History As Harlotry in the Book of Ezekiel: Textual Expansion in Ezekiel 16 9783161608735, 3161608739

Ezekiel 16 conveys a well-known portrayal of Israel's checkered history. Its borrowed metaphors, textual reuse, and

287 89 2MB

English Pages 269 [284] Year 2021

Report DMCA / Copyright

DOWNLOAD PDF FILE

Table of contents :
Cover
Title
Acknowledgments
Preface
Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations
Chapter 1: The Book of Ezekiel and Research into Prophetic Texts
A. Introduction
B. Tracing the Interpretation of Prophetic Texts
C. Ezekiel 16, 20, and 23
I. Ezekiel 16 and 23: An Introduction
II. Ezekiel 23
III. Redaction, Additions, and Expansion in Ezekiel 23
IV. Ezekiel 23 Compared to Ezekiel 16
V. Summary
Chapter 2: Text and Translation
A. Text
B. Translation
Chapter 3: Structure and Unity in Ezekiel 16
A. Structure and Formulas
I. Introductory Formulaic Elements, Ezekiel 16:1-2
II. "Thus the Lord, [Yahweh] Says" Formula, 16:3, 36, 59
1. The Messenger Formula in Ezekiel 16:3
2. The Messenger Formula in Ezekiel 16:36
3. The Messenger Formula in Ezekiel 16:59
III. "Utters the Lord, [Yahweh]" Formula
B. Grammatico-Syntactical Observations and Content
I. Introductory Formula, Ezekiel 16:1-3aα
II. Yahweh's Actions toward Infant-Maiden Jerusalem, Ezekiel 16:3aβ-14
1. Circumstances of Jerusalem's Birth, Ezekiel 16:3aβ-5
2. Yahweh's Provision, Ezekiel 16:6-14
a) Summary
b) Ezekiel 16:6
c) Ezekiel 16:7-8
d) Ezekiel 16:9-12
e) Ezekiel 16:13-14
III. Jerusalem's Harlotry, Ezekiel 16:15-34
1. Jerusalem's Beauty and Name Beget Harlotry, Ezekiel 16:15 ..90 2. Harlotry with Her Gifts, Ezekiel 16:16-19
3. Harlotry with Her Children, Ezekiel 16:20-21
4. Jerusalem Forgot the Days of Her Youth, Ezekiel 16:22-23
5. Jerusalem Builds Mounds and High Places, Ezekiel 16:24-25 .99 6. Harlotry with the Nations, Ezekiel 16:26-30
7. A Unique Harlot and Adulteress, Ezekiel 16:31-34
IV. The Announcement of Yahweh's Judgment, Ezekiel 16:35-43
1. Yahweh Demands an Audience, Ezekiel 16:35
2. Yahweh's Motivation and Sentence, Ezekiel 16:36-39
3. Her Lovers Execute the Sentence, Ezekiel 16:40-41a
4. Yahweh's Judgment Will Rest, Ezekiel 16:41b-43
V. Daughters Jerusalem, Samaria, and Sodom, Ezekiel 16:44-58
1. A Mother and Her Daughters, Ezekiel 16:44-45
2. Jerusalem, Samaria, and Sodom, Ezekiel 16:46-47
3. The Deeds of Sodom and Samaria, Ezekiel 16:48-52
4. The Restoration of the Sisters, Ezekiel 16:53-58
VI. Yahweh Will Establish an Eternal Covenant, Ezekiel 16:59-63
Chapter 4: Literary Activity in Ezekiel 16
A. So-Called Appendices
I. Introduction
II. Ezekiel 16:59-63: The Eternal Covenant
1. Integration of Material in 16:59-63
2. Distinct Literary Activity in 16:59-63
B. Ezekiel 16:2(הודע) - a(ואםדת)3, a20–23, 36b, 43–58: A Shift in Metaphor, Time, and Lexical Stock
I. Introduction to a New Metaphor
II. Grammatical and Syntactical Observations
1. 16:43: An Unexpected Motivation
2. 16:43ba: Formulas and Transition
3. 16:43ba: An Accomplished Punishment
4. 16:58: Jerusalem "Has Borne her Licentiousness and Abominations"
III. Lexical Choices
1. The Lemma "Abomination"
2. "Abominations" and Material from the Original Metaphor
3. The Function of the Clause "You Did Not Remember the Days of Your Youth"
IV. Developments in Content
1. The Perspective of Jerusalem's Punishment
2. Ezekiel 16:46-58: Abominations Bring about Restoration
3. Ezekiel 16:20-23: Sacrifice of Children
4. Idols of Your Abominations and the Blood of Your Sons, 16:36b
5. Conclusion
C. Ezekiel 16:1–42: Jerusalem as a Harlot
I. Covenant-Marriage and Adultery
1. Ezekiel 16:40-41: Added Punishment in Accordance with the Covenant-Marriage Expansion and Accusations and Their Incorporation
a) Ezekiel 16:40-41a: Added Punishment
b) Ezekiel 16:41aβ-b: Integration of Added Punishment by Means of Materials Related to Adultery, Harlotry, and Payment
2. Ezekiel 16:30b-32, 34, 38aα: Adultery and the Reverse Harlot
a) Ezekiel 16:34 and 16:31: The Unsolicited "Reverse" Harlot- Wife and Her (Lack of) Payment
b) Ezekiel 16:30b, 32, and 38aα: The Adulteress
3. Ezekiel 16:7-8: Covenant-Marriage
a) Ezekiel 16:4-6 and 9-10: Shared Cultic Language Tradition
b) Ezekiel 16:7-8: The Infant Becomes a Maiden
II. The Harlot Redaction
1. Summary
2. Consistency of Language Comprising the Three-Part Structure of the Metaphor
3. Developing Conceptions of Harlotry
a) Ezekiel 16:20-23: Another Conception of History
b) Ezekiel 16:33: Jerusalem Gives Her Gifts
4. The Gottesspruchformel
III. Basic Metaphor Concerning Jerusalem and Yahweh
Chapter 5: Interpretation of the Prophets and Interpretation in the Prophets
A. Dating Materials in the Book of Ezekiel
B. Dating Expansions in Ezekiel 16
I. Ezekiel 16:59-63: From Restoration to Eternal Covenant
II. Ezekiel 16:2(הודע) - a(ואםדת)3, a20–23, 36b, 43–58: From Harlotry to Restoration
III. Ezekiel 16:1-42: A Developing Metaphor in a Literary Framework
1. Expansions Related to Covenant-Marriage and Adultery, Ezekiel 16:8, 30b-32, 34, 38aα, 40-41
2. Expansions Related to Harlotry, Ezekiel 16:7, 11-12a, 13a, 14-19, 25b-30a, 33, 35-36a and the Basic Metaphor
IV. Proposing Absolute Dating in Ezekiel 16
Bibliography
Index of Biblical References
Index of Authors
Index of Subjects
Recommend Papers

