail-race, excavated in 1959 by Homer A. Thompson, who published a very short, preliminary report.78 Even though the remnants were in a bad state of preservation, it would be of value to have a full report of the site. The mill was dated, roughly, to the fifth and sixth centuries AD. (30) Agora, Athens II (Wikander 1980, no. 1:2:27). Remains of the entire establishment, including several mill-stones and indications of the construction of the woodwork, excavated in 1933 by Arthur Parsons and published three years later by him.79 This elaborate publication, with a large number of detailed drawings, provides a perfect source of information even today. On one point only do further studies seem necessary: Parsons' argument for the horizontal cog-wheel being larger than the vertical one is accepted by most scholars, but it has been questioned by Benoit and, recently, by Thorkild Schioler.80 Considering the importance attached to Parsons' assertion and its fundamental implications for the text of Vitruvius,81 a renewed examination of his argument is justified. The construction of the mill was dated CAD 460/75, its destruction £.580. (31) Agora, Athens III (Wikander 1980, no. 1:2:28). Remains of a water-mill, destroyed by the construction of the Piraeus railway in 1891. No details are known, but it may be worthwhile to investigate whether any documentary evidence might still be found. ASIA MINOR One of the earliest literary references mentions a water-mill at Kabeira in northern Asia Minor (first century BC?), and further texts attest the continued use of water power in the area in the fourth and fifth centuries

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AD.82 The sole archaeological discovery brings its history up to the seventh century.83 (32) Ephesos. Remains of a series of at least ten overshot mills, one below the other, excavated in 1980-4 by Hermann Vetters, who has published a short, preliminary report.84 Dated to the seventh century AD. SYRIA—PALESTINE—JORDAN Climate and weather conditions caused a singular development of waterpower exploitation in this area. Even though water resources were very limited, we may have more archaeological evidence for water-mills here than in any other part of the Empire. The problems were solved by the creation of a particular variant of the horizontal-wheeled mill, the arubah penstock mill, which is known exclusively from this area in Antiquity, but was later to spread to most arid areas around the Mediterranean and in south-west Asia.85 Unfortunately, we know little of this important development. Watermills are mentioned in the Talmud, some passages perhaps going back to the first century AD.86 AS for the abundant archaeological material, we are largely dependent on the information supplied by Shmuel Avitsur (below, Nos. 35-40). Since these mills have apparently not been excavated or examined scientifically, the reliability of his descriptions and, particularly, his dates remains a matter of doubt—not least considering the results achieved at the only one of his mills that has actually been examined later (No. 37). Other allegedly Roman mills were observed during surveys made in the 1920s (Nos. 41-2) and 1970s and 1980s (Nos. 43-4). Careful excavation and detailed publication of a number of these mills is an urgent desideratum in order to illuminate the interesting genesis of the arubah penstock. (33) Palmyra, Syria. Remains of a water-mill, located in 1974 by Dora P. Crouch.87 Possibly Roman. (34) Qasr el-Heir, Syria. Remains of a water-mill, found in the late 1930s by Daniel Schlumberger.88 Dated to the early eighth century. (35) cEn Shoqeq, Palestine (Wikander 1980, no. 1:2:31). Remains of a large masonry dam with mills.89 Dated to the second century AD. (36) Tarkon, Palestine (Wikander 1980, no. 1:2:43). Remains of watermills, dated to the second century AD.90 (37) Ma'agan Michael, Palestine (Wikander 1980, no. 1:2:37). A large masonry dam, with remains of eleven mills. Avitsur asserted that these were horizontal-wheeled and constructed in the third century AD 'to supply flour to the famed city of Caesarea Maritima'. 91 One of the mills was examined in 1978 and 1981 by John P. Oleson, who is publishing a report on his results.92 In his opinion, all penstock mills are modern, while there may be the remains of some Roman, vertical-wheeled mills. Two other mills were excavated in 1984 by Thorkild Schioler and Michal Artzy, without yielding any finds earlier than the nineteenth century.

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However, even Schioler believes that there is at least one Roman mill at the site.93 (38) el-Qabu, Palestine (Wikander 1980, no. 1:2:38). Remains of a watermill.94 Possibly Roman. (39) Farod, Palestine I-III (Wikander 1980, nos. 1:2:32-4). Remains of a series of three arubah mills, one below the other.95 Dated to the fifth or sixth century AD. (40) Farod, Palestine IV-V (Wikander 1980, nos. 1:2:35-6). Remains of two more mills on another slope of the same hill as No. 39.96 (41) WadTFejjas, Palestine I-III (Wikander 1980, nos. 1:2:39-41). Remains of three arubah mills, at a distance of £.150/200 m from each other.97 Probably Roman. (42) WadT Serrdr, Palestine (Wikander 1980, no. 1:2:42). Remains of a water-mill.98 Probably Roman. (43) WadT el-Hasa, Jordan. Fifteen sites with remains of at least nineteen possible arubah mills, found during archaeological surveys directed by Burton MacDonald from 1979 onwards.99 Probably late Roman. (44) WadT Lejjun, Jordan. Remains of three undershot and three overshot, vertical-wheeled mills, found during archaeological surveys directed by S. Thomas Parker from 1976 onwards.100 Probably late Roman. ARABIA Geographical and meteorological conditions notwithstanding, water-mills were used extensively in parts of the Arabian peninsula from Sasanian up to Abbasid times. There is no written evidence from the area until the tenth century AD, but surveys in the 1970s have attracted attention to a number of mills on the coast of Oman—certainly not the sole part of the peninsula where water-mills were in use.101 (45) Arja, Oman. Remains of an arubah mill, dated to the eighth-tenth

centuries AD. 102

(46) Sohar, Oman. Remains of an arubah mill, dated to the eighth-tenth

centuries AD. 103

(47) Sohar, Oman. Remains of four arubah mills, one of which was excavated in 1977 by T.J. Wilkinson. Dated to the ninth and tenth centuries AD.104 (48) Sib, Oman. Remains of six arubah mills, some of them dated to the Abbasid period, others possibly to Sasanian times.105 IRAQ—IRAN We may have early references to water-mills in this area in the Babylonian Talmud, while certain written evidence is found only in the eighth century.106 Archaeological surveys, however, prove that they were well established before that time. (49) Deh Luran, Khuzistan. Remains of twenty-two arubah mills, dated to the Sasanian and early Islamic periods.107

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(50) Siraf, Iran. Remains of nine arubah mills, probably from the Abbasid period.108 EAST ASIA We have literary references to water-mills in India in the fourth century,109 China from the third century AD onwards,110 Japan in AD 610 and Tibet in AD 641. 111 However, I have found no mention of archaeological finds from the period in question. C o m p o n e n t s P o s s i b l y Deriving f r o m Water-Powered M i l l s MILL-STONES Stones of the type used in water-mills have been found all over the Roman Empire but, as stressed by Moritz, there is no way to separate these from stones powered by horses in a capstan (or later windmill-stones).112 Accordingly, they may be accepted as evidence for water-mills only with due reservations, and it is necessary to consider find circumstances in each specific case.113 One additional problem is the fact that such stones are only occasionally published. It goes without saying that the stones listed below, half of which happen to come from England, have little to tell of the true distribution of powered stones. Organized investigation of museums all over the former Roman Empire will certainly yield extensive results. (51) Whitton, South Glamorgan. Fragment of a mill-stone.114 (52) Caerwent, Gwent. Mill-stones found in a smithy. Their presence there 'suggests that a new mill-rynd was perhaps being fitted or its emplacement being deepened5.115 (53)Woolaston, Gloucestershire (Wikander 1980, no. 1:2:13). Two upper mill-stones used in a pavement in an outhouse of a Roman villa CAD 320.116 They cannot reasonably have been powered by water from the villa baths, as has been alleged. They might have been horse-driven, but it should be noted that a brook discharging into the Severn passes in a gully close to the villa—a perfect site for a water-powered mill. One of the stones is on display in the Gloucester Museum. (54) Chedworth, Gloucestershire (Wikander 1980, no. 1:2:1). One lower stone and a fragment of another found in a Roman villa. The complete stone is on display in the villa. (55) Chew Park, North Somerset (Wikander 1980, no. 1:2:3). One complete upper stone and part of another, found in a corn-drying furnace near a Roman villa.117 The existence of a neighbouring brook makes it at least possible that they might derive from a water-mill. Dated to the late third or early fourth century AD. One of the stones is now on display in the Bristol Museum. (56) Dickets Mead, Hertfordshire. Fragments of mill-stones found beside the remains of a Roman building tentatively identified as a bath-house.118

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(57) Littlecote Park, Wiltshire. Fragment of a mill-stone found in a stream close to a Roman second-century AD timber building, which may possibly be identified as a bakery.119 (58) Barton Court Farm, Oxfordshire. Fragments of four mill-stones found in a fourth-century AD well. Several streams suitable for water-mills are found nearby.120 (59) London. Several mill-stones found in the stream-bed of the Walbrook. No remains of mill-buildings have been discovered, but the find-spots strongly suggest that we are dealing with water-powered stones.121 One lower and one upper stone are on display in the Museum of London; they are dated to the first-second century AD. (60) London. One unfinished mill-stone, found in 1963 in a late secondcentury AD Roman ship wrecked in the Thames.122 It can, of course, not be ascertained what kind of mill it was intended for. (61) Selsey, West Sussex. Fragment of an extremely large mill-stone (diam. £.109 cm).123 (62) Leeds, Kent. Fragment of a mill-stone found in 1951 in the bed of a small stream, 'ideally suited for the production of water-power'.124 Roman pottery dated to the first and second centuries AD was found in the vicinity. (63) [Ehrenbreitstein], Rheinland-Pfalz. Several mill-stones on display in the Museum.125 (64) Mayen, Rheinland-Pfalz. Unfinished Roman mill-stones left in the quarries.126 (65) Aalen, Wurttemberg. Five mill-stones on display in the Limesmuseum.127 (66) La Chapelle-Taillefert, Limousin. A pair of mill-stones, found in 1981 together with pottery and coins from the second century AD. 128 (67) [Lyon], Rhone. A great number of unpublished mill-stones in the Archaeological Museum.129 (68) [Bologna], Emilia-Romagna. Six mill-stones found in 1958 in the stream-bed of the river Idice.130 Probably Roman. They are now on display in the Museo Civico. (69) [Napoli], Campania. Several mill-stones 'are to be seen in one of the courtyards of the Naples Museum. Some of these stones may well have belonged to water-mills .. .\ 131 (70) Micia, Rumania. A pair of mill-stones found near the amphitheatre, in an area where there was once a small stream discharging into the river Mures.132 Dated to the second or third century AD. The stones are on display in the Deva Museum. (71) Apulum, Rumania. A pair of mill-stones found in the Roman town.133 Dated to the second or third century AD. The stones are kept in the museum of Alba Iulia. (72) Cluj-Napoca, Rumania. An upper mill-stone, dated to the second or third century AD. 134 (73) Beit Shean, Palestine (Wikander 1980, no. 1:2:30). Upper mill-stone dated to the late fourth or early fifth century AD. 135

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(74) Buqueiah, Palestine. Upper mill-stone, allegedly from an ancient water-mill.136 OTHER STONE OBJECTS Stones play an important role in most mills as bearings for the horizontal wheel-axle (Nos. 15, 25 and 30) or vertical iron spindle (No. 9). Their shape, however, is not very distinctive and they are difficult to identify when not found in direct connection with a mill.137 Two oddly-shaped stone fragments found at Lincoln in 1950 were interpreted by Richmond as 'stone hub cores' of water-wheels connected with grain-milling or saw-milling.138 However, this identification is no more convincing than that of the large stone from Chesters (No. 8). IRON Wrought-iron was used for a number of different functions in most water-mills, but most of these parts have a shape that cannot possibly be identified as belonging to a mill when found separated from it. The most obvious exception is the vertical iron spindle, four examples of which have been discovered in archaeological excavations. Two of these, both preserving the iron rynds and one of them even the lantern pinion, were found at the Zugmantel fort on the German limes, in an area, though, where they cannot reasonably be expected to have been water-powered.139 As for the others, a connection with water-mills is at least a strong possibility. (75) Great Chesterford, Cambridgeshire (Wikander 1980, no. 1:2:4). Iron spindle with three winged rynds, found in 1854 in a hoard of ironwork deposited perhaps in the early fifth century AD. 140 The spindle is kept in the Cambridge University Museum of Ethnology and Archaeology. (76) Silchester, Hampshire (Wikander 1980, no. 1:2:10). Iron spindle found in 1890 in a hoard of ironwork deposited presumably in the middle of the fourth century AD. 141 The spindle is kept in the Reading Museum. WOOD Of the many wooden parts of an early water-mill, there is seldom anything preserved at all, and even less is likely to be identified if separated from the mill. The sole exceptions known to me are two early mediaeval paddle-wheels. (77) Mqycraig, Co. Antrim, Ireland. Horizontal paddle-wheel, hub and shaft, complete with pebble bearing, found in 1856 and dated, recently, to the ninth century AD. 142 The wheel is kept in the Belfast Municipal Museum. (78) Stroud, Gloucestershire. Mill-paddles from a horizontal wheel. Probably Anglo-Saxon.143 The paddles are kept in the Stroud Museum.

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Collecting more evidence of early water-mills must for long remain the first aim of our research. This, of course, is not to say that we should not pursue studies and discussions concerning problems of a more general nature. The material listed above is extensive enough to permit of new conclusions regarding many important issues, while others remain impossible to answer. The main areas of research may be classified as follows: (a) When and where was the water-mill invented? Which was first, the horizontal-wheeled or the vertical-wheeled mill? Was one of them developed from the other, or are we dealing with independent inventions? What is the relation, if any, between early use of water power in the Mediterranean area and in China? Questions like these are, indeed, fundamental for our understanding of the early water-mill, and they have been discussed extensively. On the other hand, as long as our knowledge of the necessary precursors (rotary hand-mills, gearing, the hydraulic noria, the horizontal bridge-tree, etc.) is so embarrassingly scant and our evidence for water-mills before the second century AD is restricted to a handful of not very instructive literary notices and one very uncertain archaeological find, I very much doubt whether continued discussions will bring any advance. The fantastic theories advanced by some scholars should perhaps be taken as warnings against more hypothesizing until we have more archaeological evidence to start from. For the present, the best introduction to, and summary of, the discussions on these questions has been written by Reynolds.144 (b) When did the water-mill become economically important? Was there actually a gap of almost half a millennium between the invention and its adoption? A strong, established opinion asserts that there was, but the growing number of archaeological finds from the second and third centuries AD makes the idea more and more difficult to sustain. I have discussed the problem in detail in a recent paper.145 (c) We know by now that all types and varieties of water-mills were in use in Antiquity: horizontal-wheeled, vertical-wheeled overshot, undershot and breastshot.146 However, much work remains to be done to ascertain the relative frequency of the types in various areas and at different periods. We can now, finally, dismiss the widespread notion of the horizontal-wheeled mill being frequent in the Roman Empire. With the exception of south-west Asia, it obviously was not. But when did it actually spread into western Europe? Are we to believe in the alleged Roman horizontal-wheeled mill at Gannes (No. 23), or did this diffusion wait until the seventh and eighth centuries AD, as suggested by the finds from Ireland and England? These questions are being studied, particularly by Colin Rynne.147 (d) The shape and dressing of mill-stones differ considerably in vari-

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ous periods. Organized collecting and publishing of powered stones would make it possible to establish more convincingly, for instance, the development from the conical shape seemingly common during the first three centuries AD to the flatter variety found later. These questions are being studied by Arthur Dunn (Ottawa, Canada). 148 (e) Some scholars have attempted to calculate the effect and production capacity of ancient water-mills, both in general, as compared to animal-powered mills and querns, and more specifically concerning individual, archaeologically-known mills such as Barbegal (No. 22) and Venafro (No. 26).149 These calculations rest on extremely unsteady ground, however, as we know all too little about water resources and about the exact design and size of the mill machinery.150 Concerning one aspect of the problem, we may soon get more reliable facts through Robert Spain's experiments of grinding grain with newly-made 'Roman' mill-stones of Mayen lava. (f) A strangely ignored question is the effect of water-powered mills on the environment. The construction of mill-channels, weirs and ponds submerged large areas of land, a fact that caused problems of a practical nature as well as legal conflicts. I have stressed the importance of this issue in a recent paper.151 (g) For a full understanding of the early use of water power, we must study its use for purposes other than grain-milling as well. Its use for water-lifting machinery has been investigated recently by Oleson,152 and I have myself discussed other possible areas of use.153 I am convinced that much remains to be done in this field. Strangely enough, the fundamental work of Moritz, published in 1958, did not inspire further research concerning early water-mills, but rather was followed by almost complete stagnation. The last decade, on the other hand, has witnessed a genuine revolution in these studies. New approaches to existing evidence combined with important archaeological discoveries have provided a far better starting-point for further research. We are still at the beginning, but we have every reason to believe that the next one or two decades will solve many of the problems which still remain.

Notes 1. A detailed survey of the research from the Renaissance up to 1978 is to be found in Wikander 1980, pp. 58-64. 2. Cf. Wikander 1980, pp. 60-3, and Schioler and Wikander 1983, p. 47. The first archaeologist showing a genuine interest in an ancient water-mill was F. Gerald Simpson, who prepared a detailed report on his excavation of the Haltwhistle Burn mill (p. 156, No. 9) in 1907-8. The printing of his manuscript was,

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however, prevented by the outbreak of war in 1914 and had to wait until 1976 to appear (Simpson and Wilson 1976, pp. 32-50). 3. I am passing over here Axel Steensberg's detailed publication of the finds at Bolle (1952), their claim to be a mill being a matter of doubt. Cf. p. 154, No. 1. 4. Cf. Wikander 1984, p. 15 n. 57. 5. Notably Blumner 1875, Koehne 1904, Joyce 1920, and Maroti 1975. 6. See particularly Blaine 1976. 7. I have criticized the established view at length in Wikander 1984. 8. The need for this can hardly be illustrated better than by the fact that, even in one of the most diligent, recent studies, we may find a statement like this: 'For instance, in just the Aube region of France, in just the eleventh century, we can identify 14 different water-mills, more than we can identify in all of the Roman Empire in the entire Greco-Roman period' (Reynolds 1983, p. 54). 9. See particularly Wikander 1980, pp. 29-58 (up to CAD 500), and Wikander 1984, pp. 15-23 (up to CAD 700). Here, I extend the time limit to the tenth century. 10. Jorgen Hansen (Copenhagen), John P. Oleson (Victoria), Philip A. Rahtz (York), Paavo Roos (Lund), Colin Rynne (Cork), Thorkild Schioler (Copenhagen), Norman Smith (London), Robert Spain (London), K. D. White (London), David Whitehouse (Corning, NY) and T.J. Wilkinson (Lincoln). 11. Concerning this book, see, for instance, Wikander 1979, p. 35, and Wikander 1980, pp. 9-10. 12. It is, however, worthy of note that the Thuringian, Saxon and Frisian laws have no provisions concerning water-mills—in marked contrast to the lawcodes of the Teutonic tribes settled inside the former Roman Empire. See Koehne 1904, pp. 8-9. 13. Brondsted 1960, p. 425; Lies 1963, pp. 308-17. 14. The earliest references are the Pactus Alamannorum, V, 14 (MGH, Leges I:V:1, p. 32: early seventh century), Lex Alamannorum, 79-80 (ibid., pp. 144-5: AD 717/19), Lex Baiwariorum, IX, 2 (MGH, Leges I:V:2, p. 367: probably AD 725/8), and the Vita Leobae, 12 (MGH, SS XV: 1, p. 127: CAD 740). Cf. also Forstemann 1916, cols. 332-9. 15. For the role played by Benedictine monks for the diffusion of water-mills, see particularly Horn 1975, pp. 248-53, who may, however, somewhat overstate his case. Cf. also Reynolds 1983, pp. 109-14. 16. Steensberg 1952, pp. 52-63; summarized ibid., pp. 294-7, and in Steensberg 1978, pp. 345-6. Note that Steensberg dated his finds to the first century BC—not AD, as often maintained in later literature! 17. Cuan hua Lothchain, in the Book of Ballymote, p. 351, lines 18-25. See Wikander 1980, pp. 19-20, 108-9 and 130. 18. The earliest references are the Vita S. Brigidae virginis, cols. 787-8 Migne (written CAD 650), and a notice found in most Irish annals under dates varying between AD 647 and 651; see, for instance, Annals of Ulster, s.a. 650 (Hennessy 1887, pp. 108-11). In the ninth century, the Senchus Mbr shows that water-mills were common (the date of these laws in thefifthcentury alleged by several authors is false). 19. Lucas 1953. 20. Baillie 1981, and 1982, pp. 180-95 and 259-60. 21. Nine additional sites, dated between AD 794 and 926, are to be found in Baillie 1981, p. 62, and Baillie 1982, p. 192. Moreover, the mills excavated at

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Knocknagranshy, Co. Limerick (Lucas 1969) and Mashanaglass, Co. Cork (Fahy 1956), dated in the twelfth century and to post-mediaeval times, respectively, are considered by Rynne to be pre-tenth century. 22. Colin Rynne is publishing, inter alia, reports on the mills of Little Island (Nos. 2-3) and Cloontycarthy (No. 7). In his forthcoming doctoral thesis, he will give a fully documented account of the development of the horizontal-wheeled mill, in and outside Ireland. 23. Lucas 1955. 24. Lucas 1953, pp. 15-27. It was identified by the excavators as a horizontal-wheeled mill, but Colin Rynne argues convincingly that the wheel was undershot. 25. Baillie 1975. 26. A charter of King Ethelbert of Kent (Sawyer 1968, no. 25). An earlier charter of AD 664 mentioned by Bennett and Elton (1899, p. 96) is a fake. It is a strange fact that water-mills are not mentioned in Anglo-Saxon laws before Edward the Confessor (1041-66), but this is certainly not reason enough to maintain that they were not introduced into England until the eighth century AD (Curwen 1944, pp. 133 and 144; cf. Reynolds 1983, Fig. 2-1). 27. The alleged water-mills at Wroxeter (Benoit 1940, p. 40) are the result of a misunderstanding; see Wikander 1980, p. 36 no. 1:2:14. The possibility of the Knott Mill mill-race being Roman or early mediaeval (Bennett and Elton 1899, p. 85) seems too remote to be considered here. 28. Heronbridge (Cheshire), Holeywell Hill, Kimpton (Hampshire), Kenchester (Hertfordshire); see Spain 1984a and 1984£, p. 177 n. 8. The alleged Roman water-mill at St Albans (White 1984, p. 201 no. 16) is the result of a misunderstanding (personal letter from Prof. White, 11 Dec. 1984). For a possible seventh-century mill at Wicken Bonhunt (Essex), see Wade 1980, pp. 96 and 98, Fig. 38. Cf. also Selkirk 1983, pp. 90 and 106-12. 29. Spain 1984a. I am myself preparing a paper on this mill. 30. Simpson and Wilson 1976, pp. 32-50; see note 2 above. See also the discussion in Spain 1984a. 31. Spain 1984a. 32. Spain 1984a. 33. Wedlake 1982, pp. 95-8. Cf. the comments in Spain 1984a. 34. Spain 1984a. 35. Spain 1984£. A shorter summary is to be found in Spain 1984a. 36. Young 1981. Cf. Spain 1984a and 1984£, pp. 170-1. 37. Rahtz and Sheridan 1972; Rahtz and Bullough 1977; Rahtz 1981, pp. 3-7. 38. Wilson 1958, pp. 184-5. Cf. Rahtz and Bullough 1977, p. 16. 39. Baillie 1981, p. 63. 40. Wilson 1958, p. 185. 41. An inscription from Giinzburg; presumably first/third century AD (CIL III 5866; cf. Wikander 1980, p. 17 no. 1:1:12). 42. Ausonius, Mosella, 359-64; CAD 370. The unjustified doubts on the authenticity of this passage expressed by White 1962, pp. 82-3, and accepted by a number of scholars, have recently been refuted, independently and using different approaches, by Ludwig 1981, Wikander 1981 (pp. 99-100 no. B4:d), and Simms 1983. The continued use of water-mills in the area is shown by Venantius Fortunatus, Carmina, III, 12, 37-8 (CAD 600), and a charter of King Dagobert II concerning a monastery at Trier (Beyer 1860, Vol. I, pp. 8-9 no. 7: AD 646). 43. Neyses 1983, pp. 209-10 and 215-18, Abb. 1-3.

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44. Neyses 1983, pp. 210, 213-14 and 217, Abb. 1-2 and 5-6. 45. The earliest references concern the saints Orientius (Vita S. Orienti, II, 3 [Acta Sanctorum, XIV, p. 64]: £.AD 380/420?), Romanus (Vita S. Romani abbatis, 17-18 [MGH, Scr. rer. Mer. Ill, pp. 141-2]: £.AD 450), Remigius (Vita S. Remigi episcopi Remensis, 17 [MGH, Scr. rer. Mer. Ill, p. 307]: AD 486/511), and Ursus (Gregorius Turonensis, Vitae Patrum, XVIII, 2 [MGH, Scr. rer. Mer. I, pp. 7345]: AD 484/507). At least sixteen references are known from the sixth and seventh centuries; see Wikander 1984, pp. 18-19 n. 61, and lower map on p. 17. In Carolingian times, the references become innumerable. 46. The alleged water-mills at Prety/Tournus (e.g. Forbes 1956, pp. 599 and 602) are the result of a misunderstanding. See Wikander 1979, p. 14 n. 16, and Wikander 1980, p. 42 no. 1:2:18. 47. Romeufl978. 48. Benoit 1940. 49. Kiechle 1969, pp. 124-5, with n. 45, and 173 n. 16. Cf. Wikander 1980, p. 41. 50. Sagui 1948, pp. 226-7. 51. Roos 1981, pp. 137-8; Sellin 1983. 52. See, for instance, Wikander 1979, Figs. 8-10, Chevallier 1979, Figs. 803, and Sellin 1983, Figs. 2, 6-10 and 12-13. 53. Personally, I am quite convinced that they were overshot, but it was called in question by Gleisberg 1956, p. 34, and recently, for instance, by Reynolds 1983, p. 40. 54. de Boisvillette 1840, pp. 215-20. 55. S. Simoes, in a comment to Avitsur 1969, p. 396. Cf. Wikander 1980, p. 42 no. 1:2:19. 56. Reynolds 1983, p. 50, with Fig. 2-1. Cf. also Glick 1979, pp. 230-4, particularly p. 231: 'The horizontal mill was known in Christian Spain from as early as AD 800, the vertical mill probably not until the mid-tenth century.' 57. Cf. Blochl935, p. 545 n. 1. 58. Lex Visigothorum, VII, 2, 12 and VIII, 4, 29-30 (MGH, Leges 1:1, pp. 293 and 343-4). 59. Cf. also S. Orientius, who apparently learned the art of water-milling in his native country of northern Spain (see note 45 above). Diez Gonzales 1966 believes that water power was used extensively in Spain in the seventh century, not only in the form of grain-mills but of water-powered trip-hammers as well; cf. Horn 1975, pp. 242-3. 60. See Wikander 1979, pp. 14-16 and 33-4, for references. Cf. Aebischer 1932, for the development during the eighth-tenth centuries. 61. Pomponius Laetus' comment on the pseudo-Vergilian Moretum, v, 39, which mentions water-mills in Rome during the reign of Augustus, has been finally removed from the discussion by the ingenious interpretation of Maroti (1975, p. 264 n. 47). The earliest piece of evidence now seems to be a wall-painting in the Coemeterium Maius, from the late third century AD (Wikander 1980, pp. 55-6 no. 1:3:2). 62. Plinius, Nat. hist., XVIII, 23, 97. 63. The idea of a Roman water-mill at Veii (Ward Perkins 1961, p. 51) is too loosely founded to be discussed here. 64. Wikander 1979, pp. 18-28, Figs. 1-6. 65. Cf. Wikander 1979, pp. 20, 25-7 and 35. 66. Schioler and Wikander 1983. Cf. Schioler 1982. 67. Cimorelli 1914; Jacono 1938.