History As Harlotry in the Book of Ezekiel: Textual Expansion in Ezekiel 16
 9783161608735, 3161608739

  • 0 0 0
  • Like this paper and download? You can publish your own PDF file online for free in a few minutes! Sign Up
File loading please wait...
Citation preview

Forschungen zum Alten Testament 2. Reihe Edited by Konrad Schmid (Zürich) ∙ Mark S. Smith (Princeton) Hermann Spieckermann (Göttingen) ∙ Andrew Teeter (Harvard)

131

Tracy J. McKenzie

History as Harlotry in the Book of Ezekiel Textual Expansion in Ezekiel 16

Mohr Siebeck

Tracy J. McKenzie, born 1968; 2001 – 06 studied at Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary; 2003 MDiv; 2006 PhD; 2006 – 08 full-time instructor, since 2008 a full-time faculty member at Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary; 2018 ThD from Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; since 2021 full Professor at Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary. orcid.org/0000-0002-8839-4862

ISBN 978-3-16-160873-5 / eISBN 978-3-16-160874-2 DOI 10.1628/978-3-16-160874-2 ISSN 1611-4914 / eISSN 2568-8367 (Forschungen zum Alten Testament, 2. Reihe) The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data are available at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2022  Mohr Siebeck Tübingen, Germany.  www.mohrsiebeck.com This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher’s written permission. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations and storage and processing in electronic systems. The book was printed on non-aging paper by Laupp & Göbel in Gomaringen, and bound by Buchbinderei Nädele in Nehren. Printed in Germany.







$FNQRZOHGJPHQWV Every form of writing turns the world into language.  9HUO\Q.OLQNHQERUJSeveral Short Sentences about Writing  7KLVPRQRJUDSKLVDUHYLVHGYHUVLRQRIP\GLVVHUWDWLRQFRPSOHWHGLQDW *HRUJ$XJXVW8QLYHUVLWlW*|WWLQJHQ,WLVDWUXHSOHDVXUHIRUPHWRDFNQRZ OHGJHWKHUROHVWKDWDIHZLQGLYLGXDOVKDYHSOD\HGLQFUHDWLQJWKHZRUOGEHKLQG WKLVERRN )LUVW , ZDQW WR H[SUHVV P\ DSSUHFLDWLRQ WR 5HLQKDUG .UDW] DQG +HUPDQQ 6SLHFNHUPDQQ +HUU 3URI .UDW] JUDFLRXVO\ H[WHQGHG DQ LQYLWDWLRQ IRU PH WR SDUWLFLSDWH ZLWK WKH Theologische Fakultät DW WKH *HRUJ$XJXVW8QLYHUVLWlW *|WWLQJHQZKLOHRQVDEEDWLFDOIURPP\WHDFKLQJUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVLQ:DNH)RU HVW 1RUWK &DUROLQD GXULQJ ± 7KH Fakultät ZDUPO\ ZHOFRPHG PH LQWRWKHLULPSUHVVLYHFRPPXQLW\RIVFKRODUVDQG+HUU3URI.UDW]SHUVRQDOO\ LQYHVWHG WLPH LQ P\ GHYHORSPHQW +HUU 3URI 6SLHFNHUPDQQ ZDV WKH VHFRQG UHDGHUIRUP\GLVVHUWDWLRQDQGSURYLGHGIHHGEDFNGXULQJP\VWD\LQ*|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

 











3UHIDFH



7KLVSURMHFWEHJDQLQ±GXULQJD\HDUDEURDGIRUDVDEEDWLFDOSURJUDPDW *HRUJ$XJXVW8QLYHUVLWlW*|WWLQJHQXQGHUWKHNLQGWKRXJKWIXODQGVNLOOIXOVX SHUYLVLRQRI5HLQKDUG.UDW],QWKHIROORZLQJ\HDU,FRQWLQXHGUHVHDUFKDQGZULW LQJZKLOHDOVRPDLQWDLQLQJP\WHDFKLQJUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVDW6RXWKHDVWHUQ%DSWLVW 7KHRORJLFDO6HPLQDU\8QIRUWXQDWHO\WKHZRUNWKHQVWDOOHGLQ±IRUSHU VRQDOUHDVRQV%XW,ZDVDEOHWRFRPSOHWHP\ZULWLQJGXULQJWKH)DOORI 7KHRULJLQDOGLVVHUWDWLRQZDVDWKRURXJKDQDO\VLVRI(]HNLHOEXWLWODFNHGWKH FODULW\ DQG IRFXV RI D PDWXUH ZRUN , XQGHUWRRN DQ H[WHQVLYH UHYLVLRQ LQ WKH 6SULQJRI,QWKLVUHYLVLRQ,H[DPLQHGWKHVHFRQGDU\OLWHUDWXUHDQGUHZURWH WKH,QWURGXFWLRQ QRZFKDSWHU ZLWKDJUHDWHUIRFXVRQWKHZD\WKDWVFKRODUVKLS KDVLQFUHDVLQJO\DGGUHVVHGWKHLQWHUSUHWLYHQDWXUHRIDGGLWLRQVWUDGLWLRQVUHGDF WLRQVDQGFortschreibungen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KHU *HRIIHQEDUWHQHUNHQQWGHU6SlWHUHGHQVHLQHU=HLWHQWVSUHFKHQGHQ*RWWHVZLOOHQ'LH(UJlQ]HU XQG$QRUGQHUZLVVHQVLFKGDEHLZHLWKLQDOVOHJLWLPH)RUWVHW]HUGHUlOWHUHQ*RWWHVRIIHQEDUXQJ «GHU6SlWHUHZHL‰VLFKLP5HFKWZHQQHUGLH6WLPPHGHVDOWHQ3URSKHWHQQHXLQVHLQ=HLW KLQHLQYHUVHW]W ZREHL GLH VHLWKHU HUIROJWH JHVFKLFKWOLFKH *RWWHVIKUXQJ XQG GLH JRWWJHIJWH /DJHGHUMHZHLOLJHQ=HLWGHV(UJlQ]HUVHUKHEOLFKPLWVSUHFKHQ´  6HHOLJPDQQ³9RUDXVVHW]XQJHQ´±



Chapter 1: The Book of Ezekiel and Research into Prophetic Texts



QRUPDOO\XQGHUVWRRGDVPLGUDVK±WKHUHIRUHSRVWELEOLFDODQGUHODWHGWR-XGD LVP±DFWXDOO\HPHUJHGLQWKH2OG7HVWDPHQWLWVHOI+HKLPVHOIUHIHUVWRWKH ZRUNRI+HUW]EHUJDQGQRGRXEWEXLOGVXSRQKLVUHVHDUFK7KHEHJLQQLQJRIWKH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQDQGUHVKDSLQJRIVFULSWXUHEHJDQLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHELE OLFDOWH[WLWVHOI 6HHOLJPDQQKRZHYHUWDNHVWKHFRQFHSWRINachgeschichteRIWH[WV±PDLQO\ LQ,VDLDKIRU+HUW]EHUJ±DQGGHPRQVWUDWHVDOLQHRIUHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQIRUPXFK RIWKHELEOLFDOOLWHUDWXUHDVZHOODVRWKHUOLWHUDWXUHRIWKH6HFRQG7HPSOHSHULRG 0RUHRYHU6HHOLJPDQQGHPRQVWUDWHVWKDWWKHAuslegungHPHUJHVQRWRQO\GXH WRDODWHUKLVWRULFDOVLWXDWLRQEXWLVVLJQLILFDQWO\UHODWHGWRDZRUGSOD\LQZKLFK DZRUGLVH[SORLWHGIRUSRVVLEOHFRQQRWDWLRQV$QGWKLVDFWLYLW\LVLQWKHSURSK HWV³6XFKW\SHVRIERUURZLQJUHVKDSLQJDQGSDUDSKUDVHVRFFXUIUHTXHQWO\LQ WKHERRNVRIWKHSURSKHWV+RVHDWDNHVXSZRUGVIURP([RGXV-HUHPLDKGH SHQGVRQ+RVHD(]HNLHORQ=HSKDQLDKDQG-HUHPLDK,QPRVWFDVHVWKH\VKDUH DFRPPRQIRUPZKLFKEULQJVWRPLQGWKHDPELJXLW\RIWKHVHQWHQFHDOOXGHG WRDQGRIWKH+HEUHZZRUGVLQJHQHUDO´,WZDVQRWPHUHO\DPDWWHURIKLVWRU LFDODSSOLFDWLRQRIDELEOLFDOWH[WWRDODWHUVLWXDWLRQ$ODWHUDXWKRUGUHZRXWDQ DSSOLFDEOHVHQVHIURPWKHYHU\ZRUGVRIWKHELEOLFDOWH[W7KLVDFWLYLW\ZDVQR FOHDUHUWKDQLQWKHSURSKHWLFERRNVWKHPVHOYHVDQGLWLVKHUHWKDW6HHOLJPDQQ UHIHUVWRWKHQH[WELEOLFDOVFKRODUZKRVDZDQLQWHUSUHWLQJDFWLYLW\LQWKHSURSK HWV:DOWKHU=LPPHUOL

 