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68. Gianfarani 1958, pp. 45-7. 69. The sole possible exception is a fragmentary fifth-century AD letter containing the word vpg[.]sTi(xv, which might possibly refer to a water-mill (Kiessling VI, pp. 79-80 no. 9137). See Wikander 1980, pp. 24-5 no. 1:1:30, and Oleson 1984, p. 169. 70. Cf. Benoit 1940, p. 79. 71. Wikander 1980, p. 56 no. 1:3:3. 72. Rakob 1979, pp. 66-7. 73. A model constructed by Dr Roder is to be found in a mill museum at Koblenz. 74. Reynolds 1983, pp. 48-51 and Fig. 2-1, maintains that there is no evidence at all for water power in the Balkans and south-west Asia during the period CAD 500-1000. This is one of the arguments for his thesis that the Roman watermill remained in use only in 'a few surviving pockets in Italy and southern France'—which is obviously wrong. 75. CIL, III, 14969, 2 (Wikander 1980, p. 18 no. 1:1:13); Cod. lust., XI, 43, 10, 3 (Wikander 1980, p. 26 no. 1:1:33); CG-CI, pp. 86-90 no. 41. Many scholars believe that the epigram of Antipater describes a mill situated in Greece for the simple reason that the poet was born in Thessalonika. This, of course, is of no consequence at all, since he spent a great part of his life in Rome (cf. Wikander 1980, p. 102). There is, however, another argument that may make the assignment of Antipater's mill to the east more probable (Oleson 1984, p. 27). 76. Bucur 1979, particularly pp. 197-8. Cf. p. 164, Nos. 70-2. 77. A mosaic from the Great Palace of Constantinople, with one probable and one possible representation of a water-mill. See Wikander 1980, pp. 56-8 nos. 1:3:4-5, with further references. 78. Thompson 1960, p. 349 and Fig. 1. 79. Parsons 1936. 80. Benoit 1940, p. 55 (cf. p. 62 n. 2); personal communication from Dr Shioler. 81. See, for instance, Landels 1978, pp. 23-5. 82. Strabon, XII, 3, 30 C 556; MAMA, VII, p. 70 no. 305, lines 29-32 (Orkistos, Phrygia: AD 323/6); Gregorius of Nyssa, In Ecclesiasten, III, 656A Migne (water-powered marble-saws?: CAD 370/90; cf. Wikander 1981, p. 99 no. B4:c); Sardis, VII, pp. 138-9 no. 169 (water-mill engineer at Sardis: fourth/fifth century AD).

83. The mill-stone from Varag, allegedly water-powered and Urartuan, from the eighth century BC, is actually part of a much later rotary hand-mill. See Roos forthcoming. 84. Vetters 1981, p. 151, Taf. XXXI. 85. Avitsur \960b. Cf. Wikander 1985, p. 152 no A3:d. 86. According to Avitsur \960b, p. 38. Cf. Wikander 1980, pp. 18-19 no. 1:1:14, 105-6 and 111. 87. Crouch 1975, p. 162: '... a ruin that seems to be a mill (since it follows a canal at the level of the mill-race above the mill)'. Thorkild Schioler visited the site in 1984 and could confirm the identification by finding three fragments of mill-stones. 88. Schlumberger 1939, pp. 203-5, with Fig. 1, and 332-6, particularly 335, with n. 4. 89. Avitsur 1969, p. 391. The connection with arubah mills is not explicitly stated there, but implied by the context. Cf. Avitsur 1960a, pp. XV-XVI, Figs. 42, 70-1 and 78.

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90. Avitsur 1969, p. 393. 91. Avitsur 1960A, pp. XIV-XV, Figs. 18-29; Avitsur 1969, pp. 393 and 397, Figs. 30.10-12. 92. Oleson 1983. 93. Personal communication from Dr Schioler. A report on the excavation is being prepared for the Israel Exploration Journal. 94. Avitsur 1969, p. 397. 95. Avitsur 1960A, pp. XIX-XX, Figs. 140 and 160; Avitsur 19606, p. 44; Avitsur 1969, p. 402. Yizhar Hirschfeld (Jerusalem) is preparing an excavation of these mills. 96. Avitsur 1969, p. 402. 97. Saarisalo 1927, pp. 14-15 and 51-2. 98. Saarisalo 1927, p. 69 n. 1. Avi-Yonah 1936, p. 175, gives the impression that this mill is identical with one of those in the Wad! Fejjas (No. 41), but the description by Saarisalo makes this assumption improbable. 99. Personal communication from Prof MacDonald to Robert Spain. Gf. MacDonald et al. 1982, p. 130, pi. XXXIV, No. 13. 100. Personal communication from Dr Parker to Robert Spain. Some of these mills are mentioned in Parker 1982, p. 18, Figs. 17-18. 101. Cf. Wilkinson 1980, p. 129: 'The present eccentric distribution of known mills, although partly a result of suitable hydrological conditions, is more due to lack of specialised investigations in the rest of the peninsula. It seems likely that in the future detailed investigations should disclose water mills in the Hijaz and the mountains of Yemen, as well as other regions where topography, water supply and population once provided suitable conditions for their construction.' 102. Wilkinson 1980, pp. 127-9. 103. Wilkinson 1980, pp. 128-9. 104. Wilkinson 1977. Cf. Costa 1983, pp. 280-5. 105. Wilkinson 1980, pp. 128-9. 106. Forbes 1956, p. Ill (Baghdad). 107. Neeley 1974, pp. 31-4, Figs. 3.9-11. 108. Wilkinson 1980, p. 129. 109. Kedrenos, Hist, comp., p. 295 (516), Migne col. 561. 110. Needham 1965, pp. 396-401. It should, however, be noted that the earlier references may refer to trip-hammers rather than grain-mills. 111. Needham 1965, p. 40 In. h. 112. Moritz 1958, pp. 122-30. Cf. Wikander 1984, pp. 35-6. 113. Cf. Spain 1984A. For instance, the large mill-stones found at Saalburg on the German limes were almost certainly not driven by water power (Moritz 1958, p. 125). 114. Jarrett and Rathwell 1981, pp. 222-3. 115. Spain 1984A.

116. Garrett 1938, pp. 122-4. 117. Rahtz and Greenfield 1977, pp. 56 and 202 nos. 10-11, Figs. 30 and 96, pis. Xlb and XXVb. 118. Spain 1984A. 119. Spain 1984A. 120. Spain 1984A.

121. Cf. Major 1982, p. 344. 122. Marsden 1980, p. 128 and Fig. on p. 129. 123. Curwen 1937, p. 144. 124. Spain 1984A.

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125. von Elbe 1975, p. 182. 126. Roder 1972, p. 36, Figs. 8 and 24. Gf. Peacock 1980, pp. 49-50, and Major 1982. 127. Filtzinger 1971, p. 171, Abb. 110. 128. Desbordes 1983, p. 438, Fig. 9. 129. Personal communication from Thorkild Schioler. 130. Fantini 1968. 131. Moritz 1958, pp. 127-8. 132. Bucur 1979, pp. 190-3 no. 3.1, Abb. 8-9 and 14. 133. Bucur 1979, pp. 195-6 no. 3.2, Abb. \5a-b. 134. Bucur 1979, p. 196 no. 3.3, Abb. 18. 135. Avitsur 1960a, p. XVI, Fig. 85. 136. Avitsur 1960a, p. XVI, Fig. 84. 137. For some possible, but uncertain, examples, see Lucas 1953, pp. 14-15, and Spain 1984a. 138. Richmond 1966, p. 83 and pi. IX. Cf. Wikander 1980, pp. 33-4 no. 1:2:9, and Smith 1985, n. 35. 139. Jacobi 1912, p. 89, Textabb. 43; Moritz 1958, p. 125, pi. 14c; Spain 1984a. 140. Neville 1856, pp. 9-10 and 13. 141. Manning 1964. 142. Lucas 1953, p. 5 and pi. 1,2; Rahtz and Bullough 1977, p. 18. 143. Personal communication from Philip Rahtz. Cf. Rahtz 1981, p. 6. 144. Reynolds 1983, pp. 9-30. Cf. also Smith 1985. Fundamental for our knowledge of the development of the hydraulic noria and gearing is the recent workofOleson (1984). 145. Wikander 1984. Cf. White 1984, pp. 196-201. 146. To put an end to the absurd confusion caused by the terms 'vertical' and 'horizontal' mill (criticized, for instance, by Baillie 1982, p. 259), we should accept the proposal of Philip Rahtz to abandon those terms once and for all in favour of the unmistakable 'vertical-wheeled' and 'horizontal-wheeled' (Rahtz and Bullough 1977, p. 15). 147. See above, n. 22. Cf. also the studies of Philip Rahtz and Norman Smith 1985. 148. Cf. also Wikander 1980, pp. 85-7. 149. See particularly Jacono 1938, pp. 852-3; Benoit 1940, p. 63; Sagui 1948, pp. 226-7; Landels 1978, pp. 21-2. 150. Cf. Wikander 1980, pp. 91-3, and above, n. 51. 151. Wikander 1985. 152. Oleson 1984. 153. Wikander 1981. Cf. Spain 1984a.

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S m e a t o n

M a n u s c r i p t s A. P. W O O L R I C H

In 1981, Professor A. W. Skempton published his biographical study of John Smeaton,1 which contained a chapter on the history of Smeaton's professional papers, describing the two main collections of them left at the time of his death in 1792. He touched briefly on the involvement of the engineer John Farey (1791-1851) with that part of the collection which was purchased by Sir Joseph Banks from Smeaton's heirs.2 Since then, more research into the life of Farey for a biography has unearthed a series of letters between Banks and Smeaton's heirs about the purchase, in 1793, as well as a completely unknown letterbook of Smeaton's which contains highly important information about his business activities in 1779.3 In addition, information has been discovered about the fire which occurred in December 1844 damaging Farey's house and library and which was thought by Professor Skempton to have probably destroyed the bulk of the Smeaton manuscripts;4 and a number of other manuscripts have been located from the collection, indicating some sort of dispersal after Farey's death in 1851. In the interests of completeness, a limited amount of research has also been done into that portion of Smeaton's manuscripts not purchased by Banks but retained by the family, and this in turn has thrown up information about more manuscripts. When John Smeaton died on 28 October 1792, he had the deserved reputation of being Britain's foremost civil engineer, well-known not only for civil engineering works but also for the design and construction of mills, waterworks, steam engines and many similar projects. To him has been ascribed the invention of the name 'civil engineer' and attempts have been made to show he was the first man to apply modern concepts of 'professionalism' to his calling.5 Smeaton worked mainly from an office at his house at Austhorpe Lodge, in the parish of Whitkirk, about four miles from Leeds, which comprised a specially built tower in the grounds containing on its third floor his study and drawing office. The lower floors contained his forge and workshop and also a room for his models, while the fourth floor housed the attic and lumber room. From 1783 he also maintained chambers at Gray's Inn Road, London, though this seems to have been used more as a residence during his long sojourns in the capital while on parliamentary business rather than as a working office.

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John Farey and the Smeaton Manuscripts

He employed assistants during his career: from 1767 to 1776 it was William Jessop (1745-1814), who was followed by Henry Eastburn (17531821) until about 1790. Smeaton was also assisted, particularly in the finishing of drawings, by his daughters Ann and Mary. Smeaton's manuscripts were catalogued very completely soon after his death, and it is possible to show with some exactness how he must have organized his work. The catalogues show that his clerk fair-copied into books all his correspondence, both in and out, though from 1780 he made use of Boulton and Watt's copying press, so that duplicates of the original letters sent out by Smeaton could be pasted into guard books. In addition, there were volumes containing copies of his reports and estimates for the various projects he undertook and separate runs of volumes containing copies of the correspondence relating to major works such as the construction of the Calder Navigation or the Forth and Clyde Canal. There were collections of drawings prepared for the jobs he was consulted upon, and bundles of loose papers concerning miscellaneous subjects. He had notebooks containing calculations, notes on his astronomical work, papers relating to the Eddystone Lighthouse, and also more personal letterbooks, including some relating to projects in which he had a financial stake such as the waterworks at York and at Deptford in Kent. Unless Smeaton actually visited a job, the only way he could keep control over the work was by correspondence, so his writings are very informative indeed on the detail of engineering methods of the time. Smeaton was the provider of designs for capital projects, though often he was able to ensure the employment of suitable engineers actually to supervise the work, and who reported directly to him. For example, the letters of Jonathan Pickernell, who was in charge of building Hexham Bridge, which survive copied into the 1779 letterbook, not only relate week by week the progress the job was making and note the state of the weather and its effect on the river, but mention such details as having to suspend work because a race-meeting was being held nearby and asking for permission to lend temporarily-unused plant to a nearby landowner.6 When Smeaton died, his heirs, John Brooke and his wife, Ann, and Jeremiah Dixon and his wife, Mary (they were both Smeaton's daughters), were approached by Banks about purchasing the manuscripts. The contact was made by Alexander Aubert (1730-1805) the astronomer, who had been a friend of Smeaton's. Aubert was also the chairman of the Ramsgate Harbour Trustees and so would probably have been familiar with Smeaton's methods of business. Banks bought the manuscripts for £150, though a portion was retained by the family for themselves. A series of letters about this transaction between Banks and the Brooke family (who had lived at Austhorpe with Smeaton), a catalogue of the portion they kept, and another catalogue of the portion bought by Banks all survive, and so allow the transaction to be examined fully. A transcription of the letters and catalogues will be found in the Appendices. Banks thought he was getting everything with the exception of some papers

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relating to a mill and a waterworks in which the family had a financial interest. But the catalogue of the Brooke portion shows they retained more than this. It is impossible now to say whether they kept the extra material by accident or design. Oversight is certainly possible—because they would not have known exactly what the collection comprised—and anything filed away by Smeaton once it had lost its currency might not have been discovered for some months or even years after Smeaton's death, as indeed happened with one batch of papers which Banks did not get until May 1794. On the other hand, the family may have grown tired of Banks' tone since he did apply pressure, albeit very civilly, though this can be forgiven in a man who was President of the Royal Society and who was used to having his wishes granted. It appears from the letters that Smeaton's office organization may have gone somewhat to pieces after his death. Although one of his pupils was still employed almost a year later in chasing up overdue accounts, and the family were getting enquiries from people who wished for copies to be made from the drawings, John Brooke was having difficulty in finding papers for Banks. He sent them in small batches, often after prodding from Banks who asked for specific items which were missing. In one of the letters to Brooke (Appendix 3, letter 2), Banks gave as his motive for wishing to preserve the papers a desire to perpetuate the memory of his old friend. In fact self-interest may have played a part because Banks was a major landowner greatly interested in the profits which could be gained by reclaiming land, and he was concerned to acquire the papers of other engineers involved in this work as well. This is shown by correspondence in the Sutro Library, this time between Banks and the heirs of John Grundy (1719-83). Banks had offered them £50 for the collection but this was evidently thought by them to be too little. Banks then wrote to a friend, the Rev. Maurice Johnson, DD (1759-1834) of Spalding, Lines., in the hope that he could arbitrate in the matter. Banks' letter is important because it sets out as a comparison what he thought he had acquired from Smeaton's heirs. . . . My original application to Mr Tfhompson, Grundy's grandson] was that if he chose to part with his father's papers or collections respecting his professional employment I should be glad to purchase them, and as I thought it necessary to make an offer I mentioned £50, it being one third of the sum I had given for the late Mr Smeaton's papers and collections, who besides being an engineer was very much employed as a builder of mills and fire engines. My offering £50 I meant only to say that I would give that money and take my chance [illegible] or if the family put a higher value I would take them at their price. From Mr Smeaton's executors I received his plans, many drawings, and most of them fair copies, materially more than 1000. 48 folio volumes of reports and letters on public subjects. More papers not bound, enough to make 12 or 16 more. Besides reports of engineers

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John Farey and the Smeaton Manuscripts and Acts of Parliament a very great number. They kept nothing back but the drawings of one mill and one set of waterworks which are the property of the family. From Mr Thompson I have got 12 bound quarto books, enough unbound to make 5 more. 13 rolls [illegible] plans. Printed reports by Grundy, 18 by other persons, 13 Acts of Parliament besides a few loose papers most of them copied into the report books of which I have not taken account.. J

These Grundy manuscripts were evidently transferred to Revesby where they remained until Banks' heirs sold them at Sotheby's on 18 October 1918. Lot 396 was described as being the plans, schemes and reports and estimates of John Grundy, senior and junior, in 17 volumes. The lot was bought by a dealer named Messiter for .£8 10s.8 Part of the collection, at least, is now in the library of the Institution of Civil Engineers.9 From the correspondence between John Brooke and Banks, it is clear that Brooke sent the Smeaton papers at spasmodic intervals, during 1793 and 1794. Initially he sent the drawings and then, in June 1793, the reports and estimates. Brooke was anxious not to send any private letters and so held back the letterbooks, but later changed his mind on receiving Banks' assurance that he would take care of them. Banks was sent bundles of machine-copied letters for the years 1781 and 1782, and wrote asking Brooke to send the subsequent ones, though this did not occur until May 1794. Banks himself made a list of those missing from this series and inserted it in one of the volumes. In August 1793, Banks wrote asking Brooke to continue the search, and said he had a clerk (presumably John Swan) who was likely to be at a loose end during Banks' forthcoming trip to his Midlands and East Anglian estates and who he wished to set to ordering Smeaton's papers. In September 1793, Brooke sent more papers and commented that some were in the hands of one of Smeaton's pupils who was preparing accounts and collecting outstanding debts. In that month Banks wrote asking Brooke to look out for a missing volume in the 'Letters Received' series, commencing in April 1779, but this evidently did not turn up until the following year, since it did not figure in the list of the Smeaton manuscripts prepared by John Swan. During 1793, Banks showed the manuscripts to Robert Mylne (1733— 1811) the engineer and architect who wished to make use of them in his professional work, but Banks demurred, since he regarded them as confidential, having been, in the main, created for Smeaton's clients, who might not wish them to be used by a third party. Banks' scruples were later overcome, for during 1794 and 1795, the Society of Civil Engineers, to which Banks, Mylne, Smeaton and Grundy all belonged, came to an agreement with Smeaton's heirs to publish a selection of Smeaton's reports and estimates. The printing and publishing history of this book has already been fully discussed and it is unnecessary to present more than a summary here.10 The first volume was published in 1798, and the subsequent ones in 1812, when the illustrations for the entire work were

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prepared from Smeaton's original drawings by John Farey (1791-1851) and his brother Joseph (1796-1829). John Farey was at that time a technical writer and engineering draftsman, and although under twenty years of age had gained a formidable reputation as an illustrator of technical books.11 His father, John Farey (1766-1826) the geologist, was known to Banks professionally. From 1804 the younger John Farey spent two years gathering information about machinery which he used in his work as a technical writer and as a consulting engineer practising in patent work. Since Smeaton was such an eminent engineer, his papers and drawings would have been a goldmine of information for young Farey, and he must have used his father's link with Banks to obtain permission to examine the Smeaton manuscripts. The date when Farey obtained access is not known with certainty, except that he noted that he had not seen Smeaton's drawings of a particular water-mill before he visited it on 30 September 1805.12 His father wrote an extensive account of canals, which was abridged for its publication in Rees' Cyclopaedia on 18 February 1806, and it is possible he made use of Smeaton's manuscripts in his research. Whatever the date was when the papers reached the Fareys, it is plain that John Farey reached an agreement with Sir Joseph Banks to publish drawings copied from Smeaton's as well as information from the other papers independently of the Society of Civil Engineers, who at this time had not completed their plan of publishing Smeaton's Reports. According to the Longmans accounts for the eventual publication of the book, Farey and Wilson Lowry, the engraver, were paid a joint lump sum for producing the drawings. At this time they were both employed by Longmans on other work, and so had been assigned their own individual ledgers for work done, and if the accounts followed Longmans' usual practice there should have been two entries, cross-referenced, to the appropriate 'Gentlemen's ledgers'. In addition, when the account for the publication of the book was finally closed, in 1820, Wilson Lowry received half the final profit of the publication from Longmans. There is no record in their minute books of any such agreement being taken over by the Society of Civil Engineers, so just what was involved is not known.13 However, during 1808 Farey published illustrated accounts of machines taken from the Smeaton papers in encyclopaedias to which he was contributing. In William Nicholson's British Cyclopaedia appeared the plates titled Water Wheels and Millwork and dated 1808 and 1 June 1808 respectively. In addition, the unascribed drawing titled Windmill (clearly Smeaton's Chimney windmill, Newcastle on Tyne, but simplified) is dated August 1808. The technical drawings in this encyclopaedia were all engraved by Wilson Lowry and it was published by Longmans. In Pantologia, Farey presented drawings of the blade mill at Winlaton (pi. 26) dated 1 July 1808 (Fig. 1) and the blowing engine at Carron (pi. 27) dated 1 August 1808. In Rees' Cyclopaedia, the drawing of the Custom House crane (Mechanics, PL XIX) was not published until 1811, but the text accompanying it, it, to which it is keyed and containing thanks to Banks for giving permission

John Farey and the Smeaton Manuscripts

BLADE MILL. *^.y.

2/w of an& of ythe. (^ncwforie*).

&A&3.

G/c/vafam/.

2&&trw JclidsJl Or? Figure 1. Drawing of blade mill at Winlaton in Pantologia, 1808. Source: Author's collection.

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for the original to be copied, was published 2 May 1808 (Vol. X, pt 1). Again the engravings were by Lowry and the work was published by Longmans. It was not until March 1808, when Rees' article on cranes would have been already in the press and almost at the point of publication, that the Society of Civil Engineers resolved to approach Banks to obtain permission to copy the drawings for the completion of the publication of the Reports. A year later, in March 1809, Rennie reported that he had had conversations with Banks and also Longmans about the project. Presumably it was after this that Farey and Lowry were formally contracted to undertake the work, although a letter by John Farey, sen., dated 4 August 181014 commenting that John, jr. was '. .. examining the miscellaneous bundles of papers ... with a view to further publication ...' indicates that not much haste was evident. There is no evidence that Farey had a hand in the selection of the text of the Reports which had presumably been agreed at the outset of the project; indeed, the editorial work—such as correcting the proofs—was undertaken by a Rev. S. Rees who has not so far been identified. This may be a clerical error in Longmans' accounts for Rev. Thomas Rees (1777-1864), the younger brother of Owen Rees (17701837), a partner of Longmans. Thomas Rees was a contributor to Abraham Rees' Cyclopaedia (though there was no relationship between the two men), and was active as a miscellaneous writer. According to the accounts, 'S. Rees' also did editorial work for the edition of Smeaton's Miscellaneous Papers, which Longmans brought out at the same time.15 Farey, Lowry and Joseph Farey worked on the project over the next three years, and the work was finally published in August 1812.16 Farey wrote and illustrated more articles in Rees' Cyclopaedia, using information taken from the Smeaton manuscripts, and in some making direct quotations from them. For example, the article 'Rotating Roof (Vol. XXX) has an account of the observatory roof designed by Smeaton for Alexander Aubert, and is drawn entirely from the Smeaton manuscripts. The article 'Steam Engine' (Vol. XXXIV) has much material drawn from the Smeaton papers. The article 'Telescope' (Vol. XXXV) quotes in its entirety a letter of 4 November 1785 from Smeaton about Herschel. Its recipient is not known and it could have been the author of the telescope article, Rev. William Pearson (1767-1847). However, the preamble contains the following comment: ' . . . As the letter which is a copy taken from the writer's own manuscript, we have no doubt of its authenticity '17 which can be interpreted as meaning that the writer of the Rees article had access to the machine-copied letters which had remained in Smeaton's possession and by then had descended to Banks and were being used by Farey. The difficulties of identifying the authors of the articles in Rees' Cyclopaedia are notoriously complicated. Farey did, however, operate a service for publishers by providing drawings and descriptive texts relating to technical and scientific subjects and it is most likely that the descriptions of the plates he supplied for a number of articles were written by him

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even though they appear in contributions nominally written by other people. It is likely that a search of other works illustrated by Farey at this time will reveal further examples of his use of the Smeaton manuscripts and drawings in this way.18 During 1816 and 1817, Henry Farey (1800-58), younger brother of John and Joseph, recorded in his diaries that he was helping to sort, index and fold for binding the various loose bundles of papers. In the article 'Water' published in Vol. XXXVII of Rees' Cyclopaedia during 1818, John Farey wrote that he had the Smeaton manuscripts on loan from Banks. Farey also made use of the Smeaton drawings in his professional work as a consulting engineer, and Henry's diaries include an instance of his copying Smeaton's designs which Farey then sold to clients who wished for a particular machine. For example, on 4 and 5 February 1819, Henry made a fair copy of Smeaton's design of an Archimedean screw pump to be driven by horses. He took it to the London house of the Marchioness of Hastings where he was paid 19 guineas for it on John Farey's behalf.19 Banks died on 19 June 1820 and, presumably, Farey was permitted to retain the Smeaton manuscripts under the terms of the second codicil of Banks' will, although no details have been discovered about whether he was allowed to simply keep the papers or whether he had to pay for them. In 1821, Farey had the 1,200 or so sheets of drawings bound up into six mammoth volumes. Farey referred to these volumes in his later writings simply as the Atlas•, though they are known now as Smeaton's Designs. Also in 1821, Farey began the laborious composition of his Treatise on the Steam Engine, the first volume of which was published in 1827. A substantial portion of the book was a minute account of the construction and working of the atmospheric engine, drawn almost entirely from Smeaton's papers. When the first volume of Farey's Treatise was published at the end of 1827, it was reviewed in Repertory of Arts20 and the reviewer complained, among other things, about Farey's reliance on Smeaton's papers. Unusually, Farey was permitted a reply,21 and this sheds valuable light on his attitude to Smeaton and his views on Smeaton's worth as an engineer. The reviewer wrongly assumed that all the material on the atmospheric engine had already been published either in Smeaton's Reports or in Farey's steam engine article in Rees' Cyclopaedia (pub. 1816). Farey pointed out that he had drawn together all Smeaton's experimental work on the steam engine (which Smeaton himself had never written up) and written it up in the same form as Smeaton's published experimental work on the water-mill, the windmill, collision and mechanical powers. It had been Farey's intention to publish this in its entirety in his Treatise, but he was induced by the publisher (Longmans) to omit it because of its bulk; instead, only the summaries of the results were published.22 Farey was of the opinion that the Repertory of Arts (and presumably similar periodicals of the time) was placing too great a reliance on theoretical rather than practical investigations of engineering science. He cited as examples Nicholas Wood's Practical Treatise on Railroads... and Thomas

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Tredgold's book of the same title, both published in 1825. Farey held that Wood was the only modern technical writer who was following Smeaton's approach by making experiments on full-size machines and using the results obtained to formulate principles of design. In contrast, Tredgold made a few simple model experiments and based his entire mathematical edifice on them with no certainty that his formulae were correct when practically applied. Farey gave a list of examples from Tredgold's Treatise on the Steam Engine (1827) where this defect was evident. Farey was concerned that the 'scientific' approach of Tredgold was finding too much favour among his contemporaries and that Wood's more empirical approach, which might be regarded as not being mathematical enough and thus in some way wrong, would tend to be ignored.23 This was also the period which saw the formation of the Mechanics Institutes and the first hesitant steps towards the teaching of science and engineering at university level. The conflict then identified by Farey between the theoretical and practical aspects of engineering science has even now not properly resolved itself. In terms of social worth, the extension of pure knowledge stands higher than a more practical application which might, incidentally, result in practitioners getting their hands dirty. During this period and up until 1835 at least, Farey also found time to annotate the Designs with reference to the various volumes of letters and other documents. A collation of the annotations shows that Farey had the General Letter Books (8 vols, 1759-67), the concurrent series of Letters Sent (9 vols, 1767-92) and Letters Received (14 vols, 1767-79) as well as the Machine Letters (1780-92) and Reports and Estimates (7 vols, 1760-87). He also had a Short Account of Inventions, a kind of commonplace book kept by Smeaton. There are also references to documents prefixed V, for example V618 of 1777 and VI75 of 6 February 1786, but what these were remains a mystery. From other parts of Farey's writings it is evident that he also had Smeaton's Treatise on Mills which Smeaton was preparing for publication at the time of his death and which formed the basis of the article 'Water' that Farey wrote for Rees' Cyclopaedia. Farey did not mention any of the volumes of letters and reports relating to the Calder navigation {Journal, 2 vols, 1760-5, Letter Books, 3 vols, 1760-6), the Wear navigation (1 vol., 1760-1) and the Forth and Clyde navigation (4 vols, 1768-79). He did not refer to the volumes of Philosophical Letters (2 vols from 1770), Miscellaneous Observations (2 vols, c. 1750-c. 1770) or the Calculation Books (13 vols, 1765-£. 90). All of these were mentioned in Swan's list and are presumed to have been handed on by Banks. A comparison of Swan's list of drawings with the modern printed catalogue shows that in one instance at least the drawings disappeared before Farey had them bound. Swan's list mentioned a 'Hannam mill', which does not appear to be in the collection and does not figure in the various lists of mills he constructed. This may refer to Hanham Mills on the Avon between Bristol and Bath and was relating perhaps to Smeaton's plans for Bristol Floating Harbour because the river was tidal as far as Hanham Lock where there was the mill dam. The mills had been

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constructed at the end of the seventeenth century to drive water-pumps for supplying the city with water which required a lengthy pipeline along the river bank to Conham where another pump forced the water up to a reservoir at Redfield for gravity distribution. In addition to Farey's use of the Smeaton manuscripts in his publications, he also made reference to them elsewhere. For example, in the summer of 1829 he gave evidence to the Parliamentary Committee on Patent Law, and quoted a letter from Watt to Smeaton on the problems of inventing and taking out patents.24 In 1835, when he was giving evidence before the Lord's Committee on Patent Law Reform, he also made reference to the Smeaton manuscripts and the correspondence between Smeaton and Watt about inventing. He quoted Smeaton's advice to Watt to give up all hope of making money by inventing and devote himself to civil engineering instead.25 In January 1839, Farey read to the Institution of Civil Engineers a brief paper on iron smelting, which included an extract from the Smeaton manuscripts, and a few weeks later another summarizing Smeaton's method of estimating work and horsepower. He included in it a holograph letter of Smeaton's, for the Institution's library. In his covering letter he commented that it was an example of Smeaton's 'best' handwriting.26 In December 1844 a disastrous fire occurred at Farey's house—67 Guilford Street, Russell Square, London, which also housed his office and library—in which four people were killed. The deaths occurred when the two bottom floors of the house collapsed under the weight of a pair of heavy iron fireproof safes which housed his more valuable papers. According to the report in the Observer on 29 December 1844, Smeaton's papers were apparently among those salvaged: In turning over the immense pile of burnt rafters, etc., a number of valuable models, connected with machinery, have been recovered, besides a quantity of scientific works, which though much damaged are not so extensively injured as to be rendered useless by professors of science. Amongst these are nearly 300 volumes of Knox's celebrated works upon Smeaton... This account was printed almost verbatim in the Sunday Times of the same day with the exception of the phrase 'Knox's works'. One possible explanation for this mysterious term may be a misreading of a shorthand note about 'Banks' works', but the statement of '300 volumes' is a gross exaggeration for the number of manuscripts Farey is known to have taken over from Banks. However, the fact the Smeaton manuscripts were mentioned at all must be taken as proof they survived and were thought important enough to be commented upon in the press. No definite information has been found as to what did survive and whether there were any losses, but in 1845 Farey provided copies of letters between Smeaton and Grundy about the latter's survey of Deeping Fen in 1770 for a lecturer speaking to the Institution of Civil Engineers. Smeaton had been asked to arbitrate on a report Grundy had made on the best

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way of carrying out the drainage works, and must obviously have been sent a copy of Grundy's report for comment. In addition, in the same year, Farey presented to the Institution's library a portfolio of Smeaton's working drawings of Wakefield Watermill, now regrettably lost.27 Farey had drawn up his will in 1842, in which he left his technical library to his only child Edward (1825-1913), with the wish that it should not be dispersed, but used by Edward who was to follow in his father's profession. The will was not signed and witnessed until 1846 and then Farey made only minor grammatical changes to the wording. This can be taken as some evidence that Farey's collection had survived little harmed, for had it been damaged so severely as to be useless there was little point in him continuing to mention it. Farey himself died in July 1851, and from this time the fate of his collection and the Smeaton manuscripts becomes very obscure. Edward Farey seems to have abandoned engineering and become instead a gentleman of leisure. By some means he appears to have disposed of his father's collection, including the bulk of the Smeaton manuscripts though, as will be seen later, he did keep several Smeaton items which did not appear until after his own death in 1913. Some time between 1858 and 1881 the Patent Office Library acquired a number of manuscript items, four of which may have Smeaton links, while the fifth certainly came from Farey's own collection. In addition, the library also acquired a small batch of offprints of articles written by Smeaton which were listed in the Brooke catalogue and which could have been passed to Banks and so to Farey. The manuscripts were: 12677 A manuscript catalogue of John Farey's library. (8vo) This was listed in the Catalogue of the Patent Office Library published in 1881 but had not appeared in the previous edition dated 1858. And by the time the next edition appeared in 1896 it had been deleted from the library's holdings, apparently officially, rather than simply being lost or stolen. A recent search of the accessioning records has failed to reveal its history before it appeared in the catalogue or, for that matter, the circumstances of its disposal. Since the 1880s was the period when the Patent Office underwent radical changes in management and the museum collection was transferred to the Science Museum, one explanation for the catalogue's removal from the collection is that there was a weeding of the library's stocks possibly to be transferred to another library. But a recent search of the catalogues of the Science Museum Library, the library of the Victoria and Albert Museum, as well as the British Library, has failed to locate it. This catalogue was probably the one which John Farey, in his will, desired should be made. Copies were to be made of a catalogue of all his effects, including his library, one to be held by his widow, one by his son and a third by his executor, Joshua Field, in case of dispute between them. In the event, Farey's wife pre-deceased him and Field declined to act as executor. Thus, Edward would probably have had to make just one copy to comply with the terms ofJohn Farey's will.