6HHOLJPDQQ³9RUDXVVHW]XQJHQ´  6HHOLJPDQQ³9RUDXVVHW]XQJHQ´³,QGHQ%FKHUQGHU3URSKHWHQNRPPHQGHUDUWLJH $QOHKQXQJHQ8PELOGXQJHQXQG3DUDSKUDVHQGHV|IWHUHQYRU+RVHDJUHLIW([RGXV:RUWHDXI -HUHPLDKOHKQWDQ+RVHDµDQ(]HFKLHODQ=HSKDQMDKXQG-HUHPLDK'HQPHLVWHQ)lOOHQLVWHLQH )RUP JHPHLQVDP GLH XQV GLH 0HKUGHXWLJNHLW GHV 6DW]HV DXI GHQ DQJHVSLHOW ZLUG XQG GHU KHEUlLVFKHQ:RUWHEHUKDXSW]XP%HZXVVWVHLQEULQJW´  6HHOLJPDQQ ³9RUDXVVHW]XQJHQ´  6HH DOVR ³'DV 6SLHOHOHPHQW IlUEW GLH 0RWLYDEZDQGOXQJ GDV =LWDW ZLUG GXUFK $GDSWDWLRQ WUDQVSRQLHUW GRFK EHWUHIIHQ DOOµ GLHVH (UVFKHLQXQJHQ HLQH VLFK QRFK LP )OXVV EHILQGOLFKH QLFKW JHURQQHQHµ ]XP $EVFKOXVV JHNRPPHQH /LWHUDWXUH 5LFKWLJH ([HJHVH WULWW HUVW GD DXI ZR VLFK GHQ ELVKHU JHQDQQWHQ (OHPHQWHQ QRFK HLQ DQGHUDUWLJHV KLQ]XJHVHOOW GDV (UNOlUHQZROOHQ HLQHU DEJHVFKORVVHQHQ 6FKULIW GHU EHUGLHV HLQH EHVRQGHUH %HGHXWXQJ EHLJHOHJW ZLUG ZHLO VLH DOV :RUW *RWWHV DXIJHIDVVWZLUG´(QJOLVKWUDQVODWLRQ³7KHHOHPHQWRISOD\FRORUVWKHGHULYDWLRQRIWKH PRWLIWKHFLWDWLRQLVWUDQVSRUWHGE\DGDSWDWLRQWKRXJKDOOWKHVHDSSHDUDQFHVKLQWDWDOLWHUDWXUH WKDWLVVWLOOLQWKHPDNLQJQRW\HWVROLGLILHGLQWRDFRQFOXVLRQ&RUUHFWH[HJHVLVDSSHDUVRQO\ ZKHUHWKLVSDUWLFXODUDVSHFWDFFRPSDQLHVWKHHOHPHQWVPHQWLRQHGXSWRWKLVSRLQW7KHGHVLUH WRH[SODLQDFORVHGZULWLQJWRZKLFKDVSHFLDOPHDQLQJLVDVFULEHGEHFDXVHLWLVXQGHUVWRRGDV WKHZRUGRI*RG´

B. Tracing the Interpretation of Prophetic Texts



:DOWKHU=LPPHUOL¶VZRUNRQ(]HNLHOQRWRQO\VHWWKHVWDQGDUGIRUUHVHDUFK RQWKDWSURSKHWLFERRNEXWDOVRSURYLGHGDIRXQGDWLRQIRUDUHFRJQLWLRQRILQ WHUSUHWLYHZULWLQJ DFWLYLW\ ZLWQHVVHG ZLWKLQ D ELEOLFDO SDVVDJH LWVHOI  (YHQ WKRVHZKRUHMHFWKLVPHWKRGRORJLHVDWWHVWWRWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIKLVFRPPHQWDU\ RQ(]HNLHODQGRWKHUUHVHDUFK=LPPHUOLEHJDQKLVZRUNRQ(]HNLHOPDLQO\ ZLWKLQDIUDPHZRUNRIIRUPDQGWUDGLWLRQFULWLFLVP7KURXJKRXWKLVWZRYRO XPH FRPPHQWDU\ =LPPHUOL UHIHUV WR GLIIHUHQW WUDGLWLRQV LQIOXHQFLQJ DQG HPHUJLQJIURPDGLVFXVVLRQRI(]HNLHO¶VSURSKHF\,QWKDWVHQVHKLVZRUNLV VLPLODUWRWKHZRUNRIYRQ5DGGHVFULEHGDERYH %XW=LPPHUOL¶VUHVHDUFKRQTritojesajaDVZHOODVGattungenDQGWUDGLWLRQV LQWKHERRNRI(]HNLHOGLYXOJHGDQRWKHUDVSHFWLQWKHPDNLQJRIWKHERRN$IWHU LQWURGXFWRU\FRPPHQWVRQWKHIRUPVRIVSHHFKHVLQWKHERRN=LPPHUOLQRWHV >7@KDWWKHXQLWVIRXQGE\XVHRIWKHFOHDUFULWHULDPHQWLRQHGFDQQRWEHUHJDUGHGDVVHSDUDWH HQWLWLHVFRPSOHWHLQWKHPVHOYHVZKLFKGHULYHIURPRQHVLQJOHRFFDVLRQ5DWKHUDJUHDWQXP EHURIWKHPVKRZRQFORVHUH[DPLQDWLRQWKDWWKH\KDYHKDGWKHLURZQKLVWRU\RIGHYHORSPHQW DQGWUDGLWLRQ1RWRQO\FDQZHVHHDWPDQ\SRLQWVKRZJORVVHVDQGLQWHUSUHWDWLYHDGGLWLRQV KDYHEHHQLQWURGXFHGLQWRPDQ\WH[WV«EXWZHFDQDOVRVHHKRZLQGLYLGXDOVD\LQJVLQWKHLU EDVLFFRQWHQWKDYHDOUHDG\XQGHUJRQHDFRQWLQXLQJHODERUDWLRQDQGIXOOHUXQIROGLQJRIWKH WKHPHGHDOWZLWKVRPHWLPHVE\WKHSURSKHWKLPVHOI

 