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John Farey and the Smeaton Manuscripts 15022 John Grundy. Report [to the adventurers of Deeping Fens] respecting the Drainage of Deeping Fenns in Lincolnshire, 1770. MS 1770 4to, with plan.

This manuscript was transferred to the British Library, Department of Manuscripts, in 1976 and given catalogue number Add. MS 54784. There are no direct clues as to provenance but pasted inside the front cover is a printed entry from a dealer's catalogue, which reads: '770 ** Grundy, J, Report (etc) [1770] 4° MS 169pp, 1 plan on vellum5. This entry must have come from a catalogue which listed it before it entered the Patent Office Library, and indicates it was dispersed in a sale by auction rather than being sold by a bookseller. This item is very important because it is a copy of the report sent by Grundy to Smeaton for arbitration and which was the subject of Farey's contribution to the lecture on the drainage of Deeping Fen read to the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1845, the year after the fire which damaged his house and library. The absence of more clues to ownership makes it impossible to say whether this particular copy was ever in Smeaton's hands. It could just as easily have been a copy made by Grundy for someone else and so came to the Patent Office Library by some other route. However, the other letters between Banks and Grundy's heirs at the Sutro Library, San Francisco, show quite clearly that Banks had already acquired another copy of this report before he obtained Grundy's papers. In addition, Grundy's grandson wanted to have it copied for himself before sending his grandfather's papers to Banks in December 1793. So we have two copies in Banks' hands plus a third retained by the family, in addition to whatever copies had been made for the Deeping trustees themselves. But even so the total number of manuscript copies ever made cannot have been more than a handful and it is curious to say the least that this manuscript was acquired by the Patent Office Library at the time and in the manner it was. 16979 Johann Matthias Beyer. Theatrum Machinarum Molarium—containing the art of building mills etc. (translated from the German edition of 1735) MS. This manuscript is in the Science Reference Library. Again there are no clues to its provenance but an examination of the handwriting shows many similarities to Smeaton's. Accordding to Samuel Smiles, Smeaton learnt French and Italian in order to be able to read technical books and was already well versed in Latin from his early legal training; so perhaps German was not much of a problem. According to Swan's list of the Smeaton manuscripts, there were at least two collections of papers relating to mills and millwork, and the Beyer translation could well have formed part of them. More work is needed to prove definitely whether the handwriting is Smeaton's or not.

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17439 (pp. 1-42) 'copies of three letters etc. upon the proposed navigable communication between the firths of Forth and Clyde. Published in the Edinburgh newspapers in April 1767'. 10429 [a] (pp. 49-78 with a folded plan) 'An account of the navigable canal proposed to be cut from the river Clyde to the river Caffon as surveyed by Robert Mackell and James Watt, London 1767'. [b] (pp. 79-123) 'Considerations upon the intended navigable communication between the firths of Forth and Clyde in a letter to the Lord Provost of Edinburgh, preses[sic] of the Convention, Edinburgh 1767'. [c] (pp. 124-55 with two folded plans, the last being printed) 'Thoughts on the Navigation between the firths of Forth and Clyde and a navigable cut through the peninsula of Cantyre in a letter to his grace the Duke of Queensbury and Dover . . . from a citizen of Edinburgh, 1777'. These two items were later re-bound in one volume by the Patent Office Library and this was transferred to the British Library, Department of Manuscripts, in 1976 and given catalogue number Add. MS 59738. The manuscripts are in various hands and all appear to be copies from printed sources. There are no signs of provenance in any of them, though the binding of the manuscripts now has the Patent Office Library shelf mark NQ/44/F. The Swan catalogue has an entry, in addition to the four volumes of Forth and Clyde navigation letterbooks, 'Forth and Clyde No. 1,2', which probably relate to Smeaton's papers for the alternative schemes once proposed. There are no clues to link these manuscripts with Smeaton though a detailed study of the handwriting may well yield something to confirm or deny it. In addition to these manuscripts, the Patent Office Library also acquired, apparently in a batch, two offprints of Smeaton's earlier scientific work. They were: 11279 An account of some experiments upon a machine for measuring the way of a ship at sea, London 1754, 4to 11280 A description of a new pyrometer, London 1755, 4to The Brooke catalogue listed numbers of these and similar offprints, frequently in multiple sets, while the catalogue of the Banks part of the collection also listed a batch of papers printed in transactions. Thus it is possible that the offprints passed from the Brooke family to Banks, and then to Farey with the rest of the manuscripts. If these particular offprints can still be traced they may yield clues as to ownership, which could prove the point. A further Smeaton item of proven linkage with Farey turned up in the sale of the papers of Sir Joseph Banks which took place at Sotheby's on 11 March 1886.28 This was four volumes of the machine-copied letters of Smeaton's, which had been bought by Banks and transferred to Farey

194

John Farey and the Smeaton Manuscripts

who later noted them in his annotations to Smeaton's Designs. They must have been dispersed after Farey's death. The lot was bought by a dealer named Sulkeld who then sold them to the Institution of Civil Engineers for 12 shillings. At first sight it might be held that they had never left the Banks collection, or that Farey had returned them after taking notes. Even so, if this had been the case, it does not explain how he was able to regard the manuscripts as his own, giving some away to the Institution of Civil Engineers, in 1839 and 1845, and retaining the Designs for himself. An examination of the sale catalogue shows that, notwithstanding the statement on the title page that the sale was of the collection of Sir Joseph Banks, a collation of the individual lots shows that 26 (16 per cent) of the 165 lots on the first day and 14 (7 per cent) of the 212 lots of the second day contained items dated after 1820, the year of Banks5 death. Even allowing for the fact that some lots contained books to which Banks had subscribed before his death, it is quite plain that the so-called Banks sale was padded with non-Banksian material. The problem is to establish how the machine letters got into the Banks sale and what had happened to them before that time. The most likely explanation is that the volumes were included in the Banks sale as the result of the collecting activities of Lord Brabourne, a great nephew of Banks and the instigator of the sale. He was a noted bibliophile, though nothing has so far been discovered as to the circumstances in which he might have acquired the letters. The story is further confused by the fact that the Banks sale did contain Smeaton items which had never apparently left the collection. These were Swan's manuscript catalogue of the papers purchased by Banks, and Volume 15 of the Letters Received series, which had reached Banks some time after the rest of the papers and so was not handed on to Farey. Neither of these items were mentioned specifically in the auction catalogue but they were included in lots purchased on behalf of the American collector Adolph Sutro (1830-1909). Sutro made a fortune as a mining engineer in Nevada and California and in the last quarter of the century devoted it to amassing a collection of between 250,000 and 300,000 volumes on science and technology. More than half was destroyed in the San Francisco earthquake and fire of 1906, but the Banks collection survived and today is regarded as one of the manuscript treasures of America.29 Sutro's agent was a man named Mayer, and an analysis of the marked catalogue shows which lots he purchased and which might be expected to be in San Francisco. Among these are several concerning civil engineering projects, but none relate to Smeaton other than a few printed reports and plans which Banks could have collected for himself as they were published.30 Throughout the nineteenth century the Croft-Brooke family, descendants of Smeaton, held on to that portion of the manuscripts that had not passed to Banks, but finally in 1899 they were sold. The details of the sale have yet to be discovered but by 1906 the library of Trinity House

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had acquired various manuscripts from this collection, presumably because of their interest in Eddystone Lighthouse. The geologist Thomas Sheppard (1876-1945) also at the same time acquired various papers concerned with the lighthouse on Spurn Head which formed the appendix to Smeaton's book on Eddystone, and he made several references to them in his book Lost Towns of the Yorkshire Coast (1912). This batch of manuscripts is presumed to have been destroyed when Hull Museum, of which Sheppard was curator, was destroyed in the Blitz in 1943 and its collection was lost.31 More research is needed to discover the circumstances of the dispersal of the Croft-Brooke collection and if a catalogue can be traced it will be possible to see just how much had survived until 1899. The period of the dispersal of the Banks/Farey part of the collection in the 1860s was also the time that Samuel Smiles was writing his study of Smeaton in his Lives of the Engineers (1861). He made extensive use of the printed information in Smeaton's Reports and also Smeaton's Edystone, but was quite clearly unaware of the existence of the collection of drawings by then in the possession of Edward Farey; nor does he seem to have contacted the Croft-Brooke family. One would have expected that there were engineers still alive who knew about the link with John Farey and told Smiles of this. Evidently not, since the second edition makes no mention of the manuscripts and indeed varies little from the first edition. Edward Farey died in October 1913 and willed to the Royal Society the six volumes of Smeaton's Designs, together with his father's annotated copy of Smeaton's Edystone. The bequest was placed in store and all record of its origin was lost when it was rediscovered in the late 1930s.32 The Designs were catalogued by H. W. Dickinson and A. A. Gomme, but their work was marred by various transcription errors, particularly over dates, and so cannot be relied upon.33 More recently the Designs have been rebound into eleven volumes and the entire collection microfilmed; copies of the film can be obtained from a commercial publisher.34 Edward willed to the Institution of Civil Engineers the proof copy of the unpublished second volume of his father's Treatise on the Steam Engine. After various adventures it was purchased by the Patent Office Library along with an incomplete but annotated and extra-illustrated copy of the first volume. The text relates entirely to Smeaton and his predecessors— there is no material about James Watt—and the annotations are largely drawn from the Smeaton manuscripts, often cross-referenced to the drawings in the Designs. The extra illustrations are mainly engravings from Smeaton's Reports, but there is a pen and wash drawing of the engine Smeaton designed for Cronstadt dockyard in 1774, and so far as known this has never been published before (Fig. 2). Farey was a compulsive annotator, but the fact that everything relates to Smeaton suggests that the notes were more than idle jottings. Perhaps he had in mind a second edition with more about Smeaton's work.35 Meanwhile, the Banks collection in the Sutro Library, San Francisco, was attracting the interest of scholars concerned with many facets of eighteenth-century life. In the early 1970s, Trevor Turner found Swan's

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John Farey and the Smeaton Manuscripts

Figure 2. Pen and wash drawing of Smeaton's Cronstadt steam engine, 1774. Reproduced by permission of the Trustees of the British Library. catalogue and drew it to the attention of Professor A. W. Skempton.36 In 1972 the firm of Sir Alexander Gibb and Partners presented to the Institution of Civil Engineers one of Smeaton's private letterbooks for 1764. This came from the Croft-Brooke part of the collection but, apart from a couple of pasted-in catalogue entries, there are no clues as to what had happened to it since 1899.37 During 1981, H.B. Carter, who was writing a biography of Banks, kindly permitted me to examine and borrow, on extended loan, copies of documents in the Sutro collection during my research for a biography of John Farey. These proved to be the correspondence between Banks and Smeaton's and Grundy's heirs, Swan's catalogue, and a copy of the 1779

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letterbook, Vol. 15 of Smeaton's Letters Received series. The latter is a fair copy of all Smeaton's 'in' correspondence and permits Smeaton's activities for this time to be examined in some depth. It comprises 165 letters dated from 20 March to 29 December 1779. There are almost weekly reports from the resident engineer supervising the construction of Hexham Bridge, a series of letters from John Holmes, Smeaton's London agent, concerning the construction of Ravensbourne waterworks, Deptford, London, and also about the York waterworks in which Smeaton and Holmes both had a financial interest. Other letters include a number from the Carron Company, including detailed bills for castings they supplied for Smeaton's projects. It is hoped a complete annotated transcription of this letterbook can be published in due course. Conclusion Enough has been written in this article to show that it is almost certain that the Smeaton manuscripts survived until 1851 and that they were then mainly dispersed. The difficulty is discovering them. Technical history is not a fashionable academic pursuit and this has resulted in professional librarians and archivists not being concerned to bring collections such as these to the attention of scholars. One wonders what the position might have been had the papers referred to any of Smeaton's literary, artistic or political contemporaries.38 Assuming Farey's collection was sold by auction, the lots would have been dispersed widely with little obvious chance of discovering what became of them. It is only in the case of Smeaton's manuscripts which were listed by Swan, and so can be identified as they turn up, that a link can be made. Therefore the discovery of more Smeaton manuscripts is important for what they might reveal about the fate of the rest of Farey's papers. There are no Farey family papers, apart from a few in the possession of descendants of Henry Farey, and few of his business papers have been located. It has been a case of identifying his circle of clients and friends and then attempting to trace their papers in the hope that information about Farey's dealings with them can be found and a picture of his life built up. There are several hypotheses for the probable fate of the various lots comprising Farey's collection. At the time of his death, the Patent Office had not been formed, and none of the printed indexes or copies of the early patents had been published. His notes and books would thus have been of value to fellow patent agents and consulting engineers since the profession was forced to build up individual collections of information to be able to function at all. Farey was a great friend of the Birmingham patent engineer Richard Prosser (d. 1854), a bibliophile whose library was purchased by Bennet Woodcroft (1803-79). Woodcroft's technical library later formed the basis of the Patent Office Library, which opened in 1856. However, nothing about Farey is to be found in the Woodcroft collection now in the Science Reference Library, nor among the papers of Richard

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John Farey and the Smeaton Manuscripts

Bissell Prosser (1838-1918) (Richard Prosser's son) now in the Department of Manuscripts at the British Library. Writing in The Engineer in April 1902, R. B. Prosser stated he knew a good deal of Farey and that he had been his father's friend. Since Prosser was only thirteen years old at the time of Farey's death, one wonders how true this statement could be but it is nevertheless curious that Prosser, who collected biographical information about engineers and manufacturers and who wrote about many of them for the Dictionary of National Biography•, seems not to have been interested in Farey, since his notes in the British Library evidently ignore him utterly.39 Another possible fate, particularly for the Smeaton manuscripts, is that they were bought by dealers who dismembered them for the autographs. However, if the names of the correspondents in the surviving letterbooks are any guide, none would have been of sufficient note then to have attracted the attention of autograph collectors. In any case the bound letterbooks were copies made by Smeaton's clerk and so are worthless from that standpoint. Farey's collection and in particular the Smeaton manuscripts may well have been bought by a collector, perhaps American, and placed in store unexamined and uncatalogued. Certainly this solution would fit the virtual disappearance of the manuscripts since and indeed this is what happened with Sutro's purchase of the Banks' manuscripts in 1886. The papers were kept in the original bundles in which they had been auctioned and were not examined until about thirty years ago when interest in Banks began to develop as a result of H. B. Carter's researches into Merino sheep. Similar instances are known of other collections of manuscripts being bought up by wealthy American collectors and never looked at.40 But if in fact this has been the fate of much of Farey's collection and the Smeaton manuscripts, only a chance discovery, probably by someone looking for something else, will bring them to light. Finally, the possibility should not be overlooked that Edward Farey only disposed of part of his father's collection in his lifetime and he may even have been crass enough to have destroyed some of it, perhaps any manuscript with fire damage. As has been described earlier, he did keep two major Smeaton items until his death and it is entirely possible that more papers were sold afterwards since they were not specifically willed. But no information has so far been discovered about how his estate was finally wound up. He willed that his house and effects were to be sold and the money then split into various bequests to friends and relatives. It is highly significant that a distant American cousin, in addition to her money, was also sent by Edward's executors various dageurreotypes of the Farey family, including one ofJohn (now in the National Portrait Gallery, the gift of Arthur Farey, a descendant of Henry Farey), birth and marriage certificates, four of the plates drawn for the unpublished volume of the Treatise of the Steam Engine, 3. number of other engineering drawings, and perhaps two of John Farey's manuscript notebooks containing drawings of machinery in and around London, compiled when he was a young

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man, from 1805-10. If all this survived, perhaps other parts of John Farey's library did as well, though what might have become of them is a complete mystery.41 What is quite certain is that a dispersal of the collection did occur and it is no longer probable that Smeaton's manuscripts were destroyed in the fire at Farey's house. Acknowledgements I am indebted to H. B. Carter for generously lending me copies of various documents in the Sutro Library used in this paper, and to the Sutro Branch of the California State Library for permission to make use of the papers and to make quotations from them. I thank Professor A. W. Skempton for providing information on various points and for reading an early draft of this paper; Messrs Longmans for permission to use their records; Peter Jones of the Department of Manuscripts of the British Library for help in examining various Smeaton-linked manuscripts and for much help over the auctioneers' catalogues used; John Hewish of the Science Reference Library for help in the search for manuscripts. I am also indebted to the Trustees of the British Library for permission to reproduce Farey's drawing of the Cronstadt engine and to the Deputy Master and Elder Brethren of the Corporation of Trinity House, London, for permission to publish the catalogue of the Brooke portion of the Smeaton manuscripts. I also thank Michael Boyd of Hull Museum for help in tracing Thomas Sheppard's papers, and the Library of the Institution of Civil Engineers for the loan of books. Finally, I thank Arthur and Edith Farey and Richard Felter, all of San Francisco, for so generously making available copies of their family's records, and Hugh Torrens for much advice and many favours. Appendix 1

T h e Brooke Portion o f the S m e a t o n Manuscripts

Written in the back few pages of a manuscript notebook now in the Library of Trinity House (MS 118, known as 'The Watch Book' because it contains notes on the going of a watch Smeaton was adjusting) is a list of manuscripts which in the main do not appear in the Banks part of the collection and which undoubtedly relate to that part of the papers retained by the family. The list is undated but it must be post-1789 since there is an entry 'Mr Eastburn's a/c setld 1789'. It was presumably made at the same time as the family were searching out and sending papers to Banks. It begins with a list of printed books, mainly articles of which Smeaton had retained sets of offprints, in some cases in duplicate. Then follow four pages listing manuscripts of which an entire page concerns those relating to the Eddystone Lighthouse, and Smeaton's book about it, though there is no mention of the copperplates for the illustrations. In addition there

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John Farey and the Smeaton Manuscripts

were private letters, books and papers about the Ravensbourne and York waterworks. Smeaton had a financial stake in these and the family retained relevant material because they took over his interest. The retention of the personal papers by the family was prudent, but it does not readily explain why they kept the material about Eddystone. But it should be remembered that at the time of Smeaton's death a second edition of his book about the lighthouse was in the press and this did not appear until 1793. Probably this part of the manuscripts was kept back for the use of a now-forgotten sub-editor or for the printer. The copperplates were in the possession of Mary Dixon, Smeaton's daughter, at the time of the printing of the third edition, in 1813, so perhaps his daughters divided the manuscripts not sold to Banks and all the Eddystone papers went to her. Transcript Printed Books 1) An account of some experim'ts upon a machine for measuring the way of a ship at sea. 10 of 'em 2) Description of a Pyrometer Experimental enquiry concerning the natural powers of water and wind 4 of'em Experimts on air by H Cavendish An account of an observation etc 3 of'em Description of an improvement in the Quadrant 3 of'em Report on Dover Harbour Connaissance des Temps 1775 Do 1753 Do 1768 [Note: The Connaissance des Temps has not been identified, but is probably a publication similar to the Annual Register] MSS books etc. Calculation book Adjustment of the equatorial micrometer by J.S n . Original journal to Flanders and Holland 1755 [Now at Trinity House, MS 114, published by the Newcomen Society, 1938] Minutes and investigations on building materials Capt n . Waterhouses observations on the sea waywiser Mill book 1st Tables of squares of numbers 1 a[sic] 100 A number of plans, drawings etc A number of accts, letters and papers of various kinds, bonds, notes, agreements etc. etc [probably MS 116, 117 and 118 of Trinity House] Private letter books 4 [That for 1764 presented to Institution Civil Engineers in 1972] Rudyard's section of Edystone LH [Perhaps an engraving]

A.P. Woolrich Aire and Calder Do Do

201

Navigation papers 1 Contracted plan 2 Plans as delivered to the Committee 1774 3 3 Ravensbourne letterbooks York engine [waterworks] Air[.rcV] and Calder—Act of Parlmt 4 Prints of Aire navigation 5 Plan of Newcastle Clyde Navigation Book Rock Journal 1758 [Presumably Eddystone] 2 Derwentwater letterbooks [Transcripts of some of these letters may be in the Admiralty's Greenwich Hospital papers in the Public Record Office] Perth Bridge Accounts Spurn papers 1 Do Lights contract 2 [The papers acquired by Sheppard, c. 1906, Do 2nd proof section 3 came from this part of the collection] Spurn 4 Bill and Receipt book Ramsgate harbour book Pickernell Sketches [Probably Jonathan Pickernell his assistant] Books of various old Accounts Calder Bridges 1 Printed papers relating to the Calder 2 Mr Eye's plan of the Calder extension to Sowerby Bridge 3 Calder Navigation Acts 4 Ouze Navigation Do James Watt's Acts of Parliament [The Patent Extension Bill of 1775] Temple Newsam [sic] engine papers Bills for Sir G. Dalton's engine Mr Eastburn's a/c setld 1789 Papers relating to the Leeds and Selby Canal Mr Smeaton's MSS papers on Air[«V] and Calder Old assessmts etc Edystone book 2nd 1 Original draughts of 3rd and 4th books of Edystone 2 Edystone 1st books 3 Printer's copy of Edystone and appendix 4 Edystone plans 5 Printer's proofs of Edystone 6 Edystone papers 7 Rough Draughts of Edystone \ o [Part now in Trinity House, MS Accts book 1st J 115] 5 MSS books relating to Edystone LH 9 [Note: The figures following some entries, such as those for Eddystone, probably relate to numbered bundles in a file or deed box]

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John Farey and the Smeaton Manuscripts Appendix 2

The B a n k s Portion o f the S m e a t o n Manuscripts

In the Sutro Library, San Francisco, is a sixteen-page manuscript catalogue of the Smeaton papers bought by Banks. The catalogue was drawn up in the autumn of 1793 and is in the handwriting of John Swan, Banks' clerk. The catalogue lists not only the manuscript writings but also the drawings he acquired, and so enables a check to be made for any now missing from the collection of Smeaton's Designs in the Royal Society's library. See also Skempton, 253-8, for a consolidated list of Smeaton's works which also does not check fully with the Sutro list of drawings. This catalogue ignores the machine letters which Banks acquired in 1794, after the bulk of the collection. Transcript A CATALOGUE OF THE PAPERS ETC. OF THE LATE MR SMEATON PURCHASED FROM HIS EXECUTORS BY SIR JOS. BANKS REPOR TS AND ESTIMA TES Vol 1 from Aug 1760 to Sept 1763 pp 182 Vol 2 from Sept 1763 to 13 Decer 1764 pp 131 Vol 3 from 3[sic] Decer 1764 to 4 Sept 1767 pp 229 Vol 4 from 14 Sept 1767 to l j u n e 1769 pp 218 Vol 5 from 7 July 1769 to 29 Decer 1773 pp 276 Vol 6 from 6 Jan 1774 to 2 April 1778 pp 265 Vol 7 from 8 April 1778 to 7 Aug 1787 pp 312 GENERAL LETTER BOOK being letters sent and received Vol 1 from 6 May 1759 to 3 March 1761 pp 279 Vol 2 from 1 March 1761 to 20 March 1762 pp 162 Vol 3 from 24 March 1762 to 27 Jany 1763 pp 167 Vol 4 from 8 Feby 1763 to 7 Jany 1764 pp 174 Vol 5 from 5 Jany 1764 to 19 July following pp 180 Vol 6 from 23 July 1764 to 13 April 1765 pp 221 Vol 7 from 18 April 1765 to 3 June 1766 pp 213 Vol 8 from 5 June 1766 to 4 July 1767 pp225 LETTER BOOK OF LETTERS SENT Vol 9 from 6 July 1767 to 3 Augt 1769 pp 265 Vol 10 from 16 Aug 1769 to 1 April 1771 pp219 Vol 11 from 2 April 1771 to 8 March 1773 pp227 Vol 12 from 15 Feby 1773 to 5 Augt 1775 pp268 Vol 13 from 5 Aug 1775 to 26 June 1777 pp273 Vol 14 from 2 July 1777 to 24 July 1779pp277 Vol 15 from 28 July 1779 to 28 Sept 1782 pp302 Vol 16 from 28 Sept 1782 to 28 Novr 1786 pp 312 Vol 17 from 2 Jany 1787 to 14 June 1792 pp 146

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A. P. Woolrich

LETTER BOOK OF LETTERS RECEIVED Vol 9 from 1 Jany 1767 to 10 April 1768 pp 268 Vol 10 from 19 April 1768 to 31 Deer 1769 pp231 Vol 11 from 5 Jany 1770 to 21 Novr 1771 pp274 Vol 12 from 15 Nov to 16 Aug 1774 pp276 Vol 13 from 29 Aug 1774 to 29 Oct 1776 pp270 Vol 14 from 30 Oct 17 76 to 24 Apr 17 79 pp 320 [Vol 15 from 20 March 1779 to 29 Dec 1779 pp 148 Now in Sutro Library, San Francisco] BUNDLES terbooks] 1780 Jan 1781 Jan 1782 Jan 1783 Jan 1784 Jan 1785 Jan 1786 Jan 1787 Jan 1788 Jan 1789 Jan 1789 Jan 1790 Jan 1791 Jan 1792 Jan

OF LETTERS RECEIVED [and not fair copied into the letFeb Feb Feb Feb Feb Feb Feb Feb Feb Feb Feb Feb Feb Feb

Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar * Mar *

Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr *

May May May May May May May May May May May May May *

June June June June June June June June June June June June June June

July July July July July July July * July July July July July *

Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug * Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug *

Sept Sept Sept Sept Sept Sept Sept * Sept Sept Sept Sept Sept *

Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct *

[* = letters missing when list was made in 1793]

Nov Dec Nov Dec Nov Dec Nov Dec Nov Dec Nov Dec Nov Dec Nov Dec Nov Dec Nov Dec Nov Dec Nov Dec Nov Dec [Smeaton died 28 Oct]

[Note: The above list of bundles of letters received appears from the microfilm to be written on a loose sheet inserted among the folded folios of the rest of the manuscript. Its inclusion at this point in the transcript seemed the best location for it] PHILOSOPHICAL LETTERS SENT AND RECEIVED Vol 1 from 20 Feb 1770 to 7 Sept 1778 pp 226 [See letter 6 in Appendix 3] Vol 2 from 23 Sept 1778 to [Entry not completed] CALDER NA VIGA TION JOURNAL Vol 1 from 25 May 1760 to 11 June 1764 pp [not given] Vol 2 from 15 June 1764 to 4 Dec 1765 pp [not given] CALDER NAVIGATION LETTERBOOK OF LETTERS RECEIVED Vol 1 from 25 Jany 1760 to 10 Feby 1761 pp 173 Vol 2 from 8 Feby 1761 to 12 Aug 1764 pp 170 Vol 3 from 16 June 1764 to 17 Feby 1766 pp51

SENT

AND

WEAR NAVIGATION LETTERBOOK OF LETTERS SENT AND RECEIVED Vol from 31 Oct 1760 to 28 Aug 1761 pp43

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John Farey and the Smeaton Manuscripts

FORTH AND CLYDE CANAL LETTER BOOK OF LETTERS AND RECEIVED Vol 1 from 14 March 1768 to 7 Feby 1769 pp224 Vol 2 from 16 Feb 1769 to 31 Aug 1772 pp224 Vol 3 from 26 Aug 1772 to 9 July 1774 pp271 Vol 4 from 19 Aug 1774 to 22 Apr 1779 pp53

SENT

LOOSE PAPERS CHIEFLY ORIGINALS THAT HAVE BEEN COPIED INTO THE BOOKS OF REPORTS AND ESTIMATES: ALSO PRINTED REPORTS OF MR SMEATON AND OTHER ENGINEERS HARBOURS, PIERS, DOCKS, LIGHTS Margate pier harbour Aberdeen pier harbour Peterhead pier harbour Ayr pier harbour Portsmouth docks Berwick harbour Portsmouth Boddins pier Plymouth Bridlington pier harbour Port Patrick pier harbour Bristol floating dock Ramsgate harbour Brinham watering place Christchurch pier Rye harbour Cullercoates pier harbour Sandwich Dover pier harbour Scarborough pier harbour Eddystone light Scilly and Owers heights Eyemouth pier harbour Seaton pier harbour Jersey pier harbour Trewardreth harbour Hull wharfs Wells harbour Leith floating dock Whitby pier harbour Liverpool docks Workington Lynn harbour Yarmouth DRAINAGE, SUPPLY OF WA TER, COAL PITTS, FIRE ENGINES Adlingfleet level North level drainage Danson pondhead Witham 1761 Port Elliot sluice Coin water 1788 Hatfield Chase drainage Halifax Holderness Carrs drainage New River 1781 Lewes Laughton level Coals Locker Moss Smeaton's Portable fire engine Lock Winnock Boulton and Watt's and Level of the Neen 1767 Elstob Hornblower's engine CANAL NA VIGA TION Birmingham Canal 1771 Birmingham extension 1782 Birmingham canal 1785 Birmingham and Worcester 2 Dublin canal 1 Calder 1757 and before

Forth and Clyde No 1,2* Fosdike navigation Glasgow to Monkland canal Mirthyr [sic] Tamer canal 1775 Tamworth

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Thames and Severn canal Worsley canal, D[uke] of Tyrone canal Bridgewater [Note: * possibly the MSS now in the British library Dept of MSS and once in the Patent Office Library was in this batch] RIVER NA VIGA TION Chelmer Clyde 1755, 1758, 1785 Devon in Scotland Erwell river and canal Lee river 1767 Louth 1761 Skerne BRIDGES Almond bridge Blackfriars Bristol Bridge, printed controversey Coldstream Bridge Glasgow lock and bridge Hanaton bridge Hexham Hull stone ferry bridge London bridge and water works

Stour Thames Trent Ure rear Ripon Wear Wey

Montrose bridge Newark road and bridges Newcastle bridge Perth bridge Plym bridge Pont y ti Predt [sic] Selby Stockton bridge Westminster

BUNDLES OF PAPERS Astronomical instruments and Astronomical and Phylosophical clock work Experiments relating to Astronomical observations and engineering computations Mechanic powers Papers published in Transactions Mills* Philosophical instruments Mines and coal pits Fire engines Miscellaneous Estimation papers Geering wheels [Note: * possibly the Beyer translation in the Science Reference Library came from this part of the collection. See also Mills below] THINGS UN ARRANGED Coal measure Pyrometer experiments Fire engines Inventions Mills Custom House crane* Mortar Gosport Brewery Miscellaneous Tables Experiments and observations Mud engine [Note: * see Farey's article in Rees' Cyclopaedia, X, based on these papers]

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MISCELLANEO US OBSER VA TIONS Miscellaneous observations No 1 Miscellaneous observations begun in 1765 No 2 CALCULA TION BOOKS Calculation Book No 1 is missing [But see Brooke catalogue in App. 1 ] No 2 begun in 1755 ended 1756 or thereabouts Calculation Book No 3 begun 1757 ended 1759 No 4 begun 1759 ended 1761 with some directions No 5 begun 1761 ended 1763 with some commonplace No 6 begun 1763 ended Feb 1765 N.B. No 7 was lost in the box of papers stolen coming from London, 4 March 1767 No 8 No dates No 9 & extracts from Euler etc No 10 No dates No 11 began March 1776 ended Nov 1778 No 12 began Nov 1778 ended Aug 1780 No 13 began Aug 1780 ended with the year 1786 No 14 began with the year 1787 No 15 no dates [Note: The following is the list of drawings. The bulk, though not all, are now in the library of the Royal Society, and are listed in Dickinson and Gomme's catalogue (Newcomen Society extra publication 5, 1950)] PLANS OF DRAINAGE Axholme Isle Fossdike Greenwich Bendishes sluice Holderness sluice Holker sluice Lancashire North level

Port Elliot sluice Potterick Carr, nr Doncaster Sandwich, Vigo sluice Spalding Reservoir sluice Stallingborough sluice

PLANS OF NA VIGA TIONS Ayr [sic] and Calder Birmingham extension Forth and Clyde Devon river, Scotland

Languedoc Ripon River Wear

MISCELLANEO US DRA WINGS Chaise Crane Firestead Flood Road Halifax water service Horizontal windmill

House Observatory Philosophical Piling gin Trumpet marine Turning lathe

A.P. Woolrich DRA WINGS OF BREWERIES Hexham Whitebreads [sic]

Weevill

DRA WINGS OF BRIDGES Aberdeen Altgraan Ambresbury [sic] Banff Braan Cardington Coldstream Cooper's bridge dam Dumballock Edinburgh Glasgow Hexham

Harraton London Montrose Newcastle Perth Richmond Stockton Stonehouse Walton Wentworth Westminster

DRAWINGS OF FORGES, FUi ROLLING MILLS Beaufort furnace Long Benton coal engine Breton furnace Coequet[^V] rolling mill Rampgill lead-vein DRA WINGS OF MILLS Miscellaneous Alston Benfield Bocking Brooksmill Bussy Cardington Carron Carshalton Castleford Colchester Chimney Dairy Derwentwater Drinkwater's mill Dumfries Griff Halifax Hannam Houndon Heath (powder) Hounslow heath (copper)

?

S, COAL ENGINES, MINES,

Seacroft furnace Swalwell ironworks Walker coal engine Wanlock head lead stamp mill

Hull Keswick mill Kilnhurst Knouch bridge Leeds Loose Moor Ousebourn Red House Scremerston Scrooby Stepney Stollings Tarbet Millstream Thornton Vauxhall Wadden Waltham Abbey Wandsworth Warren Winlaton

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Wakefield, Sir L Pilkington Wakefield Woodford Bridge

Woodhall Worcester Park

DRA WINGS OF WA TER ENGINES Acworth hospital (pump) Ravensbourne Colchester Ships pumps Sir Geo Dalston Stratford Dock pump Thoresby Kew Temple Newsham Welbeck London Bridge Westgarth Netherby New Grange FIRE ENGINES Beaufort Long Benton Bourn Moor Chasewater Cronstadt Dunmoore park Gateshead park Kinnaird Lambton Lumley

Middleton New River Head Portable fire engine Seacroft Thwaites Walbottle Washington York Buildings York Tower Miscellaneous

HARBOURS, PIERS, LIGHTHOUSES Aberdeen Inverbreakie St Aubin Irvin Ayr St Ives Banff Peterhead Berwick Pittenweem Boddin Plymouth Bridlington Portfoy Bristol floating docks Portleith Christ Church Portsmouth Cromartie Port Patrick Dover Ramsgate Dunbar Rye Dundee Scarborough Edystone Sandown Eyemouth North Sheilds Gunfleet Beacon Whitby St Hellier Whitehaven Hull Workington

A.P. Woolrich Appendix 3

209

The B a n k s - B r o o k e C o r r e s p o n d e n c e i n the Sutro Library, San F r a n c i s c o

[i] [John Brooke to Alexander Aubert] Austhorpe 25 June 1793 Dear Sir, On my return from Buxton—where I have left Mrs Brooke on account of her health—I found your favor enclosing a paper of Mr Smeaton's and in looking for the books of letters I found the Reports also, all of which I will immediately forward to Sir Joseph. They would (the reports, I mean) have comprised the first parcel of papers, but uncertain of their destination when they got to London, and the books of letters being with the Reports— without examining we took them to be the former only—which we thought might be improper to expose—however, circumstanced as we are now, I do not feel the smallest objection to put them in the hand of Sir Joseph, as well as the whole of Mr S's correspondence with different people, but which is so voluminous that no common stock of patience could even get through it for the sake of reference. It may be useful—if so Sir Joseph will be so good as to say so. I am sorry you have had this trouble, but do assure you I am not only ready but desirous of furnishing Sir Joseph with every document that can afford him the smallest assistance or amusement. Saying thus much I hope he will be under no constraint whatsoever in making application for anything further. I am, Sir, Yr Lrds obt and most hble servt. John Brooke

[2] [Joseph Banks to John Brooke. Draft written on back of letter (1).] June 29 [1793] Sir, Your favor addressed to Mr Aubert was forwarded to me by that gentleman and I am glad to take the opportunity of thanking you for the obliging readiness you show in it to put the Report Books of our late friend into my hands. Without them it would be impossible to do the justice to his memory I wish to do which you may be assured was the chief object of my purchase. I conclude the letter books will also be necessary for all points of difficulty that occur. The reference of them will be the only means of clearing up matters that are dubious. You may be assured I shall continually avoid communicating such matters as may in any point of view be considered as confidential and I

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John Farey and the Smeaton Manuscripts

trust you will believe me when I assure you that our friend's memory and good name cannot be more respected by his recent relatives that it is by . . . [Sentence left off. Probably Banks' clerk would add the usual salutation at this point] May I ask the remaining letter books be directed to me at Soho Square.

[3] [Letter from Robert Mylne to Joseph Banks] Islington, 11 July 1793 Dear Sir, I am very much obliged to you for the favour of yesterday of Smeaton's 2 reports. They are on the subject I was enquiring for. The gauge stands near Shadwell Spring, otherwise called New River Head and in the meadows between Ware and Hartford. If you would be so good to permit me a reading of them, you would add further to the many obligations conferred to your most devoted servant, Robert Mylne I am going tomorrow for a fortnight to Devonshire, to review an intended canal and shall be happy to receive your answer* [* Mylne was surveying the Grand Western Canal. He departed on 12 July and returned to London on 23 July. A. E. Richardson, Robert Mylne, 1955, pp. 154-5.]

[4] [Letter from Joseph Banks to Robert Mylne. Draft written on back of (3)] Soho Square, July 13 Owing to my being away your letter of the 11 th did not reach my hand till yesterday evening, whence by the tenor of it's contents you were already on your way to Devonshire. As the reports in question have been made at the expense of the proprietors of mills upon the River Lea I have interest in precise opposite to that of the Company. Some questions must arise relative to the propriety of communicating them to you except it is done with their consent and approbation. Believe me I shall be happy to meet you and talk over the matter and I do not doubt that our conversation will end in my doing in the matter whatever you think is right and proper to be done.

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211

[5] [Letter from Joseph Banks to John Brooke (draft)] S[oho] S[quare] July 13 [17]93 Sir, I have received safe 7 books of the late Mr Smeaton's Reports and estimates and also one book on the back of which is marked Philos. L.B. and should before now have acknowledged the receipt of them but had not included them as I found a letter from you in the box with them that I would in due time receive by the post an answer to mine of the 10th of June. The books already sent contain much valuable matter and general accounts of many circumstances in the drawings which would otherwise have remained obscure, but 'tis certain there are several more books which I hear the family do not incline to part with but which contain explanations of no kind of use to them, but absolutely necessary to the full comprehension of the works of our deceased friend. As an instance in point, I beg to refer back to the paper which Mr Aubert returned to you on your return, in your favor of June 25 which is an account relative to the London Bridge engine necessitating no doubt all of them to the explanation of this work which I take to be the most compleat tide mill now existing in this or any other country of its magnitude, for I suppose the Ravensbourne engine to be much smaller. The references are 3d book Reports p 224 which I have here, L.R. book 9 p 116 which I have not, as it seemed to me the collection which I have purchased must be deemed to be incomplete unless all the explanations belonging to it are in my hands and it moreover appears to me that the remaining explanations, being a part only, are not be of use to any other persons but me. Should there be family papers bound up with them, though I hope is not the case as I have seen reference made to a Bureau Alphabet in which he kept part of his letters that did not refer to his profession, it will be unfortunate but still I am ready as I state in my last to receive them if the family will trust me under Ammice*, and no use shall be made of them in any degree likely to be derogitory to the fame of our deceased friend. If it is thought that the money Mr Aubert awarded as the value of the papers is too little a sum, I shall not be disinclined to enlarge it. I wish most cordially that the transaction may be as a pleasure to you as it is to me and indeed I never would have entered into it but with the hope it would be treated so. [* ? Dog Latin = Amicus curiae.}

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John Farey and the Smeaton Manuscripts [6]

[Letter from John Brooke to Joseph Banks] Austhorpe 13 July 1793 Sir, I was setting off for Buxton on the receipt of your favor and had only time to make a hasty package and being obliged to attend on the Gd. Jury at our assize, I am prevented from making a more diligent search now. Should you however discover any material short in the correspondence I will on my return endeavour to find what may be wanted. Mr Smeaton for many years used Bolton's copying machine. The books containing those letters I do not find but make no doubt I shall, which I will find, as well as any thing else you may find is wanting, though I am at a loss to guess what can have been omitted. Mrs Brooke and myself feel highly gratified by your expressions of regard for our excellent parent and anticipate a great addition to his fame, from the exertion of your friendship and acknowledged splendid abilities I have the honour to be, Sir, your mo. obliged and Hble Servt John Brooke PS I met with Jno Chaplin, the clergyman at Buxton, who desired I send his comps. when I wrote.

[7] [Letter from Joseph Banks to John Brooke (draft)] August 3 1793 Dear Sir, I have been much from home since your favor came to hand which with a supposition gained from your letter of your being also from Austhorpe at the same time is the reason your favor of the 10th ult. did not meet with an earlier acknowledgement. You have furnished me with a valuable reinforcement of letter books and particular reports, all as far as I have yet had time to examine them, relating to business and therefore absolutely necessary to enable me to comprehend fully the admirable undertakings of our deceased friend. You tell me that for many years since he used Boulton's copying machine and you have sent me a bundle of copies being part of the years 1780 and 1781, about at which point I found most of his books cease. Very few reports are after this time copied into the book so that I also conclude will be found in his machine copies. Now the bundles of copies, part which is tied up, I conclude our friend did not paste them into books as is usually done and I conclude also that he tied up his letters sent to which his were answers in similar bundles.

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I suspect that another book of letters received will be found;* the last end 24 April 1779. I found also that another volume of Philosophical letters will be found as that I have ends 7 April 1778. Everything else I believe to be as complete as he left it at the time of his decease. You are so good as to say that you will search for the Press copies which I have said before I expect you will find them in bundles. You will oblige me by sending them up as soon as you find them for me. I have a clerk here who is likely to have little employment during my absence of Sept and Oct. It will be a great advantage to me to have them in order to employ him in ordering them [*Letters received, Vol. 15, Sutro Library, San Francisco.] [8] [Letter from John Brooke to Joseph Banks] Austhorpe 22d September 1793 Sir, Your favor dated the 3rd Aug1 was forwarded to Bridlington where I have been with my whole family ever since. Upon another search, however, I have been able to collect some more letters and letterbooks, which I will forwd. immediately and there are two or three more in the hands of a pupil of Mr Smeaton's, wch. you shall also have, from which he is at present employed in making our accts. and collecting debts. The secretary for Ramsgate Harbour, Mr Wm Evans of Austin Friars has applied to me for a draft or design for a lighthouse for Ramsgate Pier which I suppose was drawn during Mr Smeaton's being employed as Engineer to the Trustees. I have no such design therefore I have taken the liberty of referring Mr E to you, not doubting you will furnish him with the requisite. I have the hon r to be, Sir yr mo. obedient servt. John Brooke

Appendix 4 Figure 3 is an attempt to show graphically the chain of descent of the Smeaton manuscripts from Smeaton's time to the present day. It has been drawn up with the assumption that the collection remained in Farey's hands until his death, was then dispersed and that the various manuscripts on the Forth and Clyde Canal, Grundy's Deeping Fen Survey and the translation of Beyer's book all came from the collection and not from some other source. If, instead, Farey had returned part of the manuscripts to the descendants of Banks, then obviously the pattern of ownership will be wrong.

Smeaton's Manuscripts Austhorpe collection

Gray's Inn Rd Collection (if it existed)

1

Part sold to Banks, 1793 (Skempton 236-7)

Part kept by family (Skempton 239-40)

1793 Catalogued 1794-5 Selection made for Reports

c. 1793 catalogued

From c. 1808

MS passed to Farey

1816/17 Loose papers sorted for binding by Farey 1820 Banks died 1821 Drawings bound by Farey 1839 Farey gave MS letter to Inst, of Civ. Engrs. 1844 Farey's fire Wakefield watermill 1845 drawings given to Inst, of Civ. Engrs. 1851

Catalogue and Vol. 15 of Letters Received kept by Banks

i

Farey died

Post-1851 Collection dispersed Designs kept MS on Forth & Remainder by Edward Clyde Canal, Grundy's Farey report and Beyer translation all acquired by Patent Office 1886 Banks sale = Banks sale Machine letters I Library c. 1860, plus appeared and I Farey's library catalogue. purchased by Purchased by Grundy in auction sale Inst, of Civ. Sutro Library before this Engrs. 1899 sold by Smeaton's heirs Some to Trinity House by 1906 Edward Farey died 1913, left Designs to Royal Society

1976 Forth and Clyde and Grundy MS handed to BL Dept of MSS Figure 3. Smeaton's manuscripts.

Some to Sheppard c. 1910 Thought bombed 1943

Rest

1972 1764 letterbook given to Inst, of Civ. Engrs.

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N o t e s and R e f e r e n c e s 1. A. W. Skempton (ed.), John Smeaton, FRS, London, 1982. 2. Ibid., chapter XI. 3. Sutro Library, San Francisco, Banks MSS. 4. A. P. Woolrich, 'John Farey and his Treatise on the Steam Engine', forthcoming. 5. D. Smith, 'The Professional Correspondence of John Smeaton' in Transactions of the Newcomen Society, Vol. 47, 1976, pp. 179-88; Skempton, as note 1, chapter X. 6. Sutro Library, San Francisco, Vol. 15 of Letters Received series. 7. Ibid., letter from Banks to Johnson, 9 Dec. 1793. 8. British Library. Marked copy of Sotheby's auction catalogue. 9. A volume of Grundy's papers, presumably from this sale, was purchased from Richardson's in 1955 by the Institution of Civil Engineers. 10. A. W. Skempton, 'The publication of Smeaton's Reports' in Motes and Records of the Royal Society, Vol. 26, 1971, pp. 135-55; A. P. Woolrich, 'The printing of Smeaton's Reports' in Notes and Records of the Royal Society, Vol. 35, 1980, pp. 131 — 3. 11. A. P. Woolrich, as note 4. 12. Royal Society's Library, Smeaton's Designs, Vol. 1, fol. 104v (original volume numbering). 13. Reading University, Longman Archives, Divide Ledger Dl, fol. 163; Divide Ledger D2, fol. 197; information from Prof. A. W. Skempton. 14. Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 36, 1810, pp. 102-5 (quoted more extensively by Skempton, as note 10, p. 154, note 14. 15. Reading University, Longman Archives, Divide Ledger Dl, fol. 163. 16. A. W. Skempton, as note 10. 17. Rees, Cyclopaedia, Vol.35, gathering Nn, p. 3, column Iff (note: Rees is not paginated). 18. A. P. Woolrich, as note 4. 19. A. P. Woolrich, 'The Farey Diaries', forthcoming. 20. Repertory of Arts, Vol. VI, 1828, pp. 189-200. 21. Ibid., pp. 359-64. 22. Ibid., pp. 360-1. 23. Ibid., p. 361. 24. Report of the Select Committee on the law relative to Patents for Inventions, 1829, Cmnd. 332, pp. 140fT. The letter quoted was dated April 1776. 25. MS of evidence to the Lords Committee in the House of Lords Record Office. 26. Institution of Civil Engineers, Occasional communication 287, read 20 January 1839, Occasional Communication 299, date of reading not known. The latter part included Smeaton's letter to a Mr Dennison of Woodhouse House, dated 21 February 1789. Farey certified that it was sent as a sample of Smeaton's better style of handwriting, and that the bulk of his MSS were in a more hurried hand. 27. A. P. Woolrich, as note 4. 28. British Library, Sotheby's marked catalogue. 29. R. H.D. (Richard H. Dillon), The Anatomy of a Library, San Francisco, 1957, pp. (i), 13; Dictionary of American Biography, article 'Adolph Sutro'. 30. Information from Prof. A. W. Skempton, who examined the Sutro collection in 1978.

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John Farey and the Smeaton Manuscripts

31. Information from Michael Boyd of Hull Museum. 32. A. P. Woolrich, as note 4. 33. H. W. Dickinson and A. A. Gomme, A Catalogue of the Civil and mechanical engineering designs, 1741-1792, of John Smeaton, FRS, preserved in the library of the Roya Society, 1950, (Newcomen Society Extra publication No. 5). 34. E.P. Microform Ltd, East Ardesley, Wakefield, Yorks WF3 2JN. 2 reels, ref. 96885. 35. A. P. Woolrich, as note 4. 36. Information from Prof. A. W. Skempton. 37. Information from Sir Alexander Gibb and Partners and from M. M. Chrimes, Deputy Librarian, Institution of Civil Engineers. 38. For example, the Boulton and Watt papers at Birmingham were not included in the 'Sources of Business History', published by the Historical Manuscripts Commission from 1964-75. They were not catalogued for the Commission until quite recently although they had been known and used since the 1920s. 39. Information from John Hewish of the Science Reference Library, and Peter Jones, Dept. of MSS, British Library. Mr Hewish has just compiled an index to the various historical manuscripts the SRL possesses. Prosser's papers comprise Nos. 54, 496-54, 507 of the Additional Manuscripts. It is hoped that an index to them can be produced soon. 40. For example, the Huntingdon Library, San Marino, California, possesses several crates of manorial records relating to the estates of the Dukes of Chandos, which were sold at the end of the last century in the Stowe sale and until recent years had never been examined. 41. A. P. Woolrich, as note 4.

B r i d g e s : A r t i c l e s

a

B i b l i o g r a p h y

P u b l i s h e d

P e r i o d i c a l s MIKE

i n

o f

S c i e n t i f i c

1 8 0 0 - 1 8 2 9 CHRIMES

Introduction The bibliography presented here might perhaps be regarded by most readers as one for the specialist. It is clearly concerned with only one part of the literature available to a bridge historian, and covers a relatively narrow timespan. I would like to think it can be of use to other researchers however and will address my preliminary remarks to them, hoping at the same time that specialist bridge historians will bear with me. By the early nineteenth century there were already in existence a large number of scientific and learned societies, many of which published papers. There were also an increasing number of commercial publications all aimed at a similar type of audience. It is easy to overlook how many such publications there were. Some of them are indexed, others I have consulted even if without profit, some I have ignored, and others are un-available in this country, or unknown to me. This body of literature seems to me to offer a tremendous potential resource for the historian; unfortunately it is a difficult one to tap. True there are several very useful indices to these publications already and some are listed at the end of this introduction. Their value however is restricted by the number of periodicals they index, and the detail of their analytical indexing. I hope, by means of the work set out here, to demonstrate that an extensive literature search in contemporary periodicals is likely to prove worthwhile for all researchers in the history of technology who wish to familiarize themselves with the state of the art in a particular field. It is interesting to see technology transfer at work. It seems clear from this bibliography that there existed an international engineering community in the early nineteenth century. It was a community in the sense that, in addition to personal contact, whether by travel or letter, it was possible for engineers to study, in translation, papers published in other countries on bridge engineering, to read news paragraphs of current developments, and generally be aware of the work of colleagues abroad. The 'modern' level deck suspension bridge, from being unknown in Europe at the start of the nineteenth century, had been introduced all over Europe by 1829. The scientific periodical provides some evidence of how quickly engineers could become aware of the new development. For example Stevenson's article on suspension bridges, originally published in Edinburgh in 1821,

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Bridges: a Bibliography of Articles Published in 1800-1829

was republished in London (abridged 1821, in full 1823), in Germany (1822, 1823), in France (1823), in Poland (1823), and formed the basis of other articles, for example Vienna (1824). In this environment it seems likely that all the engineers involved in the design of suspension bridges at this time were to a greater or lesser degree influenced by one another's work. One would imagine this would be true in other fields as well. Political, national, and linguistic barriers, of the sort which might have significance today, do not seem to have been particularly important at this time in preventing the dissemination of ideas, although they may have had a greater impact on their practical implementation. This bibliography is limited to articles published in nineteenth-century scientific periodicals. In the course of my research I have occasionally come across references in more general periodicals. I have included some of these as they give details of bridges not mentioned more fully elsewhere, and their inclusion may therefore be useful. I have indicated the periodicals I have not systematically indexed with an asterisk. There are also some periodicals published at this time which are not held by the British Library, and I have been unable to index these. Some papers I have been able to borrow from abroad, and I have given details of these where possible. Where the source seems reliable, I have also included some papers which I have not seen. I hope the bibliography proves of value, and I would welcome any additions or suggestions. The following publications have been very useful in compiling this work and they are separately listed because of their general usefulness in engineering historical research. 1. Engineering index. 1884- . New York, Engineering Index Inc., 1884- . 2. Jakkula, A. A. A history of suspension bridges in bibliographical form. Texas, Agricultural and Mechanical College, Engineering Experiment Station, 1941. {Bulletin, 4th series, vol. 12, no. 7). 3. Repertorium der technischen literatur. 1823- . Berlin, Leipzig, 1823- . {Ed. Schubach and others). 4. Reuss, J. D. Repertorium commentationum a societatibus litterarus editarum. 16 vols. Gottingen, 1801-1821. (Concerned with 18th century publications.) 5. Royal Society. Catalogue of scientific papers {1800-1900). 18 vols. London and Cambridge, 1867-1923. Subject index, 3 vols, in 4. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1908-1914. 6. Todhunter, I. and Pearson, K. A history of the theory of elasticity and of the strength of materials. 2 vols, in 3. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1886-93. 7. Young, T. A course of lectures on natural philosophy and the mechanical arts. vol. 2, pp. 87-520: 'A catalogue of works relating to natural philosophy and the mechanical arts'. London, J. Johnson, 1807.