)RUKLVFRPPHQWDU\RQ(]HNLHODVZHOODVRIWUHIHUHQFHGDUWLFOHVVHH=LPPHUOLEzechiel 1–24 Ezechiel 25–48, II%.;,,, 1HXNLUFKHQ9OX\Q%. )RULQWHUSUHWLYHZULW LQJDFWLYLW\ZLWKLQDELEOLFDOSDVVDJHLWVHOIVHHKLV³=XU6SUDFKH7ULWRMHVDMDV´±³'DV 3KlQRPHQGHUÃ)RUWVFKUHLEXQJµ´±  (J%ORFN¶VORQJOLVWRIUHIHUHQFHVWR=LPPHUOL¶VZRUNV)RUDQDVVHVVPHQWRI=LPPHUOL¶V LPSRUWDQFHDQGDUHYLHZRIUHVHDUFKVXEVHTXHQWWR=LPPHUOLVHH+LHEHOEzekiel’s Vision Accounts±  7ZRVXFKWUDGLWLRQVWKDWFRXOGFRQVWLWXWHOLWHUDU\UHIOHFWLRQLQ(]HNLHODUHWKHZLOGHU QHVVDQGILQGLQJWUDGLWLRQ5REHUW%DFKLQDVHDUFKIRUDSRVLWLYHDVVHVVPHQWRI,VUDHO¶VEHKDY LRULQWKHVRFDOOHGZLOGHUQHVVWUDGLWLRQFRQVLGHUVMXVWKRZIUHHDSURSKHWZRXOGEHDVKHUH IOHFWVXSRQWKDWWUDGLWLRQDie Erwählung Israels in der WuesteXQSXEOLVKHGGLVVHUWDWLRQ %RQQ  ±%DFKDWWHPSWVWRILQGZLWKLQ(]HNLHODGLVFORVXUHRIWKHZLOGHUQHVVWUDGLWLRQDQG D³ILQGLQJWUDGLWLRQ´+LVZRUNGHDOVZLWKDJHQHUDOLGHDRIKRZWDOHVPD\KDYHEHHQFRQVWUXHG LQDQFLHQW,VUDHODVZHOODVDQHFHVVDU\VXEMHFWLYLW\FRPPRQO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKDVHDUFKIRUDQG GHSHQGHQFHXSRQWKHQRWLRQRIWUDGLWLRQ(YHQVR%DFKFRQFHGHVWKDWWKHUHLVQROHPPDIRU ³ZLOGHUQHVV´RUWR³ILQG´LQ(]HNLHO0RUHRYHUWKHWHUP ʭʩʸʥʲʰ³\RXWK´ (]HN DQG WKDWLVIRXQGLQRWKHUVRFDOOHGHOHFWLRQWUDGLWLRQVDQGDVVRFLDWHGSDVVDJHVVXFKDV-HU DQG+RVGRHVQRWRFFXULQ%DFK¶VDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHWUDGLWLRQEHKLQG(]HNLHO$F FRUGLQJWRKLPWKDWWHUPLVDQHOHPHQWDGGHGE\WKHSURSKHW,WLVGLIILFXOWWRDVVHVVZKHWKHU WKHVHWUDGLWLRQVXQGHUOLH(]HNLHODQGLIVRKRZWKHZULWHUKDVH[SDQGHGXSRQWKHP  =LPPHUOL Ezechiel 1–24   ³>'@D‰ GLH QDFK GHQ HUZlKQWHQ NODUHQ .ULWHULHQ JHZRQQHQHQ(LQKHLWHQZHLWKLQQLFKWDOVLQVLFKJHUXQGHWHDEJHVFKORVVHQH*U|‰HQGLHHLQHP HLQ]LJHQ$QODVVHHQWVWDPPHQDQJHVSURFKHQZHUGHQN|QQHQ9LHOPHKUYHUUlWHLQHJUR‰H=DKO GHUVHOEHQEHLQlKHUHP=XVHKHQGD‰VLHLKUHUVHLWVLKUH:DFKVWXPVXQG7UDGLWLRQVJHVFKLFKWH