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A r r a n g e m e n t o f Bibliography The references in this bibliography have been arranged as far as possible according to year of publication, and in alphabetical order by author within each year, with anonymous items arranged in title order at the start of each annual sequence. Articles have been assigned a number, based as far as possible on the chronological/alphabetical sequence. Where articles seem clearly to be translations of, or derived from other papers, I have normally indicated this by a note. In some cases there may be substantial additions to the information contained in the first published version and the user would be well advised to refer to all items by a given author or on a particular subject. When brackets occur in a bibliographic the item in parenthesis, (more often) that the author/title is not clearly stated. Indices, referring to article numbers, are to be found on pages 251-7. ABBREVIATIONS USED (R) Review of, or extract from, report book etc. published separately elsewhere. (?) Original not yet seen or located in the U.K. ill. Illustrations. Acknowledgements Greatest credit is due to Mrs Benita Griffiths for compiling the original working list. I would like to thank the staff of the various libraries I have used for their help in tracking down references cited here; in particular the staff of the Science Museum and University of London libraries. I must also acknowledge my debt to the authors of the many books and papers I have freely made use of in compiling this bibliography. I would also like to thank my wife, and Mrs L. Glover for their help in typing my manuscript. P e r i o d i c a l s Indexed KEY: * Selected issues only indexed ? Periodical not located in the U.K. (....) Periodical not seen Allgemeine Handlungs-Zeitung (1812-29). Earlier issues not held in U.K. (Silliman's) American journal of science and arts (Vol. 1- , 1818-29) Annales de chimie et de physique (1816-29) Annales de l'industrie manufacturiere (1827) Annales de l'industrie nationale et etrangere (1819-26) Annales des arts et manufactures (1800-15) Annales des mines (1816-29)

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Bridges: a Bibliography of Articles Published in 1800-1829

(Thomson's) Annals of philosophy (1813-26) Asiatic journal (1816-29) *Asiatick researches (Vols. 11, 15) (Bibliotheque britannique) Bibliotheque universelle des sciences, belles lettres, et arts. Science et arts (1816-29) Bulletin universelle des sciences et de I'industrie. Sect. V. Bulletin des sciences technologiques (1824-29) Edinburgh journal of sciences (1824-29) Edinburgh philosophical journal (1819-26); New series (1826-29) ?(Elbe Blatte polytechnische Inhalts) * European magazine Franklin Institute. Journal; 1st, 2nd series (1826-29) *?Gazety warsawsky Gesellschaft des vaterlandischen Museums in Bohmen. Monatschrift (182729) Glasgow mechanics magazine (1823-26) Highland Society. Prize essays and transactions (1799-1829) Izys polska Journal des voies de communications (1826-29) Journal du genie civil, des sciences et des arts (1828-29) (Nicholson's) Journal of natural philosophy, chemistry and the arts; 1st, 2nd series (1800-11) *?Kaiserliche Konigleiche Polytechnische Institut in Wien. Jahrbuch (1819-29) Konigliche bohmische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften. Abhandlungen (1824-29) Koninklijk (Hollandsche) Nederlansche Instituut van Wetenschappen, Letterkunde . . . Verhandelingen der eerste Klasse (Newton's) London journal of arts and sciences (1820-29) Magazin aller neuen Erfindungen, Entdeckungen und Verbesserungen (Vols. 1-8) Mechanics magazine (1823-29) * Monthly magazine *?(Morgenblatte)—published in Stuttgart? Neues Magazin aller neuen Erfindungen, Entdeckungen und Verbesserungen (1805-15) *New monthly magazine (Tilloch's) Philosophical magazine (1800-29) Polytechnischer Verein fur das Konigreich Baiern. (Neues) Kunst und Gewerbblatt and Monatsblatt fur Bauwesen und Landsverschonerung (Dinglers) Polytechnisches Journal (1820-29) *The Portfolio (Royal Institution) (Quarterly) journal of science, literature and the arts (1816-29) Recueil polytechnique des ponts et chaussees Register of Pennsylvania (1828-29)

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Register of the arts and sciences (1823-29) Repertory of arts and manufactures; 1st and 2nd series (1800-25) Repertory of patent inventions (1825-29) Revue encyclopedique (1819-29) *?Rocznikach Towarzystwa Krolewskiego Warsawskiego Przyjaciot Royal Society. Philosophical transactions (1800-29) *?(Rozmaitosci) *Societa Italiana delle Scienze. Memori di matematica e di fisica Societe d'Amateurs des Sciences . . . a Lille. Recueil des travaux Societe d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale. Bulletin (1801-29) * Societe de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Geneve Societe philomathique de Paris. (Nouveau) Bulletin des sciences (1800-29) Societe royale d'agriculture, histoire naturelle et arts utiles de Lyon. Compte rendu des travaux Society of Arts. Transactions (1800-29) Svea(Vol. 1- , (1818-29) (Gill's) Technological repository (1820-29) Tudomanyos gyujtemeny Verein zur Beforderung des Gewerbfleisses in Preussen. Verhandlungen (Vol. 1, 1822-29) *(H. Niles) Weekly register * (Wiener Zeitschrift) Zeitschrift fur Physik und Mathematik (Vol. 1- , 1826-29) Zhurnal" putel soobshcheniya (1826-29)

The Bibliography 1800 1. Sur la construction des ponts de fer, avec la description d'un pont de deux cent trent six pieds l'ouveture, contruit a Wearmouth en Angleterre. Annates des arts et manufactures, vol. 2, pp. 166-73, ill. Based on: Burdon, R. Specification..., and account of Wearmouth Bridge in Repertory of arts and manufactures, 1st series, vol.5, 1796, pp. 361-8. 2. Wyatt, S. (Patent) for constructing bridges and other buildings etc. without the use of wood. Monthly magazine, vol. 10, pp. 146-7. See 1 below. 1801 3. An account of the improvements of the port of London and more particularly of the intended bridge consisting of a single arch of 600 feet span. Philosophical magazine, vol. 10, pp. 59-67, ill. See 4 below. 4. An account of the improvements of the port of London and more

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Bridges: a Bibliography of Articles Published in 1800-1829

particularly of the intended bridge consisting of a single arch of 600 feet span. Monthly magazine, vol. 11, pp. 477-81. See 3 above. 5. Bossut, C. Abbe. A memoir on the equilibrium of arches. Philosophical magazine, vol. 11, pp. 179-81. See Bossut, C. Recherches sur l'equilibre des voutes. Academie Royale des Sciences. Memoires, 1774 (published 1778), pp. 534-66, ill., and Nouvelles recherches sur l'equilibre des voutes en dome. Academie Royale des Sciences. Memoires, 1776 (published 1779), pp. 587-96, ill. 6. Southern, J. On the equilibrium of arches. Philosophical magazine, vol. 11, pp. 97-107. 7. Wyatt, S. Specification of the patent . . . for his invention of a new art, or method of making and constructing bridges, warehouses, and other buildings, without the use of wood, as a necessary part thereof.... Repertory of arts and manufactures, vol. 14, pp. 145-9, ill. See 2 above. 1802 8. (E. L.) (Bridges). Monthly magazine, vol. 14, pp. 214-15. 9. Sur le nouveau pont de fer de six cent pieds d'ouverture, projete pour la ville de Londres. Annales des arts et manufactures, vol. 7, pp. 208-18. 10. Atwood, G. Dissertation on the construction and properties of arches. Monthly magazine, vol. 13, p. 64. (R) 11. Hutton, C. (London bridge). Monthly magazine, vol. 14, pp. 27-31. 12. Hutton, C. (Principles of bridges). Monthly magazine, vol. 13, p. 645. (R) 13. Hutton, C. (Principles of bridges). Monthly magazine, vol. 14, pp. 213-14. 14. Woods, J. (London Bridge). Monthly magazine, vol. 13, pp. 545-7. 1803 15. Embellisements de la ville de Paris. Recueil polytechnique des ponts et chaussees, vol. 1, cahier 4, pp. 48-9. 16. Pont de Cite construit en bois, pierres, fer, . . . de cuivre rouge. Recueil polytechnique des ponts et chaussees, vol. 1, cahier 3, pp. 40-4, ill. 17. [J. D.] Sur le pont qui se construit a Paris entre le Louvre et les Quatre-Nations, et sur les experiences faites pour en constater la solidite. La Societe philomathique. Bulletin des sciences, 7e Annee, vol. 3, no. 78, pp. 134-5, ill. 18. Wilson, T. Specification of a patent . . . for uniting, continuing and connecting the metallic patent blocks of Rowland Burdon. Repertory of arts and manufactures. 2nd series, vol. 3, pp. 87-8, ill. 19. Wyatt, S. Beschreibung einer neuen Erfindung, um Briicken, Magazine. ... Magazin aller neuen Erfindungen, Entdeckungen und Verbesserungen, vol. 2, pp. 12-15, ill. See 1 above.

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1804 20. Account of the bridge which is constructing at Paris between the Louvre and the Hotel de Quatre Nations, and of the experiments made to ascertain its stability. Repertory of arts and manufactures, 2nd series, vol. 4, pp. 456-8, ill. From 17 above. 21. Description des ponts en fer et en bois et fer construits a Paris. Annales des arts et manufactures, vol. 16, pp. 321-32, ill. 22. Pont des Arts. Recueil polytechnique des ponts et chaussees, vol. 1, Cahier 10, pp. 152-6; cahier 11, pp. 157-9 (150-1). 23. Le Pont des Arts. Recueil polytechnique des ponts et chaussees, vol. 1, cahier 11, supplement p. 75. 24. Pont de Nemours. Recueil polytechnique des ponts et chaussees, vol. 1, cahier 11,p. 151. 25. Ville de Paris. Recueil polytechnique des ponts et chaussees, vol. 1, cahier 13, pp. 196-203. 26. Sokolnicki. (Military bridge over Niemen at Grodno 1792). Bibliotheque britannique, vol. 25, pp. 335- . 1805 27. (Aqueduct on Grand Junction Canal. Stoney Stratford), in Provincial occurrences—Northamptonshire. Monthly magazine, vol. 20, p. 284. 28. Beschreibung einer Briicke von einem einzigen Bogen, welcher 180 Fuss oeffnung hat und bis auf 210 Fuss vergrossert werden kann. Neues Magazin aller neuen Erfindungen, Entdeckungen und Verbesserungen, vol. 1, pp. 145-8, ill. See Perrault, C. Pont de bois d'une seule arche de trente toises de diametre pour traverser la Seine etc. in (for example) Machines approuves par l'Academie royale des sciences. M. Gallon, vol. 1, 1735. 29. Description des voussoirs employes dans le pont de fer de Staines sur la Tamise, en Angleterre. Annales des arts et manufactures, vol. 18, pp. 16971, ill. 1806 30. Gewichtsbrucken (Ponts a bascule). Magazin aller neuen Erfindungen, Entdeckungen, und Verbesserungen, vol. 5, p. 365. 1807 31. Pont du Grand Napoleon. Recueil polytechnique des ponts et chaussees, vol. 2, cahier 2, p. 100. 32. Guermente, G. Description d'un pont projete pour Bordeaux, sur la Garonne, par M. Caupenne. Recueil polytechnique des ponts et chaussees, vol. 2, cahier 22-3, pp. 344-5. 33. Palmer, J. Specification of the patent granted . . . for a new method

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Bridges: a Bibliography of Articles Published in 1800-1829

of constructing and erecting bridges. Repertory of arts and manufactures, 2nd series, vol. 11, pp. 329-30. 1808 34. The New bridge at Vauxhall. . . . Monthly magazine, vol. 26, p. 484. In Incidents . . . etc. 35. A Statistical account of the Schuylkill permanent bridge. The Portfolio, vol. 5, pp. 168-71, 182-7, 200-4, 222-4. 36. Ueber eine neulich ausgefuhrte Erfindung wohlfeiler und dauerhaster Briicken. Magazin alter neuen Erfindungen, Entdeckungen und Verbesserungen, vol.8, pp. 54-7. 37. Ferroni, S. Delia Vera curva degli archi del ponte a S. Trinita di Firenze; discorso geometrico-storico. Societa Italiana delle Scienze. Memori di matematica e difisica, vol. 14, pp. 8-48, ill. 38. United States. Report of the Secretary of the Treasury . . . relative to public roads and canals. April 1808 ... The want of bridges Monthly magazine, vol. 26, p. 344. 1809 39. Dodd, R. Specification of the patent . . . for improved bridge floorings or platforms, and fire proof floorings and roofings for extensive dwelling houses, warehouses, and mills. Repertory of arts and manufactures. 2nd series, vol. 14, pp. 145-7. 40. Dodd, R. (Specification of the patent) . . . for improved bridge floorings Monthly magazine, vol. 27, p. 172. 41. Elmes, J. Description of portable bridge. Philosophical magazine, vol. 33, pp. 10-12, ill. 1810 42. Finlay, J. A description of the patent chain bridge. The Portfolio, vol.3, no. 6, pp. 441-53. 43. Raper, F. V. Narrative of a survey for the purpose of discovering the sources of the Ganges. Asiatick researches, vol. 11, pp. 446-566. See p. 492. 1811 44. Chain bridge . . . over the river Merrimack, in Literary and philosophical intelligence—America. Monthly magazine, vol. 31, p. 361. 45. (New aqueduct cast iron bridge of the Grand Junction Canal, near Stoney Stratford.) in Provincial occurrences—Buckinghamshire. Monthly magazine, vol. 31, p. 191.

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46. Some account of the different theories of arches or vaults, and of domes Philosophical magazine, vol. 38, pp. 387-91, 409-20, ill. 47. Bentham, S. Specification of the patent ... secure economical mode of laying foundations, and in some cases of proceeding with the superstructure of works of stone or of brick, or other artificially composed materials, particularly applicable to the projection of wharfs and piers into deep water, to the construction of bridges.... Repertory of arts and manufactures. 2nd series, vol. 20, pp. 1-18, ill. 48. B.(oswell), J. W. Remarks on the construction of iron-bridges, particularly on that intended to be erected over the Thames from Bankside to Queen-Street, in the City of London, to be called the Southwark Bridge. Repertory of arts and manufactures. 2nd series, vol. 19, pp. 340-6, ill. 49. Flindall, J. M. (London bridge). Monthly magazine, vol. 32, pp. 340-1. 50. Guppy, S. (Patent for) a mode of erecting and constructing bridges and railroads without arches or sterlings.... Monthly magazine, vol. 32, pp. 256-7, p. 588. 51. Guppy, S. Specification of the patent granted ... for a mode of erecting and constructing bridges and railroads without arches or sterlings, whereby the danger of being washed away by floods is avoided. Repertory of arts and manufactures. 2nd series, vol. 19, pp. 215-16. 52. Palmer, J. Patent chain footbridge . . . Marshal, Flutton & Co. Monthly magazine, vol. 32, p. 583.

1812 53. Eisernebriicken. Allgemeine Handlungs-Z^itung, vol. 19, p. 963. 54. Some account of the methods of laying the foundations of bridges, etc. Philosophical magazine, vol. 39, pp. 409-13. 55. Bentham, S. Specification of the patent . . . for a new mode of excluding the water of the sea, of rivers, or of lakes, temporarily, during the execution of underwater works of masonry or other materials. Repertory of arts and manufactures. 2nd series, vol. 21, pp. 129-37, ill. 56. Boswell, J. W. Methods of constructing centreing frames for arches, between abutments and piers, without any support from piles or props beneath. Repertory of arts and manufactures. 2nd series, vol. 20, pp. 73-81. 57. Boswell, J.W. On piers of iron bridges, and a cheap mode of constructing iron bridges. Repertory of arts and manufactures. 2nd series, vol. 20, pp. 144-9. 58. Boswell, J. W. On the economical construction of the piers of bridges. Repertory of arts and manufactures. 2nd series, vol. 21, pp. 90-8. 59. Hennert, J. F. Verhandeling over de Ophaalbruggen. Koninklijk JVederlandsche Institut van Wetenschappen, Letterkunde ... Verhandelingen der eerste klasse, vol. 1, pp. 13-29. Written 1809. 60. (Montpetit, A. V. de.) Project for building an iron bridge of one arch,

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Bridges: a Bibliography of Articles Published in 1800-1829

from 120 to 600 French feet span. Designed by an eminent French engineer. Repertory of arts and manufactures, vol. 20, 1812, pp. 350-60, ill. Taken from: A. V. de Montpetit. Prospectus d'un pont de fer d'une seule arch ... Paris, 1783. 61. Telford, T. Extract from . . . report to a Committee of the House of Commons on the construction of a bridge over the Straights of the Menai. Repertory of arts and manufactures. 2nd series, vol.20, pp. 29-35, ill. (R) 1813 62. Eiserne Briicke. Allgemeine Handlungs-^eitung, vol. 20, p. 992. 63. Telford, T. Method of constructing an iron bridge, with one arch of extensive span. Proposed to be carried over the Menai between Anglesea and Caernarvonshire. Journal of natural philosophy, chemistry and the arts, vol.35, pp. 1-5, ill. (R) 1814 64. Bridges of Orissa Asiatick researches, vol. 15, pp. 336-8, ill. 65. Maxwell, J . I . (Waterloo Bridge). Monthly magazine, vol.37, pp. 404-05. 1815 66. Eiserne Briicke in Stockholm. Allgemeine Handlungs-^eitung, vol. 22, p. 899. 67. Lehigh chain bridge. (Mies') Weekly register, vol. 7, pp. 355-6. From: Philadelphia daily advertiser. 68. Neue Erfindung im Bruckenbau. Allgemeine Handlungs-^eitung, vol. 22, pp. 131-2. 69. Schicksal der ersten eisernen Briicke in Osterreich. Allgemeine HandlungsZeitung, vol. 22, pp. 502-03. 70. Susquenna bridge at Columbia, Pa. in (Robertus.) Illustrations of American manners, literature, art and politics. New monthly magazine, vol. 3, p. 329. 71. Burr, T. McCalPs Ferry Bridge. (Mies') Weekly register, vol. 9, pp. 200-02. 1816 72. Briicke aus Stricken. Allgemeine Handlungs-Zeitung, vol. 23, p. 279. 73. Chepstow bridge. New monthly magazine, vol. 6, pp. 173-4. 74. (B. F.) Expediency of building an iron bridge at Rochester. Monthly magazine, vol. 42, pp. 301-02. 75. Notes sur les ponts en fil de fer. Societe d3Encouragement pour UIndustrie Nationale. Bulletin, vol. 15, pp. 278-9. From 42 above.

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76. Some brief particulars respecting the Strand or Waterloo bridge erected over the Thames, at the Savoy, London. Philosophical magazine, vol.48, pp. 1-4, ill. 77. The wire bridge at the falls of Schuylkill.... New monthly magazine, vol.6, p. 181. 78. Dodd, (R). Tontine Waterloo bridge. New monthly magazine, vol.5, pp. 168-9. 1817 79. Briicke aus Eisendrath. Allgemeine Handlungs-^eitung, vol. 24, p. 28. 80. Description of the design and construction of the Waterloo bridge. Repertory of arts and manufactures. 2nd series, vol. 31, pp. 78-85, ill. 81. (Notes sur les ponts en fil de fer). Societe a"Encouragement pour I'Industrie Nationale. Bulletin, vol. 16, p. 63. From 42, see also 75. 82. (J. F.) On chain bridges. Philosophical magazine, vol. 49, pp. 371-5. 83. Some account of the bridge now building over the River Thames from the bottom of Queen-Street, Cheapside, to the opposite shore, to be called Southwark Bridge. Repertory of arts and manufactures. 2nd series, vol. 30, pp. 158-63, ill. 84. Southwark bridge. Repertory of arts and manufactures. 2nd series, vol.31, pp. 319-20. 85. A wire bridge . . . at Galashiels. New monthly magazine, vol. 6, p. 559. 86. (Dodd, R.) Iron bridges on the principle of tenacity. Philosophical magazine, vol. 50, pp. 389-91. 87. Dodd, R. Proposed patent iron bridge of tenacity, from Holborn Hill European magazine, vol. 72, pp. 120-1. to Snow Hill 1818 88. Cast iron bridge. Philosophical magazine, vol. 52, p. 234. 89. Chain bridge a t . . . Dryburgh Abbey. Monthly magazine, vol. 45, p. 192. 90. Chain bridge ... over the Menai at Bangor. Monthly magazine, vol. 45, p. 576. 91. Description of the design and construction of Vauxhall bridge. Repertory of arts and manufactures. 2nd series, vol. 32, pp. 211-18, ill. 92. The new bridge of York is opened for the passage of carriages etc. Monthly magazine, vol. 45, p. 87. 93. A new wooden bridge at Warrington. Monthly magazine, vol. 45, p. 570. 94. Southwark bridge. European magazine, vol. 73, p. 24; 127-28. 95. Staines bridge. European magazine, vol. 73, p. 134. 96. Douglas, H. An essay on the principles and construction of military bridges. Philosophical magazine, vol. 51, pp. 308-10. (R) 97. Hericart de Montplaisir. Note sur un pont de fer suspendu, propose pour etre execute en Angleterre. Societe a" Encouragement pour V Industrie Nationale. Bulletin, vol. 17, pp. 39-40; 69.

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Bridges: a Bibliography of Articles Published in 1800-1829

98. Loudon, J. C. Design for a bridge across the Mersey, at Runcorn. Annals ofphilosophy, vol. 11, pp. 14-28, ill. 99. McCarthy, J.J. A. Specification of the patent . . . for an invention of a road, or way, or passage across, rivers, creeks, and waters Repertory of arts and manufactures. 2nd series, vol. 33, pp. 199-200, ill. 100. Millington. The theory and important uses of the arch. {Quarterly) Journal of science and the arts, vol. 4, pp. 140-3. Part of a lecture at the Royal Institution. 101. Rennie, G. On the aqueduct of Alcantra. {Quarterly) Journal of science and the arts, vol. 5, pp. 281-91, ill. 102. Von Pechmann. Meine lesste Verbesserung uber den Briickenbogen des Bauinspector von Ransom. Polytechnische Verein im Konig-Reiche Bayern. Kunst und Gewerb-Blatt, vol. 4, pp. 693-6. 103. Von Pechmann. Uber die vorgeschlagene Verbesserung der Griibemannischen Briicken. Polytechnische Verein im Konig-Reiche Bayern. Kunst und Gewerb-Blatt, vol. 4, pp. 610-11. 104. Von Ransom. Beantwortung der Fragen uber die vorgeschlagene Verbesserung der Griibemannischen Briicken. Polytechnische Verein im KonigReiche Bayern. Kunst und Gewerb-Blatt, vol. 4, pp. 638-9. 105. Von Ransom. Versuch eine Verbesserung der Griibemannischen Briicken. Polytechnische Verein im Konig-Reiche Bayern. Kunst und Gewerb-Blatt, vol. 4, pp. 589-93, ill. Plate not seen. 106. Von Spann, F. Ueber eine neue Constructions Methode von holzernen Briicken mit 100 and mehr schuligen Foch-Oeffnungen. Polytechnische Verein im Konig-Reiche Bayern. Kunst und Gewerb-Blatt, vol.4, pp. 24-31, ill. 1819 107. Briicken. Allgemeine Handlungs-Zeitung, vol. 26, p. 678. 108. A description of a new military bridge, that may be made of short pieces of timber, and easily put together in any situation. Philosophical magazine, vol. 54, pp. 347-9, ill. 109. Geschichte und Beschreibung der Vauxhall Briicke. Kaiserliche Konigleichepolytechnische Institute in Wien. Jahrbuch, vol. 1, p. 443-? (?) See$\. 110. Grosse eiserne Briicke. Allgemeine Handlungs-^eitung, vol. 26, p. 291. 111. (G. W. T.) Letter from a gentlemen proceeding on a public mission into Tartary. Quarterly journal of literature, science and the arts, vol. 7, pp. 638, ill. 112. Neue Art hangender Briicke. Kaiserliche Kbnigleichepolytechnische Institute in Wien. Jahrbuch, vol. 1, p. 448. (?) 113. Neue Art schwimmender Briicke. Kaiserliche Konigleichepolytechnische Institut in Wien. Jahrbuch, vol. 1, p. 448. (?) 114. Neue Briicken. Allgemeine Handlungs-^eitung, vol. 26, p. 194. 115. Wire bridge. Philosophical magazine, vol. 53, p. 71.

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116. Taylor, W. On an easy method of widening bridges. Repertory of arts and manufactures. 2nd series, vol. 34, pp. 269-70. 117. (Telford, T.) Papers relating to the building of a bridge over the Menai Strait, near Bangor Ferry. From the Reports of the House of Commons. Repertory of arts and manufactures. 2nd series, vol. 35, pp. 35-53; 80-96; 142-55, ill. (R) 118. (Telford, T.) Report by the Select Committee of the House of Commons on Mr. Telford's plan for building a hanging iron bridge across the Menai Strait. Philosophical magazine, vol. 54, pp. 11-19, ill. (R) 1820 119. Arts mecaniques-pont en chaines. Revue encyclopedique, vol. 8, p. 403. 120. Briicke mit eisernen Ketten. Allgemeine Handlungs-^eitung, vol.27, p. 654. 121. Briicke von Seilen. Allgemeine Handlungs-^eitung, vol. 27, p. 335. 122. Chain bridge. Philosophical magazine, vol. 56, p. 314. 123. Essex—an iron bridge in one span ... over the River Chalmer. Monthly magazine, vol. 50, p. 389. 124. The first chain bridge in Great Britain. New monthly magazine, vol. 14, p. 447. 125. Iron bridge over the river Chalmer. Philosophical magazine, vol.56, pp. 313-14. 126. Iron bridges. New monthly magazine, vol. 13, p. 725. 127. (F.M.) Iron bridges on a new construction. European magazine, vol. 78, pp. 236-7. 128. New bridge in India named after the present Governor General. Monthly magazine, vol. 50, pp. 503-04. 129. (Metzel, L.) Wiadomosci kraiowe z Warszawy. Gazecie, warszawskiej, 7 iii 1820, pp. 492-3. 130. Poyet, B. Improvement in iron bridges. New monthly magazine, vol. 13, p. 225. 131. (Poyet). Neue Briicke. Kaiserliche Konigleiche Polytechnische Institute in Wien. Jahrbuch, vol. 2, p. 487-? (?) 132. Raisz, K. Campmuller Ur altal Pest es Buda kozt a' Dunnu fabol epitendo hidnak modellja, mellyet Kozonseges, meytekintes vegett Pesten 1819-ki xber napjai ban a' Het-valazto Fejedelmek szalaban kitett. Tudomdnyos gyujtemeny, 1, pp. 126-8. 133. Robertson, G. Essay on the application of timber to the construction of a bridge. Highland Society. Prize essays and transactions, vol. 5, pp. 509-39, ill. 134. Stevenson, R. Bonaparte's fly bridge on the Scheldt at Antwerp. Annals ofphilosophy, vol. 16, pp. 269-73, ill.

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1821 135. Bruckenbau. Allgemeine Handlungs-J^eitung, vol. 28, p. 285. 136. (L.-S.B.) Etats-Unis-Massachusset-pont en chaines. Revue encycloencyclopedique, vol. 11, pp. 620-1. 137. (A. M—r.) Gironde-Bordeaux- pont sur la Garonne. Revue encyclopedique, vol. 10, pp. 454-7. Refers to article in Moniteur 7.3.1821. 138. Groningue- . . . pont romain. Revue encyclopedique, vol. 9, pp. 496-7. 139. (Hiingebrucken). Morgenblatte, No. 282. (?) 140. Iron bridges—Carthage bridge. New monthly magazine, vol. 3, p. 178. 141. Iron bridges. Quarterly journal of science, literature and the arts, vol. 11, p. 385. 142. Landes-Saint Sever. Revue encyclopedique, vol. 11, p. 656. 143. Memoria sulle strade e su' ponti militari. Revue encyclopedique, vol. 11, p. 155. (R) 144. Nouveau systeme des ponts, en bois et en fer forge. Revue encyclopedique, vol.9, p. 158. (R) 145. Pont de Louis XVIII. Revue encyclopedique, vol. 11, p. 656. 146. Delisle. Theorie et trace de la courbe de pont-levis a contre poids solidaires. La Societe d'Amateurs des Sciences . . . a Lille. Recueil des travaux, 1819— 1822, pp. 78-80, ill. Paper read 20 April 1821, published 1823. See also 240, 241 below. 147. Gilbert, D. On some properties of catenary curve with reference to bridges by suspension. Quarterly journal of science, literature and the arts, vol. 10, pp. 230-5. 148. Mellet. Memoire sur un pont en cables de fer, de 500 pieds d'ouverture. Annates de Vindustrie nationale, vol. 2, pp. 156-69. 149. Stern, A. and Skrodzki, J. K. Rapport. O doswiadczeniu z zelaznym -rahcuchem zawieszonym obuma koncami przy cegielni Pulkowskiey, iako wzorem naturalney wielkosci tycrrrancuchow, ktore maj a stuzyc do dzwigania projektowanego mostu na Wisle-Uczyniony Towarzystwu Krolewskiemu Warsawskiemu Przyjaciol Nauk w Maiu, 1820 roku. Rocznikach Towarzystwa Krolewskiego Warsawskiego Przyjaciol Nauk, vol. 14, pp. 230-51. 150. Stevenson, R. Description of bridges of suspension. Edinburgh philosophical journal, vol. 5, pp. 237-56, ill. 151. Town, I. A description of . . . improvement in the construction of wood and iron bridges. American journal of science and arts, vol.3, pp. 15866, ill. 1822 152. Ardeche-pont en fil-de-fer. Revue encyclopedique, vol. 16, pp. 408-09. 153. Are we to have a new bridge or an altered one. Monthly magazine, vol. 54, pp. 117-18. 154. Capt. Brown's suspension bridge across the Tweed. Monthly magazine, vol. 54, pp. 64-6, ill.