Chapter 1: The Book of Ezekiel and Research into Prophetic Texts



3DUWLFXODUO\VLJQLILFDQWLQ=LPPHUOL¶VGHVFULSWLRQLVWKDWD³IRUWVFKUHLWHQGH(U ZHLWHUXQJXQGYROOHUH(QWIDOWXQJGHVDQJHVFKODJHQHQ7KHPDV´KDGWDNHQSODFH LQ RWKHUZLVH XQLILHG OLWHUDU\ XQLWV 7KLV SKHQRPHQRQ ZDV GLVWLQFW IURP WKH PRUH LVRODWHG KLVWRULFDOO\RULHQWHG LQWHUSUHWLYH VXSSOHPHQWV WKDW +HUW]EHUJ KDGRQO\EHJXQWRGLVFHUQLQ,VDLDKDQG6HHOLJPDQQKDGSHUFHLYHGLQWKHIOH[ LELOLW\RIOLWHUDWXUHLQWKH6HFRQG7HPSOHSHULRG =LPPHUOL¶VSURSRVDOZDVQRWRQO\JURXQGHGLQUHVHDUFKRQ,VDLDKEXWGRFX PHQWHGLQKLVZRUNRQWKHERRNRI(]HNLHO,QSDUWLFXODULWZDVKLVGHVFULSWLRQ RIWKHVLVWHUVWKHPHLQ(]HN±ZKLFKZDUUDQWHGDQLQWURGXFWRU\H[SOD QDWLRQWKDWFRQWDLQVD³GHYHORSPHQWRIDWKHPHZKLFKLVWDFNHGRQLQDIUHVK DQGDOPRVWVHSDUDWHVHFWLRQZLWKDQHZSRLQWRIYLHZ´WKDW³FDQEHUHJDUGHG DVDGLVWLQFWLYHIHDWXUHRIWKLVSURSKHWLFERRN´=LPPHUOLNQHZWKDWWKLVZDV QRWDQLVRODWHGLQGHSHQGHQWRUDFOHDQGWKDWLWZDVQRORQJHUDTXHVWLRQRIILQG LQJ DQ DSSURSULDWH Sitz im Leben EXW UDWKHU WKLV DFWLYLW\ H[KLELWHG D W\SH RI ³VFKXOPl‰LJHU%HKDQGOXQJYRQ9HUNQGLJXQJVJHKDOWHQGLHGDQQZRKODXFK IUKVFKRQLKUHVFKULIWOLFKH)L[LHUXQJHUIDKUHQKDEHQ´ ,IRQHREVHUYHGDGH YHORSPHQWXSRQ DSUHYLRXV VHOIFRQWDLQHG OLWHUDU\XQLW LWZRXOG LQGLFDWH DQ LQWHUSUHWLYHFRQWLQXDWLRQXSRQDSUHH[LVWLQJXQLWDQGDQREYLRXVSitz im Text LQVWHDGRIGLUHFWDFFHVVWRDSitz im Leben VXFKDV*XQNHOPD\KDYHSUHVXPHG =LPPHUOLDVWXWHO\UHFRJQL]HVWKHLQWHUSOD\RIIRUPWUDGLWLRQWH[WVXSSOH PHQWDWLRQDQGDUUDQJHPHQW,PXVWOLPLWP\VHOIKHUHWRKLVREVHUYDWLRQVXSRQ (]HNLHOLQZKLFKKHLQWURGXFHVWKHQRWLRQRIFortschreibung7KLVFKDSWHU H[SRVHVWKHVRUWRI³VFKRRORIWKHSURSKHW´WKDWKDGWREHDWZRUNRQRWKHUZLVH ZULWWHQ(]HNLHOLDQRUDFOHVLQ=LPPHUOL¶VRSLQLRQ7KHQHZVHFWLRQWKDW=LP PHUOLGLVFHUQVIURPYY±SLFNVXSRQDFDWFKZRUGIURPWKHSUHYLRXVOLW HUDU\XQLWDQGGHYHORSVLW7KHILQDOVHFWLRQYY±GRHVWKHVDPHWKLQJ EHVLGHVFRQWDLQLQJDOLWHUDU\DVVRFLDWLRQZLWKWKHIROORZLQJ(]HNLHO %RWK VHFWLRQV WKHUHIRUH VKRZ HYLGHQFH WKDW D SUHH[LVWLQJ XQLW ZDV DW KDQG ZKLOH DOVRGHPRQVWUDWLQJDODWHUOLWHUDU\GHYHORSPHQWXSRQWKDWXQLW=LPPHUOLZULWHV

 JHKDEWKDEHQ1LFKWQXULVWDQYLHOHQ6WHOOHQ]XHUNHQQHQZLHPDQFKHQ7H[WHQJORVVLHUHQGH XQG LQWHUSUHWLHUHQGH =XVlW]WH HLQJHIJW ZRUGHQ VLQG « VRQGHUQ HV LVW DXFK ]X VHKHQ ZLH HLQ]HOQH :RUWH VFKRQ LQ LKUHP *UXQGEHVWDQG HLQH IRUWVFKUHLWHQGH (UZHLWHUXQJ XQG YROOHUH (QWIDOWXQJ GHV DQJHVFKODJHQHQ 7KHPDV ZRKO QRFK GXUFK GHQ 3URSKHWHQ VHOEHU HUIDKUHQ KDEHQ´(7Ezekiel 1  =LPPHUOL Ezechiel 1–24   ³6ROFKHV :HLWHUIKUHQ HLQHV ]XQlFKVW DQJHVFKODJHQHQ 7KHPDVLQQHXHQIDVWVHOEVWlQGLJZLUNHQGHQ(LQKHLWHQXQGXQWHUQHXHQ*HVLFKWVSXQNWHQLVW DXFK DQ DQGHUHQ 6WHOOHQ LP %XFKH (] ]X HUNHQQHQG XQG NDQQ DOV (LJHQWPOLFKNHLW GLHVHV 3URSKHWHQEXFKHVEH]HLFKQHWZHUGHQ´(7Ezekiel 1  =LPPHUOLEzechiel 1–24 (7Ezekiel 1³«VFKRROWUHDWPHQWRISUHDFKLQJPD WHULDOZKLFKKDVDOUHDG\XQGHUJRQHDOLWHUDU\IL[DWLRQ´  7ZR GHVFULSWLRQV FDQ EH IRXQG RI WKLV FKDSWHU LQ =LPPHUOLEzechiel 1–24  ±  ±(7Ezekiel 1±±)RUWKHQRWLRQRIFortschreibungVHHEzechiel 1–24  ± 

B. Tracing the Interpretation of Prophetic Texts



FRQFHUQLQJ(]HNLHO³6RDOUHDG\DTXLWHJHQHUDOUHYLHZRIWKHHGLWRULDOVHF WLRQYY±VKRZVWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWUDGLWLRQLQWKHERRNRI(]HNLHOLQD SDUWLFXODUO\FOHDUZD\7KHXQLWKDVQRWJURZQXSLQWKHPDQQHURIWKHFROOHF WLRQVRIVKRUWHULQGHSHQGHQWRUDFOHV FI$PRVII LQZKLFKODWHUPDWHULDOKDV VRPHWLPHVHQWHUHGEHWZHHQVD\LQJV5DWKHULWKDVEHHQIRUPHGLQDSURFHVVRI VXFFHVVLYHVXSSOHPHQWDWLRQRIDNHUQHOHOHPHQWWKHLGHDVRIZKLFKKDYHEHHQ GHYHORSHG DQG H[SDQGHG´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³HOHYDWHG SURVH´ +H UHJDUGVWKLVSURVHWREHPDGHXSRIDVKRUWFODXVHZKLFKLWVHOIFRQWDLQVWZRRU WKUHHDFFHQWV$QGIRUWKLVUHDVRQ³(OHPHQWVRIODWHULQWHUSUHWDWLRQPXVWWKHQ EHFRQMHFWXUHGZKHUHDPRUHH[WHQGHGSURVHVSHHFKLQWHUUXSWVWKLVFKDUDFWHULV WLFVW\OH´%XW=LPPHUOLEHJLQVZLWKZKDWSHUKDSVLVDQXQQHFHVVDU\FRQMHF WXUH+LVPHWKRGRIGLVFHUQLQJDGGLWLRQVVXIIHUVIURPDVXEMHFWLYHHOHPHQWWKDW FRXOGEHPLWLJDWHGLIDSSURDFKHGLQWKHRSSRVLWHPHWKRGRORJLFDOGLUHFWLRQWKDW LVIURPWKHODWHVWGHYHORSPHQWWRHDUOLHURQHV0\FULWLTXHRI=LPPHUOLHFKRHV 6WHFN¶VFDOOIRUPHWKRGRORJLFDOFRUUHFWLRQLQ2OG7HVWDPHQWVWXGLHVWKDWWKH GLVFLSOLQHWRRRIWHQVXIIHUVIURPSUHVXSSRVLQJHOHPHQWVIRULWVPHWKRGRORJLFDO IRXQGDWLRQ =LPPHUOLDOVRLVWRRGHSHQGHQWRQWKHXQFULWLFDOXVHRIWUDGLWLRQLQKLVGH VFULSWLRQRI(]HNLHODQGWKHSURSKHW¶VDFWLYLW\=LPPHUOLGLGQRWKDYHWKHDG YDQWDJHRIVHHLQJWKHFULWLTXHWKDWZRXOGHYHQWXDOO\PLWLJDWHDVVXPSWLRQVLQ

 

=LPPHUOLEzechiel 1–24³9LHOPHKUKDWVLHVLFKLQHLQHP3UR]H‰GHUVXN]HVVLYHQ $QUHLFKHUXQJ HLQHV .HUQHOHPHQWHV GDV JHGDQNOLFK ZHLWHUJHIKUW RGHU HUJlQ]W ZLUG ZDFKVWPOLFKJHELOGHW´ (7Ezekiel 1  =LPPHUOL Ezechiel 1–24  (7 Ezekiel 1  *HRUJ )RKUHU DQG .XUW *DOOLQJEzechiel+$7 7ELQJHQ-&%0RKU 3DXO6LHEHFN    =LPPHUOLEzechiel 1–24 (7Ezekiel 16HHDOVRKLVVWDWHPHQW³7KHVWURQJHVW DUJXPHQWWKDWZHFDQUHFNRQDWFHUWDLQSDVVDJHVLQWKHERRNRI(]HNLHOZLWKWKHXQDOWHUHGGH SRVLWRIVSRNHQDGGUHVVPXVWEHVHHQLQWKHSUHVHQFHRIUK\WKPLFVHFWLRQV´ S   ,ZLOOH[SODLQLQJUHDWHUGHWDLOEHORZ6WHFNDie Prophetenbücher und ihr theologisches Zeugnis±±