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155. Capt. Brown's suspension pier at Brighton. Monthly magazine, vol. 54, p. 242, ill. 156. Eine der schonste Bnicken der Welt ist die auf der Insel Sevasamooda (Ostindien). Allgemeine Handlungs-^eitung, vol. 29, p. 516. 157. A great bridge. (H. Mies) Weekly register, vol. 23, p. 179. From The Times 24.8.19. 158. (Hange bnicken). Wiener £eitschrift, March 1822. (?) Possibly Oesterreichisch-Kaiserliche privilegierte Wiener Zeitung. 159. Kettenbriicke. Allgemeine Handlungs-^eitung, vol. 29, pp. 618-19. 160. Mosty naiancuchach zelaznych. Rozmaitosci, pp. 407-08; 411-12. (?)

161. The New London Bridge. Monthly magazine, vol. 54, p. 160. 162. Note sur un pont suspendu, en fer forge, construit en Angleterre. La Societe d'encouragement pour Vindustrie nationale. Bulletin, vol. 21, p. 399. 163. Pont suspendu. Bibliotheque universale. Science et arts, vol. 21, p. 196. 164. Brown, S. Description of the Trinity Pier of suspension at Newhaven, near Edinburgh. Edinburgh philosophical journal, vol. 6, pp. 22-7, ill. 165. Cavenne. De l'emploi du mastic sur le platelage des ponts. Societe Roy ale d'Agriculture, Histoire Naturelle et Arts Utiles de Lyon. Compte rendu des travaux, pp. 262-7. 166. Pictet, (M.A.) Notice sur un pont construit en fil de fer pres d'Annonay Bibliotheque universale. Science et arts, vol. 21, pp. 123-41. See also 175, 176, 177. 167. Prechtl, J.J. (see also Reinscher, M.) Opisanie nowego mostu drewniago na arkadzie wystawionego w modelu. Izys Polska, vol. 2, part 2, pp. 454-6, ill. 168. Reinscher, M. Beschreibung einer holzernen Bogenbriicke-eigener Art, in Modelle.... Kaiserliche Konigleiche Polytechnisch Institut in Wien. Jahrbuch, vol.3, pp. 119-28, ill. 169. Stevenson, R. Beschreibung der Hangebriicken. Verein zur Berfbrderung des Gewerbfleisses in Preussen. Verhandlungen, vol. 1, pp. 115-28, ill. Translated by Behrnauer; from 150.

1823

170. Bridge of the Ssa Trinita, over the Arno, at Florence. Quarterly journal (R) of science, literature and the arts, vol. 14, pp. 225-6. 171. Briicke aus Draht. Kaiserliche Konigleiche Polytechnische Institut in Wien. Jahrbuch, vol. 4, pp. 571-2. Claims to be from American magazine article. 172. Briicke aus Eisendrath. Allgemeine Handlungs-Zjeitung, vol. 30, p. 297. 173. Cantal-Riom-Mecanique. Revue encyclopedique, vol. 19, p. 256. 174. Description d'un pont suspendu, en fer, construit sur la riviere de Tweed, pres de Berwick, en Angleterre. La Societe d?encouragement pour Vindustrie nationale. Bulletin, vol. 22, pp. 325-31, ill.

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Bridges: a Bibliography of Articles Published in 1800-1829

175. Economical bridge. Quarterly journal of science, literature and the arts, vol. 15, p. 136. FromPictet, 166 (1822). 176. Economical bridge. London journal of arts and sciences, vol.5, pp. 2723. 177. Die Ekonomische Hange briicke. (Dinglers) Polytechnisches Journal, vol. 11, pp. 257-8. From 176. 178. Floating bridge. Asiatic journal, vol. 16, p. 483. From Sydney gazette December 6 ?1822?. 179. The great chain bridge over the Menai Straits. (//. Niles) weekly register, vol. 25, p. 136. 180. (D—g). Holland-archeologie-ponts anciens trouves dans les marais de la Drenthe. Revue encyclopedique, vol. 19, pp. 487-9. 181. In Berlin ward am 22 Nov. die neue Friederichsbrucke eroffnet. Allgemeine Handlungs-^eitung, vol. 30, p. 592. 182. Iron bridges of suspension in India. Asiatic journal, vol. 15, pp. 60-1. 183. Kettenbriicke. Allgemeine Handlungs-^eitung, vol. 30, pp. 82-3. 184. Kettenbriicke bei Tain uber die Rhone. Allgemeine Handlungs-^eitung, vol. 30, p. 82. 185. Kettenbriicken. Allegemeine Handlungs-J^eitung, vol. 30, p. 578. 186. Notice sur les ponts en fil de fer. Annales de Vindustrie nationale et etrangere, vol. 11, pp. 285-93, ill. 187. Observations on the project of taking down and rebuilding London Bridge. Quarterly journal of science, and the arts, vol. 15, pp. 267-78; vol. 16, pp. 27-35, ill. 188. Possessions anglaises—Kally ghant. Revue encyclopedique, vol. 20, p. 672. From Asiatic Journal, 182 above. 189. Rope bridge erecting at Calcutta. Asiatic journal, vol. 16, p. 482. From Calcutta Govt. Gazette. 190. Rope bridge of tension and suspension. (H. Mies) weekly register, vol.25, p. 151. From Calcutta paper of 5 April. 191. Suspension bridge over the Menai Strait at Bangor. Quarterly journal of science, and the arts, vol. 15, p. 367. 192. Suspension bridge to be erected over Tolly's Nullah. Asiatic journal, vol. 16, pp. 347-9. From John Bull. 193. Tenacity of iron wire. Quarterly journal of science and the arts, vol. 15, pp. 373-4. From Bibliotheque universale. Science et arts vol. 22, pp. 220-2. See 197 below. 194. Drossbach. Ueber den Bau grosser Brucken aus Werkstucken. Polytechnische Vereinfur das Konigreich Baiern. Neues Kunst- und Gewerbblatt, vol. 9, pp. 202-03. 195. Dufour, G. H. Considerations sur les ponts en fil de fer et experiences y relatives. Bibliotheque universelle. Science et arts, vol. 22, pp. 51-7.

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196. Dufour, G. H. Experiences sur la force des fils de fer. La Societe de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Geneve, vol. 2, part 1, pp. 123-44, ill. 197. Dufour, G. H. Experiences sur la tenacite du fil de fer eprouvee dans les temperatures tres differentes. Bibliotheque universelle. Science et arts, vol. 22, pp. 220-2. 198. Lame, G. ^/z^Claypeyron, E. Memoiresurlastabilitedes voutes. Annales des mines, vol. 8, pp. 789-836, ill. Contains report by Dupin and Prony to PAcademie royale des sciences. Concerned largely with the design of a dome. 199. Pictet, M.A. Notice sur deux ponts suspendus, Geneva. Bibliotheque universelle. Science et arts, vol. 23, pp. 305-22, ill. 200. Seaward, J. Observations on suspension chain bridges, with an improved method of forming the supporting chains. Philosophical magazine, vol. 62, pp. 425-33, ill. 201. Seaward, J. On suspension chain bridges. Mechanics magazine, vol. 1, pp. 339-40. 202. Smart, G. . . . An improvement in the manufacture of chains. London journal of arts and sciences, vol. 5, pp. 233-5, ill. 203. Smart, G. Verbesserung in Versertigung der Ketten, oder mathematische Ketten. (Dinglers) Polytechnisches Journal, vol.11, pp. 307-08, ill. From 202. 204. Stevenson, R. Beschreibung hangender Briicken. [Dinglers) Polytechnisches Journal, vol. 10, pp. 264-75, 397-406, ill. From Repertory of arts, 206 below, with annotations. 205. Stevenson, R. Description historique des ponts suspendus. Annales de rindustrie nationale et etrangere, vol. 9, pp. 113-53, ill. From Edinburgh philosophical journal, vol. 5, 1821, see item 150; and Pictet, Bibliotheque universelle, vol. 21, 1822, see item 166 above. 206. Stevenson, R. Description of bridges of suspension. Repertory of arts, manufactures and agriculture. 2nd series, vol. 42, pp. 153-66, 219-30, ill. From 150. 207. Ware, S. On the curvature of the arches of the Bridge of the Holy Trinity, Florence. Quarterly Journal of science and the arts, vol. 15, pp. 1-7, ill. 208. Zakrzewski, H. O Mostach wiszacych. Izys polska, vol. 1, 1823/24, pp. 206-24, ill. 1824 209. Berlin, 17 Juli . . . neue Spree Kanal. Allgemeine Handlungs-^eitung, vol. 31, p. 364. 210. Briicken in Wien. Allgemeine Handlungs~£eitung, vol. 31, p. 301. 211. Chain bridge over the Tamar. Quarterly journal of science and the arts, vol. 16, p. 155. 212. Eiserne Briicken. Allgemeine Handlungs-^eitung, vol. 31, p. 182. 213. (A. F.) Essai sur les principes . . . des ponts militaires . . . par H. Douglas; traduit . . . J. P. Vaillant. Revue encyclopedique, vol.22, pp. 17072. (R)

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Bridges: a Bibliography of Articles Published in 1800-1829

214. (Frankreich). Polytechnische Vereinfiir das Konigreich Baiern. Monatsblatt fiir Bauwesen und Landsverschonerung, vol. 4, p. 28. 215. (Grossbritannien). Polytechnische Vereinfiir das Konigreich Baiern. Monatsblatt fur Bauwesen und Landsverschonerung, vol. 4, p. 28. 216. In Krain ist eine Kettenbriicke zu Sava. Allgemeine Handlungs-^eitung, vol. 31, p. 615. 217. In London . . . eine hangende 2400 fuss lange Kettenbriicke. Allgemeine Handlungs-^eitung, vol. 31, p. 231. 218. Iron bridge of suspension over the Thames. Register of the arts and sciences, vol. 1, p. 171. 219. Kettenbriicke in Deutschland. Allgemeine Handlungs-^eitung, vol. 31, p. 307. 220. Kettenbriicke in Deutschland. Elbe Blatter Polytechnischen Inhalts, vol. 8, p. 215. (?) 221. Kettenbriicke in Mahren. Allgemeine Handlungs-^eitung, vol. 31, p. 403. 222. Die neue Kettenbriicke in Mahren. Polytechnische Vereinfiir das Konigreich Baiern. Meues Kunst- und Gewerbblatt, vol. 10, p. 231. 223. New London Bridge: the design decided upon. Register of the arts and sciences, vol. 1, pp. 24-6, ill. 224. Petit Vey (Calvados)—Achevement du Pont de Petit Vey. Revue encyclopedique, vol. 23, pp. 248-9. 225. Rope bridge of suspension directed to be constructed by a native. Asiatic journal, vol. 17, pp. 278-9. From Calcutta Govt. Gazette, 21 August 1823. 226. Rope bridges in India. Asiatic journal, vol. 18, pp. 390-1. 227. Russland. Polytechnische Vereinfiir das Konigreich Baiern. Monatsblatt fiir Bauwesen und Landesverschonerung, vol. 4, p. 12. 228. Saint Petersburg-Pont suspendu en chaines. Revue encyclopedique, vol. 23, p. 746. 229. Suspension bridge of iron wire, at Geneva. Register of the arts and sciences, vol. 1, pp. 133-4. From Bibliotheque universelle. 230. Suspension bridges. Monthly magazine, vol. 58, pp. 227-8. 231. Suspension bridges. (H. Miles) Weekly register, vol. 27, p. 57. 232. Ueber Ankerketten, eiserne Kriegs- und Kauffahrtee-Schiffe und eiserne Fasser. Verein zur Beforderung des Gewerbfleisses in Preussen. Verhandlungen, vol. 13, pp. 45-55, ill. 233. Ueber Draht- und Kettenbriicken. (Dinglers) Polytechnisches Journal, vol. 13, p. 275. From Mercure technologique, December 1823, p. 285. 234. Brown, S. On the proposed plan of erecting a patent wrought iron bridge of suspension, over the Thames, near Iron Gate, and Horsleydown. (Gill's) Technical repository, vol. 5, pp. 290-301. 235. (Brown, S.) Proposed bridge of suspension over the Thames from Tower Hill to Bermondsey. Register of the arts and sciences, vol. 1, pp. 236-8. From 234.

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236. Brown, S. Uber den Plan einer neuen eisernen Hangebriicke zu London. (Dinglers) Polytechnisches Journal, vol. 14, p. 263. From 234. 237. Buchanan, G. Proposed suspension bridge, Montrose. Edinburgh philosophical journal, vol. 11, pp. 140-56, 267-81, ill. 238. Burg, A. Geschichtliche und wissenschaftliche Darstellung der bis auf die neueste Zeit, vorzuglich in England and Schottland, ausegefuhrten und vorgeschlagen Draht-, besonders aber Kettenbriicken. Kaiserliche Kbnigleiche Polytechnische Institut in Wien. Jahrbuch, vol. 5, pp. 289-329, ill. 239. Cochard. Sur les ponts en fil de fer par M Seguin aine. Societe royale d} agriculture, histoire naturelle et arts utiles de Lyon. Compte rendu des travaux. 1823-1824, pp. 232-4. 240. Delille (sic). Theorie et trace de la courbe du pont-levis a contre poids solidaires. Bulletin universel des sciences et de Vindustrie. Sect. V. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 2, pp. 42-3, ill. See 146 above. 241. Delisle. Theorie et trace de la courbe du pont-levis a contre poids solidaires. Societe a"encouragement pour Vindustrie nationale. Bulletin, vol. 23, pp. 14-16, ill. See 146 above. 242. Dufour, G. H. Description du pont en fil de fer construit a Geneve. Bibliotheque universelle. Sciences et arts, vol. 24, pp. 280-99. 243. Dufour, G. H. Description du pont suspendu en fil de fer, construit a Geneve. Bulletin universel des sciences et de Vindustrie. Sect. V. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 1, pp. 115-19. 244. Dufour, G. H. Experiment on the tenacity of iron wire; suspension bridge of iron wire at Geneva. Glasgow mechanics magazine, vol. 1, pp. 234-6. From 245 and 257. Claims to be from 199 (1823, reprinted in 1833). 245. Dufour, G. H. Experiment on the tenacity of iron wire. Quarterly journal of science and arts, vol. 16, pp. 367-9. Claims to be from item 199 (1823); probably from items 195 and 197. See also 257. 246. Dufour, G. H. Ponts militaires par General H. Douglas. Bibliotheque universelle. Sciences et des arts, vol. 25, pp. 75-85. 247. Dufour, G. H. Remarks on iron wire suspension bridges. Quarterly journal of science and arts, vol. 17, pp. 147-8. From Bibliotheque universelle, vol. 24; see 242 above. 248. Girard, P. S. Rapport fait a l'Academie royale des sciences de lTnstitut de France sur un memoire relatif aux ponts en fil de fer, presente par M. Seguin. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Sect. V. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 1, pp. 112-15. 249. Graulhie, G. A machine . . . capable of being inclined in different degrees, adapted to the conveyance of persons and goods over water. London journal of arts and sciences, vol. 7, pp. 180-3. 250. Hanwell, W. (Improved bridge). Monthly magazine, vol.58, pp. 1819, ill.

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Bridges: a Bibliography of Articles Published in 1800-1829

251. (Herbertson). On suspension bridges, with a description of one recently erected across the River Kelvin near Glasgow. Glasgow mechanics magazine, vol. 1, pp. 337-40, ill. Reprinted 1833. 252. Moxon, J. D. Improvements in the construction of bridges. London journal of arts and sciences, vol. 8, pp. 123-25. 253. Moxon, J. D. Verbesserungen im Bau der Briicken und ahnlicher Gebau. (Dinglers) Poly technisches Journal, vol. 15, pp. 347-9. From 252. 254. Moxon, J. D. Verbesserungen in der Konstruktion der Briicken und ahnlicher Werke. Kaiserliche kbnigleiche polytechnische Institut. in Wien Jahrbuch, vol. 5, p. 487. Announcement of patent dated 9 November 1822. 255. Navier, C. L. M. H. Notice sur les ponts suspendus. Revue encyclopedique, vol. 22, pp. 13-25. (R) 256. (Navier, C. L. M. H.) Ponts et chaussees. Essai sur la construction des routes . . . par . . . J Cordier. Revue encyclopedique, vol.22, pp. 679-81. 257. (Pictet, M.A.) Suspension bridge of iron wire at Geneva. Quarterly journal of science and arts, vol. 16, pp. 369-70. 258. Seaward,J. Bermerkungen uberdenHangender Hange-briicken, nebst einer verbesserten Methoden in Bildung der Hange-Ketten oder Trag Stangen. {Dinglers) Polytechnisches Journal, vol. 13, pp. 417-25. From 200. 259. Seguin, M. Experiences sur la tenacite de la fonte de fer. La Societe d*encouragement pour Vindustrie nationale. Bulletin, vol. 23, pp. 373-4. 260. (Seguin, aine.) Des ponts suspendus en fil de fer. Revue encyclopedique, vol. 21, pp. 177-8. (R) 261. Smart, G. Patent iron bridge. Register of the arts and sciences, vol.2, pp. 49-51. 262. Vicat, L.J. Note sur un mouvement periodique observe aux voutes du pont de Souillac. Annales de chimie et de physique, vol. 27, pp. 70-9. 263. Vollhann, E. Nachrichten iiber die eisernen Briicken welche im Jahre 1821 auf der Eisengiesserei bei Gleiwitz in Oberschlesten gegossen wurden. Polytechnische VereinfUrBaiern. Neues Kunst-und Gewerbblatt, vol. 10, p. 240. 264. Wrigley, J. Suspension bridge erected across the Ouse, Derbyshire. Glasgow mechanics magazine, vol. 2, p. 68. 1825 265. fetablissement d'un pont en fer sur la Havel. Revue encyclopedique, vol. 27, p. 585. 266. Kettenbriicken in Mahren. Elbe Blatter Polytechnischen Inhalts, pp. 167, 294. (?) 267. Kettenbriicke in Russland. (Dinglers) Poly technisches Journal, vol. 16, p. 394. From Philosophical magazine, see 288 below.

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268. Kettenbriicke in Wien. Elbe Blatter Polytechnischen Inhalts, p. 384. (?) 269. Laying of the first great iron plate for the bridge at Menai Straits. Quarterly journal of science and arts, vol. 18, p. 367. 270. Menai bridge near Bangor, Caernarvonshire. Edinburgh journal of science, vol. 3, pp. 185-7. 271. Metamorphosis of the Shakespearian coir rope of suspension at Allypore into one of sylhet cane, or ground rattans. Asiatic journal, vol. 20, pp. 352-3. From Calcutta John Bull, 8 March 1825. 272. Notice sur le pont suspendu en chaine et fil de fer de Passy. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Sect. V. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 3, pp. 327-9. From 302. 273. Nouveau pont suspendu a Geneve. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Sect. V. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 3, p. 379. 274. (De M.) Nouveaux ponts. Revue encyclopedique, vol. 28, pp. 298-9. 275. Pont des Invalides. Revue encyclopedique, vol. 28, pp. 980-2. 276. Le Pont en fil de fer construit sur le Rhone par MM. Seguin, entre Tain et Tournon. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Sect. V. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 4, pp. 275-6. 277. The Pont roulant militaire. Asiatic journal, vol. 20, pp. 452-3. From Calcutta government gazette, 1 April 1825. 278. Pont suspendu, construit a Anglesey. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Sect. V. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 4, p. 274. From Journal des connaissances usuelles, vol. 1, p. 114. 279. Ponts . . . Annales de Vindustrie nationale et etrangere, vol. 19, p. 324. 280. Ponts de cables dans lTnde. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Sect. V. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 3, p. 379. From Madras Government Gazette, 16 September 1824. 281. Ponts en chaines. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Sect. V. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 4, pp. 330-1. From Le Globe, 14 June 1825. 282. Ponts en chaines en Moravie. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Sect. V. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 4, p. 334. From Allgemeine Handlungs-^eitung, 1824, p. 403; see 221 above. 283. Ponts en fer. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Sect. V. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 4, pp. 329-30. From Bolletino univers. di scienz. lettr. arti e politici, vol. 1 1825, p. 119. I have been unable to locate this periodical in the U.K. 284. Ponts suspendus—Inde anglaise. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Sect. V. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 4, p. 275. From GallignamVs messenger, 23 August 1825. 285. Rope bridges. Mechanics magazine, vol. 3, p. 310. 286. Rope bridges in India. Monthly magazine, vol. 59, p. 171. 287. Rope bridges in India. Philosophical magazine, vol. 65, pp. 171-2. 288. Russian chain bridge. Philosophical magazine, vol. 65, p. 73.

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Bridges: a Bibliography of Articles Published in 1800-1829

289. Seilbrucken in Indien. (Dinglers) Polytechnisches Journal, vol. 16, pp. 394-5. 290. The Shakespearian bridge. Asiatic journal, vol. 19, pp. 286-7. From Calcutta government gazette, 30 August 1824. 291. Suspension de la premiere chaine du pont de Bangor. Bibliotheque universelle des sciences. Science et arts, vol. 30, pp. 155-6. 292. Tenacity of chain bridge. Monthly magazine, vol. 60, pp. 435-6. 293. Tension and suspension bridge. Asiatic journal, vol. 20, pp. 225-6. 294. Tournon (Ardeche)—Pont suspendu en fil de fer. Revue encyclopedique, vol. 27, p. 922. 295. Uber Hangebriicken. [Dinglers) Polytechnisches Journal, vol. 16, pp. 137-8. 296. Vienne-6 septembre- Pont suspendu en chaines de fer—pont volant. Revue encyclopedique, p. 900. 297. Vue geometrale du pont sur le Dordogne, devant Liburne. Revue encyclopedique, vol. 25, p. 535. (R) 298. (A. M—r.) Vue geometrale du pont sur la Garonne. Revue encyclopedique, vol. 25, p. 535. (R) 299. Ainger, A. Centering for large stone arches. Society of Arts. Transactions, vol. 43, pp. 183-94, ill. 300. Bazaine, P. D. and others. D'un pont suspendu de 1022 pieds d'ouverture. Annates des mines, vol. 11, pp. 265-78. 301. (Delessert, B.) Hangebrucke aus Eisendraht auf einem seiner Guter zu Passy bei Paris. [Dinglers) Polytechnisches Journal, vol. 17, pp. 138-44, ill. 302. (Delessert, B.) Notice sur le pont suspendu en chaines en fil de fer, de Passy. La Societe a"encouragement pour Vindustrie nationale. Bulletin, vol. 24, pp. 33-8, ill. 303. Ferry. Description d'un pont en fil de fer. par Seguin aine. Revue encyclopedique, vol.26, pp.817-18. (R) 304. France. Ministre de VInterieur. Rapport au Roi . . . sur la situation des canaux, etc. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Sect. V. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 4, pp. 261-6. 305. Gerstner, F. R. von. Bemerkungen iiber die Festigkeit, Elastizitat und Anwendung des Eisens bei dem Bau der Kettenbriicken. Konigleiche bohmische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften. Abhandlungen. JVeuer Folge, vol. 1, May 1825. Republished 1827. 306. Lame, G. Sur les ponts de chaines de Russie et sur les resistances des fers employes dans leur construction. Annates des mines, vol. 10, pp. 311-30. See also 363 below. 307. Lemoyne, R. D. Moyens faciles de parvenir a fixer les conditions de l'etablissement des ponts suspendus. Revue encyclopedique, vol. 28, p. 206. (R) 308. Navier, C. L. M. H. Appareil employe pour verifier la force des chaines du pont des Invalides. Societe philomathique de Paris. [Nouveau) Bulletin des sciences, November 1825, pp. 163-5, ill. 309. Navier, C. L. M. H. Essais sur la construction des routes, des ponts suspendus, des barrages etc . . . par M.J. Cordier. Revue encyclopedique, vol. 26, pp. 657-70. (R)

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310. Pechmann. Eiserne Ketten und Drahtbriicken. Polytechnische Vereinfur das Kbnigreich Baiern. Kunst-und Gewerbe-Blatt, vol. 11, pp. 243-4. 311. Rochefoucauld, M. Le Due de la. Note sur le pont suspendu par des chaines en fil de fer, construit a Liancourt. La Societe nationale d3 encouragement pour rindustrie nationale. Bulletin, vol. 24, pp. 38-9. 312. Rochefoucauld, M. Le Due de la. Bericht iiber die von ihm erbaute Draht Kettenbriicke zu Liancourt. {Dinglers) Poly technisches Journal, vol. 17, pp. 144-5. From 311. 313. Seaward, J. Design of a bridge of one arch, of 600 feet span in cast iron, proposed to be erected across the Thames near the Tower. Repertory ofpatent inventions, vol. 1, pp. 324-7, ill. 314. Seaward, J. Observations on the rebuilding of London bridge . . . Repertory ofpatent inventions, vol. 1, pp. 285-95. (R) 315. Seguin. Description, measurement and estimate of a bridge of iron wire constructed over the river Galore at St. Vallier, in the Department of Isere. Repertory ofpatent inventions, vol. 1, pp. 241-52. (R) 316. Seguin, Aine. Description, metree, et estimation d'un pont en fil de fer, construit sur la Galore a Saint-Vallier, departement de ITsere. Bulletin universale des sciences et de rindustrie. Sect. V. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol.4, pp. 125-7, ill. (R) 317. Seguin, M. D'un nouveau pont en fil de fer sur le Rhone entre Tournon et Tain. Annales de rindustrie nationale et etrangere, vol. 20, pp. 166-8. 318. Shakespear, C. Portable bridge of suspension. Society of Arts. Transactions, vol. 43, pp. 160-72, ill. 319. Shakespear, C. Portable rope bridge. Mechanics magazine, vol.4, pp. 141-2. From 318. 320. Spath. Uber die Tragbarkleit der Union Kettenbriicke. [Dinglers) Polytechnisches Journal, vol. 17, pp. 146-51. 321. Vicat, L.J. Influence of temperature on stone bridges. Mechanics magazine, vol. 3, pp. 264-5. From 262. 322. Vicat, L.J. Ueber eine an den Bogen der Briicke zu Souillac beobachtete periodische Bewegung. Verein zur Befbrderung des Gewerbfleisses in Preussen. Verhandlungen, vol. 4, pp. 156-60, ill. From 262. 323. Voit, A. Uber schief stehende Briicken und Kanalgewolber. [Dinglers) Poly technisches Journal, vol. 17, pp. 29-39, ill. 324. Voit, A. Ursprung Verwollkommung und Nussen der Hangebriicken. Polytechnische Vereinfur das Kbnigreich Baiern. Kunst-und Gewerbe-Blatt, vol. 11, pp. 289-94, ill. 325. Von Ransom. Ueber die Tragbarkeit der Kettenbrucken. Polytechnische Vereinfur das Kbnigreich Baiern. Kunst-und Gewerbe-Blatt, vol. 11, pp. 350-1. 326. Webb, J. New London bridge; plan of a pier and starlings. Mechanics magazine, vol. 3, p. 331.

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Bridges: a Bibliography of Articles Published in 1800-1829

1826 327. Description of the great stone bridge of seventeen arches erected over the Garonne at Bordeaux. Edinburgh journal of science, vol. 4, pp. 260-4. 328. Drathbrucke zu Pest. Allgemeine Handlungs-^eitung, vol. 33, p. 581. 329. Eisendraht Briicke. Allgemeine Handlungs-Zjitung, vol. 33, p. 42. 330. Eroffnung der grossen Hangebriicke zu Menai. (Dinglers) Polytechnisches Journal, vol. 20, pp. 316-17. 331. First cast iron bridge. Mechanics magazine, vol. 6, p. 80. 332. Hangebriicke in Konigreiche Ungarn. Polytechnische Verein fur das Konigreich Baiern. Kunst-und Gewerbe-Blatt, vol. 12, pp. 612-14. 333. The Menai bridge. Register of the arts and sciences, vol. 3, pp. 255-6. From Literary gazette. 334. Nienburg Kettenbriicke. Elbe Polytechnischen Blatte Inhalts, p. 140- . (?)