Chapter 1: The Book of Ezekiel and Research into Prophetic Texts



WKHXVHRIWUDGLWLRQDQGJHQUHLQSURSKHWLFVWXGLHV:KDWHYHUOLWHUDU\DFWLYLW\ DZULWHUFDUULHGRXWPRVWFHUWDLQO\GUHZIURPWUDGLWLRQRUFXOWXUHEXWLQDPXFK PRUHVRSKLVWLFDWHGPDQQHUWKDQLQZKDW=LPPHUOLZDVDEOHWRDUWLFXODWH+H DVVHUWVKRZHYHUWKDWWKHSURSKHWLQWHQWLRQDOO\OD\VKROGRISDUWLFXODUWUDGLWLRQ DQGWKHQ=LPPHUOLDFFRXQWVIRUZULWLQJDFWLYLW\LQWKHERRNDQGODWHUDGGLWLRQV EDVHGRQWKDWDVVXPSWLRQ7KLVGHVFULSWLRQDFFRXQWVIRUDJUHDWGHDORI=LP PHUOL¶VPHWKRGRORJ\LQWKHFRPPHQWDU\EXWZKHQLWFRPHVWRDFRQVWUXDORI WKHUHODWLRQVKLSRI(]HNWR+RVHDKHVD\V³+RVHDKDGWKHUHE\SRLQWHG WRHYHQWVZKLFKWRRNSODFHLQWKH1RUWKHUQ.LQJGRPZKLFKZHUHGLFWDWHGE\ WKHPDQ\%DDOL]HGORFDOVDQFWXDULHV:KHQZHDVNZKDW(]HNLHOIRUZKRPWKH ZRPDQUHSUHVHQWHG-HUXVDOHPKDGLQPLQGZHDUHOHGPRVWSUREDEO\WRWKH DJHRI0DQDVVHK´7KHSRLQWKHUHLVQRWWRSURYHWKDW=LPPHUOLZDVQHFHV VDULO\ZURQJEXWWRVKRZWKDWDVVXPSWLRQVLQKLVPHWKRGRORJ\OHDYHKLVUHVXOWV RSHQWRTXHVWLRQ%HFDXVHKHVWDUWVZLWKWKHLQGLYLGXDOSURSKHWKLPVHOIDQGLQ D SDUWLFXODU PRPHQW KH DWWHPSWV WR GLVFHUQ WKH RULJLQ RI WKH FRQWHQW DQG LWV LQFRUSRUDWLRQLQWROLWHUDWXUHIURPWKRVHSUHVXPSWLYHIRXQGDWLRQV,QWKLVFDVH WKHSUHVXPSWLRQVWRRQDUURZO\FRQVWULFWDQDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHFRQWHQWWKDW³WKH SURSKHWKDGLQPLQG´DQGDQKLVWRULFDOVLWXDWLRQ 0RUHRYHU=LPPHUOLSURFHHGVIURPWKDWPHWKRGRORJLFDOIRXQGDWLRQDQGSUR JUHVVHVWRGLVFHUQDGGLWLRQV,QDGLVFXVVLRQRIYY±KHDVWXWHO\REVHUYHV ³9HUVHV±ZKLFKDSSHDUWRFRQWDLQDOVRODWHUDGGLWLRQVUHSUHVHQWDILUVW µLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ¶ZKLFKLVVHWFORVHO\ZLWKLQWKHIUDPHZRUNRIWKHRXWORRNRIWKH EDVLFWH[W7KH\DGGWRWKHWHUVHGHVFULSWLRQRI-HUXVDOHP¶VDGXOWHU\WKHLGHD WKDW IRU KHU LQLTXLWRXV GHHGV WKLV FLW\ KDG PLVXVHG WKH JLIWV ZKLFK V@ DQG GHYHORS>V@´ ³UHZRUN>V@´ ³GHSDUWV´ ³GHFRQVWUXFWV´ ³GHOHWHV´ ³VXS SUHVV>HV@´³UHVKDSHV´DQG ³WUDQVIRUPV´ WKHPHWDSKRUVXVHG LQ WKHERRNVRI +RVHDDQG-HUHPLDK7KLVXWLOL]DWLRQRIWKHPHWDSKRUFRQWUDVWHGZLWKLWVGH SOR\PHQWLQRWKHUSURSKHWVOHDGVKHUWRWKHFRQFOXVLRQWKDW³(]HNLHODVQRWHG DERYHGHSDUWVIURPWKHSDWWHUQRI+RVHDDQG-HUHPLDKLQFRQVLVWHQWO\GLVWLQ JXLVKLQJEHWZHHQLGRODWU\DQGLQDSSURSULDWHIRUHLJQDOOLDQFHVLQKLVGHSLFWLRQ RI-HUXVDOHP¶VLQILGHOLW\(]HNLHOKRZHYHUE\GHVFULELQJHDFKIRUPRILQILGHO LW\DVWDNLQJSODFHZLWKDGLIIHUHQWJURXSRIµSDVVHUVE\¶FOHDUO\VHSDUDWHV-H UXVDOHP¶VLGRODWU\IURPLWVSROLWLFDODOOLDQFHVDQGGZHOOVDWVRPHOHQJWKRQWKH KRUURUVRIHDFK´6KHSUHVXPHVWKDW(]HNLHOKDVGLUHFWO\WDNHQIURPSDWWHUQV LQ+RVHDDQG-HUHPLDKDQGLQWHQWLRQDOO\GHSDUWHGIURPWKHLUSUDFWLFH7KHFRQ WUDVWEHWZHHQ(]HNLHODQGWKDWXVDJHLQ+RVHDDQG-HUHPLDKIRUPVWKHEDVLVRI KHUFRQFOXVLRQUDWKHUWKDQDQH[DPLQDWLRQRIOLWHUDU\GHYHORSPHQWLQ(]HNLHO LWVHOI 7KH LVVXHV RI LGRODWU\ DQG SROLWLFDO DOOLDQFHV DUH WUHDWHG LQ VHSDUDWH SDUD JUDSKV LQ (]HN ± ± DQG ± 0\ DQDO\VLV EHORZ ZLOO VKRZ IURPDV\QFKURQLFSHUVSHFWLYHWKHLUUHODWLRQVKLSWRRQHDQRWKHULQWKHFKDSWHU

 

*DODPEXVKJerusalem in the Book of Ezekiel  7KLV VWDWHPHQW LV RQH RI *DGDPHU¶V PDQ\ KHOSIXO LQVLJKWV RQ UHDGLQJ LQ Truth and MethodIURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIUHDGLQJDQGDSSOLFDWLRQIURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIODQJXDJH ±  *DODPEXVKJerusalem in the Book of Ezekiel±  *DODPEXVKJerusalem in the Book of Ezekiel±

C. Ezekiel 16, 20, and 23



DOEHLWGLVWLQFWIURP*DODPEXVK¶VDSSURDFKWRDQDO\]LQJ(]HN±LQWKH IRUPRIFKLDVP3HUKDSVPRUHLPSRUWDQWO\ZKHQWKHVHSDUDWLRQEHWZHHQWKH WZRWRSLFVLVDQDO\]HGIURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIFRQWHQWDQGODQJXDJH±UHVXOWLQJ LQDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIH[SDQVLRQDU\DFWLYLW\LQWKHFKDSWHU±DUDWKHULPSRUWDQW FRQVWUXDORIWKHWZRWRSLFVHPHUJHV,QDSSURSULDWHSROLWLFDODOOLDQFHVDUHSRU WUD\HGLQWKHPHWDSKRURIWKHLGRODWU\7KHWHQRURIWKHPHWDSKRULQWKLVLQVWDQFH UHPDLQVWKHVDPHGHSHQGHQFHXSRQIRUHLJQQDWLRQVUDWKHUWKDQ