335. Nouveau pont en fil de fer a Geneve. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 5, pp. 259-60. From Journal de Geneve, 9.2.1826. 336. Pont rustique suspendu dans lTnde. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 5, pp. 327-8. (R) From Asiatic journal, January 1826, p. 82. 337. Pont suspendu sur le detroit de Menai. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 5, pp. 260-1. 338. Shakespearian bridges. Asiatic journal, vol. 22, p. 438. From Calcutta government gazette, 2 March 1826. 339. The Shakespearian pont roulant militaire. Asiatic journal, vol. 21, p. 82. From Calcutta government gazette, 21 April 1825. 340. The Shakespearian rustic in the lower range of the Himalaya mountain. Asiatic journal, vol. 21, p. 82. 341. Sur les travaux des ingenieurs des voies de communication. Journal des voies de communication, vol. 5, pp. 1-18. See especially pp. 14-16. Published in 1827. Published simultaneously as 'O Trudakh" ofitserov" Korpusa Inzhenerov" Putei Soobshcheniya, £hur~ nal" puteisoobshcheniya, 5, pp. 1-21. Especially pp. 16-18. 342. Suspension bridge at Kidderpore. Asiatic journal, vol. 22, p. 593. From Calcutta government gazette, 23 March 1826. 343. Suspension chain bridge at Hammersmith. London journal of arts and sciences, vol. 12, p. 376. 344. Tenacity of iron, as applicable to chain-bridges. Quarterly journal of science, literature and arts, vol. 20, p. 162. (R) See 306. 345. Ueber die Nienburger Briicke; die Kettenbriicke iiber die Meerenge Menai, und die Kettenbriicke von Montrose; das Probiren und die Berechnung der Starke des Eisens. Verein zur Befbrderung des Gewerbfleisses in Preussen. Verhandlungen, vol. 5, pp. 65-92, ill. 346. Der Wahre Erfinder der Briicken aus Guss-Eisen. (Dinglers) Polytechnisches Journal, vol. 21, p. 85.

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347. Zufaz des Herausgebens des Edinburgh-Journals. (Dingiers) Polytechnisches Journal, vol. 20, pp. 428-30. 348. Ainger, [A.] Beschreibung neuer Bogen zum Baue der Briicken mit weiter Spannung vorschlagt. (Dinglers) Polytechnisches Journal, vol. 22, pp. 392-5, ill. See 299. 349. Ainger, A. Description de nouveaux cintres proposes pour etre employes dans la construction des arches de ponts a grande ouverture. Societe d'encouragement pour Vindustrie nationale. Bulletin, vol.25, pp.189, 256-8, ill. See 299. 350. Barres du Molard. Nouveau systeme.... Societe a"encouragement pour Uindustrie nationale. Bulletin, p. 392. 351. Bazaine, P. D. and others. Description d'un pont suspendu de 1022 pieds d'ouverture. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 5, pp. 256-7. From 300. 352. Clapeyron, B. P. E. Izvestie o rabotakh" sooruzhennykh v" Ekateringof. ^hurnal" putei soobshcheniya, vol. 4, pp. 58-65, ill. Published simultaneously as: Notice sur les travaux executes a Ekateringof. Journal des voies de communication, vol. 4, pp. 57-62, ill. 353. Cundy, N. W. A bird's eye view of the new patent counterbalance crane suspension bridge as proposed to be erected over the Grand Ship Canal from London to Portsmouth. Register of the arts and sciences, vol. 3, pp. 145-50, ill. 354. Delessert, B. Most wiszacy na drutach w Passy pod Paryzem. Izys Polska, vol. 1, pp. 397-403, ill. See 302. 355. Dufour, G. H. Lettre sur un nouveau pont suspendu en fil de fer etabli en 1825 sur les fosses d'enceinte de la ville de Geneve. Bibliotheque universelle des sciences. Science et arts, vol. 31, pp. 74-80. 356. Gilbert, D. On the mathematical theory of suspension bridges, with tables for facilitating their construction. Royal Society. Philosophical transactions, part 3, pp. 202-18. 357. Gilbert, D. On the mathematical theory of suspension bridges, with tables for facilitating their construction. Repertory of patent inventions, vol. 4, pp. 198-205, 265-75. From 356. 358. Hall, B. Description d'un pont suspendu en cordes de cuir etabli sur la riviere Maypo, dans le Chili. Bibliotheque universelle des sciences. Science et arts, vol. 31, pp. 174-7. From 359. 359. Hall, B. Account of a bridge of suspension made of hide ropes, in Chili. Edinburgh philosophical journal, vol. 14, pp. 52-5, ill. 360. Hall, B. Ueber eine Hangebrucke von seilen aus Thierhauten in Chile. (Dinglers) Polytechnisches Journal, vol. 20, pp. 426-8, ill. From 359.

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Bridges: a Bibliography of Articles Published in 1800-1829

361. Henry, P. Memoire sur Pemploi du fer dans les ponts suspendus. Journal des voies de communication, vol. 5, pp. 19-44. Also published as: Ob" upotreblenii zheleza pri sooruzhebii visyachikh" mostov". £hurnal" putelsoobshcheniya, vol. 5, pp. 22-45. See also 426. 362. Lagerhjelm, P. Om Svensk och Engelsk jernberedning. Svea, vol. 9, pp. 17-126. (See pp. 75-6.) 363. Lame, G. Memoire sur les ponts suspendus. Journal des voies de communication, vol. 3, pp. 49-71. Published simultaneously as: O Visyachikh" mostakh". Zhurnal" putd soobshcheniya, vol. 3, pp. 55-81, ill. 364. Lame, G. Sur les ponts en chaine de Russie et sur les resistances des fers employes dans leur construction. Bibliotheque universelle des sciences. Science et arts, vol. 30, pp. 509-26. See 306. 365. Lame, G. Tenacity of iron in chain bridges. Quarterly Journal of science, literature and the arts, vol. 20, p. 162. From 306. 366. Lame, G. Ueber die Kettenbriicken und iiber die Festigkeit des bei ihrem Bau angewendeten Eisens. Verein zur Befbrderung des Gewerbfleisses in Preussen. Verhandlungen, vol. 5, pp. 120-9. From 306. 367. Lame, G. and Clapeyron, B. P. E. Memoire sur la stabilite des voutes. Journal des voies de communication, vol. 1, pp. 28-36; vol. 2, pp. 15-26; vol. 3, pp. 35-48. Also published as: Ob"ustoichivosti svodov". £hurnal}} putei soobshcheniya, vol.1, pp. 29-37; vol.2, pp. 16-28; vol.3, pp. 39-54. (Vol.1 contains Prony's report; see item 198.) 368. Navier, C. L. M. H. Appareil pour verifier la force des chaines du Pont des Invalides a Paris. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Industrie. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 5, pp. 163-7, ill. From 308. 369. Navier, C. L. M. H. Vorrichtung zur Prufung der Starke der Kettenbriicke zu Paris. (Pont des Invalides). (Dinglers) Polytechnisches Journal, vol.20, pp. 226-31, ill. From 308. 370. Pictet, (M.A.) Iron wire suspension bridge across the Rhone at Annonay. Quarterly journal of science and the arts, vol. 21, p. 384. From 166. 371. Seaward, J. Description d'un pont d'une seule arche de 600 pieds, propose pour etre etabli sur la Tamise. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de rindustrie. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 5, p. 327. From 313. 372. Seguin, M. Description du pont en fil de fer, construit sur le Rhone entre Tournon et Tain. Bibliotheque universelle des sciences. Science et arts, vol. 31, pp. 81-6. 373. Seguin. Des ponts en fil de fer. 2e. edit. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol.5, pp. 261-2. (R)

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374. Seguin, aine. Des ponts en fil de fer. 2e. ed. Revue encyclopedique, vol. 29, pp. 512-13. (R) 375. Shakespear, C. On the substitution of the syllet-cane, or ground rattans, for coir ropes in the bridge of suspension erected at Allypore. (Gill's) Technological repository, vol. 8, pp. 156-8. From Calcutta Govt. Gazette. 376. Traitteur, G. de. Description des ponts en chaines executes a Saint (R) Petersburg en 1824. Revue encyclopedique, vol. 31, p.131. 377. Traitteur, G. de. Description des ponts en chaines executes a SaintPetersburg, en 1824. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 6, pp. 195-6. From Revue encyclopedique, July 1826, p. 131. 378. Vicat, L. G. Notice sur le pont de Souillac construit sur la Dordogne. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol.6, pp. 117-19. 1827

379. Ansichten der Kettenbriicke uber die Meerenge Menai. Verein zur Befbrderung des Gewerbfleisses in Preussen. Verhandlungen, vol. 6, p. 79. In Auszug aus den Protokollen der Monatlichen Versammlungen in den Monaten Marz und April des laufenden Jahres. 380. Beaux arts- architecture- Pont sur la Seine. Revue encyclopedique, vol. 34, pp. 816-18. 381. Eiserne Brucken. Allgemeine Handlungs-^eitung, vol. 34, pp. 513-14. 382. Hammersmith bridge. Mechanics magazine, vol. 8, p. 335. 383. Hangbriicke aus ledernen Seilen. Polytechnische Verein fur das Kohigreich Baiern. Kunst-und Gewerbe-Blatt, vol. 13, pp. 400-01. From 359. 384. Hangebriicken in Frankreich. Polytechnische Verein fur das Konigreich Baiern. Kunst-und Gewerbe-Blatt, vol. 13, pp. 23-5, 43, 72-3. 385. Hangebriicken in Frankreich. Kaiserliche Kbnigleiche Polytechnische Institut in Wien. Jahrbuch, vol. 8, pp. 262-7. (?) 386. Hangebrucken iiber Berge. Allgemeine Handlungs-^eitung, vol. 34, p. 421. 387. Iron bridge constructed near Potsdam American journal of science and arts, vol. 12, pp. 197-8. From 265. 388. Iron suspension bridges. Asiatic journal, vol. 24, pp. 760-1. From Calcutta government gazette, 26 April 1827. 389. Iron wire suspension bridge at Geneva. Franklin Institute journal and American mechanics magazine, vol. 3, 1st series, p. 211. 390. Iron wire suspension bridge at Geneva. Register of the arts and sciences, vol.4, p. 191. 391. Iron wire suspension bridge over the Rhone. Register of the arts and sciences, vol. 4, pp. 143-4. 392. Kettenbriicke zu Saaz. Allgemeine Handlungs-^eitung, vol. 34, pp. 533-4.

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Bridges: a Bibliography of Articles Published in 1800-1829

393. (H. B.) Letter on the subject of Mr. Rennie's plans. Repertory of patent inventions, vol. 5, pp. 358-60. 394. Misslingen der Hangebrucken zu Paris. [Dinglers) Polytechnisches Journal, vol. 25, p. 261. 395. (T. B.) (obbin). Narrative of the building of the Menai suspension bridge. Mechanics magazine, vol.7, pp. 105-06, 115-16, 135-6, 150-1, ill. 396. Necrologie-J. B. Launay. Revue encyclopedique, vol. 36, pp. 835-7. 397. Die neue Karlsbader Kaiser-Franzens-Briicke. Gesellschaft des Vaterlandischen Museums in Bohmen. Monatschrift, December 1827, pp. 17-26. 398. Neue Kettenbriicke zu Kremsier in Mahren. Polytechnische Vereinfur das Kbnigreich Baiern. Kunst-und Gewerbe-Blatt, vol. 13, p. 208. From: Berliner Nachricht. 1826. Kro. 290. 399. Neue Londoner Briicke. {Dinglers) Polytechnisches Journal, vol. 26, p. 362. From: 400. 400. The new London Bridge. Repertory of patent inventions, vol.5, pp. 11516. 401. Notice sur les travaux executes ou entrepris de 1823 a 1827 par les Ingenieurs de Voies de Communications. Journal des voies de communications, vol. 10, pp. 1-26, ill. Published simultaneously as Izvestie o rabotakh", proizvedennykh" ili predprinyatykh" inzhenerami putei soobshcheniya s" 1825 po 1827 god". Zhurnal" puteisoobshcheniya, vol. 10, pp. 1-26, ill. 402. Nouveau pont en chaines en Moravie. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de rindustrie. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 8, p. 189. From: Berliner Nachricht. 403. Remarks on the plans . . . by Mr. Rennie. Repertory of patent inventions, vol. 5, pp. 355-8. 404. Die Sophien-Briicke in Wien. Polytechnische Vereinfur das Kbnigreich Baiern. Kunst-und Gewerbe-Blatt, vol. 13, pp. 71-2. 405. Suspension bridge over the Neva at St. Petersburg. Franklin Institute. Journal and American mechanics magazine. 1st. series, vol. 3, p. 211. 406. Suspension bridge over the Neva at St. Petersburg. Register of the arts and sciences, vol. 4, pp. 79-81. 407. Barres du Molard. Nouveau systeme de ponts a grands portees. Bibliotheque universelle des sciences. Science et arts, vol. 34, pp. 318-23. (R) 408. Barres du Molard. Nouveau systeme de ponts a grands portees, ou moyen economique de construire des arches de toutes grandeurs. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Hindus trie. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 7, pp. 212-16, 277-82, 340-1, 341-3. (R) 409. Barres du Molard. Nouveau systeme de ponts a grands portees. Revue encyclopedique, vol. 34, pp. 195-6. (R) 410. Barres du Molard. Ponts a grands portees. Annales de I'industrie manufacturiere, vol. 2, pp. 158-66. (R) 411. Barres du Molard. Sur le nouveau systeme des ponts a grands portees. Bibliotheque universelle des sciences. Science et arts, vol. 35, pp. 142-54. (R)

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412. Bell, T. H. Design of a concatenary frame bridge. Mechanics magazine, vol.8, p. 104, ill. Bobbin, T. Narrative . . . etc. See Narrative of the building of the Menai suspension bridge.... (395) 413. Chotek, K. G. Actiengesellschaft zum Bau einer Kettenbriicke uberdie Moldau zu Prag. Gesellschqft des Vaterlandischen Museums in Bo'hmen. Monatschrift, vol. 1, June 1827, pp. 50-5. 414. Clark, W. T. Hangebriicke uber die Themse bei Hammersmith. (Dinglers) Polytechnisches Journal, vol. 26, pp. 273-7, ill. From 415. 415. Clark, W. T. An Account of the bridge of suspension erected over the River Thames, at Hammersmith. Repertory of patent inventions, vol.5, pp. 236-41, ill. 416. Davy, C. Mode adopted at London Bridge for throwing two arches into one. Register of the arts and sciences, vol. 4, pp. 439-41. 417. Delafons. Ponts de suspension. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 8, p. 88. From: The Star 2 March 1827. 418. Delisle. Notice sur un systeme de pont-levis a courbes. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 8, pp. 186-8. From: Paris. Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees. Collection lithographique. 419. (Douglas, H.) Beitrag zur Erweiterung der Kenntnitz der Seilbriicken. Polytechnische Vereinfiir das Konigreich Baiern. Kunst-und Gewerbe-Blatt, vol. 13, pp. 407-13, 423-7, ill. From Vaillant's French translation, 1824, of Douglas book on military bridges. (R) 420. Dufour, G. H. Sur un nouveau pont suspendu en fil de fer, etabli en 1825 sur les fosses d'enceinte de la ville de Geneve. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 7, pp. 58-61. 421. Ferry. Reclamation. Revue encyclopedique, vol. 36, pp. 833-5. 422. Gerstner (F.) Festigkeit und Anwendung der Eisens zum Briickenbau. Elbe Polytechnischer Blatte Inhalts, p. 281 -? (?) 423. Gilbert, D. On the mathematical theory of suspension bridges Quarterly journal of science, literature and the arts, vol. 22, pp. 329-30. (R) See 356 above. 424. Gilbert, D. Sur la theorie mathematique des ponts suspendus. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 7, pp. 330-1. (R) See 356 above. 425. Gilbert, D. Ueber die mathematische Theorie der Hangebrucken mit Tafeln. [Dinglers) Poly technisches Journal, vol. 25, pp. 1-18. From items 356 and 357. 426. Henry, P. Memoire sur l'emploi du fer dans les ponts suspendus. Journal des voies de communication, vol. 9, pp. 29-55. Also published in 1826 as: Ob" upotreblenii zheleza pri soorzhenii visyachikh" mostov". Zjxurnal" putelsoobshcheniya, vol. 9, pp. 33-64. See item 361.

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Bridges: a Bibliography of Articles Published in 1800-1829

427. Hollis, C. Proposed new bridge across the Thames from Lambeth to the Horseferry Road. Register of the arts and sciences, vol. 4, pp. 250-2, ill. 428. Lame, G. Sur les ponts de chaines en Russie et sur les resistances de fer employes dans leur constructions. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de rindustrie. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 8, pp. 86-8. (R) See items 306; 365. 429. Lenz, E. Ueber Erbauung von Kahnbriicken, oder Briicken auf kahnartigen Unterlagen an Art und Stelle des Ueberganges und in Ermanglung von Pontons. (Dinglers) Polytechnisches Journal, vol.24, pp. 185-212, ill. 430. Rennie, J. Report relative to the approaches to the new London bridge. Repertory ofpatent inventions, vol. 5, pp. 285-96, ill. 431. Robison, J. Account of the failure of the suspension bridge at Paris. Edinburgh journal of science, vol. 6, pp. 240-2, ill. 432. Schlosser. Beschreibung . . . holzernen Briicke. Verein zur Befbrderung des Gewerbfleisses in Preussen. Verhandlungen, vol. 4, p. 257. See 506. 433. (Thomas, P.) Hammersmith suspension bridge. Mechanics magazine, vol. 8, pp. 280-2, ill. 434. Thomas, P. Hammersmith suspension bridge. Mechanics magazine, vol. 8, p. 379. 435. Traitteur, G. Description des ponts en chaines executes a Saint Petersburg en 1824. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de rindustrie. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 8, pp. 355-6. (R) 436. Triest. Beschreibung eines Modells einer amerikanischen Briicke. Verein zur Befbrderung des Gewerbfleisses in Preussen. Verhandlungen, vol. 6, pp. 204-07, ill. Refers to Leeds Literary and Philosophical Society 1823. 437. Vicat, L. G. Observations sur les mouvemens periodiques du pont de Souillac. Annates de chimie et de physique, vol. 36, pp. 427-32.

1828 438. Approaches to new London Bridge. Mechanics magazine, vol. 10, p. 144. 439. Elevation et plan du pont suspendu en fil de fer construit sur la Charente a Jarnac par M. Quenot. Journal du genie civil, des sciences et des arts, no. 3, plate. 440. Hangebriicke iiber den Drac bei Grenoble. (Dinglers) Polytechnisches Journal, vol. 29, p. 309. 441. Die Kettenbriicke iiber die Meerenge Menai, die von Aber Conwy und Hammersmith. Vereinfur Befbrderung des Gewerbfleisses in Preussen. Verhandlungen, vol. 7, pp. 234-43, ill. 442. Lehigh chain bridge, at Allentown, partially destroyed by fire . . . Register of Pennsylvania, vol. 1, p. 240.

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443. The Lehigh chain bridge . . . has again broken down. Register of Pennsylvania, vol. 2, p. 306. From: Easton cen. 444. Die neue Ketten-Briicke in Wien. Polytechnische Vereinfiir das Konigreich Baiern. Kunst-und Gewerbe-Blatt, vol. 14, pp. 116-18. 445. New London Bridge. Mechanics magazine, vol. 10, p. 272. 446. Ponts de cordes suspendus. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 10, p. 177. From Asiatic journal, May 1828, p. 678; 453 below. 447. Pont des Invalides. Journal du genie civil, des science et des arts, vol. 1, pp. 442-69. 448. Pont des Invalides. Revue encyclopedique, vol. 38, pp. 268-71. From Moniteur 29 February 1828. 449. Pont en fil de fer de Serrieres. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 10, p. 293. From Nouv.journ. de Paris, 30.7.1828. 450. Pont sur le Tessin a Boffalova compare a ceux de Bordeaux et de Waterloo. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 10, pp. 76-8. From Ann. univ. di statist, econ. publ, vol. 9 1826, p. 71. 451. Pont suspendu dans la Grande Bretagne. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 10, pp. 81-2. From London and Paris observer, 27.4.1828. 452. Pont suspendu sur le Drac, pres Grenoble. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 9, pp. 372-3. From Courierfrancais, 7.2.1828. 453. Pont suspendu sur le Leek entre Franen et Vreeswyck. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 10, p. 82. From Correspondence mathe etphys, vol. 4, pt. 2, p. 1380. 454. Rope bridges of suspension. Asiatic journal, vol. 25, p. 678. From Calcutta government gazette, p. 514. 455. Suspension bridges. Mechanics magazine, vol. 9, pp. 175-6. 456. Verbesserung an Hangebrucken. (Dinglers) Polytechnisches Journal, vol. 29, p. 76. 457. Barres du Molard. Nouveau systeme de ponts a grands portees, ou moyen economique de construire des arches de toutes grandeurs. Journal du genie civil, des sciences et des arts, vol. 1, pp. 90-124, ill. 458. Bell, T. H. Rahmen-Hange-Briicke. {Dinglers) Polytechnisches Journal, vol. 27, p. 248, ill. From 412. 459. Bobbin, T. Description of a design for a suspension bridge over the Mersey at Runcorn, by Thomas Telford. Mechanics magazine, vol. 9, pp. 371-2, 427-8. 460. Bobbin, T. Historical account of iron bridges. Mechanics magazine, vol. 9, pp. 346-7. 461. Bobbin, T. On the tenacity of malleable iron. Mechanics magazine, vol.9, p. 141.

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Bridges: a Bibliography of Articles Published in 1800-1829

462. Clapeyron, B. P. E. Notice sur les travaux executes a Ekateringof. Journal du genie civil, des sciences et des arts, vol. 1, pp. 492-5, ill. From 352. 463. Clark, W. T. Notice sur le pont suspendu construit sur la Tamise. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Industrie. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 9, pp. 259-63, ill. From: 415. 464. Correard, A. Pont de 1'Archeveche. Journal du genie civil, des sciences et des arts, vol. 1, pp. 534-6. 465. Davy, C. Description of the suspension bridge now erecting at Hammersmith. Register of arts and journal of patent inventions. New series, vol. 1, pp. 17-20, ill. 466. Davy, C. Descriptive account of the suspension bridge now erecting at Hammersmith. Franklin Institute. Journal. New Series, vol. 1, pp. 218-21, ill. 467. Debia, P. Des ponts en fil de fer. Societe des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Tarn et Garonne. Recueil agronomique, vol. 11, pp. 225-34, ill. (R) 468. Eaton, A. Geological profile extending from the Atlantic to Lake Erie. American journal of science and arts, vol. 14, frontispiece. 469. Gunther. Beschreibung der Weidendammer Briicke zu Berlin. Verein zur Beforderung des Gewerbfleises in Preussen. Verhandlungen, vol. 7, pp. 86-93, ill. 470. Henry, P. Sur l'emploi du fer dans les ponts suspendus. Journal du genie civil, des sciences et des arts, vol. 1, pp. 219-36. &* 361, 426. 471. Jal, A. Le Pont Louis XVI. Journal du genie civil, des sciences et des arts, vol. 1, pp. 61-70. 472. Lame, G. Memoire sur les ponts suspendus. Journal du genie civil, des sciences et des arts, vol. 1, pp. 245-60. 473. Lame, G. Resultats d'experiences faites sur les fils de fer de Russie. Journal des voies de communications, vol. 12, pp. 53-60, table. Published simultaneously as: Vyvodi iz" opytov" proizvedennykh" nad" Rossiiskimi zheleznymi provolokami . . . ^hurnal" putei soobshcheniya, vol. 12, pp. 61-9. 474. Pennsylvania. Report on roads, bridges & canals; Tables 2 & 5: bridges. Register of Pennsylvania, vol. 2, pp. 295-7. 475. (Provis, W. A.) Zur Kettenbriicke von Menai. Verein zur Beforderung des Gewerbfleisses in Preussen. Verhandlungen, vol. 7, pp. 306-08. (R) 476. Robison, J. Sur le pont suspendu de Paris. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 9, pp. 183-8. From 431. 477. Smith, G. W. Notes on the internal improvement of Pennsylvania bridges. Register of Pennsylvania, vol. 1, p. 408. 478. Steiner, C. F. C. Systeme de pont de fer sans contreforts exterieurs. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 10, pp. 74-6, ill. From: Handwerk. und Kunstl. Fortschr. und Must. 479. Trevelyan, W. C. Description of the Winch bridge, the oldest suspension bridge in England. Edinburgh journal of science, vol. 9, pp. 332-3.

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480. Trevelyan, W. C. Description of the Winch bridge, the oldest suspension bridge in England. Philosophical magazine, vol. 4, pp. 386-7. 481. Vicat, L. G. Observations sur les mouvemens periodiques du pont de Souillac. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 9, pp. 373-6. From: 437. 482. Von Mitis, I. E. Versuche iiber die absolute Festigkeit einiger osterreichischen Stahlgattungen, und Vorschlag, dieses Material statt des Eisens zu Kettenbriicke und Ankertauen zu verwenden. ^eitschriftfur Physik und Mathematik, vol. 3, pp. 1-17. 483. Von Mitis, I. E. Versuche iiber die Starke und Elasticitat des Eisens und Stahles, mit Riicksicht auf die Verwendung dieser Materialen zu Ketten und Balken. £eitschrift fur Physik und Mathematik, vol.4, pp. 131-71, ill. 1829 484. The Bridges of London. Monthly magazine. New series, vol. 8, pp. 38-43. 485. Metropolitan improvements no. IV. Monthly magazine. New series, vol. 7, pp. 152-7. 486. The New London Bridge. Mechanics magazine, vol. 11, pp. 238-9. 487. The Norristown Bridge over the River Schuylkill. Register of Pennsylvania, vol. 4, p. 192. From Herald. 488. Notice sur les travaux des officiers du Corps des Ingenieurs des Voies de Communication de 1'Empire de Russie. Journal du genie civil, des sciences et des arts, vol. 5, pp. 225-49. (R) See pp. 244-5, from item 341 above. 489. Ainger, A. Method of trussing girders. Society of Arts. Transactions, vol. 48, part 1, pp. 99-104, ill. 490. Barres du Molard. Pont de Gournay-sur-Marne. Journal du genie civil, des sciences et des arts, vol. 4, pp. 176-85. 491. Clinton, D. Report on the upper line of the Juniata division, from Lewistown to Smith's Mills above Huntingdon. Register of Pennsylvania, vol.3, pp. 218-19. 492. Cordier, J. Essais sur la construction des routes, des ponts suspendus, des barrages, etc. Journal du genie civil, des sciences et des arts, vol. 4, pp. 577-602. (R) 493. Davy, C. A descriptive account of the principal bridges over the River Thames. Mechanics magazine, (1) vol. 12, pp. 2-4; (2) vol. 12, pp. 335; (3) vol.12, pp. 98-100; (4) vol.12, pp. 226-9; (5) vol.12, pp. 306-07; (6) vol. 12, (1830) pp. 386-8; (7) vol. 12, pp. 424-7; (8) vol. 12, pp. 456-8. Continued in vol. 13, 1830; vol. 15, vol. 16, 1831. 494. Debia, P. Bermerkungen des . . . iiber das System der unterspannten Briicken. (Dinglers) Polytechnisches Journal, vol. 34, pp. 23-7, ill. From 496.

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Bridges: a Bibliography of Articles Published in 1800-1829

495. (Debia, P.) Des ponts en fil de fer. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de rindustrie. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol.11, pp. 344-6, ill. (R) See 467 above. 496. Debia, P. Reclamation . . . concernant le systeme des ponts sous-tendus. Bulletin universelle des sciences et de Vindustrie. Bulletin des sciences technologiques, vol. 12, pp. 165-9, ill. 497. Debia, P. Ueber Drathbriicken. (Dinglers) Polytechnisches Journal, vol.33, pp. 161-2, ill. From 495. 498. Delafons, J. P. Model of a suspension bridge. Mechanics magazine, vol. 11, p. 68. 499. Deschamps. Extrait d'un rapport sur le projet d'un pont suspendu a etablir sur la riviere de l'lsle, a Libourne . . . communique par M. Navier. Journal du genie civil, des sciences et des arts, vol. 5, pp. 177-86. 500. Disney, J. An account of the chain bridge erected at The Hyde, Ingatestone, Essex, 1829. Quarterly journal of science and the arts, vol. 1, pp. 315-19, ill. 501. Grangez, E. Pont suspendu en fil de fer sur la Charente a Jarnac. Journal du genie civil, des sciences et des arts, vol. 2, pp. 186-90. Plate in vol. 1. 502. (Hall, B.) Ueber Hangebriicke aus Riemen in Chile. Kaiserliche Konigleiche Polytechnische Institut in Wien. Jahrbuch, vol. 10, pp. 166-8. (?) 503. Lame, G. and Clapeyron, B. P. E. Memoire sur la stabilite des voutes. Journal du genie civil, des sciences et des arts, vol. 5, pp. 68-90. 504. Lemoyne, R. D. Extrait d'un memoire a l'appui d'un projet de pont suspendu en fil de fer, pour Sarreguemines . . . riviere de Sarre. Journal du genie civil, des sciences et des arts, vol. 5, pp. 601-08, ill. 505. Rendel, J. M. Particulars of the construction of a cast iron bridge over the Lary near Plymouth. Plymouth Institution. Transactions, January 1829, pp. 99-115, ill. 506. Schlosser, A. Beschreibung einer holzernen Hangebriicke fur Fussganger oberhalb Montjoie iiber den Rorfluss nach dem Magdalenen Schieserbruch, und eines aus Brettem zusammengefugten Hauschens. Verein ZurBeforderungdesGewerbfleissesinPreussen. Verhandlungen, vol. 8, pp. 117-20, ill. 507. Wilden. Arches of bridges. Mechanics magazine, vol. 11, p. 304. 508. Von Mitis, I. E. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Ergenschaften des Gussund Stabeisens und die Stahls. £eitschrift fur Physik und Mathematik, vol. 6, pp. 43-88.

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P e r s o n a l N a m e Index* Adam, 298 Deschamps, C, 137, 145, 297, 298, 327, Ainger, A., 299, 348, 349, 489 ' 499 Allen, G., 485 Disney, J., 500 Anton, Erzehog, 69 Dodd, G., 65 Atwood, G., 10 Dodd, R., 39, 40, 74, 78, 86, 87, 125, Bandhauer, G., 334, 345 127,484 Barres du Molard, 350, 407, 408, 409, Douglas, H., 96, 213, 246, 419 410,411,457,490 Drossbach, 194 Bayard de Vingloie, 464 Dufour, G.H., 193, 195, 196, 197, 228, Bazaine, P. D., 300, 351, 405, 406 229, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, Behrnauer, 169 257, 273, 329, 335, 355, 389, 390, Bell, T.H., 412, 458 420 Bentham, S., 47, 55 Eaton, A., 468 BillaudelJ.B, 137, 145,327 Elmes, J., 41 Bobbin, T., 395, 456, 459, 460, 461 Ferroni, S., 37 Boswell, S., 48, 56, 57, 58 Ferry, 303, 421,492 Brown, S., 119, 120, 122, 124, 154, 155, Finlay,J.,42,67, 75,81 164, 174, 179, 191, 192, 217, 218, FlindallJ.M., 49 232, 234, 235, 236, 274, 347 Fritz, A., 328, 332 Buchanan, G., 230, 237, 295, 345 Ganry see Henry Burdon, R., 1, 18 Gauthey, E., 16 Burg, A., 238 Gerstner, F. R. von, 305, 422 Burr, T., 35, 71 Gilbert, D., 147, 356, 357, 423, 424, CampmullerJ., 68, 132 425 Caupenne, 32 Girard, P.S., 248 Cavenne, A., 165 Grangez, E., 501 Cessart, L. A. de, 22, 23 Graulhie, 249 Champs see Deschamps, C. Grubenmann, 102, 103, 104, 105 Chotek, K.G., 413 Guermente, G., 32 Clapeyron, B.P.E., 198, 300, 351, 352, Gunther, 469 367, 405, 406, 462, 503 Guppy, S., 50, 51 Clark, W.T., 343, 384, 414, 415, 441, Gwilt, G., 485 463 Hall, B., 358, 359, 360, 383, 502 Clinton, D., 491 Han well, W., 250 Cochard, 239 Hazard, 477 CordierJ., 256, 309, 492 HennertJ.F., 59 Correard, A., 447, 464 Henry, A., 361,426,470 Cundy, N. W, 353 Hericart de Montplaisir, 97 Davy, C, 416, 465, 466, 493 Hollis, C, 422, 484 Debia, P., 467, 494, 495, 496, 497 Humboldt, F. W. K. H. A. von, 72 Delafons, 417, 498 Hutton, C, 11, 12, 13 Delessert, B., 272, 301, 302, 354, 384, Jal,A.,471 386 Kahn, 429 Delille see Delisle Kenneddy, (Capt.) C. P., 336, 340 Delisle, D., 146,240,241,418 KudriafTsky,J.,404, 444 Demoustier, P. A., 16 Kuppler, C. G. (J. S?), 216, 279 Deo, R.K.N., 64 Lagerhjelm, P., 362 * Numbers in this and the following indices refer to item numbers in the bibliography.

252

Bridges: a Bibliography of Articles Published in 1800-1829

Lame, G., 198, 292, 300, 306, 344, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 405, 406, 428, 472, 473, 503 Langolfen, 66, 132 LaunayJ.B., 396 Lemoyne, R.D., 307, 504 Lenz, E., 429 Leuch see von Leuch Loudon, J. C, 98 McCarthy, J.J. A., 99, 114 Maxwell, J. I., 65 Mellet, 148 Metzel, L., 129, 149, 160, 208 Millington, 100 Mitis see von Mitis, E. and]. E. Molard see Barres du Molard Montpetit, A. V. de, 60 Montplaisir, Hericart de, 97 Moodely, R., 156 MoxonJ.D, 252, 253, 254 Navier, C. L. M. H., 174, 231, 255, 256, 275, 308, 309, 368, 369, 394, 447, 448, 499 Owen, S., 66 Palmer, J., 33,52 Palmer, T., 35 Patti, 224 Pechmann, von, 310 Perrault, C, 28 Pictet, M.A., 166, 175, 176, 177, 184, 199, 205, 244, 245, 257, 370 Poletti, L., 283 Poyet, B., 130, 131, 144,345 PrechtlJ.J., 167, 168 Pritchard, T. F., 331,346 Provis, W.A., 475 Quenot, 439 Raisz, K., 132 Ransom see von Ransom Raper, F.V.,43 Reinscher, M., 168 Reiser, 53, 62 RendelJ. M., 505 Rennie, G., 101 Rennie, J., 34, 65, 76, 80, 83, 84, 94 Rennie, G./J./(Sir) J., 187, 223, 274, 393, 399, 400, 403, 430, 438, 445, 484, 486 Robertus, 70 Robertson, G., 133 Robison,J.,431,476 Robson, Captain, 293

Rochefoucauld, Due de, 311, 312, 384 Schalch, 192, 225 Schlosser, 432, 506 Schmidt, A., 210 Schnirch, B., 221, 222, 266, 282, 393, 398, 402 Seaward, J., 200, 201, 258, 313, 314, 371 Seguin,J./M., 152, 159, 166, 172, 175, 176, 177, 184, 233, 239, 259, 260, 276, 294, 303, 315, 316, 317, 372, 373, 374, 391 Shakespear, C, 189, 190, 225, 226, 271, 277, 284, 286, 290, 318, 319, 336, 338, 339, 340, 375, 454 SkrodzkiJ.K., 149 Smart, G, 202, 203, 261 Smith, G.W., 477 Smith, J., 89 Sokolnicki, 26 Southern, J., 6 Spann, von, 106 Spath, 320, 325 Steiner, C. F. C, 478 Stern, A., 149 Stevenson, R., 134, 150, 154, 169, 204, 205, 206, 208 Strobach, Pron., 392, 397 Talbert, 398, 402 Tarbe (de Vauxclairs, J.?), 302 Taylor, W., 116 Telford, T., 3, 4, 9, 61, 63, 90, 117, 118, 157, 162, 163, 179, 191, 212, 215, 269, 270, 278, 291, 330, 331, 337, 345,379,441,459 Thomas, P., 433, 434 Town, I., 151 Traitteur, G. de./W. von, 341, 376, 377, 435, 488 Trevelyan, W. C, 479, 500 Triest, 436 Vaillant,J.P., 213, 419 Vicat, L.J., 262, 321, 322, 378, 437, 481 Voit, A., 323, 324 Vollhann, E., 263 Von Leuch, 381 Von Mitis, F. R., 482, 483, 508 Von Mitis, I.E., 210, 268, 404, 444, 482, 483, 508 Von Pechmann, 102, 103 Von Ransom, 104, 105, 325

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Wiebeking, C. F. von, 36, 53, 62 Wilden, 507 Wilson, T., 18,29,95 Woods, J., 14 WrigleyJ., 264 Wyatt, S., 2, 7, 19 Zakrewski, H., 208

Von Spann, 106 Vuillaumy, L., 170 WalcottJ., 52 Walker, J., 91, 109,274 Ware, S., 207 Webb, J., 326 Weston, 35 White, 477

Geographical Index Agen, 304 Aiguillon, 304 Aine, 283 Alacananda, 43 Alcantra, 101 Allen town see Lehigh Allypore, 271,277, 339, 375 Anglesea see Menai Straits Aniene, 283 Annonay, 152, 166, 171, 172, 175, 176, 177, 184, 205, 259, 370, 384, 385 Antwerp, 134 Archeveche, 464 Ardeche see Annonay, Tain-Tournon Arno see Florence Augsburg, 53 Baden, 69 Bancorrah, 290 Bangor see Menai Straits Berai Torrent, 225, 286, 290 Bergerac, 304 Berlin Friederichsbrucke, 181 Spree Kanal, 209 Weidendammer, 469 Boffalora, 450 Bordeaux, 137, 145, 298, 327, 450 Borkundie River, 128 Brighton, 155, 186 Buckinghamshire see Stoney Stratford Budapest, 132,328,332 Buildwas, 460 Bulleah, 454 Calcutta, 189, 190, 277 Cantal see Tournaille Caramnassa, 225, 226, 234, 285, 290 Carnitlue, 278 Carthage, 107, 140, 141

Cauvery, 156 Chalmer, 123, 125, 127 Chambo River, 72 Charente see Jarnac Chazay, 165 Chelmer see Chalmer Chepstow, 73 Chile see individual locations Coemont, 304 Columbia, Pa., 70 Conway see also Menai, 441 Desaguede, 121 Dordogne see Liburne, Souillac Drac see Grenoble Drenthe, 180 Dryburgh Abbey, 89 Eger see Saaz Ekateringof, 352, 462 England see also individual locations, 186, 384, 385 Essex see Chalmer, Ingatestone Firenze see Florence Florence Santa Trinita, 37, 170,207 Forth, 88 France see also individual locations, 304, 385, 386 Franen, 453 Friburg, 328, 329 Galashiels, 79, 85 Galore see Saint-Vallier Garonne see Bordeaux Geneva, 193, 195, 197, 199, 242, 243, 244, 245, 247, 257, 273, 335, 355, 389, 390, 420 Gennessee River see Carthage

254

Bridges: a Bibliography of Articles Published in 1800-1829

Germany see also individual locations, Leningrad see St. Petersburg Liancourt, 311,312, 386 219,220,324 Libourne, 297, 499 Gershwal, 111 LTsle see Libourne Giri River, 338 Little Falls, 468 Glasgow see Kelvin London see also Thames Gleiwitz, 263 Hammersmith Bridge, 343, 382, 414, Gooseyturrah Torrent, 290 415, 433, 434, 441, 463, 465, 466 Gournay-sur-Marne, 490 Holborn Viaduct, 87 Grenoble, 440 Horsleydown see Irongate Grodno, 26 Irongate, 215, 217, 218, 234, 235, Groningen, 138, 180 Gumber River, 336, 340 236, 347 Lambeth, 484 Hammersmith see London-HammerLondon Bridge, 3, 4, 9, 11, 14, 49, smith 153, 161, 187, 223, 314, 326, 393, 400, 416, 430, 438, 445, 484, 485, Hastings Bridge see Borkundie River Havel see Potsdam 486 Southwark, 48, 83, 84, 94, 110, 126 Hawal Bagh, 454 Strand see Waterloo Hazareeburgh, 290 Tontine Waterloo, 78 Horsleydown see London-Irongate Huntingdon, Pa., 491 Tower, 313, 371 Vauxhall, 34, 91 India see also individual locations, 280, Waterloo, 65, 76, 80, 137, 450, 484 284, 285, 286, 287, 289, 290, 293, London-Portsmouth, 353 318,319,336,340,446 McCall's Ferry, 71 Ingatestone, 500 Mahren see Moravia Ironbridge, 331, 346,460 Manilla Holm see Stockholm Irongate see London-Irongate March see Strassnitz Isar, 106 Marne see Gournay sur Marne L'Isle see Libourne Marshall Flutton & Co., 52 Maypo, 358, 359, 360 Jarnac, 439, 501 Meilburg, 212, 219, 220, 324 Kally Gha(u)t, 182, 188, 192, 388 Menai Straits, 61, 63, 90, 117, 118, 157, Karlsbad 158, 162, 163, 166, 179, 183, 191, Kaiser Franzens Brucke, 397 215, 269, 270, 278, 291, 330, 333, Kelvin, 115,251 337, 345, 379, 395, 441, 451, 475 Kidderpore, 342 Merrimack, 44, 136 Kossilah, 454 Moika see St. Petersburg Krain see Sava Moissac, 304 Kremsier, 398, 402 Monchen Nienburg see Nienburg Montezuma, 107 Montjoie, 506 Lahn see Meilburg Montrejeau, 304 Lambeth see London-Lambeth Montrose, 230, 237, 295, 345 Lancaster, Pa., 477 Moravia see also individual locations, Landes see Saint Sever 221,222,266,282 Lary, 505 Munchen Nienburg see Nienburg Laval, 304 Lazienki see Warsaw Napoleon, 31 Leek see Franen Narva, 401 Lehigh, 67, 442, 443 Nemours, 24 Lek see Franen

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Saint Petersburg, 185, 198, 227, 306, 341, 352, 361, 364, 365, 366, 367, 376, 377, 428, 435, 462, 472, 503 Fontanka, 185 Moika, 185,228,286 Neva, 267, 281, 288, 300, 351, 363, 405, 406, 428 Saint Sever, 142 Saint Vallier, 315, 316 Sarre see Sarreguemines Sarreguemines, 504 Sava, 216 Ophaalbryggen, 59 Sawul River, 454 Orissa, 64 Scheldt see Antwerp Ouse (Derbyshire), 264 Schuylkill, 35, 77, 477, 487 Scotland see also individual locations, Paris, 15,21,25,380,396,421 238, 455, 456 Pont des Arts, 22, 23 Seine see also Paris etc. Pontde Cite, 16 Pont des Invalides, 214, 275, 308, Pont dujour, 31 368, 369, 384, 394, 431, 447, 448, Seneca, 107 476 Sevasamooda, 156 Pont Louis XVI, 471 Souillac, 262, 304, 321, 322, 378 Pont de Louvre / Quatre Nations, 17, Southwark see London-Southwark 19,231 Staines, 29, 95 Passy, 272, 301, 302, 354, 384, 386 Stockholm Penipe, 72 Manilla Holm, 66 Pennsylvania, 474, 477, 487, 491 Stoney Stratford, 27, 45 Pensaguel, 304 Strand see London-Waterloo Pest see Budapest Strassnitz, 221,222, 266, 282 Petit Vey, 224, 304 Straznice see Strassnitz Subathoo, 336, 340 Philadelphia, 35, 171 Piscatawy, 35 Sunderland, 1 Plymouth see Lary Susquenna, 70 Pont Louis XVIII see Bordeaux, Saint Synge, 338 Sever Potomac, 38 Tain, 159, 166, 172, 276, 294, 303, 317, Potsdam, 265, 387 372, 373, 374, 391 Prague, 305, 413, 422 Tamar, 211 Tartary, 111 Ramgur River, 454 Tees see Winch Rhone see also individual locations, 60 Tessin see Boffalora Riom see Tournaille Thames see individual locations Roche de Glun, 304 Tolly's Nullah 182, 188, 192, 388 Rochester, 74 Tournaille, 173 Rorfluss see Montjoie Tournon see Tain Runcorn, 82, 97, 98, 455 Trinity Pier see Newhaven Russapughah, 388 Tweed see also Dryburgh Abbey, 119, Russia see also individual locations, 227, 120, 122, 124, 154, 174, 183, 192, 300, 306, 351, 361, 363, 364, 365, 320, 325 366,367,401,428,473,488 United States see also individual locaSaa(t)z, 392 tions, 35, 38, 42, 44, 75, 77, 81, 436

Nepean, 178 Neva see St. Petersburg New South Wales, 178 New York, 107 Newburyport, 136 Newhaven, 164 Niemen see Grodno Nienburg, 334, 345 Norristown see Schuylkill Nuremburg, 216, 279, 324

256

Bridges: a Bibliography of Articles Published in 1800-1829

Vauxhall see London-Vauxhall Vienna, 68, 69, 210, 268, 296, 404, 444, 482, 483, 508 Vire River see Petit Vey Vistula see Warsaw Vreeswyck see Franen Warrington, 93 Warsaw, 129, 149, 160, 208

Waterloo see London-Waterloo Wearmouth see Sunderland Winch, 479, 480 Wisla see Warsaw York, 92 Zatec see Saaz

Subject Index Aqueducts iron, 27, 45 masonry, 101,468,491 pipeline, 173 Arch, theory of, 5, 6, 10, 12, 13, 37, 46, 100, 198, 207, 367, 503, 507 see also Catenary theory Arch bridges, 15, 16, 274 construction/erection, 33, 194, 252, 253, 254, 350, 407, 408, 409, 410,411,457 iron, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 11, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22,28,32,48,53,60,61,66,69, 73, 78, 83, 84, 86, 91, 94, 95, 109, 110, 125, 127, 140, 141, 209, 261, 263, 265, 313, 331, 346, 350, 371, 380, 387, 396, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 422, 460, 469, 505 failure, 140, 141 temperature effects, 126, 127 tubular, 53, 62 masonry, 14, 24, 31, 34, 37, 49, 65, 80, 92, 128, 137, 142, 153, 156, 161, 187, 207, 223, 224, 297, 298, 314, 326, 377, 378, 393, 397, 399, 400, 403, 416, 421, 427, 430, 438, 445, 464, 471, 474,481,484,485,486,491 approaches, 430, 438 frost action, 135 oblique, 323 temperature effects, 135, 262, 321, 322,437,481 timber, 21, 28, 36, 70, 71, 93, 102, 103, 104, 105, 167, 168, 352, 401, 407, 408, 409, 410, 457, 462,474,477,487,491

see also under truss testing, 490 Bar-iron see under Suspension bridges Bridges, general, 8, 421, 495, 497 Catenary theory, 147, 306, 324, 325, 356, 357, 363, 423, 424, 425, 472, 504 see also under Arch, theory of Centering, 50, 51, 56, 61, 299, 348, 349, 416 Chain bridges, 202, 203, 233 see also under Suspension bridges Cofferdams, 55, 252, 253, 254 Decks, 39, 40, 165 Eye-bars see under Suspension bridges Floating bridges, 99, 113, 178 see also Pontoons Foundations, 47, 54 underwater, 55 see also Cofferdams Iron bridges, 18, 33, 57, 86, 87, 422, 478 Masonry (Cantilever), 64 Mastic, 165 Military bridges, 26, 96, 108, 143, 213, 246, 277, 419 movable, 134 Model bridges, 28, 53, 62, 132, 436 Movable bridges, 41, 353 bascule, 30, 396 dindla (sliding), 43 draw, 59, 146,240,241,418 flying, 296 swing, 491 'transporter', 111,249,353 Piers bridge, 57, 58, 326 marine structure, 155, 164

Mike Chrimes Pontoons, 429 Suspension bridges, 8, 139, 150, 158, 169, 204, 205, 206, 208, 307, 309, 310, 324, 325, 345, 353, 384, 385, 386, 453, 455, 456, 472, 492 bar see chain chain, 32, 33, 34, 42 , 44, 50, 5 , 52, 67, 75, 81, 82, 89, 90 , 112, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 124, 129, 136, 149, 154, 155, 157, 162, 163, 164, 171, 179, 182, 183, 185, 186, 188, 191, 192, 200, 201, 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 227, 228, 230, 231, 234, 235, 236, 237, 250, 251, 255, 256, 258, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 275, 278, 279, 281, 282, 288, 291, 292, 293, 295, 296, 300, 305, 309, 320, 330, 333, 334, 337, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 347, 351, 352, 363, 364, 365, 366, 376, 377, 379, 380, 382, 388, 392, 394, 395, 398, 402, 404, 405, 406, 413, 414, 415, 428, 431, 433, 434, 435, 441, 447, 448, 451, 462, 463, 465, 466, 472, 475, 479, 480, 483, 488, 500, 508 failure, 431, 442, 443, 447, 448, 476 stayed, 89 steel, 444, 483, 50£\ testing, 292, 305, 306, 308, 344, 361, 362, 364, 365, 366, 368, 369, 426, 428, 461, 470, 482, 483, 508 hide, 72, 358, 359, 360 pipeline, 173 rope, 111, 121, 189 , 190 225, 226,

257

271, 277, 280, 284, 285, 286, 287, 289, 290, 318, 319, 336, 338, 339, 340, 375, 419, 446, 454 wire, 77, 79, 85, 97, 98, 114, 115, 122, 195, 196, 197, 199, 229, 233, 239, 242, 243, 244, 247, 248, 257, 259, 260, 272, 273, 276, 283, 294, 301, 302, 303, 311, 312, 315, 316, 317, 328, 329, 334, 335, 354, 355, 370, 372, 373, 374, 389, 390, 391, 404, 417, 420, 439, 440, 449, 452, 459, 479, 480, 498, 499, 501,504 stayed, 79, 85, 130, 131, 144 testing, 193, 195, 196, 197, 244, 245, 259, 473 Truss bowstring/tied arch, 16, 21 iron, 74, 86, 87 bowstring/tied arch, 74, 86, 87, 123, 125, 127, 130, 131, 144, 251,264,412,458

lattice, 151,202, 203 lenticular, 237 see also under Suspension iron/timber mixed/trussed beam, 251,264 timber, 35, 68, 70, 71, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 111, 132, 151, 156, 167, 168, 432, 436, 474, 477, 487, 506 arch reinforced/through truss, 70, 71,477 lattice, 151 lenticular, 467, 494, 495, 496, 497 trestle (Roman), 138, 180 Tunnels, 'immersed tube', 99 Voussoirs, iron, 1, 18, 29 Widening, 116

Author's note: Since this bibliography was compiled, additional material has been identified. For details, contact the author.

T h e

C o n t r i b u t o r s

DR. DE COGAN lectures in electronic engineering at Nottingham University. He is married to the great great grand-daughter of the first superintendent at the Valentia Telegraph Station (see 'James Graves and the Valentia Telegraph Station', Electronics and Power, July 1984, 523-8). He has recently returned from a study visit to Newfoundland. A. RUPERT HALL was formerly Professor of History of Science and Technology at Imperial College and founder of this periodical in 1976. G.J. HOLLISTER-SHORT was formerly Principal Lecturer in History at Shoreditch College and is Honorary Lecturer in History of Technology in the Department of Humanities, Imperial College, London. C.J.JACKSON is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Mechanical and Computer Aided Engineering at the North Staffordshire Polytechnic and has recently completed a Ph.D. thesis on a history of the development of drill bits and drilling techniques in nineteenthcentury Britain. JAQUES PAYEN, Sous-Directeur de Laboratoire au Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers, Paris, est responsable du Centre de Documentation d'Histoire des Techniques de cet etablissement (CNAM-EHESS-CNRS). Doctorat d'Etat (1978) sur l'industrie des machines a vapeur en France. ORJAN WIKANDER is a classical archaeologist with interests in Etruscan architectural terracottas and aspects of Roman political and economic history as well as ancient water-power. He is currently a research fellow with the Swedish Research Council at the University of Lund in Sweden. A. P. WOOLRICH is a maker of historic models in Bridgwater, Somerset and a specialist on the life and work ofJohn Farey. MIKE CHRIMES is Deputy Librarian at the Institution of Civil Engineers, London.

C o n t e n t s

o f

F o r m e r

V o l u m e s

First Annual V o l u m e , 1976 D. S. L. CARDWELL and RICHARD L. HILLS, Thermodynamics and Practical Engineering in the Nineteenth Century. JACQUES HEYMAN, Couplet's Engineering Memoirs, 1726-33. NORMAN A. F. SMITH, Attitudes to Roman Engineering and the Question of the Inverted Siphon. R. A. BUCHANAN, The Promethean Revolution: Science, Technology and History. M. DAUMAS, The History of Technology: its Aims, its Limits, its Methods. KEITH DAWSON, Electromagnetic Telegraphy: Early Ideas, Proposals and Apparatus. MARIE BOAS HALL, The Strange Case of Aluminium. G. HOLLISTER-SHORT, Leads and Lags in Late Seventeenth-century English Technology.

Second Annual V o l u m e , 1977 EMORY L. KEMP, Samuel Brown: Britain's Pioneer Suspension Bridge Builder. DONALD R. HILL, The Banu Mtisa and their 'Book of Ingenious Devices'. J. F. CAVE, A Note on Roman Metal Turning. J. A. GARCIA-DIEGO, Old Dams in Extremadura. G. HOLLISTER-SHORT, The Vocabulary of Technology. RICHARD L. HILLS, Museums, History and Working Machines. DENIS SMITH, The Use of Models in Nineteenth-century British Suspension Bridge Design. NORMAN A. F. SMITH, The Origins of the Water Turbine and the Invention of its Name.

260

Contents of Former Volumes Third Annual V o l u m e , 1978

JACK SIMMONS, Technology in History. R. A. BUCHANAN, History of Technology in the Teaching of History. P. B. MORICE, The Role of History in a Civil Engineering Course. JOYCE BROWN, Sir Proby Cautley (1802-71), a Pioneer of Indian Irrigation. A. RUPERT HALL, On knowing, and knowing how to... FRANK D. PRAGER, Vitruvius and the Elevated Aqueducts. JAMES A. RUFFNER, Two Problems in Fuel Technology. JOHN C. SCOTT, The Historical Development of Theories of Wave-Calming using Oil.

Fourth Annual V o l u m e , 1979 P. S. BARDELL, Some Aspects of the History of Journal Bearings and their Lubrication. K. R. FAIRCLOUGH, The Waltham Pound Lock. ROBERT FRIEDEL, Parkesine and Celluloid: The Failure and Success of the First Modern Plastic. J. G. JAMES, Iron Arched Bridge Designs in Pre-Revolutionary France. L.J.JONES, The Early History of Mechanical Harvesting. G. HOLLISTER-SHORT, The Sector and Chain: An Historical Enquiry.

Fifth Annual V o l u m e , 1980 THOMAS P. HUGHES, The Order of the Technological World. THORKILD SCHI0LER, Bronze Roman Pistol Pumps. STILLMAN DRAKE, Measurement in Galileo's Science. L.J. JONES, John Ridley and the South Australian 'Stripper'. D.G. TUCKER, Emile Lamm's Self-Propelled Tramcars 1870-72 and the Evolution of the Fireless Locomotive.

Contents of Former Volumes

261

S.R. BROADBRIDGE, British Industry in 1767: Extracts from a Travel Journal ofJoseph Banks. RICHARD L. HILLS, Water, Stampers and Paper in the Auvergne: A Medieval Tradition.

Sixth Annual V o l u m e , 1981 MARJORIE NICE BOYER, Moving Ahead with the Fifteenth Century: New Ideas in Bridge Construction at Orleans. ANDRfi WEGENER SLEESWYK, Hand-Cranking in Egyptian Antiquity. CHARLES SUSSKIND, The Invention of Computed Tomography. RICHARD L. HILLS, Early Locomotive Building near Manchester. L. L. COATSWORTH, B. I. KRONBERG and M.C. USSELMAN, The Artefact as Historical Document. Part 1: The Fine Platinum Wires of W. H. Wollaston. A. RUPERT HALL and N. C. RUSSELL, What about the Fulling-Mill? MICHAEL FORES, Technik: Or Mumford Reconsidered.

Seventh Annual V o l u m e , 1982 MARJORIE NICE BOYER, Water Mills: a Problem for the Bridges and Boats of Medieval France. WM. DAVID COMPTON, Internal-combustion Engines and their Fuel: a Preliminary Exploration of Technological Interplay. F. T. EVANS, Wood Since the Industrial Revolution: a Strategic Retreat? MICHAEL FORES, Francis Bacon and the Myth of Industrial Science. D. G. TUCKER, The Purpose and Principles of Research in an Electrical Manufacturing Business of Moderate Size, as Stated by J. A. Crabtree in 1930. ROMAN MALINOWSKI, Ancient Mortars and Concretes: Aspects of their Durability. V. FOLEY, W. SOEDEL, J. TURNER and B. WILHOITE, The Origin of Gearing.

262

Contents of Former Volumes Eighth Annual V o l u m e , 1983

W. ADDIS, A New Approach to the History of Structural Engineering. HANS-JOACHIM BRAUN, The National Association of German-American Technologists and Technology Transfer between Germany and the United States, 1884-1930. W. BERNARD CARLSON, Edison in the Mountains: the Magnetic Ore Separation Venture, 1879-1900. THOMAS DAY, Samuel Brown: His Influence on the Design of Suspension Bridges. ROBERT H.J. SELLIN, The Large Roman Water Mill at Barbegal (France). G. HOLLISTER-SHORT, The Use of Gunpowder in Mining: A Document of 1627. MIKULAS TEICH, Fermentation Theory and Practice: the Beginnings of Pure Yeast Cultivation and English Brewing, 1883-1913. GEORGE TIMMONS, Education and Technology in the Industrial Revolution. N i n t h Annual V o l u m e , 1984 P. S. BARDELL, The Origins of Alloy Steels. MARJORIE NICE BOYER, A Fourteenth-Century Pile Driver: the Engin of the Bridge at Orleans. MICHAEL DUFFY, Rail Stresses, Impact Loading and Steam Locomotive Design. JOS£ A. GARCIA-DIEGO, Giovanni Francesco Sitoni, an Hydraulic Engineer of the Renaissance. DONALD R. HILL, Information on Engineering in the Works of Muslim Geographers. ROBERT J. SPAIN, The Second-Century Romano-British Watermill at Ickham, Kent. IAN R. WINSHIP, The Gas Engine in British Agriculture, c. 1870-1925.